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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 November 2024

Contents: Growing epidemic Two cheers for the top court’s ‘bulldozer’ judgment The ‘new’ Justitia and reimagining justice Growing Epidemic Context: Global Diabetes Epidemic Diabetes definition: A chronic condition where the body can’t properly process glucose, leading to high blood sugar levels. Types of Diabetes : Type 1: Autoimmune disorder; the body attacks insulin-producing cells. Requires insulin therapy. Type 2: The body resists insulin or doesn’t produce enough. Managed with lifestyle changes and medication. Gestational: Develops during pregnancy, increasing future risk of type 2 diabetes. Rapid Growth: The number of people with diabetes has quadrupled from 200 million in 1990 to over 800 million in 2022 due to multiple factors. Rising Prevalence: The global rate of diabetes in adults has doubled, from 7% in 1990 to 14% in 2022, heading towards a health crisis. Regional Hotspots: Asia is turning into a diabetes hotspot, with India leading the world with 212 million people, followed by China with 148 million. Relevance: GS 2 ( Health ) Practice Question: How diabetes is becoming a global epidemic? Discuss its causes and effects, with a special focus on India. ( 250 words ) India’s Diabetes Fight: India hasthe highest untreated diabetes cases in the world with over 133 million people aged 30 and above. Better Diagnosis: More people are being diagnosed thanks to updated criteria, including tests for fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c (long-term blood sugar levels). Contributing Factors: Unhealthy diets, lack of exercise, and widespread tobacco use are major drivers of this rise in cases. The Role of Tobacco Higher Risk: Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetes by 30%-40%. How It Works: Nicotine damages insulin production and worsens insulin resistance, making it harder for the body to manage blood sugar. Big Impact: Quitting smoking can dramatically lower the risk of both diabetes and related health issues like heart disease. WHO Targets for 2030 Diagnosis Goals: The WHO aims for 80% of people with diabetes to be diagnosed. Control Goals: 80% of diagnosed individuals should have good control over their blood sugar. Challenges in India: India needs to urgently scale up both diagnosis and treatment to meet these targets Conclusion Diabetes is a serious issue; it should be handled with coordinated action and collaborative efforts. More focus should be given to testing and awareness generation through the promotion of schemes like Fit-India. Two Cheers For The Top Court’s ‘Bulldozer’ Judgment Context: The Supreme Court of India has condemned the practice of demolishing the homes of individuals accused of crimes without due process, ruling that such demolitions are illegal and must follow the rule of law. Relevance : GS 2( Governance ) Practice Question: Discuss the role of the Judiciary in checking arbitrary actions of the Executive, with a special focus on rulings against illegal demolitions. (150 words) Key Issues Delay in Action: The Court responded three years after demolitions began, raising concerns about timely justice. Redress for Past Demolitions: The judgment held state officials accountable, but it remains unclear if victims will receive compensation or justice. State’s Dual Stance Public Celebrations: Politicians and public figures often praised these demolitions as a form of instant justice, presenting them as swift actions to punish wrongdoers. State’s Justifications:In court, demolitions were explained as actions against “illegal” construction, not punishments, showing a conflict between political claims and legal arguments. Judgment Analysis Guidelines for Transparency and Due Process: The Supreme Court introduced a set of guidelines aimed at ensuring fairness in demolitions. These include: Providing notice and time for the affected individuals to respond. Ensuring personal hearings and the right to appeal. Demolition decisions must be proportional, meaning they should not be excessive or arbitrary. Concerns and Future Steps Vulnerable Populations: The ruling excluded some structures on public land from due process protections, potentially leaving marginalized communities more at risk of demolition. Implementation: The effectiveness of these guidelines depends on how well courts and authorities enforce them. Without proper enforcement, demolitions could continue under the pretence of legality. Conclusion The Supreme Court has upheld the rule of law once again by checking arbitrary action by the executives. Now focus should be on efficient enforcement and compensating past victims. The ‘new’ Justitia and Reimagining Justice Introduction : New Statue: The Supreme Court of India unveiled a six-foot statue of Justitia in October 2024. Description: The statue is a sari-clad, goddess-like without a blindfold, holding scales and the Indian Constitution. Significance: Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud stated it signifies that “Law is not blind; it sees everyone equally.” Relevance: GS 2 (Judiciary ) Practice Question: Discuss the significance of the new Justitia statue unveiled by the Supreme Court of India in October 2024 and its impact on public perception of justice. (250 Words ) Historical Context Historical Presence: Open-eyed Justitia has historical precedent in Roman, Greek, and Egyptian cultures. Evolution of the Blindfold: The blindfold appeared in the late 15th century, originally seen as a negative attribute but later as a symbol of impartiality. Current Interpretation and Debate Symbolism Questioned: The statue’s design raises questions about whether open-eyed justice truly represents equality and transparency. Inspiration: Likely inspired by a mural within the Supreme Court, depicting a goddess in a similar style. Public Perception : Positive Impacts: Enhanced Trust: Symbol of transparency and impartiality. Increased Awareness: Highlights the judiciary’s importance and role. Improved Understanding: Promotes understanding of justice principles. Public Empowerment: Inspires participation and accountability. Negative Impacts: Misinterpretation: Potential for misinterpretation as biased or subjective. Unrealistic Expectations: Might raise unrealistic expectations. Disillusionment: This could lead to disillusionment if ideals aren’t met. Visual Art and Justice Role of Visual Representation: Emphasises the need for inclusive approaches in representing justice. Reimagining Justice: Proposes presenting justice through themes of protest, resistance, and lived experience to promote feminist, anti-caste, and secular values. Conclusion Reducing case burdens on the courts should be prioritised by promoting alternative dispute mechanisms to ensure justice is visible as well as accessible.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 November 2024

CONTENTS India Enhances Pension Management with Digital Life Certificate Campaign Carbon Credit Mechanism CAG Report Highlights Critical Issues in Urban Local Bodies Across 18 States Senna Tora Plant Bodoland Mahotsav Scarlet Tanager India Enhances Pension Management with Digital Life Certificate Campaign Context: The Department of Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare (DoPPW) is conducting its third annual Digital Life Certificate (DLC) campaign from November 1 to 30, aimed at facilitating the submission process for pensioners. Since 2014, retirees from government, defense, railways, public sector undertakings, and educational institutions have been required to submit a life certificate each November to continue receiving their pensions. With the Jeevan Pramaan system, pensioners can submit their life certificates online, avoiding the need to physically visit banks or post offices. For those who prefer traditional methods, the option to submit physical certificates at banks or post offices remains available. This campaign includes 1,900 camps across the country to assist pensioners in this digital transition, enhancing convenience and accessibility. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Jeevan Pramaan Initiative Digital Life Certificates (DLCs) Generation Campaign Takeaways Conclusion Jeevan Pramaan Initiative Introduction and Purpose: Jeevan Pramaan is a digital life certificate initiative launched by the Government of India in 2014, designed to streamline the process for pensioners to submit their life certificates. Managed by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions through the Department of Pension and Pensioners’ Welfare (DoPPW), the initiative significantly eases the annual verification process required for pensioners to continue receiving their pensions. Key Features: Convenience: Allows pensioners to submit life certificates from any location, leveraging digital technology to avoid physical visits to pension-disbursing authorities. Digital Access: Direct submission of certificates to pension-disbursing authorities through a digital platform, enhancing efficiency and reducing potential delays. Wide Reach: Available at various accessible points including banks, post offices, and through biometric devices equipped for this purpose. Annual Campaigns: Dedicated campaigns, typically in November, include setting up camps to assist pensioners in generating Digital Life Certificates (DLCs). Challenges in Implementation Access Issues: Pensioners in rural or remote areas often face challenges due to limited digital literacy or lack of internet connectivity, hindering their ability to use the digital service. Technical Difficulties: Biometric authentication, particularly fingerprint recognition, can fail due to age-related degradation of biometric markers. Awareness: Some pensioners remain unaware of the digital system and continue to rely on physical submissions, indicating a need for enhanced outreach and education about the system. Pensioner Demographics and Participation Statistics: As of March 31, 2024, India has 64.88 crore central government pensioners, including civilians, defence personnel, railway employees, telecom, and postal workers. During the previous year’s DLC campaign, 1.47 crore certificates were generated, demonstrating widespread participation and the effectiveness of the initiative. Digital Life Certificates (DLCs) Generation Authentication Methods: The Jeevan Pramaan portal utilizes Aadhaar for biometric authentication, and since 2021, face authentication has been introduced as an alternative. Pensioners need to have their Aadhaar linked with a mobile number and registered with the pension disbursing authority to generate a DLC. Campaign and Outreach: Organized camps in 800 cities across India and at Indian missions abroad, with additional support from post offices and banks, to facilitate the generation of DLCs. Campaign Takeaways Adoption of New Technology: The adoption of face authentication has seen a significant increase, with 31.02% of pensioners opting for this method in the early days of the campaign. Statistics of DLC Generation: In just the first 11 days of the campaign, 48.10 lakh DLCs were generated, showcasing the high engagement and utility of the initiative. Demographic Breakdown: A substantial portion of DLCs were generated for pensioners aged 60-70 years, indicating active participation across various age groups. Regional Participation: The highest numbers of DLCs were generated in states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka. Conclusion The Jeevan Pramaan initiative represents a significant stride towards digital empowerment for pensioners in India, substantially reducing the need for physical interactions and ensuring timely receipt of pensions. However, addressing the challenges of access, technical issues, and awareness remains crucial for maximizing its benefits across all demographic segments. -Source: The Hindu Carbon Credit Mechanism Context: The study published in Nature journal looked at projects that together generated carbon credits worth one billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Under the Paris Agreement, more robust carbon trade mechanisms are being created, with some progress expected to happen at the ongoing COP29 meeting in Baku. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Summary of New Study on Carbon Trading Mechanisms Overview of Carbon Credits How the Carbon Credit Mechanism Works Types of Carbon Credit Markets Challenges and Criticisms Summary of New Study on Carbon Trading Mechanisms A new study published in the Nature journal has scrutinized the effectiveness of carbon trading mechanisms, specifically evaluating their impact on achieving real emission reductions. Conducted by researchers from both European and American institutions, the study reviewed thousands of projects that collectively generated carbon credits equivalent to one billion tonnes of carbon dioxide. Here are the key insights and findings: Effectiveness of Carbon Credits The study found that only 16% of the carbon credits analyzed were directly linked to actual emission reductions. The majority of these credits were issued under mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol, which has been criticized for its effectiveness and has since been succeeded by the Paris Agreement. Project Type Effectiveness Projects aimed at reducing HFC-23 emissions proved most effective, with 68% of the credits resulting in genuine emission reductions. Additionality and Integrity The concept of “additionality” is crucial, ensuring that emission reductions are a direct result of carbon credit funding and would not have occurred otherwise. However, the study highlights that many projects failed to meet this criterion, leading to the registration of non-additional projects. Recommendations Researchers recommend stricter criteria for project eligibility, focusing on projects that truly depend on carbon credit revenues. They also call for improved standards and methodologies to quantify emission reductions and ensure the credibility of carbon credits. Developments Under the Paris Agreement The carbon market mechanism is the last component of the 2015 Paris Agreement that is yet to be fully operationalized. Efforts are underway to develop more stringent frameworks for carbon trading to overcome the limitations identified with Kyoto-era mechanisms. New Mechanisms Under Development Bilateral Country-Level Trade: This mechanism allows countries that exceed their emission reduction targets to sell credits to others through direct agreements. International Carbon Market: This broader market will include multiple participants, with new institutions tasked with regulating, verifying, and authenticating credit trades. Progress at COP29 The ongoing COP29 meeting in Baku has seen the approval of two key rules related to carbon markets on its opening day, signaling progress but also indicating that substantial work is still required. These new mechanisms are designed to bolster the integrity of carbon credits and enhance their effectiveness in combating climate change. Overview of Carbon Credits Definition and Purpose A carbon credit is a permit or certificate that allows the holder to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) or the equivalent amount of another greenhouse gas (GHG). These credits are a key element in national and international efforts to mitigate the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Generation of Carbon Credits Carbon credits are generated through activities that reduce emissions or remove CO2 from the atmosphere, including: Renewable energy projects (e.g., wind, solar) Energy efficiency initiatives Reforestation or afforestation projects Methane capture at landfills or industrial sites How the Carbon Credit Mechanism Works Regulatory Framework Governments or regulatory bodies set emission caps for industries or companies, forming the basis for the carbon credit market. Organizations emitting less than their quota can sell their surplus credits. Those exceeding their caps must buy credits to comply with regulations. Certification and Trading Projects that demonstrate measurable and verifiable GHG reductions are eligible for carbon credits, certified by bodies like the Verified Carbon Standard or the Gold Standard. Carbon credits are traded on platforms such as the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) or voluntary markets, creating financial incentives for emission reduction. Use of Carbon Credits Organizations purchase credits to offset their emissions, aiming for carbon neutrality. Types of Carbon Credit Markets Compliance Market: Legally mandated markets under international agreements (e.g., Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement) where companies must comply with emission caps. Voluntary Market: Allows entities to purchase credits voluntarily to meet CSR goals or personal commitments to sustainability. Benefits of Carbon Credits Environmental Impact: Promotes the adoption of cleaner technologies and sustainable practices. Economic Incentives: Provides financial rewards for projects that reduce emissions, fostering innovation. Flexibility: Offers cost-effective ways for industries to meet emission targets. Global Collaboration: Enhances cooperation across borders to address climate change globally. Challenges and Criticisms Verification: Ensuring credits represent genuine emission reductions can be complex. Market Stability: Fluctuations in credit prices can impact market stability. Greenwashing: Potential misuse by companies claiming environmental responsibility without substantive changes. Accessibility: Developing countries may struggle to access the resources needed to generate credits. -Source: The Hindu CAG Report Highlights Critical Issues in Urban Local Bodies Across 18 States Context: The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has raised serious concerns about the condition of urban local bodies (ULBs) in 18 states, which serve approximately 241 million residents. According to the report, there are systemic weaknesses in financial management, staffing, and functional autonomy within these ULBs. These issues are significant as they undermine the objectives set forth by the 74th Constitutional Amendment, which aimed to strengthen the role and efficiency of ULBs in urban governance and development. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 CAG Report on Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India Recommendations for Strengthening ULBs 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 Overview The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, passed in 1992, is a significant piece of legislation that granted constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), positioning them as fundamental units of governance in Indian cities and towns. This act aimed to enhance urban governance through a structured decentralization of authority and powers. Key Provisions Constitutional Framework: The amendment introduced Part IX-A to the Constitution, encompassing Articles 243-P to 243-ZG, which specifically address the structure and governance of municipalities. Devolution of Powers: One of the critical elements of the amendment is the mandated devolution of 18 functions to ULBs, as outlined in Schedule 12 (Article 243W). These functions include crucial areas such as urban planning, regulation of land use, water supply, public health, and sanitation. Importance of Robust ULBs Urbanization Trends: With projections indicating that 50% of India’s population will be residing in urban areas by 2050, robust urban governance systems become crucial. This demographic shift emphasizes the need for well-structured and empowered ULBs to manage the growing urbanization effectively. Role of ULBs: Empowered ULBs are essential for ensuring the economic, environmental, and democratic vibrancy of cities. They are pivotal in managing urban challenges, including infrastructure development, waste management, and environmental conservation. Additionally, ULBs can significantly influence local economic development and quality of life for urban residents. CAG Report on Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India Key Findings Incomplete Devolution of Powers: Despite the 1992 amendment intended to decentralize 18 functions to ULBs, only 4 functions have been fully devolved after 30 years. This lack of complete autonomy has been noted in 393 ULBs across 18 states including Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra, indicating a failure to fully embrace the spirit of the amendment. Financial Gaps and Dependency: ULBs exhibit a substantial financial gap, with a 42% discrepancy between resources and expenditures. Internal revenue generation is notably low, with only 32% coming from within the ULBs and the remainder dependent on Union and state government funding. Property tax, a critical revenue source, achieves only 56% of its potential collection. Limited Expenditure on Development: A mere 29% of ULB expenditures are allocated towards developmental and programmatic work, which is insufficient to support substantial urban growth and improve the quality of life. Staffing Issues: ULBs suffer from an average 37% vacancy rate in sanctioned staff positions. Additionally, ULBs in 16 states have limited or no control over their staffing, which further complicates operational efficiency. Recommendations for Strengthening ULBs Enhance Financial Autonomy: The CAG suggests granting ULBs greater control over their taxation and user charges to bolster financial independence and resource generation. Improve Revenue Collection Mechanisms: Streamlining property tax collection and other revenue sources is recommended to maximize financial resources available to ULBs. Focus on Fund Utilization: There is a critical need to ensure that funds allocated to ULBs are used effectively, particularly for development purposes to foster better urban infrastructure and services. Strengthen Decentralization: The report calls for a revival of efforts to empower ULBs both politically and administratively, fulfilling the original intentions of the 1992 constitutional amendment. Call for Collaboration: Recognizing the empowerment of ULBs as a national priority, the CAG advocates for collaboration among government, academia, and civil society. This cooperation is deemed essential for achieving meaningful progress in strengthening ULBs. -Source: Indian Express Senna tora Plant Context: The Tamil Nadu Forest Department is experimenting with the removal of a potential new species of invasive plant Senna tora that has begun emerging in parts of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR). Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Senna Tora Plant About Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Senna Tora Plant The Senna tora plant is originally from Central America. This plant can be classified as an annual, perennial, or subshrub and primarily thrives in wet tropical environments. It begins to sprout following the southwest monsoon, establishes itself in increasingly arid areas, and typically dies off by the year’s end. Senna tora serves various purposes including use as animal feed, a toxin, and a medicinal herb. It also has environmental applications and can be used as food. About Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is located in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu state at the tri-junction of three states, viz, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (1st Biosphere Reserve in India) along with Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala) in the West, Bandipur National Park (Karnataka) in the North, Mukurthi National Park and Silent Valley in the South. The Reserve has tall grasses, commonly referred to as ‘Elephant Grass’, a variety of Bamboos, several species of endemic flora and valuable timber species. The Tiger and Asian Elephant are the Flagship Species of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, along with a wide variety of more than 260 species of birds. -Source: The Hindu Bodoland Mahotsav Context: Recently, the Prime Minister inaugurated the 1st Bodoland Mahotsav in New Delhi. Relevance: GS I: Festivals Bodoland Mahotsav The Bodoland Mahotsav is a significant cultural festival that celebrates the language, literature, and culture of the Bodo community, fostering a spirit of peace and building a vibrant society within the Bodoland Territorial Region. Objectives and Themes Event Theme: This year’s theme, ‘Peace and Harmony for Prosperous Bharat,’ emphasizes the promotion of the rich cultural heritage and educational advancements of the Bodo community alongside other communities in the region. Cultural Celebration: The festival is a platform to showcase the diverse cultural and linguistic heritage, ecological biodiversity, and touristic potential of Bodoland. Post-Accord Celebration: It marks the progress and resilience of the community following the signing of the Bodo Peace Accord in 2020, highlighting the journey towards recovery and unity. Cultural and Historical Context of the Bodo Tribe Background Earliest Inhabitants: The Bodos are considered one of the earliest ethnic groups to settle in Assam, historically known as Pragjyotishpur and Kamrupa. Their unique cultural and linguistic attributes are derived from the Mongoloid stock of the Indo-Mongoloids or Indo-Tibetans. Linguistic Traits: Linguistically, the Bodos are part of a larger group of Tibeto-Burman speakers spread across North and East Bengal, Assam, and parts of Burma. Regional Names: In the Brahmaputra Valley, they are known as Bodos or Boros, while in Lower Assam, West Bengal, and Nepal, they are referred to as Meches. -Source: The Hindu Scarlet Tanager Context: The rare bird, Scarlet Tanager, was recently spotted in the UK for the first time in 40 years. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Scarlet Tanager The Scarlet Tanager, a strikingly beautiful songbird, is native to North America and known for its vibrant plumage and melodious song. Key Characteristics Scientific Name: Piranga olivacea Size: Medium-sized with stocky proportions, averaging about seven inches in length. Bill: Thick and rounded, well-suited for both catching insects and eating fruit. Appearance: Males: In the spring and summer, they display a brilliant red body with black wings and tail. Females and Immature Birds: Exhibit olive-yellow coloring with darker olive wings and tails. Post-Breeding Males: Molt into a plumage similar to females but retain black wings and tail. Habitat and Behavior Breeding Habitat: Prefers deciduous and mixed deciduous-evergreen forests for breeding. Winter Habitat: Spends the winter months in tropical forests of Central and South America, often at forest edges. Migration: Undertakes a long migration between North and South America, adapting to varied habitats along the route. Vocalizations Song: Described as reminiscent of a “robin with a cold,” indicating its distinct, slightly raspy quality. Call: The call, a clear “chip-burr,” is often used by birdwatchers to locate these tanagers in dense foliage. Conservation Status IUCN Red List: Listed as Least Concern, indicating a stable population despite the long migratory routes which expose them to various threats. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 November 2024

