May 31, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 31 May 2025

Content : GDP growth at 6.5% in 2024-25, slowest since the pandemic India will have 1 billion Internet users by this fiscal year’ Centre asks States to raise enrolment in govt. schools IMA condemns proposal for integrated MBBS-BAMS course, calls it ‘unscientific’ Government meets fiscal deficit target of 4.8% for FY25 GDP growth at 6.5% in 2024-25, slowest since the pandemic Overall Annual Performance (2024–25) GDP growth for FY 2024–25 stood at 6.5%, the slowest since the pandemic-hit FY 2020–21. This marks a moderation from previous years’ post-COVID recovery pace. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Quarterly Growth Analysis Q4 (Jan–Mar 2025): Real GDP growth surged to 7.4%, the highest among the four quarters of the year. However, still lower than the 8.4% growth in Q4 of 2023–24. Q3 (Oct–Dec 2024): GDP growth was 6.4%, showing a slight dip before the Q4 recovery. This reflects quarterly fluctuations, with a year-end push in economic activity, possibly driven by investment or consumption cycles. Comparative Perspective Since FY 2020–21 (pandemic year), GDP growth had been robust due to the low base effect and recovery momentum. The 2024–25 slowdown may indicate the fading of post-pandemic recovery momentum or structural constraints. Government Outlook The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released the provisional estimates. Despite the moderation, government officials noted that “India held its own”, indicating resilience amid global headwinds. Possible Implications Fiscal policy may need to remain supportive to stimulate demand. Private investments and capex cycles could be monitored for sustaining momentum. Global factors (e.g. oil prices, geopolitical tensions) could impact future growth. ‘India will have 1 billion Internet users by this fiscal year’ India’s Expanding Internet Base Internet users to touch 1 billion by the end of FY 2024–25, up from 974 million currently. Growth from 250 million to nearly 1 billion in just over a decade reflects exponential digital penetration. India is already the second-largest telecom market globally. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Technology) Cheapest Data Rates in the World Calling cost dropped from 50 paise/min to 0.003 paise/min. Data cost reduced from ₹287/GB to ₹9/GB, making internet more accessible to all socioeconomic segments. Focus on Innovation & Domestic Production Theme of India Mobile Congress (IMC) 2024: “Innovate to Transform” — urging India to lead in product innovation. India shifted from importing 80% of mobile phones to exporting ₹1.75 lakh crore worth of devices. India aims to contribute 10% of global 6G patents through the Bharat 6G Alliance. BharatNet: World’s Largest Rural Connectivity Push Phase I: ~2.14 lakh gram panchayats connected. 7 lakh km of optic fibre laid. Phase II: Targeting 2.64 lakh remaining gram panchayats. Investment: $16.9 billion (₹1.39 lakh crore) — largest rural digital infra push globally. New features in BharatNet II: More resilient topology to prevent single-point failures. MPLS routers to replace older systems. 10-year maintenance mandate for implementing agencies. Central network operating centre and independent engineering oversight for monitoring. Telecom Market Competition India has 3 private players + 1 state-owned operator — seen as healthy for the market. Vodafone Idea (VIL): Govt converted ₹37,000 crore of dues into equity (49% stake). No plans to raise stake further; VIL expected to manage own finances. Modernising India Post India Post among the largest logistics networks globally. Post Office Act, 2023 enables: Diversification into insurance, banking, and digital services. India Post Payments Bank now profitable 3 years ahead of schedule. Plan to introduce Digital Access Codes for every latitude-longitude point in India. Centre asks States to raise enrolment in govt. schools Key Concern Raised by the Centre Declining enrolment in government schools across multiple States and UTs, despite significant public expenditure. Student exodus towards unaided/private schools observed in at least 11 States/UTs, including Telangana, Uttarakhand, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Kerala. Relevance : GS 2(Education ,Federalism) State-wise Data Highlights (UDISE+ 2023–24) Telangana Total schools: 42,901 Govt. schools: 70% (30,022) Unaided schools: 28.26% (12,126) Govt. school enrolment: 38.11% (27.8 lakh) Unaided school enrolment: 60.75% (44.31 lakh) Uttarakhand Total schools: 22,551 Govt. schools: 71.84% (16,201) Unaided schools: 23.29% (5,252) Govt. school enrolment: 36.68% (8.7 lakh) Unaided school enrolment: 54.39% (12.9 lakh) Tamil Nadu Govt. schools: 64% of total schools Govt. school enrolment: 37% Unaided schools: 21% Unaided school enrolment: 46% Andhra Pradesh Total schools: 61,373 Govt. schools: 73.32% (45,000) Unaided schools: 24.82% (15,232) Govt. school enrolment: 46.33% (40.5 lakh) Unaided school enrolment: 52.09% (45.53 lakh) Maharashtra & Kerala Reduction in enrolment attributed to data cleansing using Aadhaar verification, not necessarily actual dropout or migration. Centre’s Directives and Concerns States urged to: Conduct root cause analysis behind student preference for unaided schools. Take remedial steps to improve government school enrolment. Need to build a strong “government school brand” to regain public trust and optimize infrastructure and resources. Broader Implications Wastage of public resources if facilities are underutilized. Quality perception and trust in govt. schooling system are likely eroding. Highlights growing inequality in access to quality education, especially for lower-income households. Underlying Factors (Implied) Perception of better quality education and facilities in private schools. Teacher absenteeism, poor infrastructure, or curriculum gaps may be driving migration. Rising aspirations of middle-class families for English-medium/private education. IMA condemns proposal for integrated MBBS-BAMS course, calls it ‘unscientific’ Key Issue Raised Indian Medical Association (IMA) strongly opposes the Union Government’s plan to integrate MBBS and BAMS courses at JIPMER, Puducherry. The move is labeled as “unscientific,” “unfortunate,” and “catastrophic” by IMA. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Medicine) Current Medical Education Structure MBBS (Modern Medicine) and BAMS (Ayurveda) are currently two separate 5.5-year programmes. Each system is based on distinct epistemologies, diagnostic models, and treatment paradigms. IMA’s Arguments Against Integration Mixing modern medicine with Ayurveda is “unscientific” and leads to confusion. Such integration risks creating “hybrid doctors” with incomplete mastery in both systems — described as “qualified quacks”. It may undermine the autonomy and purity of both medical streams. Leads to an irreversible dilution of scientific rigor and patient care standards. Patient Rights & Ethical Concerns Mixopathy (mixing medical systems) violates patients’ right to choose a healthcare system of their preference. Could compromise informed consent, safety, and standardization in treatment protocols. Reference to Global Precedent: China China’s integration of traditional and modern medicine is cited as a failed experiment: Led to the decimation of traditional Chinese medicine. Did not yield the expected healthcare improvements. India’s Healthcare Achievements via Modern Medicine Life expectancy increased from 32 years (1947) to 70.8 years (2025) largely due to vaccines, public health systems, and modern medicine. IMA argues this success was not driven by integrative models, but by scientific rigor in modern healthcare. Scientific and Academic Concerns Integration may: Compromise medical education quality. Dilute specialization in both systems. Affect clinical training and evidence-based practice. IMA’s Appeal Urges: Ayurvedic practitioners to defend their own system. The government to refrain from “mixopathy”. All stakeholders to preserve the “pristine purity” of individual medical systems. Government meets fiscal deficit target of 4.8% for FY25 Fiscal Deficit Achievement Fiscal Deficit for FY25: ₹15.77 lakh crore or 4.8% of GDP. Target was achieved despite revenue shortfalls. Based on provisional GDP estimates and data from Controller General of Accounts (CGA). Relevance : GS 2(Governance), GS 3(Indian Economy) Revenue vs Expenditure Total Revenue (tax + non-tax + capital receipts): ₹30.78 lakh crore (97.8% of revised estimates). Total Expenditure: ₹46.55 lakh crore (also 97.8% of revised estimates). Indicates tight fiscal management, avoiding expenditure overruns. Revenue Shortfalls Shortfall in capital receipts: Miscellaneous capital receipts: ₹17,202 crore (only 52.1% of target). Disinvestment proceeds: ₹10,131 crore — much below expectations. Tax revenue shortfall: Income tax: ₹11.83 lakh crore (≈6% below revised estimates). Corporate tax: ₹9.87 lakh crore (0.7% above revised estimates). Disinvestment Slippage Government aimed higher disinvestment revenue but achieved less than half the target. Reflects continued challenges in privatization and asset monetization. Next Year’s Fiscal Target FY26 fiscal deficit target: 4.4% of GDP, as per Budget 2024-25. Indicates a continued fiscal consolidation glide path. Suggests government aims to reduce borrowing dependency and maintain macroeconomic stability. Implications & Challenges Meeting deficit target despite revenue shortfall shows discipline, but questions remain on: Sustainability of non-disinvestment-based financing. Pressure on welfare and capital spending in future years. Revenue buoyancy will be critical to meet FY26 targets.

