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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 September 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Inquiry into Open Prisons World Bank Raises India’s GDP Growth Forecast Impact of OPEC+ Production Cuts on Global Oil Markets and Indian Energy Security New India Literacy Programme Review Petition Konyak Tribe Supreme Court Inquiry into Open Prisons Context: The Supreme Court of India has issued a mandate to several states and Union Territories, requiring them to submit detailed reports on the operations of open prisons. This order is a response to escalating concerns about overcrowding in traditional prisons, highlighting the need for transparency and effectiveness in the management of these less restrictive facilities. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Why the Supreme Court Advocates for Open Prisons Understanding Open Prisons Advantages and Disadvantages of Open Prisons Why the Supreme Court Advocates for Open Prisons The Supreme Court views open prisons as a potential remedy for the chronic overcrowding issues in conventional prisons. These prisons aim to mitigate the psychological strains on inmates, helping them reintegrate smoothly into society post-incarceration. Transitioning inmates to open prisons reduces the load on high-security facilities, often plagued by severe overcrowding. The Court emphasizes thorough knowledge and application of open prison systems by states and union territories to enhance correctional strategies. Understanding Open Prisons Open prisons are less restrictive facilities that lack the stringent security measures like high walls and barbed wire, focusing instead on inmate self-discipline and community engagement. These institutions operate on the reformative theory of justice, which prioritizes rehabilitating inmates rather than merely punishing them. The first open prison in India was established in 1905 in the Bombay Presidency, originally using inmates for unpaid public labor. This concept evolved significantly post-independence, with a shift towards reformation and rehabilitation encouraged by constitutional rulings. Types and Features of Open Prisons Variety of Institutions: Open prisons vary from semi-open institutions attached to closed facilities, to work camps and open colonies where inmates can live with their families and engage in normal employment. Eligibility Criteria: Eligibility for transfer to open prisons generally requires inmates to demonstrate good behavior and a commitment to rehabilitation, as evidenced by their conduct within closed prisons. Legal and International Context Regulatory Framework: The governance of prisons in India falls under the state list as per the Indian Constitution, with each state adopting its own regulations as guided by the Prisons Act, 1894, and Prisoners Act, 1900. Global Perspective: Open prisons are a long-standing element of international correctional systems, with examples in Switzerland and the UK demonstrating their effectiveness since the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Global Advocacy and Recommendations UN Endorsement: The UN’s Nelson Mandela Rules advocate for open prisons as they facilitate better rehabilitation opportunities and respect for prisoners’ rights. Judicial and Human Rights Advocacy: Various judicial decisions and recommendations, including those from the Supreme Court of India and the National Human Rights Commission, have supported the expansion of open prisons to alleviate overcrowding and improve the correctional system’s effectiveness. Advantages and Disadvantages of Open Prisons Advantages of Open Prisons: Reduces operational costs compared to traditional prisons. Helps alleviate overcrowding in conventional prisons. Enhances the psychological and mental well-being of inmates. Requires fewer staff than closed prisons. Promotes rehabilitation and successful societal reintegration. Potentially lowers recidivism rates. Provides opportunities for inmates to secure employment. Encourages socialization and interaction with the external community. Emulates Gandhian values, fostering moral development and cooperative living. Benefits crime survivors and communities by demonstrating offender transformation. Disadvantages of Open Prisons: Lacks modern facilities and sufficient funding. Underutilized due to poor awareness and acceptability. Some inmates may become dependent on the open environment, causing reluctance to leave. Challenges in reallocating staff due to shortages. Outdated laws and lack of provisions for under-trial prisoners; inconsistent rules across states. Critics argue it may not effectively reduce recidivism. Difficulty in securing employment due to remote prison locations. Insufficient facilities for female prisoners in many areas. Non-transparent selection process can lead to bias and corruption. Issues with security, discipline, and perceived leniency by critics. World Bank Raises India’s GDP Growth Forecast Context: The World Bank has updated its economic growth projection for India in fiscal year 2025, increasing the GDP growth rate to 7% from the earlier forecast of 6.6%. This upward revision is attributed to significant growth in household real estate investments and heightened investments in infrastructure. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the World Bank’s Forecast on the Indian Economy Opportunities and Challenges for the Indian Economy Highlights of the World Bank’s Forecast on the Indian Economy Economic Growth Trends Current Growth: India, being the fastest-growing major economy, achieved an 8.2% growth rate last fiscal year and is projected to grow at 7% this fiscal year and 6.7% in FY26. Industrial Sector: Industrial growth is anticipated to decelerate slightly from 7.6% in FY25 to 7.3% in FY26, recovering from a post-COVID high of 9.5% in FY24. Capital Formation: Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) is expected to slow down to 7.8% in FY25 from 9.0% in FY24, having been at 6.6% in FY23. Service Sector: Amid a global dip in IT investment, growth in the service sector is expected to decrease from 7.6% in FY24 to 7.4% in FY25 and further to 7.1% in FY26. Agriculture: Agricultural growth is set to see a significant rise to 4.1% in FY25 from 1.4% in FY24. Trade: Export growth is forecasted at 7.2% in FY25, with import growth slowing to 4.1% from 10.9% in FY24. Opportunities and Challenges for the Indian Economy Export Sector Expansion: There’s potential to enhance exports in electronics, green technology, textiles, garments, and footwear alongside traditional strengths in IT, business services, and pharmaceuticals. Competitive Setbacks: India is losing ground in labor-intensive sectors like apparel and footwear, with its global market share in apparel exports declining from 4% in 2018 to 3% in 2022. Global Standing: Countries such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, Poland, Germany, and France have increased their global export shares by up to 2% from 2015 to 2022. Trade Barriers Protectionism: The global market has seen a rise in protectionism, which poses both challenges and opportunities for India. Competitiveness: Initiatives like the National Logistics Policy have helped reduce trade costs, enhancing India’s market competitiveness. Investment Hurdles: Increased tariffs and non-tariff barriers could impede trade-focused investments. Current Account Deficit (CAD) Recent Trends: The CAD was relatively low at 0.7% in FY24 but is projected to widen progressively from 1.1% in FY25 to 1.6% in FY27. Foreign Reserves: India’s foreign exchange reserves hit a peak of $670.1 billion in August 2023, providing substantial financial cushioning. Employment Youth Unemployment: Despite being a fast-growing economy, urban youth unemployment remains high at 17%. Trade Jobs: There has been a decline in jobs directly and indirectly related to international trade. Opportunity Loss: The exit of China from certain manufacturing sectors presents a missed opportunity for India to fill these gaps. Strategic Integration: Deeper integration into global value chains could foster job creation and spur innovation and productivity growth. Impact of OPEC+ Production Cuts on Global Oil Markets and Indian Energy Security Context: The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC+) recently decided to reduce oil production, a move that has stirred concerns about global oil market stability and the security of India’s energy supply. In light of this, as India’s fuel consumption is anticipated to surge from approximately 4.8 million barrels per day in 2024 to 6.6 million barrels by 2028, the country may be compelled to increasingly source crude oil from the Americas. This shift underscores significant adjustments in the dynamics of global oil trade, reflecting broader geopolitical and economic implications. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for OPEC+ Oil Production Reductions: Implications for India About Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Reasons for OPEC+ Oil Production Reductions: Market Stability: OPEC+ is reducing oil production to stabilize and elevate oil prices by addressing the varying demand and surplus. Revenue Enhancement: The strategy is to boost revenue for oil-producing nations amidst economic uncertainties and geopolitical tensions. Competition from Non-OPEC+ Nations: The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts a substantial rise in crude supply from countries like the USA, Canada, Brazil, and Guyana, which pressures OPEC’s market share. Geopolitical Influences: Conflicts in the Middle East, disruptions in shipping, and sanctions on Russian crude exports have also significantly influenced oil supply and pricing. Sustainability Goals: OPEC+ is working towards maintaining sustainable production levels to prevent market collapses that happen when supply overshadows demand. Implications of OPEC+ Oil Production Reductions: Global Oil Prices: Diminished output from OPEC+ is likely to drive up global oil prices, which can inflate costs for importing nations, influencing inflation rates and economic growth. Implications for India: Diversification of Supply Sources: With the reduction in OPEC+ production, India might enhance its crude oil imports from non-OPEC+ nations like the US, Canada, Brazil, and Guyana. This strategy aims to reduce dependence on West Asian crude oil, providing a more diverse import base. Energy Security vs. Cost Volatility: While diversifying suppliers could bolster energy security for India, it also exposes the country to potential price volatilities in these new markets, possibly leading to increased import bills and affecting the trade balance. Impact on the Economy: As the third-largest consumer of crude oil globally and with an import dependency over 85%, higher oil prices could strain the Indian economy, particularly impacting sectors dependent on oil, leading to increased transportation costs and broader economic instability. About Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. As of 2018, the 14 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and almost 82% of the world’s “proven” oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called “Seven Sisters” grouping of multinational oil companies. The stated mission of the organization is to “coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.” What is OPEC+? OPEC + countries are non-OPEC countries that export crude oil alongside the 14 OPEC countries. Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, South Sudan, and Sudan are among the OPEC plus countries. What are their goals? The OPEC and non OPEC producers first formed the alliance at a historic meeting in Algiers in 2016. The aim was to undertake production restrictions to help resuscitate a flailing market. New India Literacy Programme Context: In order to push for adult literacy under the New India Literacy Programme (NILP), the Union Ministry of Education (MoE) has defined “literacy” and what it means to achieve “full literacy” in a letter to all States. Relevance: GS II- Education Dimensions of the Article: Literacy under NILP About New India Literacy Programme Objectives of the scheme Salient Features of the scheme Literacy under NILP Definition of Literacy: The Ministry of Education (MoE) defines literacy as the capability to read, write, and perform arithmetic tasks with understanding. Additionally, it involves identifying, understanding, interpreting, and creating content, as well as acquiring vital life skills like digital and financial literacy. Full Literacy: A State or Union Territory (UT) achieves full literacy status when it records a 95% literacy rate. Literacy Certification Criteria: Under the National Initiative for Literacy Promotion (NILP), an individual is recognized as literate upon successfully passing the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT). FLNAT Details: Purpose: The FLNAT evaluates essential reading, writing, and numeracy skills to establish foundational literacy. Locations: Conducted across all participating States/UTs within District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs) and government-supported or aided schools. Multilingual Support: The test promotes multilingualism, aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, by being available in various regional languages. Certification: Participants are certified as literate upon passing this test. Performance Insights: 2023 Outcome: Of the 39,94,563 adult learners assessed, 36,17,303 were declared literate, translating to a certification rate of 85.27% in 2024. About New India Literacy Programme The scheme will cover non-literates of the age of 15 years and above in all state/UTs in the country. The scheme will be implemented through volunteerism through online mode. The training, orientation, workshops of volunteers, may be organized through face-to-face mode. All material and resources shall be provided digitally for easy access to registered volunteers through easily accessible digital modes, viz, TV, radio, cell phone-based free/open-source Apps/portals, etc.  The target for Foundational Literacy and Numeracy for FYs 2022-27 is 5 (five) crore learners @ 1.00 crore per year by using “Online Teaching, Learning and Assessment System (OTLAS)” in collaboration with National Informatics Centre, NCERT and NIOS in which a learner may register him/herself with essential information like name, date of birth, gender, Aadhaar number, mobile number etc. As a progressive step, it has also been decided that from now onwards that the term “Education For All” will be used in place of “Adult Education” by the Ministry in view of the fact that the terminology “Adult Education” is not incorporating appropriately all non-literates of 15 years and above age group. Objectives of the scheme To impart foundational literacy and numeracy To impart critical life skills (including financial literacy, digital literacy, commercial skills, health care and awareness, child care and education, and family welfare); Vocational skills development (with a view towards obtaining local employment); Basic education (including preparatory, middle, and secondary stage equivalency); Continuing education (including engaging holistic adult education courses in arts, sciences, technology, culture, sports, and recreation, as well as other topics of interest or use to local learners, such as more advanced material on critical life skills).  Salient Features of the scheme School will be Unit for implementation of the scheme. Schools to be used for conducting survey of beneficiaries and Voluntary Teachers (VTs). Different strategies are to be adopted for different age cohorts. Flexibility for States/UTs will be provided to undertake innovative activities. Use of Technologies to impart Adult Education for wider coverage of the scheme. Performance Grading Index (PGI) for State/UT and district level will show the performance of States and UTs to implement the scheme and achievements on yearly basis by weighing both the physical and financial progress through UDISE portal. CSR/Philanthropic Support may be received by hosting ICT support, providing volunteer support, opening facilitation centres for learners and for providing IT access to economically weak learners in the form of cell phones, etc There will be involvement of community, participation of philanthropic/CSR organizations through volunteerism and through Vidyanjali portal. States/UTs will promote individual/ family/ village/ district success stories through various platforms. It will utilize all types of media – Electronic, Print, Folk & Inter-personal platforms including social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube, TV channels, radio, etc. Annual Achievement Survey of Learning Outcomes by samples of 500-1000 randomly selected learners from each state/UT and Outcome-Output Monitoring Framework (OOMF). Need for this scheme As per Census 2011, the absolute number of non-literates of the country in 15 years and above age group is 25.76 crore (Male 9.08 crore, Female 16.68 crore). Even after the Saakshar Bharat programme implemented during 2009-10 to 2017-18, it is estimated that currently around 18.12 crore adults are still non-literate in India. Review Petition Context: A group of medical students recently filed a review petition challenging the Supreme Court’s decision to dismiss their writ petition, which sought to cancel the NEET UG 2024 examination. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Review Petitions: Concept and Applicability: Functus Officio Doctrine: Post-judgment, a case is typically considered closed under this doctrine, prohibiting its reopening. Exception for Review: The doctrine allows for exceptions where a review petition can be filed to re-examine the case. Supreme Court’s Authority: Article 137 Empowerment: Empowers the Supreme Court to review its decisions to address significant errors but not minor inaccuracies. High Courts’ Review Powers: Under Article 226, High Courts can also review their judgments if there’s a legal breach or constitutional violation. Grounds for Review: Established Criteria: The Supreme Court recognizes three main grounds for review: Discovery of new, critical information or evidence previously unavailable. Obvious errors on the face of the record. Any sufficiently analogous reason to the above two. Review Procedure: Eligibility to File: Not restricted to parties of the case; any aggrieved individual can file a review petition. Filing Deadline: Must be submitted within 30 days from the judgment or order date. Review Mechanism: Conducted without oral arguments, generally reviewed through circulation among judges. Aimed to be handled by the same bench that issued the original judgment unless impractical. Outcome of Review: Petitions lacking in substantial merit are typically rejected. Dismissed petitions allow for the filing of a curative petition as a further recourse. Konyak Tribe Context: The Konyak Union, apex body of the Konyak community, has sought the Nagaland government’s intervention in rectifying the “erroneous” boundary line between the State’s Mon district and Assam’s Charaideo district on Google Maps. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Konyak Tribe: Geographic Distribution: Predominantly resides in Nagaland’s Mon district, and extends into Tirap and Changlang districts of Arunachal Pradesh. Etymology and Social Structure: Name Origin: Derived from ‘Whao’ (head) and ‘Nyak’ (black), referring to ‘men with black hair’. Clans: Divided into two main groups: “Thendu” (Tattooed Face) and “Thentho” (White Face). Cultural Identity: Ethnicity: Belongs to the Mongoloid race. Religion: Predominantly Christian, with about 95% adherence among the population. Language: Speaks the Konyak language, part of the Northern Naga subgroup within the Sino-Tibetan Sal subfamily. Cultural Practices: Festivals: Key celebrations include Aolingmonyu, Aonyimo, and Laoun-ongmo, central to community cohesion and cultural identity. Craftsmanship: Renowned for their expertise in traditional gunsmithing, basketry, and other handicrafts utilizing cane, bamboo, and brass. Societal Organization: Family Structure: Operates under a patriarchal system where the eldest son typically inherits family assets.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 September 2024

CONTENTS Advancements in Consumer Rights for Electronics  Advancements in Consumer Rights for Electronics Context: The Department of Consumer Affairs recently facilitated a National Workshop focusing on the Right to Repair Framework specifically for mobile and electronic sectors. A key outcome of this workshop was the introduction of a “Repairability Index” for mobile phones and electronic products. This index is designed to aid consumers in making more informed purchasing decisions by assessing the ease of repairability of products. This initiative also seeks to tackle the escalating issue of e-waste and prompts manufacturers to design products that are simpler to repair, ultimately enhancing product longevity and sustainability. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key Insights from the Repairability Workshop Details of the Repairability Index Right to Repair Global and National Initiatives to Support the Right to Repair Challenges Involved in Implementing the Right to Repair Strategic Directions to Support the Right to Repair Key Insights from the Repairability Workshop Objective of the Workshop: The workshop aimed to build agreement among industry leaders to develop a repairability index, promote product longevity, and make repair information widely accessible, enhancing the use of mobile and electronic devices longer. Mitigating New Purchases: The initiative seeks to reduce the necessity for consumers to purchase new devices by providing better repair options or reducing repair costs. Addressing Planned Obsolescence: The discussions targeted the practice where manufacturers limit access to crucial repair resources like manuals and spare parts, a strategy known as “planned obsolescence.” Consumer Impact: A lack of repair resources pushes consumers either to discard their devices for new ones or to use unreliable counterfeit parts from unofficial markets. Global Best Practices: The workshop included lessons from international standards set by France, the European Union, and the United Kingdom, focusing on designing durable products to improve repairability. Sustainable Practices: Emphasis was placed on the necessity for sustainable product design, addressing ecological concerns, and transitioning from a disposable to a circular economy, which encourages mindful use of products over wasteful consumption. Details of the Repairability Index Function of the Index: The repairability index will serve as a compulsory label on electronics to inform users about the product’s repairability features. Rating Criteria: Technical Document Availability: Measures the accessibility of manuals and guides for repairing the device. Ease of Disassembly: Evaluates how simply a product can be disassembled to access and repair its components. Spare Parts Availability and Cost: Assesses the availability and affordability of spare parts for consumers. Index Scoring: Products are rated on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 indicates a product is challenging to repair with a high risk of damage, and 5 signifies a product is easy to repair, with straightforward access to crucial parts like batteries or displays without needing to dismantle the device extensively. Right to Repair Concept and Importance: The right to repair empowers end-users, both consumers and businesses, to fix their devices independently of manufacturers, without facing restrictions on technical resources. It challenges manufacturer-imposed repair restrictions that limit access to necessary tools, parts, and documentation, fostering a more competitive repair market. Core Principles of the Right to Repair: Information Accessibility: Ensuring consumers have access to essential repair manuals, schematics, and software updates. Parts and Tools Availability: Enabling third parties and individuals to procure necessary repair parts and tools. Legal Freedom: Permitting consumers to unlock or customize their devices, such as by installing custom software. Design for Repairability: Advocating for devices designed with ease of repair in mind to simplify maintenance efforts. Necessity of the Right to Repair: E-waste Reduction: Tackling the growing issue of electronic waste exacerbated by difficult-to-repair devices. Combatting Monopoly: Breaking down barriers created by manufacturers that limit third-party repairs, enhancing consumer choice and reducing costs. Addressing Planned Obsolescence: Countering product designs intended for short lifespans, which compel frequent replacements. Promoting Sustainability: Aiding in achieving circular economy objectives by extending the lifespan of appliances through improved maintenance, reuse, and recyclability. Global and National Initiatives to Support the Right to Repair Efforts in India: A committee led by Nidhi Khare initiated the Right to Repair Portal India, which consolidates all essential repair information for various sectors including farming equipment, mobiles, electronics, and automobiles. The portal currently includes 63 companies, enhancing transparency and access to repair services and parts. International Perspectives: United States: The Fair Repair Act of 2022 mandates that companies provide necessary tools and lift software restrictions that inhibit DIY repairs. European Union: The Right to Repair Rules of 2019 aim to cultivate a circular digital product economy, offering consumers repair resources for their appliances. United Kingdom: Regulations from 2021 ensure the availability of spare parts for up to ten years post-product release, supporting long-term product maintenance. Australia: Features community-driven initiatives like Repair Cafes, where volunteers assist locals with repairs, sharing knowledge and tools. Challenges Involved in Implementing the Right to Repair Resistance from Technology Companies: Major firms like Apple, Microsoft, and Tesla assert that enabling broad repair rights could undermine intellectual property security and diminish product quality. Miniaturization of Technology: As devices become increasingly compact, their internal components become more complex, making DIY repairs less feasible for the average user. Specialized Tools Requirement: Modern devices often require specialized tools for repairs, which are not readily available to the general public and may need licensing to use. Lack of Incentive for Innovation: There is concern that the emphasis on repairability could stifle innovation, with Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) worried that extensive repair rights might deter consumers from purchasing newer models. Efficiency Concerns: There is a belief that making devices more repairable could compromise their designed efficiency, as current designs prioritize compact and efficient use of space. Security and Privacy Risks: Opening up devices to third-party repairs can potentially expose sensitive user data to security risks. Strategic Directions to Support the Right to Repair Improving Access to Repair Resources: Advocating for manufacturers to provide independent repair shops with the necessary tools, manuals, and diagnostic resources to facilitate repairs. Encouraging Design for Repairability: Pushing for the design of modular components that simplify the repair process without impacting device performance significantly. Incentives for Innovative Practices: Proposing that governments offer incentives like tax relief, grants, or subsidies to encourage companies to focus on developing repair-friendly product designs while continuing to innovate.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 September 2024

