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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 February 2025

Content: Bharat Tex 2025 Celebrating a Decade of Soil Health Cards Bharat Tex 2025 Overview & Significance India’s largest global textile event held from 14-17 February 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Covered 2.2 million sq. ft., hosted 5,000+ exhibitors, and attracted 1,20,000+ trade visitors from 120+ countries. Focused on the “Farm to Fibre, Fabric, Fashion, and Foreign Markets” vision to enhance the entire textile value chain. Showcased India’s global textile leadership through innovation, sustainability, and global collaboration. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) Economic Impact & Industry Snapshot India is the 6th-largest global textile exporter, contributing 8.21% of India’s total exports (2023-24). Textiles account for a 4.5% share in global trade; US & EU consume 47% of India’s textile exports. Employment driver: Direct jobs: Over 45 million people Indirect livelihoods: Over 100 million people, including a high proportion of women and rural workers. Textile exports at ₹3 lakh crore aim to triple to ₹9 lakh crore by 2030. Government Policy Support & Schemes Prime Minister Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel (PMMITRA) Parks: 7 mega parks with USD 10 Bn investment, ensuring plug-and-play infrastructure and integrated textile ecosystems. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: INR 10,683 crore (~USD 1 Bn) incentives for MMF Apparel, MMF Fabrics, and Technical Textiles manufacturing. Samarth Scheme: Skill development across textile value chain, demand-driven with state-specific programs. National Technical Education & Training Mission: Targets USD 300 Bn in technical textiles by 2047, focusing on R&D, market development, and skilling. State Incentives: States offering capital subsidies, wage support, power, and water incentives to boost textile units. Innovations & Focused Business Zones Intelligent Manufacturing: Integration of AI, IoT, automation, and data analytics to modernize textile production. Technical Textiles: Application in automotive, aerospace, healthcare, and construction sectors. Home Textiles: Prominence of regional craftsmanship from Gujarat (embroidery) and Kashmir (woollen shawls, rugs). Fabrics & Apparel: Major production hubs: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal. Fusion of traditional handlooms with modern manufacturing for domestic and global markets. Handloom & Handicrafts: Highlighted at Indie Haat (Feb 12-18) with 85 artisans showcasing 80+ handcrafted products. Fashion Showcase: “Breathing Threads” Fashion Show emphasized zero-waste strategies and sustainable handloom designs. Skilling, Startups & Research Initiatives 4 Start-ups under the GREAT Scheme received INR 50 lakh each for innovations in medical, industrial, and protective textiles. 3 Institutes (IIT Indore, NIT Patna) granted INR 6.5 crores for specialized textile courses. 12 Skill Development Courses approved in medical, protective, mobile, and agricultural textiles. Sustainability & Global Partnerships Strong emphasis on eco-friendly production, zero-waste designs, and ethical manufacturing. International collaborations with global CEOs, policymakers, and manufacturers fostered cross-border trade partnerships. Reinforced India’s commitment to “Fashion for Environment and Empowerment”, aligning with global sustainability trends. Comparison with Bharat Tex 2024 Bharat Tex 2024: 3,500+ exhibitors, 3,000+ overseas buyers, and 1,00,000+ visitors. Hosted 50+ knowledge sessions on trade and innovation. Bharat Tex 2025: Scaled up to 5,000+ exhibitors and 1,20,000+ visitors, signifying enhanced global interest. Expanded focus on technical textiles, sustainability, and intelligent manufacturing. Key Takeaways & Future Outlook Bharat Tex 2025 positions India as a global textile hub through: Policy-driven growth (PLI, PM MITRA, Samarth). Innovation and technology integration. Sustainability and ethical production. Export diversification targeting₹9 lakh crore by 2030. Strengthens rural employment, women’s participation, and artisan empowerment. Reinforces India’s leadership in fashion, fabrics, and future-oriented textile innovations. Celebrating a Decade of Soil Health Cards Introduction Launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 19th February 2015 at Suratgarh, Rajasthan. Aimed at assisting State Governments to issue Soil Health Cards (SHCs) to all farmers. SHCs provide information on soil nutrient status and recommend appropriate nutrient dosage to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. SHC Portal (www.soilhealth.dac.gov.in) enables generation of cards in major languages and 5 dialects with a uniform format. Key Features of the SHC Scheme SHC reports soil status for 12 parameters: Macronutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S) Micronutrients: Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Boron (Bo) Other Parameters: pH (acidity/basicity), EC (Electrical Conductivity), OC (Organic Carbon) Provides fertilizer recommendations and soil amendment guidelines. Soil samples collected twice annually – post-Rabi and post-Kharif seasons. Village Level Soil Testing Labs (VLSTLs) Guidelines issued: June 2023. Eligibility: Youth aged 18-27 years Community-based entities: SHGs, FPOs, Schools, Agriculture Universities Status (as of Feb 2025): 665 VLSTLs established across 17 States. Benefits: Promotes local entrepreneurship and rural employment. Enhances timely soil testing and localized solutions for farmers. School Soil Health Programme Pilot launched with DA&FW, DSE&L, ICAR in rural Kendriya Vidyalayas & Navodaya Vidyalayas. Objective: Promote soil health awareness and sustainable farming among students. Activities: Students collected and tested soil samples. Generated SHCs for local farmers. Conducted farmer awareness drives on judicious fertilizer use. Impact (as of 2024): 1020 schools implementing the programme. 1000 soil labs established; 125,972 students enrolled. Technological Advancements  Revamped SHC Portal (2023): Integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS). Captures test results on interactive maps showing boundaries at multiple administrative levels.  SHC Mobile App Features: Auto-selection of latitude and longitude for soil samples. Restricts sample collection to designated areas for accuracy. Generates QR codes for sample-to-result tracking, ensuring transparency. Real-time monitoring and digital card generation through the app. Digitization Efforts: Developed by National Informatics Centre (NIC). Facilitates web–based workflow and efficient data management. Integration with Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) Merged in 2022–23 under the ‘Soil Health & Fertility’ component. Ensures holistic agricultural development with enhanced resource allocation. Impact & Achievements Improved awareness of soil nutrient management among farmers. Promoted balanced fertilizer use, reducing over-dependence on chemical fertilizers. Enhanced crop productivity and ensured cost–effective farming. Youth and student involvement fostered community participation and awareness. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges: Ensuring timely delivery of SHCs to all farmers. Bridging gaps in digital literacy among rural farmers. Sustaining accurate sample collection and regular testing. Way Forward: Expand VLSTLs and incentivize youth participation. Strengthen digital outreach and training for farmers. Incorporate AI & remote sensing for precise soil monitoring. Conclusion Over the past decade, the SHC Scheme has transformed farming practices by providing scientific soil health insights. Technological upgrades and educational initiatives have made the scheme more accessible and farmer-friendly. The scheme remains crucial in ensuring sustainable agriculture and preserving soil health for future generations.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 February 2025

Content: Quakes may well sharpen India’s seismic readiness The deeper meaning of declining school enrolment Quakes may well sharpen India’s seismic readiness Context and Recent Earthquake Events: On February 6, 2023, Türkiye and Syria experienced two massive earthquakes: First quake: 7.8 magnitude at around 4 a.m. Second quake: Struck nine hours later, intensifying destruction. Casualties: Over 17,000 deaths within minutes. January 7, 2025: A 7.1 magnitude quake hit Shigatse city, Tibet. Impact felt in Nepal and Northern India. Death toll: Between 126 and 400; 338 injured. February 17, 2025: Tremors felt in Delhi and Siwan (Bihar) within four hours of each other. Residents described it as the strongest tremor in recent memory. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) , GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question:“Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but preparedness can mitigate their impact.” Examine India’s seismic vulnerability, highlighting recent events. Suggest comprehensive measures to enhance India’s seismic readiness with reference to geography and disaster management.(250 words) Understanding Fault Lines and Seismic Vulnerability: Fault Lines: Boundaries between 15 major tectonic plates; unpredictable and dangerous. They can remain dormant for decades or centuries before suddenly releasing built-up pressure. Indian Plate vs. Eurasian Plate: Collision created the Himalayas; zone remains highly active. Fault line extends from Kashmir to the Northeast, impacting Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan. India’s Seismic Reality: The Himalayan region is a high-risk seismic zone with increasing tectonic pressure. Popular perception of the Himalayas focuses on tourism and scenic beauty, ignoring seismic dangers. Seismologists warn that the plates have reached critical stress levels.   Infrastructure and Policy Shortcomings: Existing building codes are either inadequate or poorly enforced. Hydropower projects, dams, and roads in the Himalayas are vulnerable to landslides and glacial lake outbursts. Infrastructure development should prioritise seismic resilience. Insulation against projected damage is essential since predicting quakes is impossible. Urgent Measures Needed: Immediate Policy and Engineering Revisions: Halt or reassess engineering activities that weaken earth’s crust in seismic zones (II, III, IV). Updated Seismic Zonation & Infrastructure Mapping: Develop new vulnerability maps for high-risk structures (e.g., hydel projects, atomic reactors like Narora in Zone IV). Plan for evacuations, demolitions, and rebuildings where necessary. Insurance Mechanisms: Create a seismic building insurance scheme to incentivize risk coverage. Rescue & Rehabilitation Planning: Conduct zone-wise assessments for rescue operations and temporary shelters. International Collaboration & Technology Integration: Partner with global experts for sensor technology and earthquake-resistant architecture. Institutional and Governance Readiness: Ministry of Earth Sciences and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) are crucial assets. Urgent need to mobilize institutional capabilities and allocate funds proactively. Key Takeaways: Earthquakes cannot be prevented and rarely predicted, but preparedness is possible. India must prioritize seismic readiness over reactive post-disaster responses. The cost of preparedness is high, but cost of inaction is incalculably higher. The window of preparedness is open only until the next big quake strikes. Conclusion: India must shed complacency and act decisively to safeguard vulnerable populations and infrastructure. Preparedness over panic should be the guiding principle. The question remains: Is India acting swiftly enough? The deeper meaning of declining school enrolment Demographic Context and Implications Demographic Dividend Window: India, as the world’s most populous country, has been positioned to benefit from its large youth population. The declining school enrolment suggests this window is closing, risking an ageing population before economic maturity. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Justice ) Practice Question:Discuss the implications of declining school enrolment on India’s demographic dividend and economic growth. Suggest measures to address the issue.(250 words) Population Trends: School-going population (6-17 years) declined by 17.3 million (5.78%) over the past decade. Elementary-level age group (6-13 years) declined by 18.7 million (9.12%); secondary-level (14-15 years) by 2.17 million (4.35%). Fertility rate dropped to 2.01 (2022), below the replacement level of 2.10, leading to fewer children entering schools. School Enrolment Trends (2014-15 to 2023-24) Overall Decline: Total school enrolment fell by 24.51 million (9.45%) over the decade. Sharpest drop at elementary level: 18.7 million (13.45%) despite the RTE Act ensuring free and compulsory education. Secondary-level enrolment declined by 1.43 million (3.75%), while senior secondary enrolment increased by 3.63 million (15.46%), indicating recent onset of decline. Year-on-Year Trends: U-DISE+ data (2022-23 & 2023-24): 15.5 million (6%) drop since 2018-19. The decline is consistent and cannot be dismissed as a temporary or methodological anomaly. Sector-wise Analysis (Government vs Private Schools) Government & Aided Schools (Mainstay of Marginalized Communities): Account for 65% of total enrolment. Government schools: 19.89 million (13.8%) decline; aided schools: 4.95 million (16.41%) decline. Elementary-level decline: Government schools 21.78 million (18.31%), aided schools 3.85 million (24.34%). Private Unaided Schools: 1.61 million (2.03%) overall enrolment increase. Marginal rise at elementary and secondary levels but significant growth in senior secondary (1.41 million, 15.55%), reflecting shifting parental preference for private schooling in higher grades. Underlying Causes of Decline Demographic Factors: Strong positive correlation (60.36%) between enrolment and population in the 6-17 age group. Demographic shift explains the majority of the decline, overshadowing administrative explanations. Institutional Changes: Decline in the number of schools by 79,109 (5.1%) from 2017-18 to 2023-24, aligning with population trends and school consolidation policies. Methodological Changes (Official Explanation): Aadhaar-linked enrolment aimed at removing duplicate entries cited as a reason but insufficient to explain the widespread decline. Socio-Economic and Long-Term Implications Impact on Human Capital Development: Reduced school enrolment compromises future workforce quality, innovation capacity, and economic competitiveness. Shrinking Working-Age Population: India risks following developed countries with an ageing population but without having secured adequate wealth, creating fiscal pressures. Pressure on Higher Education & Workforce Planning: Though senior secondary enrolment is stable, the foundational decline at the elementary level will cascade upwards, reducing future higher education cohorts. Equity Concerns: Declines in government school enrolment disproportionately affect the poor and marginalized, risking widened educational inequalities. Way Forward Urgent Need for Census Data: Delays in the 2021 Census hinder evidence-based policy adjustments. Updated demographic insights are crucial. Policy Interventions: Expand early childhood education to attract and retain students in the system. Improve the quality of government schools to prevent mass migration to private institutions. Economic and Social Adjustments: Invest in skill development for the shrinking youth cohort to maximize productivity. Plan for elderly care infrastructure anticipating a growing ageing population.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 February 2025

Content: India, Qatar elevate ties to strategic partnership The danger of a digital censor board Agricultural protectionism pushes up India’s import tariff What is the ‘rarest of rare’ doctrine? Government obliged to consider remission of eligible convicts: SC India prepares to submit updated greenhouse gas inventory to UN Centre revamps websites, creates multilingual AI hub for better scheme outreach A planet on the edge: are Saturn’s rings older than they look? India, Qatar elevate ties to strategic partnership Context :Strategic Partnership Elevation India and Qatar upgraded their bilateral relationship to a strategic partnership. Focus areas: Trade, investment, energy cooperation, security, and regional/international collaboration. Qatar becomes the fifth Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member with which India has a strategic partnership (after Kuwait, Oman, UAE, and Saudi Arabia). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Economic and Trade Engagement Both nations aim to double bilateral trade to $28 billion. 38 Qatari entities from retail, finance, and energy sectors participated in trade discussions. Signed a Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) to boost cross-border investments. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Considerations India and Qatar are exploring a bilateral FTA, parallel to the ongoing India-GCC FTA negotiations. An FTA could enhance market access, reduce tariffs, and streamline trade processes. Energy Cooperation Qatar is a major energy supplier to India, crucial for India’s LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) imports. Strengthening energy ties ensures India’s energy security and stable supply chains. Security and Regional Geopolitics Security cooperation discussed but without a concrete timeline for execution. Both countries shared perspectives on West Asian developments, particularly the Israel-Palestine conflict. India reiterated its support for a two-state solution and welcomed the ongoing ceasefire. Qatar conveyed its stance; both sides acknowledged differing perspectives. Challenges and Diplomatic Sensitivities The case of Commander Purnendu Tiwary, an ex-Indian Navy officer still in Qatari custody, remained a sensitive issue. Seven other Indians from the same 2022 case were repatriated in February 2024. The case remains sub judice in Qatari courts. India’s large diaspora in Qatar (~600 Indians imprisoned; 85 pardoned in 2024) highlights consular and welfare priorities. Regional Dynamics and Strategic Timing The visit occurred two days before the Arab states’ summit in Riyadh. Discussions in Riyadh to feature US proposals regarding Palestinian resettlement—India has not officially commented. India’s diplomatic balancing act reflects its broader regional strategy without alienating key Middle Eastern partners. Business and People-to-People Ties Joint Business Forum hosted high-level business leaders from both nations, emphasizing private sector involvement. Indian diaspora in Qatar remains pivotal in economic and cultural exchanges. The danger of a digital censor board Context of the Controversy: The controversy stems from crude remarks by YouTuber Ranveer Allahabadia on the show India’s Got Latent. Hosted by comedian Samay Raina, the show features judges critiquing performers with dank humor. Political leaders, including Chief Ministers, a Parliamentary Standing Committee, and even the Supreme Court, condemned the remarks. Despite their popularity, both YouTubers seem to be entangled in a larger issue of controlling digital media. Relevance :GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Legal Dimensions: Supreme Court’s Stance: Called Allahabadia’s comments indicative of “a very dirty mind” but emphasized separating moral outrage from criminality. Apoorva Arora v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi (2024): Quashed prosecutions for vulgar language, advocating an objective test for obscenity (not mere indecency). Section 69A of IT Act, 2000: Empowers the government to block websites, but “decency and morality” are not valid grounds under this section. Increase in opaque blocking orders facilitated by the IT Rules, 2021. Regulatory Push & Broadcasting Bill: The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting’s Broadcasting Bill seeks to place online creators under traditional broadcasting regulations. Initial public opposition to the Bill has weakened amid the latest controversy. The Parliamentary Standing Committee (headed by Nishikant Dubey) has renewed calls for stricter digital regulations. Pattern emerges where public uproar leads to expanded governmental control over digital content. Precedent of OTT Platform Regulation: Tandav controversy (2021) led to criminal cases, government pressure, and eventual scene cuts. Introduction of Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, partly influenced by similar controversies. OTT platforms, to avoid legal hassles, now often self–censor or accept Ministry oversight—a “Faustian bargain.” Consequence: Web series that challenge societal or political norms risk being discontinued. Implications for Freedom of Expression: The uproar over a “distasteful joke” masks a broader agenda of increasing digital censorship. Popular creators may soon advocate for regulation to avoid harsher penalties—risking erosion of creative freedom. Blocking decisions lack transparency, raising concerns about unchecked executive power. Broader Concerns: Expansion of censorship under the guise of morality could stifle dissent and artistic expression. Regulatory ambiguity in the Broadcasting Bill and IT Rules threatens independent journalism and online creativity. Society risks normalizing censorship in response to orchestrated public outrage. Agricultural protectionism pushes up India’s import tariff Overview of India’s Import Tariffs India’s average import tariff in 2023: 17%, five times higher than the U.S. (3.3%). Highest among BRICS nations: India: 17% Brazil: 11% South Africa & China: 7%+ Russia: 6.6% European Union: 5% Relevance :GS 2(international Relations ), GS 3(Economy) Agricultural vs. Non-Agricultural Tariffs Agricultural tariffs: Over 38% (2018–2023), except 2020. Non-agricultural tariffs: Consistently below 15% during the same period. High agricultural tariffs aim to: Protect domestic farmers and food security. Safeguard rural livelihoods (agriculture employs a significant population). Counterbalance low agricultural investment (only 6% of total national investment). Global Context and Protectionism Justification India’s stance: High tariffs compensate for global agricultural subsidies (notably U.S. subsidies). Challenge: Reducing tariffs may expose Indian farmers to subsidized imports, harming local markets. Competitiveness issue: Indian agriculture remains inefficient by global standards. Sector-wise Tariff Trends (2018–2023) High tariffs (>30%): Agriculture, dairy, beverages, and tobacco. Reduced tariffs: Transport equipment, cotton, textiles. Increased tariffs: Electrical machinery, leather/footwear, some manufactured goods. India-U.S. Trade Dynamics and Pressures U.S. stance: Advocates for reciprocal tariffs to counter perceived unfairness. India’s response: Recently reduced bourbon whiskey tariff from 150% to 100%. India’s trade surplus with the U.S.: Exports crossed $53 billion (FY25, April–November). 