Posts

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 November 2024

CONTENTS OECD Report: India Tops in Implicit Taxation of Farmers Among 54 Countries Supreme Court Criticizes Delay in Establishing Organised Crime Investigative Agency Supreme Court Sets Guidelines Against ‘Bulldozer Justice’ in Property Demolition Cases NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Gotti Koya Tribe Amorphophallus Titanum  OECD Report: India Tops in Implicit Taxation of Farmers Among 54 Countries The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD’s “Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2024” report says that India implicitly taxed its farmers to the tune of a staggering USD 120 billion in 2023-the highest among 54 surveyed countries. This is an economically huge burden of government policies like export bans and export duties, which keep food prices low for consumers at a huge cost to the agricultural sector. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the OECD Agricultural Report Negative Impacts of Indian Agricultural Policies on Farmers Way Ahead Key Highlights of the OECD Agricultural Report Agricultural Support Trends: From 2021 to 2023, total support for the agricultural sector across 54 countries averaged USD 842 billion per year. Despite a decline in 2022 and 2023 from the 2021 peak, support levels remained significantly higher than those before the Covid-19 pandemic. Market Price Support (MPS), a major component of total agricultural support, fell by USD 28 billion during the same period. Impact of Export Restrictions in India: In 2023, India’s export restrictions on commodities like rice, sugar, onions, and de-oiled rice bran resulted in a negative MPS, translating into a USD 110 billion loss for the country. This negative support meant that Indian farmers received less for their produce compared to market conditions without these policies, leading to a substantial reduction in their income. India experienced the highest negative price support globally, constituting 62.5% of all negative price support in 2023. This share has significantly increased from 61% in 2000-02 to 75% in 2021-23, indicating a growing burden on Indian farmers. Challenges in Global Agriculture: Ongoing global conflicts and extreme weather events continue to disrupt agricultural markets and challenge production and productivity. The implementation of export restrictions by some countries further distorts international trade in agricultural commodities. There has been a global slowdown in agricultural productivity growth, which poses a threat to meeting increasing global food demands sustainably. Socio-Economic Struggles: Increasing farmer protests across various nations highlight the economic and social challenges faced by farmers, reflecting deep-seated issues within agricultural systems. Environmental Public Goods Payments (EPGP): Though governments are linking payments to farming practices that support environmental sustainability, EPGP only constitutes 0.3% of total producer support. EPGP funds are allocated towards public goods that benefit the environment, such as climate protection. Recommendations for Sustainable Agriculture: Governments are urged to set measurable goals for sustainable productivity and invest in monitoring systems like Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and Agri-environmental Indicators (AEIs). TFP is crucial for measuring the efficiency of agricultural inputs in producing outputs, indicating sustainable agricultural practices. AEIs assess key environmental impacts and risks from agriculture and are essential for understanding agricultural performance and its underlying causes. The report advocates for increased innovation to enhance productivity and a greater proportion of producer support to be allocated towards sustainable farming practices. Negative Impacts of Indian Agricultural Policies on Farmers Negative Market Price Support: Indian agricultural policies have led to negative market price support, particularly notable between 2014 and 2016, with a producer support estimate (PSE) of approximately -6.2% due to a -13.1% in market price support. PSE, a key metric, quantifies the annual value of transfers from consumers and the government to agricultural producers, reflecting the impact of governmental policies on the agricultural economy. Export Bans and Quotas: Policies imposing export bans and quotas on essential commodities like rice and sugar restrict market access for producers, driving down domestic prices and reducing farmers’ potential earnings. Regulatory Acts: The Essential Commodities Act, 1955, and the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act of 2003 enforce stringent regulations on pricing, stocking, and trading of agricultural commodities. While these acts aim to ensure food security, they often lead to reduced farm gate prices for farmers. This results from price controls and low procurement prices set by the government, which are sometimes below international market rates, creating a price-depressing effect. Minimum Support Price (MSP): The MSP mechanism, intended to protect farmers from price fluctuations, has sometimes been set lower than international prices. This discrepancy means farmers earn less than what they might have received in an open market scenario. Infrastructure and Transaction Costs: A lack of modern agricultural infrastructure and high transaction costs further reduce the prices that farmers receive for their produce, exacerbating the price suppression problem. Inadequate Long-Term Support: Subsidies for fertilizers, irrigation, and electricity provide short-term relief but do not address long-term challenges such as climate change, market access limitations, and a decline in agricultural research. These issues are crucial for sustainable growth and profitability but remain largely unaddressed, hindering long-term development and resilience in the agricultural sector. Way Ahead: Gradual reduction in export bans and quotas, investment in cold storage, transport, and  processing infrastructure, aligning MSPs with international market prices to take the edge off competitiveness and the resultant effective compensation. The organization should redirect their resources in strengthening the resilience, sustainability, and infrastructure and further reduce supply chain inefficiencies. Promote greater integration of state and central policies to ensure better coordination reduce fragmentation, and address sector challenges. More promotion towards direct marketing and e-commerce like National Agriculture Market (eNAM) as well connecting farmers to consumers cutting through the traditional dependence on a market. -Source: Hindustan Times Supreme Court Criticizes Delay in Establishing Organised Crime Investigative Agency Context: The Supreme Court of India has recently expressed its displeasure over the Union government for not implementing its promise in 2015 to install a completely new Organised Crime Investigative Agency (OCIA) or even to enact complete comprehensive legislation to combat trafficking. It clearly indicates that the government is not responsive to the problem of organized crime and human trafficking to the extent it would have liked. To conquer these vital challenges, the government should take more decisive actions. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Concerns of the Supreme Court Regarding the Establishment of the OCIA How an Agency like OCIA Can Help to Tackle Sex Trafficking in India? Measures Taken by India to Combat Human Trafficking Concerns of the Supreme Court Regarding the Establishment of the OCIA Directive for OCIA Establishment: In the case of Prajwala v. Union of India, 2015, the Supreme Court directed the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to establish the OCIA to specifically address sex trafficking. Despite a deadline set for 30th September 2016 and a planned operational date of 1st December 2016, the agency remains unformed, leading to delays in implementing effective measures against sex trafficking. Persistent Trafficking Issues: MHA data shows that over 10,659 trafficking cases were recorded from 2018 to 2022, underlining that trafficking is a significant systemic issue in India. The consistency of around 2,000 cases annually indicates an urgent need for strengthened policies, law enforcement measures, and increased community awareness. Challenges in Legal and Support Systems: Although thousands have been arrested in connection to trafficking in recent years, the conviction rates are exceedingly low. The disparity between arrests and convictions points to issues such as inadequate investigations and weak case presentations in court. Victims of trafficking, often from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, lack adequate support, which is compounded by challenges in disbursing victim compensation funds. This sometimes leads to victims turning hostile in court due to financial hardship and a lack of resources. Ineffectiveness of Current Measures: Despite enhancements in anti-trafficking units and intelligence efforts, the persistently low conviction rates underscore the need for improved law enforcement training, stronger victim support, and expedited compensation to handle cases more effectively. Legislative and Governmental Responses: The government had drafted the Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection, and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2018, which was passed in the Lok Sabha but lapsed in 2019 without introduction in the Rajya Sabha, contributing to delays in establishing comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation. In lieu of establishing the OCIA, the government assigned the National Investigation Agency (NIA) the additional task of handling sex trafficking cases. However, the Supreme Court expressed concerns about the efficacy of this approach, questioning whether the NIA has the resources and mandate to provide adequate protection and rehabilitation services to trafficking victims. Judicial Considerations: The Supreme Court’s concerns also involve the application of recent legislative provisions such as those in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which include sections addressing organized crime. The court is evaluating whether these measures provide a sufficient framework for addressing the complexities of sex trafficking. How an Agency like OCIA Can Help to Tackle Sex Trafficking in India? OCIA can start units focused on sex trafficking and other forms of organized crimes in vulnerable areas such as urban centers and borders, activating trained operatives to gather intelligences and conduct rescue operations. Rapid response teams should be put in place for quick rescues, and coordination must be facilitated with NGOs providing rehabilitation services that would help in returning these victims back into society. A centralized database can track trafficked cases and offenders using predictive analytics for proactive intervention and better information sharing. OCIA can train police and border forces on trafficking cases and coordinate joint operations that may efficiently rescue or raid. OCIA can work with the neighboring countries to have joint operations, intelligence sharing, and legal assistance to apply for cross-border trafficking cases. OCIA can engage in advocacy campaigns for vulnerable populations and set up hotlines to ensure that there is a safe outlet to report activities regarding trafficking. OCIA can call for harsher laws and ensure that their enactment sees to the better care of victims and the serving of graver penalties in cases of traffic. OCIA can gather proofs and legal assistance to courts so that victims can be included in the cases brought against traffickers. Measures Taken by India to Combat Human Trafficking Constitutional and Legislative Framework Constitutional Prohibition: Article 23 (1) of the Constitution of India explicitly prohibits human trafficking and forced labor, establishing a constitutional basis for all related laws and actions. Specific Legislation: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA): Targets the prevention of trafficking specifically for commercial sexual exploitation. Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: Broadens the scope to include trafficking for physical and sexual exploitation, slavery, and organ removal. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Provides robust protection for children against sexual abuse and exploitation. Government Initiatives Anti-Trafficking Cell (ATC): Established by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to coordinate anti-trafficking efforts across various government and law enforcement bodies. Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs): Set up by the MHA, these units focus on the law enforcement response to human trafficking, excluding aspects that fall under the jurisdiction of the Department of Women & Child Development. Mission Vatsalya Program: A government initiative aimed at supporting child victims of crime, including those affected by trafficking. -Source: The Hindu Supreme Court Sets Guidelines Against ‘Bulldozer Justice’ in Property Demolition Cases Context: The Supreme Court of India, invoking its powers under Article 142 of the Constitution, has issued guidelines to ensure that due process is followed in the demolition of properties belonging to citizens accused of crimes. This directive comes in response to recent instances where state authorities were alleged to have used demolitions as a punitive measure, referred to by the Chief Justice of India (CJI) as “bulldozer justice.” Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What was the case background? SC Mandates Procedures on Demolition Demolition Laws and Practices in the Indian States Supreme Court’s Reasoning Behind the Guidelines Impact of the Supreme Court’s Verdict Conclusion What was the case background? The SC judgment dealt with pleas that challenged the practice of demolition of homes of people for being accused of committing crime. This practice has been seen in states such as UP, MP, Uttarakhand, and Rajasthan and calls for accusations of bias and lack of due process. This order has been passed after the demolitions taken place in Ratlam (MP) and Udaipur (Rajasthan), demolitions supposedly being linked to complaints against family members who had indulged in communal or criminal activities. SC Mandates Procedures on Demolition: Period for Notice As per the judgement of this court, no demolition of a property can be made except after an order passed after notice of at least 15 days has been given to the owner of the property or the person occupying it. The notice should mention why the building is to be demolished and a “hearing” in which it also gives “personal hearing” opportunity to the property owner to raise objections. Hearing and final order: This hearing is to be conducted by the authorities, and the whole process is to be videotaped. The final demolition order would include the above-mentioned arguments by the owner, reasons for destruction, and whether the demolition is a complete one or a partial one. The Court emphasized demolitions as a last resort and granted only when the demolition was absolutely necessary. Post-order process: After issuing the final order for the demolition, 15 days would elapse before the demolition begins so that the owner will have time to demolish or appeal in court. The authorities will also prepare video evidence and draft an inspection and demolition report containing details about all those involved. Demolition Laws and Practices in the Indian States Rajasthan: The provisions of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act state that authorities can impound properties on public land, but only after giving a written notice stating reasons for the impoundment and with an opportunity for representation. MP: The MP Municipalities Act allows demolition of unauthorized structures only after the owners are served notice. UP: The UP Urban Planning and Development Act demands at least 15 days notice before demolition of unauthorized construction on the owner, and once an order issued it becomes definite and court can’t further proceed with the same Delhi: Delhi Municipal Corporation Act allows demolition of unauthorized construction without providing “reasonable opportunity” to owner to present objection against the same. Haryana: As does