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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 February 2025

Content: Don’t erase or reload EVM data, says SC IIT Madras develops indigenous Shakti semiconductor chip Addressing the growing threat of forest fires Economy on speedy rebound, India to remain fastest growing nation: FM Products developed in-house by service innovators catch eyeballs India, 57 countries call for inclusive and sustainable AI Don’t erase or reload EVM data, says SC Supreme Court ruling on EVM verification: The Court provided clarity on the process of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) verification, emphasizing that it should focus only on ensuring the microcontroller has not been tampered with. The ruling made it clear that the process should not involve any action that could alter the data stored in the machines, such as erasing or reloading it, ensuring the integrity of the machines remains intact. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Elections) Key instruction for verification process: The Court directed that engineers should verify the microchips in the EVMs, confirming no tampering has occurred. This verification process must be carried out in the presence of the petitioners (candidates), which adds a layer of transparency to the procedure. The role of engineers is to certify that the microcontrollers are intact and have not been tampered with during the election process. Petitioners’ concerns: The petitioners, represented by senior advocates Devadutt Kamat and Prashant Bhushan, raised concerns that the EVM verification process was more of a “mock poll” than an actual tampering check. They argued that the manner in which checks were being conducted did not provide the level of transparency and thoroughness they expected in verifying the EVMs’ integrity. Election Commission’s defense: Senior advocate Maninder Singh, representing the Election Commission (EC), contested the maintainability of the petitions, suggesting that the issue had already been adjudicated in the past. Singh pointed out that some petitioners were revisiting the same issue after multiple rounds of litigation, including a judgment that upheld the use of EVMs, which the EC believes should settle the matter. This highlights the repetitive nature of the litigation around EVM verification and the EC’s position that the matter had already been addressed legally. Next steps in the legal process: The Court has scheduled the next hearing for the week of March 3, 2025, to discuss the matter further. The EC has been instructed to file a short affidavit, providing its response to the petitioners’ concerns. This will likely lead to a more detailed examination of the verification procedures and whether there are any procedural improvements that could address the petitioners’ concerns. Broader implications: The case reinforces ongoing public debates about the transparency and security of the electoral process, particularly the use of EVMs in elections. The Supreme Court’s ruling ensures that any verification of EVMs is conducted with transparency, but it also maintains that the fundamental integrity of the machines should be preserved, avoiding any manipulation of the data. This case could further influence future electoral reforms and the procedures for ensuring the credibility of voting systems in India. IIT Madras develops indigenous Shakti semiconductor chip Indigenous Shakti semiconductor chip: IIT Madras, in collaboration with ISRO, has developed an indigenous aerospace-quality Shakti-based semiconductor chip. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Backing and support: The development is supported by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) under its Digital India RISC-V initiative (DIRV). The initiative aims to boost the indigenous development of microprocessor-based products with enhanced security and visibility for users adopting RISC-V technology. Key features and applications: The chip is built on the Shakti processor baseline, with a specific focus on space applications, making it suitable for use in aerospace and other strategic sectors. The semiconductor chip has potential applications across diverse fields, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and computer systems, addressing both commercial and strategic needs. Strategic importance for ISRO: The development of this chip is part of ISRO’s broader effort to indigenize semiconductors, supporting its goal of self-reliance in space technologies. ISRO aims to reduce dependence on foreign technologies by developing domestic alternatives that can be integrated into space missions. Make in India and self-reliance: ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan highlighted the chip’s role as a significant milestone in the Make in India initiative, focusing on semiconductor design and fabrication within India. This indigenous chip represents a step forward in India’s ambition to become a leader in semiconductor technology and enhance its capabilities in both defense and space sectors. Broader implications: The development of the Shakti-based chip signals India’s growing capabilities in semiconductor design and fabrication, vital for future advancements in electronics, defense, and space technology. The successful creation of this chip may inspire further investments in semiconductor innovation and production, contributing to India’s technological independence. Addressing the growing threat of forest fires Growing threat of forest fires: Forest fires are a global and national concern, often receiving attention only after significant incidents, such as the recent wildfires in Los Angeles. In India, 36% of forest cover is prone to fire, with incidents increasing tenfold in the last two decades, exacerbated by climate change and human activities. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Human-induced causes of forest fires: 90% of forest fires are caused by human activities: land clearing, slash-and-burn agriculture, and unattended campfires. Rising temperatures and extended dry spells further amplify the risk and intensity of forest fires. Consequences of forest fires: Environmental impact: Loss of biodiversity, wildlife, and trees; disruption to soil fertility, water cycles, and human-wildlife conflicts. Economic losses: Forest fires emit 69 million tonnes of CO2 annually, contributing to climate change. Forest degradation costs India ₹1.74 lakh crore annually. Social impact: Communities dependent on forests lose access to timber and non-timber forest products, affecting their livelihoods. Existing policies and schemes: India has the National Action Plan on Forest Fires and the Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FFPMS) to enhance fire management. However, funding for these schemes has been inconsistent, underscoring the need for more stable financial backing. Challenges in forest fire management: The Forest Fire Alert System is unable to differentiate between forest and other fires, delaying responses. Limited technological tools, such as predictive modelling and real-time monitoring, hinder efficient fire management. Technological solutions and advancements: Advanced predictive modelling can help identify high–risk areas for forest fires based on climate and geographic data. Drones with thermal imaging could monitor fire-prone areas, assess damage, and guide firefighting efforts, with successful pilot projects in Tamil Nadu and Odisha. Data integration from the Forest Survey of India, IMD, and ISRO could enhance fire predictions and management. Empowering local communities: Local communities in fire–prone areas should be trained to collect and share real-time fire data via mobile apps, SMS-based systems, and toll-free helplines. Community initiatives, like those in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, can be expanded across India, where self-help groups collect pine needles to reduce fire risks. Empowering women and youth as ‘forest fire scouts’ and combining local knowledge with modern tools like fire risk mapping can strengthen community-driven fire prevention. Need for a holistic approach: Addressing forest fires requires collaboration among policymakers, scientists, civil society groups, and local communities. A multi–dimensional approach, involving infrastructure improvement, consistent funding, technology adoption, community empowerment, and policy intervention, is essential for effective forest fire management. Economy on speedy rebound, India to remain fastest growing nation: FM India’s economic rebound: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman asserts that India’s economy is undergoing a “speedy rebound” after a brief moderation in the second quarter of 2024-25. The Union Budget 2025-26 is designed to address the immediate challenges posed by global uncertainties while focusing on spurring growth and private sector investments. Relevance :GS 3( Indian Economy) Economic growth performance: India has experienced an average growth rate of 8% in the three years prior to 2024-25. Only two of the last 12 quarters saw growth rates below 5.4%, highlighting the resilience of the economy. Sitharaman stresses that India will remain the fastest growing major economy, with strong foundations supporting the ongoing rebound. Focus on rural demand: Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) is projected to grow by 7.3% in 2024-25, with rural demand playing a significant role. PFCE is expected to account for 61.8% of nominal GDP, marking the highest level since 2002-03. Global economic uncertainties: Sitharaman acknowledges the impact of global issues like persistent conflicts, stagnation in global GDP, and inflation in emerging markets on India’s economy. These global uncertainties are influencing India’s budget, but the government aims to balance national priorities with fiscal responsibility. Capital expenditure: Responding to concerns about capital expenditure, Sitharaman clarifies that capital expenditure outlays have actually increased, not decreased. The effective capital expenditure for 2025-26 is pegged at 4.3% of GDP, slightly lower than the fiscal deficit of 4.4% of GDP. The government is prioritizing capital expenditure over revenue or other commitments, with borrowed funds being directed towards creating capital assets rather than covering routine expenses. Government’s fiscal strategy: Sitharaman emphasizes that nearly all borrowed resources are being used for financing capital expenditure, indicating the government’s focus on long-term investments to boost economic growth. Products developed in-house by service innovators catch eyeballs AI Weapon System Development: The Ten AI Weapon System (TAIWS) has been developed in-house by Army personnel, including Colonel Ashish Dogra and Lieutenant Colonel Prashanth Agrawal, with collaboration from IIT Bombay and MIET Jammu students. TAIWS has completed successful field trials and is expected to enhance border surveillance, particularly for preventing terrorist infiltration along the Line of Control (LoC). Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Secondary Vision Technology: The system uses secondary vision technology to track terrorist movement in difficult terrains, such as the bushy and jungle areas of Kashmir, which are hard to monitor. The technology is integrated with a medium machine gun with a killing range of 2 km, already in use by the Army. The gun can also be swapped out if needed. Innovation and Efficiency: These innovations are developed based on operational needs, aimed at improving efficiency and addressing the unique challenges faced by the Army. The Army Design Bureau has emphasized the role of “service innovators” in creating these solutions. Additional Innovations: A 50-meter footbridge has been developed that can be quickly laid across water bodies in less than an hour. A 9mm sub-machine gun, developed by a serving Army officer, has already seen the induction of around 550 units. Intellectual Property and Projects: The Army Design Bureau has filed for 75 intellectual property rights (IPRs), with 12 already granted. The Bureau is currently funding 100 projects, with 75 of them in their final stages. India, 57 countries call for inclusive and sustainable AI Inclusive and Sustainable AI Joint Statement: Fifty-eight countries, including India, China, Brazil, France, and Australia, signed a joint statement on “Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet” at the AI Action Summit in Paris. The statement promotes the accessibility of AI and emphasizes trust and safety in its deployment. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Key Goals of the Statement: Focus on enabling conditions for AI development while avoiding market concentration and promoting industrial recovery. Aims to foster AI in a way that positively shapes the future of work and labor markets. Emphasizes the need for AI to be human rights-based, ethical, safe, secure, and trustworthy. Highlights the importance of narrowing inequalities and assisting developing countries in building AI capacities. U.S. and U.K. Stance: The U.S. and the U.K. did not sign the statement. U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance expressed concerns about excessive regulation in the AI sector, advocating for pro-growth AI policies. He warned that excessive regulation could harm the AI industry at its critical stage of development. Previous International Statements: This is the third such international statement on AI, following similar ones issued after summits in the U.K. and South Korea. India and France’s Role: India and France are co-chairing the AI Action Summit, emphasizing global collaboration on AI development and regulation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 February 2025