May 30, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 May 2025

Context : Caste-Based Enumeration and Social Justice Sikkim@50’ celebrations Caste-Based Enumeration and Social Justice Caste-Based Enumeration In The Upcoming Decadal Census Will Be A Transformative Step; Will Bring About Social Justice: Vice-President Caste-Based Enumeration: A Transformative Tool VP calls inclusion of caste-based enumeration in the upcoming decadal census a “game-changing” decision. Compares it to MRI of the body – reveals underlying societal realities for policy integration, not division. Stresses it will fulfill aspirations, ensure social justice, and translate constitutional ideals into accountable outcomes. Reminds that India hasn’t had a caste census since 1931, indicating the urgency of updated data. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues,Governance) Statistics as the Pillar of Good Governance Equates policy planning without statistics to surgery in the dark — a high-risk gamble. Highlights the criticality of real-time, accurate data to create informed policies. Warns that stale or delayed data undermines governance; timely statistics lead to exponential outcomes. Empirical Thinking & Evidence-Based Governance Urges India to become a nation that thinks empirically, driven by data, not assumptions. Future belongs to those who master the art of reading societal trends and statistical signatures. Every number is a human story; statistics are not cold figures but testimonies of collective aspirations. Demographic Analysis and National Security Understanding demographic variation through data is essential for: Security planning Policy foresight Preserving sovereignty Demographic data becomes a compass for national development and threat mitigation. Statistics for Equity and Targeted Governance Calls ISS officers “agents of equality”; their work reveals hidden geometries of inequality. Data helps target interventions where most needed, making democracy more inclusive. Good governance is enabled by statistical cartography. Role of Civil Servants and Bureaucracy Civil servants are “silent architects” behind India’s socio-economic progress. Effective bureaucracy + visionary political leadership = India’s growth success. Bureaucratic execution under visionary leadership is fueling India’s infrastructure boom and economic rise. Linguistic Diversity as Unity India’s languages are not a divisive force but a unifying cultural strength. Highlights the constitutional vision of promoting Hindi and regional languages while phasing out English. Praises NEP for enabling vernacular education in technical fields — a move towards inclusive education. Concluding Message Data is strategic capital in 21st-century governance. Caste-based census is a milestone towards equality and effective governance. Empirical thinking, not rhetoric, must shape India’s path to becoming Viksit Bharat. Caste-Based Enumeration in India: Key Points Background Caste census last conducted in 1931 (British India). Post-independence censuses collect data on SCs and STs only—not OBCs or other castes. Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011 attempted caste data collection—but data not released due to reliability issues. Constitutional & Legal Basis Article 340: Empowers the President to appoint a commission to investigate conditions of backward classes (basis for Mandal Commission). No explicit constitutional mandate for a caste census, but states can conduct surveys for welfare under federal powers. Recent Developments Bihar Caste Survey (2023): First comprehensive state-level caste survey post-independence. Other states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Rajasthan considering similar surveys. Demand for a nationwide caste census raised during discussions on social justice and reservation. Arguments in Favour Helps in targeted welfare and better policy planning. Enables data-driven affirmative action (especially for OBCs). Helps correct outdated estimates and understand intra-group inequalities. Supports horizontal reservation (e.g., within OBCs for EBCs, Most Backward Castes). Arguments Against Risks deepening caste divisions and politicizing identity. Questions over data reliability and self-identification. Concerns about administrative burden and possible misuse. May overshadow class-based inequalities. Judicial View Supreme Court (Indra Sawhney case, 1992): Recognized OBCs as a valid category for affirmative action but stressed need for updated data. Courts have allowed state surveys if done for welfare—not for electoral politics. ‘Sikkim@50’ celebrations Context : Marks the 50th anniversary of Sikkim’s statehood; PM hails it as a moment of pride and reflection. Theme: “Where Progress Meets Purpose, and Nature Nurtures Growth.” PM congratulated the people and appreciated Sikkim’s cultural and democratic journey since 1975. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Federalism) , Facts for Prelims. Sikkim as a Model State Described as a “Green Model State” with: 100% organic farming status. Rich biodiversity. High per capita income. Seen as a model of sustainable development, blending tradition and modernity. Connectivity and Infrastructure Push Key infrastructure developments: Atal Setu connecting to Darjeeling. Bagdogra-Gangtok Expressway (to link with Gorakhpur-Siliguri Expressway). Sevoke-Rangpo rail line to connect Sikkim to Indian Railways. Focus on ropeways where roads are not feasible. Healthcare & Welfare Healthcare access: Expansion of AIIMS and medical colleges. Ayushman Bharat Scheme: 25,000+ people in Sikkim benefited. ₹5 lakh free treatment to all citizens above 70. Emphasis on affordability and accessibility. Agriculture & Organic Identity Sikkim lauded as a leader in organic agriculture. First organic fisheries cluster launched in Soreng district. Export of Dalle Khursani chili marks start of global agri-trade push. Emphasis on youth participation in agri-entrepreneurship. Tourism as a Growth Engine Aim: Transform Sikkim into a global tourism destination. Focus areas: Adventure & sports tourism (trekking, mountain biking). Spiritual & nature tourism (e.g., Kanchenjunga National Park). Conference & wellness tourism (via convention centers). Projects like skywalk and Vajpayee statue to enhance tourism appeal. Sports Development & Youth Focus Vision to make India a global sports superpower. Sikkim’s legacy: Bhaichung Bhutia, Tarundeep Rai, Jaslal Pradhan. Khelo India Scheme giving special attention to Sikkim: Training, talent identification, and tournaments. New sports complex in Gangtok to serve as a hub for future champions. Unity, Security & National Integration Northeast once seen as isolated—now central to India’s growth story. Northeast, especially Sikkim, seen as a symbol of unity, diversity, and resilience. Governance Vision Development guided by Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas. Vision of balanced regional development to avoid neglect of border or remote regions. Northeast treated as an equal stakeholder in India’s rise. Sikkim: At a Glance Statehood: Became the 22nd state of India on 16 May 1975. Capital: Gangtok Official Languages: Nepali, Bhutia, Lepcha, English Border States & Countries: West: Nepal North & East: China (Tibet) South: West Bengal East: Bhutan Environment & Agriculture India’s first 100% organic state (declared in 2016). Hosts the Khangchendzonga National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site). Rich in flora and fauna (Rhododendrons, Red Panda – state animal). Unique Features Known for Dalle Khursani (GI-tagged chili). Home to Soreng, India’s first organic fisheries cluster. High per capita income among NE states. High literacy rate (~82%) and HDI rankings.

May 30, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 May 2025

Context : Caste-Based Enumeration and Social Justice Sikkim@50’ celebrations Caste-Based Enumeration and Social Justice Caste-Based Enumeration In The Upcoming Decadal Census Will Be A Transformative Step; Will Bring About Social Justice: Vice-President Caste-Based Enumeration: A Transformative Tool VP calls inclusion of caste-based enumeration in the upcoming decadal census a “game-changing” decision. Compares it to MRI of the body – reveals underlying societal realities for policy integration, not division. Stresses it will fulfill aspirations, ensure social justice, and translate constitutional ideals into accountable outcomes. Reminds that India hasn’t had a caste census since 1931, indicating the urgency of updated data. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues,Governance) Statistics as the Pillar of Good Governance Equates policy planning without statistics to surgery in the dark — a high-risk gamble. Highlights the criticality of real-time, accurate data to create informed policies. Warns that stale or delayed data undermines governance; timely statistics lead to exponential outcomes. Empirical Thinking & Evidence-Based Governance Urges India to become a nation that thinks empirically, driven by data, not assumptions. Future belongs to those who master the art of reading societal trends and statistical signatures. Every number is a human story; statistics are not cold figures but testimonies of collective aspirations. Demographic Analysis and National Security Understanding demographic variation through data is essential for: Security planning Policy foresight Preserving sovereignty Demographic data becomes a compass for national development and threat mitigation. Statistics for Equity and Targeted Governance Calls ISS officers “agents of equality”; their work reveals hidden geometries of inequality. Data helps target interventions where most needed, making democracy more inclusive. Good governance is enabled by statistical cartography. Role of Civil Servants and Bureaucracy Civil servants are “silent architects” behind India’s socio-economic progress. Effective bureaucracy + visionary political leadership = India’s growth success. Bureaucratic execution under visionary leadership is fueling India’s infrastructure boom and economic rise. Linguistic Diversity as Unity India’s languages are not a divisive force but a unifying cultural strength. Highlights the constitutional vision of promoting Hindi and regional languages while phasing out English. Praises NEP for enabling vernacular education in technical fields — a move towards inclusive education. Concluding Message Data is strategic capital in 21st-century governance. Caste-based census is a milestone towards equality and effective governance. Empirical thinking, not rhetoric, must shape India’s path to becoming Viksit Bharat. Caste-Based Enumeration in India: Key Points Background Caste census last conducted in 1931 (British India). Post-independence censuses collect data on SCs and STs only—not OBCs or other castes. Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011 attempted caste data collection—but data not released due to reliability issues. Constitutional & Legal Basis Article 340: Empowers the President to appoint a commission to investigate conditions of backward classes (basis for Mandal Commission). No explicit constitutional mandate for a caste census, but states can conduct surveys for welfare under federal powers. Recent Developments Bihar Caste Survey (2023): First comprehensive state-level caste survey post-independence. Other states like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Rajasthan considering similar surveys. Demand for a nationwide caste census raised during discussions on social justice and reservation. Arguments in Favour Helps in targeted welfare and better policy planning. Enables data-driven affirmative action (especially for OBCs). Helps correct outdated estimates and understand intra-group inequalities. Supports horizontal reservation (e.g., within OBCs for EBCs, Most Backward Castes). Arguments Against Risks deepening caste divisions and politicizing identity. Questions over data reliability and self-identification. Concerns about administrative burden and possible misuse. May overshadow class-based inequalities. Judicial View Supreme Court (Indra Sawhney case, 1992): Recognized OBCs as a valid category for affirmative action but stressed need for updated data. Courts have allowed state surveys if done for welfare—not for electoral politics. ‘Sikkim@50’ celebrations Context : Marks the 50th anniversary of Sikkim’s statehood; PM hails it as a moment of pride and reflection. Theme: “Where Progress Meets Purpose, and Nature Nurtures Growth.” PM congratulated the people and appreciated Sikkim’s cultural and democratic journey since 1975. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Federalism) , Facts for Prelims. Sikkim as a Model State Described as a “Green Model State” with: 100% organic farming status. Rich biodiversity. High per capita income. Seen as a model of sustainable development, blending tradition and modernity. Connectivity and Infrastructure Push Key infrastructure developments: Atal Setu connecting to Darjeeling. Bagdogra-Gangtok Expressway (to link with Gorakhpur-Siliguri Expressway). Sevoke-Rangpo rail line to connect Sikkim to Indian Railways. Focus on ropeways where roads are not feasible. Healthcare & Welfare Healthcare access: Expansion of AIIMS and medical colleges. Ayushman Bharat Scheme: 25,000+ people in Sikkim benefited. ₹5 lakh free treatment to all citizens above 70. Emphasis on affordability and accessibility. Agriculture & Organic Identity Sikkim lauded as a leader in organic agriculture. First organic fisheries cluster launched in Soreng district. Export of Dalle Khursani chili marks start of global agri-trade push. Emphasis on youth participation in agri-entrepreneurship. Tourism as a Growth Engine Aim: Transform Sikkim into a global tourism destination. Focus areas: Adventure & sports tourism (trekking, mountain biking). Spiritual & nature tourism (e.g., Kanchenjunga National Park). Conference & wellness tourism (via convention centers). Projects like skywalk and Vajpayee statue to enhance tourism appeal. Sports Development & Youth Focus Vision to make India a global sports superpower. Sikkim’s legacy: Bhaichung Bhutia, Tarundeep Rai, Jaslal Pradhan. Khelo India Scheme giving special attention to Sikkim: Training, talent identification, and tournaments. New sports complex in Gangtok to serve as a hub for future champions. Unity, Security & National Integration Northeast once seen as isolated—now central to India’s growth story. Northeast, especially Sikkim, seen as a symbol of unity, diversity, and resilience. Governance Vision Development guided by Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas. Vision of balanced regional development to avoid neglect of border or remote regions. Northeast treated as an equal stakeholder in India’s rise. Sikkim: At a Glance Statehood: Became the 22nd state of India on 16 May 1975. Capital: Gangtok Official Languages: Nepali, Bhutia, Lepcha, English Border States & Countries: West: Nepal North & East: China (Tibet) South: West Bengal East: Bhutan Environment & Agriculture India’s first 100% organic state (declared in 2016). Hosts the Khangchendzonga National Park (UNESCO World Heritage Site). Rich in flora and fauna (Rhododendrons, Red Panda – state animal). Unique Features Known for Dalle Khursani (GI-tagged chili). Home to Soreng, India’s first organic fisheries cluster. High per capita income among NE states. High literacy rate (~82%) and HDI rankings.

