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Dec 14, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 December 2024

Content: 1. National Energy Conservation Day 2. Steps taken by the Government to reduce Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure National Energy Conservation Day Introduction Celebrated annually on December 14 to promote energy conservation and efficiency. Symbolizes India’s commitment to sustainable development under the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Power. Relevance: GS 3(Energy, Environment) Significance: Highlights the importance of energy conservation. Introduced in 1991 to encourage sustainable energy practices. National Energy Conservation Awards (NECA): Instituted in 1991 to honor industries and institutions excelling in energy efficiency. Recognizes innovative measures and sets benchmarks for energy conservation. NECA 2024 to spotlight impactful projects and inspire adoption of best practices. Government Initiatives Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT): Targets energy reduction in energy-intensive industries. Saves ₹55,000 crore annually; avoids 110 million tons of CO₂ emissions. Standards and Labelling (S&L): Informs consumers about energy-efficient appliances. Covers 38 appliances, including 16 under mandatory labeling. Go Electric Campaign: Promotes adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric cooking. EV Yatra Portal & App: Launched in 2022 to provide EV charging station data and promote e-mobility. UJALA Scheme: Provides affordable LED bulbs and tube lights to domestic consumers. Saves 176.2 billion kWh annually; reduces 125 million tons of CO₂ emissions. Street Lighting National Programme (SLNP): Replaces conventional street lights with LED lights. Saves 8.76 billion kWh/year and reduces 6.03 million tons of CO₂ emissions annually. The Road Ahead Emphasizes collective efforts in energy conservation. Aligns individual actions with national goals for a sustainable and greener future. Steps Taken By The Government To Reduce Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) refers to payment made by individuals or households for healthcare services without reimbursement from insurance , government programs , etc Relevance: GS 2(Health, Governance) It includes expenses for: Doctor consultations Medicines Diagnostic tests Hospitalization charges Medical equipment or devices Other healthcare-related costs not covered by insurance. Why is OOPE significant? Financial Burden: High OOPE can lead to finlancial distress, pushing families into poverty, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Healthcare Access: High OOPE reduces access to healthcare for economically weaker sections. Policy Indicator: A high percentage of OOPE indicates inadequate public health funding and weak insurance systems. Decline in OOPE Reduction: OOPE as a percentage of Total Health Expenditure (THE) reduced from 48.8% in 2017-18 to 39.4% in 2021-22. State-wise Improvements: States like Karnataka, Assam, and Jammu & Kashmir showed significant reductions in OOPE. Increased Budget Allocation for Healthcare Department of Health & Family Welfare:Budget allocation increased by 85% from ₹47,353 crore (2017-18) to ₹87,657 crore (2024-25). 15th Finance Commission Grants: ₹70,051 crore allocated through local governments for health. Ayushman Bharat Initiatives Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs): 1,75,418 centers established by transforming Sub-Health Centres (SHCs) and Primary Health Centres (PHCs). Provide comprehensive primary healthcare services, including preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative care. PM-JAY: Health coverage of ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care. Covers approximately 55 crore beneficiaries, constituting 40% of the population. Health coverage extended to senior citizens (70+) irrespective of income. National Health Mission (NHM) Strengthens health infrastructure, human resources, and accessibility to quality healthcare, especially for underserved rural populations. Pradhan Mantri – Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) Focuses on developing primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare capacities. Budget: ₹64,180 crore. Establishes new institutions to manage emerging diseases. Affordable Medicine and Diagnostic Services National Free Drugs and Diagnostics Services: Reduces OOPE by ensuring essential drugs and diagnostic facilities at public health centers. PM Bharatiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP): Provides quality generic medicines at affordable prices. AMRIT Pharmacies: Offer affordable medicines and implants in hospitals. Encouraging States to Increase Health Budgets The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) urged states to enhance health budgets by at least 10% annually. Impact Highlights OOPE Decline: States like Kerala, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh witnessed notable improvements. Infrastructure Growth: Rural and urban health centers strengthened, improving access to care. Financial Protections: Insurance coverage via PM-JAY reduced catastrophic health expenditure