Delhi’s DMC Act, the Haryana Municipal Corporation Act grants owners a brief time frame to appeal demolitions but has only 3 days in which to comply with demolitions orders. Supreme Court’s Reasoning Behind the Guidelines Judicial vs. Executive Roles: The Supreme Court emphasized that it is the judiciary’s responsibility, not the executive’s, to determine guilt. The court criticized the practice of demolishing an accused’s property without a judicial trial, labeling it as an overreach of executive power. Need for Transparency and Accountability: The Court stressed the importance of transparency in public office, particularly criticizing the misuse of authority where demolitions are carried out simply because an individual is accused of a crime. It highlighted the urgent need for public officials to be held accountable for such actions. Protection of Constitutional Rights: The demolitions were noted to affect not only the accused but also other family members, infringing on their constitutional right to shelter as protected under Article 21 of the Constitution. The guidelines issued by the Supreme Court aim to protect these individuals from unjust loss of their homes. Impact of the Supreme Court’s Verdict Path Forward for Affected Families: The ruling has given hope to affected families that there will be a shift towards restitution by local authorities, possibly through compensation or restoration of demolished properties. Challenges in Implementation: Despite the verdict advocating for transparency and accountability, there are challenges in ensuring that compensation effectively reaches those adversely affected by prior actions. The future policies, therefore, need to robustly address restitution issues to ensure fair outcomes for victims of unwarranted demolitions, sometimes referred to as “bulldozer justice.” Conclusion Safeguarding Rights and Enforcing Accountability: By emphasizing the protection of the right to shelter and the necessity of accountability in government actions, the Supreme Court seeks to curb the misuse of power in the form of “bulldozer justice” and uphold constitutional limits. Continued Struggle for Justice: For many who have already lost their homes, the journey towards justice continues. Resolving issues around restitution remains critical, and the fulfillment of the Court’s directives in practice is pivotal to restoring faith in administrative and judicial processes. -Source: Indian Express NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Context: The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite, a collaborative effort between National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is scheduled to launch in early 2025.  Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Mission Objectives NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) NISAR’s Unique Specifications Joint Development: Developed collaboratively by NASA and ISRO in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Size and Weight: Approximately the size of an SUV, weighing 2,800 kilograms. Dual-Frequency Radar: Equipped with L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments. Dual-Frequency Imaging: First satellite to utilize both L-band and S-band radar frequencies to monitor Earth’s surface. All-Weather Capability: SAR can operate in cloudy conditions and collect data day and night, regardless of weather. Contributions NASA and ISRO’s Involvement NASA’s Contributions: L-band radar, GPS, solid-state recorder, and payload data subsystem. ISRO’s Contributions: S-band radar, GSLV launch system, and spacecraft. Prominent Antenna: Features a large 39-foot stationary gold-plated wire mesh antenna reflector to focus radar signals. Mission Objectives Earth Monitoring Ecosystems and Surfaces: Measure changes in Earth’s ecosystems and dynamic surfaces. Ice Masses: Provide data on ice masses, aiding in the understanding of ice-related phenomena. Varied Applications: Offer insights into biomass, natural hazards, sea level rise, and groundwater. Global Observations Regularity: Observe land and ice-covered surfaces worldwide with a 12-day cycle on ascending and descending passes. -Source: Indian Express Gotti Koya Tribe Context: Recently, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes has asked the Union Home Ministry and Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha to submit a detailed report on the status of the Gotti Koya tribals. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Gotti Koya Tribe: This is one of the few multi-racial and multi-lingual tribal communities of India. The main population of Koyas is seen in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. They speak Koya, which falls in the Dravidian language. It is said to be very close to the Gondi, but it has undergone a lot of Telugu influences. They traditionally practice Podu form of shifting cultivation that has for long time been an economic survival versus environmental sustenance issue. Earn a livelihood by animal husbandry and minor forest produce. The most important fair festooned by Koyas is the Sammakka Saralamma Jatra once in two years on full moon day of the Magha Masam (January or February) at Medaram village in Mulug taluk of Warangal district. They enjoyed ST status in Chattisgarh but they are not conferred with ST status in the migrated states like Telangana. All Koya are one of five sub-divisions known as gotrams. Every Koya is born into a clan, and he cannot change it. The Koyas have a patrilineal and patrilocal family. The family is called “Kutum”. Of these forms of family, the nuclear form is the major one. The Koya is generally monogamous. -Source: Indian Express Amorphophallus Titanum Context: People in Geelong city have beelined to witness an unusual event – the blooming of the Amorphophallus Titanum (called Titan Arum in short). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Amorphophallus Titanum (Titan Arum) Known commonly as the Titan Arum or Corpse Flower. The plant was first described by the Italian botanist Odoardo Beccari in 1878. Blooming Characteristics: The Titan Arum is notorious for its infrequent blooming cycle, typically flowering just once every decade. Each bloom lasts only 24 to 48 hours. During its fleeting bloom, the flower emits a strong odor reminiscent of rotting flesh. This scent attracts its primary pollinators—carnivorous bees and flies that normally feed on dead animals. Physical Appearance: This plant can grow over 10 feet tall, making it one of the largest flowering structures in the world. It features a large, dark red spathe, which resembles an upturned meat skirt and a tall, crooked, pale yellowish spadix that looks phallic. The spathe is a spiral, petal-like structure that encloses the inflorescence. The interior of the spathe is dark red and resembles uncooked meat, enhancing its mimicry of a decaying corpse. The spadix even warms up to simulate the temperature of a warm, decomposing body. Habitat: The Titan Arum naturally occurs on limestone hills within the rainforests of western Sumatra, Indonesia. In its native language, it is referred to as “bunga bangkai,” which translates to “corpse flower.” Conservation Status: Classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, the Titan Arum faces threats primarily from habitat loss and the degradation of its natural rainforest environment. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 November 2024

CONTENTS Central Government Introduces New Rules to Enhance Enforcement of Water Pollution Laws Central Government Introduces New Rules to Enhance Enforcement of Water Pollution Laws Context: The Central Government has announced the implementation of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024. These new rules are designed to streamline the process of inquiry and imposition of penalties for offenses under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Following amendments made to the Water Act earlier this year, this notification aims to strengthen regulatory oversight and improve the efficiency of the adjudication process for water pollution violations, thereby enhancing environmental governance in India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Key Highlights of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024 Key Highlights of the New Rules under the Water Act 2024 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Background and Purpose: Enacted in 1974, this act aimed to prevent and control water pollution. It included penal provisions for non-compliance, with punishments including imprisonment. Need for Amendment to the Water Act, 1974 Rationale for Amendment: The amendment addresses the principle of democratic governance, emphasizing trust in the people and institutions. The existing law mandates up to three months of imprisonment for failing to inform the State Board about water abstraction, which can be excessive for minor violations that do not harm humans or the environment. Such penal provisions have been criticized for unnecessarily harassing businesses and citizens, contradicting the principles of Ease of Living and Ease of Doing Business. The proposed Amendment Bill of 2024 aims to rationalize these criminal provisions, reducing the emphasis on imprisonment. Key Highlights of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024 Introduction and Applicability: Applies initially to Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Union Territories, with options for other states to adopt through state resolutions. Decriminalization and New Penalties: Decriminalizes various violations, substituting imprisonment with monetary penalties ranging from Rs 10,000 to Rs 15 lakh. Non-payment of penalties could still lead to imprisonment for up to three years or fines up to twice the original penalty amount. Consent Exemptions for Industry: Exempts specific industry categories from requiring State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) consent, traditionally needed for industries likely to discharge sewage. Central government, in consultation with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), may issue guidelines for SPCB consent processes. State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) Chairman Appointments: Central government to prescribe the nomination process and terms for SPCB chairmen, increasing central oversight in what were previously state-determined appointments. Regulations on Polluting Matter Discharge: SPCBs empowered to issue directives to halt activities discharging pollutants immediately. Imprisonment removed for these violations, replaced by monetary penalties. Penalty for General Offences: General offences previously punishable by imprisonment now attract fines, streamlining penalties across various violations. Appointment of Adjudicating Officers for Penalty Assessment: Adjudicating officers, at least of Joint Secretary rank, to be appointed by the central government to determine penalties. Appeals against their decisions can be made to the National Green Tribunal with a prerequisite deposit of 10% of the penalty amount. Expanded Cognizance of Offences: Courts can now take cognizance of offences based on complaints from adjudicating officers, in addition to those from CPCB, SPCB, or notified individuals. Accountability for Government Departments: Heads of government departments face penalties equal to one month’s basic salary for violations, unless they can demonstrate that due diligence was exercised to prevent the offence. Key Highlights of the New Rules under the Water Act 2024 The Union Environment Ministry has enacted the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Manner of Holding Inquiry and Imposition of Penalty) Rules, 2024. These rules, which take immediate effect, outline the procedures for conducting inquiries and imposing penalties for violations under the Water Act. Recent amendments to the Water Act have shifted the focus from criminal charges to civil penalties for violations. This shift aligns with previous decisions to exempt non-polluting ‘white’ category industries from requiring prior permissions to operate under the Water Act. Authorized officers from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB), Pollution Control Committees, and Integrated Regional Offices now have the authority to file complaints regarding violations directly to adjudicating officers. These complaints can be filed under specific sections of the Act (Sections 41, 41A, 42, 43, 44, 45A, and 48), which primarily deal with industrial effluent and pollutant discharge norms. Adjudicating officers, required to be ranked at least as a state government joint secretary, are charged with overseeing the complaint process, issuing notices to alleged violators, and conducting inquiries. Alleged violators are permitted to respond through legal representatives, and the adjudication process is mandated to be completed within six months from the issuance of the notice.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 November 2024

Content Surprise spike Manipur’s misery The perfect cocktail of layered discrimination The CKM syndrome as the price of modernity Surprise Spike Context:Unexpected Inflation Surge October Inflation Rate: Surged to 6.2%, surpassing all economists’ projections. Highest since August 2023, when it was at 6.8%. Relevance: GS 3 (Economy ) Practice Question: Discuss the factors that led to the unexpected spike in India’s inflation rate in October 2024.Suggest key policy measures .(250 words ) Food Prices as Key Driver Overall Food Inflation: Soared to 10.9%, the highest since last July. Urban Impact: Urban consumers faced an even sharper rise of 11.1%. Vegetable Prices: rose by 42.2%, the highest in almost five years, driven by tomato prices more than doubling year-on-year. Edible Oil Prices: Spiked after nearly two years of decline, influenced by global trends. RBI’s Stance: Monetary Policy Committee’s (MPC) October Review: Highlighted that inflation moderation was slow and uneven. Core Inflation: Excluding food and energy, has been under the headline rate, but there are signs of an increase in personal care and effects’ prices (up 11% in October). Economic Implications Impact on Growth: Slackening growth momentum and waning urban demand pose challenges for private investments. Government’s View : Finance Ministry’s Economic Review: Asserted that inflation was driven by specific food items and not spreading to other consumption items. Food Grain Buffers and Harvest: Expected to alleviate price pressures, though these assumptions may need reassessment given recent trends. Policy Response: Policymakers’ Actions: Need to address the interlinked challenges of inflation and consumption. Possible Measures: Tax Cuts: Could provide relief and stimulate demand. Improved Food Management: Ensuring better distribution and availability of essential commodities to control prices. Manipur’s Misery Context : Recent Encounter: Ten armed militants were killed by CRPF and police in the Jiribam district on November 11. Violence Impact: Over 250 people killed and 60,000 displaced since May 2023. Relevance:GS 2 (Internal Security ) Practice Question:Discuss the role of the Union government in addressing the ongoing ethnic conflict in Manipur. What steps can be taken to ensure Peace (250 words) Governance Crisis Weapons Looted: Two of the ten weapons found at the encounter site were looted from the police. Kuki Students’ Organisation: Called for ‘non-cooperation’ with the CRPF, claiming the militiamen were on a security patrol. State Government’s Failure:The state government has been unable to quell the violence. Centre’s Responsibility Ministry of Home Affairs: Organized a meeting with political representatives of both communities in October, but no meaningful progress was achieved. Kuki Demands: Creation of a Union Territory with the legislature, which would require a division of Manipur. Complex Ethnic Relations Northeast India: Ethnic relations are extremely complex, and violence can continue for a long time once it erupts. Hope for Intervention: Kuki representatives express hope in the Centre’s intervention to resolve the conflict. Need for Political Solution Political Arrangement: A lasting end to the violence requires a political arrangement of accommodation and coexistence of communities. Centre’s Role: Only the Centre has the resources and capacity to attempt this. The perfect cocktail of layered discrimination Context : The delimitation process