May 30, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 May 2025

Content: Slow and unsteady Danger in the sea Rewriting the script of early childhood education Slow and unsteady Current Situation President’s Rule imposed after the failure of the State government to contain the ethnic conflict. Ethnic violence, including gunfights and arson, has reduced significantly. Some looted weapons have been returned; militant presence with advanced arms has declined. However, real peace remains elusive; physical and psychological barriers between communities persist. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : In the context of the ongoing ethnic tensions in Manipur, critically examine the role of state institutions in conflict resolution. What reforms are needed to ensure inclusive peace and stability in conflict-prone regions?(250 Words) Continued Tensions No restoration of free movement across highways or between the valley and hills. Displaced individuals from both Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities are yet to return to their homes. Inter-community hostility remains strong; no visible reconciliation or dialogue has taken root. Trigger Incident: Shirui Lily Festival A symbolic yet sensitive moment during the festival in Ukhrul: Stickers were placed on State buses (carrying journalists) to conceal the identity of Manipur when passing through Kuki-Zo areas. Intended as a security measure, it sparked anger in the valley—seen as capitulation to Kuki-Zo’s demand for a “separate administration.” Shows how even minor administrative decisions can reignite civil unrest in such a fragile setting. Key Challenges Union government’s balancing act: Managing ethnic sensitivities while ensuring security. Ethnic chauvinist groups and insurgents continue to influence ground realities. Civil society and militant factions are setting the narrative, sidelining democratic institutions. Trust in state institutions is eroded, giving space for radical voices. Way Forward Strong disarmament drive needed—target both hill- and valley-based insurgent groups. Rehabilitation and return of displaced people must be prioritized. Union government must: Reaffirm that militant voices won’t represent communities in peace processes. Uphold the rule of law and democratic norms. Any move to restore the State Assembly should be conditional on: Cross-community consensus. Agreement on steps toward normalization and reconciliation. Danger in the sea On May 24, the container ship MSC Elsa 3 began tilting off Kochi’s coast due to operational failure. The ship sank to a depth of 50 meters after the crew abandoned it. Cargo details: 640+ containers on board. 13 containers held hazardous substances: 12 with calcium carbide (highly reactive with water). 1 with rubber solution (believed to have caused plastic pellet pollution). 50 containers, some empty, were floating adrift during monsoon weather. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : Maritime environmental disasters like the MSC Elsa 3 incident highlight the urgent need for stronger disaster preparedness and regulatory frameworks in India’s shipping sector. Discuss the gaps in current mechanisms and suggest a robust response strategy.(250 Words) Environmental Risks Plastic pellets washed ashore on the Kerala coast are linked to the ship’s cargo. Oil spill threat: Ship carries 365 tonnes of heavy fuel oil and 60 tonnes of diesel. So far, no major oil leakage, but risk remains high. Calcium carbide containers on the seabed could trigger underwater chemical hazards. Lack of clarity on disposal mechanisms for plastic pellets. Systemic Issues Container trade lacks global transparency: Cargo often passes through multiple hands with minimal inspection or tracking. Regulatory oversight on hazardous cargo handling is weak, especially during emergencies. Elsa 3 becomes a “toxic dump”, demanding urgent salvage operations. Institutional Response The Coast Guard is the nodal agency under the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP). Past failure: 2017 Chennai oil spill response was delayed and poorly coordinated. Current case in Kerala offers a window of opportunity for an efficient, timely response. Salvage operations are underway, under international insurance protocols. Broader Implications India’s maritime sector is poised for rapid growth in traffic and cargo diversity. Plans to become a global transshipment hub will increase risk of maritime disasters. Effective disaster preparedness is critical for environmental security and economic credibility. Way Forward Strengthen inter-agency coordination and disaster simulation protocols. Upgrade coastal states’ response infrastructure with faster access to oil booms, skimmers, salvage gear. Establish real-time cargo tracking and a hazardous cargo registry. Publicly accessible accountability mechanisms for shipping companies and port authorities. Rewriting the script of early childhood education Core Idea Early childhood education (ECE) can break the cycle of poverty and improve lifetime outcomes. Investment in ECE is economically efficient and socially transformative, as shown by the Heckman Curve. Relevance : GS 2(Education) Practice Question : Maritime environmental disasters like the MSC Elsa 3 incident highlight the urgent need for stronger disaster preparedness and regulatory frameworks in India’s shipping sector. Discuss the gaps in current mechanisms and suggest a robust response strategy.(250 Words) The “Lottery of Birth” in India 1 in 5 children in India is born into poverty, which impacts nutrition, learning, and future earning. Early disparities create long-term inequalities. Prof. Heckman’s model shows $7–12 returns for every $1 invested in early education. Current Challenges in India’s ECE System Lack of Instructional Time: 5.5 crore children aged 3–6 attend 14 lakh Anganwadis and 56,000 govt. pre-primary schools. Anganwadi workers spend only 38 minutes/day on preschool instruction (vs. 2 hours scheduled). Only 9% of pre-primary schools have dedicated ECE teachers. Results: Poor foundational skills: Only 15% can match basic objects. Only 30% can identify larger/smaller numbers. Many children skip pre-primary and enroll directly in Class 1. Poor Resource Utilization: Government spends only ₹1,263 per child/year on ECE (vs. ₹37,000 on school education). Few teachers and inadequate oversight: 1 supervisor for 282 Anganwadis. Learning materials often underutilized. Low Parental Engagement: Parents care but lack awareness/guidance on ECE. Simple measures (e.g., worksheets, participation in centres) can significantly help. Positive State Interventions Uttar Pradesh: Hiring 11,000 ECE educators for Balavatikas. Trained master trainers on ECE pedagogy. Odisha: Launching Shishu Vatikas and Jaduipedi Kits. Making children school-ready at age 5–6. Madhya Pradesh: Bal Choupal programme for parental awareness on play-based learning. Path Forward Scale up investment in ECE — especially in: Hiring dedicated teachers. Training and oversight. Learning resources. Engage parents via: WhatsApp groups. EdTech tools. Community-led programmes. Broader Vision (India@2047) By 2047, India will have over 1 billion workforce entrants. Strategic ECE investments can: Help 200 million escape poverty. Build capable, productive citizens. Fulfill the vision of India as a Vishwa Guru (global teacher). Conclusion ECE is not a welfare expenditure but a high-return investment. Rewriting the ECE script can reshape India’s future — economically, socially, and globally.