Dec 14, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 December 2024

Content: 1. Trump’s return and the South Asia outlook 2. Welcome spotlight Trump’s Return and the South Asia outlook Context: Donald Trump’s potential return could reshape South Asia’s geopolitics by reducing focus on democracy and emphasizing strategic and defense cooperation with India, impacting the region’s balance between U.S. and China. Relevance: GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: Discuss the potential impact of Donald Trump’s return to the U.S. presidency on South Asia, with a focus on U.S.-India ties and regional geopolitics.(250 Words) Continuity in U.S.-India Ties Upward Trajectory: India-U.S. relations have grown since 2000, with the U.S. recognizing India as a net-security provider in 2009. Strategic Cooperation: Strengthened under the Indo-Pacific strategy to counter China. Joint efforts in Nepal (MCC projects) and Sri Lanka (economic crisis resolution). Shared Vision: Both nations align on regional leadership to uphold a values-based order against China. Challenges in the Relationship Divergences Under Biden: Selective scrutiny of democracy and human rights led to U.S. pressure on Bangladesh (Sheikh Hasina) and Myanmar, pushing them closer to China. Sanctions on Indian firms collaborating with Russia disrupted Indian projects in Sri Lanka. India’s Approach: Pragmatic engagement with neighboring regimes sometimes conflicted with U.S. policies. Trump’s Potential Impact on U.S.-India Ties Reduced Irritants: Likely focus on burden sharing, reciprocity, and countering China with less emphasis on democracy and human rights. Encouragement for India to lead regionally, with U.S. playing a supportive role. Policy Priorities: Capacity building, development assistance, and defense cooperation with South Asian countries to continue. Lesser focus on nation-building benefits countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Afghanistan. Implications for South Asia China’s Role: Trump’s confrontational approach toward China will put pressure on South Asian countries to align with U.S. interests. Reduced tolerance for countries leveraging great power competition. Challenges for Bangladesh: Likely reduced U.S. assistance during its political transition under a new regime. Benefits for Others: Economic support for Sri Lanka amid its recovery efforts. Possible engagement with Myanmar and the Taliban, though scope remains unclear. Economic and Regional Dynamics Impact on South Asian Economies: Potential easing of food and fuel inflation if Trump resolves global conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war and West Asian crises. Reciprocity Demands: South Asian nations may face increased U.S. pressure to reciprocate on investments, defense cooperation, and agreements. Opportunities and Challenges For India: Likely enhanced collaboration to counter China. Potential bridging of divergences seen under the Biden administration. For the Region: Balancing relations with China and India under Trump’s leadership remains a challenge. Structural shifts in global politics under “Trump 2.0” will shape South Asia’s future. Welcome Spotlight Background: The Supreme Court is monitoring the aftermath of ethnic violence in Manipur that erupted a year and a half ago. Focus areas include destruction of property, sexual violence, and ongoing ethnic hostilities. Relevance : GS 2 ( Judiciary) ,GS 3( Internal Security ) Practice Question: Discuss the judiciary’s role in addressing the Manipur violence and suggest steps for sustainable resolution of ethnic conflicts in India.(250 words) Background : Ethnic Composition: Manipur has three major groups: Meiteis: Form about 53% of the population, mostly in the Imphal Valley. Nagas and Kukis:Live in the hill districts, forming the tribal population. Cause of Ethnic Tensions: Demand by Meiteis for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status led to fears of reduced opportunities and land rights among hill tribes. Historical distrust between Meiteis and Kuki-Zomi tribes over resource allocation, land ownership, and political representation. Immediate Trigger (May 2023): A tribal solidarity march opposing Meitei ST demand turned violent. Widespread ethnic clashes led to deaths, destruction of property, and displacement of thousands. Key Issues in the Violence: Sexual Violence: Shocking incidents of sexual violence were reported, including parading of women. Destruction: Targeted attacks on homes, religious places, and institutions, further dividing communities. Displacement: Over 221 killed and over 60,000 people displaced, with many seeking refuge in relief camps. Armed Groups: Rise of non-state actors with looted sophisticated weapons from police armories Judiciary’s Role: The Court extended the tenure of the Justice Gita Mittal-led Committee to oversee investigations, humanitarian relief, and accountability. The judiciary stepped in due to the perceived ineffectiveness governments in addressing the crisis. Key Concerns: Rise of Non-State Actors: Armed groups, some equipped with looted state weapons, exert influence and escalate violence. Ethnic Divide: Political representatives remain divided along ethnic lines, complicating the resolution process. Government’s Position: The government claims efforts to restore normalcy but progress remains insufficient. Judiciary’s Observations: The Court has emphasized the need for transparency and accountability. It highlights that conflict resolution requires trust-building mechanisms like “truth and reconciliation.” Steps Needed: Restoration of Rule of Law: Address the rise of non-state actors and retrieve looted arms. Political Bridging: Encourage dialogue and convergence between divided ethnic groups. Transparency: Publicize findings of the Justice Mittal Committee to build trust. Adopt Global Practices: Implement conflict resolution mechanisms such as “truth and reconciliation” to rebuild fractured relationships.

