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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 May 2025

Content : More Good News Than Bad in Delhi’s Fertility Rate Dip A Tragedy Recorded for Posterity: Inscription Near Temple in Karnataka Lists Drought Deaths in 1539 Progress Should Not Just Be Fast but Future-Proof 3-Year Rule: A Setback to Judiciary Aspirants M.R. Srinivasan, a Key Architect of India’s Nuclear Programme, No More Kurma Mela: The Science of the Mass Nesting of Olive Ridley Turtles More good news than bad in Delhi’s fertility rate dip Context : Delhi has recorded the lowest Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in India at 1.4 in 2021, marking a 26.3% decline since 2011. This shift reflects changing social dynamics, economic pressures, and lifestyle factors in the urban population. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Issues) Key Data Highlights Delhi’s TFR in 2021: 1.4 (lowest in India). Delhi’s TFR in 2011: 1.9 → a 26.3% decline over a decade. National average TFR: 2.0. Highest TFR: Bihar at 3.0.   Positive Factors Behind the Decline Women’s Empowerment: More women are financially independent and making individual reproductive choices. Better education and workforce participation among women delaying childbirth. Delayed Fertility Trends: Fertility has shifted to ages 30–44, with declining births in 15–29 age group. Couples now prioritize careers and financial stability before family planning. Urban Living Constraints: Migrant couples lack family support (e.g., grandparents), deterring multiple children. High cost of living: childcare, education, and nanny expenses discourage large families. Health Awareness & Access: Improved maternal and infant health services influencing reproductive decisions. Access to family planning services through ASHAs and public hospitals. Challenges & Concerns Infertility & Lifestyle Diseases: Rise in PCOS and infertility linked to sedentary lifestyles, poor diet, and stress. Long working hours and pollution contribute to health-related reproductive challenges. Economic Pressures: Inflation makes child-rearing costly, leading couples to opt for a single child. Families prefer quality upbringing over quantity due to limited income. Changing Social Norms: Increasing number of couples voluntarily choosing not to have children. Sociological Insights Reflects a transitioning urban society where individual choice, career goals, and economic rationality shape reproductive behavior. Marks a shift from family-driven to woman-driven fertility decisions. A tragedy recorded for posterity: inscription near temple in Karnataka lists drought deaths in 1539 Key Highlights of the Discovery A 16th-century Kannada inscription was discovered near Chandrashekara temple, Guttala (Haveri district, Karnataka). Dated August 18, 1539 CE, it records 6,307 deaths due to drought (bara) — India’s first known epigraphic record of a humanitarian disaster. The deceased were buried by Marulaih Odeya, depicted in a stone sculpture carrying bodies in a basket. Relevance : GS 1(History , Inscriptions) ,GS 3(Disaster Management) Historical and Cultural Significance The inscription is unique and rare, documenting the exact human toll of a natural calamity — a detail often absent in traditional literature. It enriches India’s epigraphic heritage and contributes to historical memory of socio-environmental crises. Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Insight Reflects the devastating impact of drought on medieval agrarian society. Shows evidence of community action and ritualistic piety in disaster response — burials were performed for religious merit. Offers a glimpse into the social role of individuals and rulers (e.g., Timmarasa Svami and god Basaveshwara) during crises. Research and Analytical Value Opens avenues for comparative studies on climatic disasters and community resilience in Indian history. May assist scholars in reconstructing climatic patterns, demographic changes, and administrative responses over time. Adds depth to environmental history and disaster anthropology. Broader Context Part of over 1,000 inscriptions documented by ASI in 2024–25 across India. Over 100 new inscriptions discovered this year alone, showing the continued importance of field epigraphy. Conclusion A landmark inscription blending history, art, environment, and society. It bridges the gap between archaeology and environmental history, marking a forgotten tragedy in stone for posterity. Progress should not just be fast but future-proof Context and Urgency India faces escalating climate risks: rising temperatures, erratic monsoons, floods, droughts, and crop failures threaten millions. Over 80% of India’s population lives in climate disaster-prone districts (World Bank data). These climate physical risks (CPRs) pose systemic threats to economic stability, public health, and national security. Relevance : GS3(Climate Change) Nature of Climate Physical Risks (CPRs) CPRs include acute shocks (floods, heatwaves) and chronic stresses (shifting monsoons, prolonged droughts). Climate projections (long-term) differ from weather forecasts (short-term) and are vital for proactive adaptation. Effective management of CPRs requires long-term planning rather than reactive measures. Global Climate Action: Mitigation vs Adaptation Global efforts are split between mitigation (emission reduction) and adaptation (building resilience). Adaptation is increasingly necessary worldwide due to intensifying climate impacts, not just in the Global South. Despite its importance, funding is disproportionately allocated to mitigation, overlooking adaptation measures like resilient infrastructure. Investing $1 in adaptation yields a $4 return by reducing economic losses and disaster recovery costs (UNEP). Framework for Assessing CPRs CPR risk = function of hazard (climate events), exposure (who/what is at risk), and vulnerability (capacity to withstand/recover). This framework underscores that climate risk is multifaceted, involving environmental and socio-economic dimensions. Regulatory and Reporting Developments Financial regulators worldwide are moving from voluntary to mandatory climate risk disclosures. India’s Reserve Bank is integrating climate risks into its regulatory framework. The IFRS ISSB S2 standard sets global expectations for climate risk disclosure, linking CPR assessments to business continuity. India’s Current Challenges India’s climate risk assessments are fragmented across multiple agencies and methodologies, lacking standardization. Existing tools and studies (e.g., flood maps, vulnerability atlases) are valuable but not unified or centrally accessible. Global climate models often fail to capture India’s hyper-local climate realities, limiting accuracy. This fragmentation hinders informed policymaking and business decision-making. Initiatives and Way Forward India has initiated a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) aligned with the Paris Agreement, with an Adaptation Communication submitted in 2023. The upcoming NAP report aims for district-level granularity across nine thematic sectors. A robust, India-specific CPR assessment tool is urgently needed to unify data and methodologies. Such a tool should combine: Localized climate modelling, Granular risk assessment, Centralized climate risk data repository, Transparent, science-based iterative processes. This will enable: Public sector to design resilient policies and infrastructure, Private sector to assess value chain risks and meet investor demands. 3-year rule: a setback to judiciary aspirants Background & Supreme Court Judgment On May 20, 2025, a three-judge Bench led by CJI B.R. Gavai reinstated the mandatory 3 years of legal practice to be eligible for the subordinate judicial services examination. The Court relied largely on the majority opinion of High Courts favoring the three-year rule but did not present empirical data proving the ‘lower quality’ of fresh law graduates. The decision marks a return to a previously contested rule, reversing the 2002 Supreme Court ruling that had scrapped this requirement. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Historical Context 1958 Law Commission Report (14th LCI): Recommended 3-5 years of practice for state judicial service eligibility. For All India Judicial Service (AIJS), no prior experience was required; practical skills to be developed through training. 1992 All India Judges’ Association case: Supported AIJS recommendations; allowed fresh graduates for central-level judicial services. 1993 Review: Emphasized 3 years’ practice essential for lower judiciary due to judicial responsibilities involving life, liberty, and property. 1996 Justice Shetty Commission: Found States mostly complied with the 3-year rule, some with even longer experience requirements. Highlighted delay in recruitment ages (27-30 years) because of the rule. 2002 Supreme Court decision: Abolished the 3-year rule citing failure to attract the best talent; bright graduates found judicial service unattractive after 3 years of practice. Rationale for the Rule Supreme Court believes: Practical experience helps judges handle courtroom decorum, complex procedures, and diverse stakeholder perspectives. Maturity, empathy, and patience improve with experience. Concerns about lack of training or real-world practice in fresh graduates entering judicial services directly. Challenges & Criticism of the 3-Year Rule Talent Drain NLU graduates prefer high-paying corporate jobs over low-paid, slow judicial services. High education costs (₹12-40 lakh) and loans deter candidates from waiting for judicial entry Economic & Social Barriers Financially weaker groups (SC/ST/OBC) need early income, can’t afford delayed careers. Junior lawyers earn low stipends (~₹15,000-20,000), making 3 years’ practice financially tough. Impact on Women Experience requirements hinder women facing maternity/career breaks. Women constitute 38% of district judiciary and excel in exams (e.g., Bihar). Age & Eligibility Mismatch Exams require 5-6 years education + 3 years practice, making candidates older and vulnerable. Irregular exam schedules cause delays and uncertainty. Practical Disconnection Candidates want judicial service but don’t see legal practice as viable. States struggle to fill higher judiciary posts due to poor exam results. Alternative Proposals & Recommendations Enhance Training, Don’t Restrict Entry Recruit fresh graduates with extended training/probation (2+ years). Attach trainees to senior judges/lawyers for practical experience. Examination Reform Replacerotelearning with scenario-based questions. Emphasize judgment writing and practical skills. Attract Young Talent Offer better career prospects and financial incentives. Hold frequent judicial exams to shorten waiting times. Balanced Approach Blend academic excellence with rigorous on-the-job training instead of mandatory prior experience. M.R. Srinivasan, a key architect of India’s nuclear programme, no more Personal and Professional Background M.R. Srinivasan (1930–2025) passed away at age 95 in Udhagamandalam. Joined the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1955, beginning a distinguished career spanning over six decades. Relevance : GS 4(Ethics and Personalities) Early Career and Contributions Worked closely with Dr. Homi J. Bhabha on India’s first nuclear research reactor, Apsara, which achieved criticality