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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 September 2024

Contents: Regulatory Reforms in Indian Pharmaceutical Sector Stuck in a Loop India’s Next Census: The Need for a Shift to Register-Based Enumeration Regulatory Reforms in Indian Pharmaceutical Sector Stuck in a Loop Context: India’s Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, through the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), announced key policy initiatives in 2024 targeting three areas: drug recall guidelines, good distribution practices, and the use of confusingly similar brand names for pharmaceuticals. However, despite these initiatives being introduced to address major public health concerns, bureaucratic delays and the non-binding nature of these guidelines have stalled their implementation. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – Governance Mains Question: What are the major challenges in implementing regulatory reforms in India’s pharmaceutical sector? How can the government overcome bureaucratic bottlenecks to ensure public health safety? Background on Pharmaceutical Reforms: The DCGI announced key reforms aimed at improving public health by addressing three critical areas: drug recall guidelines, ensuring drugs that fail quality tests are quickly removed from the market; good distribution practices, meant to regulate drug storage and distribution; and the use of similar brand names, which often leads to prescription errors. These reforms are crucial given India’s large pharmaceutical market, where drug safety and quality control remain top concerns. Despite the intent, these reforms remain stuck in bureaucratic loops due to their non-binding nature. The Parliamentary Standing Committee (PSC) Report: The 59th report of the PSC on Health and Family Welfare, tabled in 2012, identified these issues in India’s drug regulatory framework. The report emphasized the need for legally enforceable recall guidelines, clear standards for drug storage, and stricter regulation of drug brand names to prevent confusion in prescriptions. The Drug Consultative Committee (DCC), while discussing the guidelines, failed to move forward due to concerns about cost implications for pharmacies and wholesalers. Challenges in Implementation: Non-binding Guidelines: The recall and distribution guidelines, though proposed, remain voluntary and lack the force of law. This legal gap means that pharmaceutical companies are not obligated to recall substandard drugs unless ordered by the regulator. Resistance from Stakeholders: The opposition from pharmacists and wholesalers stems from concerns that upgrading storage infrastructure and complying with good distribution practices will lead to increased costs. Brand Name Confusion: The issue of similar brand names has long been identified as a major public health risk. In many cases, drugs with similar-sounding names but different uses have led to prescription errors. However, despite recognition of the problem, the guidelines for avoiding brand name confusion have not been enforced. Why the Reforms Are Stuck: Despite the identification of these regulatory gaps, both in government reports and discussions with stakeholders, reforms have been stalled due to a combination of bureaucratic inertia and the lack of political will to push for binding legal reforms. The Ministry of Health, while responsible for issuing the guidelines, has been slow to take action. Additionally, there has been little coordination between the different bodies responsible for pharmaceutical regulation, such as the DCGI, the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), and the Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC). Solutions to Break the Regulatory Loop: Legally Binding Regulations: The most crucial step is to give the proposed guidelines legal enforceability. By amending relevant laws, such as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, the Ministry can ensure that recall guidelines and good distribution practices are mandatory, with strict penalties for non-compliance. Engagement with Industry Stakeholders: The concerns raised by pharmacists and pharmaceutical companies about the cost of compliance must be addressed through consultations and government support. Providing financial incentives or subsidies for upgrading storage infrastructure could facilitate smoother implementation of good distribution practices. Strengthening Regulatory Institutions: The DCGI and related regulatory bodies need stronger leadership and a streamlined process for issuing and enforcing guidelines. Appointing senior officials with experience in pharmaceutical regulation and fostering better interdepartmental coordination would help in breaking the current logjam. Addressing Public Health Risks: From a public health perspective, the importance of enforcing these regulations cannot be overstated. With drugs often being dispensed without proper storage and confusing brand names leading to prescription errors, patient safety is at risk. These reforms, once implemented, could significantly reduce these risks and improve the overall quality of healthcare in India. Conclusion: India’s pharmaceutical regulatory framework requires urgent reform to protect public health. The DCGI’s proposed guidelines on drug recalls, distribution practices, and brand name differentiation are critical steps towards ensuring drug safety. However, without legally binding regulations, these guidelines will continue to languish in bureaucratic inertia. To ensure meaningful reform, the government must push for legislative changes, engage with industry stakeholders, and appoint leadership that is committed to driving regulatory improvements. By doing so, India can secure a safer and more reliable pharmaceutical industry, ultimately benefiting public health. India’s Next Census: The Need for a Shift to Register-Based Enumeration Context: The article discusses the challenges surrounding India’s upcoming Census, which has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With the last Census conducted in 2011, there is now a potential gap of 16 years before the next one, likely in 2026 or 2027. The article highlights the limitations of the current decennial enumeration-based system and advocates for a transition towards a register-based or dynamic census model, which could provide up-to-date and real-time data. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – Governance Mains Question: Discuss the significance of transitioning to a register-based Census model for India. Highlight the challenges and advantages associated with this shift in the context of governance and data management. Delayed Census India’s Census, originally scheduled for 2021, has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The upcoming Census is likely to be completed between 2026 and 2027, marking a 16-year gap since the last Census. This delay in updating data has led to a significant discrepancy between reality and the available data, affecting policymaking and resource distribution. Global Census Trends Several countries such as Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Singapore, and Switzerland have shifted to register-based censuses. These countries rely on government administrative records (e.g., population, tax, employment, education, and healthcare data) to generate continuous Census data. This method allows for cost-effective and timely collection of up-to-date information, unlike the decade-long gap seen in traditional enumeration. Why India Needs to Shift The current decennial Census model in India is resource-intensive, costly, and time-consuming. India’s digital advancements, including the widespread use of Aadhaar, voter ID, and mobile numbers, make it feasible to move towards a register-based or dynamic Census. A register-based model would enable more frequent and accurate updates, critical for sectors like healthcare, education, and employment where rapid demographic shifts occur. Technological Integration In recent years, the government has made efforts to integrate databases like Aadhaar and voter ID into a unified system for easier data collection. While combining multiple registers is not a simple task, advancements in software and data management could facilitate this transition. Cost-Effectiveness The article cites the Austrian example, where the cost of the 2001 Census was €72 million. However, after switching to a register-based model in 2011, the cost dropped to just €10 million. This approach could save India substantial financial resources that are currently allocated for decennial Census activities. Current Challenges in India’s Data System Even though India has collected vast amounts of data via Aadhaar and other systems, there remain challenges in integrating these into a cohesive Census model. Addressing issues related to data privacy, accuracy, and infrastructure development will be critical in transitioning to a register-based system. Public Opinion and Concerns Some fear that moving away from a decennial Census could lead to gaps in data quality. However, well-planned small-scale sample surveys, as done in Switzerland, could address this issue. Others argue that a shift to a dynamic Census would provide more accurate, timely, and relevant data to meet the needs of a rapidly changing population. India’s Technological Capability With advanced technology, software, and existing government databases, India is well-positioned to make the shift to a register-based Census. The process would involve integrating databases related to Aadhaar, voter ID, employment, education, and health records. The combined data would provide real-time demographic insights, helping policymakers dynamically adjust to socioeconomic changes. Census Beyond Enumeration A traditional Census serves multiple purposes beyond just population counts. It influences economic planning, educational reforms, healthcare, and urban development. The quality and timeliness of data collected through a dynamic Census could provide more effective support for social welfare programs and public policy interventions. International Examples The article points to the U.K.’s decision to transition from decennial Census data collection to a more frequent use of administrative data, following its 2021 Census. The U.K.’s Royal Statistical Society declared this a “dynamic register-based census,” allowing continuous tracking of demographic, economic, and social changes. Government Initiatives India has already made steps towards creating a dynamic data system, including efforts to integrate Aadhaar and voter ID records. In 2018, the government proposed merging birth and death registration data with Census data, which could lead to real-time population statistics. Conclusion: India’s next Census could mark a significant leap towards a more dynamic and register-based enumeration system. Given the global trends and India’s advancements in digital infrastructure, the transition is not only feasible but also necessary to address the growing needs of timely, accurate, and relevant data. As India prepares for its first “digital Census,” it must overcome the challenges of database integration and privacy concerns. If successful, a register-based Census would save costs, improve data accuracy, and contribute to better governance and policymaking in India. Latest Data and Numbers: The last Census in 2011 recorded a population of over 1.21 billion. The delayed 2026 Census will likely capture a population of over 1.4 billion. Austria’s switch to a register-based Census reduced costs from €72 million in 2001 to €10 million in 2011. India’s proposed shift to a register-based Census could save billions of rupees by reducing the need for labour-intensive surveys.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 September 2024

CONTENTS Asset Reconstruction Sector Faces Decline Amidst Lower NPAs Typhoon (Cyclone) Shanshan Cyclical Anomalies in the North Indian Ocean Impact of Sanitation Improvements on Infant Mortality in India BepiColombo Kawasaki Disease Teal Carbon Asset Reconstruction Sector Faces Decline Amidst Lower NPAs Context: Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) in India have seen a decline in growth, largely due to a significant drop in Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), which hit a 12-year low of 2.8% by March 2024. Additionally, the ratings agency Crisil forecasts a contraction of 7-10% in the assets under management (AUM) of ARCs for the fiscal year 2024-25, following a year of no growth in 2023-24. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Concerns of Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) What is an Asset Reconstruction Company? Strategies to Address the Challenges faced by Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) Concerns of Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) The concerns facing Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) in India are multifaceted, primarily influenced by regulatory changes and market dynamics. Here are the key issues highlighted: Shift in Asset Focus: With a decrease in new non-performing corporate assets, ARCs have redirected their focus towards smaller, less profitable retail loans. However, the growth in retail non-performing assets (NPAs) has not been significant, limiting the opportunities for ARCs to expand and profit in this segment. Regulatory Requirements: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has increased the investment mandates for ARCs, requiring them to invest at least 15% in security receipts or 2.5% of the total security receipts issued, whichever is higher. Additionally, the RBI raised the minimum net owned funds requirement from Rs 100 crore to Rs 300 crore. These changes have placed additional financial burdens on ARCs, complicating their operational capabilities. Competition from NARCL: The introduction of the National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd (NARCL), a government-backed entity providing security receipts guaranteed by the government, poses a significant challenge to private ARCs. NARCL’s more lucrative government-backed security receipts make it a formidable competitor in the ARC market. Approval Delays: New regulations require ARCs to obtain approval from an independent advisory committee for all settlement proposals, leading to delays in the approval process, particularly in retail loan settlements. This cautious approach is intended to avoid future regulatory scrutiny but slows down the operation of ARCs. Increased Scrutiny and Trust Issues: Increased scrutiny from the RBI, including actions like the ban on Edelweiss ARC from issuing new loans for circumventing regulations through related group loans, has created a trust deficit between ARCs and the regulator. This scrutiny stems from concerns that some ARC transactions may allow defaulting promoters to regain control of their assets, effectively circumventing the provisions of Section 29A of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), which bars defaulting promoters from bidding for their insolvent firms. What is an Asset Reconstruction Company? An asset reconstruction company is a special type of financial institution that buys the debtors of the bank at a mutually agreed value and attempts to recover the debts or associated securities by itself. The asset reconstruction companies or ARCs are registered under the RBI. Hence, RBI has the power to regulate the ARCs. ARCs are regulated under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act, 2002). The ARCs take over a portion of the debts of the bank that qualify to be recognised as Non-Performing Assets. Thus, ARCs are engaged in the business of asset reconstruction or securitization (securitization is the acquisition of financial assets either by way of issuing security receipts to Qualified Buyers or any other means) or both. All the rights that were held by the lender (the bank) in respect of the debt would be transferred to the ARC. The required funds to purchase such such debts can be raised from Qualified Buyers. The ARC can take over only secured debts which have been classified as a non-performing asset (NPA). In case debentures / bonds remain unpaid, the beneficiary of the securities is required to give a notice of 90 days before it qualifies to be taken over. What are Bad Banks? A Bad Bank (usually set up as a government-backed bad bank) is technically an asset reconstruction company (ARC) or an asset management company. Bad banks are typically set up in times of crisis when long-standing financial institutions are trying to recuperate their reputations and wallets. How does it work? A bad bank buys the bad loans and other illiquid holdings of other banks and financial institutions, which clears their balance sheet. A bad bank structure may also assume the risky assets of a group of financial institutions, instead of a single bank. The bad bank is not involved in lending and taking deposits, but helps commercial banks clean up their balance sheets and resolve bad loans. National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd (NARCL) National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd (NARCL) is the name coined for the bad bank announced in the Budget 2021-22. The new entity is being created in collaboration with both public and private sector banks. NARCL will take over identified bad loans of lenders and the lead bank with offer in hand of NARCL will go for a ‘Swiss Challenge’, where other asset reconstruction players will be invited to better the offer made by a chosen bidder for finding higher valuation of an NPA on sale. The company will pick up those assets that are 100 per cent provided for by the lenders. The biggest advantage of NARCL would be aggregation of identified NPAs (non-performing assets). This is expected to be more efficient in recovery as it will step into the shoes of multiple lenders who currently have different compulsions when it comes to resolving a bad loan. After enactment of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act in 2002, regulatory guidelines for ARCs were issued in 2003 to enable development of this sector and to facilitate smooth functioning of companies such as NARCL. Strategies to Address the Challenges faced by Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) Strategic Expansion and Collaboration Broaden Asset Portfolio: ARCs should expand beyond traditional assets like corporate and retail loans to include sectors like infrastructure, MSMEs, and other high-stress sectors still viable for recovery. Regulatory Partnerships: Enhance collaboration with regulatory bodies like the RBI to ensure operations are transparent and adhere strictly to regulatory standards. Enhancing Operations and Trust Code of Conduct: Implement a standard code of conduct to boost trust and accountability within the sector. Utilize Advanced Technologies: Integrate AI-driven analytics to speed up the evaluation processes, helping to reduce delays caused by mandatory approvals from independent advisory committees. Service Differentiation Niche Market Specialization: Private ARCs should tailor their services to cater to specific market needs, focusing on niche areas that could benefit from specialized recovery strategies and faster service delivery. -Source: Live Mint Typhoon (Cyclone) Shanshan Context: Recently, Typhoon (Cyclone) Shanshan has hit Japan bringing heavy rains and strong winds, prompting airlines and railways to cancel multiple services. Relevance: GS-I: Geography (Physical geography – Climatology, Important Geophysical phenomena), GS-III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: What are Tropical Cyclones? Conditions for cyclone formation: How are Tropical Cyclones Formed? Why tropical cyclones don’t form in the eastern tropical oceans? Names of Tropical Cyclones Structure of the tropical cyclone Landfall, what happens when a Cyclone reaches land from the ocean? Cyclone Management in India What are Tropical Cyclones? The Tropical Cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to coastal areas bringing about large-scale destruction caused by violent winds, very heavy rainfall and storm surges. These are low pressure weather systems in which winds equal or exceed speeds of 62kmph. Winds circulate around in anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. “Tropical” refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. “Cyclone” refers to their winds moving in a circle, whirling round their central clear eye, with their winds blowing counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect. Tropical Cyclones in India Tropical cyclones striking India generally originate in the eastern side of India. Bay of Bengal is more prone to cyclone than Arabian Sea because it gets high sea surface temperature, low vertical shear winds and has enough moisture in middle layers of its atmosphere. The frequency of cyclones in this region is bi-modal, i.e., Cyclones occur in the months of May–June and October–November. Conditions for cyclone formation: A warm sea surface (temperature in excess of 26o –27o C) and associated warming extending up to a depth of 60m with abundant water vapour. High relative humidity in the atmosphere up to a height of about 5,000 metres. Atmospheric instability that encourages the formation of cumulus clouds. Low vertical wind between the lower and higher levels of the atmosphere that do not allow the heat generated and released by the clouds to get transported from the area. The presence of cyclonic vorticity (rate of rotation of air) that initiates and favours rotation of the air cyclonically. Location over the ocean, at least 4–5 o latitude away from the equator. How are Tropical Cyclones Formed? Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. Warm water > Evaporation > Rising up of air > Low Pressure area. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately re-condenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. Water takes up heat from the atmosphere to change into vapour. When water vapour changes back to liquid form as raindrops, this heat is released to the atmosphere. The heat released to the atmosphere warms the air around. The air tends to rise and causes a drop in the pressure. More air rushes to the centre of the storm. This cycle is repeated. Why tropical cyclones don’t form in the eastern tropical oceans? The depth of warm water (26-27°C) should extend for 60-70 m from surface of the ocean/sea, so that deep convection currents within the water do not churn and mix the cooler water below with the warmer water near the surface. The above condition occurs only in western tropical oceans because of warm ocean currents (easterly trade winds pushes ocean waters towards west) that flow from east towards west forming a thick layer of water with temperatures greater than 27°C. This supplies enough moisture to the storm. The cold currents lower the surface temperatures of the eastern parts of the tropical oceans making them unfit for the breeding of cyclonic storms. ONE EXCEPTION: During strong El Nino years, strong hurricanes occur in the eastern Pacific. This is due to the accumulation of warm waters in the eastern Pacific due to weak Walker Cell. Names of Tropical Cyclones Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names: Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Hurricanes in the Atlantic Typhoons in the Western Pacific and the South China Sea Willy-willies in Western Australia Structure of the tropical cyclone Tropical cyclones are compact, circular storms, generally some 320 km (200 miles) in diameter, whose winds swirl around a central region of low atmospheric pressure. The winds are driven by this low-pressure core and by the rotation of Earth, which deflects the path of the wind through a phenomenon known as the Coriolis force. As a result, tropical cyclones rotate in a counter clockwise (or cyclonic) direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in a clockwise (or anticyclonic) direction in the Southern Hemisphere. The Eye: A characteristic feature of tropical cyclones is the eye, a central region of clear skies, warm temperatures, and low atmospheric pressure. Typically, atmospheric pressure at the surface of Earth is about 1,000 millibars. The Eyewall: The most dangerous and destructive part of a tropical cyclone is the eyewall. Here winds are strongest, rainfall is heaviest, and deep convective clouds rise from close to Earth’s surface to a height of 15,000 metres. Rainbands: These bands, commonly called rainbands, spiral into the centre of the storm. In some cases the rainbands are stationary relative to the centre of the moving storm, and in other cases they seem to rotate around the centre. Landfall, what happens when a Cyclone reaches land from the ocean? Tropical cyclones dissipate when they can no longer extract sufficient energy from warm ocean water. A storm that moves over land will abruptly lose its fuel source and quickly lose intensity. A tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. Cyclone Management in India India is highly vulnerable to natural disasters especially cyclones, earthquakes, floods, landslides, and drought. Natural disasters cause a loss of 2% of GDP every year in India. According to the Home ministry, 8% of total area in India is prone to cyclones. India has a coastline of 7,516 km, of which 5,700 km are prone to cyclones of various degrees. Loss due to cyclones: Loss of lives, livelihood opportunities, damage to public and private property and severe damage to infrastructure are the resultant consequences, which can disrupt the process of development Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) is the nodal agency for early warning of cyclones and floods. Natural Disaster Management Authority is mandated to deal with the disaster management in India. It has prepared National Guidelines on Management of Cyclone. National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) was launched by Home ministry to upgrade the forecasting, tracking and warning about cyclones in states. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has done a commendable performance in rescuing and managing relief work. National Disaster Response Reserve (NDRR)– a fund of 250 crores operated by NDRF for maintaining inventory for an emergency situation. In 2016, a blueprint of National Disaster Management Plan was unveiled to tackle disaster. It provides a framework to deal with prevention, mitigation, response and recovery during a disaster. According to the plan, Ministry of earth science will be responsible for disaster management of cyclone. By this plan, India joined the list of countries which follow the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Due to increased awareness and tracking of Cyclone, the death toll has been reduced substantially. For example, Very severe cyclone Hudhud and Phailin claimed lives of around 138 and 45 people respectively, which might have been more. It was reduced due to the early warning and relocation of the population from the cyclone-hit areas. Very severe cyclone Ockhi claimed many lives of people in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This was due to the unprecedented change in the direction of the cyclone. But the destruction of infrastructure due to cyclonic hit is not been reduced which leads to increase in poverty due to the economic weakening of the affected population. -Source: Indian Express Cyclical Anomalies in the North Indian Ocean Context: The North Indian Ocean plays a pivotal role in providing moisture for the summer monsoon, contributing roughly 200 lakh crore buckets of water through significant evaporation from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Despite these regions’ warmth, which typically fosters cyclone activity, the North Indian Ocean is noted for its relatively low cyclonic activity compared to other tropical areas. This unique characteristic stems from a blend of factors that both promote and inhibit cyclone formation, making it an atypical zone in terms of cyclone frequency, seasonality, and interactions with global warming effects. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Distinctive Features of the Indian Ocean Climate Change Impacts The Case of Cyclone Asna Distinctive Features of the Indian Ocean Unique Circulation Patterns: The Indian Ocean is distinguished by its monsoonal patterns, with seasonal wind reversals north of the Equator, which significantly affect regional climates and oceanic conditions. Oceanic Connectivity: It features unique ‘oceanic tunnels’ that link it to the Pacific and Southern Oceans, facilitating significant transfers of warm water from the Pacific into the upper layers and cooler waters from the Southern Ocean into deeper layers. Seasonal Dynamics and Temperature Variations Rapid Seasonal Warming: The Arabian Sea experiences quick temperature increases during the pre-monsoon period as the sun shifts to the northern hemisphere. In contrast, the Bay of Bengal heats up even more significantly, driving atmospheric convection and rainfall. Monsoon Impact: The formation of a key atmospheric trough over the Bay of Bengal by mid-May catalyzes the monsoon onset in Kerala, leading to extensive rainfall across many Indian states during the post-monsoon period. Climate Change Impacts Warming Trends: Climate change is intensifying the unique characteristics of the Indian Ocean, with increased heat transfer from the Pacific and more intense warming due to the Southern Ocean’s influences. Environmental Responses: The north Indian Ocean and associated monsoon systems are adjusting to these changes, affecting wind patterns and humidity levels. Global Oceanic Impact: The Indian Ocean’s rapid warming is influencing broader oceanic dynamics, including heat absorption in the Pacific and altering deep water processes in the North Atlantic, acting as a global thermal buffer during climate shifts. Regional Weather Phenomena Cyclogenesis Factors: The Indian Ocean’s diverse temperature and wind patterns contribute to the formation and intensity of cyclones, particularly noting the stark differences in cyclogenesis between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. These dynamics are increasingly influenced by regional climate change drivers. Frequency of Cyclones and Their Uniqueness Monsoon Influence: During the monsoon, strong southwesterly winds stimulate a significant cooling in the Arabian Sea due to the mixing of cold subsurface and surface waters, reducing its potential for cyclone formation. Impact of Vertical Shear: Variable strength and direction of monsoon winds from the surface up to the middle atmosphere create a vertical shear, which disrupts the energy accumulation necessary for cyclone development. Cyclogenesis Across Seasons Seasonal Split: The cyclogenesis in the north Indian Ocean is distinctively divided into pre-monsoon and post-monsoon phases, unlike other regions that typically experience a single cyclonic season. Regional Variations: While the Bay of Bengal shows higher cyclonic activity due to favorable conditions, the Arabian Sea exhibits subdued cyclonic formation due to lesser convective activity, especially in the pre-monsoon period. The Case of Cyclone Asna Rare Occurrence: The recent cyclone named ‘Asna’ marked a rare cyclonic event in August, the first since 1981, originating from a potent land-born depression that transitioned into the Arabian Sea. Growth and Impact: This cyclone was notable for its intense development over land, which is atypical as depressions usually gain strength over the Bay of Bengal. Asna was fueled by the accumulated soil moisture from heavy rainfall, intensifying as it moved over the warm waters of the Arabian Sea. Wider Climate Influences: The formation and strengthening of Asna have been linked to broader climatic shifts including a northward migration of the low-level jet, influenced by significant warming over West Asia. Broader Climatic Context and Surprises Global Warming and Weather Anomalies: The year 2023-2024 has witnessed unusual climatic phenomena influenced by global warming, El Niño, and possible volcanic activities undersea, contributing to unpredictable weather patterns including the unusual trajectory and impact of Cyclone Asna. Unexpected Weather Events: The behavior of the monsoon and associated weather patterns like Asna underscores the increasing unpredictability in weather events, highlighting a complex interplay of regional and global climatic factors. -Source: The Hindu Impact of Sanitation Improvements on Infant Mortality in India Context: The science journal Nature recently featured a study highlighting the relationship between the construction of toilets under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and reductions in infant mortality across India. This comprehensive analysis spanned the decade from 2011 to 2020 and covered all 35 states and Union territories, incorporating data from over 600 districts. The research aimed to quantify the public health impacts of improved sanitation facilities, which are crucial for reducing preventable infant deaths. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Outcomes of the Swachh Bharat Mission Study Swachh Bharat Mission Outcomes of the Swachh Bharat Mission Study Significant Reduction in Infant Mortality: The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has been instrumental in preventing 60,000-70,000 infant deaths annually from 2011 to 2020. Impact on Child Mortality Rates: Districts with more than 30% toilet coverage under SBM saw substantial declines in mortality, with 5.3 fewer infant deaths and 6.8 fewer child deaths per 1,000 births. Correlation with Toilet Accessibility: A 10% rise in access to toilets at the district level is associated with a 0.9 point decrease in the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and a 1.1 point decrease in the Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR). Acceleration in IMR Reduction Post-SBM: Post-SBM, the rate of decrease in IMR increased to 8-9% annually, up from 3% annually during the pre-SBM period of 2000-2014. Improvement in Sanitation Facilities: The availability of toilets doubled, and the rate of open defecation dropped from 60% to 19% in the first five years of the SBM’s implementation. Construction of Toilets and ODF Status: Between 2014 and 2020, the government constructed 109 million household toilets, achieving open defecation free (ODF) status in over 600,000 villages. Wider Benefits Realized: Increased toilet access enhanced women’s safety, led to significant financial savings from reduced medical costs, and improved overall quality of life. Economic Benefits for Families: Households in ODF villages reported saving an average of Rs 50,000 annually on health-related expenses. Comprehensive Strategy Implementation: SBM effectively combined physical infrastructure development with significant investments in Information, Education, and Communication (IEC), fostering robust community engagement to eliminate open defecation. Swachh Bharat Mission: On October 2, 2014, the Prime Minister of India inaugurated the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) with the primary goal of eradicating open defecation throughout the country by 2019. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan initiative signifies a crucial and long-overdue endeavor to improve sanitation conditions in India. Globally, India’s record in terms of open defecation was even worse than in some economically disadvantaged regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, Haiti, and Ghana. This campaign aims to tackle this issue and elevate India’s sanitation standards to meet international norms. Two distinct phases of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: The first phase of the mission extended until October 2019, and the second phase extends from 2020-21 to 2024-25. The objectives of these phases were rooted in completing the foundational work laid out in Phase 1. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Grameen Phase I: In the initial phase, launched in 2014, the rural sanitation coverage in the country stood at 38.7%. Since the initiation of this effort, more than 100 million individual toilets have been constructed.  Rural areas across all states declared themselves Open Defecation Free (ODF) by October 2, 2019. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Grameen Phase II: The emphasis of Phase-II is on ensuring the lasting success of the accomplishments achieved in Phase-I. This phase places significant importance on establishing effective infrastructure for the management of Solid/Liquid & Plastic Waste (SLWM) in rural India. Implemented from 2020-21 to 2024-25 in a mission mode, this phase is allocated a comprehensive budget of Rs. 1,40,881 crores. Under the ODF Plus category, SLWM is monitored using four outcome indicators: Plastic waste management, Biodegradable solid waste management (including animal waste), Greywater (Household Wastewater) management Fecal sludge management. Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U): The Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U), initiated in 2014, by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, it is a national mission aimed at promoting cleanliness, sanitation, and effective waste management in the urban areas of India. The program’s primary goal is to cleanse and eliminate open defecation from cities and towns across the country, and its implementation is divided into distinct phases. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Urban Phase I: In the initial phase, SBM-U 1.0, the pivotal goal was achieving Open Defecation Free (ODF) status across urban India. This involved providing access to sanitary facilities and encouraging a shift in behavioral norms. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Urban Phase II: SBM-U 2.0 (2021-2026), building upon the accomplishments of the initial phase, aimed not only for ODF+ and ODF++ standards but also for garbage-free urban regions. Central to SBM-U 2.0 were sustainable sanitation practices, efficient waste management strategies, and the promotion of a circular economy model, focusing on harnessing waste as a resource and minimizing waste generation. -Source: The Hindu BepiColombo Context: Recently, the BepiColombo spacecraft gave scientists their first clear view of Mercury’s south pole. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: BepiColombo Mission: Exploring Mercury Objectives of BepiColombo BepiColombo Mission: Exploring Mercury BepiColombo is a collaborative mission between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to explore Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun. Named After Giuseppe “Bepi” Colombo: The mission is named after Giuseppe “Bepi” Colombo, an Italian mathematician and engineer who made significant contributions to understanding Mercury’s orbit. Launch and Purpose: Launched on October 20, 2018, BepiColombo aims to study various aspects of Mercury, including its surface, composition, magnetic field, and interaction with the solar environment. Two Main Components: BepiColombo consists of two main components: Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO): Provided by ESA, the MPO focuses on mapping and studying Mercury’s surface, composition, and topography. Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO): Provided by JAXA, the MMO studies Mercury’s magnetic field and magnetosphere. Objectives of BepiColombo: Investigate Mercury’s surface and composition to gain insights into its geological history and formation processes. Study Mercury’s magnetic field and magnetosphere to understand its internal structure and interactions with the solar wind. Measure Mercury’s exosphere (thin atmosphere) and understand its composition and dynamics. Conduct experiments to test principles of general relativity and improve our understanding of gravity. -Source: Indian Express Kawasaki Disease Context: Recently, a Bengaluru based doctor revealed that they saw a surge in Kawasaki disease among children after the devastating second wave of COVID-19. Relevance: GS II: Health Kawasaki Disease Kawasaki Disease is also referred to as Kawasaki syndrome or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. It is a rare pediatric illness that triggers fever and inflammation in blood vessels predominantly in children below five years. It ranks as one of the prevalent causes of acquired heart disease in young children. The disease provokes the immune system to attack and inflame the blood vessels. The inflammation typically targets the coronary arteries but can also affect lymph nodes, skin, and mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and throat. Symptoms manifest as fever, rash, swelling of hands and feet, red and irritated eyes, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and inflammation in the mouth, lips, and throat. Discovered by Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japan in 1967, with the first international cases noted in Hawaii in 1976. The precise cause of Kawasaki Disease remains elusive, though it most frequently occurs in late winter and early spring. -Source: The Hindu Teal Carbon Context: India’s first study on ‘teal carbon’, undertaken at Keoladeo National Park (KNP) in Rajasthan’s Bharatpur district, has highlighted the significance of wetland conservation to address the challenges of climate adaptation and resilience. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Teal Carbon: Teal Carbon refers to the carbon stored within non-tidal freshwater wetlands, which includes carbon found in vegetation, microbial biomass, and both dissolved and particulate organic matter. Compared to terrestrial forests, these wetland ecosystems are more efficient at capturing and storing carbon, making them superior in carbon sequestration capabilities. The term ‘teal carbon’ is a newer concept in environmental science focused on the study of organic carbon in inland freshwater wetlands. The term is a color-based nomenclature that categorizes organic carbon based on its functional role and geographical presence rather than its physical characteristics. The global reservoir of teal carbon is approximated at 500.21 petagrams (PgC), a scientific measurement for large quantities of carbon. Significant contributors to teal carbon include peatlands, freshwater swamps, and natural freshwater marshes. Despite their critical function in greenhouse gas regulation, these ecosystems face threats such as pollution, alterations in land use, water extraction, and changes to the landscape. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 September 2024

CONTENTS Indian Naval Ship Participates in Joint Exercise in the Mediterranean INDIAsize Initiative  Indian Naval Ship Participates in Joint Exercise in the Mediterranean Context: The Indian Naval Ship Tabar recently engaged in a Maritime Partnership Exercise (MPX) with the Spanish Navy’s ship Atalaya, conducting the exercise in the Mediterranean Sea. This initiative underscores India’s ongoing commitment to strengthening maritime collaboration and enhancing operational coordination with international naval forces. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Enhancing Naval Cooperation Through the Maritime Partnership Exercise (MPX) The MPX with the Spanish Navy underlines a strengthening of bilateral naval relations and underscores a mutual commitment to advancing maritime collaboration. The exercise comprised various advanced drills including Station Keeping, Replenishment at Sea Approaches (RASAPs), Flying Exercise (FYEX), Steam Past, and PHOTOEX series, which collectively enhance operational compatibility and readiness. INS Tabar: A Pivotal Asset in India’s Naval Arsenal INS Tabar, a Talwar-class stealth frigate, was constructed in Kaliningrad, Russia and joined the Indian Navy in April 2004. It represents the third of its class in the Indian naval fleet. Operational Capabilities: Versatile Mission Profile: INS Tabar is adept at performing a variety of missions encompassing air, surface, and sub-surface operations. Operational Flexibility: It can function autonomously or integrate seamlessly within larger naval contingents. Strategic Deployment: Positioned with the Western Fleet, based out of Mumbai, the frigate plays a critical role in regional maritime security. Armament and Defense Systems: Advanced Weaponry: INS Tabar is notably the first in its class equipped with BrahMos supersonic anti-ship cruise missiles, enhancing its strike capabilities. Comprehensive Defense Suite: The frigate also includes Barak-1 missiles, bolstering its defensive reach and effectiveness. INDIAsize Initiative Context: The government will soon roll out the much-awaited ‘INDIAsize’ initiative, the Union Textiles Minister said recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims INDIAsize Initiative Purpose and Origin: Initiated by India’s Ministry of Textiles, the INDIAsize project aims to create standardized measurements that are tailored to fit the diverse Indian population, addressing the issue of poor garment fits that result from using standardized Western body measurements. Need for the Project: Currently, many brands in India adopt US or UK size standards, which often do not align with the typical Indian body dimensions. This discrepancy results in ill-fitting clothes and widespread consumer dissatisfaction. Project Execution: The initiative involves collecting anthropometric data from over 25,000 Indian males and females, ranging from 15 to 65 years of age, using safe, non-invasive 3D whole-body scanning technologies. Impact and Benefits: A detailed size chart developed from this data will guide both domestic and international clothing manufacturers and retailers to produce apparel that fits the Indian consumer more accurately. This standardization is expected to harmonize the supply with the demand for well-fitted clothing, enhancing consumer satisfaction and boosting sales. Future Applications: Once implemented, the INDIAsize standards will become the benchmark for Indian and global fashion brands operating within the country, potentially revolutionizing the apparel industry by ensuring better fits and fewer returns due to size mismatches

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 9 September 2024

Contents: Policy Paralysis: A Weakened Public Health Sector in India India Needs Consistent Engagement with ASEAN on Trade and Security Building on Success: The Impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission PresVu: Eye Drops to Reduce Dependency on Reading Glasses The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Warfare: Navigating Ethical Boundaries and Global Norms Policy Paralysis: A Weakened Public Health Sector in India Context: India’s public health system is facing a crisis marked by inadequate policy focus on primary care, limited access to healthcare services for the underprivileged, and a growing emphasis on privatized healthcare models. Over the past decade, public health policies have not adequately addressed the real needs of the population, resulting in poor outcomes in both preventive and curative care. This editorial discusses the policy shortcomings that have weakened India’s public health sector, with an emphasis on primary care and public health infrastructure. Relevance: General Studies Paper II and III, Governance and Healthcare Mains Question: Analyze the causes of the weakened public health sector in India. What policy reforms are required to address the health needs of vulnerable populations while ensuring comprehensive access to healthcare services? Current Crisis in Public Health Policies: India’s public health system is plagued by policy paralysis, with a growing disconnect between the needs of the population and the policies implemented by the government. Recent public health initiatives have not adequately focused on the “felt needs” of the population, including diseases of poverty like tuberculosis, malnutrition, and waterborne diseases. Public health policies have become increasingly dependent on expert-driven decisions, leaving out the real experiences and needs of people, particularly the poor and vulnerable. These needs include better sanitation, access to clean water, and prevention of common infectious diseases. Primary Health Care: The Forgotten Sector: India’s focus on primary healthcare has declined in recent years. The National Health Mission (NHM), launched in 2005, and the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2013 initially aimed to strengthen primary care services across rural India. These programs emphasized the need for community-based healthcare and the role of Primary Health Centers (PHCs) and Community Health Centers (CHCs). However, subsequent government policies have focused on secondary and tertiary care services, leading to a reduction in the importance of primary health services. Data from NHM shows that India has about 1,53,655 sub-centers, 25,308 PHCs, and 5,396 CHCs, which are crucial for delivering primary care, especially in rural areas. However, the system’s capacity has remained underutilized. Commercialization of Health Services: India’s health sector has gradually shifted towards privatization, with the government promoting insurance-based models, such as the Ayushman Bharat scheme. However, such models often benefit the secondary and tertiary healthcare sectors, while leaving primary care underfunded. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) under Ayushman Bharat targets the poorest of the poor, but its coverage is limited. With only 2.5 crore people enrolled out of the targeted 50 crores, the scheme has not reached its full potential. Moreover, it primarily covers hospitalization, leaving preventive healthcare services underfunded. Public Health Infrastructure and Challenges: The last significant health policy reforms were aimed at transforming Sub-Centers (SCs) and PHCs into Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs) under the NHM 2015 initiative. The goal was to establish 1,50,000 HWCs, with only 17,000 established by 2019. Despite these efforts, the rural health infrastructure remains weak, and gaps in staffing, resources, and accessibility persist. Health outcomes in India remain poor compared to global standards. Maternal mortality and infant mortality rates continue to be high, especially in rural areas where access to healthcare is limited. India’s maternal mortality rate (MMR) was 103 per 100,000 live births in 2017-19, while the infant mortality rate (IMR) stood at 28 per 1,000 live births in 2020, highlighting the need for significant improvements in healthcare access and quality. Issues of Inequality in Healthcare Access: India’s public health sector faces deep inequalities, particularly in rural areas where poor infrastructure, lack of trained healthcare professionals, and inadequate facilities hinder access to quality healthcare. Rural areas are home to 70% of India’s population, yet receive less than 25% of the country’s health expenditure. Data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) indicates that out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures continue to be a significant burden for families, with healthcare expenses pushing nearly 7% of the population into poverty every year. The Role of Private Healthcare: The increasing role of private healthcare has led to an imbalance in the health system. While private hospitals cater to the middle class and wealthy, public healthcare institutions remain underfunded and overburdened. The health insurance schemes launched by the government cover mainly curative treatments, making preventive care and health promotion activities a “luxury” for the poor. The private sector accounts for nearly 70% of healthcare services in India, but its focus on profit-driven models leaves the majority of the population dependent on an ailing public health system. Conclusion: India’s public health sector is in dire need of reform, with a focus on strengthening primary healthcare, reducing inequalities, and addressing the felt needs of vulnerable populations. Policy reforms should prioritize preventive healthcare, upgrade public health infrastructure, and ensure that both rural and urban areas receive adequate healthcare services. The National Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat, while well-intentioned, need to focus more on preventive services and widen their scope to cover essential primary care needs. A stronger public health system, with better resource allocation and equitable access, is essential for improving health outcomes and reducing the burden of disease in India. India Needs Consistent Engagement with ASEAN on Trade and Security Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent visit to Brunei and Singapore highlights India’s renewed focus on its “Act East” policy. This visit underscores the importance of consistent engagement with ASEAN nations on matters of trade, security, and strategic cooperation. While India has historically enjoyed strong ties with ASEAN, recent years have seen a decline in engagement, particularly after India’s withdrawal from the ASEAN-led Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Modi’s visit is seen as an attempt to reset these ties and focus on the growing strategic and economic importance of Southeast Asia in India’s geopolitical vision. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – International Relations Mains Question: Discuss the strategic and economic significance of India’s engagement with ASEAN. How can India ensure more consistent engagement with ASEAN countries on issues of trade, security, and regional cooperation? India’s Act East Policy: Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Brunei and Singapore represents India’s commitment to its “Act East” policy, which focuses on strengthening ties with Southeast Asian nations. Modi’s visit to ASEAN countries is the first such outreach by an Indian Prime Minister since 2018, highlighting the need for more frequent diplomatic engagement. India has long-standing ties with ASEAN, but recent years have seen a decline in active engagement, particularly after India’s decision to opt out of the RCEP trade agreement in 2019. This decision left a gap in India’s regional trade relations, especially as ASEAN continued to integrate economically with other major global economies like China and the EU. Strategic Importance of ASEAN: ASEAN’s centrality in the Indo-Pacific region makes it a crucial partner for India in its quest for greater influence and stability in the region. Modi’s visit comes at a time when India seeks to balance its relationships with China and the U.S. while promoting regional security and economic partnerships. Singapore, a key ASEAN member, is strategically important for India’s semiconductor supply chain, and Modi’s visit included discussions on expanding cooperation in this sector. Singapore’s advanced electronics manufacturing capabilities make it an essential partner for India’s ambitions in semiconductor manufacturing and technology development. Bilateral Cooperation on Trade and Technology: Modi’s discussions in Brunei included defense cooperation and space technology, with the renewal of space cooperation agreements. Brunei’s strategic location and its hosting of an ISRO station make it an important player in India’s regional space ambitions. Singapore’s role in global electronics and semiconductor manufacturing is critical for India’s push to reduce dependency on China. Modi’s visit also focused on investment in rare earth minerals, de-risking supply chains, and mitigating the impact of U.S.-China trade tensions. Trade Decline and Need for Reset: India’s trade with ASEAN has grown over the past decade, but trade with specific countries like Brunei has declined. The drop in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from Singapore to India further signals the need for renewed efforts to strengthen economic ties. The signing of the 2009 ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) and the 2005 Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) with Singapore are critical frameworks that need updating to address modern trade challenges. India’s exit from RCEP has created trade gaps that need to be filled through stronger bilateral agreements with ASEAN nations. Geopolitical and Security Cooperation: India’s engagement with ASEAN is not limited to trade. Regional security issues, including the South China Sea, Myanmar, and the Quad grouping, are important areas where India and ASEAN can cooperate. India’s commitment to ASEAN’s centrality in the Indo-Pacific security architecture remains strong. Modi’s visit also reinforces India’s role in balancing Chinese influence in the region, particularly in defense and space cooperation with ASEAN nations like Singapore and Brunei. India must continue to leverage its strategic partnerships to enhance security cooperation and regional stability. Conclusion: India’s engagement with ASEAN is vital for both economic and strategic reasons. Prime Minister Modi’s recent visit is an important step toward revitalizing ties with Southeast Asia, but consistent engagement is key to ensuring long-term benefits. Updating trade agreements, focusing on technology partnerships, and enhancing regional security cooperation are essential steps in strengthening India-ASEAN relations. In an increasingly multipolar world, ASEAN represents a critical partner for India’s Indo-Pacific strategy and its efforts to create a balanced regional order. Building on Success: The Impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission Context: The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), launched in 2014, has been a transformative sanitation program that aimed to eliminate open defecation and improve access to clean sanitation across India. This editorial discusses the long-term benefits of SBM, its role in achieving India’s sanitation goals, and the importance of sustained intervention to maintain these gains. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – Governance and Paper III – Public Health, Sanitation. Mains Question: Evaluate the impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission in improving public health and sanitation in India. How can sustained intervention and policy expansion ensure that sanitation goals are achieved in the long term? Overview of Swachh Bharat Mission: SBM’s Achievements: Since its launch in October 2014, the Swachh Bharat Mission has built around 11 crore household latrines, making significant progress in reducing open defecation. According to a recent study published in the journal Nature, SBM has averted 60,000-70,000 infant deaths annually by reducing waterborne diseases and improving sanitation. Open Defecation-Free Status: Open defecation leads to contamination of water sources and the spread of diseases like diarrhoea, which disproportionately affect children. The mission’s success in reducing open defecation has contributed to improved public health outcomes, as noted in the study. Impact on Infant Mortality and Child Health: The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data shows a decline in households without access to toilets, from 55% in 2005-06 to 39% in 2015-16. This percentage dropped further to 19% in the 2019-21 survey, driven by the large-scale construction of toilets under SBM. The reduction in open defecation has had a direct impact on reducing diseases that lead to infant and child mortality. By improving sanitation access, SBM has contributed to lowering infant mortality rates, particularly in rural areas where access to clean water and sanitation is often limited. Addressing Malnutrition and Stunting: The Nature study highlighted the link between improved sanitation and reductions in stunting (low height-for-age) and wasting (low weight-for-height) in children. Poor sanitation and contaminated water contribute to malnutrition and recurrent infections, which hamper children’s growth. By addressing these issues, SBM has the potential to positively affect nutrition outcomes. The mission’s success could be further enhanced through integration with programs like the Jal Jeevan Mission, which aims to provide clean drinking water to all households by 2024. Expansion and Challenges: While SBM has made significant strides in building sanitation infrastructure, there are still challenges in maintaining the status of open defecation-free (ODF) areas. Questions have been raised about the sustainability of the ODF status and the need for continuous behavior change campaigns to ensure that people continue using the toilets. The Modi government has implemented complementary schemes like Jan Dhan and digital payments, which have helped facilitate financial inclusion and improved access to services. However, other programs like the Soil Health Card and Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana have seen mixed success, demonstrating that sustained intervention is key to long-term program success. The Role of Technology and Digital Payments: Digital payments and financial inclusion have played a critical role in the success of SBM. By providing subsidies and direct benefits to households through platforms like UPI, the government has ensured that households receive the financial support needed to build and maintain toilets. Additionally, technology has been leveraged to track toilet construction and usage, ensuring accountability and transparency in the program’s implementation. The Road Ahead: The success of SBM shows that sustained intervention is necessary to achieve large-scale social change. The expansion of sanitation programs, combined with access to clean water and continued health and hygiene education, will be crucial in ensuring that the gains of SBM are maintained. As India aims to achieve universal sanitation and clean water access by 2024, integrating SBM with other programs like Jal Jeevan Mission and focusing on community-based behavior change campaigns will be essential. Conclusion: The Swachh Bharat Mission has been a transformative initiative that has significantly improved public health and sanitation in India. By building millions of household toilets and promoting the importance of sanitation, SBM has averted thousands of infant deaths and reduced the spread of waterborne diseases. However, sustained efforts are needed to ensure that India remains open defecation-free, with continued investments in sanitation infrastructure, clean water access, and public health education. The success of SBM serves as a model for future government initiatives, demonstrating that sustained intervention can drive long-term change and improve the lives of millions. PresVu: Eye Drops to Reduce Dependency on Reading Glasses Context: Entod Pharmaceuticals, a Mumbai-based company, recently announced that the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) has approved their new eye drop called “PresVu.” This product is designed specifically to reduce dependency on reading glasses for individuals suffering from presbyopia, a common age-related vision condition that affects a large portion of the population above 40. This innovative eye drop offers an alternative to traditional interventions like glasses or LASIK surgery. Relevance: General Studies Paper II and III, addressing developments in healthcare and pharmaceutical innovations, public health, and technological advancements in medicine. Mains Question: How can pharmaceutical innovations like PresVu contribute to improving quality of life for patients with presbyopia? Discuss the role of healthcare innovations in addressing age-related conditions. What is Presbyopia? Presbyopia is a common condition related to aging, typically starting after the age of 40, where individuals experience difficulty focusing on close objects. It is caused by the natural loss of elasticity in the eye’s lens. Glasses, specifically reading glasses, have been the most common solution for presbyopia, with LASIK surgery offering another alternative. However, not everyone opts for surgical intervention, making new medical innovations important for improving quality of life. What is PresVu? PresVu is a prescription-only ophthalmic solution developed by Entod Pharmaceuticals. Its active ingredient is pilocarpine, a compound that has been used in eye treatments for decades. Pilocarpine works by contracting the iris muscles and reducing pupil size, allowing people to see near objects more clearly. Entod claims that PresVu has “advanced dynamic buffer technology,” which adjusts the pH levels of the solution to enhance its effectiveness and comfort. How PresVu Works: Pilocarpine, the active ingredient in PresVu, stimulates the muscles in the eye to contract, which results in improved near vision by focusing better on nearby objects. This reduces the need for reading glasses for those with presbyopia. The mechanism involves improving the depth of focus and allowing individuals to see clearly at different distances. Innovation in Eye Care: The approval of PresVu by DCGI marks a significant advancement in non-invasive treatment options for presbyopia. It offers a pharmaceutical alternative to corrective lenses and LASIK surgery. While pilocarpine has traditionally been used to treat other eye conditions, such as glaucoma, this is the first time it has been marketed for presbyopia in India, showing how existing medications can be repurposed for new conditions. Regulatory Approval and Market Impact: The approval of PresVu comes as the first of its kind in India for presbyopia. By offering a non-invasive solution, it is expected to become an attractive option for people who want to reduce dependency on reading glasses without opting for surgery. According to Entod Pharmaceuticals, the company has already filed for patents, indicating that PresVu could have significant market potential both in India and internationally. Global Comparisons: The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a similar eye drop in 2021, which further demonstrates the growing global interest in pharmaceutical interventions for presbyopia. As a non-surgical treatment, such eye drops could have widespread appeal, particularly for individuals seeking less invasive solutions. Conclusion: The development and approval of PresVu in India mark a promising step forward in treating age-related vision issues like presbyopia. By offering a non-invasive, easy-to-use alternative to reading glasses or surgical interventions, pharmaceutical innovations like PresVu have the potential to improve the quality of life for millions of individuals. With regulatory approval and advancements in eye care, the future of non-surgical solutions for presbyopia looks promising, bringing enhanced accessibility to vision correction across the globe. The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Warfare: Navigating Ethical Boundaries and Global Norms Context: With the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in military technology, countries are grappling with the potential of AI-enabled warfare. A global summit in Seoul is addressing the responsible use of AI in the military domain, focusing on shaping international norms and ethical guidelines. India, although actively engaged in discussions around AI in civilian use, has maintained a “watch-and-wait” stance when it comes to AI in warfare. This article examines the growing integration of AI into military operations, the associated ethical dilemmas, and the emerging global frameworks to regulate its use. Relevance: General Studies Paper III – Science and Technology and Security Mains Question: Discuss the potential risks and ethical challenges posed by the use of Artificial Intelligence in warfare. How can global frameworks ensure the responsible use of AI in military applications? AI in Military Operations: AI is becoming a significant player in modern warfare, with applications ranging from intelligence gathering, surveillance, target identification, and even autonomous weapon systems. Nations are increasingly integrating AI into their defense strategies, raising concerns about the ethical use of AI in war. Case Study – Israel and Gaza: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) have reportedly used AI-based programs like “Lavender” and “The Gospel” to identify and target militant groups. These AI systems are designed to process vast amounts of intelligence data and assist in decision-making. Case Study – Ukraine Conflict: Ukrainian forces are reportedly using drones powered by AI, including systems capable of identifying and striking targets autonomously. AI in the Ukrainian conflict reflects how the technology can be a game-changer in real-time battlefield operations. Global Diplomacy on AI in Warfare: The summit in Seoul on Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain (REAIM) marks a crucial step toward establishing global frameworks on AI arms control. Co-hosted by several countries, including Kenya, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the summit brings together technologists, international organizations, and policymakers. REAIM builds on previous efforts to regulate military AI, such as the initial global discussions held at the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in 2023. One of the primary objectives is to shape international norms for the responsible deployment of AI systems in military operations. Emerging Frameworks: Several initiatives are underway to regulate AI’s use in warfare, including guidelines from NATO and the U.S. to ensure responsible AI use by their armed forces. NATO’s 2024 strategy identified six key principles for responsible military AI, emphasizing transparency, accountability, and human oversight. The U.S. also released its national guidelines in 2020, accelerating efforts to create a responsible AI framework for military use. AI-enabled systems like drones and autonomous vehicles are already in use in combat zones, demonstrating the urgency of formalizing these frameworks. Ethical Dilemmas and Risks: The use of AI in warfare presents several ethical challenges, particularly concerning the autonomy of AI systems to make life-and-death decisions without human intervention. This raises questions about accountability in the event of unintended consequences, such as civilian casualties or misidentification of targets. Critics argue that the narrative around AI in warfare being a “waste management problem” diverts attention from the core issue—how to mitigate the risks of AI taking control over human decision-making in combat. The focus needs to shift toward enhancing safeguards and ensuring human involvement in the decision loop. India’s Stance on AI in Warfare: India has been actively involved in discussions on AI in civilian use, but its approach to AI in military applications has been more cautious. While countries like the U.S., China, and Israel are pushing ahead with AI-driven military technologies, India has maintained a more reserved approach, opting to observe the evolving norms before making significant investments. However, as global frameworks for AI arms control continue to develop, India will need to engage more actively to ensure that its defense strategy aligns with emerging ethical and operational standards. The Way Forward: The REAIM process is a critical moment for global diplomacy in military AI. As AI technology advances, countries will need to work together to ensure that AI’s integration into defense systems does not lead to unintended global security risks. India’s participation in these discussions is crucial for shaping global norms that balance the benefits of AI in warfare with the need for responsible use. As AI continues to transform military operations, the establishment of a comprehensive global framework will be vital in preventing the misuse of AI in combat. Conclusion: The use of Artificial Intelligence in warfare presents both opportunities and significant ethical challenges. While AI can enhance military efficiency and reduce human error, it also risks creating scenarios where autonomous systems operate without human oversight, leading to unintended consequences. Global summits like REAIM are essential for establishing international norms that ensure the responsible use of AI in military applications. As the technology evolves, countries like India must actively participate in shaping these frameworks to balance innovation with ethical responsibility, ensuring that AI is used for the betterment of global security, not its detriment.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 September 2024

CONTENTS Gulf Cooperation Council India’s Transition from Maize Exporter to Importer Widespread Vulnerability: Over 85% of Indian Districts Face Severe Climate Risks India Surpasses China in MSCI Emerging Markets Investable Market Index OpenAI Set to Unveil Advanced AI Model “Project Strawberry” New Policy to Extend Lifespan of National Highways Through White-Topping Madeira River Gulf Cooperation Council Context: External Affairs Minister arrived in Saudi Arabia’s capital, Riyadh, to attend the First India-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Foreign Ministers’ Meeting. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Overview India-GCC Relationships Overview Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Overview The Gulf Cooperation Council is a strategic and economic alliance consisting of six Arabian Peninsula nations: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Formed in 1981, the GCC fosters economic, security, cultural, and social collaboration among these member states. An annual summit is convened to deliberate on cooperative strategies and regional issues. Importance of GCC for India Energy Assurance GCC states control nearly half of the globe’s oil reserves, making them crucial for energy security. Suppliers from the GCC are responsible for approximately 34% of India’s oil imports. Economic Engagement The GCC region is diversifying its economic activities to include tourism, construction, and finance, providing new avenues for trade and investment for nations like India. Indian Diaspora Influence Approximately 8.9 million Indians reside in the Middle East, significantly influencing remittances, with about 30% of India’s foreign remittances originating from this region. Strategic Positioning Positioned along the critical Persian Gulf, GCC nations play a pivotal role in global trade routes. Both India and the GCC are aligned in their pursuit of regional political stability and security. India-GCC Relationships Overview The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), lying directly across the Arabian Sea, stands as a key regional ally and a significant economic partner for India. Notably, the GCC has become a principal trading and investment partner for India, enhancing both economic and strategic ties. Diplomatic Engagements India participated in its inaugural political dialogue with the GCC alongside the United Nations General Assembly in 2003. In September 2022, India and the GCC reinforced their commitment through an MoU facilitating yearly dialogues between India’s External Affairs Minister and the rotating GCC presidency, enhancing bilateral communications. Economic Interactions The fiscal year 2023-24 saw India-GCC trade reaching USD 161.59 billion, with Indian exports at USD 56.3 billion and imports at USD 105.3 billion. Economic ties have deepened, particularly influenced by the surge in oil imports due to global market fluctuations and post-pandemic recovery. Trade Agreements A pivotal Framework Agreement signed in August 2004 aims to bolster economic cooperation, setting the stage for the ongoing negotiations of a comprehensive India-GCC Free Trade Agreement, potentially invigorated by the recent India-UAE FTA. Energy Collaborations The GCC accounts for 35% of India’s oil and 70% of gas imports, underscoring critical energy dependencies. India is expanding its Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) initiative, with active interest and potential collaboration from GCC member states. Diaspora and Financial Contributions Approximately 8.9 million Indians reside in the GCC, making up about 66% of the overseas Indian community. Remittances from the GCC constitute a significant portion of India’s inward financial transfers, though there has been a decline from over 50% in 2016-17 to around 30% in 2020-21. -Source: Indian Express India’s Transition from Maize Exporter to Importer Context: India’s recent drive to boost ethanol production using corn has seen the country transition from being one of Asia’s leading maize exporters to becoming a net importer. This pivot is profoundly affecting local industries dependent on corn and is reshaping the global maize supply chain dynamics. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: India’s Transition to Net Maize Importer Local Industry Impact from Increased Maize Imports Global Effects of India’s Maize Importation About Maize India’s Transition to Net Maize Importer Ethanol Policy Impact: India’s strategic increase in ethanol content to 20% by 2025-26 has surged maize demand for ethanol production. Biofuel Policy Support: The 2018 National Policy on Biofuels enhances maize and grain-based ethanol production to fulfill increased demands. Climate Influence on Crop Selection: Recent droughts have led to reduced sugarcane usage for ethanol, shifting focus towards maize. Production Expansion: In 2023-24, India’s maize production was 34.6 million tonnes, with ambitions to double this to close the supply-demand gap. Shift Impacting Agriculture: Utilizing maize for ethanol production has led to India’s first significant maize imports in many years. Local Industry Impact from Increased Maize Imports Primary Industry Consumers: India’s poultry and starch sectors, traditionally major maize consumers, now compete with ethanol producers for resources. Economic Pressures: Enhanced maize demand elevates local prices above international levels, straining poultry industries reliant on maize. Feed Cost Crisis: Rising costs account for a substantial portion of production expenses, pushing poultry businesses towards financial hardship. Calls for Regulatory Changes: The All India Poultry Breeders Association advocates for removing import duties on genetically modified maize to reduce feed costs. Agricultural Adjustments: Farmers increase maize planting to capitalize on high prices, though small-scale farms must adjust production based on market fluctuations. Global Effects of India’s Maize Importation Export to Import Shift: Historically a major maize exporter, India now imports primarily from Myanmar and Ukraine, impacting global prices. Market Reactions: Increased demand in India boosts maize prices globally, altering traditional trade patterns. Supply Chain Shifts: Traditional maize importers from India now seek supplies from South America and the USA due to inflated Indian maize prices. Strategies to Boost Maize Production Tailored Agricultural Enhancements: India’s varied agricultural zones necessitate specific innovations to boost maize yields. Biotech Adoption for Resilience: Introducing biotech traits resistant to pests like the fall armyworm and planting high-yield hybrids could significantly improve productivity. Water-Efficient Crop Alternatives: Shifting from water-intensive crops like rice to maize could conserve resources and enhance output, particularly in regions like Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP. Supportive Policies for Growth: Implementing supportive measures such as reasonable Minimum Support Prices (MSP) and assured procurement through mega cooperatives could stimulate extensive maize cultivation. Biofuel and Food Security Synergy: Producing distiller’s dried grains with soluble (DDGS) from ethanol aligns with the E20 ethanol blending target, fostering a sustainable cycle of food, feed, and fuel production. About Maize Known as Zea mays L., maize is celebrated as the “queen of cereals” for its high yield potential. It is a major global grain contributor, with the United States leading as the top producer renowned for its high productivity levels. Employed across multiple sectors, maize is integral in the production of food, animal feed, and various industrial products. It prospers in a diverse array of soil types, from loamy sand to clay loam, preferably with good drainage, high organic content, and neutral pH. Productivity is best in areas free from poor drainage and high salinity. Optimal growth occurs with annual rainfall ranging from 50 to 100 centimeters. Cultivated during the Kharif, Rabi, and Spring seasons, with Kharif crops generally yielding less due to rainfed conditions and related stresses. As of December 2023, India is ranked as the fifth largest producer and the fourteenth largest exporter of maize globally for the year 2022. Despite year-round cultivation possibilities, a strong seed network, and good seaport access, domestic demand heavily impacts its export capacity. Primary Producing Regions: Major maize-producing states include Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. -Source: The Hindu Widespread Vulnerability: Over 85% of Indian Districts Face Severe Climate Risks Context: More than 85% of districts in India are exposed to extreme climate events such as floods, droughts and cyclones, according to a new study. Relevance: GS III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: Overview of India’s Climate Crisis Evolving Climate Risk Profile Enhancing Resilience through Advanced Technology Strategic Conclusions for Addressing Climate Crisis Overview of India’s Climate Crisis India faces a significant increase in climate-related extremes, affecting over 85% of its districts which are now prone to floods, droughts, cyclones, and heatwaves. Recent research by IPE-Global and ESRI-India reveals that 45% of districts are undergoing drastic changes in their climatic patterns, with areas formerly affected by floods now experiencing droughts and vice versa. The report underscores the necessity for immediate climate action to address these escalating issues. Intensifying Climate Disruptions Historical Data Analysis: A pentad-decadal analysis covering the period from 1973 to 2023 has identified significant nonlinear trends in climate conditions at the district level, including: Drought Events: Doubling of agricultural and meteorological drought occurrences. Cyclone Events: Fourfold increase in cyclone events. Flood Frequency: Substantial increase in floods, particularly in the eastern, northeastern, and southern regions of India. Recent Trends: The last decade alone has seen a fivefold increase in the frequency and intensity of these climate extremes. Evolving Climate Risk Profile Rapid Changes in Risk Factors: Over 60% of districts in states such as Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Assam now face simultaneous multiple extreme climate events. Contributing Factors: Increased greenhouse gas emissions, unchecked urbanization, and other human activities are aggravating these risks. Population Impact: Predictions indicate that by 2036, over 1.47 billion Indians will encounter severe climate risks, necessitating detailed risk assessments to protect vital sectors like agriculture and infrastructure. Land Use and Environmental Shifts: Significant Land Use Changes: There has been a 65% change in land use and land cover in climate hotspots, driven by adverse anthropogenic interventions such as deforestation and mangrove destruction. Emerging Patterns of Climate Variability Trend Reversals: An alarming swapping of climate patterns is noted in over 45% of districts, with regions previously known for frequent floods now seeing increased droughts and vice versa. Regional Impact: Particularly, southern states including Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka are experiencing increased instances of drought, highlighting a shift in regional climate behaviors. Enhancing Resilience through Advanced Technology The study underlines the importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in bolstering climate resilience, utilizing comprehensive spatial analysis tools. GIS technologies allow for the integration of various data sources, offering detailed geographical insights into climate-related risks. Climate Risk Observatory (CRO): This tool is proposed to assist stakeholders in identifying sector-specific impacts, aiding in the formulation of effective adaptation strategies. Infrastructure Climate Fund (ICF) Endorsement: The report advocates for the ICF to drive ongoing investments in resilient infrastructure, prioritizing risk management and community-driven climate responses. Strategic Conclusions for Addressing Climate Crisis Complex Challenges of India’s Climate: Acknowledges the complexity of India’s climate issues, emphasizing the urgency for localized solutions. Local-Level Risk Assessments: Highlighted by the IPE-Global and Esri study, there’s a crucial need for meticulous risk assessments tailored to local conditions. Proposal for Climate Resilience Funds: Suggests the establishment of funds dedicated to enhancing both adaptation and mitigation efforts. Global Leadership through Local Cooperation: Encourages substantial investments and collaborative efforts to position India at the forefront of global climate resilience initiatives, transforming risks into sustainable growth opportunities. -Source: Indian Express India Surpasses China in MSCI Emerging Markets Investable Market Index Context: India has recently surpassed China in terms of weight within the MSCI Emerging Markets Investable Market Index (IMI), marking a significant milestone as it becomes the largest country by weight in this index for the first time. However, China continues to lead in the MSCI Emerging Market Standard Index. The MSCI EM IMI is comprehensive, covering around 99% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization and includes a broad range of company sizes from 24 emerging market countries, encompassing over 3,355 constituents. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Why India Continues to Attract Global Investors Persistent Challenges and Risks India’s Ascendancy in Global Markets: An Analytical Overview Why India Continues to Attract Global Investors Overview of India’s Economic Growth Over the past decade, India has transitioned from a “fragile 5” economy to the world’s fifth-largest economy. The Indian stock market has risen by 46% in three years, surpassing global equities’ average of 20% and notably outperforming other emerging markets. This substantial growth has captivated global attention, leading investors to wonder about the potential opportunities and challenges in navigating India’s dynamic market landscape. Drivers of Indian Market Success Labor Force Dynamics India’s labor market is a cornerstone for potential manufacturing boom, expected to absorb over 38 million workers by 2040, transitioning from China and other developed nations. Capital Investments India anticipates $1.7 trillion in infrastructure investments by 2030, strategically positioning itself to attract significant capital inflows amidst global supply chain diversifications due to geopolitical tensions. Economic Growth and Fiscal Strategy Governmental emphasis on robust economic growth and infrastructural investment is aimed at sustaining rapid developmental pace and reducing fiscal deficits. Political Stability and Global Shifts Political stability in recent years has bolstered India’s appeal to investors, further supported by a shift in global investment trends away from China due to geopolitical frictions. Persistent Challenges and Risks Productivity and Reform Needs While India offers favorable conditions for economic progress, advancing productivity through educational reforms and skills enhancement is crucial, especially as a significant portion of the workforce transitions from primary to secondary sectors. Urbanization and Business Climate Enhancing urban infrastructure and streamlining bureaucratic processes are essential to match the urbanization pace of global competitors like China. Inflation Concerns Rising inflation poses immediate economic risks, potentially prompting stricter monetary policies and affecting overall market stability. Geopolitical Uncertainties Ongoing international conflicts and regional instabilities pose threats to trade and economic stability. Environmental Impact Challenges posed by global warming and climate change are significant, impacting agricultural productivity and overall environmental sustainability, with far-reaching consequences for future investments. India’s Ascendancy in Global Markets: An Analytical Overview Enhanced Global Investment Focus The increasing prominence of India in the MSCI Emerging Markets (EM) Index has garnered heightened global investor interest, advantageous for India’s financial market. As India surpasses China as the primary element of the MSCI EM IMI Index, it is set to draw substantial foreign portfolio investments. India’s Evolving Role in Global Portfolios India has transitioned from being just a minor fluctuation in global portfolios to a significant entity that demands attention. Consequently, global investors are increasingly compelled to invest in Indian exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or directly engage in the Indian stock market. Increased International Market Participation There is an anticipated rise in international involvement in India’s markets over the upcoming months, bolstered by its enhanced index stature. Potential Risks to Monitor Although a growing index stature typically signifies positive trends, it can also indicate potential market overenthusiasm, reminiscent of prior occurrences with China. Despite these concerns, India’s current situation reflects robust economic fundamentals marked by an extensive market cap and an uptick in corporate earnings, presenting optimistic prospects. -Source: Indian Express OpenAI Set to Unveil Advanced AI Model “Project Strawberry” Context: OpenAI is gearing up to release its most sophisticated artificial intelligence model yet, codenamed Project Strawberry. The launch is scheduled to occur between September and November 2024, marking a significant advancement in AI capabilities. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Project Strawberry Overview Integration Plans: Project Strawberry is anticipated to be a part of the forthcoming ChatGPT-5, enhancing OpenAI’s chatbot functionalities. Development Goal: Originally known as Project Q*, this initiative aims to develop Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), which emulates human-like cognitive capabilities. Functional Capabilities Problem Solving: Demonstrates proficiency in tackling intricate puzzles and executing complex cognitive tasks. Mathematical Operations: Known for its enhanced efficiency in solving math problems, surpassing its predecessors. Research Autonomy: Expected to independently conduct online research. Strategic Role in AI Evolution Data Synthesis: Essential in creating top-tier synthetic data for subsequent models, notably aiding Project Orion. Project Orion Synergy: Engineered to surpass GPT-4’s performance, Project Orion benefits from integrating elements of Project Strawberry, aiming to minimize errors and hallucinations, setting a new standard in AI accuracy and reliability. -Source: The Hindu New Policy to Extend Lifespan of National Highways Through White-Topping Context: The Union government is in the process of formulating a policy designed to reinforce and extend the lifespan of aging national highways. This initiative will employ a technique known as white-topping, which provides a durable and sustainable solution for roadway maintenance. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Enhancements in National Highway Infrastructure Authority Overview: The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), established by the NHAI Act of 1988 and operating under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, is dedicated to the continuous improvement of national highways. Project Supervision: NHAI manages the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) among various other initiatives to enhance the country’s highway network spanning approximately 146,000 kilometers. White-Topping Method: White-topping involves applying a 100-200 mm thick layer of cement concrete, either bonded or unbonded, over existing bituminous roads. This method is utilized for the rehabilitation and structural strengthening of roads. Benefits of Cement Concrete: Composed of cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes additives, cement concrete is prized for its robustness, longevity, and adaptability in constructing infrastructure like roads and bridges. Environmental and Safety Advantages: Fuel Efficiency: Concrete surfaces lead to lower fuel consumption by vehicles due to their smoother finish. Emission Reduction: Utilizing concrete for road surfaces helps in cutting down carbon emissions and countering the urban heat island effect. Enhanced Safety: The reflective properties of concrete improve road visibility, enhancing vehicle light reflection which boosts nighttime safety. Energy Efficiency: The reflective nature of concrete also reduces the need for external lighting, conserving energy. -Source: Times of India Madeira River Context: Residents near the Madeira River in the Amazon are facing unprecedented challenges as water levels drop to historic lows amid a severe drought. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Madeira River The Madeira River, a significant tributary of the Amazon River, originates from the confluence of the Mamoré and Beni rivers in Villa Bella, Bolivia. It marks a 100 km (approximately 60 miles) boundary between Bolivia and Brazil as it flows northward. The river belongs to the expansive Madeira Basin, which covers roughly 1,300,000 square kilometers—about 19% of the Amazon Basin’s total area. This basin spans across Bolivia (50%), Brazil (40%), and a small portion in Peru (10%). The Madeira River is integral to the Amazon Basin’s hydrology, playing a pivotal role in the regional ecosystem. It supports a diverse array of flora and fauna across Bolivia and Brazil, highlighting its environmental significance. This river is essential for biodiversity, water transport, and ecological balance in the area. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 September 2024

CONTENTS National Teachers Award 2024 National Teachers Award 2024 Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India interacted with the winners of the National Teachers’ Award 2024 on the eve of Teachers’ Day. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: National Teachers’ Award Significance of Teacher’s Day in India About Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan National Teachers’ Award The National Teachers’ Award is a prestigious recognition in India with the following key aspects: Celebrating Exceptional Educators: The primary objective of the National Teachers’ Award is to celebrate the exceptional contributions of some of the country’s finest educators.  It aims to acknowledge and honor those teachers who, through their unwavering dedication and commitment, have not only elevated the quality of education but have also positively impacted the lives of their students. Presidential Recognition: These awards hold significant importance as they are conferred by the President of India. This recognition is a testament to the outstanding work of the teachers. Components of the Award: The awards include several components: Silver Medal: A symbol of distinction and achievement. Certificate: Recognizing the recipient’s excellence in the field of education. Cash Prize: A cash award of Rs. 50,000, which serves as both an appreciation and an encouragement for the recipient’s continuous contributions. Award Ceremony Date: The awards are presented on the 5th of September, a significant date as it coincides with Teacher’s Day in India, which marks the birth anniversary of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a renowned philosopher and India’s second President. Expanded Recognition: In recent developments, the scope of the National Teachers’ Award has been expanded. Initially, it included teachers selected by the Department of School Education & Literacy. Now, it encompasses educators chosen by the Department of Higher Education and the Ministry of Skill Development. This expansion recognizes excellence in teaching across various educational domains, further highlighting the diverse contributions of outstanding educators. Significance of Teacher’s Day in India Honoring Educators: Teacher’s Day, observed annually on the 5th of September since 1962, serves as a special occasion to express gratitude and respect towards educators.  It is a day dedicated to recognizing the significant contributions of teachers, researchers, and professors in India. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: The idea of celebrating Teacher’s Day in India is closely linked to Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a prominent philosopher, statesman, and scholar. He was serving as the President of India at that time. Origin of the Celebration: The tradition of celebrating Teacher’s Day on Dr. Radhakrishnan’s birthday was initiated in response to the earnest requests of students. Dr. Radhakrishnan, being an esteemed academician himself, suggested that instead of celebrating his birthday, which falls on the 5th of September, as a special day in his honor, it should be dedicated to honoring teachers and their vital role in shaping the nation’s future. About Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Birth: Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born on September 5, 1888, in Tiruttani, Tamil Nadu, India. Academic Journey: He pursued his studies in philosophy at Christian College, Madras, and later went on to become a professor at prestigious institutions like Madras Presidency College and the University of Mysore. Diverse Roles: Dr. Radhakrishnan held several significant positions in his lifetime. He served as the first Vice-President of India from 1952 to 1962 and subsequently as the second President of India from 1962 to 1967. He also represented India as Ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1949 to 1952 and served as the fourth Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from 1939 to 1948. Honors: In recognition of his remarkable contributions, Dr. Radhakrishnan was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor, in 1984. Notable Works: Dr. Radhakrishnan was a prolific author and philosopher. His notable works include “Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy,” “Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore,” “The Hindu View of Life,” “Kalki or the Future of Civilization,” “An Idealist View of Life,” “The Religion We Need,” “India and China,” and “Gautama the Buddha.”

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 6 September 2024

Contents: Law Commission: Its Role, Members, and Key Recommendations Singapore and Semiconductors: Strengthening Ties Through Chip Manufacturing The Food Security Act Has Revamped the Public Distribution System (PDS) Africa Can Make India’s ‘Critical Mineral Mission’ Shine Law Commission: Its Role, Members, and Key Recommendations Context: The 23rd Law Commission of India has been constituted by the Union government effective from September 1, 2024. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – Polity and Governance Mains Question: Evaluate the role of the Law Commission of India in legal reform. Discuss the key recommendations of the 22nd Law Commission and their significance for governance in India. Role and Importance of the Law Commission: The Law Commission is an advisory body, constituted by the Ministry of Law and Justice, tasked with reviewing the country’s laws and making recommendations for reforms. It plays a critical role in ensuring that the legal framework remains aligned with current socio-economic conditions. Recent priorities include the Uniform Civil Code and electoral reforms. Composition of the 23rd Law Commission: The 23rd Law Commission will serve a three-year term, ending on August 31, 2027. It will have a full-time chairperson, four full-time members, and a member-secretary, alongside ex-officio members from legislative departments. Serving judges from the Supreme Court or High Courts, along with legal scholars, can be appointed as members. Terms of Reference for the 23rd Law Commission: The 23rd Commission will continue the work of previous panels, identifying outdated laws for repeal and recommending necessary amendments to existing laws. It is tasked with ensuring laws are in harmony with contemporary economic and social needs. It will also examine the “existing laws in light of the Directive Principles of State Policy” and suggest legislative reforms necessary to achieve constitutional objectives. What the 22nd Law Commission Addressed: The 22nd Commission recommended retaining Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (sedition law) while urging reforms to prevent misuse. The Commission addressed issues such as militancy, terrorism, and laws affecting marginalized communities. It also submitted key recommendations on the Uniform Civil Code and simultaneous elections, both of which remain major political and legal debates. Prime Minister’s Focus on Uniform Civil Code: In line with the Prime Minister’s recent focus, the 23rd Commission is expected to examine the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code in India. The issue remains contentious, reflecting the broader debate on balancing secular law with religious practices. Ongoing Legal Reforms: The Commission’s recommendations have historically shaped major legal reforms, such as amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code and the Right to Education Act. It is also tasked with conducting post-enactment audits of legislation to ensure effectiveness and relevance. Conclusion: The Law Commission of India plays an instrumental role in shaping legal reforms and ensuring laws remain relevant to the changing needs of society. The 23rd Law Commission will continue this work, focusing on significant issues like the Uniform Civil Code, outdated laws, and broader governance reforms. Its recommendations will be crucial in guiding the government’s efforts to modernize India’s legal framework. Singapore and Semiconductors: Strengthening Ties Through Chip Manufacturing Context: During his visit to Singapore, Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the growing importance of semiconductor collaboration between India and Singapore. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – International Relations General Studies Paper III – Economic Development and Science and Technology Mains Question: Discuss the significance of India’s collaboration with Singapore in semiconductor manufacturing. How can this partnership enhance India’s strategic and economic position in the global semiconductor industry? Overview of PM Modi’s Visit: Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Singapore after a stop in Brunei as part of his Southeast Asia trip. Key discussions focused on semiconductors, digital technologies, defense, space, and cultural cooperation with the newly elected Singaporean Prime Minister, Lawrence Wong. The visit resulted in the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on an India-Singapore Semiconductor Ecosystem Partnership. Importance of Semiconductors: Semiconductors are essential in various sectors, from defense and space to consumer electronics like smartphones and automobiles. India’s government is focused on building its semiconductor manufacturing capabilities, which is part of its larger “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (self-reliant India) vision. India’s Push for Semiconductor Self-reliance: Global chip shortages, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical factors, have affected supply chains. India’s collaboration with Singapore in chip fabrication is part of its strategy to overcome reliance on foreign suppliers and strengthen domestic production. Singapore’s Semiconductor Industry: Singapore has an established semiconductor industry, with leading players in integrated circuit (IC) design, wafer production, packaging, and equipment. Major semiconductor companies such as GlobalFoundries and Taiwan’s United Microelectronics have set up significant operations in Singapore. Challenges and Opportunities: Singapore specializes in “mature-node chips,” used in applications like automobiles and industrial equipment. The challenge for India lies in bridging the technology gap and attracting investments to build capacity for high-end chip production. India is looking at Singapore’s experience to reduce the cost of chip manufacturing while improving efficiency. Global Competition and Taiwan’s Role: Singapore faces competition from other nations like Taiwan, which remains a global leader in advanced semiconductor manufacturing. Taiwan’s companies, such as TSMC and NXP Semiconductors, are expanding their operations, which poses a challenge for India and Singapore’s collaborative efforts to gain a foothold in this critical industry. Significance of the Partnership: The India-Singapore partnership in semiconductor development is expected to help India overcome challenges in technology, skill development, and infrastructure. The partnership will also contribute to India’s ambition of becoming a global semiconductor hub, benefiting from Singapore’s expertise in the industry. Lessons from Singapore’s Experience: Singapore’s growth as a semiconductor hub is rooted in policies aimed at attracting foreign investments, building infrastructure, and developing a skilled workforce. India’s collaboration with Singapore provides an opportunity to learn from these strategies and adapt them to its own semiconductor goals. Conclusion: India’s partnership with Singapore in semiconductor development offers a promising avenue for both countries to strengthen their positions in the global chip manufacturing industry. By leveraging Singapore’s advanced infrastructure and expertise, India can make significant strides toward semiconductor self-reliance. Addressing challenges such as technology gaps and global competition will be crucial in realizing the full potential of this collaboration. The Food Security Act Has Revamped the Public Distribution System (PDS) Context: The National Food Security Act (NFSA) of 2013 aimed to overhaul India’s Public Distribution System (PDS) to ensure better food security for the country’s most vulnerable populations. The PDS, which had been plagued by leakages and inefficiencies, was expected to improve with the implementation of the NFSA. Data from various studies, such as the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES), indicate significant reductions in leakages and improvements in the system since NFSA reforms were implemented. Relevance: General Studies Paper II and III, focusing on government policies, social justice, and the role of the PDS in ensuring food security in India. It also touches upon the NFSA, welfare schemes for vulnerable populations, and the digitization and transparency of social welfare programs. Mains Question: Discuss how the National Food Security Act (NFSA) has reformed the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India. Highlight the challenges and successes of these reforms. The Need for PDS Reform: Before the NFSA, PDS leakages were a significant concern. The NSS data of 2011-12 showed an all-India level leakage rate of 41.7%. States that implemented PDS reforms before the NFSA, such as Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, witnessed notable reductions in leakages—Bihar (91% to 24%), Chhattisgarh (52% to 9%), and Odisha (76% to 25%). Implementation of NFSA: The NFSA, passed in 2013, aimed to expand PDS coverage to more vulnerable sections of society, mandating the provision of food grains to the poor at subsidized rates. The HCES 2022-23 showed a reduction in PDS leakages, which now stands at 22% compared to 41.7% in 2011-12. Data and Methodology for Estimating Leakages: The Food Corporation of India (FCI) and the Ministry of Food estimate leakages by comparing PDS rice and wheat off-take with actual consumption. The HCES of 2022-23 reflects the proportion of households purchasing rice and wheat from PDS stores. The estimates take into account off-take under schemes like Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY), which was discontinued in December 2022. Improvements in PDS Coverage: The NFSA expanded the PDS to cover over 50% of rural households and 75% of urban households, ensuring that most eligible households receive subsidized food grains. HCES data shows an improvement in PDS usage, with 63% of households now purchasing food grains from the PDS. The proportion of households not buying from PDS has decreased by 17% since 2011-12. Challenges and Ongoing Issues: Although coverage has improved, some states have experienced increased leakages due to delayed reforms or resistance to implementing measures like the Aadhaar-based biometric authentication (ABBA). States like Tamil Nadu and Jharkhand have seen increases in leakages in recent years. Role of Technology in PDS Reforms: Reforms such as doorstep delivery of food grains, digitization of records, and management of PDS at the panchayat level have been key to reducing leakages. The use of ABBA for authentication has been contested, with surveys in some regions showing that this system failed to work for many beneficiaries. Impact on Household Consumption: The NFSA has had a positive impact on household food security, increasing the percentage of households regularly accessing PDS grains. However, studies show that the PDS could have a broader reach if certain technological barriers, such as eKYC and authentication issues, are addressed. Conclusion: The National Food Security Act has made significant strides in reforming India’s Public Distribution System by expanding coverage and reducing leakages. Early reforming states have seen the most success, with significant reductions in food grain leakages and improved food security for millions of households. While challenges like technological issues and uneven state-level implementation persist, the NFSA has laid a strong foundation for a more efficient and equitable PDS, contributing to the country’s goal of ensuring food security for all. Africa Can Make India’s ‘Critical Mineral Mission’ Shine Context: India’s Critical Mineral Mission, outlined in the Union Budget 2024-25, aims to secure critical minerals necessary for its energy transition and industrial growth. These minerals are essential for emerging technologies like batteries, solar panels, and electric vehicles. Africa, rich in mineral resources, offers significant opportunities for collaboration to meet India’s growing demand for critical minerals. The recently signed agreements and partnerships between India and African nations are seen as crucial steps in securing a sustainable supply chain for these minerals. Relevance to General Studies (GS) Paper: This topic is relevant to General Studies Paper II and III, focusing on international relations, resource diplomacy, economic development, and India’s energy security. It also pertains to science and technology and the need for critical minerals in India’s industrial growth and sustainability. Mains Question: Discuss the importance of Africa in India’s Critical Mineral Mission. How can this collaboration contribute to India’s energy security and industrial growth? India’s Critical Mineral Mission: The Critical Mineral Mission was proposed in the Union Budget 2024-25, focusing on securing critical minerals, expanding domestic production, and exploring overseas acquisition of mineral resources. The Ministry of Mines has been actively working on agreements and partnerships to achieve these objectives, with Africa playing a crucial role in India’s mineral supply chain. Africa’s Role in India’s Supply Chain: Africa is home to approximately 30% of the world’s mineral resources, making it a vital partner for India in securing critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements. India’s collaboration with African countries includes the establishment of joint ventures, such as Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL), which is focused on securing critical mineral supplies through overseas exploration and mining agreements. Recent Partnerships with Africa: In January 2024, India signed a major agreement for lithium exploration and mining in Argentina, which includes five blocks owned by Camyen in the Catamarca province. India’s engagement with African nations includes technical cooperation, capacity building, and infrastructure development in mining sectors. Opportunities for Collaboration: African nations are increasingly focusing on diversifying their economies and adding value to raw materials, providing opportunities for collaboration with India in mineral processing and beneficiation. Several African countries, such as Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Ghana, are implementing policies to promote value addition and local management of mineral resources, aligning with India’s need for processed minerals. China’s Influence and India’s Strategy: China’s dominance in the critical mineral sector poses a challenge for India, making it crucial to diversify its supply chains and reduce reliance on China for key materials. India’s investments in Africa aim to counterbalance China’s influence and secure a stable supply of minerals needed for its renewable energy transition. Technological and Infrastructure Development: India’s collaboration with Africa will focus on building resilient supply chains by helping African countries develop their mining infrastructure, adopt modern mining technologies, and enhance ecological practices. The Indian government has allocated $2 billion for solar projects in Africa, demonstrating its commitment to sustainable energy collaboration. Long-term Benefits for India and Africa: The partnership will benefit both regions: India will secure critical minerals essential for its industrial development, while African nations will gain investments, technology, and infrastructure improvements. Africa’s growing focus on value-added mineral production aligns with India’s needs for processed materials to support its battery and clean energy industries. Conclusion: Africa’s mineral wealth is a critical component of India’s strategy to secure essential resources for its energy transition and technological growth. The collaboration between India and African nations promises mutual benefits, from securing minerals for India’s industries to fostering economic development in Africa. Through this partnership, India can build a sustainable and resilient supply chain for critical minerals, essential for achieving its industrial and energy goals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 September 2024

CONTENTS Debate Over Proposed Changes to India’s Disaster Management Framework National Nutrition Week 2024 Advancement in Virus Research: Mapping of Chandipura Vesiculovirus Genome Central Industrial Security Force Arnoux’s Beaked Whale New Symbolism for India’s Judiciary: President Unveils Supreme Court Flag  Debate Over Proposed Changes to India’s Disaster Management Framework Context: The central government has recently introduced the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, in the Lok Sabha. This bill seeks to revise the existing Disaster Management Act of 2005. The amendments proposed by the bill have ignited a debate concerning the growing centralization of disaster management processes in India. Critics argue that these changes may influence the effectiveness of disaster response, questioning whether centralized control could impede or improve the nation’s capacity to manage and mitigate disasters effectively. Relevance: GS III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: Key Elements of the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024: Concerns Regarding the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024 Shortcomings of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 Disaster Management Act, 2005 Key Elements of the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024: Organizational Structure Changes: Direct Plan Development: The amendment allows the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to formulate their national and state disaster management plans independently, sidestepping the National and State Executive Committees. Disaster Database Creation: Mandates the establishment of an extensive disaster database to integrate data on assessments, funding, expenditures, and preparedness at both national and state levels. Enhanced Disaster Risk Assessment: Periodic Assessments: NDMA’s scope will be broadened to include regular evaluations of disaster risks to bolster preparedness and response strategies. Administrative Autonomy: Staffing Autonomy: NDMA can now determine its staffing requirements and hire specialists without needing to secure central government approval. Urban Focus: Urban Disaster Management Authorities (UDMA): Introduces UDMAs for state capitals and major cities, tasked with dedicated disaster management efforts, excluding Delhi and Chandigarh. Response and Relief: State Disaster Response Forces (SDRFs): Empowers states to establish their response forces with specific functions and operational terms to strengthen local disaster response capabilities. Statutory Committees: Committee Formalization: Provides statutory status to the National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) and the High-Level Committee (HLC), tasked with overseeing significant disasters and related financial aid. Leadership: The NCMC will be headed by the Cabinet Secretary, while the HLC will be led by the Minister in charge of disaster management. Legal Provisions: New Section 60A: Introduces powers for the Central and State governments to command actions or inactions from individuals to mitigate disaster impacts, with penalties for non-compliance capped at Rs 10,000. Concerns Regarding the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024 Increased Centralization: Further Centralization: The bill enhances the already centralized structure of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 by creating additional layers of authority, complicating decision-making processes and potentially slowing down responses. Dilution of NDRF: Changes in the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) remove specific usage guidelines, raising concerns about the increasing centralization of disaster response mechanisms. Resource Allocation Issues: Funding for Urban Disaster Management Authorities (UDMAs): There’s a notable absence of provisions for adequate resources and funding at local levels for establishing and maintaining UDMAs, which may affect their operational effectiveness. Legal and Administrative Gaps: Lack of Legal Framework for Disaster Relief: The bill fails to establish disaster relief as a justiciable right, which would allow violations of relief measures to be challenged in court. Inconsistent Relief Measures: There is significant variability in relief measures across different states and regions, which may lead to inequities in disaster response. Climate Change Integration: Inadequate Addressing of Climate Change: The bill does not sufficiently incorporate climate change impacts into disaster risk management, despite existing international frameworks like the Sendai Framework and Paris Agreement. Structural and Operational Challenges: Transition of Responsibilities: Shifting responsibilities from the National Executive Committee and State Executive Committees to the NDMA and SDMAs could lead to integration challenges and misalignment with existing frameworks. Lack of Collaboration Mechanisms: There is no defined mechanism for effective collaboration among various stakeholders, including NGOs, private sectors, and the public, which is crucial for effective disaster management. Environmental Considerations: Classification of Heatwaves: The government has no current plans to recognize heatwaves as a notified disaster, despite their increasing frequency and impact, highlighting a gap in addressing climate-induced natural disasters. Governance and Autonomy: Central vs. State Tensions: The bill may increase tensions between central and state governments by centralizing decision-making and financial management, potentially reducing the autonomy of state governments in disaster management. Shortcomings of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 Organizational Leadership: Vacant NDMA Vice-Chairperson Position: The prolonged vacancy in the NDMA’s vice-chairperson position has led to a lack of leadership and reduced political influence within the organization. Administrative Efficiency: Bureaucratic Inefficiencies: The NDMA lacks independent administrative and financial powers, necessitating routing all decisions through the Ministry of Home Affairs, leading to delays and inefficiencies. Policy and Definition Issues: Vague Definitions and Bureaucracy: The Act suffers from overly bureaucratic processes and vague definitions of disasters, which complicate the response and recovery efforts during disaster events. Resource Sufficiency: Insufficient Funds: Allocated funds are often inadequate for addressing the needs during large-scale disasters, contributing to delayed responses and recovery efforts, as evidenced in past events like the Kerala and Kedarnath floods. Disaster Management Act, 2005 The Disaster Management Act, 2005, (23 December 2005) received the assent of The President of India on 9 January 2006. The Act extends to the whole of India. The Act provides for “the effective management of disasters and for matters connected there with or incidental thereto.” The Act calls for the establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The Act enjoins the Central Government to Constitute a National Executive Committee (NEC). All State Governments are mandated under the act to establish a State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA). The Chairperson of District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) will be the Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner of the district. The Act provides for constituting a National Disaster Response Force “for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster” under a Director General to be appointed by the Central Government. Definition of a “disaster” in the DM Act states that a disaster means a “catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes. The objective of the Act is to manage disasters, including preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building and more. The Act contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for emergency response, National Disaster Response Fund and similar funds at the state and district levels. The Act also devotes several sections various civil and criminal liabilities resulting from violation of provisions of the act. -Source: The Hindu National Nutrition Week 2024 Context: National Nutrition Week 2024 is a significant annual event dedicated to spotlighting the crucial role of nutrition in achieving overall health and well-being. Held from September 1st to 7th, this week-long observance focuses on educating the public about the advantages of a balanced diet and promoting healthier eating habits. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: National Nutrition Week 2024 Challenges of Malnutrition in India National Nutrition Week 2024 National Nutrition Week, celebrated from September 1-7 annually, focuses on increasing awareness about the significance of proper nutrition, which is crucial for maintaining health, preventing diseases, and enhancing the overall quality of life. This initiative promotes the adoption of a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. Historical Background of National Nutrition Week Origin: Initiated in 1973 in the United States by the American Dietetic Association, now known as the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, to highlight the importance of good nutrition. Implementation in India: Introduced in 1982 by the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) to educate the public on nutritional habits and healthy eating. Development Over the Years: The focus has broadened to include a variety of nutritional aspects, from balanced diets to the impact of nutrition on health, with activities aimed at enhancing dietary knowledge through workshops, seminars, and public engagement initiatives. Evolution: The observance has evolved to address new nutritional challenges and align with global health initiatives, emphasizing nutrition’s critical role in public health. Theme for National Nutrition Week 2024 While the specific theme for 2024 has not yet been announced, it typically centers around promoting accessible and healthy dietary choices, with previous themes such as “Healthy Diet Going Affordable for All” in 2023 focusing on the affordability and accessibility of nutritious foods. Challenges of Malnutrition in India Prevalence of Stunting and Wasting: High rates among children under five years indicate significant nutritional gaps. Deficiency in Essential Nutrients: There is a widespread deficiency of vital nutrients like Vitamin A, iron, and iodine, leading to health issues such as anemia and cognitive impairments. Disparities in Nutritional Access: Malnutrition is notably more prevalent in marginalized and economically disadvantaged communities, highlighting significant disparities. Diversity in Diet: The limited consumption of a diverse range of foods leads to nutritional imbalances, affecting overall health and development. Impact of Sanitation and Hygiene: Poor sanitation and hygiene practices contribute to the exacerbation of malnutrition, especially among children. Access to Healthcare and Education: Limited healthcare and nutritional education hinder effective management and intervention of malnutrition. Economic Barriers: Poverty and unemployment often restrict access to quality food, perpetuating malnutrition cycles. Cultural Influences: Certain cultural practices and beliefs influence dietary choices, affecting nutritional intake and potentially leading to malnutrition. -Source: The Hindu Advancement in Virus Research: Mapping of Chandipura Vesiculovirus Genome Context: The Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC) in Gandhinagar has achieved a significant milestone by successfully publishing the first fully mapped genome of the Chandipura Vesiculovirus (CHPV). This virus is known for causing encephalitis, a condition characterized by brain swelling. The mapping comes in the wake of a substantial outbreak that affected numerous individuals in Gujarat during July and August, highlighting the critical importance of this research in understanding and combating the virus effectively. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Genome Mapping Specific Findings from GBRC’s Genome Mapping of CHPV Chandipura Virus Genome Mapping Definition and Process: Genome mapping involves identifying gene locations and key sequences within a genome, providing insights into the origins, mutations, and potential dangers of viruses. Types of Genome Maps: Genetic Maps: Display gene positions based on recombination frequencies. Physical Maps: Indicate exact gene positions using DNA base pairs. Importance of Genome Mapping Medical Advancements: Facilitates the early detection of genetic diseases, aids in creating personalized medical treatments, and enhances genetic counseling effectiveness. Agricultural Benefits: Helps in breeding programs by identifying traits that enhance yield, disease resistance, and quality in crops and livestock. Virus Research: Essential for developing vaccines by analyzing the genomic structures of pathogens, such as those causing COVID-19 and Chandipura virus (CHPV). Evolutionary Biology: Provides insights into the evolutionary relationships among species by analyzing genetic sequences. Challenges in Genome Mapping Complexity in Larger Genomes: Genomes of plants and animals can be complex and repetitive, complicating precise mapping efforts. Privacy and Ethical Concerns: Issues arise over the use and access to genetic information. Resource Intensity: Requires significant financial and technological investment, with ongoing challenges in interpreting the relevance of various genes and sequences. Specific Findings from GBRC’s Genome Mapping of CHPV Genetic Stability: The CHPV strain from a recent outbreak in Gujarat shows minimal genetic variation from the 2012 strain, except for a single mutation in the glycoprotein-B gene, crucial for the virus’s interaction with human cell receptors. Impact Despite Low Viral Load: Despite low viral load indicated by high Cycle Threshold values in RT-PCR tests, the virus caused severe symptoms. Indigenous Strain Confirmation: Sequencing confirms that the current strain is similar to those identified in previous outbreaks within India (2003-04, 2007), distinct from strains outside India, indicating no external introduction. Chandipura Virus Nature of the Virus: Chandipura virus is an infectious agent known to cause Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES), which can lead to severe brain swelling and is potentially lethal. Symptoms and Impact: It manifests as fever, headache, and encephalitis, leading to severe neurological symptoms like convulsions, coma, and often death within days after the onset. Transmission Vectors Virus Classification: The Chandipura virus is part of the Rhabdoviridae family, akin to the rabies virus. Vectors: The virus is transmitted to humans through bites from Phlebotomine sandflies and Phlebotomus papatasi, with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes also serving as carriers. Infection Mechanism: It resides in the salivary glands of these vectors and infects vertebrates via bites. Progression and Clinical Presentation Infection Spread: Post-bite, the virus rapidly invades the central nervous system, causing encephalitis characterized by brain inflammation. Symptomatology: Initial symptoms include flu-like effects, progressing to more severe conditions such as altered mental status, seizures, respiratory issues, and bleeding tendencies. Disease Course: The progression is swift, typically resulting in fatality within 24-48 hours post-hospitalization. Demographics and Epidemiology High-Risk Group: Mainly affects children under the age of 15. Seasonality: Peaks during monsoon seasons when sandfly populations increase, leading to more frequent outbreaks. Historical Data and Epidemiological Patterns Discovery: Identified in 1965 during investigations for dengue and chikungunya in Maharashtra, India. Notable Outbreaks: Significant outbreaks were recorded in 2003-2004 in Maharashtra, northern Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh, with over 300 child fatalities. Case Fatality Rates: Notably high fatality rates, with 78% during the Gujarat outbreak in 2004 and 55% in Andhra Pradesh in 2003. Endemic Areas: The virus remains endemic in central India, predominantly affecting rural, tribal, and peripheral regions where vector populations are dense. -Source: Indian Express Central Industrial Security Force Context: The central government recently approached the Supreme Court, alleging that inadequate arrangements were made for the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) personnel deployed at RG Kar Hospital in Kolkata. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Overview Core Functions Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Overview Foundation and Development: Established by an Act of Parliament on March 10, 1969, starting with 2,800 personnel. Legislatively reinforced as an armed force on June 15, 1983. Currently, CISF boasts a strength exceeding 188,000 members. Administrative Placement: Operates under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs. Headquarters located in New Delhi. Operational Scope: Provides security to 359 establishments nationwide, spanning various critical sectors. Organizational Structure Leadership: Led by a Director-General, supported by an Additional Director-General, both from the Indian Police Service. Divisional Setup: Organized into seven sectors: Airport, North, North-East, East, West, South, and Training. Incorporates a specialized Fire Service Wing. Core Functions Infrastructure Security: Guards vital infrastructure including nuclear facilities, space establishments, airports, and power plants. High-Profile Assignments: Took over airport security responsibilities post-2000 following the IC-814 hijacking incident. Safeguards significant government structures, heritage sites, the Delhi Metro, and central jails in Jammu and Kashmir. VIP Protection: Houses a dedicated VIP Security division for high-profile personal protection. Fire Safety Services: Recognized as one of the largest providers of fire protection services, featuring a bespoke fire wing. Expansion Post-2008: Extended post-Mumbai 2008 attacks to include private sector security coverage. Consultancy Role: Offers security consultancy to private enterprises, highly sought after for expertise. Public Interface: Unique among CAPFs for its routine public interactions at airports, the Delhi Metro, and various iconic monuments. -Source: Indian Express Arnoux’s Beaked Whale Context: A team of researchers has stumbled upon rare Arnoux’s Beaked Whales off the coast of Antarctica recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Arnoux’s Beaked Whale Arnoux’s Beaked Whale belongs to the cetacean group, which includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Scientific Name: Berardius arnuxii Social Behavior and Habitat Typically found in groups ranging from 6-10 individuals, though larger gatherings of up to 80 have been observed. Exclusively inhabits the Southern Hemisphere, with a range extending to circumpolar regions in cooler temperate and subpolar waters, often nearing the Antarctic ice shelf around 78°S. Physical Characteristics Size and Build: Known for their impressive diving capabilities, they can reach lengths of about 30 feet. Sexual Dimorphism: Females generally surpass males in size. Appearance: Resembling dolphins, they have a spindle-shaped body with a distinctively small, triangular, and slightly hooked dorsal fin located towards the rear. Coloration: Predominantly dark brown with lighter hues on the head and the ventral side, adorned with white patches. Unique Features: Known as the Southern four-toothed Whales for the four visible teeth in their lower jaw, even when their mouths are closed. Scarring in Males: Males often exhibit significant scarring around their dorsal fins, a common trait among many whale species. Conservation Status Current Status: Listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, indicating a stable population within their natural habitat. -Source: The Hindu New Symbolism for India’s Judiciary: President Unveils Supreme Court Flag Context: At the recent two-day National Conference of District Judiciary held in New Delhi, the President of India introduced the new flag and insignia for the Supreme Court. This event marks a significant moment in the visual representation of India’s highest judicial body, underscoring its enduring legacy and authority in the nation’s governance and legal framework. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Overview of the New Flag and Insignia of the Supreme Court of India: Design Elements: The flag includes iconic symbols tied to India’s legal framework and cultural heritage, such as the Ashoka Chakra, an image of the Supreme Court building, and the Constitution of India. Color Scheme: The flag is primarily blue. Insignia Details: It features the inscriptions ‘Supreme Court of India’ and ‘Yato Dharmastato Jayah’ written in Devanagari script. Inscription Meaning: The phrase “Yato Dharmastato Jayah” translates from Sanskrit as “Where there is Dharma, there is victory,” underscoring the principle that righteousness leads to triumph. Symbolic Significance: This maxim reflects the Supreme Court’s commitment to justice and righteousness. Design Origins: The flag and insignia were created by the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Delhi. Availability: The flag will be offered in various formats including cross table flat, single table flag, pole flag, and wooden frame, catering to different display needs across varied environments. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 September 2024

CONTENTS Digital Agriculture Mission Poshan Tracker Initiative Digital Agriculture Mission Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet Committee chaired by the Prime Minister Shri of India approved the Digital Agriculture Mission with an outlay of Rs. 2817 Crore, including the central share of Rs. 1940 Crore. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Intervention Digital Agriculture Mission Established to advance digital initiatives in agriculture, this mission collaborates with various government bodies and academic institutions to develop a Digital Public Infrastructure and implement technologies like the Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES). Key Components of the Digital Agriculture Mission Digital Platforms Introduced: AgriStack: A key component of the Digital Agriculture Mission, AgriStack includes databases such as the Farmers’ Registry, Geo-referenced Village Maps, and the Crop Sown Registry. These are managed by state or UT administrations. Farmers’ Registry: Functions like a digital Aadhaar for farmers, linking real-time data on land ownership, crop details, and demographic information. Crop Sown Registry: Tracks agricultural planting details via mobile-based surveys each cropping season. Geo-referenced Village Maps: These maps integrate geographical data with physical land record locations. Krishi Decision Support System (DSS): Functionality: Develops a unified geospatial framework that aggregates and analyzes data on crops, soil, climate, and water resources to aid in crop mapping, risk assessment of natural calamities, and yield estimation for insurance purposes. Soil Profiling Efforts Soil Profile Maps: The mission plans to create detailed soil maps for approximately 142 million hectares of agricultural land, enhancing farming decisions and strategies with completed soil profiles already covering around 29 million hectares. Poshan Tracker Initiative Context: Recently, the Ministry of Women and Child Development has received the National Award for e-Governance 2024 (Gold) for the Poshan Tracker initiative. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Poshan Tracker Initiative The Poshan Tracker initiative aims to address nutritional challenges in children aged 0-6 by using WHO growth charts for real-time monitoring, ensuring children achieve optimal health outcomes. These workers are crucial in monitoring health developments and initiating interventions when growth anomalies are detected in children. Utilizes advanced Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools and Growth Measuring Devices (GMD) at each Anganwadi Center to enhance data accuracy and consistency in monitoring. Significant improvements in child health metrics have been observed nationwide under Mission Poshan 2.0 due to effective real-time growth tracking. Features of the Poshan Tracker App Comprehensive Monitoring: Offers a comprehensive view of operations at Anganwadi Centers, managing services for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and young children. Digital Transformation: Converts traditional physical record-keeping into digital formats, streamlining processes and enhancing the quality of service delivery. Resource Allocation: Provides Anganwadi workers with smartphones purchased via the Government e-Market (GeM) to facilitate efficient service delivery. Support System: Includes the appointment of a nodal officer for each state to assist with technical issues and enhance the app’s functionality across regions. Accessibility for Migrant Workers: Ensures that migrant workers registered in one state can access services at the nearest Anganwadi center in their current location as per the Ministry of Women and Child Development’s directives.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 5th September 2024

Contents: Gap between Allocations for Health and Outcomes in Indian States An Upward Tick Gap between Allocations for Health and Outcomes in Indian States Context: The article discusses the gap between budget allocations for health infrastructure under two major Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)—Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) and Human Resources for Health and Medical Education (HRHME).   Relevance: General Studies Paper II – Governance Mains Question: Discuss the factors leading to the gap between budget allocations and actual outcomes in the health sector under Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS). Suggest measures to improve fund utilization and health infrastructure in states. (15M, 250 words) Introduction of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS): The Union Budget has made significant allocations for health via schemes like PM-ABHIM and HRHME. States co-share part of the cost and are responsible for their implementation, which presents challenges. PM-ABHIM: Aims to improve India’s preparedness for emergencies through building health and wellness centers (AB-HWCs), block-level public health units (BPHUs), and integrated district public health laboratories (IDPHLs). The initiative also focuses on district hospitals, critical care hospital blocks (CCHBs), and establishing medical colleges. HRHME: Focuses on scaling up medical personnel by establishing new medical, nursing, and paramedical colleges. Aims to increase seats in existing colleges to overcome faculty shortages. Challenges of Low Fund Utilization: Underutilization of Funds: The performance of these schemes has been lackluster, with only 29% of the budgeted amounts utilized for PM-ABHIM in 2022-23. Complexity in Resource Allocation: The implementation structure at the state level poses hurdles. Only 45% of the Fifteenth Finance Commission’s health grants were utilized between 2021-22 and 2023-24. Overlap of Multiple Funding Sources: Duplication and administrative complexity have slowed down fund absorption. Faculty Shortage and Public Health Units: HRHME is affected by the shortage of teaching faculty in new and existing medical colleges. Despite efforts, more than a third of faculty positions remained vacant in key medical institutions by 2022. State-Level Fiscal Space and Operational Frameworks: States are required to bear recurring costs after initial allocations under PM-ABHIM and HRHME schemes end in 2025-26. Many states are unable to meet these recurring expenditures, further hampering the progress of infrastructure and services. Impact on Rural Health Centers: In rural areas, Community Health Centers (CHCs) and Block-level Health Units (BPHUs) are struggling due to staffing shortages. Two-thirds of specialists’ posts in rural CHCs were vacant in March 2022. Guidelines for establishing medical colleges attached to CCHBs are delayed due to the lack of specialists. Administrative and Operational Hurdles: Delayed implementation due to reorganization at the state level. States need to integrate different vertical public health programs, but rigid administrative procedures and multiple funding sources have complicated the process. Necessity of Additional Financial Commitments: State governments require additional financial commitments to maintain and staff public health infrastructure. The Union government’s support is limited to a certain timeframe; post which states are expected to bear the costs of recurring expenditures. Proposed Reforms: Addressing underlying structural issues such as human resource shortages and improving public financial management processes is essential. Simplification of procedures to reduce delays and avoid duplication in health infrastructure projects. Conclusion: To bridge the gap between budgetary allocations and outcomes in India’s health sector, states must address structural and procedural challenges at the local level. Efficient fund utilization and improved governance frameworks are critical for turning capital expenditure into effective health outcomes. Expanding the fiscal space, easing procedural bottlenecks, and increasing coordination among different health programs will enhance the success of schemes like PM-ABHIM and HRHME, ultimately improving public health services in India. An Upward Tick Context: The World Bank has revised India’s economic growth forecast for 2024 upwards to 7%, citing improvements in private consumption and rural incomes. Relevance: General Studies Paper III – Economic Development, Mains Question: Discuss the factors leading to the upward revision of India’s growth forecast by international agencies, with particular emphasis on the challenges faced by India’s export sector. Suggest measures to enhance India’s global competitiveness. (15M, 250 words) World Bank’s Growth Forecast: The World Bank has revised India’s growth estimate to 7% for 2024, up from the earlier expectation of 6.6%. The revised forecast aligns with other assessments, including those of the RBI (7.2%) and IMF (7%). Contributing Factors: Private Consumption: Expected to rise due to rural income recovery, especially after a strong monsoon following last year’s El Niño. Investment Growth: Some deceleration is expected due to slower government capital expenditure growth. Projections for 2025-2027: The World Bank expects an average growth rate of 6.7% during this period, slightly above IMF’s estimate of 6.5%. Challenges on the Export Front: Missed Opportunities in Low-Skill Manufacturing: Countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam are benefiting from China’s reduced manufacturing output, while India has not been able to take full advantage. Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers: High tariffs and non-tariff measures have restricted India’s export potential, particularly in industries like textiles, apparel, leather, and electronics. Slow Employment Growth: The stagnation in employment levels is a key concern linked to weak export performance. Global Competitiveness: Rising Competition: India faces stiff competition from countries benefiting from China’s reduced market share in manufacturing. Trade Agreements and Value Chains: There is a need for India to integrate better with global trade agreements and value chains to expand its export base. Policy Responses: Trade Policy Adjustments: The Indian government has already reduced tariffs in recent budgets, but further reductions and reversal of non-tariff barriers are necessary. Export Strategy: Diversification and improvement of global trade partnerships can help India overcome the current export challenges. Focus on High-Value Manufacturing: India must focus on improving efficiency in sectors like textiles, footwear, and electronics. Conclusion: While the World Bank’s upward revision of India’s growth forecast is a positive indicator of economic recovery, challenges in the export sector remain significant. India must focus on reducing trade barriers, increasing competitiveness, and strengthening its position in global value chains to ensure sustainable growth. Addressing these issues will be essential for India to fully capitalize on its growth potential in the coming years.

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