Content: PM-VIKAS SCHEME SASCI Scheme PM-VIKAS SCHEME Introduction : Full Name: Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan (PM VIKAS). Ministry: Ministry of Minority Affairs. Objective: Socio-economic upliftment of six notified minority communities through skill development, education, entrepreneurship, and leadership initiatives. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) Convergence of Schemes: Merges five pre-existing schemes: Seekho Aur Kamao – Skill development program. Nai Manzil – Educational support for school dropouts. Nai Roshni – Leadership training for minority women. Hamari Dharohar – Preservation of cultural heritage. USTTAD – Skill development & market linkage for traditional artisans. Focus Areas Skill Development & Entrepreneurship Enhancing employability through vocational training. Support for artisans and craftsmen, especially in traditional sectors. Leadership Development for Minority Women Training and mentorship programs to promote empowerment. Educational Assistance Bridge courses and financial aid for school dropouts to continue education. Credit Linkages & Financial Support Facilitation of loans through the National Minorities Development & Finance Corporation (NMDFC). Market Linkages Beneficiaries will be connected to the Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH) for better livelihood opportunities. Implementation & Challenges Status: Yet to be implemented. Challenges Expected: Effective coordination among different merged schemes. Ensuring outreach to all eligible minority beneficiaries. Strengthening financial literacy to maximize credit linkage benefits. Efficient tracking and monitoring of training outcomes. Socio-Economic Impact For Beneficiaries: Skill enhancement leading to higher employability. Economic self-sufficiency through entrepreneurship. Empowerment of minority women as community leaders. For Economy: Strengthening of traditional handicrafts and artisanal sectors. Increased participation of minority communities in the workforce. Contribution to the MSME and export sector via improved market linkages. Conclusion PM VIKAS is a holistic and integrated scheme aimed at the socio-economic upliftment of minorities. By converging multiple schemes, it streamlines resources, avoids duplication, and enhances efficiency. Effective implementation and strong monitoring mechanisms will be key to achieving its objectives. SASCI Scheme Context : Government of India sanctioned 40 projects in 23 States for ₹3295.76 Crore in Financial Year 2024-25 under ‘Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI) Relevance : GS 2(Schemes), GS 3(Tourism ) Objective: Comprehensive development of iconic tourist centers in India. Enhancement of branding and marketing of these centers at a global scale. Key Features: End-to-End Tourist Experience: Ensuring the entire tourist journey is well-managed, from arrival to departure, with a focus on seamless services and experiences. Responsible Tourism Practices: Adoption of eco-friendly and sustainable tourism practices, promoting environmental conservation and local community engagement. Challenge Mode Funding: Projects are supported through a competitive process, encouraging innovation and the best proposals. Tourist Value Chain Strengthening: Focus on improving all aspects of the tourist journey, including infrastructure, services, and attractions. Expertise in Design and Development: Bringing in specialized skills to design and develop high-quality tourism infrastructure and experiences. Sustainability: Emphasis on the long-term operations and maintenance of tourism projects to ensure they remain viable and environmentally friendly. Sanctioned Projects (FY 2024-25): A total of 40 projects across 23 states were sanctioned, with a total funding of ₹3295.76 crore. Projects in Chhattisgarh: Development of Chitrotpala Film City: Cost: ₹95.79 crore Focuses on creating a film city that will boost tourism through film-related attractions, events, and entertainment infrastructure. Development of Tribal & Cultural Convention Centre: Cost: ₹51.87 crore Aims to promote the tribal culture and heritage of Chhattisgarh through a dedicated space for cultural events, festivals, and conventions. Broader Implications: This scheme is part of the government’s broader vision to elevate India’s tourism sector and make it a major player on the global tourism map. It also aims to generate economic growth in local areas through enhanced infrastructure and tourism-related employment. The initiative is aligned with sustainable development goals by integrating responsible tourism practices, which would help preserve India’s cultural and natural heritage. Strategic Focus: The SASCI scheme places significant emphasis on the tourism ecosystem, meaning it is not just about improving one landmark but enhancing the entire value chain of tourism. This could provide long-term benefits by fostering more holistic, well-rounded tourism destinations that can attract global tourists and foster sustainable development in these areas.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 February 2025

Content: Gaza and Trump’s ‘expanding the canvas’ strategy India as a bridge between the Global North and South Troubled waters Gaza and Trump’s ‘expanding the canvas’ strategy Context :Trump’s ‘Expanding the Canvas’ Strategy A negotiation tactic where an initial extreme proposal is made to force stakeholders into a counter-offer. Trump’s proposal (February 4, 2025) suggested depopulating Gaza and converting it into a global tourist hub. Praised by Netanyahu, with implications for Saudi Arabia potentially joining the Abraham Accords. Saudi Arabia (MbS) rejected Israeli ties without a Palestinian state, shifting the geopolitical discourse. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Analyze the implications of Trump’s ‘Expanding the Canvas’ strategy in the context of West Asia’s geopolitical, security, and economic landscape. (250 words) Geopolitical Reconfiguration in West Asia Post-October 7, 2023, the region has undergone intense turmoil, with new power dynamics emerging. Israel’s perceived invincibility weakened; Iran’s strategic outreach disrupted. The Axis of Resistance (Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas) temporarily subdued but remains a latent threat. Heightened instability in the region due to the interplay of military actions and diplomatic maneuvering. Political and Security Challenges Political Realignments: The Gaza war solidified the centrality of the Palestinian issue in regional negotiations. U.S. aims to expand the Abraham Accords but faces resistance due to ongoing conflicts. Ultra-religious Jewish factions and the Syrian militant group HTS gaining influence. Security Dynamics: Iranian nuclear ambitions remain a significant issue. Kurdish aspirations for autonomy continue to be a destabilizing factor. The Yemeni crisis remains unresolved despite Saudi Arabia’s partial disengagement. Economic Challenges in West Asia War-Induced Economic Strains: Gaza’s reconstruction estimated at $50 billion; Lebanon ($8.5 billion); Syria (~$500 billion). Western sanctions further hinder economic recovery in war-torn regions. Structural Economic Issues: Heavy dependence on hydrocarbons, which face long-term decline due to global energy shifts. Trump’s energy policies (exit from Paris Agreement, “Drill, baby, drill”) disrupt oil markets. Potential oil price volatility threatens both U.S. shale industry and West Asian oil-dependent economies. Trump’s Tariff and Currency Policies: Sanctions and tariffs disrupt trade flows, affecting West Asian economic diversification. A strong U.S. dollar reduces regional competitiveness, exacerbating economic stagnation. Saudi Arabia’s Role as a Regional Power Economic Powerhouse: GDP of $1.07 trillion; Saudi Public Investment Fund assets of ~$930 billion. Aramco market cap of ~$1.79 trillion, making it a key player in global energy markets. Strategic Maneuvering by MbS: Balanced relations with U.S., China, and Russia without alienating any. Exit from Yemen conflict and diplomatic normalization with Iran and Qatar. Played a key role in moderating OPEC+ decisions amid global energy market shifts. Challenges in U.S.-Saudi Relations: MbS seeks security guarantees and nuclear technology in exchange for normalizing ties with Israel. Gaza war has hardened Saudi Arabia’s stance on Palestinian statehood. U.S.-Saudi cooperation crucial for post-war reconstruction, but political divergences persist.  The Path Ahead: U.S.-Saudi-Israel Dynamics Trump’s impulsive diplomacy could either expedite or derail regional settlements. Saudi Arabia may fund regional reconstruction but demands meaningful Israeli concessions. Israeli leadership remains resistant to a two-state solution, complicating negotiations. Trump-MbS partnership could be pivotal in reshaping West Asia’s future but remains uncertain. India as a bridge between the Global North and South Introduction India has positioned itself as a key advocate for the Global South while simultaneously engaging with the Global North. This shift is evident in India’s leadership at forums like the Voice of Global South Summit and its role in G20 reforms (e.g., inclusion of the African Union). The approach differs from the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) and aims for a balanced, strategic presence in global affairs.   Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) Practice Question : Discuss India’s evolving role as a bridge between the Global North and Global South. What challenges does it face in maintaining this position, and what steps can be taken to strengthen its role? (250 words) Factors Influencing India’s Renewed Engagement Strategic Autonomy & Multipolarity Unlike NAM, India is not anti-Western but seeks cooperation with all blocs while maintaining independence. Strengthening ties with the U.S., EU, and new partners like Poland while championing the interests of developing nations. China Factor India and China compete for influence in Africa, Asia, and Latin America via investments and trade partnerships. India’s approach: Alternative development model (not debt-driven like China’s Belt & Road Initiative). Indo-Pacific Strategy (Quad with the U.S., Japan, and Australia counters China’s regional dominance). Economic & Developmental Cooperation India’s focus on sustainable, demand-driven assistance, not conditional aid like the West. Global Development Compact and ITEC program offer a human-centric, skills-based model for growth. Challenges & Steps Needed for India’s Success Redefining Development Cooperation Shift from India-first approach to mutual learning and collaboration with the Global South. Avoid perception as a dominant power imposing policies—instead, promote equal partnerships. Human-Centric & Capacity Building Approach Expand beyond Mission LiFE (low consumption lifestyle) to economic empowerment models. Focus on Skill India, MSME cooperation, women entrepreneurship, and sustainability challenges. Strengthening Global Governance Role Beyond pushing for institutional reforms (e.g., UNSC, WTO, IMF), India must build domestic capacity for global leadership. Trilateral partnerships with experienced nations (e.g., Germany, France) for development programs. Long-term goal: Establish India-led global initiatives, creating an independent international cooperation framework. Conclusion India must balance assertiveness with receptiveness—being the ‘Voice’ of the Global South requires listening. A collaborative and inclusive approach will enhance India’s credibility as a bridge between the Global North and South. Troubled Waters Context : Frequent Arrests & Detentions On February 8, 2024, the Sri Lankan Navy arrested 14 Indian fishermen from Tamil Nadu’s Ramanathapuram district for alleged poaching. Total arrests in 2024 have crossed 500 (528) for the first time in a decade; in 2014, it was 787. Courts in Sri Lanka have started imposing heavier fines and convictions, making release more difficult. Relevance: GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Critically examine the causes and implications of the India-Sri Lanka fisheries dispute in the Palk Bay region. Suggest policy measures to address the issue. (250 words) Use of Bottom Trawling: Tamil Nadu fishermen employ bottom trawling, which damages marine biodiversity and depletes fish stocks. Sri Lanka’s Northern Province fishermen oppose this method, as they are still recovering from the civil war and rely on sustainable fishing. International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) Violations: Indian fishermen frequently cross the IMBL into Sri Lankan waters, triggering diplomatic tensions. Unlike past instances where detained fishermen were quickly released, recent trends show increasing convictions. Policy & Diplomatic Considerations Need for Bilateral Talks: The last formal talks between Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen were in November 2016. India raised the issue in the Joint Working Group meeting in October 2023, but Sri Lanka remains reluctant to engage in negotiations. Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister has urged the Indian government to secure the release of 97 fishermen and 216 boats. Comparative Perspective: The number of fishermen arrested in Sri Lanka is significantly higher than those detained in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, or Qatar. This highlights a more systemic conflict rather than isolated incidents of maritime border violations. Way Forward Short-Term Measures: Immediate discussions between Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen to explore interim solutions. Faster legal and diplomatic interventions to secure the release of detained fishermen. Stricter enforcement of IMBL regulations to prevent unauthorized fishing. Long-Term Solutions: Incentivizing Indian fishermen to move away from bottom trawling through subsidies and alternative fishing techniques. Promoting deep-sea fishing programs to reduce dependence on Palk Bay waters. Enhancing cooperation in marine resource management to ensure sustainable fishing practices.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 February 2025

Content: The problem of regulating live-in relationships Centre’s allocations for justice-related schemes fluctuate What Has the Budget Offered Scientists? Modi arrives in France for AI summit, talks with Macron Hamas to stop release of prisoners, accuses Israel of ceasefire violations Is global warming accelerating? Cross-blood transplant performed on a patient with Bombay blood The problem of regulating live-in relationships Mandatory Registration: Opposite-sex live-in relationships must be registered within one month. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Criminalisation: Failure to register a live-in relationship or refusal to do so after notice is punishable by imprisonment or fines. Legitimacy of Children: Children born in live-in relationships are deemed legitimate. Maintenance Rights: Provides maintenance rights in case of desertion but not upon voluntary termination. State Surveillance: All registered live-in relationships must be reported to the local police. Potential Issues and Criticism Legal and Social Mismatch Undefined ‘Desertion’: While maintenance is granted in cases of desertion, the term remains legally vague. No Maintenance for Termination: A partner (especially a woman) left without financial support if the relationship ends voluntarily. Ambiguous Definition of Live-in Relationships: Drawn from domestic violence law, assumes they are ‘marriage-like’, which does not reflect reality. Fluid Nature of Relationships Overlooked: Many live-in relationships do not have a clear starting point, making mandatory registration impractical. Violation of Sexual Autonomy and Privacy State and Parental Control Over Adults: If a partner is under 21, their parents/guardians are informed—violating privacy and increasing risks of honour-based violence. Contradicts Shakti Vahini v. Union of India (2018), where the Supreme Court upheld an adult’s right to sexual autonomy. Police Surveillance: Conceptualises live-in relationships as potential law-and-order problems. Creates undue state interference in personal lives. Exclusion and Discrimination Same-Sex Relationships Ignored: UCC mandates registration only for opposite-sex live-in relationships, leaving same-sex couples without legal protections. Moral Policing?: Unlike global laws that extend marital benefits to cohabiting couples, Uttarakhand’s UCC treats live-in relationships as a problem to regulate rather than protect. Conclusion The UCC’s approach prioritises control over protection, undermining individual rights. Instead of ensuring welfare and legal safeguards, the law increases state and social surveillance. Centre’s allocations for justice-related schemes fluctuate Context : Findings from the India Justice Report 2025-26 Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ) Declining Budget Allocations: The Central government has consistently reduced funds for justice-related schemes since 2019. Only a fraction of the allocated budget is actually utilized. Modernisation Fund for State Police Forces: Created to upgrade State police infrastructure and Crime and Criminal Tracking Systems. Budget Estimates (BE) have declined from ₹900 crore (FY19) to ₹587.97 crore (FY26). Revised Estimates (RE) show drastic reductions—e.g., ₹780 crore (BE) in FY21 was revised to ₹106 crore. Actual spending is even lower; in FY23, only ₹34.7 crore (6% of the allocation) was spent. Modernisation of Forensic Capacities: Aims to strengthen forensic testing infrastructure and increase the number of forensic scientists. Funding has fluctuated significantly over the past few years. Modernisation of Prisons Fund: Established over two decades ago to improve prison infrastructure. Peak allocation: ₹400 crore (FY23), reduced to ₹300 crore (FY25 & FY26). Utilization fell sharply after FY23 (only 44% of funds were used). Judiciary-Related Schemes: National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): Allocations have increased over the years, ranging from ₹150-200 crore. 100% utilization from FY19 to FY24. Infrastructure Development for Judiciary: A centrally sponsored scheme for State judicial resources. High utilization rates but reduced allocation from ₹1,123.40 crore (FY25) to ₹998 crore (FY26). Key Issues & Implications Severe Underutilization of Allocations: Police modernisation and forensic capacity schemes see low spending despite budgetary provisions. Focus on Judiciary Efficiency: Judiciary-related schemes show high utilization rates, contrasting with law enforcement funding gaps. Security and Justice System Disparities: The declining trend in police modernization funds may impact law enforcement effectiveness. What Has the Budget Offered Scientists? Overall Budget Trends ₹20,000 crore dedicated fund for private sector R&D, part of the ₹1 lakh crore corpus from the July 2024 Budget. Focus on strategic autonomy in deeptech and sunrise sectors. Increased funding for biotechnology and applied sciences, while basic science funding stagnates. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Science) Sector-Wise Analysis Department of Science & Technology (DST): ₹20,000 crore allocated to boost innovation through public-private partnerships. ₹100 crore for National Geospatial Mission to enhance geospatial infrastructure. Department of Biotechnology (DBT): ₹3,446.64 crore allocation (51.45% increase). ‘Bio-RIDE’ scheme launched to promote biomanufacturing and bio-entrepreneurship. Focus on gene-editing, personalised medicine, and sustainable agriculture. New missions on high-yielding seeds, minor oil seeds, and genetic resource characterisation. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR): Supports Agri-Districts Initiative, Millets Mission, and Cotton Mission for self-reliance. Focus on Green Hydrogen Mission and Indigenous Manufacturing. Jigyasa Programme for STEM education and Seaweed Mission for women entrepreneurs. Nuclear Energy and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Aim to increase nuclear power capacity to 100 GWe by 2047. Private sector participation introduced in nuclear energy. Concerns over Nuclear Liability and Damage Act 2010 amendments. Challenges & Criticism Basic Science Funding Declining: IISc and IISERs saw funding cuts, while education spending remains at only 2.54% of GDP (far below the NEP-2020 target of 6%). Curiosity-Driven Science Overlooked: Focus is on mission-mode projects like AI and nuclear energy, leaving fundamental research underfunded. Rigid Bureaucracy in Research Grants: Hinders efficient fund allocation and scientific progress. Modi arrives in France for AI summit, talks with Macron Context: AI Action Summit: Modi co-chaired the AI Action Summit with French President Emmanuel Macron. Focus areas: innovation, AI governance, future of work, and public interest. India represents the Global South in AI discussions. Part of a global AI dialogue following the UK (2023) and South Korea (2024) summits. Relevance :GS 2(International Relations),  GS 3(Technology) Bilateral Engagements with France: Economic Cooperation: Interaction with the India-France CEOs Forum. Strategic Partnership: Reviewing the 2047 Horizon Roadmap for India-France ties. New Indian Consulate: To be opened in Marseille, strengthening diplomatic outreach. Nuclear & Energy Collaboration: Visit to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. ITER is a major global initiative for nuclear energy research. Tribute to Indian Soldiers: Modi to visit Mazargues War Cemetery to honor Indian soldiers who died in World War I & II. Geopolitical & Strategic Significance AI & Digital Cooperation: Strengthening India’s position in global AI governance. Strengthening Ties with the West: Engagements in France & the U.S. boost India’s global influence. Economic & Technological Advancements: Collaboration in nuclear research, AI, and industrial sectors. Next Stop: United States Modi will visit Washington, D.C. after France. Plans to meet Donald Trump to strengthen India-U.S. ties in diverse sectors. Emphasis on continuity in India-U.S. relations from Trump’s first term. Hamas to stop release of prisoners, accuses Israel of ceasefire violations Context : Hamas’ Announcement: Stopped releasing Israeli hostages over alleged Israeli ceasefire violations. Conditions for Resumption: Compliance with the ceasefire and compensation for past violations. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Accusations Against Israel: Delaying Palestinian return to northern Gaza. Israeli shelling & gunfire targeting Palestinians. Blocking humanitarian aid from entering Gaza. Ceasefire Status: Began on January 19, largely holding despite stray violent incidents. Some Palestinians have been killed by Israeli forces during this period. Aid agencies report an increase in humanitarian aid since the ceasefire. Israeli Response: Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz called Hamas’ move a violation of the ceasefire deal. Ordered military readiness in Gaza and to defend Israeli communities. Hostage Release Status: 16 out of 33 Israeli hostages expected in the first phase have been released. Five Thai hostages were returned in an unscheduled release. Implications Ceasefire Fragility: The breakdown of trust increases the risk of renewed hostilities. Humanitarian Concerns: Delayed aid and restrictions on movement worsen conditions in Gaza. Geopolitical Impact: International pressure on both sides to uphold the agreement may intensify. Is global warming accelerating? Context:Record-Breaking January 2025: January 2025 was 0.09°C warmer than January 2024, making it the hottest January on record. It was 1.75°C warmer than pre-industrial times. 