Dec 14, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 December 2024

Content: 1. 30 People Drowned per Hour in 2021, Says WHO 2. Fractured Bonds Along the Border 3. Andhra Pradesh All Set to Get Skill-Tagged 4. SEBI Mulls Allowing Retail Investors in Algo Trading 30 People Drowned Per Hour In 2021, says WHO Context : WHO released Global drowning statistics(2021) Relevance : GS 2(Health) Global Drowning Statistics (2021): 3,00,000 deaths (30 per hour). 92% occurred in low- and middle-income countries. South-East Asia (including India): 83,000 deaths (28% of global burden). Impact on Vulnerable Groups: Children under 5: 24% of deaths. Age 5-14: 19% of deaths. Drowning is the 4th leading cause of death for children aged 1-4 and the 3rd leading cause for ages 5-14. Progress and Disparities: Global deaths reduced by 38% since 2000. Europe: 68% decline; South-East Asia: 48% decline. Underreporting: Natural disaster-related drowning (e.g., floods) and water transport accidents often excluded due to data gaps. Challenges in Prevention Limited Programs: Only 33% of countries train bystanders in rescue and resuscitation. Just 22% integrate swimming and water safety in schools. Legislative Gaps: Existing laws insufficient to address the scale of the issue. Data Deficiency: Poor quality and inconsistent data hinder effective action. Implications for India High burden due to frequent flooding and lack of swimming skills. Poor and marginalized groups are disproportionately affected. Recommendations Policy Initiatives: Strengthen laws and allocate funds for drowning prevention. Awareness and Training: Promote swimming and water safety education in schools. Train bystanders in rescue and resuscitation techniques. Infrastructure: Build safe water facilities, especially in vulnerable areas. Data and Research: Improve data collection and monitoring systems for drowning incidents. Fractured Bonds Along the Border Context: Tensions between India and Bangladesh over attacks on minorities and political shifts are disrupting cross-border ties, trade, tourism, and cultural exchanges, particularly affecting West Bengal. Relevance :GS 2(International Relations) Trade and Border Movement: Decline in Trade: Economic activities at the Petrapole-Benapole border are strained due to protests and threats of economic blockades. Infrastructure Upgrades: Union Home Minister emphasized improved trade infrastructure, boosting passenger capacity, though tensions have disrupted progress. Impact on Tourism: Reduced Tourists: 90% of Bangladeshi tourists have stopped coming, affecting hotel occupancy in Kolkata’s “mini-Bangladesh.” Economic Losses: Hotels and travel agencies face severe downturns, with businesses operating at 5% capacity. Cultural Decline: Bangladeshi participation in events like the Kolkata Book Fair and Film Festival has significantly reduced. Medical Tourism: Falling Numbers: Visa restrictions and tensions have reduced Bangladeshi medical tourists by 60-80%. Private Hospitals: Some continue to treat Bangladeshi patients, while others are rescheduling procedures due to low inflow. Political and Social Ramifications: Protests: Multiple organisations like ISKCON and political parties have intensified protests, affecting cross-border relations. Cultural Backlash: Burning of goods and symbolic actions have deepened hostility, disrupting shared cultural ties. Historical and Academic Concerns: Cultural Legacy: Shared heritage between Bengal and Bangladesh, represented by Tagore’s songs and shared language, is at risk. Academics’ Views: Concern over extremists gaining ground in Bangladesh and the impact on bilateral ties. Border Dynamics: Security Heightened: Border Security Force deployed at zero line in Murshidabad. Transport Halted: Suspension of Bandhan and Maitree Express trains since July reflects the strain on connectivity. Andhra Pradesh All Set to Get Skill-Tagged Intro: First-of-its-kind Census: Andhra Pradesh will launch India’s first statewide skill census in January 2025 to identify and map skill gaps and strengths. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) Pilot Success: The initiative builds on the pilot project conducted in Mangalagiri, covering over 1.12 lakh households and 2.77 lakh residents. Objectives Skill Mapping: To classify and organize the workforce’s existing skills while identifying gaps. Addressing Unemployment: Targeting the youth unemployment rate, especially the 15-29 age group, which exceeds the national average (15.7% vs. 10%). Bridging Skill Gaps: Aligning existing skills with industry demands to enhance employability. Economic Development: Boosting job creation and improving the state’s economy through targeted interventions. Implementation Details Demographic Coverage: Encompasses 3.5 crore working-age individuals (15-59 years) across 1.8 crore households. Dual Census Approach: Covers households and industries, including 33 lakh MSMEs and major industries in Andhra Pradesh. Enumerators: A workforce of 50,000 enumerators and 8,000 supervisors will carry out the project in bilingual formats to overcome language barriers. Skill ID: Post-survey, individuals will receive a Skill ID linked to their Aadhaar, offering access to skilling opportunities and a personalized skill profile. Challenges Apprehensions Among Residents: Hesitation to share personal details and skepticism about the survey’s purpose. Surveyor Workload: Village secretariat staff juggling multiple government priorities alongside the census. Youth Dropouts: Over 1 lakh students drop out of mainstream education yearly, limiting the skilled labor pool. Gender Gap: Low female labor force participation in the 15-29 age group highlights the need for tailored programs for women. Potential Outcomes Data Utilization: Accurate skill data will guide policy-making, vocational training, and job-oriented programs. Improved Employability: Focused skilling initiatives for youth and women to reduce unemployment and boost labor participation. Competency Mapping: Enables a structured classification of workforce skills akin to a “library of capabilities.” Economic Growth: Anticipated increase in job creation, enhanced workforce readiness, and alignment with industry demands. Expert Opinions Academic Perspective: Experts emphasize the urgency to complete the census to tap into the graduating batch of 2024 with high employability potential. Student Feedback: Youth view the census as a transformative opportunity to align their skills with industry needs. Government Standpoint: Officials stress that the census will systematically address skill gaps, improving both individual and state-level prospects. Significance Innovative Governance: A pioneering initiative to build a comprehensive database of workforce capabilities. Demographic Dividend: Leveraging Andhra Pradesh’s growing labor force to achieve sustainable economic growth. Holistic Approach: Combines traditional skill mapping (e.g., toddy-tapping) with modern sectors like cybersecurity and cloud technology. SEBI Mulls Allowing Retail Investors In Algo Trading Algorithmic Trading (Algo Trading): The use of computer algorithms to execute orders in financial markets at high speeds and volumes. These algorithms automatically place buy or sell orders based on pre-defined criteria. Relevance: GS 3(Trade) Purpose: To increase trading speed, efficiency, and precision, as well as to manage large volumes of trades. Advantages: Faster Order Execution: Algorithms can process and execute orders in milliseconds, faster than human traders. Improved Liquidity: By providing continuous bids and offers, algos can help maintain market stability. Reduced Transaction Costs: Minimizes the market impact of trades by executing orders at optimal prices. Greater Transparency: Algorithms maintain detailed audit trails of trades, making it easier for regulators to track transactions. Risk Management: Allows for real-time risk assessment and control, such as setting price limits, stopping loss orders, and controlling order sizes. Proposal by SEBI: SEBI has proposed enabling retail investors to participate in algorithmic trading. Aims to provide benefits like faster order execution and improved liquidity. Direct Market Access (DMA): SEBI introduced DMA for institutional investors, providing advantages such as faster execution, reduced costs, greater transparency, better audit trails, and improved liquidity. Limited Access: Initially, only institutional investors had access to these facilities. Rationale Behind the Proposal: Filling the Gap: Proposal aims to fill the gap for retail investors wanting to trade using algos with added safeguards. Enhancing Market Efficiency and Transparency: Extending the framework with additional safeguards to allow retail participation. Safeguards Proposed: Regulatory Adjustments: Extending the existing regulatory framework to retail investors with additional controls and oversight. Risk Management: Safeguards include restrictions on order sizes, required capital levels, and regular monitoring to prevent manipulation and protect investors. Expected Impact: Wider Participation: Democratizes access to advanced trading tools for retail investors. Increased Liquidity: Boosts market liquidity. Consumer Protection: Ensures retail investors are protected from risks associated with high-frequency trading and algorithmic strategies. Challenges: Monitoring and Oversight: Challenges in effectively monitoring retail participation and preventing abuses. Educating Investors: Importance of educating retail investors on the risks and mechanics of algorithmic trading for the proposal’s success.

Dec 12, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 December 2024

Content: 1. Waste Not, Celebrate More: The 25th Hornbill Festival Paves the Way for Sustainability! 2. Parliament Question: Enhancing Complaint Redressal Through CPGRAM Waste Not, Celebrate More: The 25th Hornbill Festival Paves the Way for Sustainability! The 25th Hornbill Festival, known as the “Festival of Festivals,” has adopted sustainability by going Zero-Waste and Single-Use Plastic (SUP)-Free. Relevance: GS 1(Culture) , GS 3(Environment) This year’s festival, celebrated in Nagaland, aimed to harmonize cultural celebration with environmental conservation. Zero-Waste and SUP-Free Initiatives: All single-use plastics, including straws, disposable plates, cups, and plastic bags, were banned. Vendors were required to use sustainable alternatives like bamboo straws, biodegradable cutlery, leaf-based plates, and paper bags. Enforcement teams and volunteers ensured compliance, monitored usage, and educated attendees about eco-friendly choices. Waste Management Practices: A comprehensive waste management system was established with waste segregation at the source. Dedicated bins for wet, dry, and recyclable waste, along with trained volunteers to guide disposal. On-site composting units handled wet waste, producing compost for local agriculture. Circular Economy and Community Engagement: Food stalls used reusable or compostable utensils, and water refilling stations encouraged visitors to bring their own reusable bottles. 42 toilets were installed with strict maintenance schedules. Informative and interactive IEC campaigns promoted sustainable behavior among attendees. Environmental Impact: Approximately 1 lakh SUP items were prevented daily, totaling around 1 million fewer items over the 10-day festival. The initiative avoided over 50 metric tons of CO₂ emissions, reducing the festival’s carbon footprint. Local sourcing of eco-friendly materials contributed to a decrease in transportation-related emissions. Global Model for Eco-Friendly Events: The Hornbill Festival’s success in adopting zero-waste measures can serve as a model for similar events worldwide. The festival’s commitment to sustainability aligns with global climate goals . Parliament Question: Enhancing Complaint Redressal Through CPGRAM CPGRAMS The Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) is an online platform available 24/7 for Indian citizens to lodge grievances related to service delivery by public authorities. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) Accessibility: Citizens can access CPGRAMS through its website, a standalone mobile application, or via the UMANG app. Grievance Submission: Users can file complaints against any government department or institution. Each complaint is given a unique registration ID for tracking. Tracking and Appeals: The status of grievances can be tracked using the registration ID. If the resolution is unsatisfactory, citizens can provide feedback and file an appeal. Role-Based Access: Different ministries and states have role-based access to the system, ensuring that grievances are directed to the appropriate authorities for resolution Impacts : CPGRAMS Grievances Redressed: 1,12,30,957 grievances were addressed over five years (from January 1, 2020, to October 30, 2024). 23,24,323 grievances were redressed in 2024 (from January to October), setting an annual high. CPGRAMS Reforms: The Government implemented the 10-step reforms of CPGRAMS to make the grievance process timely, meaningful, and accessible to citizens. 103,183 Grievance Officers were mapped on the portal, reducing the pendency in the Government of India to 54,339 Public Grievances as of October 31, 2024. Guidelines and Feedback: Comprehensive Guidelines for effective grievance redressal were issued on August 23, 2024, integrating various platforms, establishing dedicated grievance cells, appointing experienced nodal officers, and emphasizing root cause analysis and feedback action. A Feedback Call Centre, operational since July 2022, has conducted 18,71,754 surveys to gather citizen feedback across multiple languages. Intelligent Grievance Management System (IGMS): An MoU with IIT Kanpur led to the development of the IGMS, an AI/ML-enabled system that supports semantic search, exploratory analysis, and predictive insights, enhancing grievance redressal and citizen engagement.

Dec 12, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 December 2024

Content : 1. The long and complex road to assisted dying 2. Vaikom — two States, two leaders and a tale of reform 3. Chief Justices need longer tenures The long and Complex Road To Assisted Dying Intro : Assisted dying is the practice of providing terminally ill individuals with medical aid to voluntarily end their suffering and life in a dignified manner. Relevance : GS 2( Polity and Governance) Practice Question: Discuss the main arguments for and against the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25 in the UK. How does India’s approach to assisted dying differ?(250 Words) Introduction of the Bill The Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25 introduced in the UK House of Commons aims to legalize assisted dying for terminally ill adults. Conditions: Patient must have less than six months to live, with approval from two doctors and a High Court judge. Passed by a majority of 55 votes (330 for, 275 against). Voting was conscience-based; party whips did not influence decisions. Milestone Achievement: Marks progress in recognizing the right to die as intrinsic to human liberty. Opposition’s Arguments: Slippery Slope: Fear of abuse and pressure on vulnerable groups (elderly, disabled). International Precedents: Concerns over Canada’s expanded scope of assisted dying laws. Proponents’ Counterarguments: Law tightly drafted: Applies only to competent adults with terminal diagnoses. Safeguards: Independent assessment, 14-day reflection, and High Court approval. Philosophical and Religious Objections: Critics see it as a violation of the sanctity of life. Supporters argue for bodily autonomy and the alleviation of unbearable suffering. India’s Context: Euthanasia laws distinguish between: Active Euthanasia: Deliberate action to end life (e.g., administering lethal substances) remains illegal. Passive Euthanasia: Withdrawal of life support is legal under strict conditions per Supreme Court rulings (Aruna Shanbaug, 2011; Common Cause, 2018; modified 2023 guidelines). Requires patient consent via a living will and applies to terminally ill or vegetative patients. The Supreme Court recognizes the right to die with dignity as part of Article 21 of the Constitution. Vaikom — Two States, Two Leaders and a Tale of Reform Context : Fought against the prohibition of backward caste Hindus from walking near the Vaikom Mahadeva temple in Travancore. Relevance: GS 1( History) ,GS 2( Social Justice) Practice Question: What was the significance of the Vaikom Satyagraha in advancing social reform in South India? How did it influence legislation related to temple entry?(250 Words) Initiated by Kerala State Congress and social activists; gained momentum with Periyar’s leadership in 1924. Culminated in the removal of restrictions in November 1925, marking a significant step towards social justice. Impact on Social Reform : Sparked mass movements across India for temple entry, including B.R. Ambedkar-led protests at Ambadevi and Kalaram Mandir. Legislative milestones in South India: 1932: Bill introduced for temple entry in the Legislative Assembly. 1936: Travancore Temple Entry Proclamation. 1938: Malabar Temple Entry Bill. 1939: Backward castes allowed entry into major temples like Madurai Meenakshi and Thanjavur Brihadeeswara. 1947: Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act. Role of the Constitution Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s clause: “Subject to public order, morality, and health” (added on December 7, 1948) curtailed absolute freedom of religion, enabling state intervention for equality. This clause became the basis for constitutional courts to balance equality and religious freedom. State Regulation of Temples Legislation like the Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Act (1927) and Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act (1959) aimed at ensuring equality in temple access. Supreme Court judgments (e.g., Shirur Mutt case, 1954) upheld state intervention in secular aspects of religious institutions. Recent reforms include appointing non-Brahmin archakas (priests) in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, challenging entrenched caste hierarchies. Resistance to Reforms Orthodox religious beliefs and social norms continue to resist changes like non-Brahmin priest appointments. Courts have largely upheld these reforms while making exceptions for “Agamic temples.” Current Relevance and Commemoration The centenary of the Vaikom Struggle (December 12, 2024) highlights the socio-political legacy of Periyar and Ambedkar. Collaboration between Tamil Nadu and Kerala governments symbolizes ongoing commitment to social justice and reform. These reforms underline the shift towards equality, challenging traditional caste-based practices in religion. Key Takeaways Vaikom Struggle marked a turning point in temple entry movements, catalyzing broader religious reforms. Ambedkar’s constitutional foresight enabled state intervention in religious matters for equality. Persistent reforms in South India set a precedent for caste inclusion in religious practices. The centenary celebrations reaffirm the commitment to a more egalitarian society through legislative and moral consensus. Chief Justices Need Longer Tenures Intro : Indian judiciary faces the challenge of short tenures for Chief Justices in Indian High Courts, which affects institutional effectiveness and the overall health of the judiciary. Relevance: GS 2(Judiciary) Practice Question: Discuss the impact of short tenures for Chief Justices on the judicial system in India. How does it affect institutional effectiveness.(250 Words) Short Tenures: Many recent Chief Justices have had very brief terms (e.g., Justice Rajiv Shakdher retired after just 24 days). Justice Manmohan was appointed and then quickly moved to the Supreme Court. Average tenure of most Chief Justices is about one to one and a half years. Only one judge, Justice M.S. Ramachandra Rao, will serve a longer tenure (around four years). Role of Chief Justices: Chief Justices play a crucial role in administering High Courts—managing finances, recommending judges, taking disciplinary actions, and participating in various legal and non-legal functions. Their responsibilities require understanding and engagement with diverse issues affecting the High Courts. Challenges with Short Tenures: Time required to understand the complexities of a High Court’s functioning is not sufficient (average of two years). This limits their ability to implement reforms and innovations effectively. Chief Justices retire before they can fully understand their roles and make meaningful changes. Comparison with Historical Context: During British rule, Chief Justices had longer tenures (average of 7-8 years). Madras High Court’s early history: 11 Chief Justices in 85 years with an average tenure of less than 8 years. In independent India, this tenure has drastically reduced (22 Chief Justices in 45 years). Impact on Judicial Effectiveness: The current system’s short tenure is insufficient for Chief Justices to address complex issues comprehensively. Inability to foster continuity and institutional memory leads to inefficiency and hinders reform. Need for Reform: Urges joint deliberation among stakeholders (judiciary, Bar, and other stakeholders) to find a solution. Emphasizes that resolving this issue is crucial to maintaining the credibility and efficiency of the judiciary.