in India, set to take place in 2026, involves redrawing the boundaries of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly constituencies based on the latest population data. Article 82: aims to ensure fair representation by adjusting the number of seats in accordance with population changes The delimitation process was suspended by Indira Gandhi in 1976 for 25 years and again by Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2001, with the suspension due to lapse in 2026. Relevance: GS 2 ( Indian Polity, Governance ) Practice Question:Explain the challenges the upcoming delimitation process may face. How can India balance federalism and fair representation? (250 words) Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Non-Hindi States: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal have TFRs of 1.6-1.8, which is below the replacement level of 2.1. Hindi Heartland States: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh have TFRs around 3.5, well above the replacement level. Implications of Delimitation Shift in Parliamentary Representation: Delimitation could reduce the proportion of seats for southern States from 25% to 17% while increasing seats for Hindi heartland States from 40% to 60%. Economic Disparities:  Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu already receive only about 30% of the total funds that contribute as direct taxes, while Bihar and Uttar Pradesh receive between 250% and 350% of their overall contribution. Finance Commission Decision: Using the 2011 Census instead of the 1971 Census to devolve funds could further disadvantage developed States. Federalism and Balance Federal Structure: India is a federal union with States as the federating units, many based on language. Potential Threat: Delimitation could disrupt the delicate balance, leading to dominance by the Hindi-speaking States and marginalisation of others. Population Shifts: The proportion of the Hindi-speaking population has increased from 36% to nearly 43% since 1947, while the proportions of other linguistic groups have decreased. Proposed Solutions Suspending delimitation for another 25 years. Permanently stopping the delimitation of seats across States. Balance delimitation with decentralisation by expanding the State list and transferring more subjects from the Union list to the State list. Increasing seats to address representation without affecting the current proportion. Conclusion Ensuring federalism is key to maintaining unity and diversity in India. The delimitation process has impacts on federalism, emphasising the representation of states. The CKM syndrome as the price of modernity  CKM syndrome is a complex interplay of lifestyle factors and the global influence on health, leading to conditions such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart and kidney diseases. Health Impact: It begins with a gradual increase in body weight and waist circumference, progressing to major health issues that affect the heart, kidneys, liver, and blood vessels, increasing the risk of premature death. Relevance: GS 2 (Health ) Practice Question:What is Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic (CKM) syndrome? Explain how it may impact premature deaths related to non-communicable diseases. (250 words ) Rising NCD Burden: According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) report, Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 69% of premature deaths and 68% of years lost to disability.  Key Statistics : Tamil Nadu STEPS Survey (2020): 28.5% of participants were overweight. 11.4% had obesity. 33.9% had hypertension. 17.6% had diabetes. National Family Health Survey (2019-21): Diabetes prevalence in India is 16.1%. Obesity prevalence is 40.3%. Economic Impact The private sector has seen rising insurance premiums due to the increasing burden of NCDs. Need for Integrated Actions American Heart Association’s Recommendation: Emphasizes integrated care for CKM, advocating for unified management of risk factors rather than isolated treatment. Benefits of Integrated Clinics: Multidisciplinary teams can provide holistic care, reduce fragmented treatment, and improve health outcomes. Childhood Interventions: Regular weight and obesity screenings for schoolchildren to identify high-risk individuals early. Dietary Adjustments Public Distribution System (PDS): Recommends partial replacement of rice with millet to address obesity. Low Sodium Salt: Suggests replacing common salt with low sodium salt to reduce hypertension, with caution for those with heart or kidney ailments. Impact of Globalisation Lifestyle Changes: Long work hours and night shifts contribute to unhealthy eating habits and obesity. Need for Regulation: Advocates for the regulation of work hours and shifts as a public health measure to ensure a healthier society. Conclusion CKM syndrome is a significant public health challenge that requires a nuanced approach, including integrated care, early intervention and lifestyle changes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 November 2024

CONTENTS Inter-State Council Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) Adaptation Gap Report 2024: Come hell and high water.  State of the Climate 2024 Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile Comb Jellies  Inter-State Council Context: The Indian government has recently reconstituted the Inter-State Council (ISC) after two years, with the last reconstitution in 2022, appointing the Prime Minister(PM) as chairman and underscoring a renewed commitment to Centre-State relations and cooperative federalism.  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is the Inter-State Council? Challenges Facing the Inter-State Council (ISC) What is the Inter-State Council? It is a mechanism that was constituted “to support Centre-State and Inter-State coordination and cooperation in India”. The Inter-State Council was established under Article 263 of the Constitution, which states that the President may constitute such a body if a need is felt for it. The Council is basically meant to serve as a forum for discussions among various governments. In 1988, the Sarkaria Commission suggested the Council should exist as a permanent body, and in 1990 it came into existence through a Presidential Order. The main functions of the Council are inquiring into and advising on disputes between states, investigating and discussing subjects in which two states or states and the Union have a common interest, and making recommendations for the better coordination of policy and action. Composition and Leadership: Chaired by the Prime Minister, the ISC comprises: Chief Ministers of all States. Chief Ministers of Union Territories with Legislative Assemblies. Administrators of Union Territories without Legislative Assemblies. Six Union Ministers of Cabinet rank, nominated by the Prime Minister. Historical Amendments: The Presidential Order establishing the ISC was first amended in 1990, allowing Governors of States under President’s rule to attend meetings. A second amendment in 1996 enabled the Chairman to nominate permanent invitees from other Union Ministers. Structural Enhancements: In 1996, the ISC established a Standing Committee for ongoing consultations and processing matters for Council consideration, chaired by the Home Minister and periodically reconstituted. Secretariat: Established in New Delhi in 1991, the Inter-State Council Secretariat (ISCS) is led by a Secretary to the Government of India. Since 2011, the ISCS has also managed the secretarial functions of the Zonal Councils. Benefits of ISC Deliberations: ISC policies typically enjoy higher social legitimacy, fostering acceptance among states and minimizing inter-state conflicts. The ISC helps maintain a balance of power between the Union and the states, preventing dominance by either entity and ensuring decisions align with the constitutional framework and federal principles. This balance is crucial during major reforms such as the implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) or demonetization, which could otherwise strain Union-state relations. Challenges Facing the Inter-State Council (ISC) Infrequency of Meetings: Despite the guideline for the ISC to convene at least three times annually, it has only met 11 times since its inception in 1990. The last meeting occurred in July 2016, reflecting significant gaps in meeting the procedural mandate. Advisory Role and Lack of Binding Authority: The ISC’s advisory nature limits its effectiveness in resolving disputes, as its recommendations are non-binding and do not compel compliance, hindering its ability to enforce Union-State coordination. Enforcement Limitations: The broad mandate of the ISC does not include enforcement powers, positioning it more as a forum for discussion rather than a decision-making body. This structural limitation affects its capacity to implement policies or changes directly. Lack of Follow-up Mechanisms: There is often an absence of robust mechanisms to track and ensure the implementation of ISC recommendations. This deficiency calls for a more structured approach to achieve meaningful outcomes and ensure that discussions lead to actionable results. Political Dynamics: The political landscape, including differing ideologies between the central and state governments, can significantly influence the functioning of the ISC. Such disparities may obstruct consensus-building on various issues, impacting the council’s overall effectiveness. -Source: The Hindu Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) Context: The Central Government announced that any NGO involved in anti-developmental activities and forced religious conversions will face cancellation of their registration under Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010. Relevance: GS-II: Polity and Governance (Government Policies & Interventions, Non-Governmental Organisations -NGOs), GS-III: Indian Economy (External Sector, Mobilization of Resources) Dimensions of the Article: What is the FCRA? Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020 Issues Related to FCRA Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in India What is the FCRA? The FCRA was enacted during the Emergency in 1976 amid apprehensions that foreign powers were interfering in India’s affairs by pumping money into the country through independent organisations. These concerns were, in fact, even older — they had been expressed in Parliament as early as in 1969. The law sought to regulate foreign donations to individuals and associations so that they functioned “in a manner consistent with the values of a sovereign democratic republic”. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 The Foreign Contribution (regulation) Act, 2010 is a consolidating act whose scope is to regulate the acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality by certain individuals or associations or companies and to prohibit acceptance and utilisation of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any activities detrimental to the national interest and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Key Points regarding FCRA Foreign funding of voluntary organizations in India is regulated under FCRA act and is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The FCRA regulates the receipt of funding from sources outside of India to NGOs working in India. It prohibits the receipt of foreign contribution “for any activities detrimental to the national interest”. The Act held that the government can refuse permission if it believes that the donation to the NGO will adversely affect “public interest” or the “economic interest of the state”. However, there is no clear guidance on what constitutes “public interest”. The Acts ensures that the recipients of foreign contributions adhere to the stated purpose for which such contribution has been obtained. Under the Act, organisations require to register themselves every five years. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2020 The Act bars public servants from receiving foreign contributions. Public servant includes any person who is in service or pay of the government, or remunerated by the government for the performance of any public duty. The Act prohibits the transfer of foreign contribution to any other person not registered to accept foreign contributions. The Act makes Aadhaar number mandatory for all office bearers, directors or key functionaries of a person receiving foreign contribution, as an identification document. The Act states that foreign contribution must be received only in an account designated by the bank as FCRA account in such branches of the State Bank of India, New Delhi. The Act proposes that not more than 20% of the total foreign funds received could be defrayed for administrative expenses. In FCRA 2010 the limit was 50%. The Act allows the central government to permit a person to surrender their registration certificate. Issues Related to FCRA The Act also held that the government can refuse permission if it believes that the donation to the NGO will adversely affect “public interest” or the “economic interest of the state” – however, there is no clear guidance on what constitutes “public interest”. By allowing only some political groups to receive foreign donations and disallowing some others, can induce biases in favour of the government. NGOs need to tread carefully when they criticise the regime, knowing that too much criticism could cost their survival. FCRA norms can reduce critical voices by declaring them to be against the public interest – Hence, it can be said that FCRA restrictions have serious consequences on both the rights to free speech and freedom of association under Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(c) of the Constitution. In 2016, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association undertook a legal analysis of the FCRA and stated that restrictions in the name of “public interest” and “economic interest” failed the test of “legitimate restrictions” as they were too vague and gave the state excessive discretionary powers to apply the provision in an arbitrary manner. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in India Worldwide, the term ‘NGO’ is used to describe a body that is neither part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business organisation. NGOs are groups of ordinary citizens that are involved in a wide range of activities that may have charitable, social, political, religious or other interests. In India, NGOs can be registered under a plethora of Acts such as the Indian Societies Registration Act, 1860, Religious Endowments Act,1863, Indian Trusts Act, etc. India has possibly the largest number of active NGOs in the world. Ministries such as Health and Family Welfare, Human Resource Department, etc., provide funding to NGOs, but only a handful of NGOs get hefty government funds. NGOs also receive funds from abroad, if they are registered with the Home Ministry under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA). There are more than 22,500 FCRA-registered NGOs. Registered NGOs can receive foreign contribution under five purposes — social, educational, religious, economic and cultural. -Source: The Hindu Adaptation Gap Report 2024: Come hell and high water.  Context: Recently, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) released the Adaptation Gap Report 2024: Come hell and high water.  Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Adaptation and Adaptation gap: What’s new in this year’s report? Key Findings of the Adaptation Gap Report 2024 Adaptation and Adaptation gap: Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects (IPCC 2021 ). Adaptation gap: The difference between actually implemented adaptation and a societally set goal, determined largely by preferences related to tolerated climate change impacts and reflecting resource limitations and competing priorities (UNEP 20142). What’s new in this year’s report? The report finds that progress in adaptation financing is not fast enough to close the enormous gap between needs and flows, which contributes to a continued lag in adaptation planning and implementation efforts.  