in August 1956. Appointed Principal Project Engineer in 1959 for the construction of India’s first atomic power station. Became Chief Project Engineer of the Madras Atomic Power Station in 1967, playing a key role in its development. Leadership Roles Director of the Power Projects Engineering Division, DAE in 1974, overseeing nuclear power projects nationwide. Chairman of the Nuclear Power Board in 1984, responsible for planning, execution, and operation of nuclear power plants. Appointed Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and Secretary of the Department of Atomic Energy in 1987. Founder-Chairman of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL) in 1987. Achievements in Nuclear Power Development Under his leadership, 18 nuclear power units were developed: 7 operational 7 under construction 4 in planning Instrumental in expanding India’s nuclear energy capacity and infrastructure. Recognition Awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2015 for his pivotal role in India’s nuclear programme. Overall Impact M.R. Srinivasan is regarded as a key architect of India’s nuclear energy programme. His contributions significantly advanced India’s scientific and technological capabilities in nuclear energy. Mentored generations of scientists, leaving a lasting legacy on India’s nuclear landscape. Kurma mela: the science of the mass nesting of Olive Ridley turtles Overview of Olive Ridley Turtles and Mass Nesting (Arribada) Olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) are a vulnerable sea turtle species known for synchronized mass nesting events calledarribada (Spanish for “arrival”). Odisha’s Rushikulya beach witnessed a record-breaking seven lakh turtles nesting in March, highlighting its ecological importance. Despite some local population growth, IUCN estimates a 30-50% global decline in Olive Ridley numbers since 1960. Primary nesting sites are along the Pacific coasts of Mexico and Central America; Odisha hosts three major nesting beaches — Gahirmatha, Devi, and Rushikulya. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Ecological and Biological Factors Behind Nesting Hatchlings imprint on the local geomagnetic field of their birth site, enabling them to return decades later with remarkable precision — a behavior known as philopatry. Other ecological cues influencing nesting site choice include: Cold-core eddies that enrich nearby waters with nutrients. Salinity, land slope, rainfall, and predation risks. Nesting sites tend to be preferred if many turtles have nested there previously, reinforcing site fidelity across generations. Challenges and Conflicts at Nesting Sites As turtle populations grow but nesting beach sizes remain limited, competition arises — later arrivals may dig up and destroy existing nests. Broken or disturbed eggs emit olfactory cues that attract predators, increasing nest vulnerability. This survival strategy (mass nesting and synchronized arrivals) paradoxically increases risks of egg predation. Impact of Temperature and Sex Ratio In sea turtles, temperature determines hatchling sex (warmer beaches produce more females). Rising global temperatures may skew sex ratios toward females, potentially reinforcing the multiplier effect in arribada events. Similar research on Olive Ridley turtles is ongoing. How Mass Nesting Originates and Evolves Initial arribadas are irregular, as female turtles choose nesting sites without fixed patterns. Females unable to reach their natal beach may create new nesting sites, imprinting hatchlings on these locations. The species’ survival depends on such wanderers who establish new arribada beaches, preventing extinction from overcrowding. Conservation and Genetic Concerns Modern conservation efforts include artificial incubation and beach protection, aiding population recovery. However, protecting weaker individuals who might not survive naturally may reduce the population’s genetic resilience over time. Role of Human Communities and Tourism Local fisherfolk and villagers in Odisha play a crucial role in guarding nests and preventing egg poaching. However, turtle tourism poses risks: crowds with bright lights, selfies, and physical disturbance (e.g., sand scooping, sitting on turtles) disrupt nesting behavior and could affect turtles’ long-term memory and site fidelity. Scientists are beginning to recognize turtles’ cognitive and emotional sensitivity, emphasizing the need for ethical tourism practices. Ethical and Conservation Imperatives The priority is balancing conservation, ecological balance, and ethical responsibility, rather than focusing solely on population numbers or rescue operations. Olive Ridley turtles’ resilience is extraordinary but not limitless. Humans must safeguard ecological conditions and allow turtles privacy and minimal disturbance during nesting.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 May 2025

Content: Operation Olivia: ICG protects over 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley Turtles along the Odisha Coastline GeM Celebrates 8th Incorporation Day Operation Olivia: ICG protects over 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley Turtles along the Odisha Coastline Background & Objective Launched by: Indian Coast Guard (ICG) Operational Period: Annually from November to May Main Objective: Protect Olive Ridley turtles during their nesting season along the Odisha coastline, especially: Gahirmatha Beach Rushikulya River Mouth Significance: These beaches witness the arrival of over 8 lakh Olive Ridley turtles annually. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Achievements in 2025 Record Protection: Safeguarded over 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles at Rushikulya in February 2025. Evidence of Success: Largest mass nesting event recorded—testament to ICG’s conservation efforts. Operational Strategies Surveillance Operations: 5,387 surface patrol sorties 1,768 aerial surveillance missions Enforcement: Detained 366 boats engaged in illegal fishing Prevented habitat disruption and poaching Community & Collaborative Efforts Engagement with Fishing Communities: Promoted use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) Partnerships: Signed MoUs with NGOs for: Sustainable fishing awareness Conservation education Environmental Significance Biodiversity Conservation: Olive Ridley turtles are endangered under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Marine Ecosystem Health: Protection of nesting grounds ensures marine biodiversity balance. Global Recognition: Aligns with India’s commitment to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and UN SDG 14 (Life Below Water). GeM Celebrates 8th Incorporation Day GeM (Government e-Marketplace) is an online platform launched by the Government of India in 2016 to facilitate transparent, efficient, and inclusive public procurement of goods and services by various government departments, organizations, and public sector undertakings. Theme: Innovation + Inclusion = Empowerment for all Indian entrepreneurs Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) Key Achievements & Growth User base: 1.64 lakh primary buyers 4.2 lakh active sellers Product & Service Offering: Over 10,000 product categories More than 330 services Transaction cost savings: ~10% average savings in government procurement (as per World Bank and Economic Survey) Inclusion & Empowerment Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs): Over 10 lakh onboarded Women Entrepreneurs: 1.84 lakh integrated Artisans & Weavers: 1.3 lakh empowered Startups: 31,000 onboarded Self-Help Groups & FPOs: Actively integrated into procurement system Cost & Fee Reforms 97% transactions are now transaction fee-free Fees reduced by 33%–96% (max ₹3 lakh cap for orders above ₹10 crore) Caution money deposit: 60% reduced for sellers with turnover < ₹1 crore Full exemption for select groups Notable High-Value Transactions ₹5,000 crore: Equipment for Akash Missile System ₹5,085 crore: Vaccine procurement Complex services onboarded: Drone-as-a-Service for AIIMS GIS & insurance for 1.3 crore people Wet-leasing of flights & CT scanners National Adoption Adopted in all States & UTs Uttar Pradesh: Leading user Mandatory use in 8 states: Maharashtra, Manipur, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Assam, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, and UP IFMS Integration Success: Assam, Kerala, Odisha, West Bengal, Delhi Upcoming in Gujarat, Karnataka, and UP Innovation in Digital Governance India’s 1st GenAI Chatbot – GeMAI: Voice & text-enabled Supports 10 Indian languages Improves user support & service delivery Transparency & Accountability Deployment of advancedanalytics: Real-time fraud detection Risk mitigation Continuous monitoring Strategic Vision Ahead Aligned with Aatmanirbhar Bharat Driving inclusive growth, digital transformation, and smart governance in public procurement

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 May 2025

Content: Old and unsafe In the wake of crisis, the need for bipartisanship Getting the ‘micropicture’ at the panchayat level Old and unsafe Context: Urban Fire Hazards in Old Cities Historic Core, Modern Risk: Old city areas in Indian metropolises mix history, culture, and commerce. Characterized by narrow lanes, congested spaces, aging buildings. Built before modern fire safety norms – now pose severe fire risks. Case Study – Gulzar Houz, Hyderabad: Fire in an old building near Charminar killed 17 people, including 8 children. The structure had a tunnel-like entrance, only one narrow staircase, and poor ventilation. The victims had no escape once the fire engulfed the narrow passage. Even hours after the fire, heavy smoke lingered inside. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : Old urban cores in Indian cities are architectural legacies but disaster traps. Critically examine the fire safety challenges in historic city areas and suggest a multi-stakeholder strategy for risk mitigation.(250 Words) Key Safety Issues Identified Inadequate Infrastructure: Single access or exit point is common – dangerous in emergencies. Old wiring systems unequipped for modern electric loads (e.g., ACs). Courtyards and skylights allow light but hinder airflow and smoke escape. Limited Access for Emergency Services: Some old streets are too narrow for fire trucks. Firefighters often delayed or blocked from reaching the core areas. Suggested Fire Safety Measures Fire Safety Audits: Crucial to identify risks and recommend upgrades. Challenge: vast number of buildings across multiple cities. Community Engagement: Involve residents in awareness, training, and basic fire safety protocols. Promote “volunteer fire champions” in each locality. Infrastructure Upgrades: Increase access/exit points. Upgrade electrical infrastructure to handle modern loads. Policy & Governance: Urban local bodies must mandate and facilitate safety checks. Integrate fire safety in city planning and building by-laws. Conclusion Fire safety in old city neighborhoods requires a combination of government policy, infrastructure investment, and community-driven initiatives. Without proactive steps, the risk of tragedies like Gulzar Houz remains high. In the wake of crisis, the need for bipartisanship Context and Trigger The Pahalgam terrorist attack (April 22, 2025) has exposed the fragility of peace in Jammu & Kashmir. It reignites the urgent need for bipartisan consensus in India’s response to terrorism and national security threats. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : National security should be a domain of consensus, not contest. Discuss the importance of bipartisanship in responding to internal security challenges, citing recent examples. (250 Words) Need for Bipartisanship National security must transcend party lines — should not be held hostage by party ideologies. Security decisions should involve: Strategic foresight Coordination across parties Consensus-building, not populism Successful Examples of Bipartisanship India: Kargil War (1999): Bipartisan support from political parties. Surgical Strikes (2016): National consensus in applauding action. UN Geneva (1994): PM Narasimha Rao sent Opposition leader Vajpayee to lead India’s Kashmir defence. Global: 9/11 USA: Bipartisan action to strengthen homeland security. New Zealand (2019): Gun law reforms post-Christchurch attacks passed with cross-party support. Ukraine War (2022): NATO expansion supported by broad political consensus. Current Scenario: Breakdown of Consensus Increasing polarisation between ruling party and Opposition. Loss of mutual respect; adversaries seen as enemies. Social media amplifies divisions, reshaping Overton Window to favour vengeance over dialogue. National security discourse reduced to blame games, bypassing real strategic discussions. Impact of Division Internal political division sends a signal of weakness to external adversaries. Inflammatory rhetoric may offer political mileage, but undermines diplomatic and military unity. No ambiguity should exist in condemning terror or defending national interests. Call for a National Security Doctrine India needs a non-partisan, long-term security framework, insulated from electoral pressures: Counter-terrorism policy Intelligence sharing Strategic deterrence Homeland security and diplomacy Such a doctrine should be: Stable across governments Formulated via cross-party consultation Conclusion: The Imperative of Statesmanship True leadership must prioritise national interest over party politics. Mature, united responses in crisis will uphold India’s global stature. Bipartisanship must not be symbolic — it should translate into coordinated policy and action. Getting the ‘micropicture’ at the panchayat level Context: Evidence-Based Governance in India Evidence-based decision-making is widely promoted but inconsistently practiced. Lack of updated Census data and changes in survey methodologies create data gaps. Despite the National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (2012), datasets are often unstructured, overwhelming, and difficult to interpret by local-level users. Data visualisation and analytics tools on platforms like data.gov.in are underdeveloped. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : The Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) offers a granular lens to bridge governance gaps at the grassroots. Evaluate the potential and limitations of such data tools in strengthening local self-governance. (250 Words) Challenges at the Grassroots Level Gram Panchayat-level data is often collected only for upward reporting, not for local decision-making. Portals are designed to suit top officials, not local functionaries or elected representatives. Absence of a usable “micropicture” makes localised planning difficult. Importance of the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) PAI Baseline Report 2022-23: Released in April 2025 by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj. It covers 2.16 lakh Gram Panchayats across 25 States/UTs. Based on 435 local indicators (331 mandatory, 104 optional) aligned to 9 LSDG themes of the National Indicator Framework. Includes 566 data points, making it the most granular dataset for panchayats. Key Features and Strengths of PAI Makes local performance data accessible and interpretable for sarpanches, ward members, and citizens. Constituency-wise report generation helps MPs and MLAs make targeted interventions. Facilitates linking of funds to outcomes (e.g., health status of a panchayat). Concerns and Gaps 11,000+ GPs were excluded due to unvalidated data. Serious concern over Uttar Pradesh, which provided data for only 40% (23,207 out of 57,702 GPs). This raises questions about data readiness and governance quality in lagging states. Impact and Utility of PAI Encourages data-driven gap identification and plugging of service delivery. Can help coordinate efforts across frontline workers, elected representatives, and civil society organisations. Enables the use of funds like CSR, DMF, MPLADS, MLALADS towards targeted SDG outcomes. Role of Institutions and Capacity Building Unnat Bharat Abhiyan-linked institutions (4,000+) can support GPs in interpreting and improving their scores. Need for data analysts at block and district levels to create actionable, localised report cards. Recommendations and Way Forward Expand PAI-like framework to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Publish periodic follow-up reports, not just a one-time baseline. Improve data visualisation tools for stakeholder awareness and action. Treat PAI not as a ranking, but as a call for corrective action and inclusive development.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 May 2025

Content: Combating Obesity Among Adolescents Understanding India’s Relationship with Turkey and Azerbaijan The Workings of an Atomiser and Its Myriad Applications Follow OROP Principle for All Retired HC Judges: SC Amit Shah Launches e-Zero FIR Initiative RBI Revises Draft on REs’ AIF Investments Combating obesity among adolescents Context : Rising Concern and Initiatives Adolescent obesity is gaining increased attention in public discourse and national health programmes. Poshan Pakhwada 2024 focused on childhood & adolescent obesity along with the first 1,000 days of life. Let’s Fix Our Food consortium (ICMR-NIN, PHFI, UNICEF, etc.) released policy briefs to improve food environments for adolescents. The Supreme Court has directed the Central government to implement transparent food labelling regulations within 3 months — a step toward accountability. Relevance : GS 2(Health) The Nutrition Paradox India faces a dual burden: undernutrition and rising obesity among adolescents. Adolescents face: Rapid growth phase Increased vulnerability to poor nutrition Risk of long-term NCDs (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases) Ultra-processed foods dominate due to marketing and convenience. World Obesity Atlas 2024: India has one of the fastest-growing rates of childhood obesity. Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey: 5%+ adolescents overweight/obese nationally 10–15% in some states Concerning due to adolescents forming ~20% of India’s population Vulnerability in a Liberal Food Environment Adolescents appear to have food choices but lack access to healthy options. Influences: schools, social media, peers, marketing. Highly processed, sugary, and salty foods dominate diets. Impact extends beyond health: Poor nutrition → ↓ academic performance, ↓ concentration, ↑ absenteeism Future productivity and mental health also suffer Solutions: Two-Pronged Strategy Strong Regulatory Policies Make healthy food accessible, affordable, and aspirational. Introduce fiscal tools: Health tax on HFSS (High Fat, Salt, Sugar) foods Subsidies for nutritious foods Implement Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels (FOPL) Enforce regulations on misleading food ads, especially on digital platforms and in schools. Youth Engagement and Food Literacy Nutrition education in schools and communities Promote food literacy: Distinguishing healthy vs. unhealthy food (including home-cooked) Reading and interpreting food labels Choosing diverse, locally sourced diets Need for Convergent Governance Nutrition is a multi-sectoral issue: spans across ministries like WCD, Health, Agriculture, Education, Industry, Consumer Affairs. Lack of inter-ministerial coordination weakens efforts. Programmes like Poshan Abhiyaan offer frameworks but need better convergence in action. Conclusion: A Call for Systemic Shift Combating obesity needs: Healthy food plates Playgrounds for physical activity Robust policy interventions Youth-led awareness and leadership A transformed food ecosystem It’s not just about awareness — it’s about reshaping the environment that influences choices. Understanding India’s relationship with Turkey and Azerbaijan Geopolitical Context Trigger for boycott: Turkey and Azerbaijan openly supported Pakistan following India’s response to the Pahalgam terrorist attack. Institutional reaction: IIT Bombay, IIT Roorkee, and JNU suspended MoUs with Turkish universities. Public sentiment: Strong boycott calls emerged on social media; many tour operators cancelled promotional offers for Turkey and Azerbaijan. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Defense & Strategic Alignments Turkey–Pakistan military ties: Turkey has exported arms to Pakistan since the 1990s. Main exports: artillery (guns, howitzers, rocket launchers) and armored vehicles. Turkey’s political support for Pakistan: Consistent support on the Kashmir issue. Pakistan reciprocates by supporting Turkey in its Cyprus dispute. Azerbaijan–Turkey nexus: Turkey supported Azerbaijan in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Azerbaijan regained control in 2023; Turkey denied direct involvement. India’s Strategic Responses India–Armenia defense ties: India has supplied Armenia with missile systems and rocket launchers. No defense trade between India and either Turkey or Azerbaijan as per SIPRI data. Economic & Trade Impact Minimal trade dependence: Combined crude oil imports from Turkey & Azerbaijan < 1% of India’s total crude oil imports in past 6 years. India, however, is Azerbaijan’s 3rd largest crude oil buyer — boycott would impact Azerbaijan more. Machinery imports from Turkey: Includes reactors, boilers, and mechanical appliances. Turkey’s share in these categories is just ~1%, with India relying more on China and Germany. Tourism Trends India to Turkey: Indian tourists < 1% of Turkey’s total tourists in 2024. But tourist numbers from India had been rising steadily. India to Azerbaijan: Indian tourists grew from <6% (2023) to ~10% (2024). Boycott calls came at a time of increasing Indian outbound travel to both nations. Education Ties Student inflow rising: Indian students in Turkey & Azerbaijan rose from <100 in 2017 to 777 by Jan 2024. Indicates growing academic engagement despite recent diplomatic tensions. The workings of an atomiser and its myriad applications What is an Atomiser? An atomiser is a device that converts liquid into a spray or mist, enabling uniform distribution. A spray is a collection of droplets dispersed in gas. Key spray characteristics include: Drop size Spray pattern Angle of application Drop size metrics: Average surface area or volume Relative Span Factor (RSF) – measures drop size uniformity. Laser-based scattering is used to measure drop size accurately. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) How Do Atomisers Work? Basic mechanism: Liquid is forced through a narrow channel, creating a pressure drop that breaks it into droplets. Types of flow outputs: Flat fan spray – used in paint sprayers. Sheeted spray hitting a ramp – useful for uniform coatings like pesticides. Pressure-swirl atomiser: Liquid swirls along chamber walls. Air passes through center, forming a conical spray. Aerosol atomisers: Produce droplets <10 micrometres. Can stay suspended in air for hours. Created using high shear force, ultrasound, or air-assisted methods. Applications of Atomisers Industrial Uses Power plants: Coolants sprayed on turbine blades. Lubrication: On moving mechanical parts to reduce heat. Spray drying: Used in making milk powder. Automobile & Aerospace Fuel injectors: Pressurised fuel sprayed into combustion chambers. Firefighting Foam sprays: Used to suppress flammable solid fires. Agriculture Spraying fertilizers/pesticides. Spray irrigation in poorly percolating soils. Medical Uses Nasal sprays for lungs. Topical sprays for pain relief and antiseptics. Disinfectants for air and surfaces in hospitals. Scientific Research COVID-19 aerosol modelling: Helped understand airborne spread. Climate science: Studying aerosol cooling effects in atmosphere. Household Uses Spraying cooking oil, mirror cleaners, perfumes, hair sprays. Deodorants – the most familiar and widespread use. Conclusion: Atomisers combine engineering precision with everyday practicality. They are ubiquitous, essential in fields from medicine to climate science, and help improve efficiency, safety, and comfort in modern life. Follow OROP principle for all retired HC judges: SC Supreme Court Verdict Highlights SC mandates One Rank One Pension (OROP) for all retired High Court judges, including those who retired as additional judges. Full pension and retirement benefits must be uniformly applied, regardless of: Source of entry: Whether from district judiciary or the Bar. Tenure: Length of service as a judge. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Social Issues) Key Observations by the Court “One rank, one pension” must be the norm for constitutional offices. Inequality in pension violates Article 14 of the Constitution (Right to Equality). Disparity based on length of service or mode of entry is unconstitutional. Pension Directive The Centre is directed to pay: ₹15 lakh per annum as full pension to retired Chief Justices of High Courts. Applicable irrespective of tenure or source of entry. Implications Standardizes retirement benefits among judges. Ensures dignity and parity in post-retirement life of constitutional functionaries. May prompt similar demands from other constitutional/executive offices. Constitutional and Legal Context Reinforces Article 14: Right to equality before law. Affirms principle of non-discrimination in service benefits for holders of constitutional posts. Strengthens judicial independence through uniform post-retirement dignity. Amit Shah launches e-Zero FIR initiative Key Initiative: e-Zero FIR Launched by: Union Home Minister Amit Shah. Pilot location: Delhi. Objective: Automatic registration of FIRs for financial cybercrimes involving fraud over ₹10 lakh. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Mechanism & Platforms Involved Complaints made via: 1930 helpline cybercrime.gov.in portal Auto-converted to FIRs without victim needing to approach a police station. Integrated systems: I4C’s National Cybercrime Reporting Portal Delhi Police e-FIR system NCRB’s Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) Purpose & Benefits Ensures swift registration of cybercrime complaints. Reduces delays in investigation and increases chances of fund recovery. Addresses victim difficulties in getting police to file FIRs in high-value cyber frauds. Aims to strengthen cybercrime enforcement nationwide. National Impact Initiative to be scaled up across India after Delhi pilot. Supports centralised tracking and real–time response to cyber financial frauds. Enhances coordination among police, forensic units, and data networks. Broader Context Part of strengthening India’s cybercrime response infrastructure under I4C. Aligns with Digital India goals and rising cybercrime threats in financial domains. RBI revises draft on REs’ AIF investments Regulatory Background Issuing Authority: Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Subject: Investment by Regulated Entities (REs) in Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs). Reason: To tighten financial discipline and prevent conflict of interest in debt investments. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy , Banking) Revised Draft Directions Highlights Cap on single RE’s contribution to any AIF scheme: 10% of the AIF corpus. Cap on total REs’ contribution collectively to a scheme: 15% of the corpus. No restrictions on RE investments up to 5% of the corpus. Provisioning Norms for Risk Containment If RE’s investment exceeds 5% of AIF corpus and The AIF scheme invests downstream in a debtor company of the RE, Then the RE must make 100% provisioning for the proportionate exposure. Regulatory Coordination RBI’s move aligns with SEBI guidelines: SEBI mandated specific due diligence on AIF investors and their investments. Aimed at improving transparency and preventing regulatory arbitrage. Broader Implications Encourages prudent exposure of banks and financial institutions to AIFs. Aims to avoid indirect lending to stressed entities through AIF route. Supports financial sector stability by curbing risky investments and circular lending practices.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 May 2025

DGTR marks 8th Anniversary with Renewed Commitment to Ensure Fair Trade What is DGTR? The DGTR is the apex national authority in India responsible for conducting trade remedy investigations. It operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and was established in 2018 through the merger of: Directorate General of Anti-Dumping and Allied Duties (DGAD), Directorate General of Safeguards, and Safeguards functions of DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade). Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy ,Trade) Functions of DGTR Conducts investigations related to: Anti-dumping duties Countervailing (anti-subsidy) duties Safeguard measures Imposes trade remedies to protect Indian industries from: Unfair trade practices like dumping or subsidies, Sudden surge in imports that harm domestic production. Achievements Over the Years Since 1995, India has initiated over 1,200 trade remedy investigations, many handled by DGTR since its inception. DGTR investigations are often concluded within a year, providing timely relief to affected industries. Key interventions include sectors like solar energy (solar cells) and advanced materials (copper wire rods). Recent Initiatives and Enhancements Announcement of a new digital platform for e-filing of documents in trade remedy investigations: Aimed at improving transparency, efficiency, and accessibility for all stakeholders. Launch of a dedicated Helpdesk in 2019 to support MSMEs: Assists with filing applications and resolving technical/data-related issues. Promotes inclusive access to trade remedy mechanisms. Proactive Trade Defence DGTR’s Trade Defence Wing counters foreign-imposed trade remedy measures: Secured relief or reduced duties on Indian exports in several international cases. Safeguard duties and quantitative restrictions used effectively to counter import surges (e.g., palm oil, metallurgical coke). Transparency and Capacity Building DGTR regularly issues trade notices, handbooks, and FAQs on its website: Empowers domestic industries, foreign exporters, and interested stakeholders. Ensures greater procedural clarity and stakeholder participation.  Strategic Importance Crucial to protecting India’s industrial competitiveness, especially amid volatile global trade dynamics. Strengthens India’s position in the rules-based international trading system.  Way Forward Continued focus on: Digital transformation of procedures. Faster resolution of trade remedy cases. Supporting MSMEs and enhancing stakeholder engagement. Reinforces India’s commitment to fair trade and domestic industry protection in the global market.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 May 2025

Content : Tough timing A caste census is not a silver bullet for social justice Tough timing Context & Recent Setback ISRO’s PSLV-C61 mission failed to launch EOS-09 into the intended sun-synchronous orbit. EOS-09 was a dual-purpose satellite — meant for civilian use (e.g., land mapping, hydrology) and defence surveillance, with an all-weather radar capability. The failure in the third stage post-liftoff highlights that even well-understood launch vehicles like PSLV can falter. Relevance : GS 3 ( Science and Technology) Practice Question : “India’s growing dependence on space-based assets for both civilian and military purposes calls for greater investment and resilience in its space infrastructure.” In the light of recent mission failures, critically analyze the challenges faced by ISRO in fulfilling its strategic objectives. Suggest measures to enhance India’s space capabilities.(250 Words) Implications for Defence EOS-09 had critical military surveillance potential, especially amid tensions with Pakistan. Failure reflects gaps in India’s indigenous space-based surveillance, as seen during Operation Sindoor, which relied on foreign commercial satellites for tactical data.  Growing Military Demands India has launched the Space-Based Surveillance-3 programme: Aims to deploy 52 surveillance satellites. 31 satellites to be manufactured by the private sector, needing ISRO’s technical guidance and support. Challenge of the “Cost-Reliability-Time” Triangle Space missions balance: Cost (budget constraints), Reliability (technical success), Time (urgency of military/civilian demands). Failures like PSLV-C61 and NVS-02 (January 2025) underscore how small errors can lead to large consequences. Time Pressure & Resource Constraint ISRO is burdened with: Crowded launch schedules, R&D obligations, Growing military and civilian satellite needs, Human spaceflight programme. Limited manufacturing capacity and data pipeline stress worsen delivery pressures. Conclusion: Given rising strategic and security roles of space assets, ISRO needs: Increased funding and resource allocation, Policy support to expand infrastructure, Faster integration of private sector capacities. Ensuring timely, reliable, and cost-effective outcomes in both civilian and military domains is crucial in today’s globally competitive space race. A caste census is not a silver bullet for social justice  Context and Introduction Government has announced caste enumeration in the upcoming national Census. Widely perceived as a step toward better policymaking for OBCs. Raises concern over delayed welfare policies being unjustly tied to lack of precise caste data. Relevance : GS 2  (Governance / Social Justice) Practice Question : Do you agree that a caste census alone cannot ensure social justice in India? Critically examine the role of data, political will, and institutional reforms in achieving equity for marginalized communities.(250 Words)  Arguments in Favour of Caste Census Provides empirical grounding to assess socio-economic status of castes, especially OBCs. Can help target affirmative action more precisely. May legitimize welfare policies in courts, which often demand robust data. Can identify intra-OBC inequalities, enabling support for EBCs.  Limitations and Critique of Over-Reliance Risks overstating the utility of caste data in achieving justice. Census is meant to be a neutral, factual exercise, not a political tool. Burdening the Census with political functions may compromise its objectivity. Elevating census data as a precondition for action is a flawed approach.  