CONTENTS Guru Nanak National Mission for Clean Ganga Guru Nanak Context: Guru Nanak Jayanti in 2024 is celebrated on November 15, coinciding with Kartik Purnima in the Hindu calendar. This auspicious day, observed on the full moon of Kartik, includes various rituals and festivities, especially within Sikh communities worldwide. Relevance: GS I- History Dimensions of the Article: About Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji  5 teachings of Guru Nanak Ji About Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji The Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469-1539) was born in a village, Talwandi Rai Bhoe, near Lahore (it was renamed later as Nankana Sahib). The Guru Nanak Dev Ji initiated inter-faith dialogue way back in the 16th century and had conversations with most of the religious denominations of his times. The Guru Nanak Dev Ji, also referred to as Baba Nanak, was the founder of Sikhism and is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. His birth is celebrated worldwide as Guru Nanak Gurpurab on Katak Pooranmashi i.e October – November. His written compositions were included in the Adi Granth compiled by Guru Arjan (1563-1606), the fifth Sikh guru. This came to be known as Guru Granth Sahib after the additions made by the 10th Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708). In compiling the Adi Granth, Guru Arjan showed a remarkable commitment to pluralism while retaining the unity of thought initiated by Guru Nanak Dev. He advocated Nirguna Bhakti. He firmly repudiated practices of religions around him like sacrifices, ritual baths, idol worship, austerities, and scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims. He appointed Angad to succeed him as the Guru. He never wished to establish new religion, but after his death his followers consolidated his practices and distinguished from both Hindus and Muslims by calling themselves ‘Sikhs’.  5 teachings of Guru Nanak Ji The One God The Guru Nanak ji said “I am neither hindu nor Muslim, I am follower of God”, which actually spoke about his belief in one God. In Sikhism, the god is omnipresent, shapeless, timeless and sightless. (Nirankar, akar, alakh) No Discrimination The Guru Nanak Ji was strongly against all artificially created divisions and all discriminations, both in word and deed. Stay Away          The Guru Nanak ji asked his followers to shun five evils of Ego, Anger, Greed, Attachment and Lust and adopting five virtues Truth, Compassion, Contentment, Discipline and Contemplation Importance of Guru The Guru Nanak Ji laid great emphasis on having the importance of Guru in one’s Life. Sewa is the Key to Humanity As Said by Guru Nanak Ji “In the midst of this world, do Sewa and you shall be given a place of honor in the court of the Lord”. National Mission for Clean Ganga Context: The 58th Executive Committee meeting of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) approved several pivotal projects aimed at Ganga River conservation, addressing environmental challenges.  Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Projects Approved in the Meeting National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) Challenges Faced by NMCG National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG): The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is a significant initiative aimed at the rejuvenation and cleanliness of the Ganga River, one of India’s most important and sacred rivers. Here are the key details about NMCG: Formation and Legal Status: NMCG was officially registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, on August 12, 2011. Initially, it functioned as the implementation body of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), which was established under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986. In 2016, NGRBA was dissolved and replaced by the National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga. Objective: The primary objective of NMCG is to combat pollution and facilitate the restoration of the Ganga River to its pristine state. The “Namami Gange” program is a flagship initiative of NMCG, aimed at the comprehensive cleaning and restoration of the Ganga. Achieving this objective involves promoting intersectoral coordination, comprehensive planning and management, and maintaining a minimum ecological flow in the river to ensure water quality and environmentally sustainable development. Organizational Structure: The Act envisages a five-tier structure at the national, state, and district levels to take measures for prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga as below: National Ganga Council: Chaired by the Prime Minister of India, it serves as the highest-level decision-making body. Empowered Task Force (ETF): Headed by the Union Minister of Jal Shakti (Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation), ETF plays a crucial role in the mission’s execution. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) State Ganga Committees: These committees operate at the state level, contributing to pollution control and river management efforts. District Ganga Committees: Operational at the district level, these committees play a role in managing pollution and river conservation efforts within their respective districts, particularly those adjoining the Ganga River and its tributaries. Challenges Faced by NMCG The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) faces several challenges in its efforts to rejuvenate and clean the Ganga River: Delayed Commissioning of Treatment Plants: The commissioning of sewage treatment plants has been delayed due to issues with land acquisition, which has hindered the timely execution of projects. Revisions in Detailed Project Reports: Many projects have required revisions in their Detailed Project Reports, which outline project execution steps and agency roles, causing delays and administrative challenges. Misconception Regarding Responsibilities: State governments have sometimes assumed that building treatment plants is solely the responsibility of the central government, leading to coordination challenges. Waste Management at the Source: Effective waste management, particularly the segregation and recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), is most efficient when handled at the source. Implementing this approach has been challenging. Volunteer Cadre Implementation: Plans to create a cadre of volunteers at the village and town levels to monitor water quality and support local bodies have faced challenges in effective implementation. Funding Allocation: While NMCG is a ₹20,000 crore mission, in-principle approval has been given for projects worth ₹37,396 crore, with only ₹14,745 crore released to states for infrastructure work as of June 2023, indicating challenges in fund allocation. Municipal Solid Waste Management: The mission has faced criticism for not adequately addressing the issue of municipal solid waste entering the Ganga. Many towns and cities along the river lack proper waste treatment infrastructure, allowing untreated waste to enter the river. Limited Sewerage Network: A substantial portion of India’s urban population resides outside sewerage networks, leading to a significant amount of waste not reaching sewage treatment plants (STPs). Improper Waste Disposal: Studies have revealed that rubbish heaps are commonly found near ghats in numerous towns along the river, indicating improper waste disposal practices that threaten the cleanliness of the Ganga.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 November 2024

Content: Universities are different from religious institutions India needs a globally recognised public policy school Universities are Different from Religious Institutions Context of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) and the 2024 Judgment The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (MAO) College Origins: Founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1877, M.A.O. College was a significant cultural and educational project for Indian Muslims post-1857. Evolved into Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), representing the community’s aspirations for modern education. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity, Governance) Practice Question: How did the 2024 Supreme Court judgment on AMU change the understanding of minority rights compared to the 1967 Azeez Basha decision? (150 Words) 1967 Supreme Court Ruling – Azeez Basha: This decision denied AMU’s status as a minority institution, ruling that it was neither established nor administered by Muslims. The university was not given a chance to present its case. 2024 Supreme Court Decision: The recent seven-judge Bench overruled Azeez Basha, aligning with the Supreme Court’s trend towards progressive and liberal judgments on minority rights.   Key Interpretations in the 2024 Ruling Broad Interpretation of Article 30: Article 30 of the Indian Constitution provides minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The dissenting judges extended Article 30’s protections to universities, including pre-constitutional and hybrid institutions. Consensus on the principle that AMU could maintain its minority character. Justice Datta’s Unique Position: While agreeing broadly with the dissent, Justice Datta had nuanced differences. Engaged with both majority and dissenting perspectives, advocating for overruling past positivist interpretations to maintain the Constitution’s transformative essence. Judicial Precedents: References to cases like Maneka Gandhi (1978) and K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) show the Supreme Court is not strictly bound by past decisions, especially when they contradict the spirit of a living Constitution. Defining Minority Character in the AMU Context Holistic Test for Minority Status: Agreement that minority character should be evaluated through a flexible, broad-based framework. The 2024 judgment upheld the principle that the right to administer follows the establishment by the minority community. Exclusive Communal Character Not a Requirement: Concerns were raised regarding the dissenting opinion’s emphasis on near-exclusive communal identity for minority status. AMU’s role as a liberal and inclusive institution aligns with Article 30’s broader vision. Broader Implications for Minority Institutions Judicial Discipline and Governance: The Supreme Court, through judgments in T.M.A. Pai Foundation (2002) and Xaviers (1974), clarified the scope of minority administration. AMU’s governance structure should not undermine its minority character. National Importance and Minority Rights: The 2024 ruling underscores that a minority institution can be of national significance. Integrating minority contributions into India’s educational landscape and redefining the role of minority institutions in national development. India Needs a Globally Recognised Public Policy School Introduction: Public Policy Institutions: Organisations dedicated to studying, developing, and evaluating public policy. Global Comparison: The United States and Europe have prestigious public policy institutions like Harvard Kennedy School and the London School of Economics. India’s Challenge: Despite its complex democratic structure and developmental needs, India sends its finest to be trained abroad. Relevance: GS2 ( Polity, Governance) Practice Question: Explain the impact of centralised power in India on its policy-making process. How does it differ from the decentralised system in the United States? (250 Words ) Centralised Decision-Making: In India, power is concentrated within the executive, particularly among political elites, government officials, and bureaucrats, limiting the influence of the legislature and independent policy professionals. Limited Legislative Oversight: The Indian legislature has minimal oversight over the executive, unlike in decentralised democracies where legislative bodies have a more active role in policy-making. Contrast with the U.S. System: In the U.S., Congress can independently craft and pass legislation, creating space for a vibrant policy ecosystem with multiple entry points for influence. Entry Points in the U.S.: In the U.S., think tanks, advocacy groups, and public representatives provide numerous opportunities for policy influence, fostering robust debate and analysis. India’s Policy Disconnect: The centralisation of power in India leads to a disconnect between politics and policy, as decisions are often influenced by political elites rather than through deliberative processes. Influence Limited to Political Alignment: Policy professionals in India can only influence policy if they align with top political leadership, unlike in the U.S., where independent analysis has more impact. Instability with Power Shifts: In India, influence shifts with political regimes, creating instability in the policy-making process, unlike in more institutionalised systems where think tanks and civil society groups maintain relevance. Weak Institutional Framework: India’s weak formalisation of the state further limits policy discourse, relegating it to a secondary role compared to political priorities. Lack of Policy Ecosystem Stability: Unlike in decentralised democracies, India lacks a stable policy ecosystem where independent analysis can influence policy decisions consistently. Challenges of Centralised Power: India’s policy-making faces challenges due to informal power dynamics, executive dominance, and limited legislative input, requiring tailored solutions to improve the system.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 November 2024