International public adaptation finance flows to developing countries increased from US$22 billion in 2021 to US$28 billion in 2022: the largest absolute and relative year-on-year increase since the Paris Agreement. This reflects progress towards the Glasgow Climate Pact, which urged developed nations to at least double adaptation finance to developing countries from US$19 billion (2019 levels) by 2025. However, even achieving the Glasgow Climate Pact goal would only reduce the adaptation finance gap, which is estimated at US$187-359 billion per year, by about 5 per cent.  The report calls for nations to step up by adopting a strong new collective quantified goal for climate finance and including stronger adaptation components in their next round of climate pledges, or nationally determined contributions, due in early 2025.  Given the scale of the challenge, bridging the adaptation finance gap will also require innovative approaches to mobilize additional financial resources.  Strengthening enabling factors is crucial to unlock innovative adaptation finance. An investment in strategic and transformational adaptation that is harder to finance will also be needed. Adaptation financing needs to shift from reactive, incremental, project-based financing to more anticipatory, strategic and transformational adaptation.  In addition to finance, there is a need to strengthen capacity building and technology transfer to improve the effectiveness of adaptation actions. The report provides recommendations to improve efforts, which are often uncoordinated, expensive and short term.  Key Findings of the Adaptation Gap Report 2024 Widening Adaptation Finance Gap: There is a significant disparity between the financing needed for adaptation and the actual funds available, with the gap widening further. In 2022, only USD 28 billion was provided for adaptation, which meets just 5% of the needs outlined under the Glasgow Climate Pact. Funding Requirements: The Glasgow Climate Pact sets a goal to reduce methane emissions by at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates that developing countries require USD 387 billion annually by 2030 for adequate adaptation. Private Sector Funding Potential: Approximately one-third of the adaptation finance needs are in sectors traditionally supported by private investment, highlighting substantial opportunities for private sector engagement. Emissions and Temperature Projections: The Emissions Gap Report 2024 projects that global temperatures could rise by 2.6°C to 3.1°C above pre-industrial levels by the end of this century. Impact on Developing Countries: Developing countries, which contribute minimally to global greenhouse gas emissions, disproportionately suffer from climate-induced weather events. Recent severe floods in countries like Nepal, Nigeria, and Chad highlight their financial and infrastructural vulnerabilities. National Adaptation Plans (NAPs): While 171 countries have developed at least one adaptation policy, 26 countries lack such a policy, with 10 explicitly uninterested in formulating one, indicating sluggish progress in adaptation planning. UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience (UAE-FGCR): Introduced at UNFCCC COP28, this framework sets dimensional and thematic targets for adaptation across various sectors like agriculture, water, and health. Despite its significance as the first international declaration focused primarily on climate adaptation, implementation remains slow. Shift in Adaptation Strategy: UNEP advocates for a transition from reactive to strategic adaptation approaches, particularly emphasizing underfunded areas such as ecosystem preservation and cultural heritage. Transformational Adaptation: This concept, which was a contentious topic during COP28, involves substantial structural or functional changes rather than mere adjustments to existing practices, aiming to comprehensively address escalating climate risks. -Source: Down To Earth State of the Climate 2024 Context: State of the Climate 2024 Report once again issues a Red Alert at the sheer pace of climate change in a single generation, turbo-charged by ever-increasing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology State of the Climate 2024 Report Issuing Organization and Release Context: Released by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) during the United Nations Climate Conference (COP29) held in Baku. Key Findings of the Report Record-Breaking Temperatures: 2024 is anticipated to be the warmest year on record, continuing a trend of exceptionally high global mean temperatures. From January to September 2024, the global average temperature was 1.54 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, influenced significantly by an El Niño weather pattern. Decadal Temperature Increase: The decade from 2015 to 2024 is projected to be the warmest ten-year period on record. Ocean warming rates have notably increased over the past two decades, with predictions of continued irreversible heating of the planet’s seas. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2023 recorded the highest levels of greenhouse gas emissions ever observed, with a continuation of this upward trend noted in 2024. Carbon dioxide levels increased by 51% from 1750 to 2023, significantly impacting the thermal state of the world’s oceans, which absorb about 90% of the excess heat from global warming. Ocean and Glacier Changes: The world’s oceans reached record heat levels in 2023, with preliminary data for 2024 indicating a continuation of this warming trend. Glaciers globally are experiencing accelerated ice loss, with 2023 marking the fastest rate of retreat in the 70-year record—equivalent to losing five times the volume of water held in the Dead Sea. Impact on Sea Levels: Rapid glacial melt, particularly noted in North America and Europe, contributes to rising sea levels. Between 2014 and 2023, the global mean sea level rose at a rate of 4.77 mm per year, more than doubling the rate observed from 1993 to 2002. -Source: Indian Express Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile Context: Recently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted the maiden flight test of its Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM). Relevance: GS III: Defence Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM) Launch Capabilities: The LRLACM is designed for versatile deployment, capable of being launched from mobile ground-based systems as well as from frontline ships. It employs a universal vertical launch module, enhancing its operational flexibility. Flight and Manoeuvrability: This missile is capable of performing complex manoeuvres at various speeds and altitudes, demonstrating its versatility and precision in targeting. Technological Enhancements: Equipped with advanced avionics and software, the LRLACM boasts improved performance and reliability. These features are crucial in meeting the demands of modern warfare. Stealth and Evasion: Typically subsonic, the LRLACM can follow terrain-hugging flight paths which make it more difficult for enemy radars to detect and intercept, thereby offering strategic advantages in penetrating enemy defenses. Development and Production Development Team: The missile was developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment, a part of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), located in Bengaluru. This project represents a collaborative effort involving various DRDO laboratories and Indian industries. Production Partners: Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) in Hyderabad and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) in Bengaluru are the designated Development-Cum-Production Partners, playing significant roles in the missile’s production. Government Approval: The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved the LRLACM as a Mission Mode Project, under the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) procedure. Strategic Significance Enhancement of Defense Capabilities: The successful test of the LRLACM is considered a key milestone in advancing India’s defense capabilities, particularly in the realm of long-range precision strikes. This development is integral to India’s strategic defense objectives, bolstering its ability to maintain security and deter aggression. -Source: Indian Express Comb Jellies Context: Comb jellies, also known as ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, can defy age and revert to younger versions of themselves, according to a study published recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Comb Jellies Comb jellies, members of the phylum Ctenophora, are transparent, gelatinous invertebrates that drift through global ocean waters. These creatures are one of the oldest multicellular phyla in the animal kingdom, with an existence that likely spans over 500 million years. There are between 100 and 150 known species of comb jellies, many of which are commonly found close to shorelines. Description and Characteristics Physical Appearance: Comb jellies are typically colorful and simple in structure. The average comb jelly is about four inches long, though sizes can vary among different species. Their most distinctive feature is the eight rows of fused cilia—tiny hair-like structures—resembling combs, which they use for locomotion. They are the largest known animals to use cilia as a means of movement. They possess two large, trailing tentacles that branch out, creating a net-like appearance and functioning as sticky fishing lines to capture and transport prey to their bodies. Biological Features: Comb jellies have two primary cell layers: an external epidermis and an internal gastrodermis, with a gelatinous mesoderm sandwiched between these layers, contributing to their jelly-like consistency. Many species exhibit bioluminescence, capable of emitting a captivating blue or green glow in response to physical stimuli, such as touch. Feeding Habits: These organisms are carnivorous and opportunistic feeders, consuming a variety of prey that comes into contact with their tentacles. Unlike jellyfish, their close relatives, comb jellies do not possess stinging tentacles, making them harmless to humans. Ecological Role Comb jellies play a significant role in marine ecosystems, primarily as predators of small aquatic organisms. Their presence helps regulate the populations of various marine species, contributing to the ecological balance within their habitats. Despite their ancient lineage and simplicity, comb jellies continue to thrive in diverse marine environments around the world. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 November 2024

CONTENTS Maulana Azad and Acharya Kripalani QS World University Rankings: Asia 2025  Maulana Azad and Acharya Kripalani Context: PM pays tributes to Maulana Azad and Acharya Kripalani on their Jayanti Relevance: GS I- Modern Indian history. Dimensions of the Article: About Maulana Abul Kalam Azad About Acharya Kripalani About Maulana Abul Kalam Azad The National Education Day of India is celebrated every year on 11 November to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education minister of independent India. Born on 11 November 1888 and died on 22 February 1958. He was senior Muslim leader of Indian National Congress during Indian independence movement. He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad (word Maulana is honorific meaning ‘Our Master’) and he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. In 1923, at age of 35, he became youngest person to serve as President of Indian National Congress. He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which Quit India rebellion was launched. He also worked for Hindu-Muslim unity through the Al-Hilal newspaper. About Acharya Kripalani The Jivatram Bhagwant’s Kripalani, also called Acharya Kripalani, (born November 11, 1888, Hyderabad, India [now in Pakistan]died March 19, 1982, Ahmadabad), prominent Indian educator, social activist, and politician in both pre- and post-independence India, The Kripalani Ji who was a close associate of Mohandas K Gandhi and a longtime supporter of his ideology. The Acharya kripalani ji wife was famous the Sucheta Kripalani, the India’s 1st women Chief Minister. He was a leading figure in the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) during the 1930s and 40s and later was a founder of the Praja Socialist Party (PSP). He grew close to Gandhi ji  and at one point, he was one of Gandhi’s most ardent disciples. He had served as the General Secretary of the INC for almost a decade.  He had experience working in the field of education and was made the president to rebuild the INC.  The disputes between the party and the Government over procedural matters affected his relationship with the colleagues in the Government.  The Kripalani was a familiar figure to generations of dissenters, from the Non cooperation movements of the 1920s to the Emergency of the 1970s. QS World University Rankings: Asia 2025 Context: India with a total of 163 universities ranked is the most represented country in the recently released 16th edition of the World University Rankings: Asia by Quacquarelli Symonds. Relevance: GS II: Education QS World University Rankings: The QS World University Rankings are annual rankings released by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). These rankings aim to evaluate and compare the performance and quality of universities worldwide. The methodology used by QS takes into account various indicators, including academic reputation, faculty-student ratio, employer reputation, sustainability, employment outcomes, international research network, citations per faculty, international faculty ratio, and international student ratio. In addition to the overall rankings, QS also provides rankings by subject, region, student city, business school, and sustainability, catering to specific areas of interest and focus. Highlights of the QS Asia Rankings 2025 Scope of the Ranking: The ranking evaluates 984 institutions across 25 countries in Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern, and Central Asia. Top Institutions: Peking University maintains its position at the top of the rankings. The University of Hong Kong is ranked second. The National University of Singapore holds the third spot. India’s Performance: Two Indian institutions are ranked within the top 50. A total of seven Indian institutions make the top 100. The Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) is the highest-ranked Indian institution, placed 44th. Notable Improvement: The University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) marked a significant rise by climbing 70 positions to rank 148th.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 November 2024