18% of India’s total exports now go to the U.S. (up from 15% a decade ago). Implications for Bilateral Trade Negotiations Pressure on India: U.S. may push for agricultural tariff reductions during negotiations. India’s position: Agricultural tariffs, especially on cereals, remain non-negotiable in FTAs. Potential outcome: India-U.S. bilateral talks may prioritize agricultural market access for the U.S. Way Forward and Policy Considerations Enhancing agricultural competitiveness: Increase investment beyond the current 6%. Promote modern farming techniques and infrastructure. Balancing protectionism with global trade commitments: Safeguard farmer interests while avoiding WTO disputes. Diplomatic maneuvering: Strategically negotiate non-agricultural concessions to protect core sectors. What is the ‘rarest of rare’ doctrine? Context : Sentences in the Two Cases R.G. Kar Medical College Case Crime: Rape and murder of a female doctor on duty (August 9, 2024). Accused: Sanjay Roy, a civic volunteer. Verdict: Life imprisonment with a fine. Reasoning: Court stated it did not qualify as ‘rarest of rare’ despite the heinous nature of the crime. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Judiciary) Sharon Murder Case Crime: Sharon Raj, a 23-year-old student, was poisoned by his partner, Greeshma (October 14, 2022). Verdict: Death penalty awarded by Neyyattinkara Additional Sessions Court. Reasoning: Court deemed the premeditation, betrayal, and cruelty involved as fitting the ‘rarest of rare’ category. Differences Between the Two Sentences Nature of Crime: R.G. Kar Case: Crime of opportunity with no prolonged planning. Sharon Case: Premeditated with deliberate betrayal and calculated execution. Victim-Offender Relationship: R.G. Kar Case: Perpetrator and victim were strangers. Sharon Case: Crime involved a personal relationship, deepening the breach of trust. Judicial Assessment: R.G. Kar Case: Despite the brutality, court found insufficient grounds for death penalty. Sharon Case: Considered morally reprehensible and meriting the severest punishment. Constitutional Validity of the Death Penalty Upheld by the Supreme Court: Jagmohan Singh vs. State of U.P. (1973): Held death penalty constitutional under Article 21 (Right to Life), provided due process is followed. Arguments Against: Claimed violation of Articles 14 and 19 but dismissed by the court. Current Standing: Death penalty remains constitutional but restricted to the ‘rarest of rare’ cases. Judicial discretion is pivotal in determining the punishment. Circumstances for Awarding Death Penalty Bachan Singh vs. State of Punjab (1980): Introduced the ‘rarest of rare’ doctrine. Emphasized consideration of both aggravating and mitigating circumstances. Machhi Singh vs. State of Punjab (1983): Framework provided under five categories: Manner of Commission: Extreme brutality or shock to community conscience. Motive: Reflects total depravity or heinous intentions. Social Impact: Crimes causing community-wide outrage (e.g., targeting vulnerable groups). Magnitude: Multiple murders or crimes affecting large groups. Victim’s Status: Children, elderly, disabled, or helpless women. Role of Judicial Discretion Broad Judicial Latitude: Judges weigh mitigating factors (e.g., age, mental state, absence of criminal record) against aggravating factors (e.g., brutality, premeditation). Lack of Uniform Criteria: No precise definition of ‘rarest of rare’ leads to varied interpretations. Recent Developments: 2022: Supreme Court considering uniform guidelines for assessing mitigating circumstances at trial stage. Conclusion While the death penalty is constitutionally valid, its application hinges on contextual factors and judicial interpretation under the ‘rarest of rare’ principle. Government obliged to consider remission of eligible convicts: SC Context: The Supreme Court (SC) ruled on the obligation of governments to consider remission for eligible convicts. Judgment delivered by a Bench of Justices A.S. Oka and Ujjal Bhuyan. Relates to remission policies under: Section 432 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) Section 473 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 Relevance :GS2(Governance & Justice) Key Highlights of the Judgment: Mandatory Consideration: Appropriate governments must proactively consider remission when convicts become eligible. No need for convicts or their families to apply for remission. Policy-Based Consideration: If the government has a remission policy, it must apply to all eligible convicts consistently. Eligibility must be assessed as per the laid-down guidelines. Obligation of the State: The decision places a legal duty on the state to ensure fairness in the remission process. Prevents administrative delays or bias in considering applications. Legal Framework: Section 432 CrPC: Empowers the state government to remit or suspend sentences. Typically used for good conduct, humanitarian grounds, or reformation. Section 473 BNSS, 2023: New provision under the BNSS, replacing parts of CrPC. Aims to streamline the remission process under updated criminal justice laws. Implications: For Convicts: Greater access to remission without procedural hurdles. Protects rights of reformed prisoners. For Governments: Requires establishing or adhering to clear remission policies. Periodic review mechanisms must be implemented. For the Judiciary: Reinforces the principle of reformation and rehabilitation in sentencing. Reduces the burden of petitions filed for remission due to administrative inaction. India prepares to submit updated greenhouse gas inventory to UN Context & Background India is finalizing its first-ever Biannual Transparency Report (BTR) under the Paris Agreement (COP-21, 2015). The BTR is part of a global effort to improve transparency in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reporting. While developing countries like India were previously exempt, all UNFCCC signatories now must submit BTRs. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Significance of the BTR Unlike earlier National Communications and Biannual Update Reports (BURs), the BTR will undergo a technical review by independent UNFCCC-accredited experts. Marks a shift from self-reporting to externally verified transparency. India’s Reporting Timeline & Challenges Countries were to submit BTRs by December 2024, but many, including India, missed the deadline. The delay stems from challenges in data collection, standardization, and reporting procedures. Key Features of India’s BTR Submission Data Coverage: Will include GHG emission data up to 2022, compared to the BUR which covered data until 2020. Sectoral Coverage: Emissions from energy, industry, agriculture, and waste sectors. Measures for improving energy efficiency and renewable energy transitions. Resource Availability: Will highlight resource needs for mitigation and adaptation efforts. Trends in India’s Emissions 2020 BUR Data: Reported a 7.93% reduction in emissions (largely due to COVID-19 lockdowns affecting energy consumption). Expected BTR Data: Likely to show an emissions increase post-pandemic, consistent with global trends. India’s emissions remain: 4% to 5% of global emissions. Per capita emissions less than one-third of the global average. Broader Implications Reinforces India’s commitment to global climate goals while emphasizing its development needs. Positions India as a responsible stakeholder while continuing to demand climate justice and equity. External review process may improve global credibility but also pressure India for more ambitious targets. Way Forward Strengthen domestic data collection systems for future compliance. Balance between economic growth and low-carbon development pathways. Explore international climate finance to meet mitigation and adaptation needs. Centre revamps websites, creates multilingual AI hub for better scheme outreach Context & Background The Union Government is revamping official websites to create a uniform digital identity and improve outreach. Driven by PM’s push to enhance website quality and user experience. Relevance : GS2 (Governance), GS3 (Science & Technology) Key Highlights of the Initiative Digital Brand Identity Manual: Released by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). Focuses on establishing a standardized design language for government websites. Aim: Harmonise the government’s digital footprint and build a cohesive brand presence. Reasons for Revamp: Digital platforms are becoming the primary contact point for citizens. Need to engage effectively with both national and global audiences. Multilingual AI Hub Developed by the Information and Broadcasting Ministry. Purpose: Efficient dissemination of information on government initiatives. Features: Multilingual translation capability to reach diverse linguistic populations. Aims to enhance the accessibility of government information across India. Status: Under development; formal inauguration pending. Other AI & Digital Initiatives Digital India Bhashini: Language translation platform enabling linguistic inclusivity. BharatGen: World’s first government-funded multimodal large language model (LLM). Launched in 2024 to boost indigenous AI capabilities. Sarvam-1 AI LLM: Focuses on multilingual and multimodal AI applications. Chitralekha: Open-source video transcreation platform for content adaptation across languages. Everest 1.0: AI system catering to various Indian languages, enhancing regional outreach. Implications & Significance Improved Accessibility: Bridges digital divide, ensuring wider reach of government schemes. Enhanced User Experience: Uniform design reduces complexity and improves navigation. Strengthened Digital Governance: Aligns with Digital India’s goal of transparent and accessible governance. Boost to AI Innovation: Encourages development of homegrown AI solutions for India’s multilingual landscape. Challenges & Considerations Ensuring data privacy and cybersecurity in AI deployment. Addressing linguistic nuances for accurate translations. Digital literacy remains crucial for effective citizen engagement. A planet on the edge: are Saturn’s rings older than they look? Background Saturn’s rings are composed mainly of bright-white water ice and rock fragments, ranging from tiny grains to house-sized chunks. Traditionally believed to be 100 million years old due to their “clean” appearance, despite the Solar System being 4.6 billion years old. Relevance :GS 3 (Science ) Key Findings of the New Study (Institute of Science Tokyo & Paris Institute of Planetary Physics Dust Evaporation Model: Dust particles colliding with ring ice evaporate and fragment into smaller flecks. These flecks either fall into Saturn, escape its gravitational pull, or get pulled into its atmosphere. Implication: Rings remain bright regardless of age, contradicting the belief that older rings should be darker. Rings could be as old as the Solar System (~4.6 billion years). Challenges in Determining the Age No craters on ring particles (unlike moons or planets), making traditional crater-counting methods ineffective. Ring collisions erase historical evidence, complicating age estimation. Diverse methods yield conflicting estimates—leading to a long-standing scientific debate. Implications Beyond Saturn Enceladus (Saturn’s Moon): Plume activity releases water vapour and icy particles into Saturn’s rings. Understanding ring evolution informs habitability studies and the formation of icy moons. Solar System Dynamics: Could explain why the four gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) have diverse ring systems. Raises questions about the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Recent and Future Missions Cassini (2004-2017): Provided critical data on ring composition and Enceladus’s plumes. NASA’s Clipper Mission (launched Oct 2024): Focuses on Jupiter’s moon Europa, studying its subsurface ocean and dynamic link with Jupiter. Potential Future Mission: Proposal to send a spacecraft directly to Saturn’s rings for in-depth analysis.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 February 2025