Dec 12, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 December 2024

Content: 1. Our drive against manual scavenging will continue: SC 2. Indian scientists develop novel gene therapy to provide one-time solution for haemophilia. 3. Amid din, Lok Sabha clears Railways Bill to enhance Independence of Board. 4. ILO report asks nations to uphold freedom of association at work. 5. India accounts for half of malaria cases in Southeast Asia in 2023. Our Drive Against Manual Scavenging Will Continue Context : The Supreme Court directed the Union and State governments to take immediate measures to eradicate manual scavenging, emphasizing the importance of human dignity. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity and Governance, Social Justice). Supreme Court’s Commitment : The Supreme Court has reaffirmed its commitment to ensuring the complete implementation of its October 2023 judgment. October 2023 Judgment : The judgment mandates the Union and State governments to take concrete and actionable steps to eliminate manual scavenging and hazardous cleaning practices. Continuing Inhumane Practices : Despite existing laws and policies, manual scavenging and hazardous sewer cleaning continue to occur. These practices frequently result in severe health hazards and fatalities among workers. Violation of constitution : Manual scavenging is a violation of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the Right to Life and Dignity. Article 14: Right to Equality, as it perpetuates caste-based discrimination. Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability, as manual scavenging is deeply rooted in caste hierarchies. Laws such as the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, further prohibit the practice. Indian Scientists Develop Novel Gene Therapy To Provide One-Time Solution For Haemophilia. Context : Scientists in India have made significant progress in using gene therapy to treat haemophilia A. Relevance: GS 3 (Science) Successful Gene Therapy Trial. Trial conducted on five patients in Tamil Nadu, with none reporting bleeding episodes over an average follow-up of 14 months. Results published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). Current Treatments. Involve frequent injections of clotting factors to prevent bleeding. Gene therapy offers a one-time solution, enabling the body to produce the missing clotting factor. Haemophilia A basics. Caused by the absence of Factor VIII, a critical blood-clotting protein. India has the world’s second-largest haemophilia A patient population (40,000–100,000 individuals). Severe cases currently managed with expensive treatments like Factor VIII replacement and monoclonal antibodies. Cost of Treatment. Managing haemophilia in India costs around $300,000 (₹2.54 crore) per patient over 10 years. Lok Sabha clears Railways Bill to enhance Independence of Board Context : The Railways (Amendment) Bill, 2024 was passed in the Lok Sabha, aiming to modernize railway governance by merging provisions of the Indian Railway Board Act, 1905 into the Railways Act, 1989. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity and Governance) Statutory Backing: Grants legal status to the Railway Board, operational since 1905 without statutory authority. Empowers the Union government to determine the Board’s composition, member qualifications, and terms. Decentralization: Provides greater autonomy to railway zones to enhance efficiency, aligning with recommendations from the 2014 Sreedharan Committee. Independent Regulator: Establishes a regulator for tariffs, safety, and private sector participation, as recommended by the 2015 Committee on Restructuring Railways. Faster Approvals: Simplifies processes for infrastructure projects and regional train service expansions, such as extending the Arunachal Express in Bihar. ILO Report Asks Nations To Uphold Freedom Of Association At Work Background: The International Labour Organisation (ILO) has released its Social Dialogue Report, emphasizing the need to uphold fundamental work rights and strengthen social dialogue mechanisms globally. Relevance: GS 2(Polity & Governance) ILO Recommendations: Ensure freedom of association and collective bargaining rights. Provide resources and technical support to labour administrations and social partners to enhance participation in Peak-Level Social Dialogue (PLSD). Compliance Issues: A 7% decline in compliance with fundamental work rights (2015–2022) due to increasing violations. Significance of Social Dialogue: Essential for fostering economic development and social progress. Conducted through bipartite (social partners only) or tripartite (including governments) negotiation and consultation processes. India Accounts For Half of Malaria Cases In Southeast Asia in 2023 Background: WHO released World Malaria Report 2024. Relevance: GS 2 ( Health). Malaria Burden: India contributed nearly 50% of estimated malaria cases in the region in 2023, followed by Indonesia with nearly one-third. Reduction in Deaths: Malaria deaths fell by 82.9%, from 35,000 in 2000 to 6,000 in 2023. India and Indonesia together accounted for 88% of malaria deaths in the region. Progress Since 2000: Estimated malaria cases dropped from 22.8 million in 2000 to 4 million in 2023. Between 2022 and 2023, four countries, including India, achieved reductions in malaria cases, while three countries reported increases.