May 30, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 May 2025

Content : Major setback for Trump as U.S. court blocks tariffs Is the three-year practice mandate for judicial service welcome? Autonomous warfare in Operation Sindoor BSF fortifies village guards initiative with arms training for Jammu border residents EC’s single-point dashboard likely to be operational before Bihar election SEBI releases new framework on F&O risk monitoring China launches Tianwen-2 to collect asteroid samples by 2027 Tobacco affordability fuelling cancer epidemic in India Major setback for Trump as U.S. court blocks tariffs Context & Background The Court of International Trade (CIT) ruled against key import tariffs imposed during Donald Trump’s presidency. These tariffs were justified by Trump under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 1977, especially after the so-called “Liberation Day” announcement on April 2. Trump had widely used tariffs as a strategic tool in foreign and trade policy, especially against China and other major exporters. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Economy ,Trade) Key Legal Findings The central legal issue: Whether IEEPA gives the U.S. President unlimited authority to impose tariffs. The Court held that: IEEPA does not grant the President unbounded tariff-imposing powers. The challenged tariffs are not legally valid under the act. The President exceeded his statutory authority. Implications of the Ruling Immediate legal impact: Majority of Trump-era tariffs are invalidated. The U.S. government has 10 days to begin repealing the blocked tariffs. An appeal has been filed by the administration. Strategic setback for Trump’s trade policy: Weakens the precedent of using IEEPA for unilateral tariff action. Could deter future presidents from invoking emergency economic powers for trade wars. Market and diplomatic implications: Positive response from markets anticipating reduced global trade tensions. Likely welcomed by trading partners affected by previous tariffs. Broader Significance Checks and balances: Reasserts the judiciary’s role in curbing executive overreach. Trade governance: Underscores the need for legislative backing and multilateral frameworks in trade policy. Domestic politics: May be used politically by Trump opponents to challenge his “America First” economic agenda. Way Ahead The appeal outcome will be critical—could end up in the Supreme Court. Congress may consider clarifying or amending IEEPA to define tariff-related powers. Ongoing need to balance national security concerns with free trade principles. Is the three-year practice mandate for judicial service welcome? Arguments in Support of the Mandate (Prashant Reddy’s perspective): Step in the right direction: Practical experience fosters maturity essential for judicial duties. High Court consensus: 21 out of 23 High Courts found young law graduates unsuitable as judges. Bar Council support: In 2021, the BCI criticized judges without Bar experience as “inept.” Limitations of training: Judicial academies cannot replicate real-world courtroom exposure. Emotional maturity matters: Lived experiences and age contribute to better judicial decision-making. Gender representation: Reservations for women may still preserve judicial service appeal. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Arguments Against the Mandate (Bharat Chugh’s perspective): Minimal learning in 3 years: Short practice duration does not ensure deeper legal understanding. Lack of empirical evidence: Verdict isn’t backed by comprehensive data or research. Judicial service unattractive: Mid-career shift to judiciary (age 29–30) less appealing due to poor incentives. Accessibility barrier: Marginalised and first-generation lawyers may struggle to sustain 3 years of litigation. Women disproportionately impacted: Family pressure and financial barriers make litigation tougher for women. Entry-level hurdle: Requirement may drive away promising candidates from less elite institutions. Practical Challenges: No objective metric for experience: Risks becoming a mere checkbox formality. Lack of clarity: Unclear how non-litigating legal roles (e.g., corporate, PSU lawyers) will be assessed. Documentation issues: Need for a structured, verifiable system like digital appearance logs. Disconnect from practice: Young lawyers often perform menial tasks, not substantive advocacy. Constitutional & Policy Concerns: Judicial overreach: Supreme Court’s intervention violates Article 234, which vests eligibility criteria-setting with the executive and High Courts. Courtroom policymaking: Reform made without public consultation or stakeholder involvement. Need for data-driven reform: No assessment of whether advocacy experience correlates with better judicial performance. Broader Implications: Shrinking talent pool: Raising the qualifying age and practice requirement may reduce applications. Impact on diversity: Could dilute recent gains in gender and social representation in judiciary. Missed opportunity for reform: Without broader improvements (pay, working conditions, exam delays), mandate alone won’t enhance judiciary quality. Autonomous warfare in Operation Sindoor Strategic Context Trigger: Operation Sindoor was launched in early May in retaliation for the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack. Nature: A limited but intense four-day conflict between India and Pakistan below the threshold of full-scale war. New Normal: Marked the shift from traditional manned warfare to autonomous drone-centric combat. Relevance : GS 3(Defence ,Internal Security) Key Features of Autonomous Warfare No Pilots Involved: Reliance on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and loitering munitions. Autonomous Platforms: Use of AI-driven systems for target recognition, homing, and strike. Real-time ISR: Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance became continuous and dynamic through drones. Below-threshold Warfare: Allowed strategic strikes without escalating into nuclear or conventional war. India’s Drone Strategy Pre-Strike ISR: TAPAS-BH-201 and Heron MK-II UAVs collected thermal and electronic intel deep in Pakistan. UAS Arsenal: Nagastra-1 loitering munitions (indigenous). Harop drones (Israeli-origin). Swarm drones for radar saturation and deception. Multi-phase Assault: Phase 1: Decoys and electronic warfare to exhaust SAMs. Phase 2: Loitering munitions for precision strikes. Quadcopters provided real-time ISR to the Army’s IBMS. Key Indian Targets Ammunition depots, SAM batteries, radar sites, forward operating bases. Strategic psychological operation: Drone strike disrupted a cricket match in Rawalpindi. Destroyed a Chinese-supplied HQ-9 air defence system near Lahore. Pakistan’s Counter Operation: Bunyan-um-Marsoos UAS Assets Used: Shahpar-II, Burraq drones (indigenous). Bayraktar TB2 (Turkish), CH-4, Wing Loong II (Chinese). CH-901 and WS-43 loitering munitions. Targets: Indian troop formations, air bases, radar sites across Jammu, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. Outcome: Most attacks neutralized by India’s layered air defence network. India’s Air Defence Response Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS): Fusion of ground, airborne, and satellite surveillance into a real-time C2 network. Proved resilient despite Pakistani attempts to overload or confuse it. Tactical Defence Layer: Akashteer System: Enabled rapid threat detection and response at the battlefield level. Low-Level Air Defence (LLAD): Upgraded vintage systems (Shilka, L/70, Pechora) with modern sensors. Supplemented by snipers and short-range air defence. Advanced Systems: Akash / Akash-NG (medium-range). Barak-8, SPYDER, and S-400 Triumf for strategic defence. Use of Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) like high-power lasers and microwaves. Technological Evolution Swarm Technology: Radar confusion and defensive saturation. Electronic Decoys: Baiting air defences into wasting interceptors. Algorithmic Warfare: AI used to process ISR, select targets, and direct attacks. Implications Shift in Deterrence Doctrine: Escalation without war—signalling power without triggering retaliation. Reduced Risk to Human Life: Achieved operational goals with zero pilot casualties. Information Warfare: Released intercepted footage and wreckage for psychological impact. Geopolitical Message: Demonstrated India’s autonomous warfare capability to regional and global adversaries. Conclusion Operation Sindoor signals a paradigm shift in South Asian warfare. Autonomous, algorithm-driven systems are now central to deterrence. Future conflicts may begin with silent drones, not soldier charges. BSF fortifies village guards initiative with arms training for Jammu border residents Security and Defence Context Village Defence Guards (VDGs) are being trained by the Border Security Force (BSF) to act as a “second line of defence”. The training is focused on civilians living in border villages along the Jammu-Pakistan border. This move follows Operation Sindoor, which addressed heightened terror threats in the region. Relevance : GS 3(Defence ,Internal Security) Reason for Reviving the VDG Initiative Revived in 2022 after a 20+ year gap, owing to increased terrorist activity. Over the last 3 years, 22+ civilians have been killed in targeted terror attacks in Jammu region. Key affected areas include: Chenab Valley Kathua-Samba region Rajouri and Poonch (south of Pir Panjal) Strategic Importance Civilians are being prepared to fill critical gaps in localised early response against infiltration and terror attacks. Enhances community resilience and force multiplication without overextending regular forces. Deployment for Amarnath Yatra 52,000+ CAPF personnel (581 companies) to be deployed for Amarnath Yatra (July 3 – Aug 9). Highest deployment in 3 years, indicating elevated threat perception. April 22 terror attack in Baisaran (Pahalgam) left 26 civilians dead, prompting escalated security. High-Level Oversight CRPF Director-General G.P. Singh is in J&K for on-ground security review. Home Minister Amit Shah to review security in Jammu and Poonch during a two-day visit. Implications Reflects a shift towards community-based counter-terror strategy. Addresses concerns of rural border population safety amid recurring attacks. May signal long-term civil-military synergy model in sensitive border areas. EC’s single-point dashboard likely to be operational before Bihar election Context: ECINET (Election Commission Integrated Network) is a single-point digital dashboard being developed by the Election Commission (EC). It will consolidate over 40 existing apps/web portals into one interface for better accessibility and coordination. Partial rollout is expected during the June 19 byelections; full implementation targeted before the Bihar Assembly elections. Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Reforms) Purpose and Significance Aims to streamline election management and enhance transparency. Developed in response to opposition parties’ concerns over: Electoral roll anomalies. Duplicate voter ID card issues. Marks a standardisation drive under CEC Gyanesh Kumar, who assumed office on February 19. Other Key Electoral Reforms and Tech Initiatives Direct integration with Registrar General of India for automatic removal of deceased voters. Training initiatives for: Booth Level Officers (BLOs). BLO Supervisors and Agents — over 3,500 trained so far to cascade to 10.5 lakh functionaries. Polling Station Reforms Electors per polling station revised from 1,500 to 1,200. Additional polling booths to be set up in: High-density urban areas (e.g., gated societies, high-rises). Goal: No voter should travel more than 2 km to cast a vote. Voter-Centric Improvements Redesigned voter information slips with: Better visibility of serial and part numbers. Mobile phone deposit facility to be available at all polling stations for voter convenience and poll integrity. Stakeholder Engagement 4,719 meetings held nationwide with participation of over 28,000 political party representatives. Consultations held with major political parties like: AAP, BJP, BSP, CPI(M), NPP, etc. More meetings planned post current byelections. Implications Reflects EC’s commitment to: Inclusive and participatory democracy. Technology-led governance and efficiency. May serve as a case study for election process digitisation and grassroots electoral reform. SEBI releases new framework on F&Orisk monitoring Key Highlights SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) has released a new framework for Futures & Options (F&O) risk monitoring. It includes a change in the calculation method for Open Interest (OI). Relevance : GS 3(Economy, Trade) Major Reform: Delta-Based OI Calculation The OI value will now be computed on a delta-based rather than a notional-value-based approach. Delta measures price sensitivity of an option relative to the underlying asset. This change introduces a more accurate and risk-sensitive method for assessing positions. Purpose and Benefits Aims to improve market transparency and integrity. Helps prevent manipulation of open interest by traders using artificial positions. Ensures better alignment of margin requirements and position limits with real risk exposure. Impact on Traders and Market Position limits for F&O contracts have been increased under the new framework. Traders with low-risk positions may now have greater flexibility. Will require brokers and institutions to upgrade systems to incorporate delta-based metrics. Regulatory Significance Part of SEBI’s broader effort to: Modernize derivatives market oversight. Mitigate systemic risk in capital markets. Reflects a move toward international best practices in risk-based regulation. China launches Tianwen-2 to collect asteroid samples by 2027 Mission Overview China launched Tianwen-2 spacecraft on Thursday. Target: Near-Earth asteroid 2016HO3 (also known as Kamoʻoalewa) and main-belt comet 311P. Objective: Collect and return samples by 2027. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Scientific Goals Study the origin and composition of asteroids and comets. Provide clues about the formation of the solar system. Help expand understanding of primitive celestial bodies. Technological Significance Tianwen-2 is part of China’s broader deep space exploration program. Demonstrates China’s advancing space capabilities, including: Precision rendezvous and landing Sample collection and return technology Multi-target mission planning Global Context Follows the success of Japan’s Hayabusa2 and NASA’s OSIRIS-REx missions. Positions China as a major player in asteroid mining and planetary defense research. Promotes international competition and collaboration in space science. Timeline Launch: May 2025. Sample return expected: By 2027. Tobacco affordability fuelling cancer epidemic in India Tobacco Use in India – Overview India has 42% of men and 14% of women using tobacco (GATS2 data). Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is more common than smoking; India houses 70% of global SLT users. Bidis are more widely used than cigarettes, especially in rural and low-income groups. However, cigarette use is rising, even in villages, due to perceptions of modernity. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Health Impact India ranks first globally in male cancer incidence and mortality. Lip and oral cancers are most prevalent, followed by lung cancer in Indian males. Both SLT and smoking are linked to oral, lung, stomach, pancreatic, and head/neck cancers. Second-hand smoke exposure continues to be a public health concern. Economic Burden In 2017–2018, tobacco use cost India ₹1.77 lakh crore (1.04% of GDP). Smoking: 74% of the cost SLT: 26% of the cost Rising tobacco use will increase both health and economic burdens. Low prices and wide accessibility allow even daily wage earners to afford tobacco. Affordability Problem Low unit pricing: Bidis: Median ₹12/pack, as low as ₹5 SLT: ₹5 median, as low as ₹1 Cigarettes: Median ₹95, but available for ₹5; single sticks around ₹15 Tobacco remains affordable due to static taxation, rising incomes, and undershifting by manufacturers (absorbing tax hikes to retain users). Policy Failures and Industry Tactics India hasn’t matched WHO’s recommended 75% taxation of tobacco’s MRP (current GST proposal only 35%). The 2024 Union Budget kept tobacco taxes unchanged. Single stick sales (banned in 88 countries) are legal in India — evade warnings, encourage impulse buying. Vendors near tea stalls fuel the “chai-sutta” culture. Tobacco industry influences policy and targets youth and low-income groups through marketing. WHO MPOWER Framework Undermined Tobacco affordability weakens control strategies: Monitor use Protect from smoke Offer help to quit Warn about dangers Enforce bans Raise taxes Urgent Policy Recommendations Regular, steep tax hikes to outpace income growth. Ban single-stick sales to enforce warnings and reduce access. Allocate tobacco tax revenue to public health (e.g., cancer screening in rural areas). Enforce plain packaging and ban sales near schools and tea stalls. Strengthen compliance inspections and penalties for violations. Conclusion India is at a critical juncture, facing a tobacco-driven cancer epidemic with high health and economic stakes. Robust, evidence-based anti-tobacco strategies are essential to reverse this trend.

