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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 April 2025

Content : Navkar Mahamantra Divas: Celebrating Mahavir Jayanti India’s Renewable Energy Capacity Achieves Historic Growth in FY 2024-25 Navkar Mahamantra Divas: Celebrating Mahavir Jayanti Origins and Significance Historical Roots: Traces back over 2,500 years, recited by Jain monks and lay followers. A universal prayer, not directed at any deity, but honoring virtues like purity and renunciation. Preserved in Jain Agamas (canonical scriptures) written in Prakrit, reflecting early Indian philosophical thought. Modern Preservation: Digitization efforts under Gyan Bharatam Mission to safeguard Jain manuscripts. Proposal to grant classical language status to Prakrit and Pali. Cultural Role: Described by PM Modi as the essence of faith and life, symbolizing stability, spiritual energy, and purity. Represents India’s civilizational ethos, emphasizing inner purity and ethical living. Relevance : GS 1(Heritage , Culture) ,GS 2(Governance) Lord Mahavir: Life and Teachings Background: Born in 599 BCE in Kundagrama (Vaishali, Bihar) as Vardhamana (meaning “increasing,” symbolizing growth). Son of King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala of the Ikshvaku dynasty. The 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, embodying spiritual liberation. Core Principles: Ahimsa (non-violence) Satya (truth) Aparigraha (non-possessiveness) Brahmacharya (celibacy/chastity) Anekantavada (multiplicity of viewpoints) Influence: Shaped Gandhian philosophy. Inspired non-violent movements globally. Aligned with Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), promoting ethical and sustainable living. Mahavir Jayanti and Navkar Mahamantra Divas Mahavir Jayanti: Commemorates Lord Mahavir’s birth. A reaffirmation of Jain principles: non-violence, truth, non-possessiveness, chastity, and pluralism. More than a festival—a moral and spiritual celebration. Navkar Mahamantra Divas: Inaugurated by PM Modi on April 9, 2025, recognizing Jainism’s spiritual contributions. Highlights the Navkar Mantra as a symbol of faith and national integration. State Recognition: Jain heritage reflected in the Sammed Shikhar depiction at the new Parliament building’s entrance. Return of ancient Jain idols from abroad, symbolizing India’s reclamation of its spiritual legacy. Ecological and Ethical Alignment Jain Principles and Mission LiFE: Promote minimalism, sustainability, and ethical consumption. Reflect ecological interdependence, as seen in the Jain emblem Parasparopagraho Jivanam (souls render service to one another). Offer solutions to climate change through restraint and simplicity. Nine Resolutions for a New India Inspired by the Navkar Mantra’s numerological significance (multiples of 9, 27, 108): Water Conservation: Save every drop, honoring water as life. Plant a Tree in Mother’s Name: Foster emotional bonding with nature. Cleanliness Mission: Reaffirm Swachh Bharat with Jain principles of purity. Vocal for Local: Promote Indian production and ethical economics. Explore India First: Encourage domestic tourism and cultural immersion. Adopt Natural Farming: Reduce chemical use, aligning with non-violence. Healthy Lifestyle: Embrace moderate, Satvik diets (e.g., millets) and reduce oil use. Yoga & Sports: Promote holistic wellness through daily physical activity. Help the Poor: Practice Jain Seva Dharma for social equity and compassion. Preservation of Jain Knowledge Importance: Jain literature is a cornerstone of Indian intellectualism. PM Modi emphasized its role in preserving cultural and ethical heritage. Government Initiatives: Digitization of Jain manuscripts via Gyan Bharatam Mission. Granting classical language status to Prakrit and Pali. Establishment of Centre for Jain Studies at DAVV, Indore, with ₹25 crore funding under the PMJVK Scheme. Focus areas: Research, digitization, youth engagement, and global awareness of Jain heritage. Commemorative Measures 2550th Bhagwan Mahaveer Nirvan Mahotsav (2024): Release of a commemorative stamp and coin in April 2024. Celebrates Lord Mahavir’s liberation and enduring legacy. Impact: Reinforces Jainism’s place in India’s national consciousness and public memory. Socio-Spiritual Impact Global Relevance: Jain principles provide a moral compass in a conflict-prone, consumerist world. Promote: Inner conquest over external expansion. Non-violence as a strategy for global peace. Truth and restraint for self-liberation and societal harmony. National Integration: Jainism is a living tradition, integral to India’s cultural and ethical fabric. Aligns with the vision of Viksit Bharat (Developed India). Conclusion Navkar Mahamantra Divas represents: A shift from ritual to inspiration, where ancient teachings guide: Ecological responsibility through sustainable living. Social equity through compassion and service. Inclusive growth through ethical and pluralistic values. Jainism’s principles, rooted in Lord Mahavir’s teachings, continue to shape India’s moral, cultural, and environmental ethos, fostering a harmonious and developed nation. India’s Renewable Energy Capacity Achieves Historic Growth in FY 2024-25 India has achieved a historic milestone in renewable energy by reaching 220.10 GW of installed capacity in FY 2024–25, with a record addition of nearly 30 GW. This growth aligns with its commitment to 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030 under the Panchamrit goals. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Core Highlights: FY 2024–25 Record Annual RE Addition: 29.52 GW added this year (highest ever), up from 19.62 GW in FY 2023–24. Reflects a 49.9% year-on-year increase in deployment. Solar Energy Leads: 23.83 GW added in FY 2024–25, up from 15.03 GW in the previous year. Break-up: Ground-mounted: 81.01 GW Rooftop: 17.02 GW Hybrid solar: 2.87 GW Off-grid: 4.74 GW Rooftop solar growth aided by schemes like PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. Wind Power Crosses Milestone: Total installed: 50.04 GW, with 4.15 GW added this year. Revitalization due to Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy (2018) and offshore wind momentum. Bioenergy & Small Hydro: Bioenergy capacity: 11.58 GW (includes 0.53 GW from waste-to-energy and off-grid). Small hydro: 5.10 GW, with an additional 0.44 GW under implementation. These sources enhance decentralised and diversified energy supply. Strategic Foundations Policy & Institutional Anchors National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) (2008): National Solar Mission laid the initial groundwork for solar expansion. Electricity Act (Amendment) 2003 & 2022: Enabled open access markets, transmission sharing, and Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs). Green Hydrogen Mission & RTC Policies: Emphasis on 24/7 clean energy through RE + Storage hybrids. PLI Schemes (2020s): Strengthened domestic solar PV module manufacturing, reducing import dependence. Global Commitments Driving Expansion COP26 – ‘Panchamrit’ Commitments (2021): Target of 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030. Net-zero carbon emissions goal by 2070. Updated Paris Agreement NDC (2022): 50% of cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030. Implementation Mechanisms Green Energy Corridor (GEC): Strengthening intra- and inter-state transmission infrastructure for RE evacuation. Advanced Tendering Models: Includes hybrid, round-the-clock (RTC), peak power, and thermal + RE bundling projects. Pipeline Size: Installed + Pipeline = 454.56 GW (220.10 GW installed + 169.40 GW under implementation + 65.06 GW tendered). Strategic & Socio-Economic Implications Energy Security: Reduced fossil fuel imports, advancing energy independence. Climate Leadership: Enhances India’s international credibility in climate negotiations. Rural Empowerment: Rooftop and off-grid solar improve access to electricity, irrigation, and income security. Green Jobs: Potential to create over 1 million jobs by 2030 in deployment, manufacturing, and services. Challenges Ahead Grid Integration: Intermittent nature of solar/wind requires investment in storage and smart grids. Land & Permitting Issues: Delays in land acquisition and transmission connectivity. DISCOM Financial Health: Affects payment security and viability of long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). Way Forward Scale up investment in storage technologies and implement time-of-day tariffs. Accelerate deployment of offshore wind and green hydrogen projects. Ensure policy predictability, ease of business, and faster execution of tenders.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 April 2025

Content: Now, justice The issue with delimitation’s population-based process Drop the piecemeal ways to social security for workers Now, justice Context and Background : On November 26, 2008, India witnessed one of its worst terror attacks, commonly known as the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, executed by Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), a Pakistan-based terror outfit. The attack lasted for four days, leaving 166 people dead and hundreds injured across major locations like Taj Hotel, Leopold Café, CST Station, and Chabad House. Ajmal Kasab, one of the 10 attackers, was captured alive, providing key evidence about Pakistan’s role in planning and executing the attack. Investigations revealed a complex international network, involving David Headley (a U.S. national of Pakistani origin), who conducted reconnaissance missions for LeT. Tahawwur Hussain Rana, a Canadian-American and former Pakistani military officer, was Headley’s childhood friend and accomplice. While Headley cooperated with U.S. authorities and received a plea deal (barring extradition to India), Rana was tried and convicted in the U.S. for other terror plots (e.g., Copenhagen attack), but not for 26/11. After years of legal and diplomatic efforts, Rana has now been extradited to India, enabling prosecutors to put him on trial for his alleged role in the Mumbai attacks. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : The extradition of Tahawwur Rana in connection with the 26/11 Mumbai attacks has reignited questions about Pakistan’s complicity and international cooperation in counter-terrorism. Discuss the challenges and opportunities this development presents for India’s internal security architecture and foreign policy. (250 words) Significance of Extradition 17 years after 26/11, Rana’s extradition marks a critical milestone in India’s long quest for justice. It validates India’s counter-terror diplomacy, especially bilateral cooperation with the U.S. Showcases the tenacity of Indian agencies, particularly the National Investigation Agency (NIA), in pursuing long-term cases involving transnational terrorism. Profile of Tahawwur Hussain Rana Canadian-American citizen and former Pakistan Army doctor. Close associate of David Headley, the LeT operative who conducted reconnaissance for the 26/11 attacks. Used his immigration business as a cover to facilitate Headley’s travel to India and Denmark. Previous Legal Proceedings (U.S.) Arrested in 2009 in the U.S. for: Providing material support to LeT. Conspiring to attack the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten. Convicted for Copenhagen plot, but not convicted for 26/11 due to lack of direct evidence. Served part of a 14-year sentence in U.S. prison before extradition. His extradition reflects renewed legal and diplomatic pressure by Indian authorities. Implications for Indian Investigation Enables India to try a key accused charge-sheeted in absentia for 26/11. Offers a chance to extract crucial intel on: Rana’s links with LeT. Possible connections with Pakistan’s military and ISI. Helps rebuild global focus on Pakistan’s role in orchestrating the attacks. Unanswered Questions for Indian Prosecutors Did Rana maintain active links with Pakistani military or ISI post-attack? Can new evidence be surfaced on Pakistan’s institutional complicity in 26/11? Why did the U.S. enter into a plea deal with Headley, preventing his extradition to India despite a bilateral treaty? Comparative Culpability: Rana vs Headley David Headley played a more direct and operational role, including visiting India multiple times for reconnaissance. The U.S. did not alert Indian intelligence of Headley’s movements even after surveillance—raising strategic and diplomatic concerns. Rana, though secondary in operational terms, becomes a proxy for deeper investigations into LeT-Pakistan nexus. Geopolitical and Diplomatic Angle The trial could reignite international pressure on Pakistan to act against: Hafiz Saeed (mastermind). Other seven LeT commanders indicted in India. May offer closure and justice to victims’ families and restore faith in cross-border legal accountability. Challenges Ahead Ensuring a fair, fast, and evidence-backed trial without procedural delays. Managing diplomatic friction with Pakistan if trial evidence reveals institutional support. Coordinating international legal cooperation to compel Pakistan to extradite other accused or present them for trial. Conclusion Rana’s extradition is not just a legal formality—it is a symbolic and strategic step in India’s counter-terror justice architecture. It is an opportunity to: Reinvestigate overlooked angles. Expose state-sponsored terrorism links. Reaffirm India’s resolve in combating transnational terrorism through legal and diplomatic means. The issue with delimitation’s population-based process Background & Constitutional Mandate Articles 82 & 170 of the Indian Constitution mandate delimitation post every census to: Reallocate seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. Redraw constituency boundaries. Delimitation was frozen via the 42nd (1976) and 84th (2001) Constitutional Amendments until 2026 — primarily to not penalize states that had successfully implemented population control. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ) Practice Question : “The current delimitation process based on population figures risks undermining the federal balance in India. Critically examine this statement in the context of constitutional mandates and regional aspirations.” (15 marks, 250 words) Concerns Arising from Population-Based Delimitation Disproportionate political power: States with higher fertility rates (mostly in North India) stand to gain more seats post-2026. Southern States fear losing political influence despite having better human development outcomes and effective population control. This creates a paradox of penalization for good governance. Data Trends: Seat Allocation and Population Growth LS seats increased from 489 in 1952 → 543 in 1977, based on successive censuses. Average population per LS seat: 1951: 7.3 lakh 1977: 10.1 lakh 2024: ~27 lakh Vidhan Sabha seats increased from 3,283 (1951) → 4,123 (2024). Key Issues in the Current Debate Population as the Sole Criterion: Has historically been the simplest and most objective measure. Yet, doesn’t factor in geography, administrative convenience, or representation quality. Representation vs Representativeness: Larger constituencies don’t necessarily mean poorer representation. Elected representatives’ functions (debate, questions, committee participation) are not population-sensitive. Governance and citizen engagement often occur more effectively at local self-government levels. First-Past-The-Post System: Representation is based on plurality, not absolute majority. Numerical population strength is immaterial to the electoral outcome or quality of representation. Alternative Approaches and Recommendations Moderation via Deflator: Introduce a Total Fertility Rate (TFR)-based deflator to adjust population figures in delimitation. Prevents rewarding higher population growth unfairly. Balanced Formula: Combine population with other indicators (e.g., TFR, HDI, governance indices). Similar to how the Finance Commission modifies devolution formulae regularly. Conclusion Delimitation must strike a balance between democratic representation, federal equity, and incentivization of progressive policies. Any formula should respect the constitutional spirit without creating structural distortions or regional resentment. Drop the piecemeal ways to social security for workers Context: India’s Efforts Toward Gig Worker Social Security India is working on a central social security scheme for app-based gig workers. Features include: Health coverage under Ayushman Bharat. Universal Account Number to track earnings and enable employer contributions. Registration on eShram portal for social welfare access. The pension policy acknowledges gig workers often have multiple employers, pushing the traditional employment model’s boundaries. Relevance :GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : ”India’s approach to labour social security is fragmented, reactive, and exclusionary.” In light of recent developments, critically examine the need for a universal and inclusive social protection framework for informal and gig workers.(250 words) Structural Weaknesses in Current Social Security Framework India has not ratified ILO Convention 102 (1952) on minimum social security standards. The Code on Social Security (part of four labour codes) aims for comprehensive coverage but is marred by: Ambiguous definitions (e.g., unclear who qualifies as a gig or platform worker). Weak protections and diluted obligations for employers. Implementation delays and administrative hurdles. Problems with Welfare Board-Centric Approach Overreliance on state-level welfare boards despite proven inefficiency. Underspending of collected cess: ₹70,744 crore unused in construction worker welfare funds. Tamil Nadu CAG report: ₹221.8 crore delay in remittances by 99 local bodies. Kerala: Only 5 of 16 boards effective; some had no beneficiaries (2016-17). Lack of transparency, accountability, and uniform functioning across states. Critique of Piecemeal, Reactive Approaches Welfare board system responds only when new worker categories emerge (e.g., beedi workers, gig workers). Such fragmentation: Creates artificial divides (e.g., between gig and domestic workers). Leads to inconsistent entitlements and exclusion errors. Does not address informality at a systemic level. Relying on gig work alone to formalise informal labour is overly optimistic and economically shortsighted. Need for a Universal, Inclusive Approach The future of work will witness more fluid, tech-driven jobs. A universal social protection system must: Be worker-centric, not employer-centric. Combine baseline universal coverage (health, pension, insurance) with targeted support. Be portable, interoperable, and accessible across platforms and states. The Code on Social Security should be treated as a foundation, not a ceiling. Way Forward Universal, rights-based approach to social protection. Focus on integration of data and services (e.g., eShram, Aadhaar, UAN). Enable states to innovate while ensuring central oversight and parity. Build trust and participation through worker registration drives and awareness campaigns.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 April 2025

Content: RTI Act amendment won’t cut transparency: Minister When Parliament stayed awake through the night Phule: a constant gardener of social revolution Early screening for gestational diabetes can ensure a healthy future for mother and child Indoor air pollution: can better design help protect our health? RTI Act amendment won’t cut transparency: Minister The Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP), 2023, introduces an amendment to the RTI Act, 2005, raising concerns about potential restrictions on access to public information. The government asserts it balances transparency with the right to privacy under Article 21. Relevance :GS 2(Polity ,Governance) Minister’s Assurance: Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw assured that the amendment to the RTI Act (via the Digital Personal Data Protection Act – DPDP) will not dilute transparency. He stated the amendment will not a relevant to public interest. Opposition & Civil Society Concerns: Congress leader Jairam Ramesh raised alarm over potential misuse of the amendment to deny information about subsidy allocations and welfare schemes. Civil society and activists believe the amendment could weaken the RTI Act, especially if it limits access to data involving personal details of citizens or officials. Over 120 Opposition MPs have signed a letter demanding repeal of the amendment. Context of the Amendment: The changes will be enforced once the DPDP Act Rules are notified, expected in the coming weeks. Critics say this marks a significant blow to the transparency regime. Minister’s Legal Justification: Vaishnaw cited the 2017 Supreme Court judgment declaring the Right to Privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21. He emphasized the need to balance RTI with privacy concerns, ensuring harmonious coexistence of both rights. When Parliament stayed awake through the night Contextual Background The Budget session of Parliament witnessed a rare all-night sitting — a symbolic moment reflecting both urgency and political theatre. Productivity figures were impressive: Lok Sabha – 118%, Rajya Sabha – 119%, signaling an active legislative push. Relevance : GS 2(Polity) Key Observations from the Journalist’s Lens Unusual but not unprecedented: While the event was historic in recent memory, it isn’t the first such instance since Independence — countering the frequent “first-ever” narrative post-2014. Sense of urgency among MPs: Despite the late hour, MPs delivered speeches briskly and passionately, often negotiating for extra time to make a powerful concluding remark. Performative politics: The night revealed how parliamentary debates are often staged for media impact and social media virality, even if many attempts fall flat. The Journalist’s Dilemma Deadline pressure vs Live coverage: Reporters, like parliamentarians, juggle the tension of capturing content vs meeting editorial deadlines. Fear of missing nuance: Late-night fatigue risks tuning out repetitive arguments, potentially missing important shifts in tone or framing — the ‘greys between black and white’. Drama and Irony in the House Parliament sessions can mirror theatre: A shivering actor-politician, passionate but incoherent. A midnight misquote — Victor Hugo, a Frenchman, cited as British. A Minister rhyming rather than reasoning — all part of the “verbal theatre”. Historical Reflection Parliamentary access to the press has a long global journey: In UK’s Westminster, debates were kept from public view till late 19th century. In India, while press access is legal, physical barriers and restrictions in the new Parliament building symbolize the control narrative. Larger Democratic Implications All-night sittings symbolize democratic diligence, but also political spectacle. Even in a tightly controlled media environment, the press’s persistent presence is crucial for keeping parliamentary debates accountable and accessible. Phule: a constant gardener of social revolution Background & Early Influences Born in 1827 in the Mali caste, traditionally gardeners—symbolic of his lifelong role as a social reformer who sowed seeds of justice. A personal experience of caste humiliation at a Brahmin wedding in 1848 became a turning point, spurring his fight against caste-based oppression. Influenced by Thomas Paine’s Age of Reason and missionary CynthiaFarrar—developed a rationalist and reformist perspective on religion and social practices. Relevance : GS 1(Modern history ),GS 4(Ethics) Education as Emancipation In 1848, at just 21, he and Savitribai Phule started India’s first school for girls. Opened 18 schools within 3 years and night schools for workers and women—pioneering mass education for marginalized communities. Recognized that economic poverty and caste status impeded education access; advocated compulsory primary education and incentives (scholarships/prizes) for poor children. Caste Critique & Revolutionary Writings In Gulamgiri (Slavery), equated the oppression of Dalits under Brahminism to slavery in the U.S.—a bold global analogy of caste and race oppression. Asserted that caste was a construct of selfish Brahmins, designed to perpetuate economic and religious dominance. Believed that only those who have been slaves can understand the joy of freedom, emphasizing experience-based understanding of oppression. Rejecting Orthodox Nationalism Clashed ideologically with contemporaries like Tilak and Chiplunkar, who prioritized religious orthodoxy and anti-colonial sentiment over social reform. Supported working with the British administration to uplift oppressed castes—saw colonial rule as a potential ally against upper-caste Hindu orthodoxy. Still extended help to ideological opponents, as seen in bailing out Tilak and Agarkar—showing a magnanimous spirit despite political divergence. Satyashodhak Samaj (1873): Social Radicalism Founded Satyashodhak Samaj to challenge Brahmin-led reform movements like Brahmo and Arya Samaj, offering a lower-caste-centric platform for liberation. Encouraged inter-caste unity, women’s rights, rational religion, and anti-idolatry—redefining reform from the grassroots. It was the first large-scale organized lower-caste movement to assert rights and dignity. Critique of the 1857 Revolt Refused to glorify the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, viewing it as an attempt to reinstate Peshwa-style Brahminical theocracy. Differed from the dominant narrative of resistance, focusing instead on the social consequences for Dalits, whom he believed would suffer under reinstated Hindu orthodoxy. Economic and Agrarian Vision In Shetkaryanche Asud, exposed the plight of farmers and criticized the Forest Department for alienating village resources. Proposed: Redistribution of forest-grazing lands to villagers. Use of military manpower for building water infrastructure like bunds and dams. Mechanization and scientific farming education for farmers to boost productivity. Controlled cow slaughter to preserve cattle for agriculture. Reflected early ideas of sustainable agriculture and inclusive development. Religious Rationalism & Secular Spirituality Influenced by both Islam and Christianity, yet carved a non-sectarian spiritual path. Wrote Manav Mahammand praising Prophet Muhammad for fighting religious orthodoxy. In Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Pustak, denounced all religious texts as partial, interpolated, and divisive—called for a universal, rational morality. Rejected the idea of one religion or scripture as superior: “How and why can only one of those rivers be sacred?” Gender Equality & Feminist Thought One of the earliest Indian thinkers to support women’s education and widow remarriage. Criticized polygamy among men and provocatively argued for polyandry as a counter to religiously justified male sexual entitlement. Supported Pandita Ramabai’s right to convert to Christianity, defending individual choice over communal dogma. Critique of Caste Essentialism Dismantled the myth of birth-based hierarchy by comparing Brahminical caste logic to animal classifications. Satirically questioned, “Who are the Brahmins among donkeys and crows?” Asserted: “All human beings… are equipped with similar physical and intellectual faculties.” Legacy: The Gardener Metaphor Just as a gardener nurtures all plants without discrimination, Phule cultivated justice, knowledge, and dignity for all, especially the oppressed. His legacy remains foundational for anti-caste movements, Bahujan politics, secular education policies, and gender justice frameworks. Inspired future thinkers and activists like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who acknowledged Phule as a forerunner of social democracy in India. Early screening for gestational diabetes can ensure a healthy future for mother and child Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) GDM is a form of diabetes first recognized during pregnancy. It significantly increases the risk of: Type 2 diabetes in mothers later in life. Metabolic disorders and obesity in children. In India, ~20% of pregnant women develop GDM, creating long-term health burdens. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Need for Early Screening GDM is traditionally diagnosed at 24–28 weeks, but by then the foetus is already affected. New research suggests: Glucose levels should be regulated as early as 8 weeks. Foetal hyperinsulinemia (excess insulin in foetus) occurs around 11 weeks. Early glucose exposure programs lifelong metabolic responses (Barker’s Hypothesis). Primordial Prevention Approach Goal: Prevent GDM before it occurs, not just manage it later. Components: Screening by 8 weeks of pregnancy. Maintain postprandial glucose < 110 mg/dL. Introduce Medical Nutrition Therapy and low-dose metformin (250 mg BD) if needed. Clinical and Scientific Backing Evidence shows early glucose control reduces third-trimester GDM incidence. Reduces the need for insulin therapy. Prevents future NCDs (Non-Communicable Diseases) in child and mother. Indian Context & Challenges India has 77 million diabetics, making it a global hotspot. Indian women are genetically more prone to insulin resistance. Challenges: Delayed antenatal care (many women report only in second trimester). Low awareness among both women and healthcare providers. Outdated guidelines focused on second-trimester screening. Policy and Practice Recommendations Update National Guidelines: Mandate screening at 8 weeks. Integrate glucose testing into early antenatal visits. Education & Training: Sensitise healthcare providers, especially in rural and remote areas. Public awareness on early antenatal care. Pre-conception Health: Risk modification through diet, exercise, and preventive medications even before conception. Accessibility & Affordability: Make early tests and treatment affordable and available across public health facilities Monitoring High-Risk Mothers: Continuous glucose monitoring in women with risk factors throughout pregnancy. Scientific Theories Involved Barker’s Hypothesis: Foetal conditions impact adult health. Early exposure to high glucose → higher risk of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome. Primordial Prevention: Prevention at the root (even before risk factors emerge). Applies to intergenerational control of diabetes. World Health Day 2025 Relevance Theme: “Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures”. Recognises the life-long impact of maternal health on child well-being. WHO’s choice reinforces the urgency to intervene early in GDM. Conclusion: A Paradigm Shift Needed Preventing GDM must start in the first trimester or earlier. A new model of maternal care involving: Early screening. Policy change. Stakeholder involvement. Lifelong monitoring. Fighting diabetes in India means starting in the womb — not the hospital. Indoor air pollution: can better design help protect our health? Understanding Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air pollution is often overlooked, especially in urban India, where people spend 70–90% of their time indoors. Unlike well-insulated buildings in developed countries, Indian homes are more permeable, leading to an infiltration of outdoor pollutants indoors. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is influenced by: Outdoor pollutants entering through windows, doors, and poor insulation. Indoor sources, such as cooking, smoking, use of mosquito coils, incense, chemical cleaners, and building materials (e.g., VOCs in paint). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology)  Major Domestic Indoor Pollutants Smoke from solid fuel use (prevalent in rural areas). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from furnishings, paint, adhesives, etc. Carbon dioxide build-up in crowded, poorly ventilated spaces. Biological contaminants such as mould and mildew. Particulate matter and allergens from incense sticks, smoking, and cleaning agents.  Health Impacts of Indoor Air Pollution Short-term effects: Eye, nose, throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Long-term effects: Chronic respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Health symptoms may mimic viral illnesses, delaying diagnosis and treatment. Poor IAQ has been associated with “Sick Building Syndrome” and reduced productivity in offices.  Design-Related Causes & Solutions Lack of proper ventilation is a key design flaw in many urban buildings. Shutting windows and doors to block outdoor air traps indoor pollutants. Better design can incorporate: Cross-ventilation and natural air flow. Skylights and natural lighting for reduced use of artificial lighting and improved mood. Green indoor spaces for natural purification. Use of toxin-free building materials (e.g., low-formaldehyde products). HEPA filters and air purifiers to remove particulates.  Role of Architecture and Green Design New construction: Easier to integrate sustainable, healthy design features. Retrofit possibilities: More complex but feasible with investments. Priority in high-risk zones like hospitals or high-rise apartments. Post-COVID: Increased awareness of filtered air systems in healthcare and commercial buildings. Separation of zones, reduced crowding, and natural light can support both physical and mental health.  Climatic & Environmental Considerations India’s coastal cities with high humidity and rising temperatures may worsen indoor air quality. Green design is now cost-effective due to increased demand and tech accessibility. Buildings with air conditioning must use high-quality filters and plan for: Proper waste management, Smooth occupant movement, Easy-to-clean surfaces.  Policy and Public Health Perspective Indoor air pollution remains under-addressed in public health discourse. Requires: Inclusion in urban planning policies. Awareness campaigns on indoor pollutant sources. Incentivizing green buildings and retrofitting programs.  Concluding Insights Better design is both preventive and remedial. Where possible, a “back to basics” approach — ventilation and greenery — can be simple and effective. Indoor air quality must become a mainstream public health priority, especially in urbanizing India.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 April 2025

Content: Shuddh Jal aur Swachhta Se SwasthBachpan” campaign Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) — completes 10 glorious Years of empowering Small and Micro Entrepreneurs Shuddh Jal aur Swachhta Se SwasthBachpan” campaign Context & Objective Campaign Period: 8th to 23rd April 2025 (7th edition). Collaborating Ministries: Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD) – Nodal for Poshan Pakhwada. Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) – Partnering to emphasize water and sanitation under Jal Shakti Ministry. Theme: “Shuddh Jal aur Swachhta Se Swasth Bachpan”. Tagline: “Purn Poshan Ki Shuruwaat, Shuddh Jal aur Swachhta Ke Saath” – highlighting the linkage of clean water and hygiene with holistic nutrition. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Social Justice, Welfare Schemes) Key Focus Areas of Poshan Pakhwada 2025 First 1000 Days of Life: Critical window for child growth and cognitive development. Integrates maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, immunization, and hygiene. Poshan Tracker App – Beneficiary Module: Aims at real-time tracking of nutritional status of beneficiaries. Improves monitoring and accountability of Anganwadi services. CMAM Module (Community-based Management of Acute Malnutrition): Targets early detection and community-based treatment of SAM/MAM children. Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles: Emphasizes prevention of childhood obesity through diet, hydration, and physical activity.  Role of DDWS: Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) Integration with Saksham Anganwadi: DDWS complements WCD’s effort through WASH campaigns. Holistic Health Model: Nutrition + Water + Sanitation = Sustainable Child Health. Key Activities by States/UTs Shuddh Jal and Swachhta Drives: Community sessions on safe water, hand hygiene, waste segregation, composting. Capacity Building for Anganwadi Workers: Training on clean water access, hygiene messaging, and counselling techniques. IEC Campaigns for Lactating Mothers: Targeted Information, Education & Communication (IEC) outreach led by ASHA and Anganwadi workers. Smart Poshan Anganwadi Certification: Recognition to Anganwadis excelling in sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition standards. Swachh Jal, Sundar Aangan Initiative: Upgrading sanitation infrastructure in Anganwadis via community involvement (SHGs). Use of murals, child-friendly water points to make hygiene attractive to children. Awareness Rallies: Community mobilization to prevent diarrheal diseases and promote handwashing.  Use of Social Media for Mass Outreach Campaign Hashtags: #DDWSJoinsPoshanPakhwada #PoshanPakhwada Objective: Digital sensitization, citizen participation, and showcasing state efforts. Broader Impact & Strategic Integration Synergy with Existing Schemes: Jal Jeevan Mission: Safe tap water supply to households. Swachh Bharat Mission – Grameen: Rural sanitation improvement. Behavioral Change Communication (BCC): Focus on changing hygiene and nutrition behaviors, especially in rural areas.  Relevance for Policy & Governance Multi-Ministerial Convergence: Demonstrates effectiveness of inter-departmental collaboration. Decentralized Implementation: Allows flexibility for local innovations by States/UTs. Scalability: Potential for institutionalizing hygiene components into all nutrition programs. Challenges Ahead Ensuring consistent quality of sanitation facilities at Anganwadi centres. Sustaining community engagement post-campaign period. Monitoring impact on child health and nutritional indicators through data feedback loops. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) — completes 10 glorious Years of empowering Small and Micro Entrepreneurs Objective and Vision Launched on 8th April 2015 by PM Narendra Modi with the vision of “Funding the Unfunded”. Aims to provide collateral-free loans to non-corporate, non-farm micro and small enterprises. A key pillar under the broader Financial Inclusion (FI) framework: Banking the Unbanked Securing the Unsecured Funding the Unfunded Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Welfare Schemes ) ,GS 3(Economy) Salient Features Loans now categorized into four segments based on stage of business: Shishu: Up to ₹50,000 Kishor: ₹50,001 – ₹5 lakh Tarun: ₹5 lakh – ₹10 lakh Tarun Plus (new in Oct 2024): ₹10 lakh – ₹20 lakh (for repeat, successful borrowers) Loans extended through Banks, NBFCs, MFIs, RRBs, etc. RBI-governed interest rates with flexible repayment options. Covers term loans and working capital for: Manufacturing Services Trading Allied agriculture (poultry, dairy, beekeeping, etc.) Key Achievements (2015–2025) Total Loans Sanctioned: 52.37 crore Total Amount Sanctioned:₹33.65 lakh crore Enhanced Credit Access: ₹11.58 lakh crore sanctioned to SC/ST/OBC beneficiaries. 68% of loan accounts belong to women entrepreneurs. Empowered marginalized groups: Over 50% of beneficiaries are from OBC/SC/ST categories. Loans disbursed to minorities: ₹3.07 lakh crore. Women Empowerment Women received the majority share (68%) of MUDRA loans. Acts as a key enabler of women-led economic participation, especially at the grassroots level. Bolsters first-generation women entrepreneurs across rural and semi-urban India. Category-wise Loan Distribution Category % of Total Loans % of Amount Sanctioned Shishu 78% 35% Kishor 20% 40% Tarun 2% 25% Tarun Plus 0% 0% (recently launched)   Shishu loans dominate in number, indicating deep rural penetration. Kishor & Tarun have larger ticket size, reflecting growth-oriented enterprises. Year-wise Growth in Sanctions FY Loans Sanctioned (Cr) Amount (₹ Lakh Cr) 2015-16 3.49 1.37 2016-17 3.97 1.80 2017-18 4.81 2.54 2018-19 5.98 3.22 2019-20 6.23 3.37 2020-21 5.07 (COVID year) 3.22 2021-22 5.38 3.39 2022-23 6.24 4.56 2023-24 6.67 5.41 2024-25* 4.53 (till Mar 21) 4.77 Special Initiatives Tarun Plus (2024): New loan category for proven borrowers. Covers ₹10–20 lakh loans, backed by Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro Units (CGFMU). Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro Units (CGFMU) established in 2016. Interest Subvention Scheme: 2% interest relief on Shishu loans in FY 2020-21 under Aatma Nirbhar Bharat. Impact and Significance Global benchmark in promoting grassroots entrepreneurship through institutional credit. Curbed exploitation by informal moneylenders by providing formal, affordable credit. Created massive self-employment opportunities and supported job creation indirectly. Instrumental in realising PM’s vision of: Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, Sabka Prayaas Reinforced inclusive growth and financial resilience, especially among rural, SC/ST, OBC, women, and youth populations. Way Forward Leverage technology and digital data (e.g., GST, Udyam, Aadhaar) for better credit appraisal. Improve credit monitoring mechanisms to reduce NPAs. Scale-up Tarun Plus to nurture high-performing entrepreneurs into growth-stage enterprises. Strengthen handholding and capacity building support through entrepreneurship development institutions

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 April 2025

Content: The gradual transformation of the Home Ministry Strengthening enforcement of judicial orders The gradual transformation of the Home Ministry Traditional Role of the MHA: A Reactive ‘Crisis Ministry’ Historically viewed as a firefighting institution — intervening during riots, insurgencies, or governance breakdowns. Reactions were typically event-driven (e.g., post-Punjab insurgency, post-2001 Indian Parliament attack). Main focus areas included Kashmir, North-East, and Naxalite zones, diverting attention from modernization. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ) Practice Question : Critically examine the transformation of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) from a reactive crisis manager to a proactive internal security institution. (250 words) Constitutional Framework & Federal Mandate Empowered by Articles 355, 256, and 356 to maintain internal security and ensure states act within constitutional limits. Integrates security and governance — unlike many democracies where internal security is fragmented. Structural and Functional Evolution Shift from reactive to proactive internal security planning. Emphasis on institutional reform over episodic response — aligning with Modi’s “Reform, Perform, Transform” mantra. From merely controlling unrest to building long-term security architecture. Key Reforms in Focus  Legislative Overhaul: Pre-2019: Laws like TADA, POTA, NIA Act — reactive in nature. Post-2019: Over 27 legislative reforms, including: Amendments to UAPA & NIA Act — defined terrorism and enabled asset seizure. Three new criminal laws: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam.  Institutional Revamp: Strengthening NIA, Multi-Agency Centre (MAC), and promoting intelligence sharing. Establishment of National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU). Full implementation of Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) – links 17,000+ police stations and judicial institutions. Technological Integration: Databases for terror suspects, digital tracking systems. Enhanced use of forensics, AI, and real-time data sharing. Modernization and Budgetary Commitment 2013-14: MHA budget at ₹38,000 crore. 2019: Crossed ₹1 lakh crore. 2024-25: ₹2.33 lakh crore – indicating prioritization of internal security and modernization. Increased allocation to Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) and force infrastructure. Security Agency Expansion CAPFs increasingly central to internal security: CRPF, BSF, CISF, ITBP, NSG, SSB, and Assam Rifles. RAF (Rapid Action Force): Key for riot and civil unrest control. Creation of CISF originally linked to managing industrial strikes, particularly in Bengal and Kerala. Administrative Changes Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) and Disaster Management added to MHA’s mandate. North-East affairs and Department of Justice carved out to improve administrative focus. Leadership Stability and Strategic Vision Frequent leadership changes earlier caused policy inconsistency (e.g., during Indira and Rajiv Gandhi). Stable leadership under PM Modi (with a continuous Home Minister) helped implement long-term reforms and maintain continuity.  Ground-Level Impact 70% reduction in violence in Kashmir, North-East, and Naxal-affected zones. Stone pelting incidents in Kashmir sharply declined post-Article 370 abrogation. North-East peace accords and development projects have improved insurgency-hit areas. Naxal regions showing signs of developmental integration and reduced violence. Challenges Ahead Need for continued state-level police modernization. Ensuring accountability and balance with enhanced legal powers (especially under UAPA). Integrating cybersecurity and emerging tech threats into internal security framework. Conclusion: From Crisis to Capacity MHA’s transformation reflects a paradigm shift from reactive crisis management to proactive governance. Strategic, institutionalized reforms have laid the foundation for a future-ready internal security apparatus. Represents a whole-of-government approach that balances legislative, institutional, and technological dimensions of security. Strengthening enforcement of judicial orders Judicial Orders vs. Ground Reality Persistent non-compliance: Despite clear judicial directives (e.g., NGT’s noise pollution order in Jaipur), enforcement on the ground remains poor. Ineffectual partial bans: Orders like restricting air horn usage at night are not comprehensive; a full ban may have been more enforceable. Disconnect: A major gap exists between judicial intent and administrative implementation, undermining the spirit of the orders. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Practice Question : Judicial orders often face challenges in enforcement, weakening their impact on governance and public trust. Critically analyse the gap between judicial orders and ground reality. Suggest measures to improve enforcement. (250 words) Significance of Enforcement in Justice Justice ≠ Orders Alone: Enforcement is intrinsic to justice. Without implementation, orders are symbolic, not transformative. Public trust erodes when judgments fail to produce real-world change. Ineffective enforcement undermines governance and reduces judicial credibility. Challenges in Enforcement Administrative reluctance: Agencies avoid acting on what they consider “minor” infractions, creating an implementation vacuum. Lack of judicial foresight: Courts often do not anticipate execution barriers during ruling formulation. CaseExample — State of Tamil Nadu v. K. Balu (2017): SC banned liquor sales within 500m of highways. Result: Widespread circumvention — highways reclassified, shops relocated just beyond 500m. Lesson: Lack of practical execution mechanisms reduces efficacy. Systemic and Legal Bottlenecks Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) Provisions: Section 38: Empowers both the issuing and executing courts. Order 21: Details procedures for execution across courts. Execution shortfalls: Issues of decree validity. Possible judicial misconduct. Absence of real-time monitoring and accountability. Examples of Effective Judicial Enforcement Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) — Passive Euthanasia Case: Clear guidelines to healthcare institutions. Built-in monitoring and oversight mechanisms ensured actual compliance. Taj Trapezium Zone directives: Green belt around Mathura oil refinery. Multi-agency collaboration. Air quality monitoring implemented based on committee recommendations. Strategies for Strengthening Enforcement Institutional Accountability: Appoint designated enforcement officers in every department/agency. Officers should be liable for audits, compliance reports, and penalized for non-enforcement. Tech Integration: Use digital tools to map orders with relevant departments. Automate compliance reporting systems with deadlines and feedback loops. Inter-agency Coordination: Judicial implementation must move beyond silos. Foster collaboration between judiciary, executive agencies, and local bodies. Public Awareness and Participation: Campaigns (like in Kathmandu) show success when legal orders are supported by public education. Civic pressure increases compliance and accountability. Transparency and Monitoring: Regular updates to courts/public on order status. Open dashboards can improve trust and track implementation.  Conclusion Judicial orders alone are not enough — implementation must be built into the judicial process. Structured enforcement ecosystem: Designated officers. Technological support. Inter-agency synergy. Public engagement. Only then can India move from judicial symbolism to judicial effectiveness.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 April 2025

Content: SC slams T.N. Governor, fixes time for assent RGI flags delay by hospitals in reporting births, deaths Why is active mobility necessary in India? Governor cannot change his mind second time: SC Genome study: 180 million genetic variants found in 9,772 individuals Soyuz spacecraft heads to the ISS, carrying two Russians and one American astronaut SC slams T.N. Governor, fixes time for assent Context: Supreme Court Criticism: SC termed Governor R.N. Ravi’s inaction on 10 re-passed Bills as unconstitutional and a violation of Article 200. Assent Deemed Given: The court deemed the 10 Bills to have received assent, despite Presidential rejection or inaction. Time Limit Fixed: SC prescribed specific time frames (1–3 months) for Governors to act on Bills henceforth. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution) Constitutional Context: Article 200: Governor can: Give assent, Withhold assent, Reserve the Bill for President. The phrase “as soon as possible” implies urgency, not indefinite delay (no pocket veto). Governor’s Role Redefined: Must be a “friend, guide, and philosopher” to the State, not a “hindrance or roadblock.” Must act on aid and advice of the State Cabinet. SC’s Time Limits for Assent: 1 Month: To withhold assent on Cabinet advice. 3 Months: To return the Bill with reasons (if withholding contrary to Cabinet advice). 3 Months: To reserve the Bill for President (if going against Cabinet). 1 Month: To give assent to a re-passed Bill. Judicial Accountability: SC warned: “Governor’s inaction is subject to judicial review.” “Determinable judicial standards” must govern gubernatorial conduct. Observations by Justice Pardiwala: No absolute or pocket veto exists. Withholding assent simpliciter (without reason) is unconstitutional. Re-passed Bills must be assented to — no personal discretion allowed. Implications: Strengthens federal principles and legislative supremacy of elected State governments. Sets judicial precedent against misuse of constitutional discretion by Governors. RGI flags delay by hospitals in reporting births, deaths Context and Importance Civil Registration System (CRS): Registers births and deaths under the Registration of Births and Deaths (RBD) Act, 1969. Vital Source of Data: With the decadal Census delayed since 2021, CRS data has become crucial for estimating population trends and policy planning. Legal Mandate: All hospitals (government and private) are required to report births and deaths within 21 days. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Key Issue Identified by RGI Delayed Reporting: Many hospitals are not promptly reporting events of birth and death as per law. Shifting Responsibility: Some hospitals wait for relatives to initiate the registration or ask them to report it themselves — violating the law. Low Compliance Among Private Hospitals: Instances cited where private hospitals outright deny responsibility. Impact of Delayed Reporting Incomplete Data: Impacts accuracy of demographic statistics, especially when Census data is unavailable. Policy Blind Spots: Affects schemes for healthcare, child welfare, maternal health, mortality tracking, pension distribution, insurance, etc. Undermines Universal Registration Goal: Although registration levels are at ~90%, the target of 100% registration remains unmet. Legal and Administrative Implications RBD Act 1969 (Amended 2023): Mandates registration on a central portal. Hospitals designated as registrars under the Act. Section 23(2): Negligence by a registrar (hospital) in registering births/deaths is punishable with a fine. Administrative Directive: RGI issued a March 17 circular to all States highlighting the issue and reiterating compliance. Systemic Gaps and Governance Issues Lack of Awareness/Training: Especially in private hospitals and rural health units. Digital Divide: Some areas may face technical issues accessing the central portal. Incentive Misalignment: Hospitals may see registration as non-core responsibility. Weak Enforcement: Limited mechanisms to monitor or penalize defaulters effectively. Way Forward Strict Enforcement & Penalties: States must penalize non-compliant institutions under the amended RBD Act. Capacity Building: Regular training of hospital staff, especially registrars, on registration protocols. Public Awareness Campaigns: Inform citizens about their right to automatic registration and the responsibility of hospitals. Digitization Push: Ensure tech infrastructure and connectivity across institutions for seamless reporting. Regular Monitoring: Monthly audits by district administration or Health Departments on registration status. Why This Matters : Accurate birth/death data aids: Infant/Maternal mortality estimation Life expectancy calculations Poverty and migration trends Health and demographic indicators It ensures transparent, evidence-based policymaking in the absence of decadal Census. Why is active mobility necessary in India? What is Active Mobility? Refers to non-motorised, human-powered modes of transport: walking, cycling, skateboarding, etc. Used for travel, not just recreation. Core to sustainable urban transport, especially amid rising urban population and traffic congestion. Relevance : GS 1(Society ,Urbanisation) Why is Active Mobility Crucial in India? Rising Urban Risks & Road Fatalities Pedestrian deaths rising: Karnataka reported 13% of India’s pedestrian fatalities in 2020. Encroachment and misuse of pedestrian/cycling paths by vehicles increase accident risks. Vulnerable groups (elderly, children, hawkers) face daily road safety threats. Urbanisation and Congestion Rapid, unregulated urbanisation has outpaced transport planning. India’s cities are seeing unprecedented traffic congestion and air pollution. 12% of India’s carbon emissions come from road transport (MoEFCC data). Health Benefits WHO: Active mobility reduces lifestyle diseases (obesity, diabetes, hypertension). Promotes mental well-being, reduces healthcare burden. Physical activity integrated into daily life encourages long-term fitness. Economic & Environmental Gains Cuts fuel expenses and household transport costs. Boosts local economies — pedestrian zones see more footfall and retail activity. Reduces urban air pollution and supports climate action goals (Paris Agreement, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities). Policy and Legislative Initiatives in India Karnataka Active Mobility Bill, 2022 Inspired by Bengaluru’s Bicycle Mayor Sathya Sankaran. Aims to protect rights of pedestrians and cyclists. Focus on legal guarantees for non-motorised transport (NMT) access, safety, and space. State-Level Initiatives Delhi: Creating pedestrian- and cycle-friendly infrastructure under its EV Policy. Pune: 300+ km of cycling lanes, Comprehensive Bicycle Plan. Chennai: Road redesigns under Smart Cities Mission (SCM). Kochi: Public Bicycle Sharing (PBS) for last-mile connectivity. Barriers to Active Mobility in India Infrastructure Deficiencies 85%+ roads fail to meet safety norms for pedestrians/cyclists (2021 data). Missing: footpaths, cycling lanes, crossing points, and shade cover. Socioeconomic and Cultural Challenges Motorised transport = social status symbol. Cars/bikes seen as markers of success — cultural resistance to walking/cycling. Climatic & Geographic Constraints Harsh weather, pollution, and long distances discourage non-motorised travel. Inadequate public transport integration with NMT. Lack of Enforcement Motor vehicles often use pedestrian/cycle lanes without penalty. Weak traffic enforcement emboldens violations and endangers users. Global Best Practices The Netherlands 35,000+ km of dedicated cycle lanes. Urban planning prioritises cyclist and pedestrian safety. Bicycle-first cities like Amsterdam integrate NMT with public transport. Germany – Berlin Mobility Act Mandates wider sidewalks, dedicated bike lanes, speed restrictions. Pedestrians and cyclists get legal priority in urban planning. European Union – Vision Zero Goal: Zero fatalities from road accidents involving non-motorised users. Focus on urban redesign and traffic calming measures. Way Forward for India National NMT Policy: Develop a central policy framework mandating active mobility in city plans. Infrastructure Investment: Build dedicated, continuous, and protected lanes for walking and cycling. Behavioral Campaigns: Promote cultural shifts away from car-dependence to people-centric mobility. Integration with Public Transit: Enable seamless multimodal travel (e.g., PBS + Metro stations). Stricter Enforcement: Penalise encroachment of NMT spaces, ensure right-of-way protection. Urban Design Reform: Prioritise mixed-use neighborhoods, compact cities, and inclusive streetscapes. Governor cannot change his mind second time: SC Context & Background Article 200 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Governor’s powers with respect to assent to Bills passed by the State Legislature. In the Tamil Nadu case, the Governor withheld assent to 10 Bills in the first instance. When the Tamil Nadu Assembly re-passed the same Bills (as per first proviso to Article 200), the Governor then referred them to the President — triggering a constitutional dispute. Relevance : GS2 ( Polity & Governance) Key Supreme Court Observations Governor has no second chance to refer a Bill to the President: If a Bill is re-passed and presented again, the Governor must give assent — he cannot withhold it or reserve it for the President. Reference to Article 200: Once the Assembly reconsiders and re-passes the Bill under the first proviso to Article 200, the Governor “shall not withhold assent”. This creates a constitutional mandate — not a discretion. Reservation for President’s consideration (Article 200 & 201) must be done only in the first instance, if required. Governor’s decision not bona fide: The court found the TN Governor’s action of withholding once, then referring to the President later, as not made in good faith. Historical comparison: The Court noted the removal of the phrase “in his discretion” from Section 75 of the Government of India Act, 1935, when evolving into Article 200. This indicates that Governors no longer enjoy independent discretion in such matters under the Constitution. Constitutional Provisions Referenced Article 200: Allows Governor to: Assent to a Bill Withhold assent Reserve the Bill for the President Return the Bill (if not a Money Bill) for reconsideration First Proviso: If the Bill is returned and re-passed, the Governor must give assent — no other options. Article 201: Deals with Bills reserved for President’s consideration.  Legal and Governance Implications Curtails misuse of constitutional provisions by Governors for political or arbitrary reasons. Reinforces legislative supremacy of the elected State Assembly after reconsideration. Establishes that Governor is a constitutional figurehead, not an independent veto-wielding authority. Prevents executive delay tactics — promotes accountability and adherence to constitutional timeframes. Sets precedent: Strengthens the constitutional convention and judicial oversight over gubernatorial overreach. Genome study: 180 million genetic variants found in 9,772 individuals Context: GenomeIndia Project GenomeIndia is a government-funded pan-India initiative to catalogue the genetic diversity of the Indian population. It aims to build a comprehensivedatabase of Indian genomes to enhance understanding of: Genetic diseases Drug response variation Population structure Precision medicine potential Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Key Findings of the Preliminary Study Sample Size: 20,000 individuals enrolled. 10,074 DNA samples sequenced (from 85 populations: 32 tribal + 53 non-tribal). Final analysis on 9,772 individuals (4,696 male + 5,076 female). Genome Diversity: 180 million genetic variants identified. Variants include: Rare variants Community-specific variants India-unique variants Disease-associated variants Variants influencing therapeutic response or resistance. Populations covered: Tribal groups: Tibeto-Burman, Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic. Non-tribal groups: Same linguistic categories. Admixed outgroup included for comparative insights. Data Storage: Genome sequence data housed at Indian Biological Data Centre, Faridabad, Haryana. Scientific & Medical Significance Precision Medicine: Enables personalised treatment based on genetic makeup. Identifies people at risk for specific diseases → early interventions. Disease Detection: Facilitates development of low-cost diagnostics. Improves detection of hereditary conditions (e.g., thalassemia, cancer predisposition). Drug Response: Predicts how different groups respond or react adversely to medications. Enhances pharmacogenomics (customized drug treatment plans). Public Health: Informs targeted vaccination and therapy strategies in epidemiology. Can reduce trial-and-error treatment, especially in chronic and rare diseases. Scientific Methodology & Rigour Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) used — gives high-resolution genetic insights. Median sample: 159 per non-tribal group, 75 per tribal group. Sufficient for identifying rare, population-specific variants. Integrates genomic data with biochemistry & anthropometric parameters — unique approach in India. Way Forward Upcoming detailed paper to give deeper insight into disease linkages. Development of India-specific genomic risk scores. Public-private collaborations for translating genetic insights into affordable diagnostics. Integration into Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission or National Health Stack. Soyuz spacecraft heads to the ISS, carrying two Russians and one American astronaut Mission Overview Launch: Soyuz MS-27 spacecraft launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. Time: 10:47 a.m. local time (11:17 a.m. IST), successfully entered orbit and is scheduled to dock at 0904 GMT. Crew Members: SergeyRyzhikov (Russia) Alexey Zubritsky (Russia) JonnyKim (USA – NASA) Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Scientific Objectives The crew will conduct 50 scientific experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The mission supports: Microgravity research Space medicine Advanced material science Technology demonstrations for long-term human spaceflight Strategic & Technological Relevance Soyuz MS-27 is part of the long-standing Russian space program under Roscosmos. Despite newer Western vehicles (e.g., SpaceX Crew Dragon), Soyuz remains a vital backup due to: High reliability Simpler launch logistics Experience in emergency returns The spacecraft is decorated to commemorate 80 years since World War II ended, showcasing Russia’s strategic use of symbolism in space diplomacy. Geopolitical Significance Bilateral Space Cooperation: Despite strained Russia-U.S. ties post-Ukraine war (Feb 2022), space remains a rare domain of collaboration. NASA and Roscosmos continue crew exchanges and mutual reliance for operational continuity of ISS. Diplomatic Signal: Symbolizes scientific diplomacy and a shared commitment to peaceful outer space exploration. Could indicate a slow thaw in relations under a new U.S. administration if diplomacy continues through such avenues. Baikonur Cosmodrome – Strategic Asset Location: Situated in Kazakhstan, operated by Russia since Soviet times. Lease Agreement: Russia pays $115 million/year to Kazakhstan for usage rights. Lease extended till 2050, marking its long-term strategic role in Russia’s space infrastructure. Tourism boost: A record 2,500 tourists witnessed the launch — indicating growing public and soft power interest in space launches.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 April 2025

Content: A Decade of Growth with PM Mudra Yojana A Journey of Women Empowerment and Child Care A Decade of Growth with PM Mudra Yojana  Introduction: Launched on 8 April 2015, Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) aimed at “Funding the Unfunded” – i.e., supporting micro, small, and non-corporate businesses excluded from formal credit systems. Seeks to promote financial inclusion, entrepreneurship, and self-employment, especially among women, SC/ST/OBCs, minorities, and rural communities. Operates under MUDRA Ltd., a refinancing agency supporting lending institutions. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Welfare Schemes ) ,GS 3(Economy) Key Achievements (2015–2025) Credit Outreach and Growth Over 52 crore loans sanctioned worth ₹32.61 lakh crore. Average loan size tripled: ₹38,000 (FY16) → ₹72,000 (FY23) → ₹1.02 lakh (FY25). 36% rise in loan disbursal in FY23 – signaling revival in grassroots entrepreneurial activity. Expansion of MSME Credit Ecosystem MSME credit up 3.2x: ₹8.51 lakh crore (FY14) → ₹27.25 lakh crore (FY24). Share of MSME credit in total bank credit: 15.8% (FY14) → ~20% (FY24). Enhanced penetration in tier-2/3 cities and rural India, reducing urban-bias in lending. Job Creation and Self-Employment PMMY helped shift India’s labor narrative from job-seekers to job-creators. Many micro-entrepreneurs now employ others, strengthening the informal economy’s backbone. Micro enterprises supported by PMMY employ nearly 10 crore people, second only to agriculture. Promoting Inclusive Financial Access Empowering Women Entrepreneurs 68% of PMMY beneficiaries are women. Per woman loan disbursement (FY16–FY25): CAGR of 13%; reached ₹62,679. Per woman incremental deposits: CAGR of 14%; reached ₹95,269. Women-led MSMEs associated with higher employment generation in states with high PMMY outreach. Uplifting Marginalised Communities SC/ST/OBCs hold 50% of total Mudra accounts. 11% of loan holders from minority communities – indicating growing socio-economic equity. Broke traditional credit access barriers that restricted low-income and backward groups. Progressive Credit Ladder: Shishu, Kishor & Tarun Category Loan Range Purpose Shishu Up to ₹50,000 Business initiation Kishor ₹50,000 to ₹5 lakh Business expansion Tarun ₹5 lakh to ₹10 lakh Business scaling Tarun Plus ₹10 lakh to ₹20 lakh For those with clean repayment record  Kishor loans’ share grew from 5.9% (FY16) to 44.7% (FY25) – indicating businesses are scaling. Tarun category gaining momentum, showing confidence in larger enterprises at the grassroots. Geographical Spread: Leading States & UTs Top States (Disbursal till Feb 2025): Tamil Nadu – ₹3.23 lakh crore Uttar Pradesh – ₹3.14 lakh crore Karnataka – ₹3.02 lakh crore West Bengal – ₹2.82 lakh crore Bihar – ₹2.81 lakh crore Maharashtra – ₹2.74 lakh crore Top UT: Jammu & Kashmir – ₹45,816 crore across 21.3 lakh accounts – shows expansion in conflict-prone and remote areas. Global Recognition IMF (2017–2024) consistently lauded PMMY: Complemented PMJDY for financial access. Played a key role in formalizing the informal. Empowered women-led MSMEs (>2.8 million by 2023). Cited as a model for inclusive credit access. Salient Features of PMMY Collateral–free loans up to ₹20 lakh. Offered through: Scheduled Commercial Banks Regional Rural Banks NBFCs Micro Finance Institutions Backed by refinancing support through MUDRA Ltd. Emphasis on ease of credit, low interest, and simple procedures.  Structural Impact & Future Outlook Mindset Shift PMMY changed perception of credit from a liability to an opportunity. Encouraged millions to start small salons, stalls, repairs shops, agri-based units. Strengthening Bottom of Pyramid Focus on scaling enterprises, not just starting them. Encouraged discipline in repayment and instilled credit culture among first-time borrowers. Challenges Ahead Ensuring loan quality and monitoring defaults. Need to improve skill training, market access, and digital financial literacy. Integration with schemes like Skill India, Digital India, and Startup India for holistic growth. Conclusion: A Decade of Impact PM Mudra Yojana has democratized entrepreneurship, empowered underrepresented groups, and redefined India’s credit architecture. It embodies the philosophy: “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas”—where even the smallest idea gets a chance to thrive. A Journey of Women Empowerment and Child Care Background & Rationale Increasing participation of women in workforce created demand for quality day care. Nuclear family structures reduce traditional support for childcare. Lack of crèche facilities restricts women’s access to paid employment. Palna scheme formalizes child care responsibilities, aligning with SDG-8 (Decent Work). Relevance : GS 1(Indian Society ) , GS 2(Governance, Social Justice) Administrative & Financial Framework Launched in 2022 by revamping the erstwhile National Crèche Scheme. Sub-scheme under “Samarthya” of Mission Shakti. Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) with varying funding ratios: Region Centre State/UT General States 60% 40% NE & Special Category States 90% 10% UTs with Legislature 60% 40% UTs without Legislature 100% 0% Objectives Provide crèche facilities to children aged 6 months to 6 years. Support nutrition, health, cognitive development, and safety. Includes all mothers regardless of employment status. Ensure compliance with Section 11A of Maternity Benefit Act (mandatory crèche facilities for establishments with ≥50 employees). Integrated Package of Services Day-care + Pre-school education + Early stimulation Supplementary nutrition, sourced locally. Health check-ups, immunization, and growth monitoring. Linked with Mission Poshan 2.0 and ICDS. Types of Crèches Standalone Crèche: One worker + one helper. Anganwadi-cum-Crèche (AWCC): Uses existing Anganwadi staff with added crèche-specific personnel. AWCCs target last-mile service delivery. Target for FY 2024–25: Establish 17,000 new AWCCs. As of March 2025: 11,395 AWCCs approved in 34 States/UTs. Operational Details Creche Timings: 26 days/month, 7.5 hours/day, flexible as per local needs. Maximum Children per Crèche: 25 Location: Within 0.5–1 km of mothers’ workplace or child’s residence. Honorarium (not salary) model: Type of Crèche Creche Worker Creche Helper Standalone ₹ 6,500 ₹ 3,250 AWCC ₹ 5,500 ₹ 3,000   States can provide additional top-up honorarium. Progress and Impact (as of early 2025) AWCCs Operational: 1,761 | Beneficiaries: 28,783 Standalone Crèches: 1,284 | Beneficiaries: 23,368 Budget & Fund Utilization Year Allocation (Cr.) Released (Cr.) 2022–23 ₹ 35 ₹ 4.68 2023–24 ₹ 85 ₹ 64.15 2024–25* ₹ 150.11 ₹ 43.66 *As of Dec 19, 2024     Legislative & Institutional Convergence Converges with Labour & Employment Ministry, ICDS, Poshan 2.0. Ensures implementation of Maternity Benefit Act. States/UTs encouraged to launch portals for employer compliance reporting. Significance Enhances women’s economic participation. Provides structured, monitored childcare. Promotes inclusive growth, especially in rural/underserved regions. Supports maternal well-being and reduces burden of unpaid care work.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 April 2025

Content: Dispelling concerns Clean voter lists or the choice of Aadhaar linkage India’s aviation arbitration cases will still fly off overseas Dispelling concerns Context: PM Modi’s April 2025 visit to Sri Lanka marks a strategic reset in India–Sri Lanka ties amid past ideological concerns under the new JVP-led government. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : India’s recent diplomatic engagement with Sri Lanka marks a significant step towards enhancing bilateral cooperation in areas of defence, regional stability, and people-centric challenges. Discuss the significance of such visits in strengthening India–Sri Lanka relations.(250 Words) First Visit since 2019: PM Modi’s visit from April 4–6, 2025, is his first to Sri Lanka in six years, signaling a renewed strategic engagement. Posture Shift under JVP: Despite the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna’s historic anti-India rhetoric, the current NPP-led government under President Anura Kumara Dissanayake is keen to strengthen ties with India.  Political Context in Sri Lanka: Change in Regime: JVP-led NPP’s rise to power through dual victories (presidential and parliamentary) raised fears of strained ties due to ideological baggage. New Realism in Foreign Policy: Despite past positions, the NPP has adopted a pragmatic stance toward India, focusing on regional cooperation and mutual interests. Defence Cooperation: Historic MoU Signed: A landmark Memorandum of Understanding on defence cooperation — a first in bilateral history — was signed during the visit. Security Interdependence: Modi emphasized that both nations’ security is “interconnected and co-dependent”, laying the foundation for strategic cooperation. Legacy Concerns Persist: India’s concerns persist due to past instances, such as: The 1987 understanding regarding Trincomalee port use has not allayed suspicions. China’s increasing presence in Sri Lanka (e.g., Hambantota port lease) still fuels anxieties in New Delhi. Fishermen Issue – A Thorny Bilateral Challenge: Persistent Problem: The conflict in the Palk Bay over fishing rights continues to affect India–Sri Lanka ties, particularly impacting Tamil Nadu. Recent Positive Development: Fisherfolk from both sides recently met informally. PM Modi’s visit brought renewed focus on institutionalizing dialogue. Call for a Structured Mechanism: The article stresses the need for official, regular interactions between fishing communities and both governments. Flexible Approach Needed: Long-term solutions require flexibility and mutual recognition of livelihood concerns. Tamil Political Settlement: Revival of the Indo-Lanka Accord (1987): Tamil parties reaffirmed the relevance of the Accord, seeking India’s “legitimate involvement” in facilitating devolution. Devolution & Provincial Councils: The Accord paved the way for provincial councils — a step toward decentralization — but was never fully supported or implemented. India’s Role: Should act as a neutral mediator and facilitator. Could offer economic assistance to Northern and Eastern provinces (post-conflict zones) to aid reconciliation and development. Strategic Implications for India: Countering Chinese Influence: Defence cooperation and deeper engagement help check China’s strategic presence in the Indian Ocean region. People-Centric Diplomacy: India’s outreach via fisheries issue and Tamil political concerns reflects soft power engagement. Energy Security and Maritime Cooperation: Strengthened ties could also help India in securing energy routes and greater maritime collaboration. Conclusion: Signals of Maturity & Trust-Building Modi’s visit dispelled doubts about the NPP’s foreign policy orientation. The visit opens avenues for deeper strategic, economic, and people-to-people cooperation — provided both sides follow up with consistent and transparent engagement. Clean voter lists or the choice of Aadhaar linkage The Election Commission’s attempt to link Aadhaar with Voter ID aims to clean electoral rolls by eliminating duplicates, but it raises constitutional concerns due to Aadhaar’s non-mandatory legal status. This reflects a deeper confusion between functional IDs and unique identity in governance systems. Relevance :GS 2(Governance ,Electoral Reforms) Practice Question :Discuss the implications of linking Aadhaar with Voter ID in the context of electoral integrity and individual rights. How can the Election Commission balance democratic sanctity with constitutional safeguards?(250 Words) Conceptual Clarification: ID vs Unique ID ID: Functional, role-specific identity (e.g., driving license, Voter ID) — establishes eligibility for a specific task. Unique ID: Establishes personhood, irrespective of function (e.g., Aadhaar) — certifies that you are who you claim to be. Problem: Indian governance confuses the two, leading to flawed systems and poor outcomes. Case in point: ECI treating Voter ID (EPIC) as both a functional ID and a Unique ID without technological safeguards. The Maharashtra Election Case: A Turning Point November 2024 Assembly Election in Maharashtra saw 40 lakh new voters added in 5 months — more than the 32 lakh added in the previous 5 years. Historical Inconsistencies In 2008, ECI claimed every Voter ID is “unique” — reality shows otherwise. Evidence from West Bengal: Same Voter ID numbers in multiple constituencies; one person, multiple IDs. Conclusion: Voter ID neither uniquely identifies a person nor is it unique to each voter — previous claims by ECI are demonstrably false. The Proposed Fix: Aadhaar-Voter ID Linking ECI aims to solve voter list duplication by linking Voter ID with Aadhaar (which uses biometric verification). Aadhaar ensures biometric uniqueness — can prevent one person from holding multiple Voter IDs. Catch: Partial Aadhaar linkage is ineffective — needs 100% linkage to ensure de-duplication. Legal hurdle: Aadhaar is not mandatory by law — violates voluntary nature if made de facto compulsory for voting. This leads to a legal-ethical conundrum: Clean voter lists require something (Aadhaar) that can’t be made mandatory. Utilitarian vs Legalistic Dilemma Invokes B.R. Ambedkar’s utilitarian philosophy — the greater good (clean, sanctified voter lists) justifies Aadhaar linkage. Ambedkar’s caution in the Constituent Assembly: “Sanctity of voter lists is the foundation of Indian democracy”. Balancing act: Between constitutional liberty (voluntary Aadhaar) and democratic integrity (de-duplicated electoral rolls). Operational & Ethical Challenges Ink-based fraud: Indelible ink can be removed using chemicals — enables repeat voting. Aadhaar linkage could potentially stop such practices by allowing biometric authentication at voting booths. However, no system should disenfranchise even a single eligible citizen. Thus, ECI must provide an under-oath guarantee that Aadhaar linking will not lead to voter disenfranchisement — unlike its misleading 2008 assurances. Conclusion: The real issue is not about Aadhaar vs privacy, but about how poor governance and definitional confusion threaten electoral sanctity. India’s aviation arbitration cases will still fly off overseas Background: Colonial Legacy and Legal Inertia Aircraft Act, 1934 was colonial in nature—aimed at control, not sectoral growth. It was military and administrative in focus, not commercial. The law failed to keep up with: Technological advancement Soaring passenger numbers Private sector growth Relevance :GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Economy ,Infrastructure) Practice Question : Despite introducing the Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024, India continues to lag behind in retaining international aviation arbitration cases. Critically examine the gaps in India’s arbitration framework and suggest reforms needed to make India a global hub for aviation dispute resolution.(250 Words) This led to: Bureaucratic red tape Delayed market entry Inefficiencies in air traffic management Inadequate passenger rights Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024: A Modern Overhaul Replaces the outdated 1934 Act, signifying a post-colonial legal reset. Key reforms include: Streamlined licensing Efficient air traffic control Passenger compensation for delays/cancellations Represents a progressive step for domestic aviation regulation. Arbitration: The Missing Reform Despite sectoral reforms, the dispute resolution mechanism remains outdated. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 still governs commercial arbitration, lacking: Sector-specific provisions for aviation Capacity to handle technical and international aviation disputes As a result, disputes are still routed to global hubs like: Singapore London Paris India’s Global Arbitration Lag Indian arbitration centres: Delhi International Arbitration Centre (DIAC) Mumbai Centre for International Arbitration (MCIA) Have limited recognition and impact. 90% of Indian-related corporate arbitration cases are handled in Singapore, indicating: Lack of global trust Inadequate institutional support Absence of specialised legal expertise in aviation law Consequences of Arbitration Exodus Economic Losses: Indian law firms, arbitrators, and legal institutions lose revenue. Perception Issues: Signals to foreign investors that India lacks credibility in dispute resolution. Investment Deterrent: Affects confidence of global aviation businesses in choosing India as a base. Urgent Need for Specialised Aviation Arbitration Framework India must: Establish dedicated arbitration institutions for aviation. Develop panels with: Experts in aviation law Technological know-how Understanding of international treaties Merely having a general arbitration framework is not sufficient. Role of Institutions & Legal Education Law schools should: Offer specialised courses in aviation arbitration. Foster research and scholarship in aviation dispute resolution. Encourage collaboration between legal and aviation professionals. Learning from Global Best Practices Singapore and UK are successful because of: Neutral arbitrator appointments Minimal state interference Predictable legal environment India must: Ensure neutrality and transparency Curb judicial/executive overreach Align with global arbitration norms Way Forward: Holistic Aviation Reform Arbitration reform is essential to complement the Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam. Key focus areas: Neutrality in arbitrator appointment Sectoral specialisation Independent and efficient arbitration institutions Global credibility and enforcement Without these, aviation disputes and foreign investments will continue to fly away. Conclusion Bharatiya Vayuyan Adhiniyam, 2024 is a significant step for domestic aviation. But it remains incomplete without matching reforms in arbitration. India must act now to build a world-class aviation arbitration ecosystem to reclaim lost legal and economic ground.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 April 2025

Content : Shaping a future-ready workforce How the police view custodial torture in India NCDs can strike early; health risks rise post-menopause, says report China’s unfair trade practices behind global turmoil: Goyal It’s clear now: iron inside the sun is more opaque than expected Shaping a future-ready workforce Context :As global job markets undergo rapid transformation driven by technology, climate goals, and economic shifts, preparing a future-ready workforce has become essential. India stands at a critical juncture to bridge skill gaps through educational reforms and industry-academia collaboration. Relevance : GS 2 ( Governance, Education, Government Policies) , GS 3 ( Economy, Employment, Inclusive Growth) Key Drivers of Labour Market Transformation (WEF Report 2025) Technological advancements and digital access identified as top drivers by 60% of employers. Other critical forces: demographic shifts, geo-economic fragmentation, economic uncertainties, and green transition. Climate change mitigation is both a job creator (e.g., renewable energy) and a disruptor due to business model adaptations. Dynamic labour market outlook: 170 million new jobs projected globally. 92 million roles at risk of becoming obsolete. Employer Priorities & Workforce Demands Employers are focusing on: Workforce training Wage increases Employee well-being 59% of workforce needs reskilling in: Analytical thinking Resilience Technological literacy High-growth roles include: Big Data specialists AI engineers Rising emphasis on soft skills: Emotional intelligence Adaptability Leadership Insights from QS World Future Skills Index India ranks 2nd globally in preparedness for AI and green skills. High score in ‘Future of Work’ (99.1) indicates strong demand-side readiness. Skill Fit gap: Low score of 59.1, highlighting supply-side deficiencies. Poor performance in: ‘Academic Readiness’ (Rank: 26) Innovation & sustainability (Score: 15.6/100) Entrepreneurial mindset and R&D investments Opportunities for Reform Need for curriculum transformation: Integrate critical thinking, resilience, entrepreneurial skills Use of experiential and interdisciplinary learning Encourage initiatives like: Hackathons Startup incubators Design-thinking workshops Green curriculum imperative: Establish sustainability research centres Promote green technologies Support student-led community environmental initiatives Strengthen academia-industry collaboration: Co-create curricula Provide internships and mentorships Develop job-ready graduates Institutional and Governmental Action Points Faculty development through: Training, certifications, global exposure Government must focus on: Investing in research, innovation, skill development Expanding digital infrastructure, especially in rural/semi-urban areas Call for a paradigm shift in higher education: Make the system agile, innovative, and aligned with global workforce demands How the police view custodial torture in India The findings from a recent study on the ‘Status of Policing in India Report’ conducted by Lokniti-Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in collaboration with Common Cause shed light on this grim reality.The study, which analysed responses from 8,276 police personnel across 82 locations in 17 States including Delhi . Relevance : GS 2  (Governance, Constitution, Polity) General Acceptance of Violence 63% of police personnel believe it’s acceptable to use violenceagainstsuspects of seriousoffences for societal good. 22% strongly agreed. 41% moderately agreed. Only 35% opposed the idea of using violence, showing systemic approval across ranks. Support for Torture Across Crime Types 42% strongly supported torture in national security/terrorism cases. 34% strongly supported torture in rape, sexual assault, and murder cases. 28% strongly supported using torture against history sheeters. Acceptance of Coercive Tactics In minor offences (like theft): 49% justify verbal abuse/threats. 32% justify slapping. 9% justify third-degree methods. In serious crimes (like rape/murder): 55% justify verbal abuse/threats. 50% justify slapping. 30% justify third-degree methods. Frequency of Coercive Practices Threats: 26% say suspects are often threatened. 34% say it happens sometimes. Slapping/light force: 18% say it is common. 28% say it happens occasionally. Third-degree methods: 10% say it occurs often. 16% say it happens sometimes. 1 in 3 officers report frequent use of coercive tactics in investigations. Views on Mandatory Reporting ~40% support mandatory reporting of custodial torture. Another ~40% support mandatory reporting only in some cases. ~10% say it should never be mandatory. Lower-rank officers are more supportive of mandatory reporting than senior officers. Willingness to Report Senior Officers Over 40% of police strongly agreed that juniors would report seniors if given legal protection. 36% moderately agreed—indicating that protection and institutional backing are key factors. Key Takeaways There is deep-rooted normalization of custodial torture and coercive methods in Indian policing. Even in minor cases, a significant share of personnel justify violent tactics. Systemic and cultural factors, like rank hierarchy and peer support, play a role in discouraging accountability. Structural reforms and legal safeguards are essential to change these entrenched attitudes. NCDs can strike early; health risks rise post-menopause, says report Early Onset of NCDs NCDs are increasingly affecting individuals from childhood and adolescence, not just in adulthood. Screening of 2.85 lakh students (ages 3–17 and college) across 6 States revealed: Obesity rises with age: 8% (primary school) → 28% (college students). Pre-hypertension: 9% (high school) and 19% (college). High blood glucose: Found in 2% of college students. Indicates lifetime progression of NCDs if unmanaged. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Governance ) Increased Risks in Women Post-Menopause Significant metabolic deterioration seen post-menopause: Diabetes: 14% (pre-menopause) → 40% (post-menopause). Obesity: 76% → 86%. Fatty liver: 54% → 70%. Hypertension: 15% → 40%. Highlights clustering of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders after menopause. Emphasises need for targeted health management for menopausal women. Fatty Liver Burden Rising Among 2.5 lakh individuals screened: 65% had fatty liver, of which 85% were non-alcoholic. Caused primarily by obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Now classified as Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD).  Key Takeaways NCDs are no longer adult-onset alone — urgent interventions needed from early age. Menopause is a major turning point in women’s health, requiring focused attention. Rising prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver indicates broader lifestyle and dietary risks in the population. China’s unfair trade practices behind global turmoil: Goyal Context :China’s Role in Global Economic Turmoil Piyush Goyal blames China’s unfair trade practices as a root cause of current global economic turbulence. He traced the issue back to China’s admission into the WTO, around early 2000s. Global community expected transparency and fairness, but instead saw: Predatory pricing, Dumping of goods, Unfair labour practices, and Supply chain manipulation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Strategic Caution by India India is being strategically cautious about allowing investments from China, especially in sensitive sectors. Example: Denial of entry to Chinese EV giant BYD, citing security and strategic concerns. Emphasis on protecting national interests while encouraging rule-based trade. India’s Response and Position India aims to convert the challenge into opportunity by adhering to fair global trade rules. Advocates for rule-based economic growth unlike China’s alleged unfair strategies. Highlighted India’s low applied tariffs, especially toward U.S. (around 7–8%), implying openness to trade reciprocity. Concerns Over U.S.-China Trade War Spillover Possibility of China increasing dumping in markets like India after U.S. tariffs. Goyal urged Indian industry to be vigilant and responsive to such developments. Key Takeaways India is re-evaluating foreign investment policies with a national security lens. Global trade landscape is shifting amid U.S.-China tensions, and India seeks to assert itself as a fair, rule-abiding player. Growing consensus on reforming global trade rules to prevent manipulation. It’s clear now: iron inside the sun is more opaque than expected Context Opacity refers to how much light an object absorbs — higher opacity means more absorption and less transmission. Iron, while common on Earth, behaves differently under the extreme conditions inside the Sun. Opacity plays a crucial role in determining the Sun’s temperature profile and energy transfer. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Why the Sun’s Iron Opacity Matters The Sun is the most studied star and serves as the basis for models of other stars in the universe. Accurate models of the Sun are essential for understanding stellar evolution, galaxy formation, and even the structure of the universe. Opacity of elements like iron directly influences how heat moves from the Sun’s core to its surface. Key Discoveries Earlier models underestimated iron’s opacity in the Sun’s radiation-convection zone. 2015 study: Iron’s opacity was found to be 30–400% higher than what models had predicted. Recent studies (2024–2025) support this finding and confirm the discrepancy lies in the theoretical models, not the observed data. Latest Experimental Evidence Sandia National Labs (USA) used ultrafast X-ray cameras and spectrometers to measure opacity. A thin iron sample was bombarded with high-energy X-rays to mimic Sun-like conditions. Result: Stronger absorption (darker shadow), proving higher-than-expected opacity. Temporal evolution (changes over time) was ruled out as the cause of error. Impact on Solar Models Standard solar models had matched some observations (like neutrino count) but failed on element abundance predictions. New findings demand revisions in solar and stellar models to reflect actual opacity values. Remaining Challenges Measuring absolute opacity over time with accurate error margins is still an ongoing process. Current models need to integrate real-time opacity variations under sun-like plasma conditions.  Broader Implications It also enhances the accuracy of helioseismology (study of solar interior using sound waves). Understanding iron’s behavior in the Sun improves our grasp of: Star formation and death Supernova physics and metal dispersion Climate and solar activity effects on Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 April 2025

Content: World Health Day 2025 The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025: An overview of the Act vs Bill World Health Day 2025 Theme: “Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures” Date: 7th April 2025 Focus: Maternal and newborn health Relevance : GS 2(Health) Government Vision Reaffirmed commitment to quality and accessible healthcare. Focus on maternal & child health, digital health, wellness, disease elimination, and mental health. Key Achievements in Maternal & Child Health Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): ↓ from 130 (2014–16) to 97 (2018–20) ⇒ 83% reduction since 1990 (vs global 42%) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): ↓ from 39 (2014) to 28 (2020) Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR): ↓ from 26 (2014) to 20 (2020) Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR): ↓ from 45 (2014) to 32 (2020) Major Maternal & Child Health Interventions Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR):: Tracks maternal deaths & implements corrective action. Mother and Child Protection (MCP)  Card & Safe Motherhood Booklet: Info on pregnancy health & schemes. Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Portal: Digital tracking of pregnant women & newborns. Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB): Testing & prevention in pregnant women & teens. Birth Waiting Homes: In remote/tribal areas for safe deliveries. Village Health, Sanitation & Nutrition Day (VHSND) & Outreach Camps: Grassroots delivery of maternal services. Access to Quality Health Services Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs): 1.76 lakh centers; 107.1 cr BP & 94.5 cr diabetes screenings; 5.06 cr wellness sessions (incl. yoga). NQAS-Certified Facilities: 17,000+ public health institutions. Digital Health Initiatives Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission  (ABDM): Unified digital health ecosystem 76 cr Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA) accounts 5.95 lakh+ verified professionals 3.86 lakh+ verified facilities 52 cr+ linked health records U-WIN: Digital platform that streamlines and tracks immunization for pregnant women and children (0–16 years) 7.90 cr beneficiaries 1.32 cr sessions, 29.22 cr doses eSanjeevani:(India’s National Telemedicine Service) 36 cr+ teleconsultations 130+ specialities, 17,051 hubs, 1.3 lakh spokes Disease Elimination & Control Malaria: ↓ 69% cases, ↓ 68% deaths (2017–2023) Exited WHO’s High Burden to High Impact  (HBHI) group in 2024 Trachoma: Eliminated in 2024 (WHO-certified) Measles-Rubella: 50 districts measles-free, 226 rubella-free (2024) TB (NTEP): ↓ from 237 to 195 cases/lakh (2015–2023) TB deaths ↓ from 28 to 22/lakh Missing cases ↓ 83% 2.5 lakh Ni-kshay Mitras supporting 15 lakh patients Kala-azar: Eliminated in Oct 2024 in all endemic blocks Affordable Healthcare AB-PMJAY: 55 cr beneficiaries ₹5 lakh/family insurance 40 cr Ayushman cards 8.5 cr+ hospital admissions 31,846 empanelled hospitals (17,434 govt, 14,412 pvt) ASHA/Anganwadi workers included 25 lakh+ Ayushman Vay Vandana Cards issued Mental Health: Tele-MANAS 53 cells across 36 States/UTs 20+ lakh calls handled ₹230+ cr allocated (last 3 years) 440+ Rehabilitation/Halfway Homes (as of Apr 2025) Conclusion India’s efforts in maternal health, disease elimination, digital health, and inclusive access reflect its push toward Universal Health Coverage and health equity — aligned with SDG 3 and the 2030 agenda. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025: An overview of the Act vs Bill Introduction The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025 updates the Waqf Act, 1995 to improve efficiency, reduce disputes, and modernize waqf property management. The Mussalman Wakf (Repeal) Bill, 2025 seeks to repeal the outdated Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923 to eliminate redundancy and legal confusion. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution , Governance) Major Issues in Existing Framework Irrevocability of Waqf: The principle “once a waqf, always a waqf” has caused complex legal disputes (e.g., Bet Dwarka). Legal Disputes & Mismanagement: Illegal occupation of Waqf land. Delays in surveys and property registration. Poor governance and large-scale litigations. No Judicial Oversight: Tribunal decisions are final, with minimal judicial appeal. Reduces accountability and legal recourse. Incomplete Surveys: Surveys pending or not started in several states (e.g., Gujarat, UP, Uttarakhand). Poor coordination with Revenue Departments. Misuse of Section 40: Private properties wrongly declared as waqf. Only 8 out of 30 States/UTs provided data; 515 such properties identified. Constitutional Validity Questioned: Law applies only to Muslims, with no equivalent for other communities. PIL filed in Delhi HC questioning Article 14 violation. Key Provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Feature Waqf Act, 1995 Amendment (2025) Name of Act Waqf Act, 1995 Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency, and Development Act Formation of Waqf Via declaration, user, endowment Removes “user”, mandates ownership & practice by donor, protects women’s inheritance Government Property as Waqf No clarity Gov. property can’t be waqf; disputes handled by Collector Power to Determine Waqf Held by Waqf Boards Removed Survey Responsibility Survey Commissioners Empowered Collectors under revenue laws Central Waqf Council Composition All Muslim members Includes 2 non-Muslims, MPs, judges; 2 Muslim women mandatory Waqf Board Composition Elected Muslim members State can nominate non-Muslims; inclusion of Shia, Sunni, Bohra, Agakhani, BCs, 2 Muslim women Tribunal Composition Judge, Muslim law expert, state officer Removes Muslim law expert; adds joint secretary Appeals on Tribunal Orders Tribunal decisions final Appeals allowed in HC within 90 days Audit & Central Powers State audits only CAG/designated audit by Centre; rules on registration & publication Separate Boards for Sects Shia-Sunni only if >15% share Also includes Bohra & Agakhani sects Inclusivity Muslim-majority boards Mandates non-Muslim and women representation Impact of Mussalman Wakf (Repeal) Bill, 2025 Removes the outdated 1923 Act, streamlining legal framework. Eliminates duplication/confusion with the Waqf Act, 1995. Ensures one uniform law governing all waqf properties in India. Improves legal clarity, transparency, and administrative efficiency. Conclusion The 2025 reforms modernize waqf governance with better legal recourse, inclusivity, and government oversight. Enhances transparency by improving surveys, registration, and accountability. Introduces progressive provisions like women representation, non-Muslim inclusion, and removal of misuse-prone clauses. Marks a significant shift towards a balanced, secular, and efficient Waqf management system.

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