Dec 11, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 December 2024

Content: 1. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana 2. Yuva Sahakar Scheme Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana PKVY aim to boost sustainable agricultural practices, focusing on natural and organic farming .Key objective is to benefit farmers and environment through sustainability. Relevance: GS 2( Schemes) , GS 3(Agriculture) Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP) Initiated under Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) in 2019-2020 in 8 states. Area sanctioned under BPKP (2020-21): Total: 409,400 ha Largest areas: Andhra Pradesh (1,00,000 ha), Madhya Pradesh (99,000 ha). Maharashtra has not opted for BPKP but conducted 578 training sessions under organic farming. Training and beneficiary data are maintained at the state level. National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) Approved on 25th November 2024 as a standalone centrally sponsored scheme. Objectives: Target to convert 1 crore farmers to natural farming. Cover 7.5 lakh ha under natural farming. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Provides end-to-end support to organic farmers, including production, certification, marketing, and branding using a cluster approach. Financial assistance: ₹31,500/ha for 3 years, including: ₹15,000/ha for organic inputs (direct to farmers). ₹4,500/ha for marketing and branding. ₹3,000/ha for certification. ₹9,000/ha for training and capacity building. Achievements (2015-2024): 14.99 lakh ha covered under organic farming. Developed 52,289 clusters with 25.30 lakh farmers. 8 states developed their own brands for organic products. State-Wise Progress (PKVY) Top states in area covered: Andhra Pradesh (3,60,805 ha), Uttar Pradesh (1,71,184 ha), Rajasthan (1,48,500 ha). Top states in farmers benefitted: Andhra Pradesh (7.46 lakh), Uttar Pradesh (2.73 lakh). Total (2015-2024): Area: 14,98,583 ha and Farmers: 25.30 lakh. Yuva Sahakar Scheme Objective: Promote new cooperative societies with innovative ideas. Encourage young entrepreneur cooperatives operating for at least 3 months. Relevance: GS 2( Scheme) Features: Loan Tenure: Long-term loans up to 5 years. Interest Subvention: 2% on NCDC’s term loan interest. Subsidy Convergence: Can combine with other GoI scheme subsidies. Current Status (as of 30/11/2024): Funds sanctioned: ₹4,734.97 lakh. Funds disbursed: ₹294.44 lakh. Himachal Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh: No proposals received. Initiatives Strengthening PACS: Model Byelaws: 32 States/UTs aligned. Computerization: 67,930 PACS onboarded onto ERP software. Multipurpose PACS: 8,823 new cooperatives set up since 2023. Agricultural & Rural Development: Grain Storage Plan: Decentralized warehouses and agri-infrastructure at PACS. PMKSK: 36,180 PACS operating fertilizer centers. Micro-ATMs: 7,446 distributed in Gujarat for doorstep banking. FFPOs: 70 Fish Farmer Producer Organizations registered. Economic Diversification of PACS: Retail outlets for petrol/diesel and LPG distributorships. PM Bharatiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras: 755 PACS ready to operate. White Revolution 2.0: Goals: Increase milk procurement by 50%, improve women’s empowerment, and promote dairy cooperatives. Collaboration: NDDB & Ministry of Cooperation. Urban & Rural Cooperative Banks: Expanded Lending: Housing loan limits doubled for UCBs and increased to ₹75 lakhs for Rural Cooperative Banks. Diversification: Lending allowed for commercial real estate and residential housing. Doorstep Banking: UCBs enabled for home-based financial services. Impact of These Measures Enhanced rural and cooperative banking. Diversified income sources for PACS. Reduced agricultural wastage and improved farmer incomes. Better access to credit and market linkages. Empowered women and promoted self-reliance.

Dec 11, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 December 2024

Content: Two to tango Ends without means Deepening India’s steps as a key space-faring nation Two To Tango Background : India-Bangladesh ties have deteriorated significantly, straining what was once considered a model bilateral relationship. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) Practice Question:Analyze the reasons for the strained relationship between India and Bangladesh.Suggest measures to strengthen the partnership .(250 Words) Foreign Secretary’s Visit: Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri’s visit to Dhaka aimed at outreach with the interim government led by Professor Muhammad Yunus. Emphasis on India’s willingness to collaborate closely with Bangladesh’s interim government. Concerns from Both Sides: India’s Concerns: Attacks on minorities in Bangladesh. Protests in Bangladesh targeting Indian missions and properties. Bangladesh’s Concerns: Alleged Indian interference in its domestic affairs. Bangladesh’s dissatisfaction with Ms. Hasina’s prolonged stay in India and her perceived immunity from trial. Tensions and Diplomatic Incidents: Protests in India over Bangladesh’s arrest of a Hindu monk for sedition escalated bilateral tensions. Retaliatory protests in Dhaka against Indian properties and missions worsened the situation. Statements During the Visit: Professor Yunus described bilateral relations as “solid” but acknowledged tensions created by Ms. Hasina’s remarks. Key Issues Addressed: Border management. Trade and connectivity. Water and energy cooperation. Development collaboration. Cultural and people-to-people ties. India’s Strategy Moving Forward: Need to balance concerns about attacks on minorities with efforts to restore Bangladesh’s democratic and inclusive processes. Recognizing and adapting to the new political realities in Bangladesh after the violent ouster of India-friendly leadership. Regional Dynamics: Recent political changes in Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives pose challenges for India’s regional diplomacy. Stability in Bangladesh is crucial for India’s broader strategic interests in the region. Ends Without Means Background: The Draft UGC Regulations, 2024, aim to modernize India’s higher education with hybrid learning, skill-based education, and academic mobility. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance) Practice Question: Critically analyze proposed UGC reforms benefits and the challenges in their implementation.(150 Words) Proposed Reforms: Bi-annual admissions to UG and PG courses. Flexibility for students to pursue any discipline after passing a relevant national qualifying exam. Options for extending or accelerating courses and pursuing multiple degrees simultaneously. Autonomy for institutions to set attendance requirements. Alignment with NEP 2020: Focus on hybrid learning and skill-based education. Implementation of the National Credit Framework for academic flexibility. Merits of the Reforms: Removes rigidity in the higher education system. Aims to meet global education standards. Introduces groundbreaking flexibility like the academic bank of credits. Challenges in Implementation: Resource Constraints: Insufficient faculty and underfunded institutions. Lack of adequately trained or motivated teachers. Regulatory Issues: Weak governance in affiliated colleges, where most students study. Resistance from traditional academic structures to reforms like credit banks. Concurrent List Complications: States’ initial compliance with reforms is often followed by backtracking. Administrative Hurdles: Inertia in academic bodies and procedures. Budgetary Concerns: The 2024 Budget reduced funding for higher education by 15% compared to last year’s revised estimates. Lack of sufficient investment undermines the feasibility of implementing these ambitious reforms. Deepening India’s Steps as a Key Space-Faring Nation Context : ISRO has set Ambitious Goals for the Next Two Decades Relevance : GS 3( Space ) Practice Question: Evaluate the role of the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) in advancing India’s space programme. Highlight how private sector can be utilised in overcoming challenges .(250 Words ) Development of Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) for heavy lift and reusability. Expansion of human-spaceflight capabilities: Gaganyaan mission to send Indian crew to space. Plans for a space station by the next decade. Human missions to the moon. ISRO’s Road Map: Conduct multiple uncrewed lunar missions. Master human-centric technologies for space travel. Develop rockets capable of carrying heavy payloads efficiently and cost-effectively. NGLV: A Game-Changer: Triples the payload capacity of LVM3. Partially reusable, offering significant cost savings. Advantages: Heavy lift rockets reduce weight constraints for space missions. Reusability ensures competitiveness and cost efficiency. Challenges: Reduced payload capacity due to fuel requirements for reusability. Current Gaps in Heavy Lift Capability: India is already facing the need for heavy lift rockets Next uncrewed lunar mission requires two LVM3s to assemble modules in space. GSAT-N2 satellite (4,700 kg) launched on SpaceX Falcon 9 due to LVM3’s 4,000 kg limit. SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Starship far exceed India’s payload capacities. Private Sector Role: Leverage Indian Industry: Contracts to private players for reusable heavy-lift rocket development. Encourage foreign collaborations for expertise and technology transfer. Funding Mechanism: Milestone-based funding to ensure accountability and reduce costs. Potential Outcomes: Redundancy and higher launch frequency with multiple NGLV-like rockets. Innovation and technical capacity building in the private sector. Strategic Autonomy and Resilient Space Ecosystem: Space ambitions require a robust supply of launch services. Foster a specialised industrial base to support India’s growing needs in space transportation.

Dec 11, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 December 2024

Content: 1. India Skills Report Ranks Kerala Among Top States for Employability in India 2. Ayush Visa and e-Ayush Visa 3. PM POSHAN: Centre to Bear Additional Cost of ₹425.62 Cr. Due to Food Inflation 4. New Scheme to Triple Those with Access to Top Journals 5. Saurashtra Fossils Say Early Humans Didn’t Stick to Coast as They Migrated 6. Behind the Great Indian Internet Shutdown India Skills Report ranks Kerala among top States for employability in India Context : Kerala maintains an employability rate of 71%, ranking fifth after Maharashtra, Delhi, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Relevance: GS 3(Employment) It is among the top States favoured for employment, along with Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh. Youth Employability: In the 22-25 age group, Kerala’s employability rate is an impressive 87.47%, placing it among the top States. For experienced professionals (26-29 years), Kerala ranks highest with an employability rate of 68.82%. Female Employability: Kerala is particularly preferred by female job aspirants and ranks third for female employability opportunities. Overall Employability in India: Nationwide, 54.81% of assessed youth were found to have the required skills for employment. The study surveyed 6.50 lakh youths via the Global Employability Test conducted by Wheebox and its partners. Contributors to Kerala’s Success: High literacy rates and robust educational infrastructure. A skilled youth workforce contributing to a strong talent pool. Ayush Visa and e-Ayush Visa Context : 123 regular Ayush visas were issued. 221 e-Ayush visas and 17 e-Ayush attendant visas were issued till December 4, 2024. Relevance: GS 2 (Health) Ayush Visa: A separate category of Ayush Visa was introduced to facilitate foreign visitors seeking treatment under the Ayush system of medicine in India. Four Sub-Categories: Ayush Visa: For those seeking therapeutic care and wellness treatment in accredited hospitals or wellness centers. Ayush Attendant Visa: For an attendant accompanying a foreigner on an Ayush Visa. e-Ayush Visa: An online visa option for Ayush treatment seekers. e-Ayush Attendant Visa: An online visa for attendants accompanying patients on e-Ayush Visas. These visas are aimed at promoting the Ayush system of medicine to international patients. PM POSHAN: Centre to Bear Additional Cost of ₹425.62 cr. Due To Food Inflation Context: Centre to bear ₹425.62 crore for inflation-induced food material costs in 2024-25 under the PM POSHAN Scheme. Relevance: GS 2( Schemes) Material cost for pulses, vegetables, and oil increased by 13.7%: ₹6.19 for primary/Balvatika students and ₹9.29 for upper primary students. Inflation rates (6.45% for 2022-23 and 6.74% for 2023-24) considered for the cost revision. New rates applicable across all States and Union Territories; flexibility for higher contributions. Centre covers 100% of foodgrain cost and transportation (approx. ₹9,000 crore subsidy annually). PM POSHAN Scheme provides hot cooked meals to 11.7 crore students in Balvatika and Classes 1 to 8 across 10.24 lakh government and government-aided schools in India. The scheme ensures one hot cooked meal per day, contributing to better health and nutrition among children. New Scheme To Triple Those With Access To Top Journals Overview: One Nation, One Subscription (ONOS) scheme aims to expand access to top research journals to State-affiliated colleges and individual students across India. Relevance: GS 2(Education, Governance) The scheme will more than triple the number of entities able to access research papers from leading publishers. Increased journal availability: The number of journals accessible will increase by 62%, covering 95% of published research. Phased implementation: ONOS will begin on January 1, 2025, covering all States and government institutions. A review in 2027 will include private universities and colleges. Financial implications: The scheme will double the Centre’s annual spend on subscriptions, from ₹1,000-1,500 crore to ₹6,000 crore (2025-2027). Article Processing Charges (APC) Fund: A ₹150 crore fund will support researchers in paying APCs to make their work freely accessible. Implementation through INFLIBNET: The Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) will coordinate subscriptions across over 6,300 institutions, benefiting approximately 1.8 crore students, faculty, and researchers. Accessibility: Students and faculty can register to access research papers remotely, even when away from campus. Broad impact: The scheme aims to reduce the knowledge gap and democratize access to high-quality research across all educational institutions in India. Saurashtra Fossils Say Early Humans Didn’t Stick To Coast As They Migrated Context : Discrepancy in coastal migration theory of early humans Relevance: GS 3(Science) Coastal migration theory suggests that early human populations predominantly migrated along coastlines, using maritime routes to spread across the world, exploiting rich coastal resources. Although genetic studies support the coastal dispersion of early humans, archaeological evidence from Saurashtra, India, shows otherwise. Middle Palaeolithic sites: All Palaeolithic sites in India, including those in Saurashtra, are inland, contradicting the coastal migration theory. Tools and artefacts: Study in Saurashtra reveals tools made from chert, jasper, and other stones dating back to 56,000–48,000 years ago, indicating inland movement. Relative dating method: Use of relative dating suggests artefacts are from the Middle Palaeolithic age, without evidence of Late Palaeolithic coastal tools. Landmass connections: Researchers noted that during the Middle Palaeolithic, Saurashtra was connected to other regions, making it a landmass away from the coast. Lack of marine evidence: No evidence of marine resources like fish or shellfish use in these early human settlements suggests no coastal habitation. Challenges in proving coastal migration: Debate remains due to the absence of securely dated coastal sites and submergence of potential sites due to rising sea levels. Broader understanding: The study prompts a reevaluation of human dispersal patterns, emphasizing inland routes over coastal ones for migration across India. Behind the Great Indian Internet Shutdown Context: India is referred to as the “world’s Internet shutdown capital” due to frequent instances of Internet suspension. Relevance: GS 2(Governance), GS 3( Internal Security) Supreme Court Ruling: In Anuradha Bhasin vs Union of India (2020), the Supreme Court recognized the Internet as a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution. The ruling stated that any restriction on Internet access must be temporary, lawful, necessary, and proportionate, and subject to judicial review. Government Compliance Issues: Non-compliance: States often fail to follow Supreme Court guidelines, with shutdown orders not being promptly published, hindering judicial review. Statutory Gaps: 2020 amendments to the Telecom Suspension Rules did not mandate the publication or periodic review of shutdown orders, weakening enforcement. Impact of Internet Shutdowns: Economic Loss: In 2020, $2.8 billion was lost due to 129 instances of Internet suspension, affecting over 10 million individuals. Disruption to Daily Life: Shutdowns disrupt education, healthcare, livelihoods, and access to information, highlighting the Internet’s role in modern life. Psychological, Social, and Journalistic Harm: Limitation of access leads to significant social and psychological impacts, affecting news dissemination, communication, and emergency help-seeking. Socio-economic Disparities: Mobile data restrictions disproportionately affect lower socio-economic classes, as the majority of users rely on mobile data rather than broadband. Call for Reform: Increased Compliance: Emphasize adherence to Supreme Court guidelines to prevent arbitrary shutdowns, ensuring transparency and accountability. Statutory Support: Advocate for statutory recognition of Supreme Court directions to ensure government compliance. Limitations: Internet shutdowns should be rare and only in clear public emergencies to avoid stifling protests or dissent.

Dec 10, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 December 2024

Content: 1. Parliament Question:- Effects of Climate Change 2. From Spices to Sustainability Parliament Question Effects of Climate Change Intro: India’s climate action focuses on increasing forest cover, renewable energy, and addressing regional disparities to align with global sustainability goals. Relevance:GS 3(Environment) Forest Cover : Total forest cover in India (as per ISFR 2021): 7,13,789 sq. km. Net increase since ISFR 2019: 1,540 sq. km. Contributing factors for the increase: Conservation measures. Afforestation programs. Restoration of degraded lands. Regional Trends: States with Increase in Forest Cover: Andhra Pradesh: +647 sq. km. Telangana: +632 sq. km. Odisha: +537 sq. km. Karnataka: +155 sq. km. Kerala: +109 sq. km. States with Decrease in Forest Cover: Arunachal Pradesh: -257 sq. km. Manipur: -249 sq. km. Nagaland: -235 sq. km. Mizoram: -186 sq. km. Meghalaya: -73 sq. km. Reasons for decline: Natural calamities, anthropogenic pressures, and shifting cultivation. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Focuses on solar energy, sustainable habitat, agriculture, health, and forestry (Green India Mission). India’s renewable energy progress: Non-fossil fuel-based energy constitutes 46.52% of installed capacity (as of October 2024). Target: 50% by 2030. Implications: India’s afforestation effort is in sync with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15: Life on Land. Inclusive climate action demands addressing of regional disparity. Strong global finance mechanism is need of the hour. From Spices to Sustainability Intro: Geographical Indication (GI) tags plays great role in preserving and promoting the cultural, agricultural, and economic heritage of North East India. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) Vision and Initiative Prine Minister vision connects North East India with the trinity of Emotion, Economy, and Ecology, aligning with sustainable and inclusive growth. Ashtalakshmi 2024 celebrates the rich diversity, resilience, and heritage of the region. Role of GI Tags GI tags safeguard traditional practices, support local economies, and enhance global recognition for products. They promote sustainable economic growth while preserving the unique identity of each region. Product Highlights by State Arunachal Pradesh: Adi Kekir Ginger: Known for medicinal properties, embodies traditional organic farming. Other GI products: Wakro Orange, Monpa Maize. Sikkim: Dalle Khursani (red chili): A livelihood source for 5,000+ families. Other products: Large Cardamom, Temi Tea, Sikkim Orchids, Sikkim Orange. Nagaland: Naga King Chilli (Raja Mircha): Among the hottest chilies globally, supports small-scale cultivation. Other products: Naga Tree Tomato, Chak Hao rice, Naga Cucumber. Assam: Kaji Nimu (lemon): Essential for Assamese cuisine and traditional remedies. Other products: Tezpur Litchi, Joha Rice, Bodo spices, Boka Chaul rice. Cultural and Economic Impact Products embody sustainability, skilled craftsmanship, and community empowerment. GI tags elevate the market value, ensuring global recognition and fostering economic resilience. Future Prospects The GI initiative aligns with India’s goals for health and sustainability. Emphasis on expanding global reach and strengthening the local economy through organic farming and sustainable practices. Strengths: Focuses on sustainable development and community empowerment. Recognizes the untapped potential of North East India’s agricultural diversity. Challenges: Requires effective marketing and infrastructure to maximize the benefits of GI-tagged products. Addressing socio-economic disparities within the region remains crucial.

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