Content: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana turns Nine Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) Scheme Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana turns Nine Launch & Background PMFBY launched in 2016 . Celebrating 9 years of empowering farmers with crop loss protection from natural hazards. Aims to stabilize farmers’ income and encourage innovative practices. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes ),GS 3(Agriculture ) Budget & Continuation Scheme’s continuation approved by Union Cabinet in January 2025 until 2025-26. Total budget allocation: ₹69,515.71 crore. Includes Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (RWBCIS) for weather-based risk coverage. Technological Integration Uses satellite imagery, drones, UAVs, and remote sensing for various purposes. Enhanced loss assessment, yield estimation, and timely claims. YES-TECH (Yield Estimation System) introduced in Kharif 2023 to blend technology and manual systems for yield loss and insurance claims. Key Benefits Affordable Premiums: Kharif crops: Max 2%, Rabi crops: Max 1.5%, Horticultural crops: Max 5%. Remaining premium subsidized by the government. Comprehensive Coverage: Includes natural disasters, pests, diseases, and post-harvest losses. Timely Compensation: Aims to process claims within 2 months of harvest. Technology-Driven Implementation: Uses advanced tech for accurate crop loss estimation and efficient claim settlement. Risks Covered Yield Losses: Coverage for losses due to natural calamities (storms, floods, pests, etc.). Prevented Sowing: Coverage up to 25% of sum insured for farmers unable to sow due to weather. Post-Harvest Losses: Coverage for losses within 14 days post-harvest. Localised Calamities: Coverage for localized risks like hailstorms and landslides. Improvements & Strengthening Increased transparency and accountability. Significant increase in coverage area and farmer participation. Scheme now the largest in the world for farmer applications. Some states waived off farmer’s premium share to reduce burden. Eligibility & Popularity Voluntary for farmers, but non–loanee farmers make up 55% of coverage (2023-24). High voluntary participation highlights trust in the scheme. Conclusion PMFBY has transformed agriculture by offering farmers protection against crop loss. Integrates modern technology for better assessment and claim settlement. Affordable premiums, broad risk coverage, and timely compensation support farmers’ livelihoods. Growing voluntary participation, especially among non-loanee farmers, showcases increasing trust in the scheme. Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) Scheme Approval & Scheme Continuation Government approves the continuation of the Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) scheme until 2025-26 under the 15th Finance Commission cycle. PM-AASHA aims to ensure remunerative prices for farmers and control price volatility of essential commodities. The Price Support Scheme (PSS) is part of PM-AASHA and involves procurement of pulses, oilseeds, and copra at the Minimum Support Price (MSP) by Central Nodal Agencies (CNAs), from pre-registered farmers through state-level agencies. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes ) Targeted Crops & Procurement The government has decided to procure 100% of the Tur, Urad, and Masur production in the 2024-25 season under the PSS. This is intended to boost domestic production, reduce dependence on imports, and ensure better income for pulse farmers. The procurement process will continue for four years, as announced in the Budget 2025, to ensure self-sufficiency in pulses in India. Procurement in 9 States for Kharif 2024-25 Season States involved: Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh. Total procurement target: 13.22 LMT (Lakh Metric Tons) for Tur (Arhar) in these states. Procurement already started in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Telangana for the Kharif 2024-25 season. Impact on Farmers 0.15 LMT of Tur has already been procured from 12,006 farmers across the four states mentioned. The scheme ensures that 100% of the Tur produced by farmers will be bought by the government through NAFED (National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation) and NCCF (National Cooperative Consumers’ Federation). The procurement aims to support farmers by offering remunerative prices, reducing market risks, and preventing exploitation by intermediaries. Policy Objectives Incentivizing farmers: Encourages increased domestic pulse production to achieve self-sufficiency. Reducing reliance on imports: Ensures the country is less dependent on imported pulses by strengthening domestic supply chains. Price stability: Helps stabilize the prices of pulses in the market, ensuring affordability for consumers and fair prices for farmers. Future Outlook The scheme will continue for four more years, maintaining the government’s commitment to purchasing 100% of the production of these pulses from farmers, thus enhancing their incomes. The goal is to achieve self-sufficiency in pulses by boosting production and procurement across the country, thus reducing the dependency on international markets and stabilizing domestic prices.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 February 2025

Content: Lighten the pollution burden of thermal power States Mela and melee Lighten the pollution burden of thermal power States Context: India’s Climate Commitments and Thermal Power Dependency India updated its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement in 2022: Reduce GDP emissions intensity by 45% (from 2005 levels) by 2030. Achieve 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. However, thermal power still remains dominant in India’s electricity generation mix. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : The thermal power-producing States in India bear a disproportionate pollution burden while supplying electricity to consuming States. Discuss the challenges faced by these States and suggest a viable compensation mechanism. (250 words) Contribution of Thermal Power to Pollution Thermal power plants are the largest contributors to carbon emissions. Power-producing States bear the pollution burden while consuming States benefit. Key statistics (as of April 1, 2023): India’s total installed power capacity: 4,56,757 MW. Thermal power capacity: 2,37,268.91 MW (~52% of total capacity). Central sector: 75,377.91 MW (31.77%). State sector: 75,991.905 MW (32.03%). Private sector: 85,899.095 MW (36.20%). Coal-based electricity share: 73.08%. India’s carbon emission from electricity generation: 20,794.36 kg. Unequal Distribution of Pollution and Electricity Consumption Top thermal power-producing States (by non-renewable installed capacity, 2022-23): Maharashtra (31,510.08 MW) Uttar Pradesh (26,729.374 MW) Gujarat (26,073.41 MW) However, these States do not consume all the electricity they generate. NTPC thermal electricity consumption share (within generating States): Uttar Pradesh: 40% Odisha: 38.43% Chhattisgarh: 29.92% Gujarat (a major importer) consumes 4,612 MW but generates only 17.7 MW under NTPC. States Bearing the Highest Pollution Burden States with the highest thermal power share in electricity generation: Tripura (96.96%) Bihar (95.57%) Chhattisgarh (94.35%) Jharkhand (92.69%) Delhi (87.96%) West Bengal (87.72%) Uttar Pradesh (81.84%) Chhattisgarh is the highest net seller of electricity (535.29 MW), followed by: Madhya Pradesh (379.19 MW) Himachal Pradesh (153.43 MW) Rajasthan (135.14 MW) Odisha (95.40 MW) Major importers of electricity (2022-23): Gujarat (528.17 MW) Haryana (212.63 MW) Maharashtra (187.50 MW) Delhi (162.97 MW) Punjab (160.82 MW) Lack of Compensation for Pollution-Bearing States Electricity regulation issue: Electricity is a Concurrent subject (Entry 38, List III, Seventh Schedule). States cannot levy taxes on electricity generation but can tax consumption and sale. The Ministry of Power (October 2023) prohibited additional taxes on electricity generation. Electricity is exempt from GST, so producing States do not get tax revenue. Coal-rich producing States (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha) have low per capita electricity consumption. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) spending by power companies is insufficient for environmental damage. National Clean Energy and Environment Fund is meant for renewable energy promotion, not direct compensation. Need for a Compensation Mechanism Negative externality problem: Pollution burden is concentrated in producer States while consumer States benefit. Possible solutions: Taxation mechanism: Allow producer States to levy a tax on thermal power generation. Alternatively, the Union government collects the tax and redistributes it. Finance Commission allocation:The 16th Finance Commission should create a fiscal roadmap considering climate commitments.Previous Finance Commissions have recommended fund transfers for environmental concerns Mela and melee Introduction: The Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj is the largest religious gathering in the world, attracting millions of pilgrims. Despite large-scale planning and expenditure, crowd mismanagement led to fatalities, raising concerns over people’s safety vs. political aspirations. The recent stampede at the New Delhi railway station exposed systemic gaps in crowd control and public safety measures. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : Large-scale religious gatherings pose significant challenges to public safety and infrastructure. Critically analyze the recent crowd management failures at the Maha Kumbh Mela and suggest measures to prevent such tragedies in the future. (250 words) Key Issues and Concerns: A. Inadequate Infrastructure and Planning ₹7,500 crore allocated for special infrastructure, yet gaps in on-ground execution remain. Temporary arrangements, such as AI surveillance, water filters, and special trains, failed to address core safety challenges. Overburdened transport hubs and lack of last-mile connectivity led to congestion. B. Crowd Management Failures Stampede at New Delhi Railway Station (Feb 15): Over-selling of tickets (2,600 extra) and miscommunication about train arrival led to chaos. January 29 Incident at Maha Kumbh: Failure to control footfall and ensure proper exits contributed to crowd crush. Lack of restricted ticketing, multilingual announcements, and clear evacuation routes exacerbated risks. C. Safety vs. Aspirations Push for spiritual tourism and record-breaking footfall numbers overlooks practical limitations of infrastructure. Unrealistic claims of hosting 45 crore people risk compromising basic safety measures. Lessons for Public Safety and Governance A. Need for Long-Term Infrastructure Upgrades Permanent expansion of railway stations at major pilgrimage hubs. Advance digital monitoring for real-time crowd control. Improved connectivity through dedicated transport corridors. B. Proactive Crowd Control Mechanisms Restricted ticketing and pre-registration systems for controlled entry. Deployment of trained personnel for ground-level crowd regulation. Use of AI and predictive analytics to assess crowd density and risks. C. Clear, Multilingual Public Communication Pre-scheduled departure points for trains to avoid mass confusion. Digital signages and real-time alerts in multiple languages. Public announcements clarifying train movements and routes. D. Accountability and Emergency Preparedness Holding officials accountable for lapses in safety measures. Mock drills and contingency planning for large events. Setting up independent audits for assessing safety at large gatherings.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 February 2025