May 29, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 May 2025

Dark Patterns Context and Objective A high-level meeting was held by the Department of Consumer Affairs, chaired by Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi, to address dark patterns in digital commerce. Objective: To eliminate deceptive design practices that mislead consumers on e-commerce platforms. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Technology) What is a Dark Pattern? A dark pattern is a deceptive user interface design that is intentionally created to trick or manipulate users into doing something they did not intend to do—such as: Making unintended purchases Signing up for unwanted services Sharing personal data Clicking on misleading links These patterns exploit cognitive biases, reducing user autonomy and often violating consumer rights. Key Characteristics of Dark Patterns: Manipulative: Designed to benefit the platform, not the user Non-transparent: Hides key information or choices Coercive: Pressures users into actions (e.g., “confirm shaming”) Persistent: Hard to exit or undo actions Examples of Dark Patterns: Dark Pattern Type Example Sneak into Basket Adding items to cart without user consent Confirm Shaming Using guilt to discourage opt-out (“No, I hate discounts!”) Forced Continuity Auto-renewing subscriptions without clear consent Hidden Costs Revealing charges only at the final payment step Trick Questions Confusing wording to get unintended answers Roach Motel Easy to sign up, hard to cancel services Nagging Constant pop-ups to nudge action Legal Status in India: Recognized and prohibited under Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023. Enforced under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 by the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA). 13 types of dark patterns officially identified and banned. Key Highlights The Minister declared that modern consumers are vigilant and aware; they won’t tolerate deceit. Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns (2023) were developed through wide stakeholder consultations and now require full compliance. Ministerial Directions All e-commerce platforms must: Conduct self-audits to identify and remove dark patterns. Comply proactively without waiting for CCPA intervention. Align internal governance with the issued guidelines. The Minister stressed the importance of trust-building with consumers. Technology & Tools Launched Developed in collaboration with IIT-BHU after the Dark Patterns Buster Hackathon 2023: Jagriti App: Allows users to report dark patterns and flag suspicious sites. Jago Grahak Jago App: Shields users from malicious platforms, provides real-time safety scores. Jagriti Dashboard: Analytical tool to monitor dark pattern trends and reports under CCPA. Regulatory Framework & Guidelines Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020 underpin the Department’s regulatory stance. 13 specific dark patterns identified and banned under the 2023 Guidelines. India is the first country globally to frame dedicated dark pattern guidelines under its Consumer Protection Act, 2019. Closing Remarks and Call to Action Government reiterated its pro-consumer digital policy. Emphasis on collaborative implementation with industry, academia, and civil society. The initiative aims for a transparent, ethical, and consumer-friendly digital market.

May 29, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 May 2025

Content: Sound and Fury A Case of Practical, Pragmatic and Innovative Education India’s Financial Sector Reforms Need a Shake-Up Sound and fury Monsoon Onset and Forecast Trends Monsoon arrived early in Kerala on May 24, a week before the normal onset of June 1. Early arrival was predicted in early May due to its progress over the Andaman Sea. Pre-cyclonic circulation in the Arabian Sea boosted the monsoon’s intensity. Mumbai experienced May onset for the first time in 35 years, beating its usual June 10 date. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : Despite improvements in monsoon forecasting, India’s preparedness remains inadequate. Critically analyse the gaps in translating meteorological data into effective policy action in agriculture, urban planning, and disaster management. (250 words) Forecast Accuracy and Updates IMD forecasted “above normal” rainfall (initially 5%, now revised to 6% above historical average of 87 cm). This forecast was issued as early as mid-April, showing improved meteorological modeling. IMD Measurement Quirks IMD only considers June 1–Sept 30 as official monsoon period. Heavy rains in late May (e.g., Kerala, Mumbai) are classified as pre-monsoon, not part of official monsoon data. Implications for Agriculture Above-normal rainfall is favorable for kharif sowing and grain reserves. Positive forecast may boost food production and exports. Urbanisation and Rainfall Challenges In urban areas, more rain ≠ always good: Flooding risk rises, especially in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities, not just metros. Many urban centres lack infrastructure to handle even normal rainfall. Climate Change Concerns Erratic rainfall and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. Climate change makes rainfall more intense, less predictable, and regionally unequal. Policy and Planning Needs Despite better forecasts, their impact is limited without societal and administrative response. Need for mainstreaming IMD alerts into: Urban planning Disaster preparedness Agriculture scheduling Community-level action and inter-agency coordination critical to manage disruptions. Key Takeaway Improved forecasts alone are not enough — India needs a systemic, societal approach to translate monsoon alerts into real-time adaptive practices for agriculture, urban safety, and disaster risk reduction. A case of practical, pragmatic and innovative education Overview of NEP 2020 NEP 2020 is a long-term structural reform aiming for phased implementation. Focuses on: Original, indigenous research imagination. Global competitiveness in education. Preparing students for multi-career paths. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (Governance, Education Policy) Practice Question : To what extent has the National Education Policy 2020 fostered innovation, employability, and global competitiveness in Indian higher education? Evaluate with suitable data. (250 words) Towards Better Employability Introduces four-year flexible degrees allowing: Exit and re-entry with credentials. Broader career flexibility. Push for vocationalisation and industry internships: Practical exposure and real-world skills. Significant rollout: 167 universities + 59 colleges offer four-year UG degrees. 224 universities + 101 colleges offer multidisciplinary degrees. Development of research internship programmes to bridge academia-industry gaps. Apprenticeship scheme: Open to diploma holders within 5 years of graduation. Stipend-supported (government co-funded). 3.07 lakh UG and 58k PG students already in internships. 242 universities and 113 colleges have R&D cells fostering innovation. Global Competitiveness 11 Indian universities feature in QS Global Top 500. India leads QS Asia Rankings 2025 with 163 institutions. Subject-specific gains: 10 Indian institutes in global top 50 (IITs, IIMs). Surge in patents filed: From 7,405 (2021–22) to 19,155 (2022–23) → 158% increase. Global Innovation Index rank improved from 76 to 39. Research and Innovation Ecosystem Initiatives such as: ANRF Act 2023 – institutionalizing research funding. AICTE IDEA labs – promoting innovation. SPARC – global collaboration in research with 28 countries. Emphasis on Indian Knowledge Systems across school & higher education. Smart India Hackathon: Empowered 13.9 lakh students. Idea submissions up 7x since 2017. Sustainable Employment Trends Post-2018-19: Rise in employment among educated youth. By 2023-24: Male youth employment: 53.4%. Female youth employment: 22.7% (approaching 2004-05 levels). Overall employment rate (all ages): 43.7% in 2023-24. Female employment rose to 30.7% (2023-24). Regular employment increased: Men: 17.2% (2004-05) → 24.88% (2023-24). Decline in casual labour: Female: 30.3% → 16.68%. Overall: 28.8% → 19.83%. Indicates shift to formal, stable jobs, especially for women. Conclusion NEP 2020 has addressed longstanding concerns: Whether Indian education equips students with real-world competencies. Practical reforms, innovation focus, and employability alignment show positive systemic transition. India’s financial sector reforms need a shake-up Overall Theme India’s financial sector suffers from systemic inefficiencies. Incremental reforms have failed; deeper structural reforms are necessary. Focus areas: nomination inconsistencies, underdeveloped bond markets, shadow banking, UBO disclosure, and retirement planning. Relevance : GS 3 (Economy – Financial Sector) Practice Question : India’s financial sector reforms have largely been incremental and fragmented. Discuss the need for a structural overhaul, citing issues in nomination norms, bond markets, and shadow banking. (250 words) Nomination Conundrum Across BFSI Nomination processes differ widely across banks, mutual funds, and insurance. This inconsistency leads to confusion and legal loopholes exploited via litigation. No logical justification for three parallel nomination systems. Recommendation: A harmonised nomination framework defining nominee vs. legal heir rights. Corporate Bond Market – Still Shallow and Inefficient India’s corporate bond market is illiquid, opaque, and underutilised. Lack of depth increases cost of capital by 2–3%, hampering business viability. Past initiative ignored: NSE was asked to create a bond platform, but equity trading remained preferred due to profitability. Regulatory opacity (e.g., algorithmic trading, defamation suits against whistleblowers) weakens trust. UBO (Ultimate Beneficial Owner) Transparency Gaps India’s UBO threshold: 10% for companies, 15% for partnerships – easily bypassed. Foreign investors use jurisdictions like Mauritius to avoid disclosing ownership. SEBI struggled with Elara and Vespera funds’ non-disclosure. FATF requires accurate, accessible UBO data – India is non-compliant in practice. This undermines market integrity and deters long-term capital inflow. Retirement Planning Needs Overhaul Dominated by annuities with high intermediation fees (~2%). Alternative: long-dated zero-coupon government bonds offer higher, direct returns. India has the tech to strip bonds, but lack of initiative from RBI/government stalls progress. A vibrant, low-cost retirement ecosystem is possible using sovereign bonds. Shadow Banking – The Looming Risk NBFCs, brokers, margin lenders operate with bank-like functions but light regulation. Retail investors unknowingly face interest rates >20% via margin funding. Classic trick: Brokers use investor’s own collateral to extend loans. Regulatory blind spot: Authorities lack comprehensive data. EU has already moved to regulate; India must collect data as a precursor to oversight. Conclusion & Way Forward India needs a coherent, structural reform agenda: Harmonise rules across BFSI. Develop a liquid corporate bond market. Ensure transparent UBO disclosure. Offer low-cost retirement instruments. Collect data and regulate shadow banking. Reform must go beyond slogans and focus on transparency, professionalism, and investor trust.

May 29, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 May 2025

Content : IIP growth at 8-month low of 2.7% in April Nurdle spill is a wake-up call: expert Examining the RBI’s remittances survey Measles vaccine prevented ‘9 crore deaths’ worldwide The importance of the Deputy Speaker Cabinet approves hike in MSP for kharif crops; outlay stands at ₹2.07 lakh crore Inadequate diagnostic services still a critical gap in cancer care in India’ Increased outward FDI by Indian firms ‘warrants attention’: Finance Ministry IIP growth at 8-month low of 2.7% in April Headline Figure IIP growth slowed to 2.7% in April 2025, an 8-month low. Last lower reading: 0.0% in August 2024 — suggests waning momentum. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Sector-wise Performance Mining & Quarrying: Declined by 0.2% (worst since August 2024). Indicates weak commodity extraction and upstream supply constraints. Electricity: Slower growth → possible lower power demand from industries or supply issues. Primary Goods & Infrastructure/Construction Goods: Weakness indicates sluggish investment and infrastructure activity. Consumer Non-Durables: Indicates muted rural or essential consumption. Reflects subdued demand for everyday goods, despite summer season. Outlier Performance Capital Goods: Grew 20.3% in April 2025. However, base effect significant: April 2024 growth was only 2.81%. Still suggests private and public sector investment push or cyclical recovery in machinery output. Concerns and Implications Broad-based slowdown across production-linked sectors hints at underlying demand weakness. Poor mining and electricity data may hurt core industries and downstream production. Weak consumer non-durables → possible rural distress or price sensitivity among consumers. Contradicts the capital goods surge, showing a mixed recovery picture. Policy Relevance Monetary Policy Implication: Slower IIP may deter further rate hikes by RBI despite inflation concerns. Fiscal/Policy Focus: Government may need to accelerate capital expenditure and rural support measures. Focus on demand stimulation in consumer sectors. Way Forward Address supply chain bottlenecks in mining and electricity. Sustain capital goods momentum through infrastructure pipeline. Monitor inflation-consumption balance to revive non-durable consumption. Ensure industrial recovery is broad-based and demand-driven, not just investment-led. Nurdle spill is a wake-up call: expert What Happened Plastic nurdles (tiny plastic pellets) have washed up on beaches in Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) following the sinking of the Liberian container vessel MSC ELSA3. First major incident of nurdle landings in India due to a shipwreck. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Environmental and Ecological Concerns Nurdles are primary microplastics (1–5 mm) – raw material for plastic products. Though notinherentlytoxic, they pose serious ecological risks: Habitat contamination (coastal and marine ecosystems). Breakdown into micro and nano plastics, which: Enter marine food chains. Cause bioaccumulation and long-term toxic impacts. Disrupt marine biodiversity. Impacts on Marine Life and Humans Can be ingested by marine organisms, causing: Internal injuries, starvation, and reproductive harm. Indirect human exposure through seafood consumption. Nurdles adsorb toxic pollutants (e.g., persistent organic pollutants) from seawater. Materials Identified Pellets found were LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) and HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene): LDPE is particularly hard to recycle. Commonly used in bags, films, tubes, bottles, crates, medical items. Disaster Management Response Rapid Response Teams formed under the State Pollution Control Board. Volunteers are cleaning beaches; police drones deployed for surveillance. Focus on removing: Plastic granules. Oil slicks and hazardous substances endangering marine life and fishermen. Larger Lessons and Warnings Described as a “wake-up call” for India’s: Coastal zone management. Shipping regulations and safety. Marine pollution preparedness. Need for proactive regulations on marine plastic transport and emergency spill response. Way Forward Strengthen marine pollution control laws. Implement mandatory safety and containment protocols for plastic cargo. Develop early warning systems and dedicated marine clean-up units. Raise community awareness and volunteer mobilization mechanisms. Promote alternatives to plastic and improve recycling infrastructure, especially for LDPE. Examining the RBI’s remittances survey Significance of Remittances in India’s External Sector Inward remittances touched a record $118.7 billion in 2023-24, surpassing FDI inflows. Remittances financed over half of India’s merchandise trade deficit, offering crucial macro-stability. Despite their importance, remittances receive less policy attention compared to FDI or trade. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Structural Shifts in Source Countries Advanced Economies (AEs) now dominate over GCC countries as remittance sources. U.S. share rose to 27.7%, overtaking earlier dominance by GCC nations. Combined share of U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, and Singapore = 51.2%, vs GCC’s 37.9%. Reflects shift in migrant profile: from low-skilled West Asia workers to high-skilled professionals/students in AEs. Implications of the Shift Higher income and stable earnings in AEs make inflows more resilient to commodity or cyclical shocks. However, long-term remittances may decline as migrants settle permanently, reducing economic ties to India. Growing Skew in Transaction Sizes Transfers over ₹5 lakh = 29% of total value, but only 1.4% of transactions. Indicates growing dominance of high-income migrants in remittance flows. Raises vulnerability risks: any curb on high-skilled migration (e.g., via stricter visa regimes) could hurt inflows. Rise of Digital Remittance Channels Digital transactions = 73.5% of all remittances in 2023-24. Transaction costs have dropped to 4.9%, below global avg. (6.65%) but above SDG target (3%). Growth attributed to fintech and app-based transfers. Corridor-Wise Digital Disparities High digital use in UAE (76.1%) and Saudi Arabia (92.7%). Low digital penetration in Canada (40%), Germany (55.1%), Italy (35%). Points to infrastructure and regulatory bottlenecks in some corridors. India needs to enhance cross-border digital payment integration. Sub-National Disparities Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu = 51% of remittance share. Bihar, U.P., Rajasthan = under 6%. Root causes: uneven migration infrastructure (language training, credentialing, employer linkages). Need for state-responsive skilling missions to democratize migration opportunities. Missing Data on Remittance Usage Survey lacks insight on household-level usage of remittances. Important to know whether inflows are for: Consumption smoothing (basic needs), or Asset creation and savings (long-term development). Data gap hinders design of remittance-linked savings/investment products and financial literacy programs. Key Concerns for Policymakers Over-reliance on elite migrants and large transactions is risky. Digital divide and state-level inequalities need to be bridged. Lack of data on usage limits developmental planning. Calls for inclusive, data-driven remittance policy architecture. Measles vaccine prevented ‘9 crore deaths’ worldwide Historical Context of Measles 60 years ago, over 90% of children worldwide were infected by measles. Of those infected, about 25% required hospitalization. Measles was a highly contagious airborne virus, affecting nearly every child before vaccination. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Governance) Development and Impact of the Measles Vaccine The first effective measles vaccine was developed by John Enders in 1963. Vaccination efforts initially scaled up in richer countries, then globally in the 1970s and 1980s. Over the last 50 years, measles vaccinations have prevented over 9 crore (90 million) deaths worldwide. Vaccines reduce the risk of contracting measles by a factor of 20. Role of Other Factors in Decline of Deaths (Not Cases) In countries like the U.S., deaths from measles fell pre-vaccine due to: Better treatment of secondary infections. Improved sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition. However, these did not reduce measles cases, as it spreads through airborne transmission. Before vaccines, the U.S. still saw ~50,000 hospitalizations and hundreds of deaths annually. Disparities in Measles Impact Between Rich and Poor Countries Measles deaths remained high in low- and middle-income countries until vaccines became widely available. In the 1980s, the case fatality rate in such countries was 5-10%. Africa and Southeast Asia recorded thousands of deaths annually from measles during the 1980s–2000s. Scale-up of Vaccination and Global Health Initiatives Dramatic drop in deaths from the 2000s onward, especially in Africa, due to scaled-up vaccination efforts. The Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) by the World Health Assembly (from 1970s) significantly improved coverage. By early 2000s, vaccination reached 9 crore children (60% of infants globally). Remaining Gaps and Gavi Vaccine Alliance Despite progress, millions of children—mostly in poorer countries—were still unvaccinated. The Gavi Vaccine Alliance (est. 2000) was created to close these gaps. Currently, over 100 million infants (80% of children globally) receive measles vaccines. Regional Impact and Lives Saved Measles vaccination has dramatically reduced child mortality worldwide. Greatest lives saved in: Africa: 2.9 crore (29 million) Southeast Asia: 2.0 crore (20 million) These regions had measles as a leading cause of child mortality until recently. Summary: Measles Vaccine’s Public Health Success One of history’s most successful vaccination programs. Prevented millions of deaths, changed the trajectory of measles globally. Continues to require efforts to reach remaining unvaccinated children to sustain progress. The importance of the Deputy Speaker Constitutional and Parliamentary Importance of Deputy Speaker The Deputy Speaker’s role is not just a substitute for the Speaker but essential for continuity of legislative work. Article 93 of the Constitution mandates election of the Deputy Speaker “as soon as” the Lok Sabha meets, showing urgency and necessity. Article 94 states the Deputy Speaker holds office until resignation, removal, or disqualification. Article 180 empowers the Deputy Speaker to perform the Speaker’s duties if the Speaker’s office is vacant. The position ensures checks and balances by facilitating effective debates and smooth functioning of the parliamentary system. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Constitution) Conventional Practice and Political Harmony Traditionally, the Speaker is from the ruling party, and the Deputy Speaker is offered to the Opposition to foster bipartisanship. This convention promotes harmony between ruling party and Opposition, strengthening democratic governance. The Deputy Speaker often presides over sensitive sessions, committees, and debates, serving as a neutral arbiter. Current Scenario: Prolonged Vacancy The Deputy Speaker post has been vacant for six years, covering the entire 17th Lok Sabha and continuing into the 18th. This vacancy violates constitutional provisions (Articles 93, 94, 180) and the Lok Sabha’s Rules of Procedure (Rule 8). The government has allegedly refused to appoint an Opposition member to this post, breaking the convention. The vacancy centralizes authority in the Speaker and ruling party, undermining democratic pluralism. Constitutional and Democratic Implications The phrase “as soon as may be” in Article 93 is not clearly defined, leading to misinterpretation and delay. Prolonged vacancy creates a constitutional vacuum and crisis risk, especially if the Speaker resigns or is incapacitated. It undermines democratic resilience by weakening parliamentary checks, diluting Opposition participation, and concentrating power. The failure to appoint a Deputy Speaker represents a departure from consensus-driven politics and parliamentary traditions. Summary The Deputy Speaker is a constitutional necessity, vital for maintaining the parliamentary balance. The long-standing vacancy is a threat to democratic values and constitutional governance. Upholding the tradition of offering the post to the Opposition is crucial for political harmony and effective functioning of the Lok Sabha. Cabinet approves hike in MSP for kharif crops; outlay stands at ₹2.07 lakh crore Overview of MSP Hike The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, led by PM Narendra Modi, approved an increase in the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 14 kharif crops for the marketing year 2025-26. The total financial outlay for procurement under MSP is estimated at ₹2.07 lakh crore. The MSP hike aims to provide remunerative prices to farmers, encouraging crop production and protecting farmer incomes. Relevance : GS 3(MSP , Agriculture) Specific Increases in MSP Highest absolute MSP increase is for: Nigerseed: ₹820 increase (from ₹8,717 to ₹9,537 per quintal) Ragi: ₹596 increase (from ₹4,290 to ₹4,886) Cotton: ₹589 increase for medium staple (from ₹7,121 to ₹7,710) and ₹589 for long staple (from ₹7,521 to ₹8,110) Sesamum: ₹579 increase (from ₹9,267 to ₹9,846) MSP Margin over Cost of Production The expected profit margin (MSP minus production cost) is highest for: Bajra (Pearl millet): 63% margin Maize: 59% margin Tur (Pigeon pea): 59% margin Urad (Black gram): 53% margin Other kharif crops have margins around 50%, ensuring significant income above production costs. Policy Alignment and Promotion of Nutri-Cereals The MSP hike aligns with the Union Budget 2018-19 commitment to maintain MSP at 1.5 times the weighted average cost of production nationally. The government is promoting nutri-cereals (“Shree Anna”) cultivation by offering higher MSPs, supporting diversification and nutrition security. Procurement Trends Procurement of 14 kharif crops increased substantially: 7,871 lakh tonnes procured during 2014-15 to 2024-25. Compared to 4,679 lakh tonnes during 2004-05 to 2013-14. This rise indicates improved MSP implementation and government support mechanisms. Implications The MSP hike is expected to: Enhance farmer incomes and rural livelihoods. Encourage crop diversification towards nutrient-rich crops. Support government goals of food security and agricultural sustainability. However, higher MSPs may lead to increased fiscal outlays and may require efficient procurement and distribution mechanisms. ‘Inadequate diagnostic services still a critical gap in cancer care in India’ Rising Cancer Burden in India India currently records nearly 200,000 new cancer cases annually. Cancer cases in India are projected to reach 2.08 million by 2040, a 57.5% increase from the 2020 figure. India ranks third globally in the number of cancer cases, after China and the USA. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Diagnostic Challenges and Late Detection Inadequate diagnostic services remain a major gap in cancer care, hampering early detection. Delayed diagnosis leads to many patients presenting with advanced-stage cancers. More than 60% of breast cancer patients in India are diagnosed at Stage 3 or 4, compared to about 60% of U.S. patients being diagnosed at Stage 0 or 1 (early stages). Over 50% of patients experience delays exceeding three months before seeking medical care. Breast Cancer Specifics Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Indian women and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Indian patients are diagnosed at a younger age compared to patients in high-income countries. Lower survival rates in India are due to: Late-stage presentation. Delayed initiation of treatment. Fragmented or inadequate treatment protocols. The National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) has set up a task force to develop comprehensive guidelines for breast cancer management. Broader Context of Cancer in Asia Asia houses 60% of the global population but accounts for: 50% of global cancer cases. 58% of global cancer-related deaths. The high burden emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced cancer care infrastructure in India and across Asia. Systemic Gaps in Cancer Care Key shortcomings identified include: Limited and inadequate diagnostic facilities. Insufficient and fragmented treatment modalities. Low levels of public awareness about early symptoms and the importance of timely medical intervention. Implications and Urgency The increasing cancer burden requires: Strengthening diagnostic infrastructure nationwide. Promoting early detection and screening programs, especially for high-risk cancers like breast cancer. Increasing public awareness and education to reduce delays in seeking care. Developing standardized treatment protocols and ensuring accessibility. Failure to address these gaps could lead to worsening outcomes and increased mortality rates. Increased outward FDI by Indian firms ‘warrants attention’: Finance Ministry Rising Outward FDI by Indian Firms Indian overseas direct investment (FDI) increased by nearly $12.5 billion in FY25, despite global economic uncertainty. This surge in outward FDI warrants attention due to its contrast with cautious domestic investment by Indian companies. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Domestic Investment Caution Indian private sector shows growing caution about investing within India. Data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) reveals a rising ratio of cancelled projects to new projects announced. The ratio of dropped projects to new announcements rose to 36% in 2024-25, up from: 30.8% in 2023-24 21.8% in 2022-23 This marks a reversal from a declining trend observed since 2018-19. Economic Context Global economic scenario remains uncertain and volatile. Despite this, Indian firms are expanding their investments overseas, which is notable given the caution shown domestically. This divergence suggests Indian companies may be seeking better growth opportunities or stability abroad compared to the domestic market. Implications for Policy and Economy Increased outward FDI could mean: Capital flight risk if domestic opportunities are perceived as less attractive. Possible loss of domestic jobs and investment. Shift in India’s role in the global economy as an investor country. The Finance Ministry flags the need to monitor this trend closely for potential impacts on domestic economic growth. Need for Encouraging Domestic Investment The rising cancellation of domestic projects indicates challenges such as: Regulatory hurdles. Market uncertainties. Lack of investor confidence. Policy measures may be needed to revive domestic private investment and reduce project cancellations. Summary The simultaneous rise in outward FDI and domestic investment caution is an important economic signal. It underscores the need for balanced growth strategies that encourage firms to invest within India while exploring global opportunities.