CONTENTS FAO Analysis Highlights Andhra Pradesh’s Natural Farming as a Catalyst for Employment Growth Systemically Important Banks Dinosaurs and UNESCO Global Geoparks Tag Booker Prize SVASTIK Initiative Mealworm Larvae  FAO Analysis Highlights Andhra Pradesh’s Natural Farming as a Catalyst for Employment Growth Context: A recent analysis by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in collaboration with the Andhra Pradesh government and a French agricultural research organization has highlighted the potential benefits of the AP model of natural farming. The study, part of the ‘AgroEco2050’ initiative, suggests that adopting natural farming could double employment opportunities for farmers by 2050 compared to industrial agriculture. This shift not only aims to decrease overall unemployment but also significantly increase farmers’ incomes, presenting a sustainable and economically beneficial approach to agriculture in Andhra Pradesh. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Natural Farming National Mission on Natural Farming Challenges Related to Natural Farming in India Natural Farming: Natural farming is a chemical-free farming method based on locally available resources. It promotes traditional indigenous practices that eliminate external inputs, such as on-farm biomass recycling, desi cow dung-urine formulation, and on-farm botanical concoctions to manage pests. The aim is to make farming aspirational by increasing net incomes of farmers and rejuvenating soil health. Significance of Natural Farming: Eliminates health risks and hazards associated with synthetic chemicals in agriculture, leading to higher nutrition density in food and better health benefits. Increases farmers’ income by reducing costs, reducing risks, and providing opportunities for intercropping. Improves soil health and increases productivity by enhancing the biology of soil, including microbes and living organisms such as earthworms. Issues with Natural Farming: Only 52% of India’s Gross Cropped Area (GCA) is irrigated, limiting farmers’ ability to plant more crops. Lack of readily available natural inputs can be a barrier for farmers to adopt chemical-free agriculture. Skewed Minimum Support Prices in favour of cereals lead to a lack of crop diversification in agriculture. National Mission on Natural Farming The NMNF is a national initiative aimed at promoting natural farming across India, based on the Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP). The mission will cover 7.5 lakh hectares of land, developed into 15,000 clusters, each consisting of 50 or more farmers with at least 50 hectares of land. The clusters may be situated within one village or spread across 2-3 nearby villages under the same gram panchayat. Participating farmers will receive a financial assistance of ₹15,000 per hectare per year for three years to develop on-farm input production infrastructure, but only if they commit to natural farming and continue with it. A web portal has been launched to monitor the implementation progress and provide information on the framework, resources, farmer registration, and blog. The agriculture ministry is training master trainers, champion farmers, and practicing farmers in natural farming techniques through the National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) and National Centre of Organic and Natural Farming (NCONF). The Centre aims to establish 15,000 Bhartiya Prakritik Kheti Bio-inputs Resources Centres (BRCs) to provide easy access to bio-resources like cow dung and urine, neem, and bioculture. These BRCs will be set up alongside the proposed 15,000 model clusters of natural farming. Challenges Related to Natural Farming in India Training and Support Gaps: Farmers transitioning to and sustaining natural farming practices require comprehensive training and continuous support. Current training systems are inadequate in addressing the full spectrum of their needs. Complex Certification Processes: The certification process for organic farming, especially the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS-India), is perceived as complicated and not farmer-friendly. Third-party certifications, mandated by the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP), are costly, posing a significant barrier for small-scale farmers. Marketing and Pricing Challenges: Effective marketing systems for organic produce are lacking, which impacts the ability of farmers to secure remunerative prices for their crops. Without proper buy-back or procurement provisions, like those stipulated in the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), farmers struggle to sell their organic products at fair prices. Inadequate Funding: Budget allocations for organic and natural farming programs are minimal compared to the subsidies provided for chemical fertilizers, hindering the expansion of natural farming initiatives. Scientific and Community Support: There is a notable lack of holistic understanding and support from the scientific community, which limits advocacy and investment in organic farming practices. Slow Policy Implementation: Although some states like Karnataka and Kerala have organic policies in place, implementation has been slow, and significant coverage or targets have not been achieved. Dependence on Chemical Inputs: The larger agricultural system continues to heavily rely on chemical inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, with organic alternatives not being widely promoted or adopted. Productivity Concerns: Natural and organic farming often results in lower yields and higher susceptibility to pests and weeds, which discourages small and marginal farmers from adopting these methods. For these farmers, who constitute over 80% of India’s agricultural community, reduced production can pose a serious threat to their livelihoods and is a key factor in the slow adoption rate of sustainable farming practices. -Source: Down To Earth Systemically Important Banks Context: Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) retained the State Bank of India, HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs).  Relevance: GS III: Indian economy Dimensions of the Article: What are Systemically Important Banks (SIBs)? How are D-SIBs determined? What regulations do these banks need to follow? What are Systemically Important Banks (SIBs)? Certain large banks in the nation or the world are thought of as SIBs. They have a big customer base, participate in cross-sector activities, and are seen as “Too Big to Fail (TBTF)” companies. The system of D-SIBs was implemented in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, which was made worse by the failure of numerous systematically important banks in numerous regions. A failure of one of these banks might result in a substantial and systemic disruption of the nation’s vital economic services and a financial panic. Because of their significance, the government is expected to support major banks during economic downturns in order to prevent further harm. D-SIBs follow a different set of regulations in relation to systemic risks and moral hazard issues. Types of SIBs Global SIBs: They are identified by BCBS (BASEL Committee on Banking Supervision) Domestic SIBs: They are declared by Central Bank of the country How are D-SIBs determined? The list of all D-SIBs has been made available by the RBI since 2015. They are divided into five buckets based on how significant they are to the overall economy. The banks are further categorised on the extent of their importance across the five buckets and must have assets that exceed 2 percent of the national GDP in order to be recognised as a D-SIB. The first bucket contains ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank, the third bucket has SBI, and the fifth bucket contains the most significant D-SIBs. What regulations do these banks need to follow? Due to their economic and national importance, the banks need to maintain a higher share of risk-weighted assets as tier-I equity. SBI, since it is placed in bucket three of D-SIBs, has to maintain Additional Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) at 0.60 percent of its Risk-Weighted Assets (RWAs). ICICI and HDFC on the other hand, have to maintain Additional CET1 at 0.20 percent of their RWA due to being in bucker one of D-SIBs. -Source:  The Hindu Dinosaurs and UNESCO Global Geoparks Tag Context: The Geological Survey of India is advocating for the Dinosaur Fossil Park and Museum located in Raiyoli village, Gujarat, to receive a UNESCO Global Geoparks tag. This recognition would place the site on the international map as a significant geological heritage location, spotlighting its rich collection of dinosaur fossils—one of the largest in the world. The designation aims to enhance scientific research, education, and tourism, contributing to local and national economic development. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: History of Dinosaurs in India Key Points About Gujarat’s Dinosaur Fossil Park and Museum What is a UNESCO Global Geopark? History of Dinosaurs in India The history of dinosaur discoveries in India dates back to the 19th century and has played a significant role in paleontological studies on the Indian subcontinent: First Discoveries: Asia’s first dinosaur bones were discovered in 1828 in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, by Captain William Henry Sleeman. These remains were later named Titanosaurus indicus in 1877, marking the first formal dinosaur species described from India. Key Fossil-Rich Regions: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat are prominent regions known for their rich deposits of dinosaur fossils, including skeletons and eggs. These areas have been instrumental in uncovering the prehistoric past of the region. Significant Dinosaur Species: Several important dinosaur species have been discovered in these regions, including: Barapasaurus and Isisaurus: Large herbivorous dinosaurs. Indosuchus and Rajasaurus Narmadensis: Carnivorous dinosaurs that roamed the Indian landscape. Nesting Sites: India is considered one of the largest dinosaur hatcheries in the world, with significant nesting sites found in Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), Balasinor (Gujarat), and Dhar District (Madhya Pradesh). Key Points About Gujarat’s Dinosaur Fossil Park and Museum Geological Importance: In the early 1980s, significant discoveries of large dinosaur bones and fossilized eggs were made in Gujarat. These findings have underscored the geological importance of the region in studying dinosaur history. Dinosaur Species: The bones found belong to Rajasaurus Narmadensis and Rahiolisaurus Gujaratensis, both carnivorous dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 67 million years ago. Global Position: Gujarat’s dinosaur hatchery is one of the largest in the world, ranking third globally after Aix-en-Provence in France and the Mongolian Gobi Desert. This highlights the global significance of the site in the context of dinosaur reproduction studies. International Interest: The site attracted international attention in the 1990s when it was visited by a team of 50 paleontologists who came to study the extensive deposits of dinosaur eggs. This visit helped elevate the global scientific profile of the location. What is a UNESCO Global Geopark? UNESCO Global Geoparks are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education and sustainable development. A UNESCO Global Geopark uses its geological heritage, in connection with all other aspects of the area’s natural and cultural heritage, to enhance awareness and understanding of key issues facing society, such as using our earth’s resources sustainably, mitigating the effects of climate change and reducing natural disasters-related risks. By raising awareness of the importance of the area’s geological heritage in history and society today, UNESCO Global Geoparks give local people a sense of pride in their region and strengthen their identification with the area. The creation of innovative local enterprises, new jobs and high-quality training courses is stimulated as new sources of revenue are generated through geotourism, while the geological resources of the area are protected. Cooperating with the local people (bottom-up approach) living in the geopark area and with other UNESCO Global Geoparks through the Global Geoparks Network (GGN). UNESCO Global Geopark status does NOT imply restrictions on any economic activity inside a UNESCO Global Geopark where that activity complies with indigenous, local, regional and/or national legislation. -Source: The Hindu Booker Prize Context: Recently,  British author Samantha Harvey won the Booker Prize 2024 for her novel Orbital.  Relevance: Facts for Prelims Booker Prize: Established in the UK in 1969, the Booker Prize is a prestigious literary award for a singular work of fiction. Initially focused on Commonwealth writers, it has evolved to include global participation, open to authors regardless of their origin. Objectives of the Prize: The primary goal is to champion outstanding fiction by recognizing the best novel of the year written in English. Eligibility Criteria: The Booker Prize considers novels originally written in English and published in the UK and Ireland in the prize year. Only original works in English, not translations, are eligible. The novel must be published by a registered UK or Irish imprint; self-published works are not considered. Prize Details: The winner is awarded £50,000, while each shortlisted author receives £2,500. Booker Prize Foundation: Established in 2002, the Booker Prize Foundation is a registered charity overseeing the Man Booker Prize for Fiction and the Man Booker International Prize, which commenced in 2005. -Source: Indian Express SVASTIK Initiative Context: Recently, the director of CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (NIScPR) provided an overview of SVASTIK initiative at the International Conference on Communication and Dissemination of Traditional Knowledge (CDTK-2024). Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About the SVASTIK Initiative: The Scientifically Validated Traditional Knowledge (SVASTIK) initiative is a national program coordinated by CSIR-NIScPR. The primary goal of SVASTIK is to safeguard and promote the practice of authentic traditional knowledge, foster a scientific approach to validating traditions, and enhance public trust in India’s traditional practices. A collaborative effort, SVASTIK brings together research organizations, educational institutions, experts, and NGOs to document and share scientifically validated Indian traditional knowledge. The initiative aims to effectively communicate India’s traditional knowledge, verified through scientific methods, to the wider community. NIScPR has shared SVASTIK stories in 17 Indian languages via social media, ensuring broad societal engagement. Additionally, the initiative’s two SVASTIK publications provide reliable and inspiring content on traditional knowledge, encouraging young minds to delve into the world of science. About  CSIR The Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), known for its cutting edge R&D knowledge base in diverse S&T areas, is a contemporary R&D organization. CSIR has a dynamic network of 37 national laboratories, 39 outreach centres, 3 Innovation Complexes, and five units with a pan-India presence.  CSIR is funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology and it operates as an autonomous body through the Societies Registration Act, 1860. CSIR covers a wide spectrum of science and technology – from oceanography, geophysics, chemicals, drugs, genomics, biotechnology and nanotechnology to mining, aeronautics, instrumentation, environmental engineering and information technology. It provides significant technological intervention in many areas concerning societal efforts, which include environment, health, drinking water, food, housing, energy, farm and non-farm sectors. Further, CSIR’s role in S&T human resource development is noteworthy. It provides significant technological intervention in many areas with regard to societal efforts which include the environment, health, drinking water, food, housing, energy, farm and non-farm sectors. Established: September 1942 Headquarters: New Delhi Structure of the Organisation President: Prime Minister of India (Ex-officio) Vice President: Union Minister of Science and Technology (Ex-officio) Governing Body: The Director-General is the head of the governing body. The other ex-officio member is the finance secretary (expenditures). Other members’ terms are of three years. Objectives Promotion, guidance and coordination of scientific and industrial research in India including the institution and the financing of specific researchers. Establishment and assistance to special institutions or departments of existing institutions for the scientific study of problems affecting particular industries and trade. Establishment and award of research studentships and fellowships. Utilization of the results of the research conducted under the auspices of the Council towards the development of industries in the country. Payment of a share of royalties arising out of the development of the results of research to those who are considered as having contributed towards the pursuit of such research. Establishment, maintenance and management of laboratories, workshops, institutes and organisations to further scientific and industrial research. Collection and dissemination of information in regard not only to research but to industrial matters generally. Publication of scientific papers and a journal of industrial research and development. -Source: Indian Express Mealworm Larvae Context: Scientists from the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology who have found that the larvae of the Kenyan lesser mealworm can chew through polystyrene. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Mealworm Larvae: The lesser mealworm is the larval stage of the Alphitobius darkling beetle, with a larval phase lasting between 8 to 10 weeks. These larvae are predominantly found in poultry rearing houses, which provide warm environments and a steady food supply, offering ideal conditions for their growth and reproduction. Distribution: Thought to have originated in Africa, they are now found across many parts of the world. Unique Capability: Mealworm larvae can consume polystyrene, a type of plastic, due to the bacteria in their gut. The gut bacteria produce enzymes that help break down the complex polymers in plastic, enabling the larvae to digest it. What is Polystyrene? Also Known As: Styrofoam. Applications: A versatile plastic material widely used in food packaging, electronics, and industrial packaging. Characteristics: It is durable and difficult to break down, which makes it challenging to manage environmentally. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 November 2024

CONTENTS Technical Textiles Exercise Sea Vigil Technical Textiles Context: Recently, the Ministry of Textiles has approved 12 research projects under the National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM) increasing the total number of approved research projects to 168.   Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About Technical Textiles About National Technical Textiles Mission About Technical Textiles The Technical Textiles are defined as Textile material and products manufactured primarily for their Technical performance and functional properties rather than aesthetic and decorative characteristics. The Technical textiles include textiles for automotive applications, medical textiles (e.g., implants), geotextiles (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for crop protection), and protective clothing (e.g., heat and radiation protection for fire fighter clothing, molten metal protection for welders, stab protection and bulletproof vests, and spacesuits). Significance and Potential Applications of Technical Textiles The Technical Textiles are being used globally for last several decades. These materials have provided innovative projects. Even while Technical Textiles have been extensively used in developed as well as many developing countries, India has yet to capitalize the technical, economical and environmental benefits on large scale. The Various parts of India are subjected to floods and environmental degradation. In some of the terrains, the flood management and control can rely on Technical Textiles tubes, containers and bags. The Technical Textiles have been found to perform better than concrete as water protection component because of permeability, flexibility and ease of underwater placement. About National Technical Textiles Mission The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the establishment of a National Technical Textiles Mission to help India position itself as a “global leader“ in technical textiles. The Cabinet has approved a total outlay of Rs 1,480 crore for the project, which will be implemented over four years (2020-2024) and aims to promote research, export and skill development in this sector. An Export Promotion Council for Technical Textiles will be set up for export promotion of technical textiles and ensuring 10% average growth in exports per year upto 2023-24. Objectives: The main aim is to get India the highest position in Technical Textiles at a global level This mission also aims at improving the penetration level of the technical textiles in the country. It must also be noted that the penetration level of technical textiles is low in India at 5-10%, against 30-70% in advanced countries.  The authorities aim at increasing the global market for Indian technical textiles To simplify the objectives of the mission, it has been divided into four component as well The Mission will focus on the usage of technical textiles in various flagship missions, programmes of the country including strategic sectors. Exercise Sea Vigil Context: The Indian Navy is set to conduct the fourth edition of the ‘Pan-India’ Coastal Defence Exercise ‘Sea Vigil-24’ on 20 & 21 Nov 24. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Exercise Sea Vigil: The National Level Coastal Defence Exercise was envisioned in 2018 as a tool of validation to a series of measures instituted towards enhancing maritime security since ’26/11′. The concept of ‘Sea Vigil’ will activate the Coastal Security apparatus throughout India and assess the all-encompassing Coastal Defence mechanism. This fourth edition of Ex Sea Vigil involves 06 Ministries and 21 Organisations/ agencies. This exercise will focus on the build-up of security for coastal assets like ports, oil rigs, Single Point Moorings, Cable Landing Points and critical coastal infrastructure including the coastal population. This year participation by other Services (Indian Army and Air Force) and planned deployment of a large number of ships and aircraft have enhanced the tempo of the exercise. The exercise will activate the entire infrastructure of coastal security and all maritime stakeholders, including fisherfolk and other people along the coast, as a whole. Sensitizing coastal communities on maritime security is one of the objectives of the exercise, and so the inclusion of the fisher community, coastal populace, and students from NCC and Bharat Scouts and Guides will contribute to the zeal of the effort. Exercise Sea Vigil, organized by the Indian Navy is a national-level endeavour and an integrated assessment of India’s maritime defense and security capabilities. It is a precursor to the Theatre Level Readiness Operational Exercise (TROPEX), which the Indian Navy conducts biennially.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 November 2024

Content : Leverage similarity, complementarity in Nigeria Razing impunity Saving doctors Leverage Similarity, Complementarity in Nigeria Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is visiting Nigeria on November 16-17, 2024. This is his first visit to Nigeria Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations ) Practice Question: Discuss the importance of Indo-Nigerian bilateral relations. Highlight shared similarities and challenges. (250 words) Strategic Similarities Colonial Legacy: Shared British colonial history provides common administrative and legal foundations. Common membership in the Commonwealth opens up avenues for diplomatic cooperation. Identical Challenges: Corruption: Both nations face corruption issues; India’s anti-corruption measures can serve as a blueprint. Terrorism: Both countries are facing terrorism challenges, Nigeria’s fight against Boko Haram and India’s fight against domestic insurgencies. Governance: Similar democratic structures can facilitate dialogue on governance reforms. Complementary Strengths Energy Sector: India’s Need: Reliance on imported oil makes Nigerian crude essential for India. Nigeria’s Need: Indian investment in upstream oil assets could stabilize Nigeria’s oil sector. Defence and Security: India’s success in counter-terrorism can aid Nigeria in combating regional threats like Boko Haram and Gulf of Guinea piracy. Opportunities for India to supply defence equipment, offer training, and engage in joint exercises. Health and Education: Medical Tourism: Nigerians frequently seek medical care in India. Educational Exchange: Scholarships, student exchanges, and technical training can be expanded.  Economic and Trade Relations Indian Investments: Over 150 Indian companies with $27 billion invested in Nigeria present a solid base for deeper economic engagement. Indian firms in sectors like pharmaceuticals, automobiles, and FMCGs already have a strong foothold. Bilateral Trade: India is Nigeria’s second-largest trading partner, with current trade of $7.9 billion. Trade diversification is needed as the current volume is half the peak a decade ago. Trade Expansion Opportunities: Increase imports of Nigerian products: palm oil, hides, ginger, Gum Arabic. Boost exports to Nigeria: pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, textiles, consumer goods, and machinery. Explore rupee-based trade to mitigate foreign exchange challenges. Challenges in Bilateral Relations Stagnant Trade: Bilateral trade has declined over the past decade. Infrequent Engagement: The last Prime Ministerial visit was 17 years ago, and joint commission meetings are infrequent. Under-leveraged Indian Diaspora: Nearly 50,000 Indians in Nigeria form a well-regarded community but are under-utilized for diplomatic and business outreach. Opportunities for India’s Support to Nigeria Economic Stabilization: Nigeria’s recent reforms have caused short-term economic turbulence; India can provide stabilizing aid. India could extend financial assistance through lines of credit and partnerships for infrastructure. Infrastructure Development: Joint ventures in power generation, roads, and public amenities can address Nigeria’s infrastructure deficit. Comprehensive Economic Agreement: A potential CEPA could streamline trade and investment, fostering closer economic integration. Defence Collaboration: Provide a package for defence training, equipment supply, and strategic intelligence sharing. Strategic Initiatives Defence Package: Supply of equipment, training programs for Nigerian security forces, and satellite-based remote sensing aid. Financial Support: Large credit lines and potential barter arrangements (e.g., oil-for-goods deals) to stabilize Nigeria’s forex reserves. Private Sector Empowerment: Create a platform for private sector collaboration with financial backing from both nations. Cultural and Historical Ties 500-Year History: Cultural exchange dates back to 1500 AD with Baba Ghor’s journey from Kano to Gujarat. Historical ties can be celebrated to foster a deeper cultural connection. Soft Power: Bollywood’s influence and the popularity of Indian brands like Bajaj and TVS in Nigeria serve as cultural assets. Use cultural diplomacy to strengthen bonds—events, festivals, and joint cultural projects. Conclusion: Both countries should work on improving bilateral relations, and the upcoming Abuja summit provides a great avenue for the same. Razing impunity Context  Demolitions as a punishment against those accused of offences have raised concerns about the rule of law. Recent Examples: Demolitions in Khargone (Madhya Pradesh) and Jahangirpuri (Delhi) in 2022, where homes of those accused of crimes were demolished without due legal process. The Supreme Court has intervened to check arbitrary demolitions and misuse of powers. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Practice Question: Analyse the implications of punitive demolition on the rule of law and fundamental rights. Discuss the Supreme Court’s recent intervention in this regard. (250 words ) Highlights of the SC’s Ruling : Due process should be followed to protect the fundamental right to shelter and to prevent the misuse of state power. Demolishing the properties of those simply accused of a crime is seen as executive overreach, violating the principle of separation of powers. Key guidelines to be followed: 15-day notice period, personal hearings, reasoned orders, and inspection reports. Exemptions: Urgent demolitions, such as those on encroachments over waterbodies, railways, and public spaces, are exempt from these requirements. Significance of SC’s Intervention Rule of Law: Acknowledges the misuse of demolitions as punishment, protecting the rights of the accused and reinforcing lawful procedures. Transparency and Accountability: Aims to prevent abuses by making demolition processes clear and holding officials responsible for following protocol. Prevents Manipulation: The guidelines stop officials from backdating notices, a common tactic used to justify targeted actions. Right to Shelter: Emphasises that housing rights cannot be bypassed without a fair and legal process. Implications Curbing Political and Communal Misuse Accountability for Local Authorities Saving doctors Context: Rising violence against medical professionals. Arecent case isthestabbing of Dr Balaji Jegannathan in Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance ) Practice Question:Analyze the factors responsible for increasing violence against healthcare professionals.suggest key measures for the safety of medical staff. (250 words ) Issue : Premeditated violence: The attack on Dr. Balaji was premeditated, as the assailant brought a knife to the hospital, contrary to initial reports suggesting a fit of rage. Emotional frustration as a trigger: The violence stemmed from frustration over the side effects of chemotherapy, despite clear communication from healthcare professionals. Doctors’ responsibility: Effective communication of treatment risks and outcomes is vital, though emotional distress can make it hard for families to accept. Impact of recent tragedies: Past events like the R.G. Kar doctor’s rape and murder have increased fear and unrest among medical professionals. Need for security measures: Healthcare institutions must implement deterrents like security checks, CCTV, and personnel to ensure the safety of doctors. Conclusion Medical professionals’ safety must be prioritised and stringent measures against perpetrators to be taken to boost the morale of doctors

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 November 2024

CONTENTS OECD Report: India Tops in Implicit Taxation of Farmers Among 54 Countries Supreme Court Criticizes Delay in Establishing Organised Crime Investigative Agency Supreme Court Sets Guidelines Against ‘Bulldozer Justice’ in Property Demolition Cases NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Gotti Koya Tribe Amorphophallus Titanum  OECD Report: India Tops in Implicit Taxation of Farmers Among 54 Countries The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD’s “Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2024” report says that India implicitly taxed its farmers to the tune of a staggering USD 120 billion in 2023-the highest among 54 surveyed countries. This is an economically huge burden of government policies like export bans and export duties, which keep food prices low for consumers at a huge cost to the agricultural sector. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the OECD Agricultural Report Negative Impacts of Indian Agricultural Policies on Farmers Way Ahead Key Highlights of the OECD Agricultural Report Agricultural Support Trends: From 2021 to 2023, total support for the agricultural sector across 54 countries averaged USD 842 billion per year. Despite a decline in 2022 and 2023 from the 2021 peak, support levels remained significantly higher than those before the Covid-19 pandemic. Market Price Support (MPS), a major component of total agricultural support, fell by USD 28 billion during the same period. Impact of Export Restrictions in India: In 2023, India’s export restrictions on commodities like rice, sugar, onions, and de-oiled rice bran resulted in a negative MPS, translating into a USD 110 billion loss for the country. This negative support meant that Indian farmers received less for their produce compared to market conditions without these policies, leading to a substantial reduction in their income. India experienced the highest negative price support globally, constituting 62.5% of all negative price support in 2023. This share has significantly increased from 61% in 2000-02 to 75% in 2021-23, indicating a growing burden on Indian farmers. Challenges in Global Agriculture: Ongoing global conflicts and extreme weather events continue to disrupt agricultural markets and challenge production and productivity. The implementation of export restrictions by some countries further distorts international trade in agricultural commodities. There has been a global slowdown in agricultural productivity growth, which poses a threat to meeting increasing global food demands sustainably. Socio-Economic Struggles: Increasing farmer protests across various nations highlight the economic and social challenges faced by farmers, reflecting deep-seated issues within agricultural systems. Environmental Public Goods Payments (EPGP): Though governments are linking payments to farming practices that support environmental sustainability, EPGP only constitutes 0.3% of total producer support. EPGP funds are allocated towards public goods that benefit the environment, such as climate protection. Recommendations for Sustainable Agriculture: Governments are urged to set measurable goals for sustainable productivity and invest in monitoring systems like Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and Agri-environmental Indicators (AEIs). TFP is crucial for measuring the efficiency of agricultural inputs in producing outputs, indicating sustainable agricultural practices. AEIs assess key environmental impacts and risks from agriculture and are essential for understanding agricultural performance and its underlying causes. The report advocates for increased innovation to enhance productivity and a greater proportion of producer support to be allocated towards sustainable farming practices. Negative Impacts of Indian Agricultural Policies on Farmers Negative Market Price Support: Indian agricultural policies have led to negative market price support, particularly notable between 2014 and 2016, with a producer support estimate (PSE) of approximately -6.2% due to a -13.1% in market price support. PSE, a key metric, quantifies the annual value of transfers from consumers and the government to agricultural producers, reflecting the impact of governmental policies on the agricultural economy. Export Bans and Quotas: Policies imposing export bans and quotas on essential commodities like rice and sugar restrict market access for producers, driving down domestic prices and reducing farmers’ potential earnings. Regulatory Acts: The Essential Commodities Act, 1955, and the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act of 2003 enforce stringent regulations on pricing, stocking, and trading of agricultural commodities. While these acts aim to ensure food security, they often lead to reduced farm gate prices for farmers. This results from price controls and low procurement prices set by the government, which are sometimes below international market rates, creating a price-depressing effect. Minimum Support Price (MSP): The MSP mechanism, intended to protect farmers from price fluctuations, has sometimes been set lower than international prices. This discrepancy means farmers earn less than what they might have received in an open market scenario. Infrastructure and Transaction Costs: A lack of modern agricultural infrastructure and high transaction costs further reduce the prices that farmers receive for their produce, exacerbating the price suppression problem. Inadequate Long-Term Support: Subsidies for fertilizers, irrigation, and electricity provide short-term relief but do not address long-term challenges such as climate change, market access limitations, and a decline in agricultural research. These issues are crucial for sustainable growth and profitability but remain largely unaddressed, hindering long-term development and resilience in the agricultural sector. Way Ahead: Gradual reduction in export bans and quotas, investment in cold storage, transport, and  processing infrastructure, aligning MSPs with international market prices to take the edge off competitiveness and the resultant effective compensation. The organization should redirect their resources in strengthening the resilience, sustainability, and infrastructure and further reduce supply chain inefficiencies. Promote greater integration of state and central policies to ensure better coordination reduce fragmentation, and address sector challenges. More promotion towards direct marketing and e-commerce like National Agriculture Market (eNAM) as well connecting farmers to consumers cutting through the traditional dependence on a market. -Source: Hindustan Times Supreme Court Criticizes Delay in Establishing Organised Crime Investigative Agency Context: The Supreme Court of India has recently expressed its displeasure over the Union government for not implementing its promise in 2015 to install a completely new Organised Crime Investigative Agency (OCIA) or even to enact complete comprehensive legislation to combat trafficking. It clearly indicates that the government is not responsive to the problem of organized crime and human trafficking to the extent it would have liked. To conquer these vital challenges, the government should take more decisive actions. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Concerns of the Supreme Court Regarding the Establishment of the OCIA How an Agency like OCIA Can Help to Tackle Sex Trafficking in India? Measures Taken by India to Combat Human Trafficking Concerns of the Supreme Court Regarding the Establishment of the OCIA Directive for OCIA Establishment: In the case of Prajwala v. Union of India, 2015, the Supreme Court directed the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to establish the OCIA to specifically address sex trafficking. Despite a deadline set for 30th September 2016 and a planned operational date of 1st December 2016, the agency remains unformed, leading to delays in implementing effective measures against sex trafficking. Persistent Trafficking Issues: MHA data shows that over 10,659 trafficking cases were recorded from 2018 to 2022, underlining that trafficking is a significant systemic issue in India. The consistency of around 2,000 cases annually indicates an urgent need for strengthened policies, law enforcement measures, and increased community awareness. Challenges in Legal and Support Systems: Although thousands have been arrested in connection to trafficking in recent years, the conviction rates are exceedingly low. The disparity between arrests and convictions points to issues such as inadequate investigations and weak case presentations in court. Victims of trafficking, often from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, lack adequate support, which is compounded by challenges in disbursing victim compensation funds. This sometimes leads to victims turning hostile in court due to financial hardship and a lack of resources. Ineffectiveness of Current Measures: Despite enhancements in anti-trafficking units and intelligence efforts, the persistently low conviction rates underscore the need for improved law enforcement training, stronger victim support, and expedited compensation to handle cases more effectively. Legislative and Governmental Responses: The government had drafted the Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection, and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2018, which was passed in the Lok Sabha but lapsed in 2019 without introduction in the Rajya Sabha, contributing to delays in establishing comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation. In lieu of establishing the OCIA, the government assigned the National Investigation Agency (NIA) the additional task of handling sex trafficking cases. However, the Supreme Court expressed concerns about the efficacy of this approach, questioning whether the NIA has the resources and mandate to provide adequate protection and rehabilitation services to trafficking victims. Judicial Considerations: The Supreme Court’s concerns also involve the application of recent legislative provisions such as those in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which include sections addressing organized crime. The court is evaluating whether these measures provide a sufficient framework for addressing the complexities of sex trafficking. How an Agency like OCIA Can Help to Tackle Sex Trafficking in India? OCIA can start units focused on sex trafficking and other forms of organized crimes in vulnerable areas such as urban centers and borders, activating trained operatives to gather intelligences and conduct rescue operations. Rapid response teams should be put in place for quick rescues, and coordination must be facilitated with NGOs providing rehabilitation services that would help in returning these victims back into society. A centralized database can track trafficked cases and offenders using predictive analytics for proactive intervention and better information sharing. OCIA can train police and border forces on trafficking cases and coordinate joint operations that may efficiently rescue or raid. OCIA can work with the neighboring countries to have joint operations, intelligence sharing, and legal assistance to apply for cross-border trafficking cases. OCIA can engage in advocacy campaigns for vulnerable populations and set up hotlines to ensure that there is a safe outlet to report activities regarding trafficking. OCIA can call for harsher laws and ensure that their enactment sees to the better care of victims and the serving of graver penalties in cases of traffic. OCIA can gather proofs and legal assistance to courts so that victims can be included in the cases brought against traffickers. Measures Taken by India to Combat Human Trafficking Constitutional and Legislative Framework Constitutional Prohibition: Article 23 (1) of the Constitution of India explicitly prohibits human trafficking and forced labor, establishing a constitutional basis for all related laws and actions. Specific Legislation: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA): Targets the prevention of trafficking specifically for commercial sexual exploitation. Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Broadens the scope to include trafficking for physical and sexual exploitation, slavery, and organ removal. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Provides robust protection for children against sexual abuse and exploitation. Government Initiatives Anti-Trafficking Cell (ATC): Established by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to coordinate anti-trafficking efforts across various government and law enforcement bodies. Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs): Set up by the MHA, these units focus on the law enforcement response to human trafficking, excluding aspects that fall under the jurisdiction of the Department of Women & Child Development. Mission Vatsalya Program: A government initiative aimed at supporting child victims of crime, including those affected by trafficking. -Source: The Hindu Supreme Court Sets Guidelines Against ‘Bulldozer Justice’ in Property Demolition Cases Context: The Supreme Court of India, invoking its powers under Article 142 of the Constitution, has issued guidelines to ensure that due process is followed in the demolition of properties belonging to citizens accused of crimes. This directive comes in response to recent instances where state authorities were alleged to have used demolitions as a punitive measure, referred to by the Chief Justice of India (CJI) as “bulldozer justice.” Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What was the case background? SC Mandates Procedures on Demolition Demolition Laws and Practices in the Indian States Supreme Court’s Reasoning Behind the Guidelines Impact of the Supreme Court’s Verdict Conclusion What was the case background? The SC judgment dealt with pleas that challenged the practice of demolition of homes of people for being accused of committing crime. This practice has been seen in states such as UP, MP, Uttarakhand, and Rajasthan and calls for accusations of bias and lack of due process. This order has been passed after the demolitions taken place in Ratlam (MP) and Udaipur (Rajasthan), demolitions supposedly being linked to complaints against family members who had indulged in communal or criminal activities. SC Mandates Procedures on Demolition: Period for Notice As per the judgement of this court, no demolition of a property can be made except after an order passed after notice of at least 15 days has been given to the owner of the property or the person occupying it. The notice should mention why the building is to be demolished and a “hearing” in which it also gives “personal hearing” opportunity to the property owner to raise objections. Hearing and final order: This hearing is to be conducted by the authorities, and the whole process is to be videotaped. The final demolition order would include the above-mentioned arguments by the owner, reasons for destruction, and whether the demolition is a complete one or a partial one. The Court emphasized demolitions as a last resort and granted only when the demolition was absolutely necessary. Post-order process: After issuing the final order for the demolition, 15 days would elapse before the demolition begins so that the owner will have time to demolish or appeal in court. The authorities will also prepare video evidence and draft an inspection and demolition report containing details about all those involved. Demolition Laws and Practices in the Indian States Rajasthan: The provisions of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act state that authorities can impound properties on public land, but only after giving a written notice stating reasons for the impoundment and with an opportunity for representation. MP: The MP Municipalities Act allows demolition of unauthorized structures only after the owners are served notice. UP: The UP Urban Planning and Development Act demands at least 15 days notice before demolition of unauthorized construction on the owner, and once an order issued it becomes definite and court can’t further proceed with the same Delhi: Delhi Municipal Corporation Act allows demolition of unauthorized construction without providing “reasonable opportunity” to owner to present objection against the same. Haryana: As does Delhi’s DMC Act, the Haryana Municipal Corporation Act grants owners a brief time frame to appeal demolitions but has only 3 days in which to comply with demolitions orders. Supreme Court’s Reasoning Behind the Guidelines Judicial vs. Executive Roles: The Supreme Court emphasized that it is the judiciary’s responsibility, not the executive’s, to determine guilt. The court criticized the practice of demolishing an accused’s property without a judicial trial, labeling it as an overreach of executive power. Need for Transparency and Accountability: The Court stressed the importance of transparency in public office, particularly criticizing the misuse of authority where demolitions are carried out simply because an individual is accused of a crime. It highlighted the urgent need for public officials to be held accountable for such actions. Protection of Constitutional Rights: The demolitions were noted to affect not only the accused but also other family members, infringing on their constitutional right to shelter as protected under Article 21 of the Constitution. The guidelines issued by the Supreme Court aim to protect these individuals from unjust loss of their homes. Impact of the Supreme Court’s Verdict Path Forward for Affected Families: The ruling has given hope to affected families that there will be a shift towards restitution by local authorities, possibly through compensation or restoration of demolished properties. Challenges in Implementation: Despite the verdict advocating for transparency and accountability, there are challenges in ensuring that compensation effectively reaches those adversely affected by prior actions. The future policies, therefore, need to robustly address restitution issues to ensure fair outcomes for victims of unwarranted demolitions, sometimes referred to as “bulldozer justice.” Conclusion Safeguarding Rights and Enforcing Accountability: By emphasizing the protection of the right to shelter and the necessity of accountability in government actions, the Supreme Court seeks to curb the misuse of power in the form of “bulldozer justice” and uphold constitutional limits. Continued Struggle for Justice: For many who have already lost their homes, the journey towards justice continues. Resolving issues around restitution remains critical, and the fulfillment of the Court’s directives in practice is pivotal to restoring faith in administrative and judicial processes. -Source: Indian Express NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Context: The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite, a collaborative effort between National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is scheduled to launch in early 2025.  Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Mission Objectives NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) NISAR’s Unique Specifications Joint Development: Developed collaboratively by NASA and ISRO in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Size and Weight: Approximately the size of an SUV, weighing 2,800 kilograms. Dual-Frequency Radar: Equipped with L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments. Dual-Frequency Imaging: First satellite to utilize both L-band and S-band radar frequencies to monitor Earth’s surface. All-Weather Capability: SAR can operate in cloudy conditions and collect data day and night, regardless of weather. Contributions NASA and ISRO’s Involvement NASA’s Contributions: L-band radar, GPS, solid-state recorder, and payload data subsystem. ISRO’s Contributions: S-band radar, GSLV launch system, and spacecraft. Prominent Antenna: Features a large 39-foot stationary gold-plated wire mesh antenna reflector to focus radar signals. Mission Objectives Earth Monitoring Ecosystems and Surfaces: Measure changes in Earth’s ecosystems and dynamic surfaces. Ice Masses: Provide data on ice masses, aiding in the understanding of ice-related phenomena. Varied Applications: Offer insights into biomass, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater. Global Observations Regularity: Observe land and ice-covered surfaces worldwide with a 12-day cycle on ascending and descending passes. -Source: Indian Express Gotti Koya Tribe Context: Recently, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes has asked the Union Home Ministry and Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha to submit a detailed report on the status of the Gotti Koya tribals. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Gotti Koya Tribe: This is one of the few multi-racial and multi-lingual tribal communities of India. The main population of Koyas is seen in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. They speak Koya, which falls in the Dravidian language. It is said to be very close to the Gondi, but it has undergone a lot of Telugu influences. They traditionally practice Podu form of shifting cultivation that has for long time been an economic survival versus environmental sustenance issue. Earn a livelihood by animal husbandry and minor forest produce. The most important fair festooned by Koyas is the Sammakka Saralamma Jatra once in two years on full moon day of the Magha Masam (January or February) at Medaram village in Mulug taluk of Warangal district. They enjoyed ST status in Chattisgarh but they are not conferred with ST status in the migrated states like Telangana. All Koya are one of five sub-divisions known as gotrams. Every Koya is born into a clan, and he cannot change it. The Koyas have a patrilineal and patrilocal family. The family is called “Kutum”. Of these forms of family, the nuclear form is the major one. The Koya is generally monogamous. -Source: Indian Express Amorphophallus Titanum Context: People in Geelong city have beelined to witness an unusual event – the blooming of the Amorphophallus Titanum (called Titan Arum in short). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Amorphophallus Titanum (Titan Arum) Known commonly as the Titan Arum or Corpse Flower. The plant was first described by the Italian botanist Odoardo Beccari in 1878. Blooming Characteristics: The Titan Arum is notorious for its infrequent blooming cycle, typically flowering just once every decade. Each bloom lasts only 24 to 48 hours. During its fleeting bloom, the flower emits a strong odor reminiscent of rotting flesh. This scent attracts its primary pollinators—carnivorous bees and flies that normally feed on dead animals. Physical Appearance: This plant can grow over 10 feet tall, making it one of the largest flowering structures in the world. It features a large, dark red spathe, which resembles an upturned meat skirt and a tall, crooked, pale yellowish spadix that looks phallic. The spathe is a spiral, petal-like structure that encloses the inflorescence. The interior of the spathe is dark red and resembles uncooked meat, enhancing its mimicry of a decaying corpse. The spadix even warms up to simulate the temperature of a warm, decomposing body. Habitat: The Titan Arum naturally occurs on limestone hills within the rainforests of western Sumatra, Indonesia. In its native language, it is referred to as “bunga bangkai,” which translates to “corpse flower.” Conservation Status: Classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, the Titan Arum faces threats primarily from habitat loss and the degradation of its natural rainforest environment. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 November 2024

CONTENTS Central Government Introduces New Rules to Enhance Enforcement of Water Pollution Laws Central Government Introduces New Rules to Enhance Enforcement of Water Pollution Laws Context: The Central Government has announced the implementation of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024. These new rules are designed to streamline the process of inquiry and imposition of penalties for offenses under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Following amendments made to the Water Act earlier this year, this notification aims to strengthen regulatory oversight and improve the efficiency of the adjudication process for water pollution violations, thereby enhancing environmental governance in India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Key Highlights of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024 Key Highlights of the New Rules under the Water Act 2024 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Background and Purpose: Enacted in 1974, this act aimed to prevent and control water pollution. It included penal provisions for non-compliance, with punishments including imprisonment. Need for Amendment to the Water Act, 1974 Rationale for Amendment: The amendment addresses the principle of democratic governance, emphasizing trust in the people and institutions. The existing law mandates up to three months of imprisonment for failing to inform the State Board about water abstraction, which can be excessive for minor violations that do not harm humans or the environment. Such penal provisions have been criticized for unnecessarily harassing businesses and citizens, contradicting the principles of Ease of Living and Ease of Doing Business. The proposed Amendment Bill of 2024 aims to rationalize these criminal provisions, reducing the emphasis on imprisonment. Key Highlights of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024 Introduction and Applicability: Applies initially to Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Union Territories, with options for other states to adopt through state resolutions. Decriminalization and New Penalties: Decriminalizes various violations, substituting imprisonment with monetary penalties ranging from Rs 10,000 to Rs 15 lakh. Non-payment of penalties could still lead to imprisonment for up to three years or fines up to twice the original penalty amount. Consent Exemptions for Industry: Exempts specific industry categories from requiring State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) consent, traditionally needed for industries likely to discharge sewage. Central government, in consultation with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), may issue guidelines for SPCB consent processes. State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) Chairman Appointments: Central government to prescribe the nomination process and terms for SPCB chairmen, increasing central oversight in what were previously state-determined appointments. Regulations on Polluting Matter Discharge: SPCBs empowered to issue directives to halt activities discharging pollutants immediately. Imprisonment removed for these violations, replaced by monetary penalties. Penalty for General Offences: General offences previously punishable by imprisonment now attract fines, streamlining penalties across various violations. Appointment of Adjudicating Officers for Penalty Assessment: Adjudicating officers, at least of Joint Secretary rank, to be appointed by the central government to determine penalties. Appeals against their decisions can be made to the National Green Tribunal with a prerequisite deposit of 10% of the penalty amount. Expanded Cognizance of Offences: Courts can now take cognizance of offences based on complaints from adjudicating officers, in addition to those from CPCB, SPCB, or notified individuals. Accountability for Government Departments: Heads of government departments face penalties equal to one month’s basic salary for violations, unless they can demonstrate that due diligence was exercised to prevent the offence. Key Highlights of the New Rules under the Water Act 2024 The Union Environment Ministry has enacted the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024. These rules, which take immediate effect, outline the procedures for conducting inquiries and imposing penalties for violations under the Water Act. Recent amendments to the Water Act have shifted the focus from criminal charges to civil penalties for violations. This shift aligns with previous decisions to exempt non-polluting ‘white’ category industries from requiring prior permissions to operate under the Water Act. Authorized officers from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB), Pollution Control Committees, and Integrated Regional Offices now have the authority to file complaints regarding violations directly to adjudicating officers. These complaints can be filed under specific sections of the Act (Sections 41, 41A, 42, 43, 44, 45A, and 48), which primarily deal with industrial effluent and pollutant discharge norms. Adjudicating officers, required to be ranked at least as a state government joint secretary, are charged with overseeing the complaint process, issuing notices to alleged violators, and conducting inquiries. Alleged violators are permitted to respond through legal representatives, and the adjudication process is mandated to be completed within six months from the issuance of the notice.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 November 2024

Content Surprise spike Manipur’s misery The perfect cocktail of layered discrimination The CKM syndrome as the price of modernity Surprise Spike Context:Unexpected Inflation Surge October Inflation Rate: Surged to 6.2%, surpassing all economists’ projections. Highest since August 2023, when it was at 6.8%. Relevance: GS 3 (Economy ) Practice Question: Discuss the factors that led to the unexpected spike in India’s inflation rate in October 2024.Suggest key policy measures .(250 words ) Food Prices as Key Driver Overall Food Inflation: Soared to 10.9%, the highest since last July. Urban Impact: Urban consumers faced an even sharper rise of 11.1%. Vegetable Prices: rose by 42.2%, the highest in almost five years, driven by tomato prices more than doubling year-on-year. Edible Oil Prices: Spiked after nearly two years of decline, influenced by global trends. RBI’s Stance: Monetary Policy Committee’s (MPC) October Review: Highlighted that inflation moderation was slow and uneven. Core Inflation: Excluding food and energy, has been under the headline rate, but there are signs of an increase in personal care and effects’ prices (up 11% in October). Economic Implications Impact on Growth: Slackening growth momentum and waning urban demand pose challenges for private investments. Government’s View : Finance Ministry’s Economic Review: Asserted that inflation was driven by specific food items and not spreading to other consumption items. Food Grain Buffers and Harvest: Expected to alleviate price pressures, though these assumptions may need reassessment given recent trends. Policy Response: Policymakers’ Actions: Need to address the interlinked challenges of inflation and consumption. Possible Measures: Tax Cuts: Could provide relief and stimulate demand. Improved Food Management: Ensuring better distribution and availability of essential commodities to control prices. Manipur’s Misery Context : Recent Encounter: Ten armed militants were killed by CRPF and police in the Jiribam district on November 11. Violence Impact: Over 250 people killed and 60,000 displaced since May 2023. Relevance:GS 2 (Internal Security ) Practice Question:Discuss the role of the Union government in addressing the ongoing ethnic conflict in Manipur. What steps can be taken to ensure Peace (250 words) Governance Crisis Weapons Looted: Two of the ten weapons found at the encounter site were looted from the police. Kuki Students’ Organisation: Called for ‘non-cooperation’ with the CRPF, claiming the militiamen were on a security patrol. State Government’s Failure:The state government has been unable to quell the violence. Centre’s Responsibility Ministry of Home Affairs: Organized a meeting with political representatives of both communities in October, but no meaningful progress was achieved. Kuki Demands: Creation of a Union Territory with the legislature, which would require a division of Manipur. Complex Ethnic Relations Northeast India: Ethnic relations are extremely complex, and violence can continue for a long time once it erupts. Hope for Intervention: Kuki representatives express hope in the Centre’s intervention to resolve the conflict. Need for Political Solution Political Arrangement: A lasting end to the violence requires a political arrangement of accommodation and coexistence of communities. Centre’s Role: Only the Centre has the resources and capacity to attempt this. The perfect cocktail of layered discrimination Context : The delimitation process in India, set to take place in 2026, involves redrawing the boundaries of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly constituencies based on the latest population data. Article 82: aims to ensure fair representation by adjusting the number of seats in accordance with population changes The delimitation process was suspended by Indira Gandhi in 1976 for 25 years and again by Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2001, with the suspension due to lapse in 2026. Relevance: GS 2 ( Indian Polity, Governance ) Practice Question:Explain the challenges the upcoming delimitation process may face. How can India balance federalism and fair representation? (250 words) Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Non-Hindi States: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal have TFRs of 1.6-1.8, which is below the replacement level of 2.1. Hindi Heartland States: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh have TFRs around 3.5, well above the replacement level. Implications of Delimitation Shift in Parliamentary Representation: Delimitation could reduce the proportion of seats for southern States from 25% to 17% while increasing seats for Hindi heartland States from 40% to 60%. Economic Disparities:  Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu already receive only about 30% of the total funds that contribute as direct taxes, while Bihar and Uttar Pradesh receive between 250% and 350% of their overall contribution. Finance Commission Decision: Using the 2011 Census instead of the 1971 Census to devolve funds could further disadvantage developed States. Federalism and Balance Federal Structure: India is a federal union with States as the federating units, many based on language. Potential Threat: Delimitation could disrupt the delicate balance, leading to dominance by the Hindi-speaking States and marginalisation of others. Population Shifts: The proportion of the Hindi-speaking population has increased from 36% to nearly 43% since 1947, while the proportions of other linguistic groups have decreased. Proposed Solutions Suspending delimitation for another 25 years. Permanently stopping the delimitation of seats across States. Balance delimitation with decentralisation by expanding the State list and transferring more subjects from the Union list to the State list. Increasing seats to address representation without affecting the current proportion. Conclusion Ensuring federalism is key to maintaining unity and diversity in India. The delimitation process has impacts on federalism, emphasising the representation of states. The CKM syndrome as the price of modernity  CKM syndrome is a complex interplay of lifestyle factors and the global influence on health, leading to conditions such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart and kidney diseases. Health Impact: It begins with a gradual increase in body weight and waist circumference, progressing to major health issues that affect the heart, kidneys, liver, and blood vessels, increasing the risk of premature death. Relevance: GS 2 (Health ) Practice Question:What is Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic (CKM) syndrome? Explain how it may impact premature deaths related to non-communicable diseases. (250 words ) Rising NCD Burden: According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) report, Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 69% of premature deaths and 68% of years lost to disability.  Key Statistics : Tamil Nadu STEPS Survey (2020): 28.5% of participants were overweight. 11.4% had obesity. 33.9% had hypertension. 17.6% had diabetes. National Family Health Survey (2019-21): Diabetes prevalence in India is 16.1%. Obesity prevalence is 40.3%. Economic Impact The private sector has seen rising insurance premiums due to the increasing burden of NCDs. Need for Integrated Actions American Heart Association’s Recommendation: Emphasizes integrated care for CKM, advocating for unified management of risk factors rather than isolated treatment. Benefits of Integrated Clinics: Multidisciplinary teams can provide holistic care, reduce fragmented treatment, and improve health outcomes. Childhood Interventions: Regular weight and obesity screenings for schoolchildren to identify high-risk individuals early. Dietary Adjustments Public Distribution System (PDS): Recommends partial replacement of rice with millet to address obesity. Low Sodium Salt: Suggests replacing common salt with low sodium salt to reduce hypertension, with caution for those with heart or kidney ailments. Impact of Globalisation Lifestyle Changes: Long work hours and night shifts contribute to unhealthy eating habits and obesity. Need for Regulation: Advocates for the regulation of work hours and shifts as a public health measure to ensure a healthier society. Conclusion CKM syndrome is a significant public health challenge that requires a nuanced approach, including integrated care, early intervention and lifestyle changes.

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