CONTENTS Global Migration and Religious Influence Advancement in India’s Semiconductor Sector De-hyphenating the production of Rice and Wheat New Regulation in India’s Gold Market Digital Bus initiative Thanjavur Veena Global Migration and Religious Influence Context: A recent report by the Pew Research Center, titled “The Religious Composition of the World’s Migrants,” draws from United Nations data and 270 censuses and surveys to analyze migration trends. The findings reveal that in 2020, over 280 million people, accounting for 3.6% of the global population, were classified as international migrants. The study emphasizes the significant impact of religion on migration dynamics, affecting reasons for emigration and the experiences within host countries. Relevance: GS III: Population and Associated Issues Dimensions of the Article: Key findings from the Report Hindu Migration Patterns and Trends Contributions of Diaspora Communities Key findings from the Report The key findings from the report regarding global migration patterns, particularly focusing on Indian demographics, are as follows: India’s Prominence in Global Migration: In 2020, India was recognized as the leading country for both Hindu emigrants and immigrants. Distribution of Hindu Population: There are 7.6 million Hindus from India living abroad, whereas about 3 million Hindus born in other countries are residing in India. Dominance of Christians in Global Migration: Christians form the largest group in the global migrant population, accounting for 47%. Religious Minorities and Migration from India: Indian emigrants mainly come from religious minorities. Christians, making up only 2% of India’s population, constitute 16% of its emigrants. Muslims, who are 15% of India’s population, represent 33% of its emigrants. India as a Source for Muslim Migrants: India is the second-largest source of Muslim migrants globally, with significant numbers residing in the UAE (1.8 million), Saudi Arabia (1.3 million), and Oman (720,000). Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Migration Dynamics: The population of Indian migrants in the GCC has surged by 277% since 1990. In these regions, 75% of migrants are Muslims, while Hindus and Christians make up 11% and 14%, respectively. The GCC hosts 9.9 million Indian migrants. Global Migration Growth: Between 1990 and 2020, the number of international migrants rose by 83%, which significantly surpasses the global population growth rate of 47%. Migration Distance: On average, migrants travel about 2,200 miles. Religious Alignment and Migration: There is a trend of migrants relocating to countries where the predominant religion matches that of the source country’s population. This pattern suggests that cultural and religious familiarity plays a crucial role in determining the choice of destination and integration. Hindu Migration Patterns and Trends: Proportion of Hindu Migrants: Hindus represent 5% of all international migrants with 13 million living abroad as of 2020, lower than their global population share of 15%. Migration Distance: Hindu migrants travel longer than the average international migrant, covering distances averaging 3,100 miles. Regional Distribution: 44% of Hindu migrants are in the Asia-Pacific region. 24% are in the Middle East-North Africa. 22% in North America, with smaller numbers in Europe and negligible presence in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. Primary Sources: The majority (95%) come from the Asia-Pacific region, particularly from India which is the leading source and home to 94% of the global Hindu population. Other Sources: Bangladesh and Nepal also have significant Hindu migrant populations. Key Migration Routes: India to the US: The most prominent route with 1.8 million Hindus, driven by opportunities for employment and higher education. Bangladesh to India: Involving 1.6 million Hindus, this route is influenced by historical, social, and economic factors. Contributions of Diaspora Communities: Economic Contributions: In 2022, diaspora communities from developing countries sent USD 430 billion in remittances. Impact on GDP: Remittances form a major part of the GDP in countries like Tajikistan (37%), Nepal (30%), and others. Investments: Diaspora invests in home-country businesses and government bonds, enhancing financial capital. Knowledge and Skills Transfer: Diaspora members bring back skills, knowledge, and expertise which can improve education, business practices, and governance in their home countries. Business Support: They use their global contacts and understanding of local customs to aid home-country businesses, improving efficiency and expanding into new markets. Specific Example: Indian executives in US tech companies have been pivotal in promoting outsourcing to India, illustrating the practical impact of diaspora connections on home-country economic development. -Source: The Hindu Advancement in India’s Semiconductor Sector Context: The Indian union cabinet, led by Prime Minister Modi, recently sanctioned Kaynes Semicon’s initiative to establish a semiconductor facility in Gujarat, involving an investment of INR 3,300 crore. This project marks the fifth semiconductor unit and the fourth assembly unit to obtain Cabinet consent. It was authorized as part of the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), aiming to boost India’s capabilities in semiconductor manufacturing. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Intervention Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Chip Assembly Plant in Gujarat: What are Semiconductors? About India Semiconductor Mission Overview of the Chip Assembly Plant in Gujarat: The establishment of a new semiconductor manufacturing unit in Sanand, Gujarat by Kaynes Semicon Pvt Ltd represents a significant advancement in India’s push to strengthen its semiconductor production capabilities. Here are the key details:  Key Details The plant is located in Sanand, Gujarat, with an investment of ₹3,300 crore. The facility is set to produce 60 lakh chips per day. These chips will support a range of sectors including industrial, automotive, electric vehicles, consumer electronics, telecom, and mobile phones. India’s Semiconductor Ambitions: India aims to position itself alongside major semiconductor producing regions like the United States, Taiwan, and South Korea. Strategic Developments: Tata Electronics Partnership: An $11 billion fabrication plant is being established in partnership with Taiwan’s Powerchip. Other Notable Investments: Additional investments include three chip assembly plants in collaboration with Tatas, US-based Micron Technology, and Murugappa Group’s CG Power with Japan’s Renesas. Further Proposals: A ₹78,000-crore fabrication plant by Israel’s Tower Semiconductor and a ₹4,000-crore assembly plant by Zoho are also in the pipeline. What are Semiconductors? Any of a class of crystalline solids intermediate in electrical conductivity between a conductor and an insulator. Semiconductors are employed in the manufacture of various kinds of electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. Such devices have found wide application because of their compactness, reliability, power efficiency, and low cost. As discrete components, they have found use in power devices, optical sensors, and light emitters, including solid-state lasers. About India Semiconductor Mission Under the administration of the Ministry of Electronics and IT, the ISM was launched in 2021 with a total budgetary commitment of Rs76,000 crore. It’s part of the country’s overall strategy for developing a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem. The program’s goal is to help companies invest in semiconductors, display production, and the design ecosystem. ISM will serve as the nodal agency for effective, coherent, and easy implementation of the schemes, and will be led by worldwide professionals in the Semiconductor and Display industry. Vision: To build a vibrant semiconductor and display design and innovation ecosystem to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design. Significance: ISM is critical for organising efforts to promote the semiconductor and display industries in a more systematic, focused, and comprehensive way. It will develop a long-term strategy for developing the country’s semiconductor and display production capabilities, as well as the semiconductor design ecosystem. Secure semiconductors and display supply chains, including raw materials, speciality chemicals, gases, and manufacturing equipment, will help to accelerate the adoption of trusted electronics. It will help the Indian semiconductor design sector flourish in multiple ways by providing necessary support in the form of EDA tools, foundry services, and other appropriate methods for early-stage businesses. It will also promote and facilitate indigenous Intellectual Property (IP) generation and encourage, enable and incentivize Transfer of Technologies (ToT). ISM will enable collaborations and partnership programs with national and international agencies, industries and institutions for catalyzing collaborative research, commercialization and skill development -Source: Indian Express De-hyphenating the production of Rice and Wheat Context: Recently, the policymakers called for de-hyphenating the production of rice and wheat due to changes in their production and consumption. While rice production has experienced a surplus, wheat production has not kept pace with rising demand, leading to a significant shortfall. This shift in agricultural focus aims to address the imbalance and optimize resource allocation between these two staple crops. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Differences in Rice and Wheat Production in India Recommendations for Addressing Rice and Wheat Production Discrepancies Differences in Rice and Wheat Production in India Rice Surplus and Wheat Deficit: In recent years, India has seen varying levels of surplus and deficit in rice and wheat respectively. While rice exports were 21.21 million tonnes in 2021-22 and slightly higher in 2022-23, they dropped to 16.36 million tonnes in 2023-24. Concurrently, rice stockpiles reached a record 45.48 million tonnes by August 2024. Conversely, wheat exports sharply decreased from 7.24 million tonnes in 2021-22 to just 0.19 million tonnes in 2023-24, with stock levels being notably low at 26.81 million tonnes in August 2024. Geographical Production Variations: Rice: Grown in both the kharif and rabi seasons with some regions like West Bengal cultivating three annual cycles: aus, aman, and boro. Rice production is widespread across 16 Indian states each contributing over 2 million tonnes. Wheat: Primarily cultivated during the rabi season with significant production concentrated in just eight states, with the major four (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana) providing 76% of the output. Production Challenges: Rice: The main constraint is water availability, yet improvements in irrigation and supportive policies like minimum support prices have boosted production in states like Telangana. Wheat: Increasingly impacted by climate change, wheat production faces challenges such as shorter and warmer winters and varying sowing period temperatures, which have led to reduced yields and lower stock levels. Consumption Patterns: Wheat: Data from the 2022-23 household expenditure survey reveals that the average monthly wheat consumption per capita stands at 3.9 kg in rural areas and 3.6 kg in urban settings, correlating to about 65 million tonnes annually for India’s population. Wheat’s use in processed forms like flour and semolina is expected to grow with urbanization and rising incomes. Rice: There has not been a significant change in rice consumption trends across India, indicating stable dietary preferences without substantial shifts towards rice-based convenience foods. Recommendations for Addressing Rice and Wheat Production Discrepancies Wheat Strategy Adjustments: Short-Term Concerns: With increasing consumption and climatic and geographical challenges, there’s a potential for India to become a wheat importer. Long-Term Focus: Emphasis should be placed on improving per-acre wheat yields and developing climate-resilient wheat varieties. Rice Production Policy: Balancing Production and Consumption: Current domestic consumption of rice is lagging behind production levels. Export Policies: Recommend the removal of the export ban on white non-basmati rice and abolishing the 20% duty on parboiled non-basmati and the USD 950 per tonne minimum price for basmati rice to adjust market flows. Encouraging Rice Consumption: Innovative Food Processing: There is a need to expand rice consumption through innovative food products like breakfast cereals, soups, baby foods, and packaged mixes, enhancing its appeal and utility in the domestic market. Policy De-hyphenation: Separate Strategies for Rice and Wheat: Advocate for distinct and separate policies for rice and wheat due to their unique challenges and market dynamics, ensuring tailored approaches for each cereal type. -Source: The Hindu New Regulation in India’s Gold Market Context: India is poised to introduce mandatory hallmarking for 9-karat gold jewelry. This regulatory change is driven by the increasing consumer demand for more affordable gold options. The hallmarking requirement is intended to guarantee the quality of the jewelry and safeguard consumers within the rapidly expanding gold market. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Necessity for Mandatory Hallmarking of 9KT Gold Hallmarking Explained Necessity for Mandatory Hallmarking of 9KT Gold Increasing Demand: The rising popularity of more affordable gold options, such as 9KT gold, has significantly boosted its demand due to its lower cost compared to higher-purity gold. Purity Verification: Gold purity is gauged in karats. Pure gold is 24 karats, indicating no alloy mixture. As karat levels drop, the alloy content, like copper and silver, increases. For example, 18 karat gold comprises 75% gold. Crime Prevention: There’s been a noticeable uptick in chain-snatching incidents, with a reported 32.54% rise in 2022 by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), underscoring the need for secure and identifiable gold products. Traceability: Hallmarks serve as unique identifiers for each jewelry piece, simplifying the tracing of stolen items, which deters theft due to the ease of tracking marked items. Hallmarking Explained Hallmarking records the metal content of jewelry, ensuring its purity. It compels manufacturers to adhere to established legal standards for gold and silver, safeguarded under the Indian Hallmarking Scheme. A hallmark on jewelry remains valid throughout the lifetime of the item. All hallmarked items must carry a 6-digit alphanumeric Hallmark Unique Identification (HUID) number, as mandated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The HUID number boosts buyer assurance by enhancing the traceability of gold products. Consumers can verify the authenticity of their gold items using the HUID number through the BIS CARE app, which provides detailed information on the jeweler, purity, and hallmarking center. If a hallmarked item is proven to be of lesser purity than advertised, the buyer is entitled to compensation according to the BIS Rules of 2018. Hallmarking not only aids in preventing fraud but also ensures that consumers are protected from counterfeit products. -Source: The Hindu Digital Bus initiative Context: The Digital Bus initiative has so far impacted over three lakh beneficiaries, spread across several states across India. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Digital Bus Initiative This initiative is a collaborative effort between the National Digital India Mission and the NIIT Foundation, launched in 2017. Its primary goal is to extend technological access to remote regions, stimulate innovation, and open new opportunities for every community to prosper in the digital era. Objectives of the Digital Bus Bridging the Digital Gap: Aims to lessen the digital divide in remote locations. Linkages to Government Initiatives: Connects residents with various government programs and initiatives. Enhancing Learning Engagement: Focuses on boosting interest in learning. Multidisciplinary Educational Approach: Introduces a comprehensive educational strategy. Fostering Collaborative Learning: Promotes learning in collaboration. Skill Development: Focuses on the development of interpersonal skills. Technological Awareness: Raises awareness about technology among rural populations. Equality in Opportunities: Ensures equal opportunities for rural youth. Features of the Digital Bus The buses are solar-powered, equipped with 5G technology, and serve as fully equipped classrooms featuring computers, internet access, and video capabilities. Cost-Free Educational Resources: Offers pre-installed e-courses at no charge. Educational Focus The courses primarily cover basic digital skills such as email usage, internet navigation, and other digital applications. Provides a career-oriented program to assist participants in finding employment opportunities in nearby cities or towns. -Source: The Hindu Thanjavur Veena Context: Thanjavur Veena is the first musical instrument in the country to get the Geographical Indication (GI) tag. Relevance: GS I: Art and Culture Thanjavur Veena The Thanjavur veena is a traditional Indian string instrument renowned for its distinctive design and craftsmanship. It comes in two primary forms: the “Ekantha Veena” and the “Sada Veena.” The Ekantha Veena is carved from a single wood block, whereas the Sada Veena is assembled from three separate pieces—resonator, neck, and head. Construction Details This instrument is typically crafted from the wood of the Jack Fruit Tree. The wood undergoes extensive testing to ensure its quality before it is used in the making of a veena. The veena is adorned with 24 fixed frets, enabling musicians to play a wide range of ragas. Creating a veena involves meticulous processes including cutting, carving, and assembling the wood, which can take between 15 to 20 days to complete. Types of Veena Varieties: The veena family includes several types, notably the Rudra veena and Vichitra veena, popular in Hindustani classical music, and the Saraswati veena and Chitra veena, which are staples in Carnatic music. Unique Craftsmanship: Thanjavur is the exclusive manufacturing hub for the Saraswati veena, an instrument often depicted with Saraswathi, the goddess of learning and arts. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 September 2024

CONTENTS Project NAMAN World Coconut Day Project NAMAN Context: Recently, the Indian Army launched the first phase of Project NAMAN, in presence of General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff along with Mrs Sunita Dwivedi, President Army Wives Welfare Association (AWWA). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About Project Naman SPARSH Portal (System for Pension-related Information & Services Handled Electronically) About Project Naman: Objective: Project Naman aims to establish facilitation and grievance redressal centers to assist veterans and the families of personnel who have made the ultimate sacrifice. Location: The inaugural center will be set up in Delhi Cantonment. Services: ‘Naman’ will host a Common Service Center, providing access to various government-to-customer services. Additionally, it will support the updating of pensioner accounts on the SPARSH portal for veterans, next of kin, and dependents. SPARSH Portal (System for Pension-related Information & Services Handled Electronically): Implemented by: The Ministry of Defence is responsible for implementing the SPARSH portal. Purpose: The portal serves the pension sanction and disbursement requirements for the Armed Forces, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Defence Civilians. Transparency: SPARSH offers transparency to defence pensioners by maintaining a comprehensive record of their pension accounts, encompassing all events and entitlements from the pension’s initiation to its cessation upon the last eligible beneficiary. Administration: The Defence Accounts Department, under the Principal Controller of Defence Accounts (Pensions), manages this system. Functionalities: SPARSH covers various pension-related activities, including initiation and sanction, disbursement, revision, and managing service and grievance requests. World Coconut Day Context: World Coconut Day (WCD), observed annually on September 2nd, emphasizes the importance of coconuts in our lives and promotes sustainable farming practices.   Relevance: Facts for Prelims World Coconut Day Highlights: Purpose: Celebrated to increase awareness about the multiple uses of coconuts and promote their consumption globally. Theme for 2024: “Coconut for a Circular Economy: Building Partnership for Maximum Value.” History and Organization: Initiated in 2009 by the International Coconut Community, affiliated with UNESCAP. The day commemorates the establishment of the ICC on September 2, 1969, with India as a founding nation. Location of ICC: Headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia; previously known as the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community until 2018. Health Benefits: Enhances cardiovascular health and red blood cell production. Aids in managing diabetes and provides antioxidant benefits. Supports skin health, digestion, hydration, and general well-being through its rich nutrient composition. Coconut Development Board (CDB) in India: A statutory entity under the Ministry of Agriculture tasked with advancing coconut cultivation and industry through heightened productivity and diversified products. Production in India: Major producing states: Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Total production for the fiscal year 2022-23 stood at approximately 20,535.88 million nuts.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 3rd September 2024

ontent: The Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill is knotty Dealing at a China-Africa forum that India must track Dealing at a China-Africa forum that India must track Monsoon Comfort   The Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill is knotty   Context: On August 1, 2024, the central government introduced the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill in the Lok Sabha, citing the growing frequency of climate-induced disasters. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II – Polity and Governance Mains Question: Critically examine the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, in the context of its approach towards centralization and its implications for managing climate-induced disasters in India. (10M, 150 words) Overview of the Bill: The Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, seeks to further centralize disaster management under the already existing Disaster Management Act, 2005. It mandates the creation of new authorities and committees at national, state, and district levels. The Bill provides statutory status to pre-existing bodies like the National Crisis Management Committee and a High-Level Committee. Concerns Over Centralization: The proposed Bill strengthens a top-down approach, complicating the action plan in case of delayed response to disasters. There is concern about the dilution of the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) as the Bill removes the purpose for which the fund should be used. The over-centralization of decision-making in the Bill is seen as detrimental, especially in severe disaster scenarios where prompt local action is crucial. Decentralization and Financial Devolution Issues: The Bill claims to decentralize functions to State and municipal levels by creating an ‘Urban Disaster Management Authority.’ However, this decentralization is not backed by necessary financial powers, leading to potential inefficiencies. Restricted Definition of ‘Disaster’: The Bill does not expand the list of notified disasters to include climate-induced events like heatwaves. Despite the increasing frequency and severity of heatwaves, which have led to significant loss of life, they are not recognized as disasters under the Act. Implications of the Restricted Definition: The exclusion of climate-induced disasters like heatwaves, which vary geographically, from the Act raises questions about the adequacy of current disaster definitions. This exclusion poses a significant issue as the localized nature and impact of such disasters become more apparent with climate change. Relevant Issues and Lessons Unlearned: The Bill does not address the power dynamics between central and state governments, particularly the latter’s reliance on central funds for disaster management. The Bill seems to overlook the need for financial preparedness and the experiences of past disaster management failures. A critical need is identified for revisiting the criteria of disasters under the Act to account for climate change-related events. Conclusion: The Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, while aiming to strengthen disaster management frameworks, raises significant concerns about centralization and the exclusion of critical climate-induced disasters. The Bill’s top-down approach, lack of financial devolution, and restricted disaster definitions may undermine its effectiveness. Revisiting the criteria for disasters and ensuring balanced power dynamics between the central and state governments are essential for addressing the challenges posed by increasingly frequent and severe climate-related disasters in India.   Dealing at a China-Africa forum that India must track   Context: The ninth edition of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is scheduled to take place from September 4-6, 2024, in Beijing. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II – International Relations Mains Question: Critically analyze the implications of China’s deepening engagement with Africa through the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) and discuss the strategic measures India should adopt to strengthen its relations with African countries. (15M, 250 words) Significance of FOCAC for Africa: FOCAC is becoming increasingly important for African countries as it presents opportunities for infrastructure development, economic aid, and political support. Africa is seeing a growing number of international summits and engagements, which has led to what is being termed ‘summit fatigue.’ Despite this, China’s financial commitments have been substantial, with a focus on infrastructure and debt-driven diplomacy. African Priorities at FOCAC 2024: African countries are seeking to boost trade, enhance agricultural productivity, and address debt sustainability. The focus has been on increasing African exports to China, with the goal of improving trade balances. Challenges persist, such as low value addition in African exports and insufficient industrial capacity to meet domestic and international demands. China’s Role in African Debt and Economic Growth: China’s significant role in Africa’s debt landscape has sparked debates about debt sustainability and the risks associated with ‘debt trap diplomacy.’ Chinese loans account for a notable portion of Africa’s public and private debt, which has raised concerns among international observers and African nations alike. China’s investments are often criticized for lacking transparency, with issues surrounding non-disclosure of debt agreements. India’s Strategic Interest in Africa: India has been actively engaging with Africa through initiatives like the India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) and the EXIM Bank’s efforts. India’s engagement is characterized by a focus on capacity building, skill development, and sustainable economic partnerships. India’s approach is distinct from China’s, as it emphasizes democratic values, transparent governance, and mutual benefit. Challenges and Opportunities for India: India must navigate the complex geopolitical landscape of Africa, where Chinese influence is dominant. African countries are looking to diversify their international partnerships to avoid over-reliance on China. India has the opportunity to offer alternatives in areas such as digital technology, education, healthcare, and sustainable development. African Debt, Lessons for India: Africa’s debt situation presents a cautionary tale for India, highlighting the need for transparent and sustainable financial practices. India’s potential to contribute to African development lies in providing expertise in renewable energy, digital payments, and education, areas where India has a competitive edge. Technology and Digital Engagement: India can leverage its strengths in digital payments, mobile connectivity, and healthcare technology to deepen its engagement with Africa. The introduction of India’s digital platforms like UPI and RuPay could transform financial transactions in Africa and offer a viable alternative to Chinese systems. Conclusion: The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is a critical event that underscores China’s deepening ties with Africa, posing both challenges and opportunities for India. As China continues to consolidate its influence, India must strategically strengthen its engagements with African nations, focusing on sustainable development, technology, and transparent partnerships. India’s unique value proposition lies in offering an alternative model of engagement that prioritizes mutual benefit, respect for sovereignty, and long-term development goals.   