Content: SC Puts Off Cases Challenging Places of Worship Act Amid Centre’s Delay Parambikulam Reserve Adds 15 New Species to Its Biodiversity Checklist Delhi Rocked by Second Strongest Earthquake in Three Decades How Did a DDoS Attack Cripple Kaveri 2.0? Constitutional Morality: The Origins and Nuances of the Concept SC puts off cases challenging Places of Worship Act with Centre yet to file a response Case Background The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991 preserves the religious character of places of worship as they existed on August 15, 1947. The law prohibits the conversion of religious sites and bars litigation over their ownership, with the Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi dispute being the only exception. Several petitions have challenged the validity of the Act, arguing that it denies Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs the right to reclaim religious sites allegedly forcibly converted in the past. The case has been pending for over four years, with the Centre yet to file a response. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ,Polity) Supreme Court Proceedings & Delays The case was scheduled for hearing on February 12, 2024, but the SC adjourned it to April 2024 due to the Centre’s failure to submit a counter-affidavit. The SC has previously issued eight orders (October 2022–December 2024) directing the Centre to respond. The court dismissed fresh writ petitions where notices had not been issued but allowed applications raising new legal grounds. Legal Issues Raised (A) Arguments Supporting the Act The 1991 Act is described as a constitutional safeguard against communal disputes and retrogression. Petitioners argue that recent civil court orders mandating mosque surveys violate Section 3 (prohibits religious conversion) and Section 4 (mandates maintaining religious character as of 1947). (B) Arguments Challenging the Act Opponents argue that the Act denies Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs the right to reclaim religious sites allegedly encroached upon by “fundamentalist invaders.” They claim the Act is unconstitutional for restricting the right to legal recourse under Article 14 (Right to Equality) and Article 25 (Freedom of Religion). On December 12, 2023, the SC barred lower courts from registering fresh suits aimed at reclaiming temples destroyed by Mughal rulers in the 16th century. Constitutional & Judicial Implications The case involves fundamental constitutional questions on religious rights, historical claims, and judicial intervention. The Centre’s silence raises questions about its stance on balancing historical grievances with constitutional secularism. SC’s handling of the case may set a precedent for future disputes over religious sites and communal harmony. Key Takeaways The Centre’s delay in filing a response has prolonged legal uncertainty. The SC is cautious about flooding of petitions and has streamlined its approach by focusing only on new legal grounds. The verdict in this case could have far-reaching socio-political and legal consequences. Next Steps The Supreme Court will resume hearings in April 2024. The Centre is expected to finally submit its counter-affidavit, clarifying its legal position. The case could lead to judicial review of the 1991 Act’s constitutionality and influence future litigation over religious sites in India. Parambikulam Reserve adds 15 new species to its biodiversity checklist Overview of the Survey Conducted by: Parambikulam Tiger Conservation Foundation Travancore Nature History Society Other non-governmental organisations Duration: February 6–9, 2025 Location: Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Palakkad district, Kerala Coverage: 11 base camps across diverse habitats of the reserve Objective: Document biodiversity and update the species checklist Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Findings Avian Biodiversity: 7 New Bird Species Identified Notable bird sightings: Great Indian hornbill (Vulnerable species) Ceylon frogmouth (Endemic to the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka) Lesser fish eagle (Near Threatened) Shaheen falcon (Indian subspecies of peregrine falcon) Butterfly Diversity: 5 New Species Recorded Other notable butterfly species observed: Five-bar swordtail Spot swordtail Southern birdwing (India’s largest butterfly) Malabar banded swallowtail (Western Ghats endemic) Sahyadri grass yellow Nilgiri tiger Southern blue oakleaf Kanara swift Black angle Odonates (Dragonflies and Damselflies): 3 New Species Documented Total odonate species in the reserve now: 69 Newly identified species: Brown darner (Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck, 1960) Parakeet darner (Gynacantha millardi Fraser, 1920) Vestalis submontana Fraser, 1934 Significance of Findings Indicator of Rich Biodiversity The addition of 15 new species highlights the ecological richness of the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve. Recording new species during the dry season suggests strong habitat resilience and environmental stability. Conservation Implications The presence of species like the Great Indian hornbill, lion-tailed macaques, and Malabar banded swallowtail emphasizes the reserve’s role in protecting endemic and endangered species. The discovery of new odonates and butterflies underlines the need for microhabitat conservation within the reserve. Strengthening Ecotourism & Research The survey’s findings can enhance ecotourism potential by showcasing the rich avifauna and butterfly diversity. Provides new avenues for ecological research, including pollinator studies and habitat management strategies. Delhi rocked by second strongest earthquake in three decades Magnitude & Impact: A 4.0-magnitude earthquake struck Delhi early Monday. Strongest since the 4.6-magnitude earthquake in 2007. Epicenter: Jheel Park, Dhaula Kuan. Affected areas: Delhi-NCR, including Noida, Ghaziabad, and Gurugram. The shallow depth (5 km) intensified surface impact. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ), GS 3(Disaster Management) Seismic Activity in Delhi: From 1993-2025, 446 earthquakes (magnitude 1.1 to 4.6) have been recorded within a 50-km radius. The strongest quake (M 4.6) was on November 25, 2007, around 6 km northwest of Monday’s quake. Geological Factors & Causes: Normal faulting due to hydro-fracturing of underground rock formations. Delhi has underground aquifers, ancient rivers, and rivulets, which erode rock layers over time, triggering fractures and seismic activity. Key regional faults: Mahendranagar fault, Sohana fault. Future Earthquake Risks: Highly unlikely to exceed magnitude 6, due to limited fault capacity. Shallow quakes (like this one) do not cause serious structural damage. Emphasis on earthquake-resistant buildings and retrofitting old structures to mitigate future risks. How did a DDoS attack cripple Kaveri 2.0? What Happened? Kaveri 2.0, Karnataka’s property registration portal, faced severe server outages in December 2024 – January 2025. Investigation revealed it was a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, not a technical glitch. Attackers flooded the system with fake database entries and excessive requests, disrupting services. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Cyber Safety) Impact of the Attack 62 email accounts from 14 IP addresses were involved. In January 2025, 6.2 lakh requests were sent in two hours, overwhelming the system. Registrations dropped sharply on February 1 and 4. Portal was restored on February 5, but the incident exposed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. What is a DDoS Attack? A DDoS attack overwhelms a target (server/network) with massive internet traffic, making it inaccessible. Unlike a DoS attack (single-source), DDoS uses multiple compromised systems (botnet). It doesn’t steal data but disrupts services, causing financial and reputational damage. Attackers often use it as a distraction for bigger cyber threats. How Can Such Attacks Be Prevented? Traffic Filtering: Differentiating real users from malicious bots. Monitoring Tools: Identifying unusual traffic spikes in real-time. Rate Limiting: Restricting excessive user requests. Bot Detection: Using CAPTCHA and behavioral analysis. Cybersecurity Collaboration: Working with security agencies to track attackers. User Awareness: Preventing phishing-based account compromises. Other Major DDoS Attacks X (formerly Twitter) Attack (August 2024): Elon Musk reported a massive DDoS attack that caused disruptions before his conversation with Donald Trump. GitHub Attack (2015): China-based botnet targeted censorship circumvention tools on GitHub using malicious JavaScript injections. Takeaway The Kaveri 2.0 attack highlights the urgent need for robust cybersecurity measures, especially for government digital infrastructure. Constitutional morality: the origins and nuances of the concept Introduction Constitutional morality refers to a civic culture that respects constitutional forms, offices, and principles. It balances adherence to the Constitution with critique and reform. The concept has been increasingly invoked in judicial interpretations, particularly in landmark Supreme Court cases. Judicial Usage in India The Supreme Court has used constitutional morality to interpret laws and adjudicate their constitutional validity. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) – Decriminalization of homosexuality under Section 377 IPC. Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018) – Decriminalization of adultery under Section 497 IPC. The concept is viewed as a counter to fluctuating public morality but also as a potentially “dangerous weapon.” Origins of the Concept Coined by British historian George Grote in his work A History of Greece. Defined as a “paramount reverence for the forms of the constitution.” Emphasized adherence to constitutional processes, self-restraint, and civic culture. Highlighted that well-drafted constitutional rules alone cannot ensure the longevity of democracy. Ambedkar’s Perspective Dr. B.R. Ambedkar invoked Grote’s idea in his speech on November 4, 1948. Stressed that constitutional morality is not an innate sentiment and must be cultivated. Warned that constitutional perversion is possible without altering its form, merely by changing administrative practices. Advocated self-restraint as essential for democratic stability. Key Features of Constitutional Morality Non-transactional adherence: Respect for the Constitution should not be conditional on favorable outcomes. Commitment with critique: Encourages reform within the constitutional framework rather than blind adherence. Balances reverence and reform: Ensures stability while allowing space for constitutional evolution. Contrast with Constitutional Patriotism (Jürgen Habermas): Constitutional morality focuses on procedure and process. Constitutional patriotism emphasizes solidarity based on constitutional values. Contemporary Relevance Essential in debates on free speech, civil liberties, women’s rights, and national security. Prevents democratic processes from being overtaken by populism or majoritarianism. Ensures that constitutional commitment does not lead to rigidity but allows for democratic adaptation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 February 2025