Historical Experience Shows: Policy ≠ Data Many major social justice policies in India, such as land reforms, reservations, and the Mandal Commission’s recommendations, were shaped more by political will and public mobilization than by detailed statistical data. The implementation of the EWS reservation further illustrates that policy decisions can stem from executive discretion even in the absence of comprehensive caste-based data.  Existing Data Already Reveals Inequalities SC/ST communities have long been part of the decennial census and continue to lag in education, health, and employment. Bihar Caste Survey and SECC have exposed: OBC economic precarity. Disproportionate concentration in informal, low-paid sectors. NCRB data shows rising crimes against SC/STs. Yet, no major national policy shifts have been implemented.  Persistent Underrepresentation SC/ST/OBC presence remains marginal in: Corporate sector Media and IT Judiciary and higher education Top bureaucracy Lack of meaningful reforms despite existing data.  Core Argument: Political Will > Data Data is important but insufficient for social justice. Real change requires: Strong moral commitment Political imagination Democratic pressure Caste census can guide, but cannot substitute action.  Conclusion Caste census should be a routine statistical exercise, not the central pillar of policymaking. Without robust political will, data remains passive. The true test lies in implementing bold policies to uplift the most marginalised, not just documenting their plight.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 May 2025

Content: Copyright’s Tryst with Generative AI What is a Presidential Reference? From Pyramids to Hourglasses: How AI Can Change Indian Workplaces ISRO: Satellite Launch Went Awry Minutes After Lift-Off Due to Glitch SC Directs States and UTs to Reclaim Reserve Forests Allotted to Private Parties Our Bodies Perform a Kind of mRNA Editing, and We Don’t Know Why PSLV: Centre of Attention Copyright’s tryst with generative AI Historical Context of Copyright Law Copyright law originated in 1710 due to the invention of the printing press. Its aim: protect publishers’ rights, encourage learning, and secure economic interests. Over time, it has adapted to photocopying, recording devices, and the Internet. Each technological shift brings debates on how copyright should respond. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Invention ,Technology) Generative AI: A New Challenge Current concern: generative AI trains on copyrighted material without permission. This shifts focus from “copying works” to “training on works.” Earlier legal concerns involved reproducing copies; now it involves usage in training datasets. Global Legal Crossroads Generative AI companies (like OpenAI) use internet scraping to collect both copyrighted and non-copyrighted content. Lawsuits have emerged globally: India: Federation of Indian Publishers & ANI sued OpenAI in Delhi HC. USA: Claims countered with “fair use in education” exceptions. OpenAI introduced an opt-out mechanism, but it only applies to future training, not past. India’s Unique Legal Landscape India follows an enumerated exceptions model under its Copyright Act. Unlike the U.S. “fair use” doctrine, India lists specific exceptions—limited scope. Educational use is confined to classroom settings—favouring right-holders in disputes. Indian courts may face jurisdictional challenges, but the core issue remains unresolved. Key Judicial Considerations Amicus curiae (Dr. Arul George Scaria) suggestions: Assess feasibility of “unlearning” content already used in training. Balance AI development with access to legitimate information. Address false attribution issues in AI responses. Concerns about Access and Equity Over-restriction may hurt access to books and knowledge—undermining copyright’s original intent. Newer, smaller AI players could suffer due to lack of access to high-quality training data. Courts must ensure a level playing field between dominant and emerging AI platforms. Foundational Copyright Principles as a Guide Copyright protects expression of ideas, not the idea/information itself. If AI uses information (not expression), it’s not necessarily infringement. Law should distinguish between: Learning from content (permissible) Copying protected expressions (infringement) Philosophical and Practical Implications All creativity—human or AI—is based on learning from the past. Creating a legal divide between human and machine learning may be counterproductive. Law must evolve but not at the cost of stifling creativity and future innovation. What is a Presidential reference? Constitutional Basis and Origin Article 143 empowers the President of India to refer questions of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its opinion. This is a non-binding, advisory opinion by the court. Originates from Section 213 of the Government of India Act, 1935. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance) Comparative Perspective Canada: Has a similar provision; Supreme Court provides opinions on reference questions. USA: No advisory jurisdiction; advisory opinions are considered a violation of the separation of powers. Key Features of Article 143 The President acts on advice of the Council of Ministers while referring matters. Supreme Court may (not must) answer the reference. Requires a bench of at least five judges (as per Article 145). The opinion has persuasive value, not binding on the President or future courts. Important Precedents (Historical References) Delhi Laws Act case (1951): Validated delegated legislation. Kerala Education Bill (1958): Harmonized Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. Berubari Case (1960): Territorial cession needs constitutional amendment. Keshav Singh Case (1965): Legislative privileges defined. Presidential Poll Case (1974): Elections can proceed despite vacancies. Special Courts Bill (1978): Court can decline vague references. Third Judges Case (1998): Defined the collegium system for judicial appointments. Court’s Discretion The Supreme Court is not bound to answer every Presidential reference. Has declined only once — in Ram Janmabhoomi case (1993). Current Presidential Reference (2024-25) Stems from a recent SC ruling that: Imposed timelines on Governors and the President for acting on Bills. Made their actions subject to judicial review. President Droupadi Murmu has raised 14 questions concerning: Interpretation of Articles 200 & 201. Judicial review of executive actions before enactment. The scope of Article 142 (extraordinary powers of the SC). Issue arises due to Centre-State tensions, especially with Opposition-ruled States. Core Issues Raised Can the Supreme Court prescribe timelines not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution? Are Governor/President’s decisions justiciable before a Bill becomes law? What is the extent of Article 142 powers? Broader Implications Touches upon separation of powers and federalism. May define boundaries of judicial activism in legislative processes. An authoritative opinion can ensure smooth Centre-State legislative functioning. Conclusion Presidential references serve as a constitutional dialogue between the executive and judiciary. The current reference may set important precedents on executive discretion, legislative processes, and judicial boundaries. From pyramids to hourglasses: how AI can change Indian workplaces Shift from Pyramid to Hourglass Model Traditional pyramid structure: Top-heavy with bosses, middle managers, and a broad base of workers. Hourglass structure: AI flattens the middle tier by automating coordination and decision-making tasks. Leaders focus on strategy, while the base comprises frontline workers and AI systems working collaboratively. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Technology) AI’s Economic Promise McKinsey projects AI could add trillions to the global economy. Potential to increase productivity by up to 25% for firms embracing AI. SMEs in India could significantly benefit due to the potential for efficiency and flexibility gains. Global Trends and India’s Context Western firms are already adopting hourglass models (e.g., 20% of firms may reduce middle managers by 2026). India’s scenario is unique: Ranks 72nd in IMF’s AI Preparedness Index. Urban-rural divide limits infrastructure and connectivity. Cultural hierarchy and respect for authority slow organizational flattening. India’s Hybrid Approach Indian firms are adapting selectively: Flipkart, Jio use AI for supply chain and customer behavior prediction but retain human layers for local adaptability. Hybrid model: AI + human oversight accommodates India’s multilingual, diverse market needs and low labor costs. Advantages of AI in Indian Workplaces Efficiency: AI-driven demand forecasting and supply chain optimization. Innovation: Generative AI improves task performance by 66% (NNG Group). Flexibility: AI helped pharma firms during pandemic disruptions. Customer/employee experience: 24/7 chatbots, automated payroll systems. New job roles: Rise in demand for AI experts, data ethicists — projected 1.25 million jobs by 2027 (Deloitte & Nasscom). Key Challenges Job Displacement: Risk to middle managers and less-skilled workers. Up to 800 million jobs may shift globally by 2030. Indian non-graduates and older workers most vulnerable. Reskilling Needs: While 94% of Indian firms plan to reskill (LinkedIn), execution remains challenging. Ethical Concerns: Biased datasets can affect fairness in decisions (loans, hiring). Data privacy: 79% of Indians dislike data being sold (ISACA). Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023) still in early implementation. Infrastructure Gaps: 65% of India lives in rural areas, many without internet access. High costs of AI tools and platforms make it hard for smaller firms. Cultural Barriers: Preference for hierarchical structures in family-owned businesses and traditional companies. Recommendations Reskilling: Expand digital literacy and problem-solving training (e.g., through Skill India). Ethical Frameworks: Adopt clear AI ethics guidelines (OECD model), address bias and build public trust. Hybrid Strategy: Combine AI’s efficiency with human adaptability for decision-making. Collaborations: Partner with Western firms to develop customised AI for Indian needs. Long-term Monitoring: Treat AI as an ongoing transformation, not a quick fix — adapt to cyber threats and regulation changes. ISRO: satellite launch went awry minutes after lift-off due to glitch Mission objective: PSLV-C61 aimed to deploy Earth observation satellite EOS-09 into a sun synchronous polar orbit, 17 minutes post-lift-off. EOS-09 intended to support remote sensing applications with enhanced observation frequency, built on RISAT-1 heritage platform. Relevance : GS 3(Space ,Science and Technology) Failure details: The rocket lift-off was successful at 5:59 a.m. from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. A technical glitch occurred during the third stage — a solid rocket motor — resulting in a drop in chamber pressure inside the motor casing. This pressure drop led to mission failure: the satellite was not placed into the intended orbit. Stages performance: First and second stages performed normally. Third stage started perfectly but encountered anomalies mid-operation causing the mission to abort. Context and history: PSLV-C61 was the 63rd flight of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the 27th in the PSLV-XL variant. Since 2017, PSLV had an excellent success record after only two prior failures (1993’s first mission and 2017’s 41st flight). The recent failure follows a January 2025 incident where ISRO failed to raise orbit of NVS-02 satellite due to valve malfunction, highlighting ongoing technical challenges. Technical challenges and response: The third-stage solid motor had a history of development difficulties and multiple failures, as highlighted by former ISRO Chairman S. Somanath. Despite unusual reappearance of issues, confidence remains high that the root cause will be identified and fixed promptly. Implications: The failure underscores the technical complexity and risk inherent in space missions, especially in critical propulsion stages. It may cause delays in satellite data availability for operational uses like remote sensing. ISRO’s resilience and iterative problem-solving will be key to sustaining its launch success momentum. Next steps: ISRO will conduct detailed analysis of the third-stage anomaly before resuming similar missions. Continued improvements in motor design and quality control are critical. Monitoring and learning from such failures contribute to overall strengthening of India’s space capabilities. SC directs States and UTs to reclaim reserve forests allotted to private parties Supreme Court directive: Chief Secretaries of States and Administrators of Union Territories (UTs) must form Special Investigation Teams (SITs). SITs to examine forest lands held by Revenue Departments that have been allotted to private parties for non-forest (non-afforestation) uses. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance) Action required: Identify and reclaim reserve forest lands wrongly allotted to private individuals/entities. Repossess such lands and hand them over to the respective forest departments. Exceptions & compensations: If repossession is not in larger public interest, States/UTs must recover the cost of the land from private holders. Recovered funds must be used solely for forest development and afforestation. Timeframe: The entire exercise must be completed within one year from the judgment date. Land use: Going forward, such forest lands must only be used for afforestation and forest-related activities. Conversion to agricultural or commercial purposes is prohibited. Case reference: Judgment arose from the illegal allotment of 11.89 hectares of reserve forest land at Kondhwa Budruk, Pune (allotted in 1998 for agriculture and sold to a builder in 1999). Environmental Clearance given to the builder in 2007 was quashed as illegal. Court observations: Highlighted the nexus between politicians, bureaucrats, and builders driving illegal forest land conversion. Called this a “classic example” of misuse and commercialisation of precious forest resources. Legal implications: Sets a precedent reinforcing strict protection of reserve forests. Empowers forest departments and strengthens forest conservation enforcement. Broader significance: Aims to curb illegal deforestation and safeguard ecological balance. Ensures accountability of government officials and private parties in forest land misuse. Promotes sustainable development through forest restoration efforts. Next steps for States/UTs: Immediate formation of SITs and thorough audits of forest land allotments. Proactive repossession or cost recovery and forest department handover. Implementation monitoring by judiciary or relevant authorities to ensure compliance within the one-year deadline. Our bodies perform a kind of mRNA editing, and we don’t know why Basic concept: DNA is like a recipe book coding for proteins made from amino acids. Genes (recipes) are transcribed into mRNA, which ribosomes “read” to build proteins. mRNA letters (A, U, G, C) correspond to amino acids; “A” stands for adenosine. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) What is A-to-I mRNA editing? ADAR enzymes convert adenosine (A) in mRNA to inosine (I). Ribosomes read inosine as guanine (G), causing changes in the protein sequence. This editing can alter protein function by changing amino acids. Why is it puzzling? DNA could directly encode G instead of A, but it doesn’t—mRNA editing adds complexity. For example, editing can convert stop codons (UAG, UGA) into a codon for tryptophan (UGG), allowing proteins to be longer. The purpose of this complicated mechanism is unclear. Recent study insights from Fusarium graminearum (a fungus): No A-to-I editing during vegetative (growth) stage on infected plants. Massive A-to-I editing (over 26,000 sites) during sexual reproduction stage. Focused on 71 genes with premature stop codons (PSC genes) “rescued” by editing. Deleting PSC genes affected fungus only during sexual stage, proving editing’s developmental role. Functional implications: Unedited versions of some PSC genes help resist environmental stress during vegetative growth, so direct DNA mutation (A→G) would be disadvantageous early on. Suggests evolutionary advantage in delaying editing until necessary for development. Evolutionary perspective: A-to-I editing may be a transitional evolutionary mechanism. Over time, more genes might depend on editing, making ADAR essential for gene expression. This could eventually lead to accumulation of G-to-A mutations in DNA “masked” by editing. Scientific challenge: Understanding the net evolutionary benefit of A-to-I editing is more complex than discovering its function. The mechanism adds a regulatory layer that seems unnecessarily complicated. Broader significance: mRNA editing adds flexibility to gene expression without permanent DNA changes. Can help organisms adapt protein function dynamically to developmental or environmental cues. Raises fundamental questions about genetic information processing and evolution. PSLV: centre of attention What is PSLV? PSLV = Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, designed to launch satellites into sun-synchronous polar orbits (SSPO). It is a four-stage rocket with sequentially firing engines, shedding stages to reduce weight during ascent. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Technical specifications: First stage: Uses HTPB (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) fuel, peak thrust ~4.8 MN; XL version adds 6 strap-on boosters for extra thrust. Second stage: Powered by Vikas engine using unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (fuel) and nitrogen tetroxide (oxidiser), thrust ~0.8 MN. Third stage: Uses HTPB fuel again. Fourth stage: Uses monomethylhydrazine and mixed oxides of nitrogen with two engines. PSLV-C61 mission specifics: Launched May 18, 2023, at 5:59 am carrying EOS-09 satellite intended for SSPO. Mission ended in failure due to a problem in the third stage. Cause of failure: ISRO chairman V. Narayanan revealed that chamber pressure in the third-stage motor casing dropped during flight. Loss of pressure led to mission failure. Next steps: ISRO is investigating the exact cause of pressure loss. Plans to reattempt the launch with a replacement EOS-09 satellite. Significance of PSLV: Workhorse rocket for ISRO, reliable for multiple types of missions (earth observation, navigation, interplanetary). XL configuration adds thrust capacity via boosters to carry heavier payloads. Despite rare failures, PSLV remains crucial to India’s space ambitions.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 May 2025

Content: Akashteer: The Unseen Force Behind India’s New War Capability Aadhaar authentication crosses 150 billion transactions, powering India’s digital economy and welfare services Akashteer: The Unseen Force Behind India’s New War Capability Introduction to Akashteer Akashteer is India’s fully indigenous, automated Air Defence Control and Reporting System (ADCRS). Played a pivotal role in thwarting Pakistan’s large-scale missile and drone attack (May 9–10) during Operation SINDOOR. Marks a major shift in India’s air defence philosophy: from passive surveillance to proactive, real-time engagement. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ,Defence) Technological Edge & Capability Automated detection, tracking, and engagement of aerial threats (missiles, aircraft, drones). Provides real-time air picture to all nodes: radars, control rooms, defence guns. Integrates with multiple radars: Tactical Control Radar REPORTER 3D Tactical Control Radars Low-Level Lightweight Radar Akash Weapon System’s radar Reduces friendly fire risk and allows precision targeting in contested airspace. Capable of autonomous low-level airspace monitoring in battle zones. Integration with India’s C4ISR Ecosystem Forms a key component of India’s C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) infrastructure. Integrates seamlessly with: IACCS (Integrated Air Command and Control System – Indian Air Force) TRIGUN (Indian Navy) Enables joint-force synergy across Army, Navy, and Air Force for coordinated action. Strategic Significance Signals a strategic doctrinal shift: From “watch and wait” to “see-decide-strike”. Provides India with the ability to conduct automated, coordinated retaliatory strikes. Mobile and vehicle-mounted, making it suitable for frontlines and dynamic battlefields. Comparison with Adversaries Contrasted with Pakistan’s imported systems (HQ-9, HQ-16), which failed to detect Indian counterstrikes. Demonstrates the superiority of indigenous systems over foreign dependence in critical defence scenarios. Akashteer as a Symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat Represents the success of the Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives in the defence sector. Developed alongside other indigenousplatforms like: LCA Tejas, ALH, LUH Arjun MBT, ATAGS, Dhanush Artillery Naval platforms: destroyers, submarines, IACs Defence production target: ₹3 lakh crore by 2029. Current status: 65% of defence equipment domestically manufactured. Supported by: 16 Defence PSUs Over 430 licensed private firms Nearly 16,000 MSMEs Private sector now contributes 21% to defence production. Global Implications & Strategic Messaging Seen as a “seismic shift” in modern warfare strategy. India joins elite nations with automated Air Defence Command and Control capabilities. Acts as a deterrent against hybrid threats, cross-border terrorism, and asymmetric warfare. Projects India as a technologically advanced, self-reliant power. Key Takeaways Akashteer showcases intelligent combat, not brute force. It’s more than a system – it’s a strategic enabler and global message. Validates India’s defence ecosystem’s maturity, innovation, and indigenous strength. Aadhaar authentication crosses 150 billion transactions, powering India’s digital economy and welfare services Aadhaar Authentication Milestone Over 150 billion (15,011.82 crore) Aadhaar authentication transactions completed by April 2025, since inception. Marks a significant expansion of the Aadhaar ecosystem in governance, finance, and service delivery. Reflects the growing trust and adoption of digital ID-based verification in India. Relevance : GS 2(Digital Governance ,Governance) Monthly Usage Trends 210 crore Aadhaar authentications in April 2025, up ~8% from April 2024. Indicates consistent year-on-year growth and increased reliance on Aadhaar in daily transactions and welfare systems. e-KYC (Electronic Know Your Customer) Facilitates paperless, instant verification using Aadhaar. 37.3 crore e-KYC transactions in April 2025 — up 39.7% from April 2024. Cumulative e-KYC transactions reached 2393 crore, showing wide usage across banking, telecom, fintech, and other sectors. Contributes to ease of doing business and customer onboarding with minimal friction. AI-Driven Face Authentication Aadhaar Face Authentication based on in-house AI/ML solutions by UIDAI is gaining traction. 14 crore transactions in April 2025 via this modality. Adopted by 100+ entities, both government and private sector, enabling touchless and seamless service delivery. Enhances inclusivity, especially for elderly or differently-abled individuals where fingerprints may not work. Role in Digital Public Infrastructure Aadhaar authentication acts as the backbone of India’s digital identity ecosystem. Supports: DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) schemes Subsidy disbursement Financial inclusion Digital onboarding for services Enables real-time verification in remote and rural areas, reducing leakages and fraud. Strategic Significance Strengthens India’s journey toward a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. Aligns with the vision of Digital India and Minimum Government, Maximum Governance. A key pillar in leveraging technology for welfare, transparency, and efficiency.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 May 2025

Content : Closing argument Drinking to death The new normal after Pahalgam, India’s response The ingredient to turn around nutrition outcomes Closing argument Background Context: On April 8, 2025, the Supreme Court declared the withholding of 10 State Bills by Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi as “illegal” and “erroneous.” The judgment provided clarity on the constitutional position of the Governor and President regarding assent to State legislation. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ,Judiciary ) Practice Question :The Supreme Court’s ruling on the Governor’s delay in granting assent to State Bills reaffirms federal principles. Critically examine the implications of the Centre’s decision to seek a Presidential Reference under Article 143 in this context.(250 Words) Judicial Stand: The Supreme Court asserted that Governors/President cannot arbitrarily or indefinitely delay assent to Bills passed by elected State Assemblies. The judgment relied on previous rulings, committee reports, and Constituent Assembly debates, strengthening the federal structure. Centre’s Response: Instead of accepting the clarity offered, the Union Government initiated a Presidential Reference under Article 143. This move reopens settled issues and indicates a reluctance to curb the discretionary powers of Governors. What is Article 143 Doing Here? Under Article 143(1), the President can seek the Supreme Court’s advice on a matter of public importance. This is known as a Presidential Reference. But the Supreme Court’s April 8 verdict was a full judgment, not an advisory opinion. So asking for advice again is unnecessary. Why is This a Problem? The Centre might using Article 143 to delay or dilute a binding judgment. It gives an impression that the Centre wants to preserve the discretionary powers of Governors, even when those powers were declared illegal. This weakens the authority of the judiciary and violates the principle of cooperative federalism. Democratic Concerns: Governors are unelected appointees of the Centre and should not undermine elected State Assemblies. The practice of withholding Bills without reason or time limit challenges democratic norms and erodes federalism. Procedural Critique: The Centre could have filed a review petition if clarity was genuinely needed. A Presidential Reference is an unusual and unnecessary step, possibly aimed at retaining control through Governors. Constitutional Implications: The move appears to dilute the authority of a clear and binding Supreme Court judgment. It raises concerns about the executive’s intentions to centralize power, contradicting the spirit of cooperative federalism. Conclusion : The Centre’s decision to invoke a Presidential Reference despite a landmark Supreme Court ruling signals an unsettling trend of executive overreach. By reopening a legally settled matter, it undermines the authority of the judiciary and risks weakening India’s federal framework. Drinking to death Context : Recurring Tragedy: Illicit liquor deaths, such as the recent Amritsar tragedy (23+ deaths), are part of a long-standing, repeated crisis across India. The pattern involves poverty-stricken victims, cheap toxic liquor, and regulatory collapse. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues , Governance) Practice Question : Illicit liquor deaths are not isolated mishaps but a reflection of deep-rooted socio-economic and governance failures in India. Examine the causes behind recurring hooch tragedies and suggest a multi-pronged strategy to prevent them.(250 Words) Socio-Economic Vulnerability: Victims are usually poor daily wage earners, driven by economic desperation to seek cheap alcohol. These consumers are easy targets for bootleggers offering spurious liquor at low prices. Toxic Composition & Source: Illicit liquor often contains methanol, a toxic industrial chemical, misused as a cheap substitute for ethanol. Methanol is not illegal per se but is misappropriated from authorised industrial supply chains. Bootleggers use hazardous shortcuts (e.g., dead scorpions, poor dilution) to maximize profit. Systemic Nexus & Corruption: A deep-rooted nexus exists between bootleggers, corrupt local politicians, and complicit police forces. Bootleggers are merely the last mile, while larger players involved in industrial methanol theft remain protected. Legal & Regulatory Gaps: Despite stringent charges (murder, Poison Act, prohibition laws), convictions are rare (e.g., 2015 Malvani case acquittals). Enforcement under the Poison Act is weak; methanol handling lacks strict central oversight. There is an urgent need for a central regulatory framework for methanol transport to prevent inter-State pilferage. Governance & Enforcement Failure: State-level enforcement remains lax, often reactive (e.g., suspensions after deaths). A non-corrupt lawmaker–law enforcer framework is essential to dismantle the illicit methanol network. Structural Root Causes: At the heart of the crisis is persistent poverty, social inequality, and lack of education. These structural issues sustain the demand for cheap, toxic alcohol and enable unscrupulous profiteering. Conclusion : Illicit liquor tragedies are not isolated mishaps but systemic failures fueled by poverty, corruption, and regulatory indifference.Ensuring accountability, central coordination, and genuine socio-economic upliftment is the only sustainable antidote to this lethal problem. The new normal after Pahalgam, India’s response Context: The Pahalgam Attack and Operation Sindoor The Pahalgam attack (April 22, 2025) triggered a determined Indian response. Operation Sindoor, a kinetic military strike, was launched on May 7, targeting terrorist infrastructure. It took 88 hours post-operation to reach a ceasefire, highlighting intense escalation and de-escalation diplomacy. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) , GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “India’s evolving ‘quid pro quo plus’ doctrine represents a calibrated shift in its counter-terrorism strategy against cross-border threats.”Critically examine this approach in light of Operation Sindoor and its implications for deterrence, diplomacy, and regional stability.(250 Words) The Nature of India’s Response India took non-military steps initially: reducing diplomatic ties, suspending trade, cancelling visas, freezing the Indus Waters Treaty. Final response included precision strikes on 9 terrorist targets across Pakistan, involving Scalp, BrahMos, Hammer, Crystal Maze missiles. India clearly distinguished between targeting terrorists vs. the Pakistani military or public. Pakistan’s retaliatory drone and missile intrusions were met with a “quid pro quo plus” policy by India, escalating the conflict. quid pro quo plus : India’s strategic retaliation policy where any hostile act by Pakistan is met with a proportionate response — plus something extra to raise the cost of aggression Diplomacy and De-escalation India undertook intense diplomatic outreach to key global capitals to frame the narrative and justify its right to self-defence. The U.S. initially took a hands-off stance, but shifted gears when signs of nuclear escalation emerged. U.S. intervention helped de-escalate the conflict, repeating a pattern seen in Kargil (1999), Parliament attack (2001), Mumbai (2008), Balakot (2019). The May 10 ceasefire followed backchannel diplomacy and DGMO-level dialogue. Expanding the ‘New Normal’ Previous benchmarks: 2016: Surgical strikes post-Uri – cross-LoC action normalized. 2019: Balakot airstrikes post-Pulwama – air power introduced. 2025 Operation Sindoor: broadened the doctrine to include strikes anywhere in Pakistan. Strategic Shift in Doctrine Government outlined a hardened doctrinal shift: India will no longer be deterred by nuclear threats. The response will not spare the masterminds and state sponsors of terrorism. Signals possible future strikes on Pakistan military assets if necessary. Implications for Deterrence The new approach aims to nullify Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence bluff. Introduces “full-spectrum retaliation” within the conventional-nuclear grey zone. This calls for enhancing India’s conventional capabilities: Integrated network-centric warfare. Unmanned systems, AI-assisted surveillance, satellite-backed targeting. Better counter-air defence strategies. Operational and Strategic Gaps Intelligence and security lapses that led to the Pahalgam attack must be addressed. Need for proactive counter-terrorism intelligence and better border security. Without internal reforms, the expanded doctrine risks being rhetorical, not credible. Way Ahead India must: Maintain military superiority to ensure credible deterrence. Keep independent communication channels open with Pakistan to avoid international mediation. Invest in rapid response infrastructure for kinetic and cyber domains. Sustain diplomatic narratives to manage global perception post-strike. The ingredient to turn around nutrition outcomes Core Argument Malnutrition in India remains widespread despite welfare programmes. Women and girls are the most overlooked victims of nutritional inequality. POSHAN Abhiyaan has not yielded proportionate results, especially for women, due to deeper structural and socio-economic issues. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Nutrition ,Social Issues) Practice Question : “Nutrition is not merely a biomedical issue, but a question of gender justice and economic empowerment.”Critically analyze this statement in the context of India’s efforts to combat malnutrition among women. (250 Words) Persistent Structural Failures NFHS-5 data: 57% of women (15–49 years) are anaemic vs 26% of men. Nearly 1 in 5 women are underweight. Indicates that nutrition schemes like POSHAN have not adequately addressed gender disparities. Despite₹24,000 crore allocation (2022–23), only 69% fund utilisation by Dec 2022. Anaemia prevalence increased from 53% to 57% between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. Social Norms and Injustice Cultural norms lead to women eating last and least in households. Nutrition is not only a biomedical issue; it is deeply tied to social justice. 49% of women lack decision-making power over how their income is spent — affecting dietary choices and health outcomes. Economic Empowerment is Key Empowered women with independent income more likely to spend on food and child well-being. Research (e.g., by Esther Duflo) confirms direct link between women’s earnings and improved household nutrition. Study findings: Women with modest financial control showed lower undernutrition. Women in the Workforce: Quantity vs Quality Female labour force participation rose from 23% (2017–18) to 33% (2021–22). But: Only 5% hold regular salaried jobs. 20% are self-employed, mostly in low-paying informal roles. Self-employed women earn 53% less than men for similar work. Hence, employment hasn’t translated into empowerment or better nutrition. Missing Piece: Integrated Approach Nutrition efforts like POSHAN 2.0 will have limited impact without economic and social empowerment of women. Creating awareness is insufficient if basic food security is lacking. Need for Convergence Recommendations for POSHAN 2.0: Set measurable targets for women’s economic and decision-making empowerment. Ensure inter-departmental coordination — nutrition, health, livelihoods. Leverage Anganwadi centres as multi-purpose hubs: Food distribution Antenatal care Skill training Financial literacy Credit/job linkages

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 May 2025

Content: SC’s 3-month timeline in Governor verdict was adopted from Centre’s own guidelines ASI completes conservation work in Lodhi-era stepwell SC strikes down retrospective environmental clearances FinMin undertaking parallel review of RBI buffers with eye on dividends’ U.N. snips outlook for India growth to 6.3% on global slowdown SC’s 3-month timeline in Governor verdict was adopted from Centre’s own guidelines Background Context Issue: Whether the Supreme Court can prescribe a time limit for the President to decide on Bills reserved by Governors under Article 201 of the Constitution. Trigger: The Tamil Nadu Governor case, where excessive delay was observed in presidential assent. Centre’s Objection: Filed a Presidential Reference, arguing that judicially imposing a timeline on the President lacks constitutional basis, as Article 201 is silent on time limits. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution) Key Points from SC Judgment (April 8) Not a New Timeline: The three-month deadline was not judicial innovation but adopted from existing MHA guidelines (2016 OMs). Quote from Justice J.B. Pardiwala: “We deem it appropriate to adopt the timeline prescribed by the Ministry of Home Affairs…” Details of the 2016 Office Memorandums (OMs) OM 1 – On Timeliness (Feb 4, 2016) Main concern: “Undue delay” in President’s decisions on State Bills. Directive: Final decision on such Bills to be made within 3 months of receipt. Ministry-wise Coordination: Substantive issues → Relevant Central Ministry. Legal/constitutional issues → Ministry of Law. Ministries to respond in 15 days, or justify delay. Max delay for comment: 1 month – else deemed “no comment”. OM 2 – On Objections (Also Feb 4, 2016) If any Ministry raises objections: Must be shared with the State for reply/clarification. State must respond within 1 month. Purpose: Keep Centre informed and facilitate timely presidential decision. SC’s Interpretation Article 201’s silence does not imply absence of accountability. Timeline adoption ensures constitutional expediency, not overreach. Guidelines reflect the Centre’s own executive understanding of timely action. Timelines promote constitutional federalism and avoid legislative paralysis at the State level. Commissions Supporting Timeliness Sarkaria Commission: Recommended quick disposal of Article 201 matters. Punchhi Commission: Advocated for clear timelines in Centre–State interactions. Conclusion SC Verdict: Judicially endorses existing administrative norms, not creating new law. Implication: Puts constitutional pressure on the President and Centre to act swiftly on reserved State Bills. Centre’s Challenge: Raises constitutional query on judicial limits, though the timeline originated from its own rules. ASI completes conservation work in Lodhi-era stepwell Overview of the Site Name: Rajon ki Baoli Era: 16th century, Lodhi period Location: Mehrauli Archaeological Park, New Delhi Significance: A historic stepwell (baoli) used for water conservation and community gathering. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) Collaborating Institutions Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) – Lead conservation agency. World Monuments Fund India (WMFI) – Provided heritage expertise. TCS Foundation – Supported the project as part of CSR. Key Conservation Measures Cleaning and De-silting: Stepwell cleared of accumulated debris and silt to restore water flow. Water Management: Connected to proper drainage systems to prevent stagnation. Fish introduced to maintain water quality naturally (bio-remediation). Material Integrity: Used traditional materials like lime plaster and mortar. Aimed to preserve the original architectural character of the Lodhi-era structure. Historical Accuracy: Restoration work was guided by historical records and documentation. Ensured authenticity of the design and features was retained. Cultural and Environmental Value Cultural Heritage: Revives a medieval example of Indo-Islamic architecture and hydraulic engineering. Ecological Role: Stepwell acts as a micro water conservation system. Tourism & Education: Enhances the heritage appeal of Mehrauli Archaeological Park. Conclusion The conservation of Rajon ki Baoli reflects a sustainable, heritage-sensitive approach combining traditional craftsmanship with modern conservation practices. Model for future restorations of historical water bodies and monuments. SC strikes down retrospective environmental clearances Core Verdict Retrospective (ex post facto) environmental clearances (ECs) are illegal, declared the Supreme Court. Held as “gross illegality” and against environmental jurisprudence. Court stressed that clearance must be obtained before starting or expanding any project. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance ) Case Background Petition filed by Vanashakti, an environmental NGO. SC invalidated the 2017 Notification and the 2021 Office Memorandum (OM) issued by the Centre allowing retrospective ECs. However, ECs already granted till date under these rules are protected and will not be undone. Court’s Reasoning Ex post facto ECs undermine due environmental diligence: Violate principles of precaution and environmental impact assessment (EIA). Neglect environmental consequences before granting approvals. Retrospective clearance essentially regularises illegality—projects that started without prior EC are later approved. SC criticized the Centre’s “crafty drafting” to shield violators through legal loopholes. Legal and Environmental Principles Emphasised Development cannot come at the cost of the environment. Referenced Common Cause (2017) judgment: prior EC is mandatory and non-negotiable. Environmental clearance must follow: Detailed study Public consultation Regulatory oversight before approval. Critique of Government Actions The 2021 Office Memorandum (OM) avoided the phrase “ex post facto”, but effectively allowed retrospective clearances. Government failed in its constitutional duty to protect and improve the environment (Article 48A and 51A(g)). “Development” must include environmental protection, not override it. Implications of the Judgment Ends the practice of regularising illegal constructions through post-approval ECs. Reinforces the need for environmental accountability in urban planning and infrastructure. Strengthens the EIA framework and judicial commitment to environmental rule of law. ‘FinMin undertaking parallel review of RBI buffers with eye on dividends’ Core Issue The Finance Ministry is conducting a parallel review of the RBI’s Economic Capital Framework (ECF). Focus: Assess whether the Contingency Risk Buffer (CRB) maintained by RBI can be reduced to enable higher dividend transfers to the government. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,Banking) Background Economic Capital Framework (ECF): Determines how much capital the RBI must retain for financial stability. Reviewed in 2018 by the Bimal Jalan Committee. Recommended a CRB of 5.5–6.5% of RBI’s balance sheet. Dividend transfer: Amount over and above the CRB is transferred as surplus (dividend) to the government. Government’s Motivation Higher transfers = More fiscal space for the Centre. Government reportedly aiming to increase defence expenditure amid rising security concerns (e.g., with Pakistan). Greater surplus would aid in meeting fiscal deficit targets or enhancing capital spending. Current Developments Since January 2025, the RBI has been internally reviewing the ECF. Government is conducting a parallel, independent review of buffer norms. Official: Some believe the Jalan recommendations were too conservative, and there’s room to lower the buffer. RBI’s Position RBI held its 615th central board meeting and reviewed the ECF. No formal decision announced yet, but outcome will influence surplus transfer. Strategic Implications Lowering CRB: Frees up more funds for government use, boosting fiscal flexibility. But reduces the RBI’s cushion against economic/financial crises. Raises concerns about central bank autonomy vs. government fiscal needs. Broader Context Similar tensions were seen in 2018–19 leading to friction between the RBI and Finance Ministry. ECF review is critical for: Monetary policy independence Crisis preparedness Centre’s fiscal planning U.N. snips outlook for India growth to 6.3% on global slowdown Key Update by the U.N. The United Nations has lowered India’s GDP growth forecast to: 6.3% in 2025 (calendar year) 6.4% in 2026 This is a 0.3 percentage point cut from previous projections. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Global Economic Context The cut aligns with slower global growth forecasts due to: Rising trade tensions Geopolitical risks Policy uncertainty in major economies Global GDP now projected at: 2.4% in 2025 (down 0.4%) 2.5% in 2026 (down 0.4%) India’s Growth Drivers (According to U.N.) India remains among the fastest-growing large economies. Growth supported by: Resilient private consumption Robust government spending Domestic demand cushions external headwinds. Analytical Insights Despite the downgrade, India’s macroeconomic fundamentals remain strong relative to global peers. Caution for policymakers: Global slowdown may impact exports, FDI, and capital flows. Need to maintain fiscal prudence and monetary stability. Opportunities lie in: Boosting domestic investments Strengthening trade partnerships amid global realignments. Implications for India Lower global growth may challenge India’s export-led sectors. But India’s growth remains consumption-driven, offering resilience. Important for India to focus on: Sustaining public capex Job creation Mitigating inflation risks

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