Content: A mixed report card for the IMEC Stop the free fall Debating the ‘healthy longevity initiative’ A mixed report card for the IMEC Background Of India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC)  : Event: IMEC announced in September 2023 during the G20 summit in New Delhi. Objective: Reduce transit time by 40% and costs by 30% compared to the Suez Canal route. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations ) Practice Question:Highlight the challenges faced by the India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC). How India can maximise its benefits from the corridor? (250 words) Progress and Challenges : Initial Optimism: The announcement was met with optimism. Conflict Implications: The escalation of the Israel-Palestine conflict on October 7, 2023, halted progress. Key Stakeholders: Saudi Arabia and Jordan faced delays, impacting the northern part of the corridor. Geopolitics: Arab countries’ relations with Israel affect the project’s optics and progress. Eastern Part Progress: UAE-India relations have strengthened, leading to significant progress. Trade Implications : Bilateral Trade Growth: Post-CEPA, bilateral trade between India and the UAE increased by 93%, from $43.30 billion in 2020-21 to $83.64 billion in 2023-24. Non-Oil Trade: Significant growth in non-oil trade, indicating diversification of the trade basket. Facilitation : Virtual Trade Corridor: Launched by India and the UAE to streamline administrative processes, reduce costs, and ease trade. Model for IMEC: This initiative provides a framework for other IMEC countries to follow for cross-border trade facilitation. Uncertain Western Part vs. Committed Eastern Part Western Challenges: Uncertainty due to the ongoing conflict in West Asia. Eastern Progress: Continued development of economic linkages and infrastructure. Other Elements : Clean energy export, undersea fibre-optic cables, energy grid linkages, and telecommunication lines are on hold until the situation normalises. Recommendations for India Port Preparation: Develop ports and specific economic zones along connectivity nodes. Improve Domestic Logistics: Enhance digital footprint to reduce logistics time and costs. Global Supply Chain Integration: Strengthen manufacturing competitiveness to position India as a global supply chain alternative. IMEC Secretariat: Establish a secretariat to organise and streamline the corridor’s structure and operations. Conclusion The IMEC, with significant progress in the eastern part and halted progress in the western part, needs to be implemented effectively. Strengthening bilateral relations is the key. Stop the free fall Background : Trigger Event: The diplomatic tension began with Canada’s public allegations that Indian officials were involved in the 2023 murder of Khalistan activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar. Escalation: USA allegations regarding a plot against Gurpatwant Singh Pannun further complicated matters. Recent Incidents: On November 3, a camp organised by the Indian mission in Brampton was disrupted by Khalistan activists, followed by a protest by a Hindu group. Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question: Analyse the effect of the India-Canada diplomatic tension on the Indian diaspora in Canada. What measures can be taken to ensure their safety? (250 words) Impact on People Indian Diaspora: Approximately 19 lakh people of Indian origin in Canada maintain close ties with India and require consular services. Security Concerns: The Canadian government must ensure the security of Indian diplomats. Economic Relations Trade Impact: Bilateral trade in goods and services is around $19 billion. Negotiations on a bilateral trade treaty are stalled. Visa Issues: Disruptions in visa issuance on both sides can impact economic relations. Broader Context People-to-People Contacts: Sustained contacts have been beneficial, but current turmoil results in disrupted relations among people. Canada’s Border Policy: New restrictions on student visas will affect Indian aspirants. Nearly two-thirds of the Canadian population feels there are too many immigrants. Conclusion There is a growing need to ensure the safety of both diasporas because the normalisation of relations between the countries is not happening any soon. Debating the ‘Healthy Longevity Initiative’ Context: World Bank published a reportcalled‘Unlocking the Power of Healthy Longevity: Demographic Change, Non-communicable Diseases, and Human Capital’ in September 2024. Focus: Impact of demographic changes and the rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Relevance: GS 1 (Society ), GS 2 ( Social Justice ) Practice Question: Discuss the challenges for addressing the rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), with a special focus on India. Suggest key measures (250 words) Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic conditions that are not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs are primarily caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioural factors. Examples:Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancers, Chronic Respiratory Diseases, Diabetes. Global Data: Mortality: NCDs are responsible for 71% of all deaths globally, accounting for 41 million deaths each year. High-Burden Regions: Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) bear the brunt, with 85% of premature deaths (those occurring between ages 30-69) due to NCDs. Projections: The number of deaths due to NCDs is expected to rise from 61 million in 2023 to 92 million by 2050. India: NCDs currently account for approximately 60% of all deaths in India. Important Findings Ageing Population: A significant demographic shift towards an ageing population. Rise of NCDs: NCDs are becoming the leading cause of death in LMICs. Projections: Global deaths are expected to rise from 61 million in 2023 to 92 million in 2050. Health Care Needs: Increased need for NCD-related hospitalization and long-term care. Proposed Initiative Healthy Longevity Initiative (HLI): A life course approach to sharply reduce avoidable deaths and disabilities. Goals: Increase levels of physical, mental, and social functioning through middle and older ages, reduce serious disabilities, and ensure a short period before inevitable death. LMICs Challenges Healthcare Accessibility: Lack of accessible healthcare, competent medical staff, and well-equipped hospitals. Inadequate Funding: Insufficient state funding for healthcare leading to catastrophic health expenses and impoverishment. Modest and Feasible Objectives Modest Strategy: Strategies for reducing the surge in NCDs need to be realistic and achievable. India’s Situation: India’s elderly population (140 million) faces a high growth rate and increased susceptibility to NCDs. Social Security Schemes Utilizing social security schemes to handle Diabetes and Heart Diseases Pensions help cover healthcare expenses, thus reducing NCDs. High costs of travel, fees, and medicines impose a financial burden, leading to out-of-pocket expenditure and indebtedness. Lifestyle Factors Dietary Risks: High intake of refined grains, red meats, and fat-dense foods increases the risk of diabetes and heart diseases. Age-related Risks: Sedentary lifestyles, high-calorie diets, and genetic predispositions increase the risk of diabetes and heart diseases with age. Ayushman Bharat Scheme Objective: Provide health insurance coverage to the bottom 40% of households. Challenges: Inadequate funding, stringent eligibility requirements, and corruption issues hamper its effectiveness. Hospital Expenses and Supreme Court Intervention Inflated Prices: Private hospitals are notorious for inflated healthcare prices. Regulation: The Supreme Court directed the central government to regulate hospital procedure rates with informed pricing decisions. Behavioural and Policy Changes Lifestyle Changes: Importance of physical activity and balanced diets to prevent obesity and related NCDs. Tobacco Consumption: Limiting tobacco use can reduce NCD prevalence. Taxation: Taxing unhealthy products to reduce multi-morbidity prevalence. Conclusion The World Bank report on healthy longevity and NCDs sheds light on the rising burden of NCDs in LMICs. There is a growing need for realistic and feasible strategies.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 November 2024

CONTENTS State of Food and Agriculture 2024 51st Chief Justice of India Nano Fertilisers Ransomware Snakebite Envenoming Caterpillar fungus State of Food and Agriculture 2024 Context: India’s total hidden costs of agrifood systems were around $1.3 trillion annually, largely driven by unhealthy dietary patterns and dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases, found the State of Food and Agriculture 2024 report by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Relevance: GS II: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the State of Food and Agriculture 2024 Annual Hidden Costs in Agrifood Systems: The global hidden costs in agrifood systems are estimated at around USD 12 trillion each year. Main Contributors to Hidden Costs: Unhealthy dietary patterns are responsible for 70% of these costs, totaling USD 8.1 trillion, primarily due to non-communicable diseases like heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. India’s Position: India ranks third globally with hidden costs amounting to USD 1.3 trillion, following China (USD 1.8 trillion) and the United States (USD 1.4 trillion). These costs are indicative of significant health, social, and environmental challenges within India’s agrifood system. Dietary risks, particularly the high consumption of processed foods and low intake of plant-based foods, account for over 73% of these hidden costs in India. The excessive intake of processed foods and additives incurs an annual cost of USD 128 billion, mainly due to associated diseases. Insufficient consumption of plant-based foods and beneficial fatty acids contribute an additional USD 846 billion to India’s hidden costs, placing a strain on healthcare systems. Labor Issues: Low wages and productivity among agrifood workers, exacerbated by distributional failures, contribute to poverty within the sector. Classification of Agrifood Systems: The report identifies six agrifood system types: protracted crisis, traditional, expanding, diversifying, formalising, and industrial, each with unique hidden cost profiles. Dietary Risks Across Different Systems: In most systems, the primary dietary risk is the low intake of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. In protracted crisis and traditional systems, low fruit and vegetable consumption is a major concern. High sodium intake is more prevalent from traditional to formalising systems, peaking in formalising systems and reducing in industrial systems. Consumption of processed and red meats increases in more industrialised systems. Environmental and Social Costs: Significant environmental costs, including greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen runoff, totaling USD 720 billion, are noted especially in diversifying agrifood systems. Countries in prolonged crises face considerable relative environmental costs, amounting to up to 20% of their GDP. Traditional and protracted crisis systems experience the highest social costs, such as poverty and undernourishment, accounting for 8% to 18% of GDP in these areas. Some key recommendations from the report included: Providing financial and regulatory incentives to advance the adoption of sustainable practices along the food supply chain and to limit power imbalances between agrifood systems stakeholders Promoting healthier diets by enacting policies that make nutritious food more affordable and accessible and reduce health related hidden costs Incentivising reductions in greenhouse gas and nitrogen emissions, harmful land-use change and biodiversity loss through labelling and certification, voluntary standards and industry-wide due diligence initiatives Empowering consumers with clear, accessible information about the environmental, social and health impacts of food choices, while ensuring even vulnerable households can benefit from change India’s Efforts Towards Sustainable Food Systems (SFS) FAO’s Definition of SFS: According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a sustainable food system effectively balances economic profitability, social equity, and environmental protection, which collectively support long-term food security. Legislative Support: The National Food Security Act (NFSA) of 2013 showcases India’s dedication by providing food entitlements to over 800 million citizens. Key Initiatives for SFS: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Focuses on enhancing agricultural sustainability through various innovative practices. Fortified Rice Distribution (2024-2028): Aims to improve nutritional standards by fortifying rice, a staple in the Indian diet. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY): Encourages states to draft and execute their own agriculture development plans. Eat Right Initiative: Promotes healthy eating practices among the Indian population. Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM): Integrates digital technology into agriculture to boost efficiency and transparency. Challenges India Faces in Implementing SFS Environmental and Climate Challenges: Changing weather patterns, erratic rainfall, and extreme climate events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves negatively impact crop yields and threaten food security. Agricultural Practices: The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides contributes to soil degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. Declining yields, reduced soil fertility, lower soil organic carbon (SOC) levels, and water scarcity are pressing concerns. Regulatory and Health Issues: Discrepancies in the Indian standards for sugar and salt in processed foods compared to those set by the World Health Organization (WHO) complicate regulatory efforts and impact the nutritional quality of processed foods. Trade and Economic Challenges: Occasional rejections of India’s agricultural exports in key markets due to quality issues underline the necessity for enhanced standards. Small landholdings among farmers restrict productivity and income, while reliance on outdated farming methods leads to inefficient resource use and low yields. India’s trade agreements rarely focus on SFS, limiting opportunities to leverage mutual standards for growth. A lack of product-specific export strategies and comprehensive data hampers SFS-aligned trade planning. -Source: Down To Earth 51st Chief Justice of India Context: Recently, the President of India administered the oath of office to Justice Sanjiv Khanna as the Chief Justice of India (CJI). He succeeded Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, becoming the 51st CJI. Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Appointment of the CJI Administrative Powers of CJI (Master of Roster) Removal Appointment of the CJI: The Chief Justice of India and the Judges of the Supreme Court (SC) are appointed by the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Constitution. As far as the CJI is concerned, the outgoing CJI recommends his successor. The Union Law Minister forwards the recommendation to the Prime Minister who, in turn, advises the President. SC in the Second Judges Case (1993), ruled that the senior most judge of the Supreme Court should alone be appointed to the office of the CJI. The Supreme Court collegium is headed by the Chief Justice of India and comprises four other senior most judges of the court. The collegium system is the system of appointment and transfer of judges that has evolved through judgments of the Supreme Court (Judges Cases), and not by an Act of Parliament or by a provision of the Constitution. In 2019, the SC ruled that the office of Chief Justice of India (CJI) comes under the purview of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. Qualifications The Indian Constitution says in Article 124 (3) that in order to be appointed as a judge in the Supreme Court of India, the person has to fit in the following criteria: He/She is a citizen of India Has been for at least five years a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession; Has been for at least ten years an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession; or is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist Administrative Powers of CJI (Master of Roster): It is common to refer to the office as primus inter pares – first amongst equals. Besides his adjudicatory role, the CJI also plays the role of the administrative head of the Court. In his administrative capacity, the Chief Justice exercises the prerogative of allocating cases to particular benches. The Chief Justice also decides the number of judges that will hear a case. Thus, he can influence the result by simply choosing judges that he thinks may favour a particular outcome. Such administrative powers can be exercised without collegial consensus, and without any stated reasons. Removal: He/She can be removed by an order of the President only after an address by Parliament has been presented to President. This should be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament (i.e., by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting). Grounds of Removal: Proved misbehaviour or Incapacity (Article 124(4)). -Source: the Hindu Nano Fertilisers  Context: Recently, Indian scientists have developed nano coated muriate of potash (nano fertilisers) which can enhance the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of fertilisers.  Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About Nano Fertilisers Significance of Nano Fertilisers in Agriculture Challenges Associated with Nano Fertilizers About Nano Fertilisers: Nano fertilisers are highly efficient fertilisers that provide nutrients like nitrogen to crops through fine granules. These fertilisers have a smaller particle size, which makes them more effective than traditional fertilisers. Nano Urea Liquid: Nano urea liquid is a type of nano fertiliser that was developed in 2022 by the Indian Farmers and Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO). The liquid is made up of urea and other micronutrients, which are encapsulated in nano-sized polymer coatings. The coating helps in the controlled release of the nutrients, ensuring that the crops receive a steady supply of nutrients over time. The primary benefit of using nano urea liquid is that it can replace conventional urea and reduce its requirement by 50%. This is because nano urea liquid is more efficient, and the crops require a smaller quantity of it to meet their nutrient requirements. Significance of Nano Fertilisers in Agriculture: Nano fertilisers have the potential to revolutionize the agriculture industry with their numerous benefits, some of which are listed below: Reduce Losses: Nano fertilisers use nanoscale porous domains on plant surfaces to deliver nutrients, which improves the effectiveness of nitrogen delivery and reduces losses to the environment. This leads to a more efficient use of fertilisers and helps in reducing environmental pollution. Increase Farmers’ Income: Nano fertilisers are cost-effective and easy on the pocket of farmers, which can significantly increase their income. It can also reduce the cost of logistics and warehousing. For example, a small bottle of 500 millilitres of nano urea spray is said to be a substitute for a full bag of 45 kilogrammes of conventional urea. Making Crops Stronger: Nano fertilisers reduce the excess use of conventional fertilisers and make crops stronger and healthier. They also protect crops from the lodging effect, which is the bending over of the stems near ground level of grain crops, making them very difficult to harvest and can dramatically reduce yield. Challenges Associated with Nano Fertilizers: High Cost: The advanced technology and production methods used for producing nano-fertilizers make them expensive compared to conventional fertilizers. As a result, small farmers may find it unaffordable, limiting their access to this technology. Quality Control: Strict quality control measures are necessary to ensure the safety and effectiveness of nano-fertilizers. However, the absence of standardized regulations for their production and distribution has resulted in poor quality control and inconsistent outcomes. Environmental Concerns: The long-term effects of nano-fertilizers on soil health, water quality, and ecosystem balance raise environmental concerns. Proper testing and regulation are essential to ensure the sustainable use of these fertilizers. Regulatory Framework: The development and usage of nano-fertilizers require a comprehensive regulatory framework to ensure their safe and sustainable use. The lack of a robust regulatory framework has led to confusion and uncertainty among farmers and policymakers. Limited Research: The research on the long-term effects of nano-fertilizers is limited. More research is necessary to fully understand the impact of these fertilizers on the environment and human health. -Source: Down To Earth Ransomware Context: According to the 2023-24 annual report of the Department of Personnel Training (DoPT), a crucial defence unit was affected by a ransomware attack in 2023.  The CBI investigated multiple cybercrimes with national security implications, including ransomware, a massive DDOS attack on critical infrastructure, and a malware breach within a Ministry. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: What is ransomware? What is Cyber Attack and Cyber Security? What are other similar types of Cyber Attacks? Which agencies in India deal with cyber-attacks? Impact of Ransomware Attack on Banking Operations Target of the Attack: C-Edge Technologies Ltd. was hit by a ransomware attack, impairing its service delivery to cooperative banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs). Disruption in Payment Systems: Customers at affected banks faced difficulties accessing critical payment channels such as the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and Aadhaar-enabled payment systems (AePS). Operational Continuity in Some RRBs: Certain RRBs remained operational, relying on alternative technology service providers backed by their sponsor banks. Wider Effects on the Payment Ecosystem Exposure of Vulnerabilities: The incident exposed the susceptibility of tech providers integral to sustaining the payment infrastructure. Demand for Enhanced Cybersecurity: It emphasizes the essential need for strengthened cybersecurity defenses to prevent future occurrences. Importance of Collaborative Efforts: Enhanced collaboration among the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), banks, and tech firms is vital to quickly counteract and alleviate the consequences of such disturbances. What is ransomware? Ransomware is a type of malicious software, used by cyber criminals, to infect a computer system by blocking access to the stored data by encrypting the files. A ransom is then demanded from the owner in exchange for the decryption key. While it is not yet clear as to how exactly the AIIMS computer systems were targeted, the malware may usually be injected remotely by tricking the user into downloading it upon clicking an ostensibly safe web link sent via email or other means, including hacking. It can spread throughout the network by exploiting existing vulnerabilities. Ransomware attacks can also be accompanied by theft of sensitive data for other sinister motives. What is Cyber Attack and Cyber Security? Cyber attack is an assault launched by cybercriminals using one or more computers against a single or multiple computers or networks. A Cyber Attack can maliciously disable computers, steal data, or use a breached computer as a launch point for other attacks. Cybercriminals use a variety of methods to launch a Cyber Attack, including malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service, among other methods. Cybersecurity means securing the cyberspace from attack, damage, misuse and economic espionage. Cyberspace is a global domain within the information environment consisting of interdependent IT infrastructure such as Internet, Telecom networks, computer systems etc. What are other similar types of Cyber Attacks? Viruses which are the most commonly-known form of malware and potentially the most destructive. They can do anything from erasing the data on your computer to hijacking your computer to attack other systems, send spam, or host and share illegal content. Worm is a type of malware that spreads copies of itself from computer to computer which can replicate itself without any human interaction, and it does not need to attach itself to a software program in order to cause damage. Trojan is a type of malware that is often disguised as legitimate software which can be employed by cyber-thieves and hackers trying to gain access to users’ systems. Spyware collects your personal information and passes it on to interested third parties without your knowledge or consent. Spyware is also known for installing Trojan viruses. Adware displays pop-up advertisements when you are online. Fake security software poses as legitimate software to trick you into opening your system to further infection, providing personal information, or paying for unnecessary or even damaging “clean ups”. Browser hijacking software changes your browser settings (such as your home page and toolbars), displays pop-up ads and creates new desktop shortcuts. It can also relay your personal preferences to interested third parties. Which agencies in India deal with cyber-attacks? Set up in 2004, the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) is the national nodal agency that collects, analyses and circulates inputs on cyber-attacks; issues guidelines, advisories for preventive measures, forecasts and issues alerts; and takes measures to handle any significant cyber security event. It also imparts training to computer system managers. The National Cyber Security Coordinator, under the National Security Council Secretariat, coordinates with different agencies at the national level on cybersecurity issues, while the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre has been set up for the protection of national critical information infrastructure. According to the government, the Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre) has been launched for detection of malicious software programmes and to provide free tools to remove the same, while the National Cyber Coordination Centre works on creating awareness about existing and potential threats. -Source: Indian Express Snakebite Envenoming Context: Recently, the Tamil Nadu government has officially declared snakebite envenomation as a notifiable disease under the Tamil Nadu Public Health Act, 1939. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Snakebite Envenoming (SE) Snakebite Envenoming (SE) SE is a grave disease often caused by venom injection from snakebites or venom spray into the eyes. It’s a daily health hazard in rural areas of Africa, Middle East, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America, affecting those dependent on agriculture. Impact of SE Long-term health issues in survivors, predominantly in developing nations, include physical deformities, kidney issues, and mental health effects. Mortality Data The WHO reports an annual global mortality of 81,410 to 137,880 due to snakebites. WHO’s Strategy Against SE In 2019, WHO aimed to reduce snakebite-induced mortality and morbidity by half by 2030. There’s a target for a 25% rise in qualified antivenom producers by 2030. A proposed global antivenom reserve is in the works. National health strategies are being adapted to include snakebite management and community education. Indian Efforts Preceding WHO’s plans, ICMR initiated community awareness and health infrastructure development in 2013. Aligning with global strategies, India implemented a National Action Plan in 2015 for tackling snakebite hazards. -Source: Indian Express Caterpillar fungus Context: New research into a chemical produced by a caterpillar fungus that has shown promise as a possible cancer treatment has revealed how it interacts with genes to interrupt cell growth signals. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps Sinensis) Biological Classification and Habitat: Caterpillar fungus is a fungal parasite that targets larvae of the ghost moth. It naturally occurs on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent high Himalayan regions, at altitudes between 3,200 and 4,500 meters above sea level. Local Names and Cultural Significance: Known regionally by various names: Kira Jari in India, Yartsagunbu in Tibet, Yarso Gumbub in Bhutan, Dong Chong Xia Cao in China, and Yarsagumba in Nepal. Habitats in India: In India, it is found in alpine meadows within several protected areas including: Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve Askot Wildlife Sanctuary Kanchendzonga Biosphere Reserve Dehan-Debang Biosphere Reserve Conservation Status: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies it as Vulnerable, highlighting its risk of extinction in the wild due to overharvesting and habitat loss. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 November 2024

CONTENTS National Legal Services Day Konark Sun Temple National Legal Services Day Context: The National Legal Services Day (NLSD) is celebrated on 9th November every year to spread awareness for ensuring reasonable fair and justice procedure for all citizens. Relevance: GS II- Polity About National Legal Services Day: NLSD was first started by the Supreme Court of India in 1995 to provide help and support to poor and weaker sections of the society. Free legal services are provided in matters before Civil, Criminal and Revenue Courts, Tribunals or any other authority exercising judicial or quasi judicial functions. It is observed to make the citizens of the country aware of the various provisions under the Legal Services Authorities Act and the rights of the litigants. On this day, each jurisdiction organizes legal aid camps, Lok adalats, and legal aid programmes. Objectives of Legal Services Authorities: Provide free legal aid and advice. Spread legal awareness. Organise lok adalats. Promote settlements of disputes through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mechanisms. Various kinds of ADR mechanisms are Arbitration, Conciliation, Judicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat, or Mediation. Provide compensation to victims of crime. Legal Services Institutions for providing Free Legal Services: National Level: National Legal Services Authority (NALSA). It was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. The Chief Justice of India is the Patron-in-Chief. State Level: State Legal Services Authority. It is headed by the Chief Justice of the State High Court who is its Patron-in-Chief. District Level District Legal Services Authority. The District Judge of the District is its ex-officio Chairman. Persons Eligible for Getting Free Legal Services: Women and children Members of SC/ST Industrial workmen Victims of mass disaster, violence, flood, drought, earthquake, industrial disaster. Disabled persons Persons in custody Those persons who have annual income of less than the amount prescribed by the respective State Government, if the case is before any court other than the Supreme Court, and less than Rs. 5 Lakhs, if the case is before the Supreme Court. Victims of Trafficking in Human beings or begar. Konark Sun Temple Context: Recently, four sandstone replicas of the iconic Konark wheels from the Konark Temple have been installed at the Rashtrapati Bhavan’s Cultural Centre and Amrit Udyan. This initiative is among various efforts to incorporate traditional cultural and historical elements into Rashtrapati Bhavan.  Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About Konark Sun Temple Key Facts About Konark Sun Temple: Location and Attribution: The Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century CE Sun temple located in Konark, along the coastline in the Puri district of Odisha, India. It is attributed to King Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty and was built around 1250 CE. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu Sun God Surya. Architectural Marvel: The temple complex is renowned for its distinctive appearance, resembling a 100-foot-high chariot with massive stone wheels and horses. This architectural masterpiece is carved entirely from stone. It is considered the pinnacle of Kalinga temple architecture. UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Konark Sun Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its cultural and historical significance. It is also a major pilgrimage site for Hindus and is featured on the reverse side of the Indian currency note of 10 rupees. Colorful Nickname: European sailors referred to the temple as the “Black Pagoda” as early as 1676 due to its resemblance to a tiered tower that appeared black. In contrast, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the “White Pagoda.” Key Features: The temple symbolizes the chariot of the Sun God, drawn by seven horses and with twelve pairs of wheels, representing the Sun’s movement across the heavens. Each wheel has 24 spokes, signifying the 24 hours in a day. These wheels also functioned as sundials, with shadows indicating the time of day. The temple complex consists of well-organized spatial units, including the vimana (principal sanctuary), jahamogana (audience hall), and natmandir (dance hall). The vimana once had a high tower with a shikhara (crowning cap), known as Rekha deul, which was destroyed in the 19th century. Architectural Significance: The Konark Sun Temple stands as a testament to the architectural and artistic brilliance of the Kalinga dynasty. It combines religious symbolism with astronomical and timekeeping elements, making it a remarkable historical and cultural treasure.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 November 2024