POCSO court in Ajmer convicted six individuals to life imprisonment   Context: On August 20, 2024, a significant legal case concluded when a POCSO court in Ajmer convicted six individuals to life imprisonment, 32 years after the case of blackmail and sexual abuse surfaced. Shortly after, the Delhi High Court allowed a complainant to withdraw her case due to the overwhelming burden of continuous court appearances, a situation described as “litigation fatigue” by the Bench. These instances highlight the systemic issues within India’s judicial system, underscored by President Droupadi Murmu’s recent address at the National Conference of the District Judiciary, where she termed it the “Black Coat Syndrome.” Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II – Polity and Governance Mains Question: Examine the structural challenges faced by the Indian judiciary, particularly in the context of ‘litigation fatigue’ and ‘Black Coat Syndrome,’ and suggest reforms to address these issues effectively. (10M, 150 words) Judicial Delays and Their Impact: The judicial system is burdened by a massive backlog of cases, with over five crore cases pending across different levels of the judiciary, according to the National Judicial Data Grid. The slow pace of justice delivery, exacerbated by repeated adjournments, often leads to “litigation fatigue” among litigants, particularly those from economically weaker sections. The President’s reference to “Black Coat Syndrome” reflects the financial and emotional toll on the poor, who often hesitate to pursue prolonged legal battles. Structural Issues in the Judiciary: One of the critical issues is the shortage of judges, with India having only 15 judges per 10 lakh people, far below the Law Commission’s recommendation of 50 judges per 10 lakh population. The lack of adequate manpower and support staff further hampers the judiciary’s ability to function efficiently. Despite attempts to modernize the system, such as e-filing and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms like Lok Adalats, progress has been slow. Need for Comprehensive Judicial Reform: The Chief Justice of India (CJI) has outlined a plan to address the systemic delays, particularly in light of the recent conviction in the Balasore rape and murder case, which took 14 years to resolve. Reforms must focus on increasing the number of judges, improving infrastructure, and ensuring timely justice, especially in cases involving vulnerable groups such as women and children. The judiciary must balance the need for swift justice with maintaining the integrity and fairness of the legal process. Challenges in Implementing Reforms: The slow pace of reform implementation is often due to a combination of bureaucratic inertia and resistance to change within the system. Ensuring adequate resources, both financial and human, is critical to addressing the backlog and improving the efficiency of the judiciary. The faith of citizens in the judicial system hinges on its ability to deliver timely and fair justice, and this can only be achieved through sustained and comprehensive reforms. Conclusion: The Indian judicial system is at a critical juncture, with urgent reforms needed to address the pervasive issues of judicial delays and “litigation fatigue.” The concept of “Black Coat Syndrome” highlights the financial and emotional burdens placed on litigants, particularly the poor. Comprehensive judicial reform, focusing on increasing judicial capacity, improving infrastructure, and ensuring the timely resolution of cases, is essential to restore faith in the judiciary and uphold the rule of law in India.   Monsoon Comfort   Context: India has experienced a robust Southwest monsoon, with rainfall 7.5% above average, resulting in a surplus in key agricultural commodities, particularly rice and sugar. This has prompted the government to reconsider its anti-inflationary measures, such as export restrictions on these staples. The article discusses recent government actions, including the lifting of the ban on sugar mills producing ethanol and the potential relaxation of curbs on rice exports. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper III – Economy (Agriculture) Mains Question: Discuss the implications of lifting export restrictions on agricultural commodities like rice and sugar in the context of a surplus monsoon. Evaluate the potential economic impacts on domestic prices, farmer incomes, and international trade. (15M, 250 words) Main Body: Monsoon and Agricultural Abundance: The good Southwest monsoon has led to a significant surplus in agricultural production, with July and August witnessing 9% and 15.3% surplus rainfall, respectively. This has resulted in expectations of bumper crops, particularly in rice and sugarcane, setting the stage for potentially high yields in the coming months. Government’s Response to Surplus: On August 29, the government lifted the ban on using sugar for ethanol production, a move reflecting confidence in domestic sugar availability. Similarly, rice export restrictions have been relaxed to allow the use of 2.3 million tonnes from the Food Corporation of India’s stocks for ethanol production, signaling a shift in policy driven by surplus production. Need for Further Relaxation: Despite these measures, the government is also considering lifting the ban on white non-basmati rice exports, effective since July 2023. Public warehouses held 45.5 million tonnes of rice as of August 1, 2024, the highest in recent years, indicating ample supply that could justify further export relaxations. Economic Implications of Export Curbs: The current export curbs, particularly the 20% duty on parboiled non-basmati rice and the $950/tonne minimum export price on basmati shipments, need reevaluation. Farmers are concerned that maintaining these restrictions could lead to unmanageable surpluses, resulting in a decline in domestic prices and affecting their incomes. The government must balance the need to control inflation with the necessity of providing farmers with fair prices for their produce. Shifting Market Dynamics: The market is showing signs of evolving supply situations, with a reduction in rice and sugar stocks and rising international prices. The disparity between the government’s focus on controlling prices and the realities of surplus production poses challenges that need immediate policy attention. Potential Risks and Recommendations: If export curbs are not removed promptly, the surplus could lead to price crashes, negatively impacting farmers and the agricultural economy. The government should consider phased relaxation of export duties and minimum price restrictions to ensure that farmers can benefit from the current global demand. Conclusion: The favorable monsoon has created a situation where India is poised to benefit from abundant rice and sugarcane production. However, the continuation of export curbs risks creating a domestic surplus that could harm farmers by depressing prices. The government must strike a balance between maintaining food security and allowing farmers to take advantage of favorable international market conditions. Timely policy adjustments are crucial to prevent a situation where the benefits of a good monsoon are undermined by rigid export controls.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 September 2024

CONTENTS Gender Budget Statement NGT Fines Punjab Government for Waste Mismanagement India’s Unique Challenges with China Highlighted by External Affairs Minister Environmental Impact of Lithium Mining in Chile Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Payment Passkey Service Bonda Tribe Gender Budget Statement Context: The 2024-25 Budget marks a significant milestone in promoting women-led development by allocating 1% of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the Gender Budget Statement (GBS) for the first time. This allocation translates into more than ₹3 lakh crore directed towards initiatives and programs aimed at empowering women, showcasing a robust commitment to gender equality and women’s economic and social advancement. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Enhanced Focus on Gender-Specific Initiatives in the GBS 2024-25: Exploring Gender Budgeting: A Strategic Framework Challenges Impacting Gender Budgeting in India Enhanced Focus on Gender-Specific Initiatives in the GBS 2024-25: Increased Financial Commitment: The allocation for women-centered programs has increased to about 6.8% of the total budget for 2024-25, up from the usual 5%. Structural Changes in Reporting: Introduction of Part C in the budget, focusing on schemes that allocate up to 30% for women, including prominent initiatives like the PM Kisan scheme. Allocation Distribution: Part A: Targets schemes exclusively for women like SAMARTHYA and now includes the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), making up nearly 40% of the allocations. Part B: Covers schemes with 30% to 99% of spending directed towards women-related components, such as PM AJAY – Adarsh Gram Yojana. Exploring Gender Budgeting: A Strategic Framework Definition and Application: Gender budgeting is a strategic methodology adopted by governments to allocate public resources efficiently, catering to the varied needs of different gender groups within the population. It emphasizes integrating women’s specific needs into the existing financial frameworks without necessitating a separate budget. Legal and Policy Framework: In 1993, India endorsed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), demonstrating its dedication to fostering gender equality. The first Gender Budget Statement was incorporated into the Indian national budget for 2005-2006, marking a consistent practice in subsequent budgets. Institutional Mechanisms: The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) serves as the pivotal body for gender budgeting initiatives, supported by Gender Budget Cells established across various central ministries. Operational Strategy under Mission Shakti: Gender budgeting is operationalized under the Samarthya initiative, part of the broader Mission Shakti campaign aimed at empowering women. Methodology of Gender Budgeting: The process involves a series of steps to ensure gender considerations are reflected throughout the budget cycle: Situation Analysis: Evaluating the status quo of gender groups in different sectors. Policy Assessment: Scrutinizing policies to ascertain their impact on gender issues. Budget Evaluation: Checking the adequacy of budget allocations for gender-focused actions. Expenditure Monitoring: Ensuring allocated funds are utilized as intended. Impact Assessment: Measuring the effectiveness of policies on initial gender-related conditions. Significance and Impact: Gender budgeting aims to direct funding to areas with notable gender disparities, thus addressing key societal needs. It aligns with global commitments such as the Sustainable Development Goal 5, promoting gender equality. This approach enhances transparency in budget management, ensuring that gender equality commitments are fulfilled effectively. By integrating gender perspectives into fiscal planning, gender budgeting fosters more inclusive and effective governance. Challenges Impacting Gender Budgeting in India Inaccurate Allocation Reporting: Programs such as the PM Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) have reported inflated allocations in the Gender Budget Statement (GBS), with instances like a reported ₹920 crore representing 40% of the total allocation without adequate justification. Underreporting of Women’s Needs: Essential programs intended for women, such as the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM), have historically been underreported, although recent updates show improvements in accuracy. Discrepancy in Allocation vs. Utilization: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) illustrates this issue, where only 33.6% of its budget is allocated to women, despite them accounting for 59.3% of all person days worked, suggesting a misalignment between allocation and actual beneficiary engagement. Incomplete Coverage of Women-Centric Schemes: Entrepreneurial schemes targeting women, including PM Vishwakarma, PM SVANidhi, and Stand-Up India, are not comprehensively reported within the gender budgeting framework. Neglected Sectors: Critical sectors that significantly affect women, such as transportation, water collection, and water security, are often overlooked in gender budgeting efforts. -Source: The Hindu NGT Fines Punjab Government for Waste Mismanagement Context: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has recently levied a hefty fine of Rs 1,000 crore on the Punjab government due to its consistent failure to effectively manage the state’s solid and liquid waste. This punitive measure comes after multiple warnings were disregarded by the state authorities. The imposed fine must be paid to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) within the upcoming month, highlighting the urgency of addressing environmental management failures. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for NGT’s Penalty on Punjab Government National Green Tribunal (NGT) Reasons for NGT’s Penalty on Punjab Government Inadequate Waste Management: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) imposed a penalty on the Punjab Government for its failure to effectively manage solid and liquid waste across the state. Calculation of Penalty: The fine was based on environmental assessments conducted over six months, addressing 5.387 million tonnes of unprocessed legacy waste and deficiencies in sewage treatment capacity. Regulatory Framework: The NGT cited non-compliance with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, and Section 15 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, which govern waste management practices. Non-compliance with Previous Orders: The tribunal highlighted the state’s failure to adhere to its 2022 directives, which included establishing a ring-fenced account containing Rs 2,080 crore as per Section 26 of the NGT Act, 2010. Legal Follow-up: The NGT has issued show cause notices to senior administrative officials in Punjab, including the Chief Secretary and Additional Chief Secretary (Urban Development), demanding explanations for the non-compliance. National Green Tribunal (NGT) The NGT was established on October 18, 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010, passed by the Central Government. National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of India which enables creation of a special tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal of the cases pertaining to environmental issues. NGT Act draws inspiration from the India’s constitutional provision of (Constitution of India/Part III) Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty, which assures the citizens of India the right to a healthy environment. The stated objective of the Central Government was to provide a specialized forum for effective and speedy disposal of cases pertaining to environment protection, conservation of forests and for seeking compensation for damages caused to people or property due to violation of environmental laws or conditions specified while granting permissions. Structure of National Green Tribunal Following the enactment of the said law, the Principal Bench of the NGT has been established in the National Capital – New Delhi, with regional benches in Pune (Western Zone Bench), Bhopal (Central Zone Bench), Chennai (Southern Bench) and Kolkata (Eastern Bench). Each Bench has a specified geographical jurisdiction covering several States in a region. The Chairperson of the NGT is a retired Judge of the Supreme Court, Head Quartered in Delhi. Other Judicial members are retired Judges of High Courts. Each bench of the NGT will comprise of at least one Judicial Member and one Expert Member. Expert members should have a professional qualification and a minimum of 15 years’ experience in the field of environment/forest conservation and related subjects. Powers of NGT The NGT has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues and questions that are linked to the implementation of laws listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act. These include the following: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This means that any violations pertaining ONLY to these laws, or any order / decision taken by the Government under these laws can be challenged before the NGT. Importantly, the NGT has NOT been vested with powers to hear any matter relating to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and various laws enacted by States relating to forests, tree preservation etc. -Source: Indian Express India’s Unique Challenges with China Highlighted by External Affairs Minister Context: External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar recently highlighted that India faces a unique set of challenges with China, termed as the “special China problem,” which extends beyond the global issues commonly associated with China. During his speech at a forum, Jaishankar emphasized the need for careful scrutiny of Chinese investments, especially considering the ongoing border tensions and the broader state of bilateral relations between India and China. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the External Affairs Minister’s Speech on India-China Relations India-China Border Dispute: Key Points Current Infrastructure Developments by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) along the India-China Border Highlights of the External Affairs Minister’s Speech on India-China Relations Unique Challenges with China: India faces distinctive challenges with China, separate from the broader global issues posed by China’s rise. The “special China problem” in India goes beyond the general concerns of countries like the USA or European nations. Investment Scrutiny: India’s scrutiny of Chinese investments is deemed justified due to strained border relations. Similar scrutiny is observed in countries without direct borders with China due to security concerns. Diplomatic Progress: Recent India-China talks, initiated in May 2020, have shown progress in resolving border disputes, marked by the new approach to “narrow down the differences,” signaling a constructive development in negotiations. Trade Deficit Concerns: The External Affairs Minister, Jaishankar, discussed the trade deficit with China, noting it results from China’s unique production advantages, which were previously overlooked by India and other countries. Economic and Security Nexus: The intersection of economics and national security is becoming more pronounced, especially concerning reliance on Chinese technology in sectors like telecommunications, which could pose security risks. Ongoing Border Standoff: The longstanding border standoff between India and China has seen extensive troop deployments along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Eastern Ladakh, with ongoing issues in areas like Depsang Plains and Demchok, despite some resolutions. India-China Border Dispute: Key Points The India-China border dispute centers around several crucial aspects: Complex Territorial Disputes: The dispute involves the lengthy and intricate territorial disagreements along the 3,488-kilometer shared border between India and China. Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh: The main contested regions are Aksai Chin in the west and Arunachal Pradesh in the east. Aksai Chin: China administers Aksai Chin within its Xinjiang region, while India regards it as part of Ladakh. This area’s significance lies in its proximity to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its potential military importance. Arunachal Pradesh: China claims the entirety of Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as “South Tibet,” but India administers it as a northeastern state. Undefined Demarcation: The border lacks a clear demarcation, and certain stretches lack a mutually agreed Line of Actual Control (LAC). The LAC was established post the 1962 Sino-Indian War. Three Sectors: The India-China border is divided into Western (Ladakh), Middle (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), and Eastern (Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim) sectors. Historical Military Standoffs: The dispute has resulted in multiple military confrontations and conflicts, notably the 1962 Sino-Indian War. Both nations have pursued agreements and protocols to manage tensions and maintain peace along the border. Recent Confrontations: Notable recent conflicts occurred in Ladakh’s Galwan Valley in 2020 and Arunachal Pradesh’s Tawang in 2022. Escalation Trend: Observers on both sides of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) recognize an increase in significant military confrontations since 2013. Current Infrastructure Developments by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) along the India-China Border Alternate Route to Leh: The BRO is nearing the completion of crucial road patches, ensuring all-weather connectivity on an alternate route to Leh. Key Projects: Nimu-Padam-Darcha Road: This project involves enhancing the connectivity on this critical route. Shinku La Tunnel: Initiating construction of what will be the world’s highest tunnel at 15,800 feet, aiming to enhance strategic connectivity. Leh Access Routes: Currently, Leh can be accessed via: Srinagar-ZojiLa-Kargil route Manali-Rohtang route Nimu-Padam-Darcha road Shinku La Tunnel Impact: This tunnel will cut the distance between Manali and Leh by 60 km, providing a third reliable all-weather route. Strategic Road Development: LAC Connectivity: Focus on establishing roads parallel to the Line of Actual Control in Eastern Ladakh, including critical routes from Leh to Demchok and from Durbuk to Nyoma via Chushul. ICBR Programme: Under the India-China Border Roads initiative, there is a concerted effort to complete 73 strategic roads in the first two phases in regions like Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh. Major Frontier Highway: Construction of a nearly 1,800-km highway in Arunachal Pradesh to improve access to key locations near the Myanmar border. Additional Projects: Sungal Tunnel: This tunnel on the Akhnoor-Poonch National Highway is prioritized along with the Lipulekh Pass Road on the Mansarovar Yatra route. Increased Budget and Development: Since 2020, there has been a notable increase in the budget allocations for infrastructure development in Ladakh and the Northeast, underlining the strategic importance of these projects for national security. -Source: The Hindu Environmental Impact of Lithium Mining in Chile Context: A recent study has revealed that the Atacama salt flat in Chile is experiencing land subsidence as a direct result of lithium mining activities. This highlights the environmental challenges associated with the extraction of lithium, a vital component in modern technologies. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key findings of the study related to lithium mining’s environmental impact About Lithium Key findings of the study related to lithium mining’s environmental impact: Subsidence in Atacama: The Atacama salt flats in Chile are sinking between 1 to 2 centimeters annually due to lithium brine extraction. This method involves pumping salt-rich water from underground, which exceeds the natural recharge rate of the aquifers, causing the ground to sink. Water Usage: The lithium extraction process is highly water-intensive, requiring about 2,000 tons of water to produce just one ton of lithium. This significant water usage exacerbates existing water scarcity issues in the Atacama Desert, adversely impacting both the local communities and the broader ecosystem. Environmental Contamination: Chemicals such as sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, used in the lithium extraction process, contribute to soil and water contamination. This contamination poses risks to various species and harms the ecological balance. Impact on Wildlife: A notable decline in flamingo populations in the Atacama region has been observed, attributed to lowered water levels from the extraction process, which impacts the birds’ reproduction rates. Implications for Reasi, J&K: Water Crisis: The region already faces water access challenges, particularly after the construction of the Chenab Rail Bridge which led to the drying up of perennial streams. Lithium mining, which requires substantial water resources, could exacerbate these issues. Biodiversity Risks: The Himalayan region of J&K, known for its biodiversity and status as an eco-sensitive area, could see significant ecological damage. The mining operations threaten the habitats of migratory birds such as the Common Teal and Northern Pintail, which rely on the region’s lakes, marshes, and wetlands. Food Security: The extensive use of resources for mining, including high carbon emissions and significant alterations in land and water use, could jeopardize food security in the region. Riparian Pollution: Given that the Himalayas are the source of numerous rivers, the mining activities risk polluting these critical water bodies, affecting the entire riparian ecosystem downstream. About Lithium: Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is the lightest of all the metals and the least dense solid element. It is highly reactive and flammable, and easily oxidizes in air or water. Occurrence: Lithium is a rare element and is mostly found in minerals such as spodumene, lepidolite, and petalite. It is also found in brines and clays in certain regions of the world, such as the “Lithium Triangle” in South America, which includes Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. Uses: Lithium has a range of industrial applications, including: Lithium-ion batteries: It is a critical component of rechargeable batteries used in mobile devices, laptops, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. Aerospace industry: Lithium is used in the manufacturing of aircraft parts due to its lightweight and strong structural properties. Glass and ceramics: Lithium is used in the production of heat-resistant glass and ceramics, such as ovenware and laboratory equipment. Pharmaceuticals: Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Lubricants: Lithium is used in greases and lubricants due to its ability to reduce friction and wear. In conclusion, lithium is a rare and highly reactive metal that has a wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the manufacture of rechargeable batteries, aerospace industry, glass and ceramics, pharmaceuticals, and lubricants. -Source: Indian Express Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Context: A 55-year-old man posing as an officer of intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) was recently arrested after the suspect was caught intimidating locals. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW): R&AW was established in 1968 with the primary role of handling India’s international intelligence affairs. The agency operates under the Prime Minister’s Office. R&AW’s operations encompass gathering military, economic, scientific, and political intelligence through both covert and overt methods. The agency is also tasked with monitoring and combating terrorist activities and smuggling networks involved in the illegal transport of weapons and ammunition into India. Initially, the Intelligence Bureau (IB) was tasked with both internal and external intelligence. However, post the 1962 Sino-Indian war and the Indo-Pakistani war in 1965, the need for a dedicated external intelligence agency led to the formation of R&AW. Since its inception, R&AW has played a crucial role in supporting significant international operations and enhancing India’s foreign intelligence capabilities. -Source: Hindustan Times Payment Passkey Service Context: Mastercard, a global technology in the payments industry announced the worldwide launch of its new Payment Passkey Service. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Payment Passkey Service: The service leverages device-based biometric methods such as fingerprints or facial scans for user identification. It provides an alternative to one-time passwords (OTPs), enhancing the ease and security of transaction management. Operational Mechanism: Encryption and Key Management: Utilizes encryption algorithms to ensure secure and swift identity verification. Upon initial sign-in, the system generates a pair of keys: a public key shared with the service provider for passkey validation and a private key stored on the user’s device to unlock the account. Cross-Device Functionality: The passkey setup is versatile, working across multiple devices sharing the same operating system, allowing seamless access whether logging in from a phone, laptop, or tablet. Benefits: Enhanced Security and Speed: Replaces traditional passwords and OTPs, significantly reducing the transaction time and increasing protection against fraud and scams. Broad Usability: Passkeys are suitable for a wide range of payment and e-commerce transactions, offering a simplified and secure authentication process for users. -Source: The Hindu Bonda Tribe Context: Recently, a 19-year-old student cracked the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET), who is set to become the first member of the Bonda tribal community. Relevance: Facts for Prelims The Bonda Tribe: Found exclusively in Malkangiri district, Odisha, primarily concentrated in the Khairaput block. Recognized as a particularly vulnerable tribal group and one of India’s oldest tribes. Also known as Bondo, Bondas, Bonda Paraja, and Bhonda. Ethnicity and Language: Part of the Austro-Asiatic racial stock, speaking the Remo dialect, an Austro-Asiatic language. Cultural Division: Lower Bondas: Reside in the southern part of Malkangiri district, close to the borders of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Upper Bondas: Inhabit the remote hilly terrains of the district. Women typically wear minimal clothing adorned with various rings and jewelry, while men’s attire includes notable accessories. Primarily engaged in farming, hunting, gathering forest products, and other labor activities, reflecting their deep connection to their land and natural resources. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 September 2024

CONTENTS Guru Padmasambhava Dispute Resolution Scheme Guru Padmasambhava Context: International Buddhist Confederation, in collaboration with the Nava Nalanda Mahavihara organised a two-day International Conference on the Life and Living Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava Conference at Nalanda, Bihar. Relevance: GS I: History Guru Padmasambhava: Guru Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, is a seminal figure in the spread of Buddhism in the Himalayan regions during the eighth century. He is credited with propagating the teachings of Lord Buddha across various regions, including India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Tibet. Legacy: Known for his diverse cultural impact, he integrated elements of Yogic and Tantric practices into Buddhist teachings and played a significant role in the development of Tibetan Buddhism. Academic Involvement: He was associated with Nalanda, an ancient center of Buddhist learning in India, where he was both a student and a teacher. About International Buddhist Confederation: This New Delhi-based organization acts as a global umbrella body for Buddhist communities and organizations. It encompasses over 320 member organizations from 39 countries, representing both monastic and lay Buddhists. Objective: The Confederation aims to unify and promote Buddhist teachings and practices worldwide. Dispute Resolution Scheme Context: The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has introduced the Dispute Resolution Scheme (e-DRS), 2022, as a streamlined and efficient platform for taxpayers to resolve their income tax disputes. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dispute Resolution Scheme Objective: To reduce litigation and offer a quicker, more cost-effective way for taxpayers to resolve disputes. Method: Disputes are resolved electronically through Dispute Resolution Committees (DRCs). Eligibility Criteria Taxpayers: Must meet specific conditions outlined in section 245MA. Financial Limits: Disputes involving amounts not exceeding Rs. 10 lakh and where the taxpayer’s income for the relevant year does not exceed Rs. 50 lakh. Scope of Disputes: Does not cover disputes involving information from searches or international agreements. Dispute Resolution Committees (DRCs) Location: Established in all 18 regions across India. Powers: Can modify orders, reduce penalties, or waive prosecution. Decision Timeframe: Required to make decisions within six months of receiving the application.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 2nd September 2024

Slow But Steady Context: The article discusses India’s GDP growth in the first quarter of 2024-25, highlighting a 6.7% increase. Relevance: GS Paper 3 – Indian Economy Mains Question: What are the main factors contributing to India’s GDP growth? What challenges might affect the economic progress in the future? (10M, 150 words) Main Body: GDP Growth: India’s economy expanded by 6.7% in the first quarter of 2024-25, marking a steady but slow improvement compared to previous projections. This growth reflects a combination of improved agricultural output and increased government expenditure. Agricultural Sector: Agriculture showed robust growth at 4%, contributing significantly to the overall economic activity. This sector’s performance is crucial, especially given the reliance on a good monsoon season, which has positively impacted farm productivity. Government Spending: There was a notable increase in government capital expenditure, which played a pivotal role in boosting economic activity. This spending is expected to drive further growth, especially in infrastructure and public sector projects. Industrial Output: The industrial sector, however, presented mixed results, with a modest growth of 2.7%. The slowdown in manufacturing activities, partly due to subdued private investments, remains a concern for sustaining high growth rates. Private Consumption: Private consumption saw some recovery but was still impacted by inflationary pressures, particularly in food and fuel prices. The overall demand remains subdued, requiring policy interventions to stimulate spending. Investment Climate: The investment climate remains cautious, with private firms hesitant to invest in new capacities. This hesitation is driven by uncertainties in both domestic and global markets, affecting the momentum for industrial expansion. Monsoon Dependency: The economic outlook is heavily dependent on the performance of the monsoon. While initial signs are positive, any irregularities in rainfall could disrupt agricultural output, impacting overall GDP growth. Policy Implications: The article stresses the need for continued government intervention, particularly in addressing supply chain disruptions and ensuring timely execution of infrastructure projects. These actions are essential to maintaining economic momentum in the face of global uncertainties. Conclusion: India’s economic performance in the first quarter of 2024-25 indicates a slow but steady recovery. While the agricultural sector and government spending have provided a much-needed boost, challenges remain in the industrial sector and private investment. The coming quarters will require sustained policy support to ensure that the growth momentum is not only maintained but also accelerated. Strategic interventions in infrastructure, investment incentives, and inflation management will be critical to achieving the government’s broader economic goals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 September 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Ruling on the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act Impact of Reduced PM2.5 Pollution on Life Expectancy in India Advancing Biotechnology in India through Ethanol Production Support Classical Language Mimetus spinatus and Mimetus parvulus Acetanilide Supreme Court Ruling on the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act Context: The Supreme Court of India recently delivered a crucial decision concerning the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, focusing on whether verbal insults or intimidations against individuals from Scheduled Castes (SC) or Scheduled Tribes (ST) are inherently considered offenses under the Act. This judgment was particularly relevant in a case involving anticipatory bail for a YouTube channel editor accused under this legislation. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court Ruling on Insults Under SC/ST Act, 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Recent Amendments to Enhance Protections Challenges associated with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Supreme Court Ruling on Insults Under SC/ST Act, 1989: Background: The case involved allegations against a YouTuber who made derogatory remarks about an MLA belonging to the Scheduled Caste community. Legal Interpretation: Scope of the Act: The Supreme Court clarified that not all insults or intimidations against SCs or STs constitute offenses under the Act. For the Act to be applicable, the derogatory act must be directly connected to the victim’s caste identity. Intent Requirement: The Court emphasized that mere knowledge of the victim’s SC/ST status is insufficient. The offensive act must be intended to humiliate the victim specifically because of their caste. Legal Precedent on Bail: Section 18 of the Act restricts anticipatory bail but does not outright prevent it. The Court can grant bail after a preliminary inquiry establishes that the allegations likely do not meet the Act’s criteria for constituting an offense. Court’s Decision: Preliminary Inquiry: The Court mandated a preliminary inquiry to assess whether the allegations genuinely meet the legal criteria for an offense under the Act. Anticipatory Bail: Anticipatory bail was granted to the YouTuber, with the Court finding insufficient evidence at the preliminary stage that the remarks were intended to humiliate the MLA based on caste. Conclusion on Intent: It was determined that the remarks did not show an intent to insult based on the MLA’s caste, thus not meeting the stringent requirements of the Act for escalating to an offense. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: The Act was enacted to protect Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes from caste-based discrimination and violence, reinforcing the provisions of Articles 15 and 17 of the Indian Constitution. The legislation builds upon earlier laws like the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, aimed at abolishing untouchability and discrimination based on caste. Key Provisions of the Act: Defined Offenses: The Act categorizes acts of physical violence, harassment, and social discrimination against SC/ST individuals as “atrocities,” subject to stringent legal penalties. Legal Framework: The Central Government crafts the implementing rules, while State Governments and Union Territories provide local enforcement. Special courts and SC/ST Protection Cells, led by senior police officers, are established for efficient case handling and trials. Investigations must be led by officers at least at the Deputy Superintendent level and completed swiftly within a set timeframe. Legal Protections and Bail Conditions: Anticipatory Bail Restrictions: Section 18 bars the application of anticipatory bail for accused under this Act, as outlined in Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act includes provisions for the relief and rehabilitation of victims, offering financial compensation, legal aid, and other support services. Recent Amendments to Enhance Protections: 2015 Amendment: Introduced tougher provisions and broadened the definition of offenses to include actions like garlanding with footwear, forced manual scavenging, social or economic boycotts, and other forms of ostracism. Offenses Added: Sexual exploitation and unauthorized physical contact with SC/ST women. Outlawing traditional practices such as dedicating SC/ST women as devadasis. Public Accountability: Imposes penalties on public servants who fail to perform their duties in protecting SC/ST rights. 2018 Amendment: Simplified the arrest process by removing the requirement for Senior Superintendent approval before detaining an accused. Scope Limitation: Intra-community Offenses: The Act does not address offenses committed within the SC/ST communities against each other. Challenges associated with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: Resource Limitations: These courts often struggle with insufficient resources and infrastructure, affecting their functionality and efficiency. There is a notable backlog and slow processing of atrocity cases, which can extend beyond the intended scope of the SC/ST Act. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act provides limited and unclear details on the rehabilitation of victims, primarily focusing on social and economic support without concrete measures. Victims often encounter physical, psychological, and social challenges. There is a crucial need for more detailed and comprehensive rehabilitation strategies to aid victims towards economic self-sufficiency. Awareness and Training: Both beneficiaries, including victims and law enforcement personnel, frequently lack sufficient understanding of the Act’s specific provisions. Legal and Misuse Concerns: The Act includes provisions for warrantless arrests and non-bailable offenses, which have occasionally led to misuse. The broad and stringent nature of the law has led to concerns about false accusations and harassment, particularly impacting individuals from non-SC/ST backgrounds. Coverage of Offenses: Certain crimes that lead to atrocities, such as blackmailing among SC/ST communities, are not explicitly addressed within the Act. The current definition of atrocities may not fully cover all forms of abuse experienced by SCs and STs, suggesting a need for legislative amendments to include a broader array of crimes. -Source: The Hindu Impact of Reduced PM2.5 Pollution on Life Expectancy in India Context: A recent study by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC) highlights a positive correlation between improved air quality and life expectancy in India. Favorable weather conditions and a slight reduction in emissions from 2021 to 2022 led to decreased PM2.5 levels, which have, in turn, contributed to extending the average life expectancy in India by one year. Moreover, the study suggests that aligning with the World Health Organization’s pollution guidelines could potentially increase life expectancy in Delhi by an additional 7.8 years. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: WHO’s Revised Air Quality Guidelines (2021) Key Findings from the “Air Quality Life Index” 2024 Report WHO’s Revised Air Quality Guidelines (2021) WHO updated its guidelines to recommend stricter air quality levels for six pollutants: ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, PM10, and PM2.5. The new recommendations mark a significant tightening of the levels from those set in 2005, aiming to further protect public health. These guidelines are advisory and are not mandatory for countries to adopt. Key Findings from the “Air Quality Life Index” 2024 Report Publication: Released by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC). Purpose: Provides an annual global assessment of air quality, highlighting areas where air quality standards are unmet alongside policy successes and failures. Specific Highlights India’s Air Quality Progress: Reduction in Pollution: In 2022, India saw a 19.3% reduction in particulate pollution from the previous year, marking the second-largest decline globally after Bangladesh. Impact on Life Expectancy: The reduction in pollution potentially adds an average of 51 days to the life expectancy of Indian citizens. Meteorological Influence: Favorable weather conditions and fewer thermal inversions contributed to the pollution decline. Life Expectancy Risk: There is a potential loss of 3.6 years in life expectancy for Indians if the WHO’s PM2.5 guideline of 5 µg/m³ is not met. In 2022, India’s PM2.5 level was approximately 9 µg/m³. Regional Analysis: Notable Improvements: Significant declines in PM2.5 were observed in districts like Purulia and Bankura in West Bengal and several districts in Jharkhand, with reductions exceeding 20 µg/m³. Population Exposure: Approximately 42.6% of India’s population resides in areas that exceed national air quality standards. National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Overview: Launched in 2019, NCAP aims to reduce particulate pollution by 20-30% by 2024 from 2017 levels, with a more ambitious target of a 40% reduction by 2026. Scope: Covers 131 cities that have historically failed to meet set air quality standards, noting a 19% average PM2.5 reduction in monitored cities. Innovative Policies and Impacts: Particulate Pollution Market: Initiated in Gujarat in 2019, leading to a 20-30% reduction in pollution in cities like Surat, with plans for expansion. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: Credited with reducing emissions from residential cooking by promoting clean cooking facilities. Transport Emissions: Declines attributed to reduced diesel use in transport. -Source: The Hindu Advancing Biotechnology in India through Ethanol Production Support Context: The Department of Biotechnology is exploring the development of enzyme-manufacturing facilities to enhance ethanol production. This initiative aligns with the recent launch of the BioE3 policy—Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment—aimed at fostering biotechnology-driven manufacturing in India. This move is part of a broader strategy to integrate more biotechnology solutions into India’s industrial landscape, with a focus on boosting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and job creation. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Overview of BioE3 Policy for Enhanced Biomanufacturing Ethanol Production and Utilization in India Enhancing Ethanol Production in India Through Innovative Methods Overview of BioE3 Policy for Enhanced Biomanufacturing: Definition of High-Performance Biomanufacturing: Involves production of a wide range of products, including medical and material goods, while addressing agricultural challenges. Focuses on crafting bio-based products via sophisticated biotechnological methods. Strategic Focus Areas: Development of high-value bio-based chemicals, enzymes, and biopolymers. Innovation in smart proteins and functional foods. Advancements in precision biotherapeutics. Promotion of climate-resilient agricultural methods. Enhancements in carbon capture and utilization. Research in marine and space sectors. Key Policy Features: Encourages research and entrepreneurship across targeted sectors. Aims for rapid technology development and market introduction through Bio-AI hubs and biofoundries. Supports government initiatives for a ‘Net Zero’ carbon economy and sustainable living. Advocates for ‘Green Growth’ through a ‘Circular Bioeconomy’. Envisions a sustainable and innovative future addressing global challenges, aligned with the Bio-vision for a Developed India. Policy Significance: Addresses critical issues like climate change, food security, and public health. Seeks to establish a robust biomanufacturing ecosystem to foster innovative bio-based product development. Ethanol Production and Utilization in India: Annual Ethanol Demand: NITI Aayog projects a need for approximately 13.5 billion liters of ethanol annually by 2025-26. Approximately 10.16 billion liters are expected to fulfill the E20 fuel-blending requirements. Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in 2003- and this initiative is pursued aggressively in the last 4 to 5 years to reduce import dependence of crude oil as well as mitigate environmental pollution. The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) seeks to achieve blending of Ethanol with motor sprit with a view to reducing pollution, conserve foreign exchange and increase value addition in the sugar industry enabling them to clear cane price arrears of farmers. Although the Government of India decided to launch EBP programme in 2003 for supply of 5% ethanol blended Petrol, it later scaled up blending targets from 5% to 10% under the Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP). The Government of India has also advanced the target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. Currently, 8.5% of ethanol is blended with petrol in India. Enhancing Ethanol Production in India Through Innovative Methods: Introduction of 2G Ethanol Plant in Panipat, Haryana: Utilizes second-generation bioethanol technology, which converts agricultural waste such as rice straw into ethanol, diverging from traditional molasses-based methods. Established by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. in 2022, this pioneering facility has the capacity to produce 100,000 liters of ethanol daily. Although it offers a sustainable use for rice stubble, the process can increase air pollution due to the burning of stubble. BioE3 Policy Implementation: Aims to innovate within biotechnology by creating ‘bio-foundries’ for developing new types of feedstock and catalysts, enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of bio-manufacturing processes. Development of Enzyme Manufacturing Units: Enzymes for ethanol production are being developed from genetically modified Penicillium funiculosum, a fungus that breaks down rice stubble and soil. A facility planned in Manesar, Haryana, is expected to supply enzymes to both the Panipat plant and forthcoming facilities in Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) and Bhatinda (Punjab). Importance of Local Enzyme Production Facilities: Essential for the conversion of agricultural waste to ethanol, these enzymes can significantly decrease production costs. By producing enzymes domestically, India could significantly reduce its import costs, potentially cutting the overall expense of ethanol production by approximately two-thirds, aligning with national energy and environmental goals. -Source: Indian Express Classical Language Context: Recently, the centres for the promotion of classical Telugu, Odia, Kannada and Malayalam demand autonomy for proper functioning. Relevance: GS I: History Criteria for Classical Language Status The language must have a documented history of at least 1,500-2,000 years, evident in early texts. It should have a substantial body of ancient literature, highly regarded as a cultural heritage. The literary tradition of the language must be original and not borrowed from another speech community. There should be a clear distinction between the classical form of the language and its modern forms or offshoots. Recognized Classical Languages in India Tamil: First declared in 2004. Sanskrit: Recognized in 2005. Telugu: Declared in 2008. Kannada: Also recognized in 2008. Malayalam: Added in 2013. Odia: Recognized in 2014. Benefits of Classical Language Status Promotion and Support: The Ministry of Education offers various supports to promote these languages: International Awards: Two major international awards are given annually to scholars of eminence in the language. Centers of Excellence: Establishment of a Centre of Excellence for Studies in the Classical Language. Professional Chairs: The University Grants Commission (UGC) is requested to create Professional Chairs in Central Universities dedicated to the classical language. -Source: Indian Express Mimetus spinatus and Mimetus parvulus Context: The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) recently discovered two new species of spiders named Mimetus spinatus and Mimetus parvulus from the southern Western Ghats. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Mimetus Spinatus and Mimetus Parvulus Mimetus spinatus was found in the Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka, while Mimetus parvulus was collected from Ernakulam district in Kerala. Both species belong to the Mimetidae family, known for their predatory behavior akin to pirates or cannibals of the spider world. These spiders are adept at infiltrating the webs of other spiders, where they mimic vibrations to deceive and prey on the resident spiders. Distinctive Features Mimetus Spinatus: Appearance: Medium-sized with a pale yellow head and a dull grey-white abdomen featuring scattered light green mottling. Notable Characteristics: Named for its distinctive long, black, flattened spine-like hairs on its dorsal head. Mimetus Parvulus: Appearance: Noted for its pale creamy-rose head with dense grey-black mottling and a triangular-shaped, dull grey-white abdomen. Significance of Discovery This discovery marks the first report of new Mimetus species after 118 years since the last recorded species, Mimetus indicus, in India. The addition of these species increases the known diversity of Mimetus in India to three, highlighting the ecological richness of the Southern Western Ghats. -Source: Indian Express Acetanilide Context: Five persons fell unconscious and were hospitalised when they were engaged in shifting acetanilide bags from one container to another in Visakhapatnam recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Acetanilide: Acetanilide, with the molecular formula C8H9NO, is also known as N-phenylacetamide, acetanil, or acetanilid. It appears as a white, odorless solid. Chemical Relationship: It is functionally related to acetic acid. Historical and Medical Significance: First used in 1886, primarily as a fever-reducing drug. Found effective for relieving pain, it served as an alternative to aspirin for treating headaches, menstrual cramps, and rheumatism. Side Effects: Prolonged or excessive use can lead to toxic effects, specifically interfering with hemoglobin function. Current Medical and Industrial Use: Replacement in Therapy: Now largely replaced by acetaminophen (paracetamol) in medical treatments due to lower risk of inducing blood disorders. Industrial Use: Employed as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, and various chemicals. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 August 2024

CONTENT National Teachers Awards National Teachers Awards Context: Recently, the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education selected 16 teachers in HEIs and Polytechnic for National Awards to Teachers (NAT) 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims National Teachers Awards: To celebrate outstanding teachers who have significantly enhanced school education and impacted the lives of their students across India. Exemplary teachers and faculty members from higher education institutions and polytechnics. Eligibility Criteria: Institutional Affiliation: Must be affiliated with colleges, universities, or polytechnics in India. Employment Status: Must be a regular faculty member. Experience: Must have at least five years of full-time teaching experience at the undergraduate or postgraduate level. Age Limit: Must not exceed 55 years of age at the time of the award application deadline. Ineligibility: Vice-Chancellors, Directors, or Principals are generally ineligible unless they are below 55 and still in active teaching roles. Award Details: Prize: Winners receive a medal and a certificate along with a cash prize of Rs 50,000.

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