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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 February 2025

Content: A new age of imperialism What has SC previously ruled on gag orders? Why has the UGC-CARE list of journals been discontinued? Women achievers to take charge of PM’s social media accounts for a day Health Ministry bans export of drugs containing Tapentadol, Carisoprodol Why personal accident insurance is a lifeline First detailed map of moon’s south pole made from Chandrayaan data A new age of imperialism Context : Decline of the Rules-Based International Order The post-WWII order, founded on economic integration, collective security, and self-determination, is weakening. The U.S., once its key proponent, now repudiates UN Charter principles, especially after the second Trump presidency. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations , Global Governance) Historical Context of the World Order Formation (1941-1945): U.S., U.K., Soviet Union, and China established collective security (Four Policemen concept). Yalta Conference (1945): Inclusion of France; spheres of influence implicitly accepted (e.g., Soviet control in Eastern Europe). Despite flaws, institutions like the UN and Bretton Woods fostered predictable international relations. Trump’s Disruption of Global Norms Withdrew from key agreements (Paris Agreement, WHO). Imposed unilateral tariffs, disrupting global trade. Pursuing nationalist policies, focusing on U.S. hemispheric dominance. U.S.-Russia Rapprochement and Ukraine Crisis Trump bypasses Ukraine in peace talks; labels Zelenskyy a dictator. Concessions to Russia (e.g., no NATO troops in Ukraine) undermine European security. European reliance on NATO now challenged; forced to rethink defense strategies. Resurgence of Spheres of Influence U.S. refocuses on the Western Hemisphere and West Asia. Russia gains a freer hand in Europe; seeks to reclaim imperial-era territories. China eyes Taiwan amid waning U.S. presence in East Asia. Implications for India and the Region China’s historical claims (e.g., McMahon Line dispute) raise regional security concerns. India faces heightened insecurity with shifting global alignments and China’s assertiveness. Emerging World Order: Might Over Right Multilateralism gives way to power politics and territorial ambitions. The global system transitions from cooperation to competition and coercion. What has SC previously ruled on gag orders? Context : Ranveer Allahbadia Case Overview: SC granted interim protection from arrest (Feb 18) in FIRs related to alleged obscenity on his YouTube show India Got Latent. Stringent conditions imposed: Prohibited from posting on social media until further orders. Directed to surrender passport. These conditions contrast previous SC caution against undue restrictions while granting relief. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ,Polity ) Allahbadia’s Plea: Filed under Article 32 for fundamental rights protection. Sought consolidation of FIRs from Maharashtra, Assam, and Rajasthan to prevent harassment. Precedent: In Parteek Bansal v. State of Rajasthan (2022), SC criticized multiple FIRs for the same offence as harassment. Interim Relief Conditions: No statutory guidelines; judges use discretion based on: Flight Risk: Potential of absconding. Intimidation of Witnesses: Possibility of threats. Tampering with Evidence: Risk of interfering with investigation. Usual conditions: passport surrender, high bail bonds, mandatory police appearances. SC cautions against disproportionate restrictions: Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI (2022): Conditions “impossible of compliance” defeat bail’s purpose. Frank Vitus v. NCB (2024): Google Maps PIN sharing deemed unconstitutional; violates Article 21 privacy rights. Gag Orders & SC’s Prior Rulings: Allahbadia’s content ban is a prior restraint—restricting speech before it occurs. SC’s free speech stance: Rehana Fathima Case (2021): Kerala HC’s social media ban stayed. Mohammed Zubair Case (2021): Request to restrict tweets rejected; gag orders create a “chilling effect” on speech and hinder profession. Principle: Prior restraints permissible only in exceptional cases to balance freedom of speech and justice. Why has the UGC-CARE list of journals been discontinued? Background: The UGC-CARE list, introduced in 2018, aimed to recognize reputable academic journals for faculty selection, promotions, and research funding. On February 2024, the UGC discontinued the list, replacing it with 36 suggestive parameters under eight criteria for evaluating journals. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Education ) New Suggestive Parameters (36 under 8 Criteria): Journal Preliminary Criteria: Title, ISSN, periodicity, transparency in review policy. Editorial Board Criteria: Availability and composition details of editorial board. Editorial Policy: Ethical publishing standards and peer-review process. Journal Standards: Consistency, citation practices, and quality indicators. Journal Visibility: Indexing, reach, and accessibility. Research Ethics: Measures against plagiarism and predatory practices. Why did UGC withdraw the CARE list? Criticisms of CARE List: Over-centralisation: Excessive control in journal recognition decisions. Delays: Slow process in adding or removing journals. Limited Representation: Exclusion of respected Indian language journals. Lack of Transparency: Opaque decision-making processes. UGC’s Justifications for New Approach: Decentralisation: Institutions can develop their own evaluation mechanisms aligned with UGC parameters. Flexibility: Allows consideration of discipline-specific needs and emerging fields. Combating Predatory Journals: Places responsibility on HEIs to ensure publication quality. Response & Concerns: Students’ Federation of India (SFI): Condemned the move, citing lack of consultation with academic communities. Feared proliferation of low-quality journals without central oversight. Warned of academic integrity erosion and inconsistent evaluation processes. Broader Concerns: Part of deregulation trend under NEP 2020. Risk of arbitrary journal evaluations by different institutions. Women achievers to take charge of PM’s social media accounts for a day Women Achievers & International Women’s Day (March 8) PM Narendra Modi to hand over his social media accounts to women achievers for a day. Aim: Allow women from diverse fields to share insights and inspire others. Initiative highlights the role of Nari Shakti (women power) in nation-building. Reference to Hansa Mehta’s contribution to the national flag and women’s role in the freedom struggle. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Space Sector Growth & Women Participation India launched around 460 satellites in the past decade, including foreign ones. Increasing involvement of women scientists in ISRO and space missions. Encourages youth to explore careers in science through visits to labs and planetariums. Focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) India’s progress in AI recognized at an international conference in Paris. Example: Thodasam Kailash, a schoolteacher using AI to create music in the Kolami language. National Games & Youth Achievements Over 11,000 athletes participated in the Uttarakhand National Games. Rise of teenage sports champions: Gavin Antony (15) – Shooting Anushka Yadav (16) – Hammer throw Dev Kumar Meena (19) – Pole vault Wildlife Conservation & Cultural Significance Emphasis on the cultural connection with wildlife in Indian traditions. Appreciation for tribal communities’ role in protecting wildlife. Health Ministry bans export of drugs containing Tapentadol, Carisoprodol Context : Export Ban on Tapentadol-Carisoprodol Combinations Health Ministry banned the export of unapproved combination drugs containing Tapentadol and Carisoprodol. Action taken after reports of Aveo Pharmaceuticals (Mumbai) exporting these drugs to certain West African countries. Relevance : GS 2(Health, Governance) Drug Profiles Tapentadol: Opioid used for moderate to severe pain; approved in various tablet forms (50-200 mg). Carisoprodol: Muscle relaxant targeting pain centers in the brain and spinal cord. The combination is not approved in India and not listed under the NDPS Act. Regulatory Actions & Compliance Measures CDSCO and State regulators initiated risk-based inspections since December 2022: 905 manufacturing units inspected. 694 regulatory actions taken (including production halts, licence suspensions, and warnings). Aveo Pharmaceuticals audited (Feb 21-22); operations halted following non-compliance findings. Seizure & Preventive Measures Seized materials: 1.3 crore tablets/capsules. 26 batches of Tapentadol and Carisoprodol APIs. Maharashtra FDA ordered immediate production stop and withdrawal of export NoCs. Nationwide instructions issued to prevent further distribution of the unapproved combination. Why personal accident insurance is a lifeline Context : Rising Accident Rates in India (2023-24) Road accidents: ~1.73 lakh deaths, 4.63 lakh injuries in 2023. Home accidents: Falls: 30% Burns: 20% Accidental poisoning: 15% Drowning (mainly children): 10% Workplace accidents (2024): 400+ deaths, 850+ serious injuries. Adventure sports risks: Activities like trekking, rafting, and paragliding contribute to rising accident numbers. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Why Personal Accident Insurance is Vital Provides a financial safety net against sudden accidents. Affordability: Cheaper than health or life insurance; accessible to all income groups. Key Benefits of Personal Accident Insurance Accidental death/permanent disability cover: Fixed payout ensures financial stability for dependents. Support for dependents: Education and marriage funds for children, widows, and parents. Medical expense coverage: Hospitalisation costs covered. Lump sum benefits for burns, broken bones, or coma. Recovery support: Coverage for home/vehicle modifications. Expenses for prostheses, wheelchairs, crutches. Income protection: Payouts during recovery to offset lost wages. Debt coverage: Some policies cover outstanding loans if the policyholder is a breadwinner. Emergency services: Air ambulance for remote-area accidents. Exclusions & Premium Factors Exclusions: Self-inflicted injuries, suicide attempts. Accidents under alcohol/drug influence. Injuries from criminal activities or high-risk sports. Pre-existing conditions/disabilities. Premium determination: High-risk jobs (e.g., miners, factory workers) attract higher premiums than office jobs. Bottom Line: Personal accident insurance is an affordable, crucial safeguard against unexpected financial burdens arising from accidents across various environments (road, home, work, or adventure). Understanding coverage details and exclusions is vital for making informed choices. First detailed map of moon’s south pole made from Chandrayaan data Context : First-ever detailed geological map of the moon’s south polar region created using Chandrayaan-3’s Pragyan rover data. Collaborative effort by PRL Ahmedabad, Panjab University, and ISRO’s Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems. Focused on Vikram lander’s site (landed August 23, 2023) revealing an undulating landscape of highlands and low plains. Relevance : GS 3(Science , Technology) Major Scientific Findings: Primordial magma presence confirmed: Chandrayaan-3 detected an ancient underground ocean of molten rock beneath the landing site. Confirms earlier suspicions from Apollo, Luna, and Chang’e missions but provides first polar region data. Age of the region: Estimated at 3.7 billion years, coinciding with early microbial life emergence on Earth. Cratering history: Secondary craters traced to the Schomberger crater as the primary debris source. Landed near the South Pole–Aitken Basin, one of the oldest and largest craters in the solar system. Earth-Moon Evolutionary Links: Common origin theory supported: Earth and moon possibly formed from debris after a Mars-sized body collided with Earth 4.5 billion years ago. Geochemical similarities: Presence of common isotopes and aligned orbital inclinations. Environmental Concerns: Lunar littering and contamination risks: Decades of space missions have left debris, affecting the regolith and thin lunar exosphere. Water vapour exhaust from landers may skew lunar ice readings at the poles. Colonisation efforts could further disturb the pristine lunar surface and hinder future scientific studies. Scientific Significance: Helps date geological features on other rocky planets using crater analysis. Provides new insights into the moon’s formation, evolution, and internal structure. Crucial for future lunar exploration and resource management strategies.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 February 2025

Content: Biodiversity to Bioeconomy Ministry of Mines classifies Barytes, Felspar, Mica and Quartz as Major Minerals Biodiversity to Bioeconomy Context & Importance of Biotechnology in NER North East Region (NER) of India: Rich in biodiversity, cultural heritage, and natural resources. Biotechnology acts as a catalyst for: Sustainable economic growth Preservation of natural and cultural heritage Employment generation through bio-entrepreneurship Climate-resilient agriculture and health innovations Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Department of Biotechnology’s (DBT) North Eastern Programme Budget Allocation: Since 2010, 10% of DBT’s annual budget allocated to NER-focused programmes. Objectives: Harness endemic bioresources Promote biotech education and research Create local employment via bio-based enterprises Major Programmes Under NER A. Capacity Building & Education Initiatives Twinning R&D Programme (2010-11): Collaboration between 65+ NER institutions & leading national institutes Supported ~650 R&D projects, benefiting ~450 researchers and 2000 students Biotech Hubs (Since 2011): Established 126 hubs across NER for biotech research and education Phase-II: 54 hubs focusing on local issues and specialized research Biotechnology Labs in Senior Secondary Schools (BLiSS) (2014): Established labs to cultivate biotech interest at school level Visiting Research Professorship (VRP) Programme (2015): Leveraged expertise of eminent scientists to uplift local biotech education Specialized Training Programmes: Chemical Ecology Programme (2015): Tailored training for PhD and postdoc researchers with institutes like NCBS, IISc. Genomics-Driven Research in Human Health (2016):Comprehensive workshops for biomedical research, molecular genetics, and clinical sample handling. B. Agriculture & Farmers-Focused Initiatives DBT-North East Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology (NECAB) – Phase III: Enhanced services to farmers; supported research on crop resilience and productivity Citrus Research & Development: Established facilities at Institute of Horticulture Technology, Assam Developed disease-free rootstocks for Khasi mandarin and sweet orange Medicinal Plant Cultivation: Cultivated 64.1 acres with crops like Curcuma caesia and high-value lemongrass Trained 649 farmers and entrepreneurs in sustainable farming practices Value Addition to Indigenous Fruits: Explored Docynia indica (Assam apple) for products like jams, pickles, and juices Conducted awareness campaigns in tribal communities of Assam and Meghalaya Major Achievements & Innovations Agricultural Innovations: Bacterial Blight-resistant Rice Variety “Patkai“: Developed by Assam Agricultural University Combines resistance with flood tolerance (Ranjeet Sub1 background) Veterinary & Livestock Innovations: Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) for Brucellosis Detection: Rapid detection tool with high sensitivity for livestock disease management Digital & Technological Solutions: Pig Disease Diagnosis Expert System (PDDES): Mobile app aiding pig disease diagnosis Available on Google Playstore; improves veterinary outreach and farm productivity Broader Impacts & Sustainable Growth Biodiversity Preservation: Sustainable use of medicinal and indigenous plant resources Economic Upliftment: Boost in local income via bio-entrepreneurship and product diversification Educational Empowerment: Enhanced research opportunities and skill development in biotechnology Environmental Sustainability: Focus on eco-friendly agriculture and disease-resistant crops Community Engagement: Active involvement of farmers, tribal communities, and students in biotech projects Way Forward Strengthen partnerships between local institutions and national/global biotech leaders Expand biotech solutions in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental sustainability Foster community–driven bio–entrepreneurship for long-term economic resilience Ministry of Mines classifies Barytes, Felspar, Mica and Quartz as Major Minerals Background and Policy Context Notification: Issued by the Ministry of Mines on 20th February 2025 through a gazette notification. Reclassification: Minerals Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz moved from minor to major minerals category. Policy Alignment: Follows the National Critical Mineral Mission approved by the Union Cabinet on 29th January 2025, aimed at self-reliance in critical minerals. Relevance : GS 3(Mines and Minerals) Rationale Behind Reclassification Critical Minerals Exploration: Quartz, Felspar, and Mica are found in pegmatite rocks—rich sources of critical minerals like Lithium, Beryl, Niobium, Tantalum, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten. Baryte is associated with ores of Antimony, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, and Silver. Under-Reporting Issue: Under minor mineral leases, critical minerals were overlooked as the focus was on using primary minerals for construction, glass, ceramics, etc. Leaseholders did not declare or extract associated critical minerals, leading to loss of strategic resources. Economic and Strategic Significance: Critical minerals are vital for: Energy transition technologies (e.g., lithium for batteries) Spacecraft industries (lightweight, heat-resistant materials) Healthcare sector (advanced diagnostic devices) Baryte’s use in oil and gas drilling, radiation shielding, electronics, and construction materials underscores its industrial relevance. Implications of Major Mineral Classification Enhanced Regulation and Exploration: Mines to be regulated by the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) for scientific mining practices. Increased exploration expected due to stricter compliance and higher investment incentives. Lease Period Extension: Existing leases will not be adversely affected. Major mineral leases: Extended up to 50 years under Section 8A of the MMDR Act, 1957. Revenue and Federal Dynamics: Revenue sharing pattern unchanged; states continue to accrue mining revenues. Transition Period: Four-month window provided until 30th June 2025 for operational adjustments. Key Benefits of the Move Strategic Autonomy: Reduces dependence on imports of critical minerals crucial for energy and technology sectors. Resource Optimization: Promotes co-mining of associated minerals, ensuring better resource utilization. Boost to Industries: Enhances the supply chain for renewable energy, electronics, defense, and healthcare industries. Environmental Considerations: Scientific mining practices to reduce environmental degradation and improve sustainability. Challenges and Considerations Operational Readiness: Mines and leaseholders must adapt to stricter IBM compliance norms. Environmental and Social Concerns: Scaling exploration may pose ecological challenges; needs careful Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). Capacity Building: States and private players need to upgrade mining technology and exploration techniques. Way Forward Focus on Sustainable Mining: Balance economic gains with environmental protection and community welfare. Promote Innovation: Encourage use of advanced mining technologies for efficient resource extraction. Enhance Private Sector Participation: Attract investments through policy stability and ease of doing business measures. Monitor Critical Mineral Supply Chains: Develop strategies for long-term mineral security to support India’s energy and technological ambitions.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 February 2025

Content: Converting court case backlogs into treasure troves Judges’ dilemma Converting court case backlogs into treasure troves Context: India’s judicial system is plagued by massivecasebacklogs: Supreme Court: ~82,000 cases pending High Courts: ~62 lakh cases pending Lower Courts: ~5 crore cases pending, with ~50 lakh cases pending for over a decade. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Practice Question : Judicial backlog in India poses a significant challenge to the delivery of timely justice. Critically examine the causes of this backlog and evaluate how mediation can serve as an effective solution. Suggest measures to institutionalize mediation in the Indian judicial system. (250 words) Key Issues Leading to Backlog: Adversarial System: Involves multiple interim applications and appeals. Judge-Population Ratio: One of the world’s lowest — 21 judges per million people. Government as a Litigant: Accounts for nearly 50% of all cases. Infrastructure Deficiencies: Insufficient physical infrastructure, finances, and human resources. Mediation as a Solution: What is Mediation? A confidential, neutral, and non-adversarial method of dispute resolution. Advantages: Faster resolutions (few sessions vs. years of litigation). Cost-effective for both courts and parties. Preserves relationships unlike traditional litigation. Encouraging Trends: Increasing acceptance since 2005. Thousands of trained mediators available. Challenges in Implementation: Primary Identification of Cases: Need for effective classification and referral to mediation. Public Perception: Mediation still seen as secondary to court rulings. Incentives and Infrastructure: Adequate remuneration and formal structures necessary. Way Forward: Institutionalize mediation at all court levels. Make mediation the first step before litigation in civil and commercial disputes. Government should reduce its litigation footprint and promote out-of-court settlements. Enhance public awareness and trust in mediation. Judges’ dilemma Context: The editorial addresses the tension between judicial independence and accountability, arising from the Lokpal’s ruling that High Court judges fall under its jurisdiction, and the Supreme Court’s immediate stay on the order. Key Issue: Whether judges, as public servants under the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), can be subjected to external scrutiny without compromising judicial independence. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Practice Question: Judicial independence is a cornerstone of democracy, but it must be balanced with accountability to maintain public trust. Critically examine the challenges in ensuring judicial accountability in India while safeguarding judicial independence. Suggest suitable reforms. (250 words) Lokpal’s Stand: High Court judges are under the Lokpal’s jurisdiction per Section 14 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. High Courts, established by state statutes, are considered statutory bodies, making judges “public servants.” Contrarily, the Supreme Court is established by the Constitution, thus not under the Lokpal’s purview. Supreme Court’s Response: Stayed the Lokpal’s decision suo motu (on its own motion). Concern: Judicial independence could be compromised if external bodies investigate constitutional court judges. Legal Precedent – K. Veeraswami vs Union of India (1991): Judges are public servants under PCA. No FIR against a sitting judge without the Chief Justice of India’s (CJI) approval. Ensures a balance: Judges aren’t immune from law, yet the judiciary’s functioning remains unhampered. Existing Accountability Mechanisms: In-house procedure: Initiated by CJI, High Court CJ, or President on complaints. Actions: Request for resignation, curtailing judicial work, transfers, or parliamentary removal. Criticism: Lack of transparency; reasons for transfers often undisclosed. Way Forward: Need for an effective mechanism balancing independence with accountability. Consider independent prosecution under judicial supervision for credible corruption charges. Safeguards to prevent frivolous complaints while ensuring public trust in the judiciary. Criticism : Judicial Independence: Essential for impartial decision-making, a basic structure element of the Constitution (Article 50). External probes may create a chilling effect, deterring judges from making bold decisions. Need for Accountability: Independence isn’t immunity. Judicial corruption erodes public trust; an opaque system fosters impunity. Institutional Integrity vs Public Interest: Striking a balance is complex; neither extreme serves justice. An in-house procedure with external oversight (without direct interference) could be a middle path. International Practices: Some countries have independent judicial commissions ensuring both accountability and autonomy. India can adapt such models, ensuring constitutional sanctity is upheld.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 February 2025

Contents NMC’s Guidelines for Disabled Candidates Arbitrary, Rules SC Concept of Sexual Equality Must Be Part of Syllabus: SC Amid Growing Threat from Drones, Army to Strengthen Its Air Defence Assam: Move to Recognise Bathouism Highlights Government Commitment to Preserve Nature-Based Faiths Restoring Land, Restoring Peace: How Sustainable Land Management Can Ease Global Conflicts NMC’s guidelines for disabled candidates arbitrary, rules SC Background: The Supreme Court ruled against the National Medical Commission’s (NMC) eligibility criteria requiring MBBS candidates to have “both hands intact, with intact sensation and sufficient strength.” The case involved a candidate with 50% locomotor and 20% speech disability who cleared NEET but was denied admission by the NMC’s Assessment Board. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Court’s Observations: The criterion was termed arbitrary, ableist, and contrary to the Constitution. Justice Viswanathan highlighted that such requirements violate: Article 41: Right to work, education, and public assistance. Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act. UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). The judgment criticized the “a” approach, stressing reasonable accommodation for disabled candidates. Key Rulings: Directed NMC to revise guidelines and submit a report by March 3. Allowed the candidate’s admission to Government Medical College, Sirohi, Rajasthan. Significance: Upholds the constitutional and human rights of persons with disabilities. Reinforces the principle of inclusion and non-discrimination in medical education. Sets a precedent for addressing ableism in statutory regulations. Implications: Medical institutions must adapt to inclusive admission policies. Promotes broader discussion on accessibility in professional fields. Paves the way for policy reforms supporting disabled aspirants. Concept of sexual equality must be part of syllabus: SC Background: The Supreme Court asked the Centre to incorporate sexual equality, moral and ethical training, and etiquette into the school syllabus. The Bench was led by Justice B.V. Nagarathna with Justice S.C. Sharma. Relevance : GS 2(Education ,Social Issues) Court’s Observations: Moral education is often neglected in schools; needs mandatory inclusion. Equality between sons and daughters must begin at home—parents should avoid gender-based discrimination. Society still holds misogynistic beliefs, marginalizing women post-marriage. Petitioner’s Argument: Senior advocate Aabad Ponda highlighted: Lack of early education on gender equality contributes to rising crimes against women. 50% of the population (women) face insecurity and societal strain. Advertisements and visual media should promote zero tolerance for rape and awareness of stringent laws. Harsher punishments alone are not sufficient; mindset change is crucial. Court’s Directions: Ordered the Union government to submit measures taken to introduce sexual equality in the curriculum. Recalled how Environmental Science became a mandatory subject through SC orders—moral education should follow suit. Key Takeaways: Early education can combat gender bias and violence against women. Public awareness campaigns through media and cinema halls recommended. Calls for long-term solutions over knee-jerk punitive measures. Implications: Focus on mindset change rather than solely on stricter punishments. Schools expected to play a central role in promoting gender sensitivity. Reinforces the importance of gender parity for societal progress. Amid growing threat from drones, Army to strengthen its air defence Background: Growing use of drones, loitering munitions, and disruptive technologies has escalated aerial threats. Recent conflicts like the Ukraine war highlight the challenge of quantifying and countering drone-based threats. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Army’s Key Initiatives: Induction of new fragmentation ammunition for ~1,300 air defence guns (L-70 & Zu-23). Air burst ammunition, laser, and microwave weapons in procurement pipeline. Smart ammunition and high-end air defence upgrades underway. QRSAM System Development: Indigenous Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM) contract finalization in 4-5 months. Developed by DRDO with a 30 km range. First Prototype Model (FoPM) expected 12 months post-contract; full production in 18 months. Planned in both wheeled and tracked configurations. Akash Missile Enhancement: Enhanced Akash missile to undergo high-altitude trials in the next 45 days. Future Plans: Tender issued for 30mm fragmentation ammunition for vintage guns. Request For Proposal (RFP) out for successor to L-70 and Zu-23 guns (220 units) with smart ammunition. Trials in July 2025, contract award expected by May-June 2026. Focus on indigenous procurement—no imports planned. Implications: Strengthening air defence capabilities to counter evolving aerial threats. Boosts self-reliance in defence technology through indigenous systems. Addresses challenges posed by swarm drones and disruptive warfare technologies. Assam: Move to recognise Bathousim highlights government commitment to preserve nature-based faiths, says expert Background: Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) in Assam now includes Bathouism as an official religion option in application forms (e.g., admissions, birth & death certificates). Move aims to preserve nature-based indigenous faiths and distinct Bodo identity. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) About Bathouism: Traditional faith of the Bodos—largest plains tribe in Assam. Bathoubwrai (Sibwrai): Supreme God symbolizing the supreme soul (Poromatma). Philosophy based on five elements: Bar (Air) | San (Sun) | Ha (Earth) | Or (Fire) | Okhrang (Sky) Parallels with Panchatatva in Hinduism. Sijou plant (Euphorbia splendens): Living symbol of Bathoubwrai; central to worship rituals. Government Initiatives: Bathou Puja: Declared state holiday on second Tuesday of Magh month. Union Home Minister Amit Shah reaffirmed commitment to preserve nature-centric faiths at the 13th Triennial Conference of All Bathou Mahasabha (Jan 2024). Significance of Recognition: Reinforces cultural roots while embracing modernity. Promotes religious inclusivity and identity preservation. Comparable to recognition of Sarnaism (practiced in Chota Nagpur Plateau)—both emphasize nature worship and ancestral reverence. Implications: Strengthens Bodo community’s cultural heritage. Reflects government’s inclusive approach towards indigenous beliefs. Potential to inspire similar recognition for other tribal faiths in India. Restoring land, restoring peace: How sustainable land management can ease global conflicts Key Focus: Addressing land degradation is vital not only for environmental health but also for conflict prevention and community rebuilding. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Highlights of the Ground for Peace Report (Dec 2024): Land Degradation & Conflict Link: Environmental degradation and resource scarcity escalate regional and global conflicts. 80 percent of conflicts (1950–2000) occurred in biodiversity hotspots. Case Studies: Rohingya Migration (Bangladesh): Forest cover dropped from 8,500 ha to 4,500 ha (2016–2018) due to refugee pressure. Nigeria: Peace agreement between Tiv and Igede groups improved resource-sharing and stability. Colombia: Peace deals enhanced land restoration and cocoa farmers’ community cohesion. Initiatives & Global Efforts: Peace Forest Initiative (PFI): Launched at UNCCD COP14 (2019, New Delhi). Aims to ease intercommunity tensions via Sustainable Land Management (SLM). Targets 17 sites across 44 countries. Other Key Frameworks: COP28 Declaration, Rio Convention, NATO’s 2023 Climate Change and Security Assessment. Challenges: Funding Shortage: 40 percent of intrastate conflicts stem from natural resources, yet less than 10 percent of global funding targets land issues. Private investments mostly favor biodiversity hotspots. Implementation Hurdles: Complex funding processes, capacity gaps, and poor planning can worsen conflicts. Examples: Banni Grasslands (India): Introduction of invasive species disrupted livelihoods. Chilika Lake (Odisha): Restoration led to economic distress for traditional fishers. Recommendations & Way Forward: Integrate land restoration into peacebuilding and security strategies. Leverage climate funds, donor support, and international agreements. Focus on community-driven, situation-specific solutions. Promote technical diplomacy and multi-level cooperation. Scale up efforts through the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration and global reforestation initiatives. Bottom Line: Restoring degraded land is pivotal for environmental stability, peace, and socio-economic resilience. Sustainable and inclusive approaches, backed by robust funding and political will, are essential to break the cycle of degradation and conflict.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 February 2025

Content: Common biomarker for range of Cancers offers potential non-invasive method for early cancer diagnosis International Asperger’s Day Common biomarker for range of Cancers offers potential non-invasive method for early cancer diagnosis Context and Significance Cancer Detection Challenges: Aggressive cancers like pancreatic and glioma are often diagnosed late with poor prognoses. Early detection remains a major challenge, emphasizing the need for non-invasive biomarkers. Relevance : GS 2(Health) , GS 3(Science) Potential Solution: Researchers have identified common metabolites across various cancer types (pancreatic, lung, glioma), indicating potential universal cancer biomarkers. Nano messengers (Exosomes) serve as carriers of tumor-derived metabolites, offering a window into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Key Findings of the Study Institution Involved: Conducted by Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali under the Department of Science and Technology (DST). Key researchers: Ms. Nandini Bajaj and Dr. Deepika Sharma. Metabolite Identification: Exosomes derived from pancreatic, lung, and glioma cancer cell lines contain common metabolites. These metabolites may act as universal biomarkers enhancing early detection and therapeutic strategies. Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Insights: Identified metabolites show dysregulated metabolic pathways within TME. Offers insights into cancer progression mechanisms and targeted therapy development. Methodology and Techniques Used The study employed a multi-technique approach surpassing single-method limitations: Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA): Measured size and concentration of exosomes. Electron Microscopy (EM): Provided detailed visualization of exosome morphology. Western Blot (WB): Confirmed presence of exosomal markers. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Analyzed chemical composition. Untargeted Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS): Identified and quantified diverse metabolites. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Offered structural and metabolic profiling. Clinical Implications and Applications Diagnostics: Enables non-invasive, early cancer detection through exosome analysis. Potential to serve as universal biomarkers applicable across multiple cancer types. Therapeutics: Targeting dysregulated metabolic pathways could improve treatment efficacy. Insights from TME interactions enable precision medicine and personalized therapies. Patient Outcomes: Enhanced early detection could improve survival rates for aggressive cancers. Targeted therapies may reduce side effects by focusing on cancer-specific pathways. Future Prospects and Challenges Further Research Needed: Validation of biomarkers in clinical settings with larger patient cohorts. Investigate long-term reliability and specificity of identified metabolites. Potential Impact: Could revolutionize cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, especially for hard-to-detect cancers. Personalized, non-invasive approaches may become the standard of care in oncology. Conclusion The study published in Nanoscale marks a significant advancement in cancer research, highlighting the potential of exosome-derived metabolites as universal biomarkers. This approach could pave the way for early, non-invasive diagnosis and targeted therapies, offering better patient outcomes and precision treatment strategies. International Asperger’s Day Context and Significance International Asperger’s Day: Observed globally to raise awareness and promote understanding of Asperger’s Syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder under Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). National Initiative: NIEPID, under the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, led multiple awareness programmes nationwide, reflecting the government’s commitment to inclusivity. Relevance : GS 2(Health) , GS 3(Science) Key Highlights of the Initiatives Objective: Foster awareness, promote inclusivity, and enhance support systems for individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome. Pan-India Approach: Programs conducted across various National and Regional Centres of NIEPID. a. National Level Initiatives National Institute for Locomotor Disabilities (NILD), Kolkata: Hosted a webinar on “Understanding Asperger’s Syndrome: Insights, Challenges, and Support Strategies.” Focus: Quality of life improvement and inclusive strategies for affected individuals. b. Regional Centre Initiatives Composite Regional Centre (CRC), Jammu: Awareness programme at Jammu College of Physiotherapy. Target Audience: Students and faculty for grassroots-level sensitization. Focus: Symptoms recognition and importance of inclusivity in educational settings. CRC, Nagpur: Webinar titled ‘Understanding and Supporting Individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome’ featuring Dr. Shruti Dhengre Gaikwad. Topics Covered: Rehabilitation techniques. Role of occupational therapy. Early intervention importance. CRC, Guwahati: Special event with the screening of an educational documentary on Asperger’s Syndrome. Benefit: Visual learning enhanced understanding for participants. CRC, Jaipur: Conducted a virtual webinar on challenges and effective support strategies. Focus Areas: Addressing practical issues faced by individuals with Asperger’s Syndrome in daily life. Relevance and Impact Holistic Awareness: Covered educational, medical, and rehabilitation aspects of Asperger’s Syndrome. Capacity Building: Targeted various stakeholders (students, faculty, medical professionals) for comprehensive awareness. Inclusivity Promotion: Initiatives emphasized creating an accommodating environment in schools, workplaces, and society. Challenges Highlighted Early Diagnosis Issues: Difficulty in recognizing symptoms at an early stage. Stigma and Misconceptions: Lack of awareness often leads to societal exclusion. Limited Access to Rehabilitation: Disparities in availability of occupational therapy and specialized interventions in rural areas. Recommendations from the Initiatives Enhanced Training: Regular workshops for educators and healthcare professionals. Inclusive Education: Integration of neurodiverse-friendly practices in educational institutions. Policy Support: Strengthen national disability policies for broader coverage of ASD-related support. Community Engagement: Local-level awareness campaigns to dismantle stigma. Way Forward Sustained Awareness Efforts: Beyond International Asperger’s Day, continuous programs are essential. Research and Innovation: Investment in studies focusing on early intervention and technological solutions. Government and NGO Collaboration: Leverage combined efforts for resource mobilization and outreach.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 February 2025

Content: The transformation of Koraput’s tribal food basket The long and winding road of India-China relations The transformation of Koraput’s tribal food basket Background: Koraput, Odisha: Rich in biodiversity with a predominantly tribal population. Paradox: High poverty and undernutrition despite multiple government schemes. Nutrition Statistics (NFHS-5, 2019-21): 43% of children under 5 years: Stunted. 33%: Underweight. Only 17%: Adequate diet. 50% women: Anaemic. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice, Poverty , Health) Practice Question: With reference to community-driven approaches in addressing malnutrition, examine how the transformation of Koraput’s tribal food basket can serve as a model for nutrition security. (250 Word) Challenges Identified: Inadequate dietary diversity at the household level. Cultural norms affecting nutrition (e.g., reliance on one accompaniment with rice). Poor awareness and utilization of government schemes. Limited landholdings and dependence on subsistence farming. Gender, caste, and class dimensions influencing food access. M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) Intervention (2013-2022): Community-Based Nutrition Literacy Model: Sensitization: Nutritional status assessments (women, children, adolescents). Data presented to communities to raise awareness. Capacity Building: Formation of ‘community champions’: ~1,000 trained over 10 years. Focus areas: Balanced diets and dietary diversity. Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices. Nutrition-sensitive agriculture (crop diversity, poultry, pisciculture). Hygiene and sanitation. Training Approach: Activity-based residential training (2.5 days each, over six months). Inclusive of caste, class, and gender considerations. Promoted peer learning, discussions, and collective decision–making. Key Transformations & Outcomes: Household-Level Changes: Increase in crop diversity: Initial: 2-3 crops  —>  End: 9-11 varieties. Examples: Pulses, leafy greens, tubers, fruits, poultry, and fish. Home Gardens: Start: 90% operational for ~5 months. End: >50% operational for 7-9 months. Dietary Improvement: Increased consumption of nutritious foods (dhal, vegetables, fruits, eggs). Community-Level Changes: Revived village structures (community grain banks, village councils). Established new anganwadi centres through community resolution and advocacy. Enhanced cooperation with ASHA and Anganwadi workers. Gender & Social Inclusion: Women’s active involvement in agricultural and household decisions. Male champions engaged in joint decision-making with spouses. Awareness on caste and class barriers to nutrition addressed in training. Facilitating Factors for Change: Grassroots–driven approach: Empowerment from within the community. Practical and context-based learning models. Integration of traditional knowledge with scientific practices. Collective action in leveraging government entitlements. Challenges Ahead: Sustaining momentum beyond project duration. Addressing deeper socio-economic determinants of poverty. Scaling the model to other similar tribal regions. The long and winding road of India-China relations Background of Recent Developments India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri visited China in January 2025, meeting key Chinese leaders, including Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Liu Jianchao. Announcements included potential restoration of: Media and think tank exchanges Kailash Mansarovar Yatra Bilateral flights from summer 2025 Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Discuss the significance of the recent diplomatic engagements between India and China in January 2025. How do external geopolitical factors influence bilateral relations between the two countries? (250 words) Possible Reasons for Renewed Engagement Diplomatic Stalemate (Post-Galwan 2020): Over four years of strained relations since the Galwan clashes necessitated détente. Prolonged stalemates are diplomatically unsustainable. External Factors: Donald Trump’s re-election (November 2024) increased geopolitical uncertainties, prompting regional stability efforts. Historical parallel: Post-Tiananmen 1989, China normalized relations with India in response to global backlash. Internal Factors: Economic concerns in both nations may have driven the push for stability. China’s slowing economy and India’s growth ambitions necessitate stable relations. Border Issues at the LAC (Line of Actual Control) Key Friction Points: Galwan, Depsang Bulge, Charding Nala, Gogra Post, Hot Springs, North Bank of Pangong Lake. Status Uncertainties: No official confirmation on demilitarization or troop withdrawal. Patrolling rights, crucial for border stability, remain unclear. Indian government’s silence raises doubts about the extent of progress. Diverging Approaches to Normalization India’s Stand: Restoration of the status quo ante and border stability are prerequisites for broader relations. China’s Position: Advocates moving beyond the border standoff to improve overall relations. Seeks economic and diplomatic normalization without addressing core border issues comprehensively. Implications and Challenges Strategic Caution: India must avoid appearing to compromise on territorial integrity. Lack of transparency could undermine public trust and diplomatic leverage. Global Dynamics: Divergent worldviews will continue to shape India-China relations. Cyclical ups and downs are likely, given historical patterns and leadership dynamics under Xi Jinping. Domestic Perception: Clarity on border issues is essential to avoid perceptions of India yielding to Chinese pressure.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 February 2025

Content: SC stays Lokpal order on power over judges I&B Ministry warns OTTs against ‘obscene content’ The silent victims of cancer: the indirect consequences on children AI-powered tools generate real-time insights into antibiotic resistance Is there a right to take offence? SC stays Lokpal order on power over judges Background: On January 27, the Lokpal passed an order claiming jurisdiction to investigate High Court judges under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. The order was based on a complaint alleging that an Additional High Court judge influenced judicial decisions in favor of a private company. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Supreme Court’s Response: A Special Bench of Justices B.R. Gavai, Surya Kant, and A.S. Oka stayed the Lokpal order. The Court termed the Lokpal’s interpretation as “very disturbing” and noted that it could undermine judicial independence. Issued notices to: Union Government Registrar of Lokpal The complainant (with an injunction to maintain confidentiality). Next hearing scheduled for March 18, 2025. Lokpal’s Reasoning: Declared High Court judges as“public servants“ under Section 14(1)(f) of the 2013 Act. Argued that High Courts were established under British Parliamentary Acts (Indian High Courts Act, 1861; Government of India Act, 1935) and not directly by the Constitution. Distinguished High Courts from the Supreme Court, which is solely a creation of the Constitution (Article 124). Contrasting Orders by Lokpal: January 3, 2025: Lokpal stated it had no jurisdiction over Supreme Court judges, including the CJI. January 27, 2025: Asserted jurisdiction over High Court judges, deeming the contrary argument“too naive.” Judicial Independence vs. Accountability: The Supreme Court’s concern centers on safeguarding judicial independence from external oversight that could threaten impartiality. Lokpal’s stance focuses on accountability under anti-corruption laws. Constitutional & Legal Provisions Involved: Article 214: Establishes High Courts for each state. Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 – Section 14(1)(f): Defines jurisdiction over public servants. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988: Considers judges as public servants but doesn’t extend Lokpal’s jurisdiction to them. Implications: Raises constitutional questions regarding checks and balances between the judiciary and statutory bodies. Outcome may set a precedent for future oversight mechanisms concerning the judiciary. I&B Ministry warns OTTs against ‘obscene content’ Reason for Advisory: Based on complaints from the general public, Members of Parliament (MPs), and statutory bodies. Cited concerns about “obscene and vulgar content” on OTT platforms. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Ministry’s Directives: OTT platforms must enforce age-based classification as per the IT (Intermediary Liability and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021. Mandatory age-gating for mature content to prevent underage access. Streaming services must have a three-tier grievance redress mechanism: User complaint to platform Self-regulatory body Inter-departmental government committee Context & Background: In December 2024, the I&B Ministry flagged shows allegedly glamorizing drug use. Supreme Court (SC) recently sought government action against obscene content on social media platforms. Scope of Advisory: Targets online curated content platforms (e.g., Netflix, Amazon Prime). Excludes user-generated content platforms like YouTube. Relevant Legal Framework: IT Rules, 2021: Allows mature content but requires proper classification. Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986: Restricts derogatory portrayal of women. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023: Penalizes obscenity. POCSO Act: Safeguards children from exposure to inappropriate content. IT Act, 2000: Criminalizes publication of obscene material online. Key Takeaway: OTT platforms are not banned from showing mature content but must ensure responsible access and compliance with legal norms. The silent victims of cancer: the indirect consequences on children Impact on Children: Childhood cancers (0-14 years) account for 4% of all cancer cases in India. Children are indirect victims, either battling cancer themselves or being affected by a parent’s illness. Relevance : GS 2((Health, Social Issues) Education Disruption: Cancer leads to loss of educational opportunities, especially in low-income families. Children may be pulled out of school; older siblings often become caregivers or start working. Example: Meena from Pune had to drop out of school after her mother’s cancer diagnosis. Long-term effects: Dropouts face lower lifetime earnings and increased economic instability. Indirect Costs of Cancer: Non-medical expenses: Travel, accommodation, special diets, and household help. Loss of income: Patients and caregivers often lose jobs or reduce work hours. Mental health impact: Emotional strain on both patients and family members. Insurance & Government Schemes: Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY: Reduces direct medical costs; indirect costs remain largely unaddressed. Insurance Riders: Provide income replacement but are often costly and have strict criteria. Other Supports: Discounted travel for patients (Indian Railways, Air India). Free bus travel in states like Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. Monthly pension schemes in states like Haryana and Tripura. Way Forward: Policy Focus: Move beyond direct costs; address indirect burdens through: Caregiver aid, educational support, and employment protection. Educational Interventions: Use of calculators, extra coaching, free school meals, and mental health support. Holistic Approach: Empathetic action at government, school, and community levels. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and state support are essential. Significance: Cancer’s indirect costs can trap families in poverty across generations. Ensuring education and economic opportunities for affected children safeguards the nation’s future. AI-powered tools generate real time insights into antibiotic resistance Research Collaboration: Conducted by IIIT-Delhi, CHRI-PATH, Tata 1mg, and Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Focus on developing AI-driven tools for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) , GS 3(Technology) Key Tool Developed – AMRSense: Utilizes routine hospital data (blood, sputum, urine cultures) for real-time AMR insights. Provides global, national, and hospital-level AMR trends. Cost-effective alternative to expensive genomic approaches. Findings from Six-Year Study (Published in The Lancet Regional Health – Southeast Asia): Analyzed data from 21 tertiary care centers under ICMR’s AMR surveillance network. Identified directional relationships between antibiotic pairs and resistance patterns. Rising resistance to one antibiotic can predict increased resistance to another over time. Innovations in AMR Surveillance: AMROrbit Scorecard: Visualizes hospital/department resistance trends against global medians and rates. Facilitates timely interventions by showing ideal resistance quadrants (low baseline, low rate of change). Awarded at the 2024 AMR Surveillance Data Challenge. AI’s Role in Public Health and Clinical Settings: Enhances antimicrobial stewardship through data-driven decisions. Compares AMR rates across hospitals, cities, and departments. Augments traditional surveillance systems with real-time data visualizations. Challenges & Limitations: AI models rely on consistent, digital surveillance data; limited in data-deficient regions. Environmental factors (e.g., antibiotic use in poultry, soil contamination) also influence AMR but are not fully integrated yet. Future Directions: Plan to integrate hospital data with antibiotic sales and environmental data for comprehensive AMR analysis. Aim to improve public health decision-making and policy formulation through expanded data integration. Reliability of Models: Models validated against historical data show accuracy in detecting AMR trends. Global studies confirm the increasing rate of AMR captured by the AI models. This development aligns with global health goals to combat antimicrobial resistance through timely data-driven interventions and improved public health strategies. Is there a right to take offence? Context :Right to Take Offence & Constitutional Framework: The Indian Constitution does not explicitly recognize a “right to take offence.” Restrictions on free speech under Article 19(2) are narrowly defined (security of the state, public order, decency, morality, etc.). Offensive speech, unless falling within these categories, cannot be criminalized. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Justice) Balancing Free Speech & Restrictions: Free speech is expansive but must respect defined constitutional limits. Restrictions can only be imposed through enacted legislation, not executive actions. Laws should not be paternalistic; only speech posing imminent threats (e.g., incitement to violence) justifies curbs. Constitutional Morality vs. Majority Morality: Constitutional morality focuses on principles like equality and justice, preventing the tyranny of majority sentiments. Societal disapproval can be expressed through criticism or boycotts, not criminal prosecution. Filing multiple FIRs for the same speech incident is harassment and undermines fair trial rights. Profane vs. Obscene Speech: Profanity does not automatically equate to obscenity. Obscenity standards have evolved from the Hicklin test (1964) to the community standards test (2014). Evolving social norms make defining obscenity subjective and context-dependent. Regulation of Digital Content: Over-regulation risks homogenizing information, curbing dissent, and stifling diversity of opinion. Laws must be applied impartially; selective censorship undermines democratic fairness. Key Takeaway: A robust democracy thrives on diverse opinions and satire, even if uncomfortable. Offence should be met with dialogue, not criminalization. Balancing free speech with constitutional morality ensures both freedom and responsibility in public discourse.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 February 2025

Content: World Day of Social Justice – 20th February Innovate2Educate World Day of Social Justice – 20th February Context : World Day of Social Justice: Celebrated annually on 20th February since 2009, established by UNGA (2007). Emphasizes poverty alleviation, exclusion reduction, unemployment solutions, and promoting global solidarity and equality. Aligns with the Decent Work Agenda and SDGs for inclusive development. India’s Alignment: India has observed this day since 2009, reflecting its commitment to address historical injustices, socio-economic inequalities, and regional disparities. The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MoSJE) leads targeted interventions for marginalized sections. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Constitutional Framework for Social Justice in India Preamble: Guarantees social, economic, and political justice and promotes fraternity, dignity, and equality. Fundamental Rights (Part III):(Examples) Article 23: Prohibits human trafficking and forced labour. Article 24: Bans child labour in hazardous occupations. Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV): Article 38: Directs the state to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities. Article 39: Advocates for equal livelihood opportunities and prevents exploitation. Article 39A: Provides for free legal aid to ensure equal access to justice. Article 46: Promotes the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and weaker sections. Institutional Evolution & Financial Commitment MoSJE Formation: Originated from the Ministry of Welfare (1985-86); renamed as MoSJE (1998) for focused social justice efforts. Budget Allocation: ₹13,611 crores allocated for 2025-26, a 6% increase from the previous fiscal year to expand. Key Government Initiatives & Their Impact Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Yojana (PM-AJAY) Launched: 2021-22 | Focus: SC community upliftment through skill development, infrastructure, and income generation. Achievements (till Jan 2024): 5,051 villages declared as Adarsh Gram. 1,655 socio-economic projects benefiting 3.05 lakh individuals. ₹26.31 crore allocated for 38 hostels in higher education. Scheme for Residential Education for Students in High Schools in Targeted Areas (SRESHTA) Objective: Bridge educational gaps for SC students in targeted regions. Features: Financial support to private schools (CBSE/State Board-affiliated). Coverage from Classes 9 to 12 with focus on residential schooling. Backed by NGOs/VOs for broader outreach. Purple Fests – Festival of Inclusion Initiated: 2023 | Focus: Promote inclusivity for Divyangjan (persons with disabilities). Key Highlights (2024): Over 10,000 participants, enhancing visibility of disability rights. Launch of India Neurodiversity Platform for early interventions. Hosting of 25 job fairs targeting disability-friendly employment. National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) Launched: FY 2023-24 Objective: Ensure dignity and safety for sanitation workers through mechanization and rehabilitation. Key Features: Targets both manual scavengers and waste pickers (since FY 2024-25). Focus on skill training and livelihood diversification. Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood & Enterprise (SMILE) Aim: Achieve Bhiksha Vritti Mukt Bharat (Begging-free India). Strategies: Area-specific surveys, rescue operations, and vocational training. Formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for sustainable livelihood. Impact (as of Nov 2024): 7,660 individuals identified; 970 rehabilitated with alternative livelihoods. PM-DAKSH Yojana Launched: August 2021 | Budget: ₹450.25 crore (2021-26). Target Groups: SCs, OBCs, EBCs, DNTs, Safai Karamcharis. Focus: Provide skill development through certified courses. 70% placement rate post-training with emphasis on self and wage employment. Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (NMBA) Launched: August 2020 | Goal: Create a drug-free India. Coverage: Targets 272 high-risk districts. Three-Pronged Approach: Supply reduction: Coordination with NCB. Demand reduction: Awareness via MoSJE. Treatment: Through healthcare institutions. Outreach (till 2024): Reached 13.57 crore people, including 4.42 crore youth and 2.71 crore women. Challenges & Way Forward Persistent Issues: Deep-rooted caste discrimination, regional inequalities, and limited access to quality services. Social stigma remains prevalent among certain marginalized groups. Way Forward: Enhancing awareness to reduce discrimination. Effective implementation of schemes at grassroots levels. Strengthening public-private partnerships for inclusive development. Focus on intersectional vulnerabilities (gender, disability, caste, and economic status). Innovate2Educate Overview: Part of the Create in India Challenge Season 1 under WAVES (World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit). Focuses on AVGC-XR (Animation, Visual Effects, Gaming, Comics, Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, Metaverse). Organizers: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Lead Organizer) Indian Digital Gaming Society (IDGS) (Co-organizer) Hack2Skill (Innovation Partner) ICT Academy (Skilling Partner) Participation: 334 candidates registered (including 3 international participants). Relevance : GS 2(Education ) ,GS 3(Technology) Objectives of the Challenge Develop an educational handheld device targeting children. Key Focus Areas: Engage children in Mathematics learning. Encourage problem-solving through interactive puzzles. Enhance cognitive skills via innovative content. Ensure affordability and accessibility for a broad user base. Competition Guidelines Design Focus: Blend education with entertainment. Prioritize innovation, durability, and user-friendly designs for children. Phases of the Competition Phase 1: Registration Deadline: 23rd February 2025 (11:59 PM IST). Participants must register online through the designated platform. Phase 2: Concept Submission Submit detailed sketches, descriptions, and key features of the proposed device. Phase 3: Prototype Development Selected participants will develop and submit a working prototype. Evaluation Criteria Innovation: Originality and creative integration of technology. Educational Value: Effectiveness in teaching mathematics and improving cognitive abilities. User Experience: Engagement level and ease of use for children. Cost-effectiveness: Feasibility of mass production at an affordable cost. Durability & Design: Robustness and practicality of the device’s structure. Incentives and Rewards Top 3 Winners: Cash prizes for creative and innovative designs. Support for prototype development to refine designs. Showcasing opportunities at IDGS events and exposure to potential investors and manufacturers. Significance of the Challenge Encourages innovation in educational technology. Promotes hands-on learning and interactive education for children. Aligns with India’s digital transformation goals and the Make in India initiative. Fosters collaboration between academia, industry, and innovators to enhance the learning ecosystem.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 February 2025

Content: Manipur’s worsening humanitarian crisis Closer than ever Manipur’s worsening humanitarian crisis Background and Context Geographical and Ethnic Complexity: Manipur shares a porous border with Myanmar, contributing to complex migration and security issues. Ethnic tensions between the Meitei (dominant in the Valley) and Kuki-Zomi (dominant in the Hill districts) communities have escalated into violent conflicts. Data Deficiency: Longstanding armed conflicts and displacement events have resulted in a lack of reliable humanitarian data. Fragmented data collection obscures the full extent of vulnerabilities, particularly for unregistered displaced persons. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : Critically examine the humanitarian implications of the Manipur conflict, highlighting the challenges in data collection and relief measures. Suggest ways to address the crisis. (250 words) Key Humanitarian Concerns Forced Displacement: Around 58,000 displaced individuals reside in relief camps across Valley and Hill districts. Unregistered displacement includes individuals living with relatives or outside formal camps, further complicating relief measures. Over 19,000 people fled to neighboring states (Mizoram, Nagaland, Assam, Meghalaya). Health Crisis: Breakdown in Healthcare Access: Hill district residents (particularly Kuki-Zomi communities) face blocked access to major hospitals in Imphal. Average travel time for patients from Churachandpur to tertiary hospitals: 17–24 hours. Underreported Mortality and Morbidity:Deaths due to delayed treatment (e.g., dialysis unavailability, maternal deaths, pneumonia in children).Threats to medical facilities and medicine blockades worsen conditions. Mental Health Crisis:High prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (65.8%), moderate anxiety (24.8%), and severe anxiety (15.2%) among displaced persons.Suicides reported in relief camps due to prolonged displacement and livelihood loss Living Conditions in Relief Camps: Prolonged displacement (over 2 years since initial camps) with unmet basic needs: Water scarcity leading to high household expenses. Unsanitary conditions causing health hazards. Malnutrition and food insecurity affecting children and vulnerable populations. Dwindling resources due to donor fatigue and conflict-induced inflation. Over 22,000 children in camps face severe disruption in education and nutrition. Information and Documentation Gaps Unrecognized Categories of Displacement: Youth migrating for education and livelihood. Patients seeking medical care outside the state. Misinformation and Disinformation: Media blackouts and conflicting reports distort the humanitarian narrative. Absence of granular data hampers policy formulation and effective response measures. Measures to Mitigate the Crisis Immediate Humanitarian Interventions: Increase external humanitarian support (corporate social responsibility initiatives and international aid). Enhance the supply of clean drinking water to reduce the financial burden on displaced households. Healthcare Solutions: Establish humanitarian corridors to evacuate critically ill patients through Imphal airport. Improve access to essential medicines and prevent blockades. Supply Chain Restoration: Reopen and secure transport routes for food, medical supplies, and essential goods through neutral communities. This would mitigate inflation and stabilize local economies. Long-term Support: Ensure sustained aid to prevent donor fatigue. Focus on education continuity for displaced children. Constitutional and Governance Dimensions (GS2 & GS3 Relevance) Article 355: Obligation of the Union to protect states against internal disturbances. Article 371C: Special provisions for Manipur for safeguarding tribal rights. Federal Governance Concerns: Balance between state autonomy and central intervention. Internal Security Challenge: Impact on national integrity and border security with Myanmar. Closer than ever Context : Strategic Importance of the Visit Qatari Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani’s visit to India after a decade signifies the strengthening of bilateral relations. Upgradation of ties to a strategic partnership aligns India-Qatar relations with India’s ties with other GCC countries like UAE and Saudi Arabia. Relevance : GS 2 ( International Relations) Practice Question :Critically analyze the significance of the India-Qatar strategic partnership in the context of West Asian geopolitics and India’s energy security. (250 words)   Economic Cooperation Qatar supplies 45% of India’s LNG needs, making energy a cornerstone of bilateral trade (~$15 billion). Qatar’s commitment to invest $10 billion in Indian infrastructure and manufacturing boosts India’s development agenda. Signing of the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) fosters smoother economic transactions. Aim to double bilateral trade by 2030 reflects long-term economic synergy. Geopolitical Dimensions Qatar’s balancing act: hosts the U.S. military base while engaging with groups like the Hamas and Taliban. India leverages Qatar’s regional influence for Afghanistan engagement, especially amid Taliban’s resurgence. The Amir’s pardon of eight Indian naval personnel strengthens diplomatic goodwill and trust. Regional and Global Context Visit occurs amid heightened tensions in West Asia (Israel-Gaza conflict), highlighting regional diplomacy’s complexity. India’s measured stance on the Israel-Hamas issue contrasts Qatar’s more vocal regional positions. The evolving India-Qatar relationship may help bridge divergences in their regional outlooks. People-to-People and Cultural Ties Indian diaspora in Qatar (~700,000+) is pivotal to Qatar’s economic sectors and acts as a strong cultural bridge. New MoUs in sports and youth affairs aim to deepen cultural and social engagement.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 February 2025

Content: ‘Neither ecologically sustainable nor ethical’: new study expresses concern over translocation of African cheetahs  Myanmar, Manipur, and strained borders  On building resilient telecom infrastructure  Did the iron age on Indian soil start from Tamil Nadu?  Legal system should evolve to respect adolescent love: HC  Only second animal to find its way by polarised moonlight found ‘Neither ecologically sustainable nor ethical’: new study expresses concern over translocation of African cheetahs Study Overview: Conducted by the Centre for Wildlife Studies (CWS). Published in Frontiers in Conservation Science. Examines ethical, ecological, and welfare challenges of the African cheetah translocation to India. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Concerns Raised: High Mortality Rate: 40%-50% mortality in the first phase vs. an expected survival rate of 85%. Stress and Health Issues: Over 90 chemical immobilisations and frequent veterinary interventions indicate significant stress. Threat to Source Population: Only ~6,500 mature African cheetahs remain in the wild. Reliance on continuous imports (planned 12 cheetahs annually) is unsustainable and unethical. Project Cheetah – Status: 20 cheetahs introduced at Kuno National Park (KNP), Madhya Pradesh. 8 from Namibia (September 2022). 12 from South Africa (February 2023). All individuals are currently in captivity due to early-phase challenges. Ethical & Environmental Justice Issues: Lack of inclusive and participatory decision-making processes. Neglect of local communities’ consent and traditional knowledge systems. Risks creating human-wildlife conflicts rather than fostering coexistence. Recommendations from Study Authors: Adopt a justice-informed conservation approach. Prioritize sustainable shared spaces between humans and wildlife. Move away from projects that cause distress and divide communities. Broader Implications: Raises questions on the scientific merit and long-term viability of large-scale species reintroduction. Highlights the importance of ethical considerations alongside ecological objectives in conservation policies. Myanmar, Manipur, and strained borders Background of Myanmar’s Political Crisis Myanmar’s military coup (Feb 2021) faced mass public disapproval, sparking a civil disobedience movement. Armed resistance emerged through People’s Defence Forces (PDFs) and Ethnic Armed Organisations (EAOs). Tatmadaw’s countermeasures included heavy bombardment, especially in Sagaing, Chin, and Kachin regions, affecting India’s Northeast border security. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Refugee Influx and Border Management Challenges Approximately 95,600 Myanmar refugees in India (UNHCR, Dec 2024), with 73,400 arriving post-coup. Ethnic overlap (Mizo-Chin-Kuki) across the India-Myanmar border fuels both empathy (Mizoram) and tension (Manipur). Manipur’s Concerns: Refugee influx intensifies the Meitei-Kuki conflict and threatens ethnic balance. India plans to abolish the Free Movement Regime (FMR) to address demographic concerns; revised framework allows restricted movement within 10 km of the border. Economic and Strategic Setbacks Border trade at Moreh (Manipur) has significantly declined, affecting India’s Act East Policy ambitions. Progress on the India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway is stalled. Economic downturn along borders affects livelihoods, hindering Northeast India’s integration with Southeast Asia. Comparative Perspective: India vs. China China’s Response: Strengthened border security with fencing. Engages with EAOs and uses economic leverage via UNSC influence. India’s Constraints: Operates within a liberal democratic setup without UNSC leverage. Lacks China’s flexibility to engage with Myanmar’s diverse actors. Key Urgent Measures Needed Curtail insurgent linkages between Indian and Myanmar armed groups. Enhance humanitarian aid, health, and educational facilities along the India-Myanmar border. Engage Myanmar’s ethnic groups to reduce refugee inflow pressures. Collaborate with Myanmar’s neighbours to promote federal democratic reforms in Myanmar. Long-Term Outlook and Policy Recommendations Despite instability, India must prioritize: Border security with economic engagement goals. Leveraging border haats and controlled trade channels to revive regional growth. Sustaining infrastructure projects in Northeast India to reduce external dependency. Recalibrate policies to reopen trade routes when stability allows, ensuring Northeast India’s connectivity to Southeast Asia. On building resilient telecom infrastructure  Context: The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), launched by India in 2019, released a report on Indian telecom networks’ disaster preparedness. Telecom networks are vital for effective disaster communication across government bodies. Relevance :GS 3(Disaster Management , Infrastructure) Key Findings of the CDRI Report: Vulnerability Factors: Overland cables prone to snapping during disasters. Telecom towers often not designed for high wind speeds. Heavy reliance on continuous electricity supply, frequently disrupted during disasters. Power Failure as Primary Challenge: Major cause of network outages, outweighing direct cable or tower damage. Backup systems (batteries, fuel) often inadequate during prolonged outages. Elevated Risks in Coastal Regions: Coastal areas house undersea cable landing stations connecting India to global internet networks. Disruptions at landing points can cause widespread connectivity issues. High-speed winds and flooding pose dual risks to towers and power supply.  Undersea vs. Overland Cables: Undersea Cables: Less prone to physical disruptions compared to overland routes. Repairs, however, are time-consuming and require specialized vessels. Overland Cables: Easier to access but vulnerable to environmental and construction-related damages. Recommendations & Solutions: Infrastructure Improvements: Build towers to endure stronger winds, especially in cyclone-prone coastal states. Enhance power resilience with elevated diesel generators to prevent flood disruptions. Implement the “dig-once” policy to lay underground utilities together, reducing future damage. Operational Measures: Maintain emergency fuel reserves (e.g., 50 liters per telecom operator during disasters). Real-time damage tracking through improved data collection and coordination. Financial Interventions: Promote parametric insurance to incentivize faster network restoration. Broader Implications: Ensuring telecom resilience is crucial for timely disaster response and public safety. Small investments (like raising generator placement) can yield significant benefits. Long-term planning requires integrating local hazard profiles into telecom infrastructure designs. Way Forward: Focus on robust power backups, enhanced infrastructure standards, and coordinated emergency protocols. Incorporate disaster risk modeling in telecom planning to minimize future vulnerabilities. Did the iron age on Indian soil start from Tamil Nadu? Context Tamil Nadu CM M.K. Stalin released a report titled “Antiquity of Iron: Recent radiometric dates from Tamil Nadu”. He proclaimed that the Iron Age began on Tamil soil, dating back 5,300 years ago (4th millennium BCE). Asserted that Indian subcontinent history must acknowledge Tamil Nadu’s ancient past. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage)  What did earlier research indicate? Earlier belief: Iron usage in India dated to 700-600 BCE. Updated findings: Radiocarbon dating pushed it back to the 16th century BCE. Uttar Pradesh excavations (1996-2001): Sites: Raja Nala-ka-tila, Malhar, Dadupur. Artifacts: Furnaces, tuyeres, slags, finished iron tools. Dates: 1800-1000 BCE, indicating large-scale iron production by 13th century BCE. Conclusion: Iron was used in the Central Ganga Plain and Eastern Vindhyas by early 2nd millennium BCE. Tamil Nadu’s findings: Mayiladumparai Excavations (2022): Initial date of Iron Age: 4,200 years ago (3rd millennium BCE). Coincided with Copper/Bronze Age in northern India. Recent report (2024): New dates: 3,345 BCE to 2,953 BCE → Mean age places Iron Age at first quarter of 4th millennium BCE. Sites explored: Sivagalai, Adichanallur, Kilnamandi, Mayiladumparai. Finding: Southern regions may have transitioned directly to Iron Age due to scarce copper resources.  Why did CM M.K. Stalin make this assertion? Aimed to highlight Tamil Nadu’s early technological advancement. Emphasized that Tamil history deserves more national attention. Findings could reshape the timeline of ancient Indian metallurgy and cultural development. Significance and implications: Challenges the narrative of iron’s westward diffusion into India. Opens avenues for further archaeological research in Tamil Nadu. Reinforces Tamil Nadu’s role in early agrarian and metallurgical innovations. Invites a pan-Indian historical reevaluation, recognizing regional diversity in technological evolution.  Caution by scholars: While findings are groundbreaking, it does not conclusively establish that the Iron Age originated in Tamil Nadu. More extensive, peer-reviewed research is essential for global historical acceptance. Legal system should evolve to respect adolescent love: HC Context: The Delhi High Court addressed the complexities surrounding adolescent romantic relationships under the POCSO Act. The case involved a man acquitted of sexual assault charges filed by the father of a 16-year-old girl. Relevance :GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Issues, Governance ) Court Observations: Compassionate Approach: Legal systems should prioritize understanding over punishment in consensual adolescent relationships. Consent Consideration: The girl stated her relationship with the man was consensual, influencing the court’s view. POCSO Act Interpretation: POCSO aims to protect children under 18 but doesn’t distinguish consensual relationships between adolescents. Any sexual act with a minor under 18, even if consensual, falls under POCSO provisions. Judgment Highlights: Justice Jasmeet Singh upheld the trial court’s February 2020 acquittal, calling it “well-reasoned.” Stressed that while safeguarding minors is essential, the law should recognize consensual adolescent love without exploitation. Emphasized adolescents’ right to form emotional connections while ensuring protection from coercion and abuse. Implications: Sparks debate on reforming POCSO to account for consensual adolescent relationships. Raises concerns about balancing child protection with respecting adolescents’ autonomy. Potential for legislative discussions on age of consent nuances and societal perceptions of young love. Only second animal to find its way by polarised moonlight found Key Discovery: Two nocturnal bull ant species (Myrmecia pyriformis and Myrmecia midas) use polarised moonlight to navigate at night. This is the second recorded instance of an animal using polarised moonlight; the first was the dung beetle. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Background: Many nocturnal animals use the moon’s position to navigate, but clouds, trees, and lunar phases often obscure direct moonlight. Polarised moonlight, though a million times dimmer than polarised sunlight, creates distinct patterns in the sky that act as a natural compass. Study Details: Conducted by Macquarie University, Sydney. Researchers used linearly polarised light and observed ants’ orientation changes when the light’s e-vector was rotated ±45°. Ants adjusted their paths according to changes in the polarisation pattern, confirming their ability to detect and use it for navigation. Findings: Throughout Lunar Cycle: Ants used polarised moonlight even under an 80% less intense crescent moon. Heading shift magnitudes (direction changes) were stronger during waxing phases than waning phases. Shift Magnitudes: During the full moon: Nest 1 (6 m from foraging tree): 36.6º to 43º shifts. Nest 2 (2.5 m from foraging tree): 21.5º to 28.9º shifts. Longer distances increased the reliability of the navigation vector. Under New Moon: Ants showed no significant change in paths, indicating reliance on polarised light presence. Scientific Insights: Light becomes polarised when scattered in the atmosphere, creating an e-vector pattern—a consistent polarisation direction helpful for navigation. The pattern is simpler when the moon is near the horizon, aligning approximately along north-south axes. Similarities were noted between how ants use polarised sunlight and moonlight to return to their nests. Future Research Directions: Investigate if ants use a time-compensated lunar compass or rely on additional cues like familiar landscapes. Compare navigation under obstructed and unobstructed sky conditions to understand cue integration. Significance: Enhances understanding of insect navigation under varying light conditions. May inform biomimetic designs for navigation systems in robotics and technology.

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