18 of the last 19 months hit or surpassed the 1.5°C threshold. Relevance : GS 3(Environment ,Climate Change) Scientific Debate on Acceleration: James Hansen (Former NASA Scientist) claims global warming is accelerating, with the past 15 years warming twice as fast as the previous 40 years. University of Michigan’s Overpeck agrees, saying climate change impacts are getting worse. Skepticism from Other Scientists: Gabe Vecchi (Princeton): Not enough data; could be random variation. Michael Mann (University of Pennsylvania): Warming is within climate model predictions. Natural Climate Factors & Their Impact: El Niño (2023-24): Caused temperature spikes, but ended in June 2024. La Niña (2025 Onset): Expected to cool global temperatures, but January still broke records. Sulphur Pollution Reduction: New shipping regulations reduced sulphur aerosols, which previously reflected sunlight and mitigated warming. Uncertainty About 2025: Earlier predictions suggested 2025 would be cooler than 2024 due to La Niña. Hansen contradicts this, arguing 2025 may surpass 2024’s record. Implications: Climate Thresholds & Paris Agreement: 1.5°C threshold is being exceeded frequently but not permanently yet. Scientists won’t declare the Paris Agreement limit breached until global temperatures stay above it for 20 years. Policy & Global Response: Need for urgent emission reductions from fossil fuels. Climate policies may need adjustments if acceleration is confirmed. Scientific Uncertainty & Debate: Conflicting views highlight the complexity of climate science. More long-term data needed to confirm if warming is truly accelerating. Cross-blood transplant performed on a patient with Bombay blood Context : First-Ever Cross-Blood Kidney Transplant for Bombay Blood Group A 30-year-old patient with the extremely rare Bombay blood group received a kidney transplant from his mother, who had a different blood type. Relevance : GS 2(health) ,G S 3(Science) Challenges of the Bombay Blood Group in Transplantation The Bombay blood group (HH group) lacks the H antigen, making it impossible to receive blood or organs from any ABO group. Only 0.0004% of the global population has this blood type, making donor matches exceedingly rare. Even type O blood, considered the universal donor, is incompatible with Bombay blood group patients. Breakthrough Medical Innovation Doctors applied principles from ABO cross-blood transplants, using a Japanese technique called Double Filtration Plasmapheresis (DFPP). The process involved: Measuring anti-H antibodies to determine safe transplantation levels. Administering monoclonal antibodies to deplete B cells producing these antibodies. Performing plasmapheresis to further reduce antibody levels. Using immunosuppressive IVIG therapy to prevent organ rejection. No prior medical literature existed on managing anti-H antibodies in transplantation, so doctors had to make assumptions about safe antibody levels. Successful Surgery & Post-Operative Recovery The patient did not require blood transfusion during surgery. No signs of organ rejection were observed in the critical first two weeks post-transplant. Six months later, the patient has returned to his normal activities. Implications & Future Prospects New Hope for Bombay Blood Group Patients The success of this case opens doors for similar transplants worldwide. If further studies confirm its viability, Bombay blood group patients may no longer be restricted to only matching blood group donors. Medical & Research Breakthrough A major advancement in transplant medicine, proving that cross-blood transplantation is possible even in ultra-rare cases. Sets a precedent for future medical interventions in rare blood group transplants. Challenges & Further Research Needed The lack of prior data means long-term outcomes remain uncertain. Future research is needed to refine safe antibody threshold levels for similar procedures.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 February 2025

Content: Before March 31, 2026, we will eliminate Naxalism from the country PM YUVA 2.0 Before March 31, 2026, we will eliminate Naxalism from the country Context : Union Home Minister Shri Amit Shah announced the commitment to eliminate Naxalism before March 31, 2026. The announcement was made in the backdrop of a major anti-Naxal operation in Bijapur, Chhattisgarh. 31 Naxalites were killed in the operation by security forces, with a large quantity of weapons and explosives recovered. The operation also resulted in the loss of two security personnel, to whom the nation remains indebted. Relevance : GS 3(internal Security) Significance of the Operation A major step in counter-insurgency efforts against Left-Wing Extremism (LWE). Reduces the operational capacity of Naxal groups in Chhattisgarh, a stronghold of Naxal activities. Strengthens the morale of security forces in combating insurgency. Signals the government’s strong resolve to make India Naxal-free. Government’s Counter-Naxal Strategy Security Operations: Intensified counter-insurgency measures with proactive combing operations. Infrastructure Development: Expansion of roads, bridges, and communication networks in Naxal-affected regions. Welfare Measures: Focus on education, healthcare, and employment to reduce youth recruitment into Naxal ranks. Surrender and Rehabilitation: Programs to reintegrate former Naxalites into mainstream society. Intelligence Strengthening: Use of technology, drones, and local intelligence networks to track Naxal movements. Challenges in Eliminating Naxalism Geographical Challenges: Dense forests and difficult terrain favor Naxal hideouts and mobility. Local Support: Some tribal populations have historically provided passive support to Naxalites due to grievances. Inter-State Coordination: Naxal movement across state borders complicates containment efforts. Human Rights Concerns: Ensuring that counter-insurgency operations do not lead to civilian casualties or alienation of local populations. Implications of the Deadline Political and Administrative Will: Ensures continued focus on counter-Naxal operations. Increased Budget Allocation: Likely to see enhanced funding for security and development in affected regions. Public Perception: Instills confidence among citizens and boosts morale of security forces. Way Forward Sustained Security Operations: Continuous vigilance required to prevent resurgence. Economic and Social Inclusion: Long-term success depends on addressing socio-economic grievances. International Lessons: Learning from global counter-insurgency efforts (e.g., Colombia’s fight against FARC insurgents). PM YUVA 2.0 Context :Shri Dharmendra Pradhan launches 41 books under PM YUVA 2.0 at NDWBF 2025 PM YUVA 2.0: A scheme aimed at mentoring and promoting young authors in India. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes, Education) Significance: Encourages youth to engage in writing, contributing to intellectual discourse. Nurtures a new generation of storytellers highlighting Indian culture, history, and literature. Helps bring forth narratives of unsung heroes from India’s past, including the freedom struggle. Transformational Impact: Books from young authors serve as ambassadors of Indian heritage, literature, and languages globally. Promoting Books in Indian Languages as a National Mission Key Initiatives: Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme: Announced in the 2025 budget to further encourage publishing in regional languages. NBT’s Role: Acknowledged as a key institution in ensuring literary accessibility. Collaboration with Global Publishers: Encouragement for partnerships to take Indian literature to a global audience. Literary Translations for Cultural and Historical Preservation Hindi Translation of The Saga of Kudopali: The Unsung Story of 1857 Highlights an overlooked chapter of India’s First War of Independence. Planned release in 12 Indian languages and 2 foreign languages for wider accessibility. Malayalam Translation of 14th-Century Mathematician Sri Madhava’s Works Recognition of ancient Indian contributions to mathematics and astronomy. Promotes the study of Indian scientific heritage through linguistic inclusivity. National Book Trust’s Role & Future Directions NBT as a Key Driver: Responsible for making books and literature accessible in Indian languages. Encouraged to embrace technology for wider reach and collaborate with international publishers. New Delhi World Book Fair (NDWBF) 2025: Described as a “Gyan-Kumbh”—a melting pot of literature, knowledge, and culture. Recognized as one of the largest book fairs globally, serving as an important intellectual platform. Implications for India’s Literary and Knowledge Landscape Strengthening Intellectual Ecosystem: Young authors contribute fresh perspectives to history, society, and governance. Encourages discussions on unsung historical figures and indigenous knowledge. Linguistic and Cultural Revival: Expanding translations fosters regional linguistic pride and intellectual inclusivity. Bridges historical knowledge with contemporary readership across different linguistic communities. Integration with Digital & Global Publishing Trends: Encouragement to integrate technology in book distribution and outreach. Potential for e-books, audiobooks, and international collaborations for Indian literature.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 February 2025

Content: Keeping a watch on the growing arc of violence An aerospace expo to further India’s global presence A gift horse’s teeth Keeping a watch on the growing arc of violence Context of Rising Violence The world is experiencing an unpredictable period with escalating conflicts in multiple regions. Post-1945 world order has effectively collapsed, with international institutions failing to mitigate violence. The prolonged Ukraine war and civilian casualties in Gaza highlight the ineffectiveness of the UN Security Council and the International Court of Justice. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) Practice Question : Recent global trends indicate a resurgence of terrorism, particularly in digital and decentralized forms.” Discuss the evolving nature of terrorism and the challenges it presents to global security. (250 words) West Asia: Pyrrhic Victories and Future Instability Israel’s actions in Gaza and Lebanon, alongside U.S. strategies, aim to weaken Iran’s influence. However, these efforts provide only temporary advantages, as subterranean activities indicate potential future conflicts. The belief in a stable West Asia is misleading; radical movements and extremist networks continue to thrive. Evolution of Islamist Terrorism Despite the weakening of al-Qaeda and ISIS, terrorism remains a formidable global threat. Terrorism 3.0 is decentralized, digitally advanced, and continuously adapting to new environments. Radicalization is now primarily online, facilitating extremist recruitment and lone–wolf attacks. Revival of Terror Networks Al-Qaeda has re-established training camps in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. ISIS-K (Islamic State in Khorasan Province) is expanding beyond Afghanistan and Pakistan. Recent terrorist activities have been observed in Moscow, Iran, Türkiye, and South Asian nations like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. These attacks, though sporadic, suggest a possible resurgence of global terrorism. Rising Threats in Western Nations Small-scale attacks in the West signal the re-emergence of radical terror. Two high-profile incidents in the U.S. have raised security concerns: A cyber-truck explosion in Las Vegas outside a hotel where Donald Trump was staying. A vehicle-ramming attack in New Orleans, killing 14 people and injuring 35. Both attackers had a military background, suggesting new recruitment patterns within terror groups. Technological Advancements in Terrorism AI-driven radicalization and recruitment efforts by IS and al-Qaeda raise alarms. Advanced propaganda and communication methods are making extremist narratives more accessible. Intelligence agencies emphasize that counter-terrorism measures must evolve rapidly to counter digital extremism. Counter-Terrorism Measures: Need for Proactive Strategies Warnings from intelligence agencies indicate the early stages of a possible new wave of global terror. Western nations and global security agencies must take early action to prevent another period of sustained extremist violence. Ignoring these warnings could lead to a resurgence of large-scale terror attacks. An aerospace expo to further India’s global presence Introduction Aero India 2025 (February 10-14) at Yelahanka Air Force Station, Bengaluru, is a premier aerospace and defence exhibition. The 15th edition aims to enhance India’s global standing in aerospace innovation and self-reliance in defence production. Theme: “The Runway to a Billion Opportunities”, highlighting India’s commitment to fostering innovation and international collaboration. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (International Relations & Diplomacy) Practice Question : Aero India 2025 is seen  as a catalyst for India’s self-reliance in defence and aerospace manufacturing. Discuss its significance in strengthening India’s global standing in the defence sector. (250 words) Evolution of Aero India: From 1996 to 2025 Started in 1996 as a small aviation exposition; now a globally recognized aerospace and defence event. Attracts leading defence manufacturers, policymakers, and industry leaders. 2025 edition to surpass previous milestones in defence production and technological advancements. Participation & Key Exhibitors Global Presence: 106 Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), including 55 foreign OEMs from 19 countries (Brazil, France, Israel, Japan, Russia, UK, USA, etc.). 16 Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) showcasing indigenous capabilities. Indian Industry Participation: 35 Indian OEMs, including major players like Larsen & Toubro, Adani Defence, Mahindra Defence, BrahMos Aerospace, BHEL, ECIL, etc. Reflects strong public-private collaboration in defence manufacturing. Key Highlights of Aero India 2025 Showcasing Advanced Fighter Jets: Russian Su-57: A next-generation stealth fighter known for agility and stealth. American F-35: A technologically advanced multi-role combat aircraft. First time both aircraft will be showcased together, enhancing India’s position in global defence diplomacy. Indigenous Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft – AMCA: Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) with 75% indigenous content. Marks India’s entry into the elite group of nations with fifth-generation aircraft development capability. ‘Manthan’ & iDEX Pavilion: Focus on start-ups and innovation in aerospace and defence. Showcases indigenous solutions under ‘Make in India’ and ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiatives. Strategic Importance of Aero India 2025 Strengthening India’s Defence & Aerospace Industry: Encourages collaboration between domestic and foreign firms. Boosts indigenous defence manufacturing under ‘Make in India’ and ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’. Diplomatic & Economic Significance: Enhances India’s position as a global aerospace hub. Strengthens defence ties with major global players. Innovation & Self-Reliance: Promotes domestic R&D and high-tech manufacturing capabilities. Bridges technological gaps through strategic partnerships. A gift horse’s teeth Context : Budgetary Allocations and R&D Spending Trends The Union Budget 2025-26 has made significant provisions for scientific research and development. Key announcements: ₹20,000 crore for the development of small modular reactors, with a target of five reactors by 2033. Introduction of the Research, Development, and Innovation Fund under the Department of Science and Technology (DST). The DST budget allocation now stands at₹28,000 crore, over three times last year’s allocation and seven times the actual expenditure of 2023-24. Despite such massive increases, concerns remain regarding the effective absorption and utilization of these funds. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Research) Practice Question :  Despite higher budgetary allocations for research and development (R&D), India struggles with innovation. Analyze the structural challenges in India’s R&D ecosystem and suggest measures to enhance private sector participation. (250 words) Structural Challenges in India’s R&D Ecosystem Low private sector participation in R&D: The private sector contributes only 36% to India’s total R&D expenditure. Overall R&D spending in India was just 0.64% of GDP in 2020, the lowest since 1995. In comparison, business enterprises account for around 40% of government R&D spending. Public sector R&D units allocate only 0.30% of sales turnover to research, while the private sector allocates 1.46% (2020-21, DST estimates). Core Issues Affecting R&D Growth Despite strong technology-driven industries like fuel, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, textiles, IT, and biotechnology, core R&D returns remain insufficient. Government efforts in quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and other cutting-edge technologies lack supporting infrastructure. Major gaps in India’s innovation ecosystem: Lack of chipsets and semiconductor fabs. Shortage of a skilled engineering workforce. Absence of a strong private sector-driven innovation ecosystem. Way Forward: A Strategic R&D Transformation Clear roadmap for fund allocation: Define how private entities can access R&D funding and ensure transparency in disbursal. Incentivizing private investment: Introduce tax benefits, grants, and subsidies to attract corporate R&D participation. Building foundational infrastructure: Developing semiconductor fabs and advanced chip manufacturing units. Expanding AI and quantum computing research hubs. Establishing world-class engineering and research institutions. Ensuring long-term industry engagement: Strengthening academia-industry partnerships. Encouraging startup participation in R&D innovation. Creating regulatory frameworks that facilitate smoother technology transfers. Public accountability: The government must quantify expected outcomes and track the impact of the increased funding.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 February 2025

CONTENT: As M.P. readies new home for cheetahs, locals share woes of being neighbours to the big cats From brain drain to brain gain India’s opportunity at the AI Action Summit China contributes substantially to U.S.’ biggest imports What does the Budget offer Railways? How has the Budget allocated funds for urban development? As M.P. readies new home for cheetahs, locals share woes of being neighbours to the big cats Background & Context Cheetah Reintroduction: Project Cheetah aims to reintroduce cheetahs to India, after their extinction in 1952. Kuno National Park (KNP): First site of reintroduction in 2022, now hosting 26 cheetahs. Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary (MP): Identified as the second site, with 6–8 cheetahs from South Africa expected before summer 2025. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Preparations at Gandhi Sagar Quarantine Bomas (QBs): Each enclosure designed with mud mounds, bamboo roofs, water saucers, and electric fencing to mimic natural habitat. Dual-entry gates with remote operation for staff safety. Surveillance with 360-degree cameras and fiber-wrapped trees to prevent escape. Health Monitoring: Cheetahs to be quarantined for a minimum of one month before release into a 64 sq km larger enclosure. Health risks from new diseases under constant observation.  Historical & Geographical Significance Savanna-like Habitat: Rocky terrain, shallow soil, and exposed sheet rock create an environment similar to cheetahs’ native African habitat. Prehistoric Connection: Rock art at Chaturbhuj Nala (protected by ASI) believed to depict cheetahs, supporting the idea of historical presence. Local Displacement & Concerns Village Relocation: Karanpura village (280 families) relocated since it fell within the 64 sq km sanctuary. Process faced resistance; compensation issues persist. Livelihood Impact: Nearby villages (Gurjar, Banjara, Bhil communities) rely on dairy farming, but face water scarcity as fencing blocks Chambal river access. Milk production has halved in some areas due to poor grazing land and water availability. Key Challenges & Future Implications Human-Wildlife Conflict: Displacement of locals vs. long-term conservation goals. Ecological Balance: Ensuring sufficient prey population for cheetahs without impacting local biodiversity. Sustainable Development: Need for mitigation strategies to address local grievances and improve resource access. From brain drain to brain gain Current Scenario India has become the largest source of international students in the U.S. Record-breaking 3,31,602 Indian students enrolled in 2023-24. In 2022, Indian students spent ~$47 billion abroad; projected to reach $70 billion by 2025. Highlights both ambition and gaps in India’s higher education system. Relevance : GS 2(Education) Challenges in India’s Higher Education Financial Model Issues: Over-reliance on tuition fees (80% in private institutions, 90% government-funded). Unsustainable and limits scalability. Quality and Capacity Gaps: Need for new world-class universities. Existing institutions require infrastructure and R&D funding. Lack of Institutional Autonomy: Limited flexibility in curriculum, funding, and global collaborations. Multi-Pronged Strategy for Brain Gain Financial Diversification Reduce tuition dependency to 30-40%. Increase endowments (30-35% of revenue) via alumni, CSR, and tax incentives. Research collaborations to contribute 20-25%. Alternative revenue (IP commercialisation, executive education) to make up 10-15%. Enhancing Capacity & Quality Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure development. Industry-academia collaboration to boost research. Attracting global faculty and forging academic partnerships. Autonomy & Accountability NEP 2020 emphasis on institutional independence. Universities need flexibility in curriculum, funding, and governance. Accountability via audits and professional fund management. The Way Forward Shift towards zero-tuition models through research and endowments. Position India as a global education hub for both Indian and international students. Bold reforms needed to reverse brain drain and create a world-class education ecosystem. India’s opportunity at the AI Action Summit Background India accepted France’s invitation to co-chair the AI Action Summit on February 10-11, 2025, in Paris. The summit will focus on AI safety, innovation, public interest AI, future of work, and AI governance. Opportunity to amplify the Global South’s voice on AI issues, following previous summits in the UK and South Korea. India has been actively engaged in global AI safety discourse and is setting up an AI Safety Institute. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations), GS 3(Technology) India’s Strategic Priorities at the Summit Democratising Access to AI Resources Advocate for equitable access across the AI value chain (data sets, cloud computing, and application platforms). India’s domestic AI initiative (computing facility with 18,600 GPUs) sets an example for shared infrastructure. Support open-source AI models and push for more flexible cross-border transfer of AI technologies. Promote distributed computing and safety tools like watermarking technology. Identifying and Prioritising AI Use-Cases for the Global South Call for a framework to identify AI use-cases tailored to the unique needs of developing countries. Focus on AI applications for local needs: early disease detection, personalized learning platforms, and agricultural productivity tools. Propose establishing an AI use-case repository to guide the Global South in prioritising AI applications. Contextualising AI Risks and Safety Measures for the Global South Emphasize the need to address risks that disproportionately affect developing nations. Address cultural erosion due to AI models trained on “western data”. Call for evidence collection on AI-related harms specific to the Global South to inform risk mitigation strategies. Propose the creation of a repository of AI-related harms to guide future regulatory approaches. Long-Term Vision India’s leadership at the summit will position it as a bridge between AI superpowers and the developing world. By advancing Global South priorities, India could become an ideal candidate to host the next AI Action Summit. India’s efforts will solidify its role in shaping global AI governance with a focus on equity and inclusivity. China contributes substantially to U.S.’ biggest imports Background President Donald Trump announced additional tariffs on imports from China, Canada, and Mexico, citing a national emergency. China retaliated by imposing counter tariffs in response. The U.S. imported goods worth $17,000 billion between 2018 and 2023. Relevance: GS 2(International Relations) China’s Share in U.S. Imports (2018-2023) China’s Contribution: Accounted for 18% of U.S. imported services between 2018 and 2023, the highest among the countries. China contributed the highest share in 8 out of 15 top U.S. imports. Products with the highest Chinese share: Electrical Machinery and Equipment (15% of total U.S. imports) Nuclear Machinery and Appliances (9%) Iron or Steel (20-30%) Plastics (20-30%) Clothing (20-30%) Furniture (~40%) Toys (~80%) Other Key Imports from China: China was the second largest contributor to U.S. imports in measuring instruments, organic chemicals, and rubber. Other Key Contributors Mexico: Contributed the highest share in imported vehicles and measuring instruments. Also ranked among the top three exporters for several products, including electrical machinery, nuclear machinery, furniture, iron or steel, and rubber. Canada: Contributed nearly 50% of the mineral imports to the U.S. Also contributed significantly to U.S. imports of plastic, vehicles, and iron or steel. Conclusion China remains the largest contributor to the U.S. import basket, particularly in electrical machinery, nuclear machinery, and consumer goods like toys and furniture. The U.S. maintains significant import relations with Mexico and Canada, with each country playing a key role in specific sectors. The ongoing tariff wars could impact these trade dynamics, especially with China, given its substantial share in critical imports. What does the Budget offer Railways? Budget and Financial Overview Capital Expenditure (Capex): No significant increase in capex beyond the₹2.62 lakh crore from the past two years. Despite₹13 lakh crore spent on modernisation over the last decade, the returns remain underwhelming. IR’s operational costs are not covered by its own earnings, leading to government’s continued financial support. Key Announcements and Measures Infrastructure and Connectivity: Focus on enhancing infrastructure, station modernisation, train upgrades, and increasing connectivity. Commitment to accelerating the construction of new railway lines, doubling, gauge conversion, and adding new rolling stock. 150 km of new tracks laid annually since 2014, up from 113 km annually in the previous decade. Safety: Safety-related initiatives:₹1,16,514 crore allocated. Kavach Safety System: No expansion announced for 2025-26; only 1,465 km of Kavach system deployed so far. Safety work has focused on grade separation, but no significant increase in Kavach coverage. Electrification: IR has achieved an electrification rate of 294 Rkms/year (from 18 Rkms/year before 2014). India on track to become the world’s first fully electrified railway network, but concerns raised about underutilisation of diesel locomotives. Most IR electricity still comes from fossil-fuel-based power plants. Vande Bharat Trains: 200 new Vande Bharat trains to be introduced, but no clear timeline provided. Pending major projects such as the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor and Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail remain unaddressed. Concerns and Criticisms Station Redevelopment: Station redevelopment projects are stalled or slow, with visible progress only at a few locations like Gandhinagar and Ayodhya. New Delhi Station transformation remains stuck due to repeated re-tendering. EPC mode is now used after the failure of PPP projects, raising concerns about long-term maintenance. High-Speed Rail Network: A vision to build a 7,000 km high-speed rail network by 2047 was proclaimed, but lacks a clear strategy or timeline. Freight Growth: Declaration to become the world’s second-largest freight carrier (1.6 billion tonnes) lacks context and fails to address the decline in freight share. No clear plan to reclaim eroding freight traffic or to improve train speeds and passenger comfort. How has the Budget allocated funds for urban development? Budget Allocation Overview Total Allocation: ₹96,777crore for urban development, up from ₹82,576.57 crore last year. However, when adjusted for inflation, the allocation shows a real decline. Revised Estimate (RE) for FY 2024-25 suggests only ₹63,669.93 crore will be spent, reflecting a 22.9% underutilisation. A significant cut in the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY(U)) allocation: from ₹30,170.61 crore to ₹13,670 crore, signaling implementation gaps. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Focus on Capital-Intensive Projects The budget emphasizes capital-intensive infrastructure projects rather than employment generation and sustainable urban development. Metro Rail Expansion: Budget for metro and Mass Rapid Transit Systems increased by 46% for 2025-26, from ₹21,335.98 crore to ₹31,239.28 crore. Metro rail prioritisation over other urban mobility solutions raises concerns about inclusivity. Transfers to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) Direct transfers to ULBs show a decline: Previous year: ₹26,653 crore. This year: ₹26,158 crore. The reduction in transfers follows a revenue loss from the abolition of octroi and the introduction of GST, forcing ULBs to raise funds through additional local taxes. Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and Central Sector Schemes Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS): Programs like PMAY, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), AMRUT, and Smart Cities Mission face funding cuts. PMAY (CSS component) saw a 30% reduction in funding. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) funding remained steady, but spending fell short by 56%, with only ₹2,159 crore spent out of the allocated ₹5,000 crore. Central Sector Schemes: These are controlled by the Union Government and prioritize infrastructure, especially metro projects. Urban Challenge Fund and Redevelopment Programs New Urban Challenge Fund: ₹10,000 crore introduced for urban redevelopment. Ambitious target of ₹1 lakh crore set for redevelopment programs, with 50% of funding expected from private investments. However, private sector participation in Smart Cities Mission has been negligible, casting doubt on the feasibility of this goal. Concerns and Implications The focus on capital-intensive projects like metro expansion neglects more holistic urban development strategies such as employment generation, sustainable economic policies, and green jobs. Social and economic equity may be undermined, exacerbating disparities in urban development. The allocation for urban local bodies and key social programs remains insufficient, raising concerns about long-term urban growth and inclusivity.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 February 2025

Content: Use of AI in agriculture Promotion of Organic Farming Use of AI in Agriculture The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indian agriculture is a significant step toward improving productivity, mitigating risks, and ensuring better decision-making for farmers. The government’s initiatives, as mentioned in the Rajya Sabha, highlight the increasing role of AI-driven solutions in tackling sector-specific challenges such as pest control, climate resilience, and financial accessibility. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) 1. Kisan e-Mitra: AI-powered Chatbot for Farmer Assistance Objective: To provide real-time information to farmers, particularly regarding the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme. Features: Supports multiple languages, ensuring accessibility for farmers across India. Currently focused on PM-KISAN queries but is expected to expand to cover other government schemes. Reduces dependence on physical government offices for information, improving efficiency. Impact: Helps farmers receive instant and accurate responses about financial assistance. Enhances government outreach to rural areas with minimal infrastructure. Reduces misinformation and bureaucratic delays in accessing benefits. 2. National Pest Surveillance System: AI for Climate-Resilient Agriculture Need for the System: Climate change has led to erratic weather patterns, increasing the risk of pest infestations. Traditional pest detection relies on physical inspections, which can be slow and inefficient. How AI is Used: AI and Machine Learning (ML) analyze historical data, satellite imagery, and real-time field data. Identifies early signs of pest infestations and alerts farmers and agricultural officers. Suggests targeted interventions to minimize crop losses. Impact: Enables proactive pest control, reducing dependency on excessive pesticide use. Prevents large-scale crop damage, ensuring food security and farmer income stability. Improves agricultural sustainability by promoting data-driven pest management. 3. AI-based Crop Health Monitoring & Yield Prediction Use of AI Analytics: AI analyzes field photographs to assess crop health, identifying stress factors like nutrient deficiencies, diseases, or water stress. Uses satellite data, weather patterns, and soil moisture levels to predict yields and detect anomalies. Application on Rice and Wheat Crops: These staple crops are crucial for India’s food security, and AI-driven insights help optimize productivity. Helps policymakers and farmers make informed decisions on irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting. Impact: Reduces crop loss due to undiagnosed diseases and poor soil conditions. Provides real–time advisories to farmers, improving productivity. Aids in crop insurance assessments by providing accurate yield predictions. Broader Implications of AI in Agriculture 1. Precision Farming & Resource Optimization AI helps optimize the use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, reducing input costs and environmental damage. Precision agriculture improves yields and enhances soil health through targeted interventions. 2. Market Linkages & Price Forecasting AI-powered models analyze market trends and suggest optimal selling times for farmers. Reduces farmer dependency on middlemen, ensuring better price realization. 3. Financial Inclusion & Credit Access AI-driven risk assessment models help banks and financial institutions determine the creditworthiness of farmers. Enables quicker loan approvals and promotes financial security. Challenges & the Way Forward Challenges: Digital Divide: Many small and marginal farmers lack access to smartphones and the internet, limiting AI adoption. Data Gaps: AI models require large-scale datasets, which may not always be available or accurate. Lack of Awareness: Farmers may be reluctant to adopt AI-driven solutions due to unfamiliarity and trust issues. Infrastructure Limitations: Poor rural connectivity and electricity shortages hinder AI deployment. The Way Forward: Strengthening Digital Infrastructure: Expanding rural broadband connectivity and promoting smartphone adoption. AI Training for Farmers: Conducting awareness programs to familiarize farmers with AI-based tools. Public-Private Collaboration: Encouraging partnerships between the government, private tech firms, and agricultural institutions to scale AI solutions. Localized AI Solutions: Customizing AI models for regional languages and crop-specific challenges. Promotion of Organic Farming The Government of India is promoting organic farming to ensure sustainable agriculture, soil health conservation, and premium market access for farmers. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Two key schemes are driving this initiative: Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Scope: Implemented in all States & UTs (except the North-East). Objectives: Encourages cluster-based organic farming with end-to-end support. Provides financial aid for production, processing, certification, and marketing. Empowers farmers through training & capacity building. Financial Assistance: ₹31,500/ha for 3 years (₹15,000/ha for organic inputs through DBT). Additional support for value addition, marketing, and certification (₹4,500/ha, ₹3,000/ha, and ₹7,500/ha respectively). Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER) Scope: Exclusive to the North-East to develop organic value chains Objectives: Supports organic input production & certification. Encourages Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to develop market linkages. Provides infrastructure for post-harvest management & processing. Financial Assistance: ₹46,500/ha for 3 years (₹32,500/ha for organic inputs, with ₹15,000 through DBT). ₹10,000/ha for training, certification, and capacity building. Organic Certification Mechanisms Third-Party Certification (NPOP – Ministry of Commerce & Industry) Ensures organic products meet export standards. Covers production, processing, trading, and export compliance. Participatory Guarantee System (PGS-India – Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare) Designed for domestic markets. Farmers collectively assess, verify, and certify each other’s produce. Market Support & Digital Initiatives States actively organize: Workshops, buyer-seller meets, organic trade fairs, & festivals. Direct marketing platforms such as farmer cooperatives & organic bazaars. Jaivik Kheti Portal Government-backed online organic market. 6.22 lakh registered farmers sell directly to consumers.  Total organic farming area in India: 59.74 lakh hectares (NPOP + PGS) Top States with highest organic area (NPOP + PGS combined): Madhya Pradesh: 12.23 lakh ha Maharashtra: 10.67 lakh ha Rajasthan: 7.28 lakh ha Gujarat: 6.90 lakh ha Uttarakhand: 2.42 lakh ha Conclusion The government’s organic farming initiatives reduce chemical dependency, improve soil fertility, and enhance farmers’ income by providing financial, technical, and market support. These efforts align with sustainable agricultural goals and bolster India’s global organic export potential.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 February 2025

Content: India’s Voice in Global AI Governance Technology and Equitable Education in Rural India Growth Over Inflation: RBI’s Focus Shift India’s voice must resonate in global AI conversations India must actively engage in global AI governance to safeguard its technological interests, shape ethical standards, and secure its strategic position in the evolving AI landscape. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Practice Question: I transcends national boundaries, necessitating collaborative governance mechanisms.” In this context, critically analyze India’s current position in global AI safety discussions and suggest measures to enhance its role in shaping international AI standards. (250 words) AI as a Global Phenomenon AI operates beyond national boundaries, with data, algorithms, and innovations flowing seamlessly across regions. Effective governance requires collaborative international mechanisms to regulate AI and ensure safety. The November 2024 incident with Google’s AI chatbot Gemini highlights ethical and psychological risks of unregulated AI deployment. India’s role in AI governance is critical, given its high adoption rate and widespread usage. India’s AI Landscape India is among the fastest adopters of AI, with an adoption rate of 30%, higher than the global average (26%) (Boston Consulting Group). India is the second-largest user base for ChatGPT globally, accounting for around 10% of users. AI is driving transformation in key sectors like healthcare, finance, agriculture, and logistics. Despite its growing AI footprint, India lacks a dedicated AI safety institution. Global AI Governance and India’s Absence The International Network of AI Safety Institutes, launched in November 2024, is shaping global AI safety standards. This network builds on the Seoul Statement of Intent (2024), fostering international cooperation in AI safety. India is absent from this key initiative, missing out on shaping global AI regulations that will directly impact its tech sector. Participating in such forums is imperative to safeguard national interests and ensure ethical, competitive AI development. AI, Geopolitics, and Strategic Considerations AI intersects with geopolitics, influencing trade, military applications, and cybersecurity. The U.S. is imposing export controls on AI technology, primarily targeting China but potentially affecting India. India risks indirect restrictions on access to cutting-edge AI tools and research. Proactive global engagement can help India advocate for balanced frameworks that address security concerns without stifling innovation. India’s Strengths in AI Development India has a robust IT sector and a deep talent pool capable of AI innovation. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) initiatives like Aadhaar and UPI have shown India’s expertise in scalable tech solutions. These experiences position India to lead global discussions on inclusive and ethical AI governance. Why India Must Take the Lead in AI Governance National security: Ensuring AI regulations do not disadvantage Indian firms. Economic growth: Aligning with global AI safety standards will boost investments and partnerships. Global leadership: Shaping AI safety frameworks instead of merely following them. Innovation ecosystem: Creating an AI safety institute will help nurture responsible AI development. Strategic positioning: Participation in global AI governance forums will help protect India’s interests and secure its digital future. Technology and the challenge of equitable education The rise of digital technologies in education, marked by increased smartphone penetration and the impact of COVID-19, presents both opportunities and challenges for equitable education in rural India, especially in terms of device access, digital literacy, and tailored educational content. Relevance : GS 2(Education), GS 3(Technology) Practice Question: Discuss the role of technology in enhancing equitable education in rural India. What are the challenges and potential solutions for ensuring that technological advancements benefit marginalized communities?(250 Words) Rise of Digital Technologies in Education Early 2000s Trends: While mass enrolment and infrastructure development were prioritized, learning outcomes remained stagnant, as reflected in ASER data. Smartphone Penetration: Rural smartphone ownership surged from 36% in 2018 to 84% in 2024, making devices more accessible for education. COVID-19 Impact: The pandemic accelerated digital learning tools, with smartphones becoming essential for remote education in rural areas. Challenges in Equity Access to Devices: Despite improvements in smartphone access, disparities remain, particularly in access to multiple devices in rural households. Availability of a second device will be a key to equity in education. Digital Literacy Gap: While digital tools are becoming ubiquitous, rural communities may struggle with understanding how to use them effectively without structured support. Potential of Digital Revolution in Education Educational Opportunities for Underprivileged Groups: Digital platforms present a unique opportunity to uplift marginalized populations, especially uneducated mothers. Educating mothers could significantly impact children’s educational outcomes. AI and Local Language Solutions: AI tools now enable access to education in local languages, removing previous barriers. Digital devices can also assist with teaching and learning in rural areas by facilitating personalized content and instructions. Infrastructure and Innovation Limitations Hardware Availability: While hardware (e.g., smartphones) is more accessible, the next stage of educational transformation will require more sophisticated devices, driven by AI and more complex educational applications. Profit vs. Philanthropy: Technology companies often prioritize profit-driven markets, potentially excluding underserved populations from technological benefits unless supported by philanthropic initiatives. Moving Forward: Developing a Roadmap Need for a National Education Technology Strategy: India needs a clear, structured roadmap for integrating technology in education that addresses the needs of underprivileged communities. This includes affordable devices, digital literacy training, and content tailored to rural contexts. The Role of Government and Philanthropy: To ensure that technological innovations reach those who need them most, collaboration between the government, private sector, and philanthropic organizations will be crucial. Language and Curriculum Barriers: Localization of Content: One of the significant advancements is the ability to write, dictate, and translate content in local languages. This ensures that technology becomes more inclusive, addressing the linguistic diversity of rural India. Community-driven Learning Village Learning Programs: A model of learning broadcasts and scheduled curriculum delivery in villages could improve collective education. This would help bridge gaps in access, especially for children who do not attend formal schools. Growth Over Inflation The RBI’s recent interest rate cut signals a shift in focus from controlling inflation to prioritizing economic growth amidst global uncertainties and a sluggish domestic economy. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Banking) Practice Question: Analyze the recent decision by the Reserve Bank of India to cut the repo rate in the context of the economic growth-inflation trade-off. Discuss the implications for monetary policy in the current global and domestic environment.(250 Words) RBI’s Decision to Cut Interest Rates The RBI has cut the benchmark repo rate from 6.50% to 6.25% for the first time in five years. The decision was made by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) despite inflation being above the RBI’s target (4%). The cut signals a shift in focus from inflation control to prioritizing economic growth. Inflation and Growth Outlook Inflation moderated to 5.2% in December but is still above the 4% target. Growth projections for 2024-25 have dropped to a four-year low of 6.4%. The RBI expects inflation to average 4.2% in 2025-26, assuming favorable factors like a normal monsoon and a bumper harvest. Global Economic Uncertainties RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra pointed out that global challenges, such as the stalling of disinflation and a stronger dollar, have affected emerging markets like India. These factors complicate policy choices, and supporting growth has become more crucial than combating inflation in this context. Impact of Fiscal Policy and Budget Measures The RBI’s policy stance appears aligned with the government’s fiscal policy, as the Budget focuses on stimulating growth. However, it remains uncertain whether the combined effect of fiscal stimulus and lower interest rates will effectively revive consumption, attract private investment, and stimulate growth. Policy Responsiveness to Real-Time Data The MPC’s timing could be more responsive if it incorporated real-time data, particularly considering the potential moderation of inflation in January. This would enable the RBI to adjust its stance in line with the latest economic trends and signals. Challenges and Risks Ahead Weak economic growth and inflationary pressures continue to pose challenges. External factors like global economic conditions and potential domestic supply-side shocks could impact both inflation and growth prospects.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 February 2025

Content: Growth Push: RBI Cuts Rate by 0.25% Surge of Dead Sea Turtles in the Sand Nine Submarines, 65 Ships Taking Part in TROPEX Exercise DR Congo Conflict Advances; UN Says Risk of Regional Escalation Has Never Been Higher Cabinet Nod to Rejig Skilling Initiatives with a Combined Scheme Centre Holds Consultation with States on Setting Up Biomanufacturing Facilities  Growth Push: RBI Cuts Rate by 0.25%   Context : Repo Rate Cut Decision: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has cut the repo rate by 25 basis points (bps), lowering it to 6.25%. This is the first rate cut in 57 months, signaling a shift in the RBI’s stance after a prolonged period of rate hikes since 2022. The decision comes after a long pause in rate cuts, last implemented in May 2020 at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Relevance : GS 3 (Indian Economy ) Economic Context: The repo rate reduction aims to support India’s growth amidst fading economic momentum and inflationary concerns. Inflation is expected to ease to 4.4% this quarter and further to 4.2% in the 2025-26 fiscal year, according to the RBI’s forecast. This policy shift is strategically aligned with the government’s Union Budget initiatives, which introduced ₹1 lakh crore in income tax breaks to boost urban demand and stimulate consumption. Impact on Loans: A reduced repo rate typically translates into lower borrowing costs for consumers and businesses, making loans cheaper. Consumers could benefit from lower interest rates on home loans, car loans, and personal loans, potentially increasing demand for such financial products. This could further stimulate domestic demand in the economy, especially in consumer-driven sectors like real estate and automobiles. Monetary Policy Stance: Despite the rate cut, the RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has maintained a neutral monetary policy stance. The MPC is wary of global economic uncertainties and inflationary pressures, including upside risks to inflation. The RBI’s focus remains on achieving a sustainable alignment of inflation with its target while ensuring that growth is supported. Global and Domestic Risk Factors: The RBI has cited global uncertainties as a key factor influencing its cautious stance on further rate cuts. These global factors include the ongoing geopolitical tensions and fluctuations in international commodity prices, which can have an impact on India’s inflation trajectory. Long-Term Implications: This rate cut could provide a boost to economic activity, particularly in urban sectors where consumer spending is crucial. If inflation continues to fall within the target range, it could open the door for further cuts in the future, providing continued stimulus for economic growth. However, any future cuts will depend on evolving global and domestic economic conditions, as well as inflationary trends. In conclusion, this rate cut marks a significant shift in RBI’s approach to monetary policy, reflecting a balancing act between controlling inflation and supporting growth in a challenging global and domestic environment. A surge of dead sea turtles in the sand Context : Unusual Surge in Turtle Deaths: Since the beginning of January 2025, a concerning increase in the number of dead Olive Ridley sea turtles has been observed in Chennai and Chengalpattu districts. The death count is three times higher than usual for this time of the year, with conservationists counting 1,200 dead turtles (compared to the typical 350). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Cultural and Ecological Significance: Olive Ridley turtles hold cultural significance for local fishermen, who view them as a symbol of a healthy ecosystem. The turtles also play a crucial ecological role by maintaining healthy seagrass levels, supporting fish populations, and controlling jellyfish numbers. The community refers to these turtles as “guests” and “god,” emphasizing their cultural importance. Primary Causes of Death: Bottom Trawling: A significant cause of turtle deaths is bottom trawling, where fishing boats encroach into restricted zones meant for artisanal fishermen. This causes entanglement of turtles in nets. Gill Nets: The widespread use of gill nets further increases the risk of turtle entanglement. Plastic Pollution: Increasing levels of plastic waste in the oceans also threaten the turtles’ survival. Nesting Site Destruction: The rise in hard structures like groynes along beaches has resulted in the destruction of turtle nesting habitats, forcing turtles to leave without nesting. Impacts on Turtle Population: Along the 34-km stretch of coastline, dead turtles were found with eggs in their bodies, indicating that many female turtles intended to nest but were killed before they could do so. Conservationists also reported a significant reduction in the number of nests this season (only two found compared to the usual 30). Government and Conservation Efforts: The Tamil Nadu government has formed a task force to address the issue, planning to strengthen fishing regulations, enforce the use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs), and reduce boat engine horsepower to mitigate turtle deaths. The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has been working with various authorities to increase joint patrols and monitor trawler violations. However, there are concerns from fishermen about TEDs affecting their catch, leading to tensions between conservation goals and local livelihoods. Wider Regional Impact: The turtle deaths are not confined to Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh also reported an increased number of turtle deaths (2,032 by January 26). The issue may be compounded by an unusually rough monsoon season and challenging oceanic conditions. Collaboration for Conservation: Conservationists call for a more unified approach involving fishermen, local communities, the Fisheries Department, and conservation organizations. Technology, such as apps to track turtle activity, could improve monitoring and compliance with regulations. A focus on turtle conservation needs to balance the ecological needs with the livelihoods of local fishermen, who face economic pressures due to declining fish resources. Call to Action: The surge in turtle deaths serves as a stark reminder of the fragile balance between human activities and the environment. It highlights the need for effective policy implementation, awareness, and collaboration to protect these vulnerable species and the ecosystems that depend on them. Nine submarines, 65 ships taking part in TROPEX exercise Context: TROPEX-25 is a biennial, large-scale military exercise held in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The exercise involves the participation of around 65 Indian Navy ships, 9 submarines, and 80+ aircraft. This exercise serves as a capstone event for the Indian Navy, focusing on refining maritime operational strategies and validating their core warfighting capabilities. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Strategic Objective: The primary aim of TROPEX-25 is to validate and refine the Indian Navy’s Concept of Operations in complex, real-world maritime scenarios. The exercise is designed to test the Navy’s response to a wide range of threats, including: Conventional (traditional military threats), Asymmetric (non-traditional or irregular threats), Hybrid threats (a blend of conventional and unconventional tactics). Key Participants: In addition to the Indian Navy’s operational units, the Indian Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard assets are also involved. The multi-service participation ensures coordination among various arms of the military and enhances joint operational readiness. Training Focus: TROPEX-25 is aimed at ensuring a synchronised and integrated response from all services to protect and secure India’s maritime interests. It is an opportunity to test: Maritime security strategies, Fleet management under simulated combat scenarios, Interoperability between different forces (Navy, Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard). Operational Scenarios: The exercise includes complex maritime operational scenarios designed to challenge the participating units and simulate a range of threats. It provides a platform for refining combat readiness and strategic response to maintain national security in a contested maritime environment. Geopolitical Implications: The exercise underscores India’s growing commitment to securing the Indo-Pacific region amid rising global maritime tensions. The Indian Ocean Region is a critical area for global trade and energy routes, making maritime security a central concern for India’s national interests. TROPEX-25 is a display of India’s maritime power and its capability to engage in joint operations with allied nations in the region. Importance for National Security: The exercise plays a crucial role in upgrading the Navy’s warfighting skills and ensuring that the country’s naval forces are prepared to address evolving security challenges, such as: Hybrid warfare, Cyber threats in naval operations, Terrorism and piracy in the Indian Ocean. Conclusion: The biennial TROPEX exercise remains a vital mechanism for testing India’s maritime defense infrastructure and ensuring readiness to respond to any challenges DR Congo conflict advances; UN says risk of regional escalation has never been higher Conflict Escalation: The Rwanda-backed M23 armed group, alongside Rwandan troops, has seized control of the city of Goma, a major city in eastern DR Congo. M23 forces are now advancing towards South Kivu province, exacerbating the crisis in the region. This marks a significant escalation in the decades-long instability in eastern DR Congo, a region rich in minerals but plagued by armed group activity. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Humanitarian Impact: Thousands of lives have been lost, and a large number of people have been displaced as a result of the conflict. The region is witnessing the collapse of local governance, as Congolese forces and their allies are being routed by the M23 and Rwandan forces. Humanitarian conditions are worsening, with thousands fleeing their homes, particularly from the threatened town of Kavumu, which holds strategic importance. Strategic Importance of Kavumu: Kavumu is crucial for the logistical supply of Congolese troops, housing an important airport. M23’s advance toward Kavumu could pave the way for further incursions into South Kivu’s capital, Bukavu, located near the Rwandan border. The situation has led to a tense atmosphere, with residents fleeing and shops being closed or barricaded in fear of looting. Regional Tensions and Chaos: The risk of conflict spilling over into neighboring countries is at an all-time high, especially with Rwanda and DR Congo having a history of tensions. The situation at the Rwandan border is chaotic, with a surge of people attempting to cross into Rwanda, further destabilizing the region. This could trigger broader regional instability if not addressed by diplomatic intervention. UN and International Concern: The United Nations has raised alarms over the increasing risk of regional escalation. The UN stresses that the security situation has never been more precarious in terms of potential cross-border conflicts. International actors are deeply concerned about the humanitarian crisis and the destabilizing effects this conflict may have on neighboring countries in the Great Lakes region. Diplomatic Efforts: Rwandan President Paul Kagame and Congolese President Felix Tshisekedi are scheduled to meet at a summit in Tanzania to discuss the ongoing crisis and seek a resolution. The summit could be pivotal in determining the trajectory of the conflict, with regional powers attempting to broker peace to prevent further violence and instability. However, the deep-rooted issues between Rwanda and DR Congo complicate diplomatic negotiations. Possible Scenarios: If Kavumu falls, Bukavu could become the next target, increasing fears of a direct conflict between Rwanda and DR Congo. A breakdown of talks between Rwanda and DR Congo could lead to prolonged instability, with more regional states getting involved. On the other hand, successful diplomatic intervention could reduce the likelihood of escalation and pave the way for a ceasefire and peace talks. Cabinet nod to rejig skilling initiatives with a combined scheme Cabinet Approval: The Union Cabinet has approved the restructuring of skill development initiatives with a combined scheme called the Skill India Programme. The total outlay for this programme is ₹8,800 crore, covering a three-year period until 2025-26. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Integration of Existing Schemes: Three existing schemes will now be integrated into the Skill India Programme: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 (PMKVY 4.0): Focuses on structured skill development. Pradhan Mantri National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (PM-NAPS): Provides on-the-job training opportunities. Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) Scheme: Emphasizes community-based learning. Objective: The main goal is to ensure high-quality vocational education for a wide range of individuals, particularly targeting urban and rural populations and marginalized communities. The new scheme aims to provide structured skill development, on-the-job training, and community-based learning. The focus is on increasing accessibility and improving the quality of skills training across diverse sections of society. Target Beneficiaries: 2.27 crore beneficiaries have already gained from the three flagship schemes of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. The programme will be aimed at both urban and rural areas, addressing the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized communities. Data Alignment and Policy Integration: The programme will contribute directly to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data, which helps track and align workforce development policies with the latest economic and industrial trends. Key Goals: The Skill India Programme aims to bridge the skill gap in India by offering access to relevant training opportunities. It is designed to improve employment prospects by providing individuals with skills that are in demand across industries. Significance: This restructuring and integration could enhance efficiency, coordination, and reach by combining three schemes with complementary objectives under a unified umbrella. It is expected to strengthen the Skilling ecosystem and contribute towards the goal of making India a global skill hub. Centre holds consultation with States on setting up biomanufacturing facilities Background of the BioE3 Policy: The consultation followed the approval of the Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment (BioE3) policy by the Union Cabinet in August 2024. The BioE3 policy focuses on leveraging biotechnology to drive economic growth, create employment opportunities, and address environmental challenges. Biomanufacturing Overview: Definition: Biomanufacturing involves the industrial production of bio-based chemicals, biopolymers, enzymes, smart proteins, functional foods, biotherapeutics, and solutions for climate-resilient agriculture. It emphasizes high-value products derived from biological processes rather than traditional chemical-based manufacturing. Role of the Consultation: The consultation aimed to discuss the establishment of biomanufacturing facilities across Indian states to enhance biotechnology production capabilities. The Department of Biotechnology, under the leadership of Rajesh Gokhale, facilitated the consultation. Key Points from the Consultation: State Engagement and Policy Gaps: Several states do not have dedicated biotechnology manufacturing policies. For states to foster biotech industries, a strong partnership with the Centre is crucial for policy development and infrastructure support. Strategic Measures for Biotech Growth: Establishing State-centric BioE3 cells to align state-level activities with the national biotech agenda. Developing State-centric BioE3 action plans to define specific goals and initiatives tailored to regional needs. Setting up Bio-AI hubs, foundries, and manufacturing hubs for biotech research, development, and industrial scaling. Challenges Highlighted by States: Despite local efforts, states expressed the need for significant central support in terms of funding and guidance. The states emphasized the difficulty of scaling up biotechnology manufacturing without clear national direction and resources. Industry Growth Potential: Union Science Minister Jitendra Singh underscored the long-term potential of biotechnology as a major sector for investment and profit. States that take proactive steps to establish a biotech infrastructure will have a competitive advantage in the future. Implications for the Future: Economic Benefits: A thriving biomanufacturing industry could significantly contribute to India’s economy by fostering innovation and creating high-quality employment. Environmental Impact: The focus on biomanufacturing products, such as climate-resilient agricultural solutions, highlights the role of biotechnology in addressing environmental challenges. State-Centre Collaboration: The consultation exemplifies the growing importance of state and central government collaboration in implementing successful biotechnology policies and scaling up production

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