Content: Casting Nets, Catching Success India and Sri Lanka Strengthen Ties in Critical Minerals, Exploration, and Mining Casting Nets, Catching Success Introduction India ranks as the second-largest fish producer globally, contributing 8% to world fish production. The fisheries sector has grown significantly from 2004 to 2024, marked by technological advancements and policy reforms. The Union Budget 2025-26 allocated ₹2,703.67 crores, the highest ever, underscoring the sector’s importance. Highlights of the Union Budget 2025-26 Financial inclusion: Focus on reducing farmers‘ financial burden and increasing credit access. Marine Fisheries Development: Sustainable exploration of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) & High Seas in Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Limit Raised: From ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh, boosting financial accessibility for fishers, processors, and other stakeholders. Growth in Fisheries Over Two Decades Increase in Fish Production: 2023-24: 184.02 lakh tons 2013-14: 95.79 lakh tons 2003-04: 63.99 lakh tons Increase (2014-24): 88.23 lakh tons vs. 31.80 lakh tons (2004-14) Inland and Aquaculture Production Growth: 2014-24: 77.71 lakh tons increase vs. 26.78 lakh tons (2004-14) Marine Fish Production: Doubled from 5.02 lakh tons (2014-24) to 10.52 lakh tons (2004-14). Seafood Exports (MPEDA Data, 2023-24): 17.81 lakh MT exported, worth ₹60,523.89 crores, a significant jump from ₹609.95 crores in 2003-04. Policy Initiatives and Schemes 1. Blue Revolution (2015-16) First step towards enhancing fisheries productivity. Budget: ₹3,000 crores (5 years) for modernizing aquaculture. 2. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) (2020-25) Investment of ₹20,050 crores for fisheries development, targeting: Inland fisheries & aquaculture Socio-economic welfare of fishers 3. Key Initiatives Under PMMSY Fish Farmers Producer Organisations (FFPOs) 2195 FFPOs approved at ₹544.85 crores to empower fishers. KCC extended to fisheries (4.5 lakh KCC cards sanctioned). Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) ₹7,522.48 crores fund, supporting 136 projects across states/UTs. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PMMKSSY) (2024-27) ₹6,000 crores outlay for financial and technological reforms. Integrated Aqua Parks 11 aqua parks sanctioned at ₹682.6 crores to develop aquaculture. Artificial Reefs Deployment 937 artificial reefs installed at ₹291.37 crores across coastal states. Nucleus Breeding Centres (NBCs) Focus on genetic improvement of shrimp & aquaculture species. Technological Advancements Satellite Technology for Fisheries Vessel Communication System, Oceansat & PFZ mapping for fishing zones. GIS-Based Resource Mapping Helps in tracking marine fish landing centers & fishing grounds. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) A leading institute training 4,000+ fisheries professionals. Sustainable Fishing Policies & Regulations 1. National Policy on Marine Fisheries (NPMF, 2017) Emphasizes sustainability & conservation of marine resources. 2. Conservation Measures Uniform Fishing Ban (61 days in monsoon for fish stock replenishment). Bans on Destructive Fishing (pair trawling, bull trawling, LED light use). Sustainable Practices: Sea ranching, artificial reefs, mariculture (seaweed cultivation, etc.). State-Level Regulations: Gear-mesh size rules, zonation of fishing areas, legal size restrictions. Conclusion India’s fisheries sector has experienced transformative growth (2004-2024). Government initiatives, policy reforms, and technological advancements have made India a global leader in aquaculture and seafood exports. Sustainability & innovation will be key to maintaining this upward trajectory. India and Sri Lanka Strengthen Ties in Critical Minerals, Exploration, and Mining Context & Significance India and Sri Lanka are strengthening bilateral ties in critical minerals, exploration, and mining. Critical minerals like lithium, graphite, cobalt, and nickel are vital for renewable energy, electric vehicles (EVs), and high-tech industries. Sri Lanka has rich deposits of graphite and beach sand minerals, crucial for battery technology and clean energy transition.  Discussions & Agreements Mining & Exploration Opportunities: India seeks investment opportunities for Indian companies in Sri Lanka’s mineral sector. Geological Survey of India (GSI) has shown interest in mineral assessments in Sri Lanka. Government-to-Government (G2G) cooperation was discussed for smoother exploration and mining ventures. National Critical Mineral Mission: India is aiming to secure a steady supply of essential raw materials for energy security. Focus on international partnerships and overseas mineral asset acquisition. Encouraging Indian companies to expand operations in mineral-rich countries. Memorandum of Understanding (MoU): MoU on Cooperation in Geology and Mineral Resources is in progress. It aims at capacity building, knowledge sharing, and technological collaboration. India to support Sri Lanka in modernizing its mining sector through financial & technological aid. Economic & Strategic Implications For India: Ensures supply chain security for critical minerals essential for EVs and renewable energy. Reduces dependency on China and other mineral-exporting nations. Strengthens India’s role in regional economic cooperation & strategic mineral diplomacy. For Sri Lanka: Attracts Indian investment in mining and processing. Enhances mining sector efficiency through advanced technologies. Economic boost through resource monetization & industrial growth. Geopolitical Relevance Strategic Cooperation: Strengthening economic ties aligns with India’s “Neighborhood First” policy. Countering Chinese Influence: Reducing Sri Lanka’s reliance on China’s mineral investments. Supply Chain Resilience: Diversifying sources of critical minerals to avoid monopolization risks. Way Forward Fast-track MoU finalization for structured collaboration. Encourage Indian firms to participate in Sri Lanka’s mineral sector. Leverage advanced mining technologies for efficient resource extraction. Expand cooperation in rare earth minerals essential for future technologies.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 February 2025

Content: The panchayati raj movement is in distress The silent crisis of rat-hole mining The panchayati raj movement is in distress Introduction The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) institutionalized the Panchayati Raj System in India, marking a shift towards decentralized governance. However, the momentum towards deepening local governance has stalled due to various structural, fiscal, and administrative challenges. Big shifts in technology, society, and governance threaten the relevance of panchayats unless their role is redefined. Relevance : GS2 – Governance, Decentralization, and Local Government Practice Question : Examine the factors leading to the decline of the Panchayati Raj movement in India. Suggest measures to strengthen decentralized governance. (250 words) Successes of Panchayati Raj  Electoral Participation: Panchayat elections are keenly contested across India, ensuring grassroots political engagement. Women’s representation has significantly increased—nearly 14 lakh elected women representatives in local bodies.  Implementation of Social Sector Schemes: Various welfare and development schemes are now implemented through panchayats. State Finance Commissions (SFCs) were mandated to ensure financial devolution to local governments. Challenges & Reasons for the Decline  Administrative Decentralization Has Stagnated States have not fully devolved administrative powers to local governments. Only 20% of states have transferred all 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule (Ministry of Panchayati Raj, 2022). Lack of staff and bureaucratic control over functions weaken panchayat autonomy. Fiscal Dependency & Loss of Autonomy Reduction in untied grants: 13th Finance Commission (2010-15): 85% untied grants. 15th Finance Commission (2021-26): Reduced to 60%. Increase in direct transfers (₹1.45 lakh crore → ₹2.36 lakh crore) has strengthened central control over funds. Marginalization of state governments through conditional grants reduces local decision-making power. Welfare State Model & Cash Transfers Rise of Direct Benefit Transfers (DBTs) using the Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) trinity bypasses panchayats. Example: PM-KISAN Scheme (₹6,000 per farmer annually) operates without panchayat involvement, reducing local accountability and grievance redressal. Urbanization & Shifting Policy Focus Rural population declined from 75% (1990) to ~60% (present), shifting focus to urban governance. Increased municipal reforms & urban financing lead to neglect of rural governance structures. Ways to Revive the Panchayati Raj System Strengthening Decentralization: States must fully implement the Eleventh Schedule, ensuring true devolution of power. Increase untied grants for local decision-making autonomy. Reintegrating Panchayats in Welfare Delivery: Make panchayats accountable for DBTs & grievance redressal in schemes like PM-KISAN. Leverage digital tools to improve participation in planning & governance. Expanding the Role of Panchayats: Water conservation, renewable energy, and disaster risk management can be decentralized to panchayats. Support for internal migration through rural-urban connectivity mechanisms. New Vision for Panchayati Raj: Redefine panchayats’ role in a changing governance model to ensure continued rural empowerment. The silent crisis of rat-hole mining Background Incident: The Gauhati High Court took suo motu cognisance of the mining tragedy in Umrangso, Assam (January 6, 2024). Casualties: Nine labourers trapped, at least four dead. Recurrent Issue: Similar tragedies in Meghalaya (30 miners dead in five years). Core Issue: Weak enforcement of laws and unchecked operations by influential individuals. Relevance : GS 3(Mining , Disastser Management ) Practice Question : Discuss the challenges associated with rat-hole mining in India and suggest policy measures to tackle them. (250 words) Why Illegal Mining Persists? Historical Context 1980s Expansion: Driven by industrial demand from West Bengal & Bangladesh. Terrain Challenge: Mechanized mining is difficult, leading to reliance on rat-hole mining. Rat-Hole Mining Methods Side-cutting: Coal seams extracted along hill slopes. Box-cutting: Deep pits (up to 400 feet) with horizontal tunnels. Hazards Safety Risks: Narrow tunnels prone to collapse & flooding. Labour Exploitation: Migrant labourers trapped in debt cycles. Children trafficked for mining due to their ability to navigate tunnels. Environmental Degradation: Unclosed mine openings (~26,000), soil erosion, groundwater contamination. Legal and Policy Aspects Regulatory Actions NGT Ban (2014): Prohibited rat-hole mining due to safety & environmental concerns. Supreme Court (2019): Upheld the ban in State of Meghalaya v. All Dimasa Students Union. Weak Enforcement Influence of Bureaucrats & Coal Mafias: Illegal mines continue under their protection. Threats to Whistleblowers: Activists & officials face intimidation. Regulatory Loopholes & State Non-Compliance Meghalaya: Attempted exemption under Schedule 6, Paragraph 12A(b) to bypass MMDR Act (1957). Passed a resolution for exemption but remains unapproved. Section 23C of MMDR Act mandates prevention of illegal mining—yet no State law enforcement. Assam: Persistent illegal rat-hole mining despite NGT ban & Supreme Court directives. No stringent State-level regulations to curb the practice. Potential Central Intervention: As seen in Bellary, Karnataka (2011), where the Centre imposed a mining ban under Section 30 of MMDR Act. Way Forward: A Multi-Faceted Approach 1. Stronger Legal Framework Amend MMDR Act to criminalize rat-hole mining explicitly. Stricter Penalties: Enhance punishment under Section 21 for violations. Establish monitoring & accountability mechanisms. 