Contents : The LAC agreement, the détentes and the questions Giving shape to India’s carbon credit mechanism Ending discrimination in prisons The LAC Agreement, the détentes and the questions Context Announcement: Two weeks ago, India and China announced they are easing tensions at the line of actual control. Summit: Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping met at the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan on October 23, 2024. Relevance: GS 2 (International relations) Practice Question:Discuss the recent India-China détente. What steps have been taken to ease tensions, and what challenges remain to achieve lasting peace and stability at the border? (250 words) De-escalation Completed Work: Disengagement at Depsang and Demchok declared complete. Pending Work: Troop de-escalation and de-induction along the LAC still need agreement and verification. Lack of Clarity: No template or detailed explanation of new “patrolling arrangements” provided by the government. Historical Context Initial Clashes: Violent clashes at Pangong Tso in May 2020. Galwan Clashes: Brutal combat in June 2020, resulting in many Indian soldiers’ martyrdom. Current Status Buffer Zones: The creation of buffer zones makes a full return to the status quo ante 2020 virtually impossible. Patrolling Arrangements: Need to clarify if new arrangements will update past protocols and agreements. Chinese Action Theories Territorial Control: Part of a larger Chinese policy to control “every inch of territory” belonging to China. Strategic Reminder: Reminder of India’s continental realities despite its maritime partnership with the U.S. Infrastructure Pushback: Reaction to India’s increased infrastructure construction near the LAC. Recent De-escalation J&K Elections: Holding of elections in Jammu and Kashmir, with potential rollback to Statehood status. Ladakhi Protests: Agreement with Ladakhi protesters on discussing demands for Statehood and other guarantees. Pakistan Opening: Visit by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to Islamabad for the SCO conference, signalling potential openings. Need for Government Transparency Restoring Transparency: New Delhi must restore transparency in its plans for the northern peripheries. Thorough Enquiry: Conduct a thorough enquiry of events at the LAC and lessons learned. Citizen Confidence: A democratically elected government should take citizens into confidence about significant moves.   Conclusion The recent India-China détente marks a significant step towards restoring peace and stability at the border. However, clarity on new patrolling arrangements, transparency in government plans, and addressing the underlying causes of past tensions are crucial for sustainable peace and cooperation. Giving shape to India’s carbon credit mechanism Context Event: Conference of Parties-29 (COP-29) in Baku, Azerbaijan from November 11 to 22, 2024. Focus: Climate finance discussions, particularly the carbon credits framework and disagreements between developed and developing countries. India’s Update: Updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in 2023 to include a domestic carbon market as part of its climate strategy. Legislation:Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) is mandated by the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act of 2022. Relevance: GS 3 (Environment ) Practice Question:Discuss the key challenges for establishing a robust carbon credit market in India. Suggest key measures for the same (250 words) Carbon Credits At the global level,Inadequate accountability in credit generation leads to greenwashing, especially in the voluntary carbon market (VCM). Similar risks are feared under India’s Green Credit Programme (GCP) and CCTS. Proposed Solutions: National Registry: To track carbon credits and prevent double-counting. Third-Party Verification: Independent verifiers to assess additionally and permanence of carbon reduction projects. Best Practices: Emulate practices from entities like IETA and Gold Standard to ensure high-integrity carbon credits. Alignment with Global Standards International Mechanisms: Aligning with Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which facilitates Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs). Article 6 Rulebook: Finalized at COP26, outlines engagement in carbon trading while maintaining environmental integrity. Key Requirements: Prevent Double Counting: Mechanisms to prevent double counting of credits to maintain credibility Transparent Systems: For accounting emissions reductions and carbon credit transfers. Ensuring Environmental Integrity: Emphasis on robust governance, verification, and accountability standards to avoid low-quality credits. Focus on Disclosure Transparency: Comprehensive disclosure of project details, including techniques, benchmarks, and third-party verification reports. Stringent Additionality Criteria: Ensuring projects reflect real, additional emissions reductions. Regular Audits: Essential for verifying sustainability, with oversight by independent auditors approved by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). Real-time Tracking: Tracking credit transactions to boost accountability and understand environmental impacts. VCMI Framework: Introduces a tiered system for assessing carbon credit claims to enhance market transparency. Challenges: High costs of monitoring, reporting, and verification systems could deter smaller projects. Recommendations for India’s Carbon Market Stringent Enforcement: Necessary for the nascent carbon market to be effective. Alignment with International and Domestic Realities: To ensure a mature carbon market and stimulate climate finance aspirations. Focus on Transparency and Integrity: To pave the way for practical, sustainable development. Conclusion India’s carbon credit mechanism, though nascent, has the potential to become robust if stringent protocols for transparency and integrity are enforced. Ending discrimination in prisons Context : Case: Sukanya Shantha v. Union of India (2024). Issue: Segregation of prisoners based on caste in jail manuals. Supreme Court Ruling: Struck down caste-based segregation as unconstitutional, violating Articles 14 and 15. Relevance: GS 2 ( Governance ) Practice Question:Discuss the significance of the Supreme Court’s decision in Sukanya Shantha v. Union of India (2024) in eliminating caste-based segregation in prisons. Mention its impacts on prisoners (250 words) No Arbitrary Segregation Prem Shankar Shukla v. Delhi Administration (1980): Issue: Classification of prisoners based on economic and social status for handcuffing. Ruling: Unconstitutional to assume poor prisoners are more dangerous than affluent ones. Inacio Manuel Miranda v. State (1988): Issue: Discriminatory rules for writing letters in prison based on prisoner class. For example,  ‘Class-I prisoners’ could write four letters per month, but ‘Class-II prisoners’ could only write two. Ruling: Unreasonable and discriminatory, violating freedom of expression. Madhukar Bhagwan Jambhale v. State of Maharashtra (1984): Issue: Prohibition on writing letters to co-prisoners. Ruling: No logical basis, unduly inhibiting constitutional rights. Principle of Non-Discrimination Core Principle: Prisons cannot strip prisoners of rights they are otherwise entitled to. Caste-based Classification: Issue: Classification for labour based on caste hierarchy (cleaning for marginalised castes, cooking for others). Ruling: No connection with ability or reformation, perpetuates caste identity, violates equal opportunity. Outcome: State Prison Rules and similar decisions are set aside as discriminatory. Calcutta High Court Case (2012) Case: Gaur Narayan Chakraborty and Others. Issue: Classification of Maoists as political prisoners under the West Bengal Correctional Services (WBCS) Act, 1992. High Court Ruling: Political Prisoners: Believers of any political movement should be acknowledged as political prisoners. Amenities: Political prisoners are entitled to amenities such as chairs, tables, mattresses, pillows, and more. Significance: Highlighted the right of prisoners to dignified treatment. Way Forward Supreme Court Ruling: Recent judgment eliminated caste discrimination in prisons. Recommendation: Incorporate basic amenities in prisons by amending the Model Prison Manual 2016 to ensure a dignified life for all prisoners. Goal: Blur distinctions among prisoners and uphold basic human rights. Conclusion The Supreme Court’s decision in Sukanya Shantha v. Union of India (2024) reinforces the principle of non-discrimination in Indian prisons. By striking down caste-based segregation and ensuring equal treatment, the ruling paves the way for a more just and humane prison system.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 November 2024

CONTENTS Tamil Nadu Wind Energy Generators Challenge State Policy in Court Supreme Court Upholds Need for Government Sanction in PMLA Cases Involving Public Servants Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 Arrow-3 Missile Defence System Kayakalp Scheme Toto Tribe Tamil Nadu Wind Energy Generators Challenge State Policy in Court Context: In Tamil Nadu, known for pioneering wind mill installations, many turbines have surpassed 30 years of operation. In response to aging infrastructure, the Tamil Nadu government introduced the “Tamil Nadu Repowering, Refurbishment and Life Extension Policy for Wind Power Projects – 2024” in August. However, this policy has met with resistance from wind energy generators, who have successfully secured a stay from the Madras High Court. The generators are advocating for a policy that more actively promotes wind energy generation, highlighting a significant contention between industry stakeholders and state regulations. Relevance: GS III: Energy Dimensions of the Article: What is the wind energy capacity and potential in India? How are wind turbines maintained? Repowering and Refurbishing in Wind Energy Way forward What is the wind energy capacity and potential in India? The National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) says that India has wind power potential for 1,163.86 GW at 150 metres above ground level, and is ranked fourth in the world for installed wind energy capacity. At 120 metres above ground level, which is the normal height of wind turbines now, the potential is 695.51 GW, including the 68.75 GW from Tamil Nadu. Only about 6.5% of this wind potential is used at the national level and nearly 15% in Tamil Nadu. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh are the leading States for installed wind energy capacity, collectively contributing 93.37% of the country’s wind power capacity installation. Tamil Nadu has seen the installation of wind turbines since the 1980s, and today it has the second largest installed wind energy capacity with 10,603.5 MW, according to data available with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Of the 20,000 wind turbines in the State, nearly 10,000 are of small capacities, that is less than one MW. How are wind turbines maintained? Wind turbines that are more than 15 years old or have less than 2 MW capacity, can be completely replaced with new turbines, which is known as repowering. They can also be refurbished by increasing the height of the turbine, changing the blades, installing a higher capacity gear box, etc., to improve the energy generated. These can be done for standalone wind mills, or a group of wind mills owned by multiple generators. When wind energy generators take up safety measures in the old turbines and extend its life, its called life extension. The MNRE first came out with a “Policy for Repowering of the Wind Power Projects” in 2016 and based on consultations with stakeholders, released the “National Repowering & Life Extension Policy for Wind Power Projects -2023”. The NIWE estimates the repowering potential to be 25.4 GW if wind turbines of less than 2 MW capacity are taken into consideration. Repowering and Refurbishing in Wind Energy Repowering and refurbishing in the context of wind energy involve upgrading older wind turbines with newer, more efficient models or enhancing their components to improve performance and extend their operational life. This process is crucial as technology advances and the physical landscape and regulatory environments evolve. What Does Repowering Entail? Upgrading Turbine Capacity: Repowering typically means replacing older, less efficient wind turbines with modern, higher-capacity units. For example, replacing sub-one MW turbines from the 1980s with newer models that can generate more electricity—such as 2 MW or 2.5 MW turbines which not only produce more power but also operate more efficiently. Increased Physical Requirements: Newer turbines are generally larger and require more land. A 2 MW turbine might need 3.5 acres, whereas a 2.5 MW turbine could require up to five acres. This increased size translates to higher power generation capabilities. Infrastructure Enhancements: Alongside turbine upgrades, infrastructure improvements are necessary, particularly regarding wind energy evacuation and transmission systems. These systems must be upgraded to handle increased power output and ensure efficient energy transfer from wind farms to the power grid. What Does Refurbishing Entail? Component Upgrades: Refurbishing involves replacing or upgrading specific components of an existing turbine without a complete replacement. This might include newer blades, more efficient generators, or updated control systems. Extending Turbine Life: By refurbishing parts, the operational life of a turbine can be extended, making it more economically viable over a longer period, especially when complete repowering isn’t feasible due to space or regulatory constraints. Challenges and Considerations Land and Regulatory Issues: As newer turbines require more space, repowering can sometimes be hindered by increased habitation around wind sites and stricter land use regulations. Additionally, the installation of larger turbines might require navigating more complex zoning laws or environmental impact assessments. Financial Implications: In regions like Tamil Nadu, regulatory changes such as the lack of a banking facility for new installations post-2018 affect the financial dynamics. Banking facility allows generators to store energy in the grid and use it later, offsetting times when generation exceeds immediate grid demand. Infrastructure Delays: Projects such as the development of sub-stations, crucial for supporting increased capacity at sites like Aralvaimozhi, often face delays due to financial, bureaucratic, or logistical challenges, impacting the overall feasibility of repowering projects. Way forward Among the wind energy generating States, the repowering potential is the highest in Tamil Nadu with over 7,000 MW of installed capacity that can be replaced or refurbished. If the small turbines are repowered or refurbished, the contribution of wind energy to total energy consumed during the peak windy seasons can go up easily by 25%. While there have been generators which have replaced turbines in the past without government support, the policy itself does not promote wind energy generation, claim the generators. It should look at challenges on the field and consider how the wind energy potential can be harnessed fully by the generators. -Source: The Hindu Supreme Court Upholds Need for Government Sanction in PMLA Cases Involving Public Servants Context: The Supreme Court of India has affirmed a Telangana High Court ruling that requires prior government sanction for prosecuting public servants under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002. This decision clarifies that Section 197(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 — now replaced by the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 — which mandates such government sanction, extends to cases under the PMLA as well. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Section 197(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 Recent Changes Made Under the PMLA Section 197(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) Section 197(1) of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) in India plays a crucial role in the legal framework that governs the prosecution of public servants. Here’s an overview of its key aspects: Purpose and Function Protection of Public Servants: Section 197(1) requires that any prosecution of public servants (including judges and magistrates) for actions conducted in their official capacity must receive prior sanction from a government authority. This is to ensure that officials can perform their duties without fear of malicious or frivolous litigation. Sanction Authority: The authority to grant such sanctions varies depending on the public servant’s administrative alignment: Central Government: Sanction for prosecuting union-affiliated public servants. State Government: Sanction for those involved in state government affairs. Aims and Implications Prevention of Malicious Prosecution: The requirement for prior government sanction serves to filter out cases where the charges might be driven by ulterior motives rather than genuine grievances. Good Faith Decision-making: It protects the ability of public servants to make decisions in good faith without undue worry about potential legal repercussions from those decisions. Exceptions to the Rule Crimes Exempt from Sanction: Not all actions by public servants are protected under this section. Crimes that involve gender-based violence and sexual offences, as outlined in the Indian Penal Code, 1860, are exempt from the requirement of prior sanction. This exemption ensures that serious offences do not go unpunished under the guise of official duty. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 According to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002, Money laundering is concealing or disguising the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources.  It is frequently a component of other, much more serious, crimes such as drug trafficking, robbery or extortion. Money laundering is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 7 years and Fine under the PMLA. The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is responsible for investigating offences under the PMLA. The Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) is the national agency that receives, processes, analyses and disseminates information related to suspect financial transactions. After hearing the application, a special court (designated under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act PMLA, 2002) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender and also confiscate properties which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad. The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act. These powers will be similar to those of a civil court, including the search of persons in possession of records or proceeds of crime, the search of premises on the belief that a person is an FEO and seizure of documents. Recent Changes Made Under the PMLA The Indian government has made several changes to the Prevention of Money-Laundering Act (PMLA) to plug loopholes and comply with Financial Action Task Force (FATF) regulations. Some of the key changes are: More disclosures for non-governmental organizations by reporting entities like financial institutions, banking companies, or intermediaries. Definition of “politically exposed persons” (PEPs) as individuals who have been entrusted with prominent public functions by a foreign country, which brings uniformity with a 2008 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) circular for Know Your Customer (KYC) norms and anti-money laundering standards for banks and financial institutions. Inclusion of practicing chartered accountants, company secretaries, and cost and works accountants carrying out financial transactions on behalf of their clients under the ambit of the money laundering law. Widening the list of non-banking reporting entities to allow 22 financial entities like Amazon Pay (India) Pvt. Ltd, Aditya Birla Housing Finance Ltd, and IIFL Finance Ltd. to verify the identity of their customers via Aadhaar under the ambit of the money laundering law. The financial transactions covered under the money laundering law include buying and selling of any immovable property, managing client money, securities, or other assets, management of bank, savings, or securities accounts, organization of contributions for the creation, operation, or management of companies, creation, operation, or management of companies, limited liability partnerships, or trusts, and buying and selling of business entities. -Source: The Hindu Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 Context: According to WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 India has achieved a notable 17.7% decline in tuberculosis (TB) incidence from 2015 to 2023. This decline, exceeding the global average of 8.3%, underscores India’s unwavering commitment to eliminating TB by 2025, under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP).  Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 About Tuberculosis India’s TB Elimination Target: Goals and Challenges Key Findings of the Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 Increasing Global TB Incidence Rise in Cases: There were 8.2 million new tuberculosis (TB) cases reported globally in 2023, an increase from 7.5 million in 2022. This is the highest number recorded by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1995. Slight Decrease in Deaths: TB-related deaths were slightly lower in 2023, with an estimated 1.25 million, compared to 1.32 million in 2022. Geographic and Demographic Distribution High Burden in LMICs: Low- and middle-income countries account for 87% of the global TB burden. Major Contributing Countries: Five countries—India (26%), Indonesia (10%), China (6.8%), the Philippines (6.8%), and Pakistan (6.3%)—alone contribute to 56% of the global TB burden. Affected Populations: 55% of TB cases occurred in men, 33% in women, and 12% in children and young adolescents. Progress Towards End TB Strategy Goals 2025 Targets: The WHO’s End TB Strategy aims for a 75% reduction in TB deaths and a 50% reduction in incidence rates by 2025. Challenges in Meeting Targets: The WHO Global TB Report 2024 and the India TB Report 2024 indicate that India, among other countries, is unlikely to meet these milestones or eliminate TB by 2025. Specifics of India’s TB Scenario Case Numbers: In 2023, India recorded an estimated 27 lakh TB cases, with 25.1 lakh individuals diagnosed and beginning treatment. Incidence Rate: TB incidence in India dropped from 237 cases per lakh population in 2015 to 195 per lakh in 2023, marking a 17.7% decline. Improved Treatment Coverage: Treatment coverage in India increased to 89% in 2023, up from 72% in 2015, significantly narrowing the gap of undiagnosed or untreated cases. About Tuberculosis TB remains the world’s deadliest infectious killer. Each day, over 4000 people lose their lives to TB and close to 30,000 people fall ill with this preventable and curable disease TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Transmission: TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. Symptoms: Cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Treatment: TB is a treatable and curable disease. It is treated with a standard 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer. Anti-TB medicines have been used for decades and strains that are resistant to 1 or more of the medicines have been documented in every country surveyed. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using second-line drugs. Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is a more serious form of MDR-TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the most effective second-line anti-TB drugs, often leaving patients without any further treatment options India’s TB Elimination Target: Goals and Challenges India has set an ambitious target of eliminating tuberculosis by 2025, five years ahead of the global sustainable development target of 2030. Here are the goals and challenges in achieving this target: Target Goals: India’s national strategic plan 2017-2025 aims to report no more than 44 new TB cases or 65 total cases per lakh population by 2025. The plan also aims to reduce TB mortality to 3 deaths per lakh population by 2025 and eliminate catastrophic costs for affected families. Current Incidence: The estimated TB incidence for 2021 stood at 210 per lakh population. However, achieving the target is a big task as the plan had envisaged an incidence of only 77 cases per lakh population by 2023. Mortality: The estimated TB mortality for the year 2020 stood at 37 per lakh population, which is higher than the 2025 target of 3 deaths per lakh population. Catastrophic Costs: The plan aims to reduce catastrophic costs for the affected family to zero. However, the report states that 7 to 32 per cent of those with drug-sensitive TB, and 68 per cent with drug-resistant TB experienced catastrophic costs. Challenges: India faces several challenges in achieving the TB elimination target, including inadequate funding, weak health infrastructure, low awareness, and poor treatment adherence. End TB Strategy: The goals are in line with the World Health Organisation’s End TB strategy that calls for an 80% reduction in the number of new cases, a 90% reduction in mortality, and zero catastrophic cost by 2030. Efforts to Achieve TB Elimination Target of 2025 in India Active Case Finding: The government is actively looking for TB cases among vulnerable and co-morbid populations and screening for it at health and wellness centers. Notification System: A Ni-kshay portal has been established to track notified TB cases, and the private sector has been called upon to notify all TB cases. Improved Diagnostic Tests: The pandemic has led to improved access to more accurate molecular diagnostic tests like CB-NAAT and TureNat, with 4,760 molecular diagnostic machines covering all districts of the country. Additionally, 79 line probe assay laboratories and 96 liquid culture testing laboratories have been set up for the diagnosis of multi and extremely drug-resistant TB. Universal Drug Susceptibility Test: The government has implemented a universal drug susceptibility test, which determines antibiotic susceptibility for all newly diagnosed cases, ensuring patients are given effective treatment from the outset. Community Engagement Program: The government launched a community engagement program in which Ni-kshay mitras adopt TB patients and provide them with monthly nutritional support. So far, 71,460 Ni-kshay Mitras have adopted about 10 lakh TB patients under the program. -Source: The Hindu Arrow-3 Missile Defence System Context: Israel’s Defence Ministry has begun coordinating joint preparations with the German Federal Ministry of Defence for the initial deployment of Israel’s Arrow-3 missile interception system on German soil in 2025. Relevance: GS III: Defence Arrow-3 Missile Defense System The Arrow-3 is an advanced exo-atmospheric anti-ballistic missile defense system designed to intercept long-range threats outside the Earth’s atmosphere. It represents the upper echelon of Israel’s multi-layered air defense network, which includes various other systems like the Arrow 2, David’s Sling, and the Iron Dome. Development and Deployment Joint Venture: Arrow-3 was developed collaboratively by Israel Aerospace Industries and the U.S. Missile Defense Agency. Operational Since: The system was initially deployed in 2017 and serves as the top layer of Israel’s integrated air defense system. System Components and Capabilities Interceptor and Propulsion: Arrow-3 utilizes a two-stage solid-fueled interceptor capable of engaging short- and medium-range ballistic missiles. Speed and Range: The system is hypersonic, capable of traveling at five times the speed of sound, with an operational range of approximately 2,400 km. Altitude: It can intercept incoming threats at altitudes up to 100 km, effectively outside of the Earth’s atmosphere. Support Systems: The Arrow-3 system includes a sophisticated launcher, radar, battle management, and fire control capabilities. Radar Capabilities: It features early warning and fire control radar that supports extended-range acquisition, multi-target acquisition, and tracking. Operational Mechanism Hit-to-Kill Technology: Arrow-3 employs hit-to-kill technology, which ensures that the interceptor destroys the incoming missile by colliding with it directly, rather than using an explosive warhead. Launch and Interception Process: The missile is initially launched vertically upwards. It then maneuvers towards the calculated interception point based on real-time tracking. A high-resolution electro-optical sensor is used to acquire and track the target accurately. The kill vehicle then executes the final interception, destroying the warhead of the incoming missile through direct impact. Significance of Arrow-3 Arrow-3 is a critical component of Israel’s defensive strategy against ballistic missile threats. Its ability to engage threats at high altitudes allows it to neutralize potential dangers before they enter the atmosphere, providing a strategic defense advantage. This system is part of a broader effort to safeguard the nation’s airspace against increasingly sophisticated threats, ensuring a robust defense posture that can handle multiple incoming targets simultaneously. In summary, the Arrow-3 missile defense system enhances Israel’s capability to defend against long-range ballistic missile threats with precision and reliability, significantly contributing to regional stability and security. -Source: The Hindu Kayakalp Scheme Context: The Rajasthan College Education Commissionerate has directed 20 government colleges to get the front facade of their buildings and entry halls painted orange under the Kayakalp Scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Kayakalp Scheme: Launched by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare on 15 May 2015 under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan with the view of promoting cleanliness to further improve the quality of health-care facilities in India. Aims/ Objectives: Promote Cleanliness, Hygiene, Infection Control, and Environment-friendly practices in PHFs. To motivate and recognize PHFs that do well in adhering to standard cleanliness and infection control practices. To adopt a culture of constant assessment and peer review of performance in terms of hygiene, cleanliness, and sanitation. To develop and promulgate sustainable practices related to improved cleanliness in PHFs associated with good health outcomes. The Kayakalp assessment is a three-tier process of internal, peer and external assessment. The pre-defined assessment tool is deployed at the beginning of each financial year for assessing, scoring and documenting a health facility. The criteria wherein the performance of the facility would be graded are as follows: Hospital/Facility Upkeep Sanitation and Hygiene Waste Management Infection Control Support Services Hygiene Promotion This scheme awards the five following prizes to recognize the strenuous efforts that healthcare centers make with such commitment: Two best district hospitals. Two best community health centers or sub-district hospitals One primary health center for each district. Cash prizes along with citations are given by the scheme to the winners based on a specific set of selection criteria. -Source: The Hindu Toto Tribe Context: Totos, one of the smallest tribes in the world, lives in Totopara off West Bengal but are fighting for identity and suffering from infrastructure woes. Relevance: GS II: Tribes About the Toto Tribe: It is an aboriginal Indo-Bhutanese tribe which specifically dwells in the Totopara village of Alipurduar district in West Bengal. The Totopara village lies within the vicinity of Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary. It lies just to the south of the border between Bhutan and West Bengal, on the bank of the Torsa River. The Toto tribe anthropologically comes under the Tibetan-Mongoloid ethnicity. The most threatened tribe is the one whose number of over 1600 members survive. The Toto tribe has often been described as ‘a dying tribe’ facing extinction. Classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). Toto Language: It is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Toto and has Bengali script. Totos are exogamous and are divided into 13 exogamous clans; among them, they choose their wife. This is a belief special to their tradition; they believe a man should have only one wife, and they work very hard for the anti-dowry system-a dissident notion from other tribal customs prevailing in their neighboring areas. Their houses are only bamboo huts with attap roof structures. Religion: Toto people practice the form of Hinduism but, unlike the people of other traditions, they do believe in nature worship. Economy: In the past, Totos were primarily food gatherers and followed slash and burn types of cultivation. Along with this, the Toto families earn a good amount of money by working as porters for carrying oranges from the different gardens of Bhutan to Totopara With the passage of time, occupational diversification has taken place. At present, they became settled agriculturists. -Source: Indian Express

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress