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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 February 2025

Content: The Teesta dam and the long shadow of climate change Dealing with China’s weaponisation of e-supply chains Peace imperatives The Teesta dam and the long shadow of climate change Background: Teesta-3 Dam and GLOF Impact Event: On October 4, 2023, a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) from the South Lhonak lake destroyed the Teesta-3 hydroelectric dam in Sikkim. Damage: Over 100 people died; 80,000 affected across four districts. The dam’s debris acted as a battering ram, intensifying downstream destruction. Triggered landslides 30-40 km downstream. Cause: Moraine slope failure led to rockfall into the lake, causing a strong wave that breached the outlet, releasing ~50 billion liters of water. Relevance : GS (Disaster Management , Climate Change) Practice Question :  The Teesta-3 dam’s destruction in 2023 highlights the challenges of climate change-induced disasters. Critically examine the risks associated with rebuilding the dam and suggest alternative approaches to managing hydropower projects in ecologically fragile regions. (250 words) Climate Change as a Risk Multiplier Glacial Melt Acceleration: Rising temperatures & black carbon (soot) deposition accelerate glacier melting. Smaller glaciers melt faster due to inverse volume-melting rate relationship. Increasing Glacial Lakes & Flood Risks: 2011-2024: Number of Himalayan glacial lakes increased by 10.8%. Their combined surface area expanded by 33.7%. South Lhonak lake itself expanded from 167 hectares (2023) due to glacial retreat. Geological Instability: Glacial retreat weakens natural formations → increases landslide risks. New transient landscape features emerge → difficult to predict flood dynamics. Concerns Over Rebuilding Teesta-3 Dam Expert Panel’s Justification: Commercial viability & largely intact equipment post-GLOF. New design includes: Concrete-only construction (previously concrete + rocks). Larger spillway (3x capacity). Early-warning system. Based on worst-case scenario rainfall modeling (IMD projection for next 100 years). Key Issues: Rainfall-Centric Model Insufficient: Experts doubt 2023 GLOF was caused by heavy rain (local stations recorded moderate rainfall). Existing GLOF models fail to capture: Sediment transport & erosion. Riverbank collapses & landslides. Bed elevation changes altering water levels. Climate Change = UnpredictabilityA stronger or different flood type could make Teesta-3 2.0 even more destructive.Unpredictable landslides + sediment deposition → new flood pathways. Social & Economic Costs Ignored:Loss of life, property, and livelihood far outweigh commercial benefits.Local populations need improved social security & disaster preparedness. Broader Perspective: Sustainable Disaster Management Lessons from Global Disaster Research: Engineering solutions have limitations in the face of climate risks. Professor Brian Stone Jr.: “We cannot engineer our way out of climate change; retreat is inevitable.” The cost of climate adaptation must be internalized (e.g., hydroelectric tariffs covering risk mitigation). Alternative Framework for Decision-Making: Risk determination matrix: Identify ‘unacceptable risk’ thresholds. Prioritize human safety over commercial gains. Integrated environmental and economic costing to assess project feasibility. Dealing with China’s weaponisation of e-supply chains Understanding the Issue China has imposed travel restrictions on its citizens working in Foxconn’s India facilities and recalled existing engineers and technicians. It has also restricted exports of specialized manufacturing equipment, which is critical for India’s electronics sector. The move impacts Apple-Foxconn’s operations in India and hinders India’s goal of becoming a global manufacturing hub. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(SupplyChain) Practice Question: China’s weaponisation of e-supply chains poses a significant challenge to India’s manufacturing ambitions. Analyze the issue and suggest measures to mitigate its impact. (250 words) Strategic Intent Behind China’s Actions Supply Chain Domination: China holds a strategic position in the global electronics supply chain, particularly in advanced machinery and trained workforce. Knowledge Retention: By curbing the presence of Chinese technicians in India, China prevents tacit knowledge transfer. Geopolitical Leverage: The disruption puts China in a stronger negotiating position against India. Reminder to Global Corporations: It signals that China remains indispensable in the electronics manufacturing ecosystem. India’s Growing Electronics Sector & China’s Countermoves India has been a key player in the China Plus One strategy, attracting companies looking to diversify beyond China. The Indian government has actively promoted Apple-Foxconn investments, leading to local iPhone assembly in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Apple’s contract manufacturers in India assembled $14 billion worth of iPhones (FY 2024), with further expansion planned. The Indian government awarded Foxconn Chairman Young Liu the Padma Bhushan, showing the strategic importance of Apple-Foxconn ties. The Role of ‘Make in India’ and PLI Scheme Electronics manufacturing is a core pillar of Make in India. The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, launched in 2020, has received increasing government support: ₹8,885 crore ($1.02 billion) allocated in the 2025 Union Budget. ₹6,600 crore ($0.76 billion) already disbursed to Apple’s contract manufacturers. The 2025 Budget also removed import duties on mobile phone components, showing India’s commitment to electronics self-sufficiency. Economic Dependence and Geopolitical Tensions India remains dependent on China for components and high-tech machinery, despite military tensions and trade disputes. The timing of China’s actions, soon after the October 2024 India-China patrolling agreement in Ladakh, suggests economic leverage remains key in their bilateral relations. Steps India Must Take for Future-Proofing Negotiation & Diplomatic Strategy: India should involve Apple and Foxconn to pressurize China to relax restrictions. Engage with international forums to highlight supply chain coercion. Building Indigenous Capabilities: Expand local production of specialized components (e.g., semiconductor chips, precision machinery). Strengthen ancillary industries to reduce reliance on imports. Human Resource & Skill Development: Develop specialized training programs to replace lost expertise from Chinese technicians. Encourage knowledge transfer within India’s industrial ecosystem. Encouraging Private Investment & R&D: Increase financial incentives for Indian contract manufacturers to develop domestic capabilities. Support technology clusters for knowledge-sharing and innovation. Conclusion India’s rapid expansion in electronics manufacturing has put it at odds with China, leading to supply chain disruptions. While short-term solutions may involve negotiations, long-term self-reliance in technology, skilled labor, and manufacturing infrastructure is crucial. New Delhi must accelerate its future-proofing efforts to counter economic coercion and solidify its role as a global manufacturing hub. Peace Imperatives Context : Persistent ethnic strife since May 2023 had led to a law-and-order crisis, with the Union Home Ministry already in control. The imposition of President’s Rule provides an opportunity to stabilize governance and address key challenges. Relevance:GS 2 (Governance, Indian Polity) Practice Question :Critically analyze the impact of President’s Rule in Manipur on conflict resolution and governance. What measures should the Union government take to ensure long-term peace in the region? (250 words) Challenges Under President’s Rule a) Law and Order Breakdown Despite central forces’ deployment, violence continues between Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities. Armed civilian groups, known as “village volunteers,” have escalated conflict by looting arms from police stations. Insurgents from both within Manipur and Myanmar’s civil war have exacerbated the situation. b) Humanitarian Crisis Over 60,000 people remain displaced, suffering from trauma, loss of livelihood, and inadequate relief measures. Restoration of housing, infrastructure, and economic stability is critical. Long-term reconciliation is needed to prevent further ethnic divisions. c) Political and Administrative Paralysis The Manipur legislature failed to function due to deep ethnic divisions. Biases within the previous government fueled distrust, particularly regarding the stigmatization of the Kuki-Zo community. President’s Rule allows for a neutral administration to rebuild trust and facilitate negotiations. Opportunities Under President’s Rule a) Conflict Resolution and Reconciliation The central government can initiate direct talks between Meitei and Kuki-Zo representatives who seek peace. Political parties and civil society groups must be engaged to create a sustainable peace framework. b) Disarmament and Demilitarization A coordinated effort between security forces, intelligence agencies, and local leaders is needed to retrieve looted arms. Incentives for voluntary surrender of weapons can be coupled with strict enforcement measures. Insurgency containment strategies must address external influences, including Myanmar-based militant activities. c) Restoring Civil Administration Bureaucratic neutrality under central rule can help address governance gaps. Immediate rehabilitation of displaced persons through housing, economic aid, and trauma counseling is essential. Restoring local governance mechanisms at the village and district levels can ensure lasting stability. d) Creating Preconditions for Elections Free and fair elections require a violence-free environment and restoration of democratic trust. Political actors from both communities should be given space for dialogue before electoral processes resume. Reforms in law enforcement and judiciary can ensure accountability for past violence and prevent future outbreaks. The Way Forward Short-Term: Focus on security measures, humanitarian aid, and confidence-building among communities. Medium-Term: Institutionalize conflict resolution mechanisms and strengthen civil administration. Long-Term: Establish electoral processes and ensure inclusive governance to prevent further ethnic polarization.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 February 2025

Content: India, U.S. to double bilateral trade by 2030 Empowering people to choose end-of-life medical care A.P. tribal hamlets celebrate ‘freedom from darkness’, 78 years after Independence Almost half of world population potentially exposed to risks of zoonotic diseases, poorer countries most vulnerable: Study Rural Indians suffer from a ‘hidden hunger’; despite availability and affordability, their diets are protein-poor: ICRISAT India, U.S. to double bilateral trade by 2030 Trade Expansion: India-U.S. bilateral trade to reach $500 billion by 2030 under ‘Mission 500’. Energy Trade Growth: India to increase energy imports from the U.S. from $15 billion to $25 billion in the near future. Small Modular Reactors: Both countries to collaborate on nuclear technology and co-develop Small Modular Reactors. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Defence & Technology Cooperation General Electric F-414 Engine Deal: Not explicitly mentioned in the joint statement. White House confirms U.S. is looking forward to concluding the deal with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement: Both sides agreed to fully operationalize the 123 Civil Nuclear Agreement. Plans to jointly build U.S.-designed nuclear reactors in India. TRUST Initiative (Transforming the Relationship Utilizing Strategic Technology): A new tech framework replacing the ICET agreement. Enhances cooperation in space, energy, biotechnology, and semiconductors. Includes U.S. investments in semiconductor fabs in India. Multilateral Cooperation Reaffirmation of QUAD: Trump to visit India later this year for the Quad Summit. IMEC & I2U2 Partnerships: India and the U.S. to convene members within six months to announce new initiatives. India’s Full Membership in IEA: U.S. affirms strong support for India to join the International Energy Agency (IEA). Immigration & Illegal Migration Legal Mobility Streamlining: India-U.S. to facilitate student, professional, business, and tourist visas. Crackdown on Illegal Migration: Modi emphasized that illegal migrants have no right to be in another country. India is prepared to take back any verified Indian illegal migrants in the U.S. Calls for stronger action against human trafficking networks. Strategic & Economic Implications Trade Deficit Reduction: India’s increased energy purchases help address U.S. concerns. Potential increase in U.S. exports and technology transfers. Strengthening Defence and Energy Security: Expansion of nuclear and defence cooperation boosts India’s strategic capabilities. Geopolitical Positioning: Strengthened India-U.S. ties impact relations with China, Russia, and West Asia. QUAD reaffirmation signals greater Indo-Pacific security cooperation. Challenges & Road Ahead Trade Tariffs & Negotiations: Will the U.S. impose reciprocal tariffs despite trade talks? Execution of TRUST Initiative: Success depends on effective collaboration in high-tech sectors. Political Changes: U.S. elections could impact policy continuity on India-U.S. trade and defence. Conclusion The India-U.S. partnership is set for major expansion in trade, defence, energy, and technology, with an emphasis on strategic cooperation and economic integration. The coming years will be crucial in translating agreements into concrete outcomes Empowering people to choose end-of-life medical care Context : India’s First Living Will Information Counter Government Medical College Hospital (GMCH), Kollam, set up the first-ever ‘Living Will Information Counter’ in India. Aim: To spread awareness and assist people in drafting their living wills. Hundreds of people have obtained soft copies of their living wills within three months. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) , Facts for Prelims. Understanding a Living Will A legal document that specifies a person’s healthcare preferences in case they become incapacitated due to a terminal illness or life-threatening condition. Ensures that medical treatment aligns with the patient’s personal choices. Legal & Medical Process Requires: Two or more healthcare attorneys (can be family or friends). Certification by a gazetted officer or notary in the presence of two witnesses. Before execution: Two medical boards must certify that the patient has zero chance of survival. Both government and private hospitals are obligated to follow this procedure. Clarifications & Misconceptions Not Euthanasia: Euthanasia is illegal in India. A living will does not mandate withdrawal of life support—it only documents patient preferences. Patient Autonomy: Some individuals may prefer ventilator support, while others opt for palliative care. Impact on Families & Healthcare Reduces emotional & financial burden on families by clarifying patient wishes. Enables patients to choose between: CPR, ventilator support, ICU care, or Palliative care with loved ones. Encourages informed decision-making and ethical medical practices. Future Implications Rising Awareness: Increased adoption may lead to more hospitals setting up similar counters. Need for Legal Simplification: Streamlining the process could enhance accessibility. Ethical & Cultural Acceptance: Public discussions needed to address social perceptions and misconceptions. Conclusion The Living Will initiative at GMCH, Kollam, is a progressive step in patient rights and end-of-life care in India. Expanding this initiative nationwide could empower more people to make informed healthcare choices while alleviating the burden on families and medical professionals. A.P. tribal hamlets celebrate ‘freedom from darkness’, 78 years after Independence Context : Electrification of Buriga and China Konela: Two remote tribal hamlets in Rompelli panchayat, Anantagiri mandal, ASR district, Andhra Pradesh received electricity for the first time in 78 years. Streetlights installed, and homes electrified, marking a historic milestone. Tribal residents rejoiced with the traditional ‘Dhimsa’ dance, celebrating their long-awaited access to electricity. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) , GS 3(Infrastructure) Challenges Faced Due to Lack of Electricity Fear of wild animals: Villagers stayed indoors at night due to wild boars and bears. Difficulties in night-time events: Festivals and weddings were celebrated using large piles of firewood. Lack of modern amenities: Education, healthcare, and daily life were affected. Significance of Electrification Improves quality of life: Safer night-time mobility. Easier conduct of festivals and social gatherings. Boosts education and healthcare: Students can study after dark. Health centers can function better. Strengthens rural infrastructure: Encourages further development and connectivity. Future Implications Government’s Role: More tribal and remote villages may now receive priority electrification. Sustainable Development: Need for renewable energy solutions in hard-to-reach areas. Policy Focus: Expanding rural electrification programs. Ensuring long-term maintenance and grid stability. Rural Indians suffer from a ‘hidden hunger’; despite availability and affordability, their diets are protein-poor: ICRISAT Study Conducted by: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Center for Economic and Social Studies (CESS) Survey Covered: Six states and nine districts across rural India. Primary Finding: Many rural Indians suffer from protein deficiency despite having access to protein-rich foods and the financial means to afford them. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Reasons for Protein Deficiency Cereal-Dominated Diets: 60-75% of daily protein intake in rural areas comes from rice and wheat. These cereals lack essential amino acids for a balanced diet. Cultural Food Preferences: Dietary habits favor cereals over protein-rich foods like pulses, dairy, eggs, and meat. Limited Nutritional Awareness: Many rural populations do not recognize the importance of protein in their diet. Role of Public Distribution System (PDS): The PDS mainly provides subsidized grains (rice & wheat), reinforcing an imbalanced diet. Lack of protein-rich options in PDS contributes to malnutrition. Significance of Education & Gender Factor Women’s Education & Household Nutrition: Households where women had higher education levels showed a better dietary balance. This reinforces the need for female education and empowerment as a nutrition-improving strategy. Policy Recommendations Diversification of Government Food Schemes: Include more pulses, millets, dairy, and eggs in the PDS and midday meal schemes. Nutrition Education: Integrate nutrition awareness into public health programs and school curricula. Women’s Empowerment: Strengthen initiatives promoting education and decision-making power for women in households. Region-Specific Approaches: Protein consumption varies across districts, so customized strategies are needed for different regions. Encouraging Farmers to Grow Diverse Crops: Shift focus towards nutrient-dense crops beyond cereals, including pulses and millets. Almost half of world population potentially exposed to risks of zoonotic diseases, poorer countries most vulnerable: Study Key Findings of the Study Nearly 44% of the global population (3.5 billion people) is potentially exposed to zoonotic diseases. 20% of humans living near wildlife with high zoonotic potential share habitats with over 20 host species. The study highlights wildland-urban interfaces (WUI) as high-risk zones for zoonotic spillovers. Factors contributing to disease transmission: Human activities like hunting, firewood collection, and land-use changes. Peri-urban agriculture, where livestock act as intermediaries in pathogen transfer. First study to examine how rapid urbanization in WUIs increases zoonotic spillover risks. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Geographical Insights High host species richness in: South America (Amazon Basin) Equatorial & Southern Africa Southeast Asia Pockets of high host richness in: Southern India Southwest China Moderate zoonotic potential in India & China, but high population density (275 million people) at risk. High urban zoonotic risk in: West-Central Europe (53% of population in WUIs) Northeastern North America Major Zoonotic Hosts & Diseases Identified Common host species: Rodents (rats, mice) Bats Primates (monkeys, apes) Carnivores (foxes, wild dogs) Ungulates (deer, livestock) Most prevalent zoonotic diseases: Rabies Leptospirosis Plague Toxoplasmosis Leishmaniasis (visceral & cutaneous) Vulnerability of Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) 73% of high-risk WUI populations (520 million people) live in LMICs, particularly in: Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe) West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire) Southeast Asia (175 million exposed) South America (47 million in Brazil’s urban centers like Rio & São Paulo) Central America & Caribbean (31 million in high-risk zones) Urban poverty, poor healthcare, and inadequate housing amplify risks in LMICs. Implications & Recommendations Need for better understanding of zoonotic epidemiology due to global pandemics like COVID-19. Improve surveillance & risk assessment in WUI regions. Reduce human–wildlife interactions through better urban planning. Integrate zoonotic risk management into public health policies. Target interventions for LMICs, focusing on: Strengthening healthcare systems. Improving sanitation & hygiene in informal settlements. Promoting sustainable land-use practices. Address zoonotic risks in highly urbanized regions despite lower species richness.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 February 2025

Content: Specific plans/projects in North Eastern Region Project Asiatic Lion Specific plans/projects in North Eastern Region Budgetary Allocations under 10% GBS (Gross Budgetary Support) The Government of India mandates that 10% of the budget of Central Ministries/Departments be allocated to the development of the North Eastern Region (NER). Since 2014-15, a total expenditure of ₹5.74 lakh crores has been incurred under this provision. The year-wise budget estimate (BE), revised estimate (RE), and actual expenditure (AE) indicate a steady rise in allocations and spending. The highest expenditure was in 2023-24, reaching ₹1,02,749 crores. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Infrastructure) Role of the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) The Ministry of DoNER oversees various schemes aimed at the socio-economic development of NER. Projects are implemented based on state government proposals and central ministry initiatives. The execution timeline varies due to sectoral, geographical, and financial factors. Key Schemes under MDoNER (a) PM-DevINE (Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North Eastern Region) Total Outlay: ₹6,600 crores (till 31st March 2026). Focus Areas: Agriculture & Allied Sectors Livelihood Development Education & Healthcare Irrigation & Flood Control Tourism & Culture Science & Technology Industries & Power Telecommunication & Civil Aviation Infrastructure Sports Development (b) NESIDS (North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme) Divided into two components: NESIDS (Roads) – Focus on road connectivity (₹2,718 crores). NESIDS (OTRI – Other Than Road Infrastructure) – Covers education, healthcare, industries, power, water supply, civil aviation, and telecommunication (₹3,795.91 crores). (c) Schemes of NEC (North Eastern Council) Budget: ₹1,978.77 crores. Covers agriculture, higher education, healthcare, watershed management, tourism, and culture. (d) Special Packages Budget: ₹1,250 crores. Implemented as per Government of India’s agreements with Territorial Councils. Key Observations Increasing Allocation: Budget for NER has significantly increased over the years, reaching ₹1,00,893 crores in 2024-25. Sectoral Focus: Strong emphasis on infrastructure, connectivity, healthcare, and agriculture. Utilization Trends: Actual expenditure has consistently been high, indicating effective fund absorption. Flexibility in Implementation: Projects are tailored to state-specific needs, ensuring better regional development. PROJECT ASIATIC LION Introduction Project Lion is a conservation initiative focused on the Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica), primarily found in the Gir landscape, Gujarat. It follows a landscape ecology-based approach to conservation, integrating eco-development efforts. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Objectives of Project Lion Habitat Conservation: Securing and restoring lion habitats to support the species’ growing population. Community Engagement: Enhancing local livelihood opportunities and encouraging participation in conservation efforts. Scientific Advancements: Establishing India as a global knowledge hub for big cat disease diagnostics and treatment. Inclusive Biodiversity Conservation: Integrating the Project Lion initiative with broader biodiversity conservation efforts. Population Trends of Asiatic Lions Conservation efforts have led to a steady increase in the lion population: 2010: 411 2015: 523 2020: 674 The species was upgraded from ‘Critically Endangered’ (2008) to ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List due to effective conservation strategies. Financial Allocation for Conservation The Gujarat government has progressively increased funding for lion conservation: 2021-22: ₹91.03 crore 2022-23: ₹129.16 crore 2023-24: ₹155.53 crore These funds support habitat protection, monitoring, disease control, and local community engagement initiatives. Key Conservation Measures Protected Areas & Buffer Zones: Expansion of Gir National Park and surrounding sanctuaries. Wildlife Corridors: Development of wildlife corridors to facilitate genetic diversity and reduce human-wildlife conflict. Disease Management: Strengthening disease surveillance and veterinary care for lions. Community Involvement: Eco-tourism promotion and sustainable livelihood programs to reduce dependence on forest resources. Challenges & Future Considerations Limited Habitat: Asiatic Lions are restricted to Gujarat, making them vulnerable to epidemics and natural disasters. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Increasing encounters between humans and lions due to habitat encroachment. Genetic Bottleneck: A single population poses a risk of inbreeding and reduced genetic variability. Need for Translocation: Plans for establishing a second habitat in Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh, remain unimplemented due to political and ecological concerns. Conclusion Project Lion has successfully increased the Asiatic Lion population and improved conservation measures. Future efforts should focus on habitat expansion, genetic diversity, disease management, and community-driven conservation strategies. A multi-state conservation approach, including translocation, could further strengthen the long-term survival of Asiatic Lions. Additional Information : Asiatic v/s African Lion: Asiatic lions are slightly smaller than African lions and have shorter, sparser manes. Asiatic lions also have a longitudinal fold of skin that runs along their belly, which is absent in African lions.   Asiatic lion African lion Size Slightly smaller than African lions Larger than Asiatic lions Mane Shorter, sparser, and darker than African lions Fuller than Asiatic lions Belly Longitudinal fold of skin that runs along the belly No longitudinal fold of skin along the belly Asiatic lions are found in the Gir Forest, India, while African lions are found in sub-Saharan Africa

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 February 2025

Content: Shared understandingProject Asiatic Lion The problematic globalisation of medical education China’s dam project opens the floodgates of concern Shared understanding Context : Strengthening Bilateral Relations between France and India . Frequent Engagement: Sixth visit by PM Modi to France; Macron has visited India thrice, indicating strong diplomatic engagement. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Examine the strategic significance of India-France relations in the current geopolitical landscape. How does their partnership balance relations with major global powers? (250 words) Defence Cooperation: Deals on missiles, helicopters, and jet engines reviewed. India offered Indian-made rocket launchers to France. Nuclear Cooperation: Agreement to develop small modular reactors post-amendments to India’s nuclear liability laws. Progress on long-stalled civil nuclear deal. Trade and Investment: AI Action Summit co-chaired to enhance tech collaboration. Visit to a thermonuclear reactor project and a shipping company reflects economic and industrial synergy. Geopolitical Significance and Strategic Positioning Multilateral Engagements: Discussion on global conflicts (Ukraine and Gaza) and regional stability. Commitment to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), emphasizing connectivity and economic integration. India-France as Independent Powers: Macron referred to both as “two great powers” with strategic autonomy. Both seek stronger ties with the U.S. and China but aim to avoid overdependence. France’s Critique of U.S. Policies: Macron criticized U.S. policy on Gaza, calling for a humanitarian approach instead of a “real-estate operation”. Discontent with Trump’s unilateralism, especially in dealing with Russia and China. Global Implications and Future Trajectory AI and Climate Change: Discussions on regulating AI risks and addressing climate-related trade disruptions. Navigating U.S. Relations: Both leaders cautious about Trump’s unpredictability regarding tariffs and foreign policies. Potential for deeper Indo-French dialogue on countering unilateral U.S. actions. India-France Convergence: Increasing alignment in multilateral order and global governance. Likely expansion of defence and economic partnerships. The problematic globalisation of medical education Overview of Global Medical Education Trends Medical education is experiencing a paradox—there is a global shortage of doctors, yet many barriers exist to expanding access to medical studies. Governments and medical professionals in many countries resist increasing admissions despite the growing demand. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance , International Relations) Practice Question : Examine the factors driving the international mobility of medical students. Discuss the challenges and policy concerns associated with the globalisation of medical education. (250 words) This has led to a rise in international mobility, with students from various economic backgrounds seeking medical education abroad. While once globally interconnected, medical education is now nationally regulated yet increasingly internationalized. Scale of International Medical Education No precise global data exists, but estimates suggest over 2,00,000 students are studying medicine outside their home countries. Many of these students enroll in institutions with questionable quality standards. Ukraine (pre-war) had 24,000 international medical students, largely from India.  The India Crisis: A Case Study High Demand and Intense Competition India faces a severe shortage of doctors but has limited medical seats. 2.3 million students take the national entrance exam annually, with only 1 in 22 gaining admission. This intense competition forces students to look for affordable alternatives abroad.  Preferred Destinations for Indian Students Indian students study in Russia, Ukraine (pre–war), Kazakhstan, China, the Philippines, Mauritius, and Nepal. Some foreign institutions are even owned by Indian education groups, e.g.: Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal (run by Manipal Education & Medical Group). American University of Antigua (AUA), Caribbean (a division of Manipal).  Challenges Faced by Indian Students Abroad Graduates from foreign institutions must pass the national licensing exam to practice in India. A mandatory internship is required upon return. Many Indian doctors also seek opportunities abroad, facing additional licensing hurdles in those countries. Government Response and Recent Initiatives : Union Budget 2025: 1.1 lakh additional medical seats introduced in the past decade (130% increase). 10,000 more seats to be added in 2026. Aims to add 75,000 seats over five years to address the demand for doctors. The Global Nature of the Issue Not Limited to the Global South Medical education shortages exist in Western nations as well. Students from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway study in Romania, Hungary, and Poland due to lack of seats at home. U.S. students pursue medical education in Poland, Hungary, Ireland, the Caribbean, and the UK.  Unregulated Expansion of Medical Schools Private, for-profit institutions cater largely to international students. Many schools in Central & Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Caribbean offer English-medium medical degrees. Some governments, like Norway, fund scholarships for students to study abroad. Challenges and Policy Concerns Balancing Demand and Quality Expansion of medical education is costly and faces resistance from medical establishments. There is a global lack of quality control in foreign medical education. Medical professionals fear that deregulation may reduce elite status and privileges. The Way Forward Governments need to focus on expanding domestic medical education infrastructure. Stricter regulations and accreditation of international medical institutions are necessary. Harmonization of licensing exams across countries can ease mobility for doctors while maintaining quality. China’s dam project opens the floodgates of concern Context : China is planning a massive hydroelectric dam on the lower section of the upper stream of Yarlung Zangbo in Tibet. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations ) Practice Question : Analyze the implications of China’s hydroelectric dam on the Yarlung Zangbo for India, focusing on environmental, legal, and geopolitical concerns. Suggest measures India can take to safeguard its water security. (250 words) The river, called Brahmaputra in India, is a crucial water source for northeastern India and Bangladesh. The project is part of China’s 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) to transition to renewable energy and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. However, large-scale hydroelectric projects pose risks related to water security, ecology, and geopolitics. Legal Issues and India’s Vulnerability UN Watercourses Convention (1997) mandates equitable use, prevention of harm, and cooperation, but India and China are not signatories. China claims to follow four principles: International cooperation People orientation Shared rights and obligations Equal focus on development and protection However, lower riparian states (India, Bangladesh) suspect China of using water as a strategic tool. India depends on Tibet-origin rivers for one-third of its freshwater supply, making it vulnerable to China’s unilateral actions. MoUs on Sutlej and Brahmaputra water-sharing have expired, but diplomatic engagements could lead to their renewal. Environmental Risks Tibet is seismically active – past earthquakes (e.g., January 2025, Tibet) caused major casualties. Dams disrupt ecosystems by: Altering sediment flow, affecting agriculture and fisheries downstream. Threatening biodiversity and aquatic species. Increasing riverbank erosion, worsening flood risks. Bangladesh, though affected, has not opposed the project due to political tensions with India after the fall of Sheikh Hasina’s government (August 2024) and growing ties with China. Regional Challenges in Water Diplomacy Other lower riparian states (Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan) are also impacted. Lack of a regional water alliance makes negotiation difficult. South Asia lacks a strong regional body for managing transboundary rivers. Political relations between India and its neighbors are volatile, hindering collective action. Way Forward: Diplomacy & Regional Cooperation The Expert Level Mechanism (ELM) provides a structured dialogue platform for India and China. Renewing expired MoUs on water-sharing can enhance trust and transparency. China reassures India that the dam will not reduce water flow, but India remains skeptical. A regional water negotiation framework is necessary to mitigate risks and promote fair water-sharing.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 February 2025

Content: President’s Rule imposed in Manipur days after CM’s exit FM unveils Income Tax Bill 2025 in LS that seeks to simplify compliance 22 gates allow free movement of people on India-Myanmar border Unloading of Union Carbide waste begins in M.P. town Challenges of malaria vaccination, as elimination becomes achievable Is appointing ad-hoc judges a viable means to reduce backlog? What is happening in the DRC? President’s Rule imposed in Manipur days after CM’s exit Context & Background Manipur has been witnessing ethnic violence for nearly two years, primarily between the Kuki–Zo and Meitei communities. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Polity) Over 250 people have been killed, and approximately 60,000 displaced since violence erupted on May 3, 2023. Former CM N. Biren Singh resigned on February 9, 2025, after meeting Home Minister Amit Shah. Constitutional Basis & Legal Implications President Droupadi Murmu invoked Article 356 of the Constitution to impose President’s Rule (PR) in Manipur. PR was imposed after Governor Ajay Kumar Bhalla’s report stated that governance could not continue per constitutional provisions. The Manipur Legislative Assembly is under “suspended animation“, meaning it is not dissolved but remains inactive. Under Article 356(3), the proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within two months to remain in effect. Key Takeaways Security & Ethnic Tensions: Ongoing conflict remains unresolved, and instability persists. Border & Immigration Concerns: Ex-CM linked the crisis to demographic changes and border policies. Uncertain Future: PR can last up to six months, extendable with parliamentary approval. The future course depends on political resolution and security stabilization. Additional Information: President’s Rule (Article 356) – Key Points Constitutional Basis Article 356 allows the President to impose President’s Rule (PR) in a state. PR is imposed when the state government fails to function as per the Constitution. Grounds for Imposition Governor’s report states constitutional breakdown in the state. State government defies Union government directives (Article 365). Political instability, law and order failure, or inability to conduct elections. Procedure President issues a proclamation imposing PR. Must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within two months (Article 356(3)). If approved, PR lasts six months, extendable to three years with conditions. Effects of President’s Rule State government is dismissed; Governor takes over with Union government’s guidance. State legislature is either dissolved or suspended (Manipur’s case: suspended animation). Union government controls state administration via the Governor. Laws for the state are made by Parliament. Judicial Safeguards S.R. Bommai Case (1994): PR is subject to judicial review. Governor’s report is not final and can be challenged. State Assembly cannot be dissolved immediately without parliamentary approval. History of Imposition First imposed in Punjab (1951). Longest PR in J&K (2018-2019). Manipur has seen PR multiple times (1967, 1973, 1979, 1992-95, 2025). Issues & Concerns Weakens federalism by increasing central control. Governance impact as bureaucrats replace elected representatives. Risk of political misuse to dismiss opposition-led governments FM unveils Income Tax Bill 2025 in LS that seeks to simplify compliance Introduction & Purpose: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman introduced the Income Tax Bill 2025 in Lok Sabha. Aims to simplify the existing Income Tax Act, 1961, which has been amended over 4,000 times since 1962. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Legislative Process: The Bill will be referred to a Parliamentary Select Committee for review. Key Structural Changes: Word count reduction: From 5.1 lakh words to nearly half. Chapters reduced: From 47 to 23 for easier comprehension. Terminology Simplification: “Tax Year” introduced to replace multiple terms like “assessment year” and “previous year.” “Financial Year” retained for compliance and procedural timelines. TDS & TCS Rationalization: Multiple provisions consolidated in one place for clarity and ease of compliance. Implications: For Taxpayers & Practitioners: Reduces complexity and confusion in tax filing. Standardizes terminology to avoid discrepancies. For Tax Authorities & Legal System: Expected to reduce tax litigation and improve clarity. Streamlined structure may enhance compliance and enforcement efficiency. Broader Economic Impact: A modernized tax framework could improve India’s ease of doing business ranking. Potential for increased taxpayer compliance and better revenue collection. 22 gates allow free movement of people on India-Myanmar border Context & Background  Free Movement Regime (FMR) History & Changes: Introduced in 1968 due to ethnic and familial ties. Territorial limit changes: 40 km initially → reduced to 16 km (2004) → 10 km (2024). Additional regulations enforced in 2016 to strengthen security. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,International Relations) Operational Border Gates: 22 out of 43 crossing points under the revised FMR agreement are functional. Distribution of operational gates: Manipur: 10 gates Mizoram: 5 gates Nagaland: 5 gates Arunachal Pradesh: 2 gates Regulation and Security Measures: Assam Rifles designated as the primary agency for issuing border passes and conducting first-level security checks. State police forces (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur) responsible for verification at the place of stay. QR code-enabled passes introduced for movement regulation. Biometric data recording and central database verification for security screening. Political & Security Implications: Despite Home Minister’s announcement on scrapping FMR, no formal orders from MEA yet. Myanmar faces intensified conflict between Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) and the military junta since coup on Feb 1, 2021. Over 40,000 Chin refugees have entered Mizoram and Manipur since the coup. Significance & Impact Humanitarian Aspect: Facilitates movement for border communities with deep cross-border ties. Ensures controlled access while addressing refugee concerns. Security Concerns: Increased surveillance amid conflict spillover risks. Potential challenges in tracking illegal migration and insurgency threats. Diplomatic Angle: India’s balancing act in managing border security without disrupting relations with Myanmar’s ethnic groups. Unclear future of FMR suspension, given lack of formal MEA directive. Unloading of Union Carbide waste begins in M.P. town Context: Unloading of toxic waste from Union Carbide factory in Bhopal starts in Pithampur, Madhya Pradesh, despite protests. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Timeline: 358 tonnes of chemical waste were moved on January 2 and unloaded on February 13, five days before Jabalpur High Court’s next hearing on February 18. Historical Context: The Union Carbide plant was the site of a 1984 gas leak disaster that killed thousands. Safety Measures: Dhar Collector Priyank Mishra assures public that waste containers remain locked, and incineration will not start until court hearing. Incineration Process: The government plans to incinerate waste at Pithampur facility, but it has been delayed by protests. Protests: Locals and activists continue to protest the incineration, fearing environmental and health impacts. Protests include symbolic acts like shavasana (corpse pose). Court Involvement: High Court hearing on February 18 will decide the next steps, with local groups focusing on presenting their evidence in court. Official Statements: Authorities deny rumours of incineration beginning, confirm unloading is done with safety protocols, and emphasize public consultation for any future action. Local Concerns: Locals remain skeptical, and protests are expected to intensify based on court’s ruling. Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) Chemical Formula: CH₃NCO Type: Highly toxic and volatile chemical compound. Uses: Primarily used in the production of pesticides, especially carbamate pesticides (e.g., Sevin). Properties: Colorless gas with a pungent odor. Extremely reactive and unstable, especially when exposed to moisture or heat. Toxicity: Causes severe respiratory issues, eye irritation, and damage to the nervous system. Can lead to death in high concentrations. Bhopal Gas Tragedy: MIC was the primary gas released during the 1984 Bhopal disaster. Its leakage from a Union Carbide plant resulted in thousands of deaths and long-term health effects for hundreds of thousands of people. Challenges of malaria vaccination, as elimination becomes achievable Historical Context of Malaria Discovery Malaria was initially misunderstood as a result of miasma (foul air). Key discoveries: 1880: Alphonse Laveran identified the Plasmodium parasite, proving malaria was caused by a living organism. 1897: Ronald Ross demonstrated that Anopheles mosquitoes were the vectors, completing the malaria transmission cycle. Malaria’s transmission path shaped colonial powers‘ ability to control regions, ironically reinforcing subjugation rather than liberation. Relevance : GS 2(Health) The Complexity of Malaria and Its Vaccine Development Parasite life cycle: The cycle begins with an infected mosquito injecting Plasmodium sporozoites into a human, infecting the liver, multiplying undetected, then re-entering the bloodstream to infect red blood cells (RBCs). Some parasites become gametocytes, which mosquitoes ingest, continuing the transmission cycle. Unlike simpler viruses, Plasmodium is a protozoan, evolving multiple developmental stages and surface proteins, complicating immune recognition and vaccine design. Immune Evasion by Plasmodium Antigenic variation: Plasmodium frequently alters its surface proteins, evading the immune system, leading to reinfection and weakened long-term immunity. Intracellular lifestyle: The parasite hides within liver cells and RBCs, evading immune surveillance, making immunity harder to develop. Genetic adaptability: Plasmodium evolves to evade immune responses, making universal vaccines difficult to develop. Challenges in Malaria Vaccine Development RTS, S Vaccine: Targets the liver stage of the parasite by inducing immunity against circum-sporozoite protein (CSP). Efficacy is 36% after four doses, much lower than vaccines for viral diseases like measles (90-95%). Effectiveness varies across age groups and transmission settings and declines over time. Requires multiple doses, complicating distribution in resource-poor regions. Second-Generation Vaccines: R21/Matrix-M: 77% efficacy over 12 months, shows promise in improving immune response. PfSPZ: A whole-parasite vaccine targeting the liver stage. RH5-based vaccines: Target the blood stage of infection, preventing RBC invasion. Transmission-blocking vaccines: Aim to stop mosquitoes from becoming infectious by targeting Pfs25 and Pfs230 proteins. Underfunding of Malaria Vaccine Research Funding challenges: Malaria primarily impacts low-income countries, leading to limited funding for research and healthcare infrastructure. Although treatments exist, the urgency for a vaccine has decreased, reducing research prioritization. Pharmaceutical barriers: The complexity of the parasite and the high cost of research deter large-scale investment from pharmaceutical companies. Resurgence of Malaria Shifting mosquito habitats and drug resistance are contributing to malaria’s resurgence, especially in regions where environmental factors and urbanization alter the landscape. A comprehensive strategy for malaria control will require: More effective vaccines. Enhanced mosquito control methods. Improved treatment options to address drug resistance. Long-Term Outlook While malaria elimination is achievable, the path remains challenging. The development of a universal, long-lasting vaccine faces hurdles due to the parasite’s adaptability and complexity. Combination strategies that integrate vaccines, vector control, and treatments will be key in eradicating malaria globally. Is appointing ad-hoc judges a viable means to reduce backlog? Viability of Ad-Hoc Appointments: The Supreme Court’s endorsement of ad-hoc judges aims to address the 62 lakh case backlog in High Courts as of January 2025. Previous attempts at ad-hoc appointments have been minimal, but renewed hope exists with recent judicial intervention. High judicial vacancies (367 out of 1,122) highlight the need for immediate action to reduce the backlog. Relevance : GS 2(Indian Judiciary) Impact on Regular Judicial Appointment Process: India has lacked a systematic approach to address judicial delays for 75 years, with concerns over the handling of regular judicial appointments. Ad-hoc appointments do not interfere with the regular appointment process and provide timely relief, especially for criminal cases. Reforming the Ad-Hoc Appointment Process: Simplifying the appointment process is key: The Chief Justice of High Courts should directly recommend candidates to the Supreme Court collegium. Avoid unnecessary procedures like intelligence clearances to speed up the appointment process and avoid discouraging candidates. Impact on Judicial Careers and Seniority: Ad-hoc judges serve for 2-3 years and do not compete with sitting judges, meaning they do not affect the seniority of current judges. Article 224A ensures that ad-hoc judges cannot be elevated, protecting the promotion prospects of regular judges. Strain on Judicial Infrastructure: The government must ensure resources like stenographers and law researchers for ad-hoc judges to focus on judicial duties. High Courts already have the capacity to accommodate additional courtrooms, and logistical challenges can be addressed by reassigning staff. Attracting Judges to Return to the Bench: Financial incentives and privileges are necessary to attract retired judges, as alternatives like arbitration and independent practice are more lucrative. The restriction on practicing in the same High Court after serving as an ad-hoc judge may discourage some candidates. Judicial Independence Concerns: Personal connections with the legal community do not inherently compromise judicial independence. Careful selection of candidates with integrity and technical expertise is crucial to maintaining judicial independence. Conclusion: Ad-hoc appointments can offer immediate relief for reducing case backlogs, particularly in criminal appeals, without disrupting the regular judicial system. The effectiveness of this measure depends on simplifying the appointment process, ensuring government cooperation, and providing necessary logistical support. Additional notes: Ad-Hoc Judges in Indian Polity Definition: Ad-hoc judges are temporary appointments made to handle the mounting backlog of cases in the judiciary. They are typically retired judges appointed for a limited term to assist in case adjudication. Constitutional Provision: Article 224A of the Indian Constitution allows the appointment of ad-hoc judges in the Supreme Court and High Courts to address judicial pendency. Recent Developments: In January 2025, the Supreme Court authorized High Courts to appoint retired judges on an ad-hoc basis to hear criminal appeals, working alongside sitting judges. Challenges: The process requires presidential approval, making government cooperation essential. Despite constitutional provisions, the practice has been limited in scope, with only a few ad-hoc appointments in the past. Benefits: Provides immediate relief in reducing case backlogs, especially in criminal cases. Does not affect the seniority or career progression of sitting judges. Concerns: The appointment process has been cumbersome, with calls for simplification to speed up the process. Judicial independence must be maintained by ensuring only candidates of impeccable integrity are appointed. What is happening in the DRC? Current Situation: M23 militia, backed by Rwanda, captures Goma: The DRC’s mineral-rich city of Goma, located near the Rwanda border, was captured by the M23 militia in early 2025. Casualties and Displacement: UN estimates state that over 2,900 people have died, 700,000 displaced, and many others injured since January 2025 due to escalating violence. M23’s Advances: The militia has now set its sights on Bukavu, another resource-rich area, as conflict spreads south. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Historical Context of the Region: Ethnic Conflicts Between Hutus and Tutsis: The region’s strife began during the colonial era under Belgian rule, where the Tutsi minority held power, leading to resentment from the Hutu majority. The 1959 Hutu Revolution and Rwanda’s Independence: The Hutu revolution, which resulted in the deaths of 20,000 Tutsis, led to a shift in power and the eventual independence of Rwanda in 1962. The Rwandan Genocide (1994): Sparked by the assassination of President Habyarimana, the genocide saw the systematic slaughter of Tutsis and moderate Hutus, claiming around 800,000 lives in 100 days. Aftermath of the Genocide: Hutu Refugees in DRC: Post-genocide, millions of Hutus, including perpetrators of the violence, fled to DRC, leading to the formation of several armed groups, including the M23. Invasions by Rwanda in 1996 and 1998: Rwanda invaded DRC twice, citing the need to protect Tutsi interests, triggering the First and Second Congo Wars, which caused massive regional instability. The Second Congo War (1998-2003): Known as Africa’s World War, it involved nine nations and 25 armed groups, resulting in 5 million deaths. The M23 Militia: Formation and Goals: M23, formed in 2012, emerged from a breakaway faction of the Congolese Army (CNDP). The group’s stated aim is to protect Tutsis, and it has a history of capturing Goma. Renewed Activity: The M23 resurfaced in 2022, citing unmet promises from the DRC government, and is accused of war crimes by the UN. Leadership: The militia is led by Sultani Makenga and is primarily based in the North Kivu province. Ethnic Strife vs. Resource Wealth: Ethnic Tensions: While ethnic strife between Hutus and Tutsis plays a role, the DRC’s vast mineral resources are central to the conflict. Coltan as a Key Resource: The DRC is a significant global source of Coltan, a crucial mineral for electronic devices, which is a major factor in the region’s appeal for both armed groups and nations. Responses to the Crisis: DRC’s President Tshisekedi’s Statement: DRC President Felix Tshisekedi termed the capture of Goma as “an act of war” and faces political challenges due to the loss. Rwanda’s Role and Kagame’s Stance: Rwandan President Paul Kagame has not directly admitted Rwanda’s support for M23 but has suggested that the group’s actions represent legitimate Tutsi interests. Burundi’s Warnings: Burundi, with its own tensions with Rwanda, has expressed concern over M23’s advance, warning that further conquest could lead to broader regional war. Uganda’s Position: Uganda takes a middle ground by assisting Congolese troops against militants linked to ISIS while indirectly allowing M23 to use Ugandan territory.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 February 2025

Content: PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Turns One India Energy Week 2025 Showcases India’s Clean Cooking Gas Model: A Blueprint for the Global South PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Turns One Introduction Launch & Vision: Launched on February 13, 2024, by PM Narendra Modi, aiming to install rooftop solar panels for one crore households by March 2027. World’s Largest Rooftop Solar Initiative: Aims to make solar energy affordable and accessible, accelerating India’s transition to sustainable energy. Current Achievements (as of Jan 27, 2025): 8.46 lakh households benefited. 70,000 installations/month, a 10x increase from pre-scheme levels. ₹4,308.66 crore disbursed as Central Financial Assistance (CFA). 45% beneficiaries receiving zero electricity bills. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) , GS 3(Energy Security) Key Benefits Free Electricity for Households: Subsidized rooftop solar panels ensure zero-cost electricity for many. Reduced Government Electricity Subsidy Burden: Estimated annual savings of ₹75,000 crore in government electricity expenses. Promotes Renewable Energy Usage: Strengthens India’s push towards clean energy and energy security. Lower Carbon Footprint: A significant step in reducing carbon emissions, aiding India’s climate commitments. Subsidy Structure Monthly Electricity Consumption (Units) Solar Plant Capacity Subsidy Amount 0-150 units 1-2 kW ₹30,000 – ₹60,000 150-300 units 2-3 kW ₹60,000 – ₹78,000 > 300 units Above 3 kW ₹ 78,000   Application Process: Households can apply via the National Portal and select a certified vendor. Financial Assistance Processing Time: On average, 15 days post-redemption request. Loan Support: Collateral-free loans at 7% interest for solar systems up to 3 kW. Impact Assessment Household Benefits: Cost Savings: Solar power users save significantly on electricity bills. Income Generation: Households can sell surplus power to DISCOMs. Energy Independence: Reduces dependency on fossil-fuel-powered electricity Expansion of Solar Capacity: 30 GW additional solar capacity expected in residential sectors. Environmental Gains: Over 1,000 BUs of electricity generation over 25 years. 720 million tonnes CO₂ emission reduction. Employment Generation: Expected to create 17 lakh direct jobs across: Manufacturing Logistics & Supply Chain Sales & Installation Operations & Maintenance (O&M) Model Solar Village Initiative Objective: One Model Solar Village per district to showcase energy self-sufficiency. Funding: ₹800 crore total, ₹1 crore per village. Selection Criteria: Must be a revenue village. Population requirement: 5,000+ (2,000 in special category states). Selected based on highest renewable energy (RE) capacity six months post-identification. Future Roadmap Target Installations: 10 lakh installations by March 2025. 20 lakh by October 2025. 40 lakh by March 2026. One crore by March 2027. Economic & Environmental Milestones: ₹75,000 crore in government savings. Stronger renewable energy infrastructure. Enhanced rural electrification via solar villages. Conclusion PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana is a game–changer in India’s clean energy transition. The scheme reduces household energy costs, decarbonizes electricity production, and boosts employment. The Model Solar Village initiative fosters rural self-sufficiency in energy. India reaffirms its global leadership in renewable energy, accelerating towards a sustainable and carbon-neutral future. India Energy Week 2025 Showcases India’s Clean Cooking Gas Model: A Blueprint for the Global South Introduction : India showcased its success in achieving universal access to clean cooking fuel, positioning itself as a model for the Global South. Relevance : GS 3 (Energy Security) The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) was highlighted as a game-changer in driving LPG adoption, with affordable pricing of 7 cents/day for beneficiaries and 15 cents/day for other consumers. India’s strategy involves targeted subsidies, digitalized distribution networks, and nationwide awareness campaigns. International stakeholders recognized India’s approach as highly replicable in nations facing energy access challenges. Discussions & International Participation Ministerial roundtable chaired by Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri included representatives from Brazil, Tanzania, Malawi, Sudan, Nepal, and industry leaders like IEA, Total Energy, and BCG. Countries shared their clean cooking expansion strategies, challenges, and policy insights: Tanzania: Aims for 80% household transition to clean cooking by 2030, facing financing and regulatory challenges. Sudan: Emphasized private sector participation for LPG supply and local cylinder production. Nepal & Rwanda: Working on reducing firewood dependency through electric stoves and biogas initiatives. India’s Policy Success & Key Takeaways Targeted Subsidies: Ensured affordability for low-income households. Strong Political Will: Government commitment enabled efficient policy execution. Digital Distribution Networks: Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) streamlined last-mile delivery. Cultural Shift Campaigns: Public awareness efforts boosted LPG adoption. Global Perspectives on Scaling Clean Cooking IEA Deputy Executive Director Mary Burce Warlick: Highlighted the role of concessional financing and PPPs in clean cooking expansion. BCG Partner Rahool Panandiker: Stressed the need for refining the LPG refill model for sustainability. Regulatory Adjustments & Tax Reductions: Identified as crucial for large-scale adoption. Future Prospects: Expanding Beyond LPG Solar Cookers: Indian Oil Corporation (IOCL) developed solar cookers with integrated panels (~$500/unit). Challenge: High cost limiting mass adoption. Proposed solution: Carbon financing & private sector collaboration to reduce costs. Diverse Clean Cooking Options: India’s long-term goal is to reduce biomass reliance & cut carbon emissions. India’s Global Leadership in Energy Transition Shri Puri emphasized that universal clean cooking access is a moral, health, and environmental imperative. India’s policies provide a scalable and sustainable framework for other developing nations. Strengthened international cooperation through India Energy Week, reaffirming India’s role as a leader in global energy dialogues. India Energy Week 2025: Significance Evolved into the world’s second-largest energy event within two years. The third edition (Feb 11-14, 2025, Yashobhoomi, New Delhi) focused on shaping global energy narratives. Demonstrates India’s proactive stance in energy transition & clean cooking accessibility.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 February 2025

Content: Budgeting for a gender-inclusive ‘Viksit Bharat’ Averting Engels’ pause  Budgeting for a gender-inclusive ‘Viksit Bharat’ Context: The Union Budget 2025-26 underscores inclusive development, prioritizing the poor, youth, farmers, and women. The explicit focus on women aligns with the government’s commitment to women-led development. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Practice Question: Gender-responsive budgeting is essential for achieving inclusive economic growth. Discuss the key provisions in the Union Budget 2025-26 aimed at enhancing women’s participation in economic activities. What challenges remain, and how can they be addressed? (250 words) Gender Budget Allocation – Highest in Two Decades Gender budget increased to 8.8% of total Budget (₹4.49 lakh crore), up from 6.8% in the previous year. 49 Union Ministries and departments now have gender budget components. 12 additional Ministries from non-traditional sectors (e.g., Railways, Ports, Land Resources, Pharmaceuticals) have integrated gender budgeting. A whole-of-government approach reflects enhanced gender mainstreaming in policies. Boosting Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) FLFPR (usual status) increased to ~42% in 2023-24 (from 33% in 2021-22), nearing the global average of 47%. However, a 37-percentage point gap exists compared to men’s FLFPR (79%). Achieving the 70% target by 2047 requires: Investment in skilling, employment, and entrepreneurship Access to productive resources and social security Key Budget Allocations for Women in Economic Activities: Skill India Programme, ESDP, National Skill Training Institutes, DAY-NRLM, MGNREGS, PM Employment Generation Programme, PM Vishwakarma, Krishonnati Yojana Combined allocation increased from ₹1.19 lakh crore to ₹1.24 lakh crore, with 52% of funds directed towards women and girls. New schemes: PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana First-time entrepreneurs’ scheme Sustainable livelihood for urban workers Centres of Excellence for ‘Make in India’ Formalizing Women in the Gig Economy 90% of India’s working women are in the informal sector. Budget proposes: Identity cards for gig workers Registration on the e-Shram portal Potential benefits: Formal identity and recognition Access to social security and financial inclusion Challenges in the gig economy: Low wages, job insecurity, lack of employment rights Need for comprehensive social security measures, including maternity benefits Labour code enforcement and progressive parental entitlements are crucial for economic security. AI & Digital Skilling for Women Centre of Excellence on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the education sector introduced. ₹600 crore allocated under India AI Mission for gender-focused AI initiatives. Importance of AI and digital skilling: Bridging the digital divide Enhancing women’s employability in high-growth sectors Strengthening Women’s Financial Inclusion & Entrepreneurship Women play key roles in agriculture, entrepreneurship, and employment, requiring better financial support mechanisms. Key Budget Provisions: Simplifying loan documentation (e.g., delinking Kisan Credit Cards from land ownership). Gender-disaggregated tracking of financial access to enhance efficiency. Supporting women entrepreneurs via collateral-free loans, alternative credit scoring, and financial literacy programs. Potential impact: Women-owned MSMEs (20.5% of total MSMEs) employ ~27 million people. 30 million additional women-led businesses could generate 150-170 million jobs by 2030. Gender-Responsive Budgeting – Key to Inclusive Growth Budget 2025-26 lays a strong foundation for women’s economic participation. Key measures for realizing Viksit Bharat: Sustained policy implementation Infrastructure development Transforming social norms Gender-responsive budgeting ensures: Strengthened social protection An inclusive labour market for both women and men Women as key drivers of national growth Conclusion: Achieving 70% women’s participation in economic activities by 2047 requires sustained investment, social security, and structural reforms. Gender-sensitive policies and financial inclusion will be crucial for women-led economic transformation in India’s journey towards Viksit Bharat. Averting Engels’ pause AI Governance and Global Commitments Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the need for AI governance, standards, and trust-building at the AI Action Summit in Paris (Feb 11, 2025). India, along with over 50 countries, committed to principles of trust, safety, and universal access in AI development. The focus on mitigating AI risks while advancing technology aligns with India’s long-term AI strategy. Relevance : GS 3(Technology), GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : Discuss the concept of Engels’ Pause in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven economic transformations. How can India mitigate the risks associated with job losses and wage stagnation while ensuring sustainable AI adoption? (250 words) Labour Market Challenges and Engels’ Pause Engels’ Pause: A phase where technological advances benefit firms, but real wages stagnate before eventual trickle-down effects. Historical perspective: PM Modi highlighted how past technological revolutions created new employment opportunities. The Economic Survey acknowledges concerns that AI-driven productivity gains could initially disrupt labour markets. India’s IT and services sector contributes significantly to GDP but employs a smaller workforce—AI efficiency gains could reduce job creation and stagnate wages. Proactive policy responses are essential to ensure AI adoption does not exacerbate job losses. Energy Sustainability and AI’s Rising Power Demand AI’s energy footprint is increasing due to high computational power required for model training and deployment. The U.S. produces over twice India’s electricity with a quarter of its population—data centres are becoming major consumers. India must focus on renewable energy-driven AI expansion to ensure sustainability. India’s AI Strategy and Future Path Unlike Western AI firms pursuing a high-investment, low-return model, India must focus on cost-effective AI tailored to national needs. The IndiaAI Mission promotes AI research through: Subsidised GPU clusters for AI model training. Funding for promising AI projects to foster innovation. Skilling and education: Scaling up AI training programs to ensure a strong domestic talent pool. Addressing the brain drain by ensuring India retains top AI expertise. Way Forward AI’s impact on labour markets and wages must be monitored and managed through policy interventions. Energy-efficient AI adoption is critical for India’s sustainability goals. Developing indigenous AI capabilities will ensure economic competitiveness and reduced dependence on foreign technologies. A balanced AI strategy can help India avert Engels’ Pause and harness AI for inclusive economic growth.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 February 2025

Content: IMEC project gains traction as PM holds talks with Macron AI dangerous tool, be it in Chinese or American hands, says Delhi HC Implications of the AI Diffusion Framework A 11-year high of 55% urban residents report stagnant income in 2025 Should convicted persons contest elections? Centre’s new Immigration Bill likely to have provisions denying entry to foreigners Illegal coal mining continues in Meghalaya: report IMEC project gains traction as PM holds talks with Macron Project Overview: The India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC) aims to connect India to Europe through both sea and land routes. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) , GS 3( Infrastructure) Key Stakeholders: India and France reaffirmed their commitment to advancing the IMEC project during PM Modi’s two-day visit to France. Discussion Focus: PM Modi held talks with French President Emmanuel Macron, emphasizing the importance of the project and strengthening bilateral ties. Previous Milestone: IMEC was first launched during the G-20 Summit in Delhi in September 2023. Objective: Both nations agreed to collaborate closely on the implementation of the IMEC, enhancing connectivity and economic cooperation. Broader Vision: The corridor is expected to bolster trade, infrastructure, and diplomatic relations between India, the Middle East, and Europe. India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC) Project Objective: To connect India to Europe via the Middle East using sea and land routes, enhancing trade, economic ties, and regional connectivity. Key Stakeholders: India, France, Middle Eastern countries, European Union. Launched: First announced at the G-20 Summit in September 2023; reaffirmed by PM Modi and President Macron in February 2025. Strategic Components: Sea Routes: Connecting Indian and Middle Eastern ports to Europe. Land Routes: Rail networks linking the Middle East to Europe. Digital Integration: AI and tech for optimized trade flow. Benefits: Economic growth, job creation, improved regional stability, and energy/resource transport. Challenges: Geopolitical tensions, high infrastructure costs, multi-nation coordination. Future Outlook: Strong backing from India and France, with momentum expected in the coming years. AI dangerous tool, be it in Chinese or American hands, says Delhi HC Court’s Observation: The Delhi High Court stated that artificial intelligence (AI) is a “dangerous tool” in anyone’s hands, whether Chinese or American. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Context: The observation came during a petition urging the Centre to block access to DeepSeek, a Chinese AI chatbot available in India. AI’s Risks: The court emphasized the potential dangers of AI, highlighting its misuse regardless of the origin (China or the U.S.). Centre’s Response: The Centre’s counsel acknowledged the issue and sought more time to get instructions, with the matter scheduled for hearing on February 20. Petitioner’s Concerns: The petition raised issues with DeepSeek’s privacy and security practices, claiming it poses a threat to India’s sovereignty, integrity, data security, and public order. Privacy Issues: The petition cited that DeepSeek’s terms of use and privacy policies fail to protect Indian citizens’ right to privacy and do not comply with IT Rules, 2011 and Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Global Concern: Other countries have also raised concerns regarding DeepSeek’s data handling practices. Implications of the AI Diffusion Framework Overview of the AI Diffusion Framework Announced in the final week of the Biden-Harris administration. Aims to: Maintain U.S. dominance in AI technology. Balance innovation with national security. Prevent adversaries (China, Russia, North Korea, Iran) from leveraging AI for strategic gains. Reflects U.S. strategy of using AI for economic and military advancements. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Technology) Mechanism of the Framework Extends export controls to all aspects of AI technology: AI chips and chip-making tools. Closed AI model weights (key to AI decision-making). Three-tier classification of countries: First tier: Key allies (e.g., Austria, Israel) — unrestricted AI access. Second tier: Includes India — limited AI access with restrictions on compute capacity and model exports. Third tier: U.S. adversaries (China, Russia, North Korea, Iran) — full export controls to block AI advancements. Short-term effects: No major disruptions in global AI trade. Restrictions on closed AI model weights impact only future advanced AI systems. Long-term Strategic Implications U.S. seeks to concentrate AI technological capabilities within its own borders and closest allies. American AI companies face barriers in setting up frontier AI facilities abroad. Concerns for U.S. allies: Sets a precedent for unilateral U.S. restrictions. Allies may diversify supply chains to reduce dependence on the U.S. Potential risk of fragmenting the global AI ecosystem, reducing U.S. dominance over time. Impact on India India placed in the second tier, limiting its AI technology access. Could discourage AI investments in India from leading U.S. tech companies. May lead to brain drain, with top Indian AI talent moving abroad. Risks slowing knowledge transfer and innovation in India’s AI sector. Contradicts India-U.S. strategic cooperation in sectors like semiconductors and Indo-Pacific security. Could strain bilateral ties, pushing India to seek alternative AI partnerships. Takeaways The framework aims to secure U.S. AI leadership but may alienate strategic partners like India. India may hedge against over-reliance on the U.S. by strengthening domestic AI capabilities and forging new tech alliances. The policy mirrors past U.S. technology restrictions (e.g., post-1998 nuclear sanctions), raising concerns over long-term trust in India-U.S. tech cooperation. A 11-year high of 55% urban residents report stagnant income in 2025 Context : Stagnant Income Levels 55% of urban consumers reported unchanged income in January 2025, the highest in 11 years. Decline in the share of respondents who reported an increase in income. Relevance :GS 3(Indian Economy) Employment Concerns 42.7% of respondents observed a decline in job opportunities compared to the previous year. Employment optimism, which had improved post-pandemic, started reversing in mid-2024. Inflation Trends Retail inflation eased to 4.31% in January, a five-month low. 93% of respondents still felt that prices increased, but this was the lowest since July 2024. Consumer Spending Perception Essential Items: 87.6% reported increased spending, the lowest since September 2024. Non-Essential Items: A slight increase in those reporting unchanged spending, with a marginal decline in those saying spending increased. Economic Sentiment 43% of urban consumers felt the overall economic situation worsened in January 2025, the highest in at least a year. Pessimism about income and job prospects overshadowed optimism from lower inflation. Implications Consumer Confidence: A weak employment market and stagnant incomes may dampen economic sentiment, affecting consumer spending and business investments. Policy Challenges: The government may need targeted interventions, such as employment generation schemes or wage support, to boost purchasing power. Growth Prospects: Reduced consumer spending, especially on discretionary items, could slow down overall economic growth. Long-term Impact: If income stagnation persists, it may widen income inequality and hinder aspirations of upward mobility among urban households. Should convicted persons contest elections? Context: Legal Provisions under the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act, 1951) Section 8(3): Disqualifies a person convicted of a criminal offense with imprisonment of at least two years. The disqualification extends for six years post-release. Section 8(1): Includes disqualification for heinous crimes like rape, untouchability (PCR Act), unlawful association (UAPA), and corruption (Prevention of Corruption Act), irrespective of sentence duration. Section 8(4): Previously allowed sitting legislators to continue post-conviction if they appealed. Struck down in the Lily Thomas case (2013). Section 11: Election Commission (EC) can reduce or remove disqualification. Used in 2019 to shorten Prem Singh Tamang’s disqualification period. Relevance : GS 2(Elections) Key Supreme Court Judgments Supporting Decriminalization of Politics ADR Case (2002): Mandated candidates to disclose criminal records. CEC vs. Jan Chaukidar (2013): Held that undertrial prisoners cannot contest elections, but Parliament later overturned this through an amendment. Lily Thomas Case (2013): Invalidated Section 8(4), ensuring immediate disqualification of convicted legislators. Current Petition for a Lifetime Ban Petition seeks a permanent ban on convicted persons from contesting elections. Argument: If convicted individuals are barred from government jobs, they should not become lawmakers. Government’s stance (2020): MPs and MLAs are not subject to service conditions like government employees, and the existing six-year disqualification is adequate. Criminalization of Politics: The Data ADR Report (2024): 46% (251 out of 543) elected MPs have criminal cases. 31% (171 MPs) face serious charges like rape, murder, and kidnapping. Candidates with a criminal background had a 15.4% winning chance, while clean-background candidates had only 4.4%. Recommendations and Challenges Law Commission (1999, 2014) and EC: Recommended disqualification of candidates facing charges for crimes punishable with more than five years. However, concerns remain about misuse of politically motivated cases. Way Forward: Possible lifetime disqualification for heinous crimes and corruption-related offenses. Review of EC’s power to reduce disqualification periods. Need for political consensus on stricter norms to curb criminalization. Centre’s new Immigration Bill likely to have provisions denying entry to foreigners Context : Key Provisions of the Centre’s new Immigration Bill Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Denial of Entry on Security Grounds: First-time introduction of threat to national security and sovereignty as explicit grounds to deny entry or stay to foreign nationals. May also bar entry based on relations with a foreign state. Immigration Officer’s Authority: The Bill could make the Immigration Officer’s decision final and binding regarding entry denial. Previously, entry was denied, but there was no explicit legal provision mentioning such authority. Repeal of Existing Laws: The Bill is likely to replace four Acts: Foreigners Act, 1946 Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939 Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000 These laws were enacted around World War I and II and had overlapping provisions. Avoiding Legal Overlaps: The new law aims to streamline regulations related to passports, visas, registration, and exit procedures. Seeks to remove inconsistencies between multiple laws. New Definitions and Institutional Responsibilities Immigration Officers: The Bill may define their functions and grant them legal backing under the Bureau of Immigration. Responsibilities of Educational and Medical Institutions: Universities and medical institutions admitting foreigners may have new obligations under the law. Foreigners may bear the burden of proof to establish their nationality. Penalties for Violations Illegal Entry: Punishable with up to five years’ imprisonment or fines up to ₹5 lakh or both. Fraudulent Travel Documents: Usage or distribution may lead to 2-7 years’ imprisonment. Fines may range from ₹1 lakh to ₹10 lakh. Implications & Concerns Strengthening of national security measures by legally empowering immigration authorities. Concerns over broad executive powers and potential misuse in denying entry based on vague security concerns. Impact on foreign students, medical tourists, and businesses due to increased scrutiny. Clarity on appeal mechanisms needed, as the Immigration Officer’s decision may be final and binding. Illegal coal mining continues in Meghalaya: report Context: Key Findings of the Report Illegal mining persists in six coal-rich districts despite government action. Drone videography and volumetric assessment provided fresh evidence of unauthorized mining. Seized coal data discrepancies suggest large-scale illegal extraction and potential underreporting. Relevance : GS 3(Minerals , Mining) Coal Seizure and Discrepancies 2022 Report (State Government Data): 92,268.43 MT seized in East Jaintia Hills, South Garo Hills, and West Khasi Hills (May-Aug 2022). Private firm recorded an additional 41,477.54 MT in these districts. 2025 Report (State Mining & Geology Department Data): Total seized coal now 4,10,796.44 MT across six districts: New additions: West Jaintia Hills, East Garo Hills, and South West Khasi Hills. Increase of 1,69,602.35 MT in three newly reported districts compared to 2022 figures. Mismatch in coal figures across districts raises concerns of illicit mining operations. Challenges and Recommendations Difficult terrain hinders conventional surveillance. Drone monitoring suggested for better enforcement. Regular patrolling needed to curb ongoing illegal mining activities. Implications Environmental concerns: Unregulated rat-hole mining leads to severe ecological damage. Regulatory failure: Discrepancies in coal seizure data indicate possible collusion or inefficiency in enforcement. Need for stronger action: More robust monitoring mechanisms and legal interventions required.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 February 2025

Content: Digital Agriculture Mission Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Digital Agriculture Mission Introduction Approved by the Government on 2nd September 2024 with an outlay of ₹2817 crore. ₹54.972 crore allocated for FY 2025-26; funds released based on state proposals. Aims to create a robust digital ecosystem for agriculture, improving access to farmer-centric digital solutions and real-time crop-related data. Components of the Mission A. Digital Public Infrastructure for Agriculture (DPIA) Encompasses various IT-driven initiatives by Central and State Governments. Includes Agristack, Krishi Decision Support System, Comprehensive Soil Fertility & Profile Map, and other digital innovations. B. Agristack: Core Digital Initiative Aims to establish a structured agricultural database for improved decision-making. Comprises three foundational registries: Farmers’ Registry – Digital database of farmers’ demographic details. Geo-referenced Village Maps – Mapping of agricultural land parcels. Crop Sown Registry – Real-time data on crops sown across various regions. Maintained by State Governments/UTs with central administrative and technical support. C. Benefits of Agristack Farmer Authentication: Helps farmers digitally verify their identities for accessing government benefits. Access to Credit & Insurance: Facilitates loans, insurance, and procurement services. Market Linkages: Supports online transactions for purchase and sale of inputs and produce in a trust-based digital environment. Integration with National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) e-NAM is a virtual platform integrating physical wholesale markets (mandis) across India. Enables transparent price discovery and ensures better prices for farmers. As of December 31, 2024: 1410 mandis integrated across 23 States and 4 UTs. Facilitates online agricultural commodity trading at a national scale. Challenges and Way Forward A. Challenges Data Privacy Concerns: Ensuring farmer data security and preventing misuse. Digital Divide: Limited access to smartphones and internet in rural areas. Interoperability Issues: Need for seamless integration between different state and central digital platforms. Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Connectivity issues, especially in remote agricultural regions. B. Potential Solutions Strengthening Cybersecurity: Implement robust data protection mechanisms. Digital Literacy Programs: Train farmers on using digital platforms effectively. Enhancing Rural Connectivity: Expand broadband access in agricultural belts. Harmonizing Data Standards: Ensure uniformity across state and central databases. Conclusion The Digital Agriculture Mission is a transformative step toward modernizing India’s agriculture sector. Agristack and e-NAM are key enablers for data-driven decision-making, financial inclusion, and market accessibility for farmers. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Overview Nature of the Disease: Highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals like cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, and pigs. Causes fever, blisters on the mouth and feet, and can lead to severe economic losses. Although it has low mortality in adults, it severely affects productivity (milk yield, growth rate, and fertility). Relevance : GS 3( Economic and Agricultural Impact: Reduces milk production and meat quality, leading to financial losses for farmers. Affects trade due to restrictions on livestock exports from infected areas. Requires intensive control measures, including mass vaccination and surveillance. National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP) (2019) Objective: To control and eradicate FMD through vaccination and animal tracking. Funding: 100% central assistance to States/UTs for FMD vaccination. Integration: Included under Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP) since 2021. Components of NADCP: Vaccination Strategy: Quality vaccines procured and distributed centrally. Ear-tagging of vaccinated animals for tracking. Financial support for vaccination accessories and cold chain infrastructure. Monitoring and Data Management: Livestock registration and vaccination data uploaded on Bharat Pashudhan portal. Seromonitoring & serosurveillance conducted to track vaccine efficacy. Capacity Building & Awareness: Financial aid to research institutions (ICAR-NIFMD, ICAR-IVRI, NIVEDI, etc.). Awareness programs for farmers and stakeholders. FMD-Free Zone Approach Concept: Creating disease-free zones to improve control measures. Current Focus States (9 states): Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttarakhand. Expansion based on state-specific requirements. Progress & Achievements under NADCP Mass Vaccination Drive Total FMD vaccinations under NADCP (Till Jan 2025): 107.34 crore Reduction in Disease Incidence Over 60% reduction in FMD outbreaks since NADCP launch. Outbreaks are now sporadic, with fewer animals affected. Effectiveness of Vaccination Programme Seromonitoring Results: Indicate increasing protective immunity. Serosurveillance: Shows a decreasing trend of infection risk. Review Mechanism & Policy Coordination National & Regional Reviews: Regular meetings to assess vaccination and control measures. 17th August 2024: National review meeting for “FMD-Mukt Bharat”. Regional reviews conducted twice a year. State-specific Action Plans: Address local challenges in vaccination and monitoring. Challenges in FMD Eradication Vaccine Coverage & Logistics: Ensuring full vaccine coverage across rural and remote areas. Maintaining cold chain infrastructure for vaccine potency. Disease Surveillance: Need for real-time monitoring and rapid response to outbreaks. Improving coordination among veterinary health workers. Farmer Awareness & Participation: Addressing vaccine hesitancy and misinformation. Increasing participation in tracking and reporting livestock health. Future Directions Strengthening Surveillance Mechanisms: AI-based disease tracking via Bharat Pashudhan portal. Expanding seromonitoring for vaccine efficacy evaluation. Expanding FMD-Free Zones: Gradual inclusion of more states under the special focus category. Strengthening cross-border surveillance to prevent re-introduction. Boosting Research & Development: Development of more effective vaccines. Collaborative research on new diagnostic techniques for early detection. Conclusion NADCP has significantly reduced FMD outbreaks, demonstrating the success of mass vaccination, monitoring, and policy interventions. Continued efforts in disease surveillance, awareness, and research are essential for achieving FMD-Mukt Bharat.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 February 2025

Conten: A role for India in South-South climate cooperation A legal ‘remedy’ that perpetuates survivor trauma A role for India in South-South climate cooperation Article 6 of Paris Agreement (PA): Focuses on cooperative approaches for emission reductions. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question :Discuss the significance of Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement in facilitating climate finance and emissions trading. How can India leverage it to strengthen South-South climate cooperation? (150 words) Importance of Article 6.2 Role in Climate Finance: Enables Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) between host (developing) and partner (developed) countries. Operationalization at COP29 (Baku, Azerbaijan): Enhanced focus on market mechanisms for carbon-neutral transition. Potential Benefits: Promotes emissions reductions in host countries. Facilitates financial & technical support from developed nations. Helps meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). India’s Position on Article 6.2 Third Largest GHG Emitter (absolute terms only). Climate-Development Balance: Struggles with financial and technical constraints in achieving NDC targets. Call for Climate Finance: India demands $1 trillion annually from developed nations for climate action. Domestic Efforts: Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) (2023): India’s domestic emission trading scheme (ETS) for carbon credits. Prior Market Experience: CDM, VCM, ESCerts, RECs—strong foundation for international carbon trading. India’s Strategic Engagement with Article 6.2 14 Key Activities Identified for International Collaboration, including: Renewable Energy (RE) Energy Storage Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Green Hydrogen & Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Key International Partnerships: South Korea, EU, Japan. ITMO Benefits for India: Funds climate-resilient projects. Enhances clean energy adoption. Creates green jobs & co-benefits (e.g., reduced health risks). South-South Cooperation: Potential leader in ITMO exchange with developing nations. Strengthening RE deployment & climate technology in Africa. India’s Role in Global Climate Finance Unlocking Large-Scale Finance: Countries with stringent NDCs can buy ITMOs from India. Boosts green technology and sustainability investments. Example: India’s RE sector attracted $10 billion FDI (2022)—ITMO transactions could expand such inflows. New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG): Recognizes South-South climate finance contributions. India can lead voluntary financial & technical cooperation among developing countries. India-Africa Climate Partnership Rationale: Africa’s vulnerability to climate change (agriculture, water resources). India’s 10 Principles for India-Africa Engagement include economic cooperation & climate action. Mutual Benefits: India (partner) funds RE & climate projects in Africa (host). African nations gain sustainable infrastructure & energy solutions. India benefits from additional carbon credit opportunities. ITMO Transfer Challenges & Risks Risk of Carbon Offshoring: Developed countries might rely on low-cost Indian ITMOs instead of domestic decarbonization. India might lose critical carbon reductions needed for its own NDCs. Transparency & Governance Issues: Weak oversight can cause inefficiencies, inequities. Over-reliance on ITMOs may hinder India’s domestic green tech growth. Mitigation Strategies: Equitable benefit-sharing: Ensure partner contributions align with India’s sustainability goals. Transparency & Safeguards: Implement Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)-like governance for fair carbon credit allocation. Self-Sufficiency Focus: Prioritize domestic sustainability while engaging in ITMO transfers. India’s Leadership Potential in Global Carbon Markets Transparent & Equitable Market Engagement: Promoting inclusive ITMO agreements. Ensuring fair cost-benefit distribution between India and partner nations. Strengthening Institutional Capacity: Scaling up carbon finance mechanisms (CCTS, ITMOs). Expanding public-private partnerships in climate innovation. Positioning as a Climate Leader: Driving South-South cooperation in emissions trading. Championing low-carbon transition strategies globally. Conclusion India’s strategic engagement with Article 6.2 presents an opportunity to unlock climate finance, enhance sustainability, and emerge as a global leader in emissions trading. However, ensuring fair, transparent, and equitable ITMO agreements remains critical to balancing economic growth and climate commitments. A legal ‘remedy’ that perpetuates survivor trauma A legal remedy should serve justice, not perpetuate survivor trauma. The practice of granting bail on the condition of marriage undermines constitutional safeguards, compromises gender justice, and weakens deterrence against sexual crimes. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Judiciary) Practice Question: How does granting bail on the condition of marriage violate legal and constitutional principles? (150 words) Legal Concerns Violation of Supreme Court Guidelines: Contradicts Aparna Bhat vs State of Madhya Pradesh (2021), which prohibits any contact between the accused and survivor. Arbitrariness in Bail Conditions: Kunal Kumar Tiwari vs State of Bihar (2017) emphasized that bail conditions must not be arbitrary or extend beyond the scope of justice. Breach of Legal Safeguards: Goes against Section 437(3)(c) of CrPC, which limits bail conditions to non-arbitrary measures in the interest of justice.  Gender Justice and Survivor Autonomy Perpetuation of Patriarchal Notions: Reinforces the regressive idea that a woman’s dignity is tied to marriage. Violation of Consent and Autonomy: Forcing marriage undermines the survivor’s choice and coerces her into a legal relationship with the accused. Potential for Continued Abuse: Marriage as a legal safeguard for the accused increases the risk of intimate partner violence under legal protection. Impact on Criminal Justice System Compromising Trial Integrity: Marriage between the survivor and accused during trial affects the survivor’s ability to testify freely. Conflict of Interest in Sentencing: Courts may hesitate to convict an accused who has legally married the survivor, affecting the administration of justice. Legitimization of Crime through Matrimony: Sets a dangerous precedent where perpetrators can escape punishment by marrying their victims. State’s Responsibility and Welfare Obligations Neglect of State’s Role: In Re: Right to Privacy of Adolescents (2024), the Court held that the state must provide rehabilitation, financial aid, and counselling to survivors. Forced Dependence on Perpetrator: Lack of support forces survivors into financial and social dependence on their abusers. Violation of Article 21 (Right to Dignity): Forcing a survivor into marriage with the accused undermines her right to live with dignity. Societal Implications and Future Risks Normalization of Rape-Marriage Nexus: Encourages societal perception that rape can be ‘remedied’ by marriage. Undermining Women’s Rights Movements: Reverses decades of progress in gender justice by reinstating outdated beliefs. Weakening Deterrence Against Sexual Crimes: Allows accused individuals to evade accountability, reducing the deterrent effect of rape laws. Conclusion The practice of granting bail on the condition of marriage fundamentally undermines justice, perpetuates survivor trauma, and shifts the burden of rehabilitation from the state to the judiciary. A legal remedy should restore dignity and autonomy, not reinforce coercion and injustice. A re-evaluation of such judicial practices is imperative to align them with constitutional and human rights principles.

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