2. State-Specific Reforms Empower State Governments under Section 23C of MMDR Act to regulate mining effectively. Ensure enforcement of NGT ban by closing loopholes. 3. Alternative Livelihoods Promote eco-tourism, agroforestry, and rural industries to reduce mining dependency. 4. Technological Surveillance Satellite-Based Monitoring to track illegal mining activities. Mining Surveillance System (MSS) by the Ministry of Mines can strengthen enforcement (as seen in Karnataka). 5. Community Participation Strengthen Forest Rights Act, 2006 to involve local communities in decision-making. Mandate local consent before granting mining approvals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 February 2025

Content: Confusion over Trains ‘Caused Stampede’ Over 29,500 Registered Drones in India, Most in National Capital Will U.S.’s F-35 Stealth Fighter Jets Fit into IAF’s Future Plans? AI-Enabled Cameras in Similipal Tiger Reserve Send Poaching Plummeting How Does a President’s Rule Function? Under Stress Again, Microfinance is in Need of Reforms Sharavati Valley Project: Meeting Growing Power Demand vs. Keeping Forests Pristine Confusion over trains ‘caused stampede’ Incident Overview: A stampede occurred at New Delhi Railway Station on Saturday night, resulting in 18 deaths and 15 injuries. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management ) Cause of Stampede: Confusion over two trains headed to Prayagraj (one express and one special train for Maha Kumbh pilgrims) triggered the stampede. Platform Overcrowding: Around 2,600 additional unreserved tickets were sold, leading to overcrowding on platforms. Platform 14 swelled with passengers awaiting the Prayagraj Express. Triggering Event: Announcement for the Subedaarganj Special for Kumbh pilgrims on Platform 12 caused confusion, as passengers mistakenly thought it was the Prayagraj Express, resulting in a sudden rush. Press at Foot Overbridge: The surge was most intense at the steps leading to the foot overbridge between platforms, where passengers were crushed. Investigations: Indian Railways and Delhi Police are conducting inquiries into the incident, with a focus on the flaws in the train announcement system. Railway Response: Special trains for Prayagraj will now depart from Platform 16 to avoid further confusion. Casualties: The victims include 4 children, 11 women, and 3 men. Injury Details: 15 people were injured, with 3 in serious condition. Railway Official Statement: Railways acknowledged the large number of devotees for the Maha Kumbh and assured the operation of additional special trains for passenger ease. ‘Over 29,500 registered drones in India, most in national capital’ Total Drones Registered: Over 29,500 drones have been registered across India as per official data. Relevance : GS 3(Technology ) Top Regions with Registered Drones: National Capital (Delhi): 4,882 drones, the highest number in the country. Tamil Nadu: 4,588 drones, ranking second. Maharashtra: 4,132 drones, third in the list. Government’s Role: Minister of State for Civil Aviation, Murlidhar Mohol, shared the data and emphasized the government’s focus on promoting drone technology in various sectors. Government Initiatives: The Centre has undertaken several initiatives to boost the adoption of drones, such as regulatory frameworks, drone policy reforms, and support for industries like agriculture, infrastructure, healthcare, and logistics. Drone Usage: Sectoral Adoption: Drones are being increasingly used in surveillance, monitoring, agriculture (for crop spraying and mapping), urban planning, delivery services, and disaster management. Impact on Economy and Innovation: Drones are seen as a driver of innovation, with a potential to contribute significantly to sectors like e-commerce, agriculture, and public safety. Economic Growth: The drone industry is expected to expand, creating new business models and job opportunities. Regulatory Efforts: The government has developed standard operating procedures (SOPs) for drone operations to ensure safety and security. Drone Rules 2021: These aim to make the airspace more accessible for drones while ensuring compliance with safety standards, particularly in crowded urban environments. Security Concerns: The rising use of drones has sparked debates over security concerns, particularly in terms of surveillance and their potential use for nefarious purposes (e.g., smuggling, espionage). The government has been working on addressing these issues through the development of anti-drone technologies. Future Outlook: As drone technology evolves, it is likely that the regulatory framework will also adapt, offering more opportunities for innovation while managing potential risks effectively. Increased drone usage in remote and underserved areas may enhance government services and infrastructure development. Will U.S.’s F-35 stealth fighter jets fit into IAF’s future plans? Event Overview: At the Aero India airshow in Bengaluru, both the U.S. F-35 and Russia’s Su-57 fifth-generation fighter jets were showcased. U.S. President Trump, alongside PM Modi, announced plans to increase U.S. military sales to India, including potential F-35 deliveries. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Technology) Current Status of F-35 Proposal: The official military procurement process has not yet started, according to Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri. India faces a significant gap in fighter jet induction and modernisation, prompting interest in the F-35. F-35 Features: The F-35 is a versatile, tri-service, single-engine fighter with three variants: F-35A (Air Force), F-35B (Marine Corps), and F-35C (Navy and Marine Corps). Expected to remain in service until the 2080s. Challenges for India: Integration with India’s existing military architecture, which includes diverse systems from India, Russia, France, and Israel. Despite a decade-long delay and a budget overshoot of $209 billion, the F-35 programme has delivered over 990 units worldwide. The F-35 is a single-seater, contrasting with the IAF’s preference for twin-seater jets, a factor that previously led to dropping the Russian FGFA co-development due to cost. Indigenous Fighter Programmes: The LCA-Mk1A project, with 83 jets ordered and 97 more in the pipeline, faces delays due to developmental and engine issues. The LCA-Mk2, a larger and more capable aircraft, is set for its first flight in 2026. The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), India’s own FGFA, is planned for induction by 2034-35. Other Considerations: The MRFA tender, for acquiring 114 foreign jets, is still in progress. The introduction of F-35 may challenge India’s commitment to indigenous fighter development and could face obstacles due to strict U.S. regulations and oversight. AI-enabled cameras in Similipal Tiger Reserve send poaching plummeting Technology Overview: Similipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha uses AI-powered TrailGuard cameras to combat poaching. These cameras capture images when movement is detected and analyze objects (animals, humans, vehicles) using an onboard chip. Images are transmitted to authorities within 40 seconds for swift response. Relevance : GS 3(Environment , Technology) Impact on Poaching: In 10 months, 96 poachers arrested and over 86 country-made guns seized. December 2024 saw over 40 poacher arrests. Proactive house raids based on photo identification have been highly effective. Operational Features: Cameras operate in low-power mode, switching to high-power when detecting movement. AI performs edge inference, classifying objects in images and autonomously sending alerts to a control room. Alerts are shared with field staff through WhatsApp groups and VHF radios for rapid response. TrailGuard Camera Design: Developed by Nightjar Technologies, the cameras are compact, with separate units for battery and communication. Battery life lasts 6 months to 1 year, reducing maintenance visits. Cameras cost ₹50,000-53,000 per unit. Community and Wildlife Concerns: Surveillance is affecting local tribal communities who traditionally rely on forest resources. The forest department is working with villagers to find safer ways for them to access the forest without being mistaken for poachers. Broader Applications: TrailGuard cameras are deployed in 14+ sites across 5 states, including Kanha and Dudhwa Tiger Reserves. Technology has potential for broader wildlife monitoring and anti-poaching efforts. Future Outlook: Continued reduction in poaching is expected with an 80% decrease as per current trends. The success of AI-based surveillance is paving the way for its wider adoption in wildlife protection. How does a President’s rule function? Context: On February 13, President’s Rule was imposed in Manipur following the resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh after political instability and ongoing violence between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities since May 2023. The conflict has led to over 250 deaths and displaced 60,000+ people. Relevance : GS 3(Polity , Internal Security) Reason for Imposition: The resignation of the Chief Minister and a political crisis, compounded by the inability to form a new government, led to the President’s Rule under Article 356 of the Indian Constitution. Constitutional Provisions: Article 356: Allows imposition of President’s Rule (or State Emergency) if a state’s constitutional machinery fails. Article 355: The Union government must ensure that State governments operate as per the Constitution and safeguard against internal disturbances. Article 365: Allows declaration of Constitutional Emergency if a state fails to comply with Union directions. Process and Approval: The proclamation must be laid before Parliament and needs approval within two months. It lasts for six months with the option of further extensions, up to three years, under specific conditions. The State’s executive functions are transferred to the Centre, and legislative functions to Parliament. Comparison with National Emergency: A National Emergency is invoked for threats to India’s security, like war or armed rebellion (Article 352), and has no time limit, unlike a state emergency which can last up to three years. National Emergency requires a special majority in Parliament, while President’s Rule requires a simple majority. National Emergency can suspend fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and 21), whereas President’s Rule does not affect them. Impact on Fundamental Rights: Under President’s Rule, citizens’ fundamental rights remain intact. National Emergency suspends fundamental rights under Article 19 and can allow the suspension of other rights. Historical Use and Misuse: President’s Rule has been imposed 134 times across 29 states and UTs, often for political reasons, despite its constitutional aim to manage crises. Manipur has seen 11 instances of President’s Rule, the highest among states. Judicial Review and Safeguards: The S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994) case clarified that the imposition of President’s Rule is not absolute and can be reviewed by the judiciary. The Sarkaria Commission recommended that President’s Rule should be used only as a last resort. Key Takeaways: President’s Rule is a constitutional measure to address state-level governance crises but has been subject to misuse for political purposes. The Supreme Court set guidelines to ensure that it is invoked only in genuine cases of constitutional breakdown and not for political gain. Under stress again, microfinance is in need of reforms Microfinance Growth and Evolution: The microfinance sector started in the mid-1990s with SHGs linked to banks and specialized microfinance institutions (MFIs) to provide credit to poor households. Currently serves 12-14 crore households with an outstanding loan of about ₹7 lakh crore. The sector recorded almost 50% growth in the last two years. Relevance : GS 3(Economic Development ) Challenges Faced by Microfinance: In 2007, borrower stress in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka led to collection issues and over-leverage, affecting the sector’s stability. In 2010, Andhra Pradesh imposed restrictions on MFIs, severely impacting the sector. The Supreme Court overturned these restrictions in 2023. Other disruptions included demonetization (2016), GST implementation, and the IL&FS–DHFL financial crises. The COVID pandemic was the most significant challenge, but the sector showed resilience by adopting innovations in practices and policies. Post-COVID Recovery and Regulatory Changes: Post-COVID, the sector experienced increased credit demand and a more favorable lending environment, supported by a new regulatory framework. Adoption of practices like credit bureaus for microfinance, fund transfers via bank accounts, and digital documentation helped stabilize the sector. Current Stress and Household Liabilities: The sector faces stress due to pent-up credit demand and an increase in the number of players, leading to an oversupply of credit. The Reserve Bank of India’sregulatoryframework focuses on household income and liability assessments, but challenges exist due to: Difficulty in assessing household income due to lack of documentary proof. Delayed or incomplete data uploads affecting liability assessments. Need for Data Reforms: Lack of accurate assessment of household income and liabilities must be addressed. Proposes amendments to credit bureau rules to include all institutional lenders, with more frequent data uploads (weekly or more). Suggests mandating Aadhaar as a common identification for KYC to streamline credit underwriting and avoid data duplication. Conclusion: Reforms in data management, including real-time data uploads and uniform KYC processes, are crucial to improving credit assessment and stability in the microfinance sector. Sharavati valley project: Meeting growing power demand vs. keeping forests pristine Objective: Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd. (KPCL) aims to utilize the Sharavati valley’s pumped storage potential to generate an additional 2,000 MW of power. The project intends to address increasing peak power demand, projected to reach 23,058 MW by 2031-32. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Environmental Concerns: The project site lies in the ecologically sensitive Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot, leading to protests from environmentalists. Lion-Tailed Macaque Sanctuary Impact: Habitat fragmentation and tree canopy destruction could threaten the endangered lion-tailed macaque population. Flora and Fauna Threats: The region is home to diverse species such as leopards, wild dogs, pangolins, and sloth bears. Tree Cutting: 16,041 trees identified for cutting, with opposition to any tree removal. The Karnataka State Wildlife Board has demanded a reduction in tree felling (to 7,000–8,000 trees). Project Plan and Implementation: Infrastructure: The project will involve connecting Gerusoppa and Talakalale reservoirs through a 7-km tunnel. Construction of a power station with 8 units, each 250 MW capacity. Majority of construction will take place underground to minimize forest disruption. Land Requirement: 142.764 hectares of land required, including 54.155 hectares of forest. Energy and Cost Considerations: Estimated project cost: ₹8,644 crore, with a cost of ₹5.12 crore per MW. Energy produced via hydroelectric methods is cheaper than thermal, solar, or wind. However, critics argue that the energy consumed to pump water exceeds the energy generated, leading to a 24% energy loss.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 February 2025

Content: Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0 Conserving the Immortal Marks of Archaeological Sites Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.0 Introduction The Kashi Tamil Sangamam (KTS) 3.0 is scheduled from February 15-24, 2025, in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Organized by the Ministry of Education in collaboration with other ministries and the Government of Uttar Pradesh. Aims to celebrate and strengthen civilizational ties between Tamil Nadu and Kashi (Varanasi). Aligns with NEP 2020, emphasizing the integration of Indian Knowledge Systems with modern education. Participants include scholars, students, artisans, traders, artists, and professionals from Tamil Nadu and Kashi. Relevance : GS 1(Culture and Heritage) Significance of KTS 3.0 Special Highlights in 2025: Participants will witness the Mahakumbh in Prayagraj and visit the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya. Expansion of youth participation, with an additional 200 Tamil-origin students from Central Universities. Aims to foster cultural awareness, knowledge-sharing, and academic discourse. Delegates & Categories 1000 Delegates from Tamil Nadu will be invited under five categories: Students, Teachers, and Writers Farmers and Artisans (Vishwakarma Categories) Professionals and Small Entrepreneurs Women Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Mudra Loan beneficiaries, DBHPS Pracharaks Startups, Innovation, Edu-Tech, and Research Honoring Sage Agasthyar’s Legacy Key theme for KTS 3.0: Contributions of Sage Agasthyar. Significant Contributions: Siddha Medicine (Bharatiya Chikitsa) Classical Tamil Literature Philosophy, Science, Linguistics, Polity, and Art Agasthyar is revered as the first grammarian of Tamil and is worshipped in Java and Sumatra. Exhibition on Sage Agasthyar at KTS 3.0, highlighting his scholarly achievements. Bridging Tradition and Contemporary Discourse Aims and Objectives: Strengthening literary, spiritual, and artistic ties between Tamil Nadu and Kashi. Promoting academic and research-based interactions. Showcasing traditional art forms, crafts, and cuisine. Encouraging Tamil students to explore the historical significance of Kashi. Kashi Tamil Sangamam: Evolution Over the Years KTS 1.0 (2022): Held from November 16 to December 16, 2022. 2500 delegates from Tamil Nadu visited Varanasi, Prayagraj, and Ayodhya. KTS 2.0 (2023): Held from December 17-30, 2023, at Namo Ghat, Varanasi. Hon’ble PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the event on December 17, 2023. Real-time app-based translation of PM’s speech into Tamil for delegates. Conclusion KTS 3.0 continues the legacy of fostering cultural and intellectual ties. Strengthens the Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat initiative by celebrating India’s linguistic and spiritual unity. Encourages cross-cultural exchanges, youth participation, and knowledge integration. Conserving the Immortal Marks of Archaeological Sites Introduction India’s cultural and archaeological heritage is vast, spanning from ancient temples to historic ruins. These sites represent India’s rich history, traditions, and architectural brilliance. Climate change and environmental degradation pose significant threats to these heritage sites. The Government of India, through the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and other bodies, is actively working on conservation and protection efforts. Relevance : GS 1(Culture Heritage) , GS 2(Governance) Role of ASI in Monument Protection Established in 1861, ASI is responsible for 3,698 monuments and archaeological sites of national importance. Governed under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act (1904) and the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958). ASI’s conservation programs focus on minimal intervention to maintain authenticity. Factors contributing to monument decay: Climate change Encroachments and pollution Structural instability Quarrying and natural disasters ASI operates through 37 Circle offices and 1 Mini Circle for conservation and environmental development. Increased Funding for Conservation Budget allocation for ASI increased by 70% from ₹260.90 crores (2020–21) to ₹443.53 crores (2023–24). Funds are used for: Conservation projects Climate resilience strategies Security enhancements Monitoring and research initiatives Measures to Counter Environmental Threats Regular Monitoring: Heritage sites are continuously monitored to assess climate change impacts. Climate-Resilient Solutions: Adoption of scientific treatments for monument preservation. Automated Weather Stations (AWS): Set up in collaboration with ISRO to monitor weather patterns affecting monuments. Air Pollution Monitoring: Air Pollution Laboratories at sites like the Taj Mahal and Bibi Ka Maqbara. Inter-Agency Coordination: ASI collaborates with other government agencies to ensure cohesive heritage conservation. International Collaboration: Participation in global workshops on “Disaster Management of Cultural Heritage Sites” with NDMA and UNESCO. Disaster Management Guidelines: National Disaster Management Guidelines include risk assessment and recovery plans. Legal and Security Measures for Heritage Protection Legal Protection: Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 ensures legal safeguards. Encroachment Control: Superintending Archaeologists authorized to issue eviction notices under the Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act, 1971. Security Measures: Deployment of CISF and private security personnel for protection. Conservation Policy: National Conservation Policy (2014) guides ASI’s efforts. Penalties for Damage: Section 30 of the 1958 Act imposes fines and legal action for damage to protected sites. Conclusion The preservation of India’s cultural heritage is a multi-faceted effort requiring sustained funding, strategic planning, and climate resilience. ASI’s proactive approach, in collaboration with other agencies, ensures the protection of India’s historical legacy. With legal frameworks, monitoring, and conservation efforts, India’s heritage will remain safeguarded for future generations

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