May 28, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 May 2025

Content : Eco-Fishing Ports” in Focus: Department of Fisheries and AFD Hold Technical Dialogue in New Delhi India Records USD 81.04 Billion FDI Inflow in FY 2024–25 “Eco-Fishing Ports” in Focus: Department of Fisheries and AFD Hold Technical Dialogue in New Delhi Context and Objective A Technical Dialogue was held in New Delhi between Department of Fisheries (India) and Agence Française de Développement (AFD). Focus: Promoting “Eco-Fishing Ports”—harbours that reduce environmental impact while enhancing economic, social, and ecosystem outcomes. Aim: Align national efforts with sustainable, inclusive, and smart infrastructure development in fisheries. Relevance : GS 3(Fishing ,Infrastructure ) India’s Marine and Fisheries Sector Coastline: ~11,099 km; Second-largest global fish producer (8% of world output). Seafood exports: Grew from ₹30,213 crore (2013–14) to ₹60,523.89 crore (2023–24). Markets: China, USA, EU, Japan; efforts underway to diversify and add value-added products. Current Challenges Inadequate infrastructure, limited market access, and climate vulnerability. Need for modernization, better logistics, and green technologies. Government Initiatives PMMSY Projects: ₹9,832.95 crore (USD 1.15 billion) for 117 Fishing Harbours (FHs) & Fish Landing Centres (FLCs). Smart and Integrated Fishing Harbours: Locations: Vanakbara (Daman & Diu), Karaikal (Puducherry), Jakhau (Gujarat). Features: IoT, sensor networks, renewable energy, STPs, rainwater harvesting. Blue Ports Initiative (with FAO) Model for sustainable, smart, and green fishing harbours. Key features: Eco-friendly infrastructure: solar/wind power, STPs, waste segregation. Tech-driven management: remote sensing, data analytics, predictive modelling. Emphasis on climate adaptation and community welfare. Technical Dialogue – Key Themes Concept and Infrastructure: Eco-Port design, sustainable architecture, global models (FAO’s Blue Port). Community Dynamics: Role of stakeholders, co-management, private harbour models, export enhancements. Environmental Sustainability: Green fishing vessels, hygiene, pollution control, marine debris management. Monitoring and Evaluation: Indicators, cost-benefit analysis, maintenance post-construction. Significance of the Dialogue Knowledge-sharing platform: International best practices, FAO/AFD expertise. Capacity building and collaboration: State-industry-academia-international synergy. Pathway to resilient coastal development and inclusive economic growth. Conclusion The eco-fishing ports initiative is a critical step toward a sustainable blue economy. By integrating technology, environmental consciousness, and social inclusion, India is paving the way for future-ready, climate-resilient fisheries infrastructure. India Records USD 81.04 Billion FDI Inflow in FY 2024–25 FDI Growth Highlights India recorded USD 81.04 billion in FDI inflows in FY 2024–25 — a 14% increase over FY 2023–24 (USD 71.28 billion). This is a steady rise from USD 36.05 billion in FY 2013–14, showcasing robust long-term growth. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,FDI) Sectoral Breakdown Services Sector: Largest recipient with 19% share (USD 9.35 billion). Grew by 40.77% YoY from USD 6.64 billion. Computer Software & Hardware: 16% share. Trading Sector: 8% share. Manufacturing Sector: FDI rose by 18%, from USD 16.12 billion to USD 19.04 billion. Top Destination States Maharashtra: Received the highest share — 39% of total FDI. Karnataka: 13%. Delhi: 12%. Major Source Countries Singapore: Largest contributor with 30% share. Mauritius: 17%. United States: 11%. Long-Term FDI Trends (2003–25) USD 748.78 billion FDI inflow between 2014–25 — 143% increase over 2003–14 (USD 308.38 billion). This 11-year period (2014–25) accounts for ~70% of total FDI received in the last 25 years (USD 1,072.36 billion). FDI Source Diversification Number of source countries grew from 89 in FY 2013–14 to 112 in FY 2024–25, indicating broader international confidence. Key Policy Reforms Driving FDI 2014–2019 Reforms: Liberalized FDI in Defence, Insurance, Pension. Eased norms in Construction, Civil Aviation, Retail Trading. 2019–2024 Reforms: 100% FDI via automatic route in coal mining, contract manufacturing, insurance intermediaries. 2025 Union Budget Proposal: Raise FDI cap from 74% to 100% for firms reinvesting all premiums domestically. Strategic Implications Reinforces India’s position as a leading global investment hub. Reflects success of a proactive and liberalized FDI regime. Supports economic resilience, enhanced investor trust, and Make in India objectives.

May 28, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 May 2025

Content : Energy and efficiency India’s new urban worry — rising overnutrition The silver jubilee of a strategic partnership Energy and efficiency Power Demand and Supply Challenge Despite significant growth in electricity generation, India faces a peak power deficit. Deficit widened from 0.69% in FY20 to ~5% in FY24. Renewables have expanded, but grid integration challenges persist. Fossil-fuel based capacity additions are slow, leading to supply constraints. Relevance : GS3 ( Infrastructure, Environment , Economy , Science & Tech ) Practice Question : How does energy efficiency serve as the ‘first fuel’ in India’s energy transition? Discuss with reference to recent policy and institutional interventions.(250 Words) Urgent Need for Energy Efficiency Improving efficiency is the quickest, cheapest, and cleanest solution to address: Rising power demand Peak load pressures Climate change mitigation Impact of UJALA Scheme (10-Year Milestone in 2025) LED bulb prices dropped from ₹500 to ₹70 due to UJALA. Distribution impact (as of Jan 2025): 37 crore LED bulbs distributed 407 crore LED bulbs sold Street Lighting National Programme: Installed 1.34 crore LED street lights Reduced peak load by 1,500 MW Energy and Cost Savings LEDs vs. CFLs and Incandescents: LEDs use 50% less power than CFLs Use ~1/9th power compared to incandescent bulbs UJALA achievements: Saved $10+ billion Avoided building 9,500 MW of new capacity Equivalent to 19 coal plants (500 MW each) Legislative and Institutional Framework Energy Conservation Act, 2001 laid the foundation. International Energy Agency (IEA) findings: Efficiency gains (2000–2018) avoided: 15% additional energy demand 300 Mt of CO₂ emissions Emerging Challenges Urbanisation and rising per capita energy use, especially for cooling. Peak demand touched 250 GW in 2024. India ranks 3rd in global power consumption, after China and the US. Coal Dependence Remains High 70% of energy output from coal. Plans to add 90 GW of new coal-based capacity by 2032. Way Forward: Expanding Efficiency Mandates Focused mandates needed for: Buildings (design and retrofits) Home appliances (labeling, standards) MSME sector (support for tech upgrades) India’s new urban worry — rising overnutrition Alarming Urban Health Trends A Nature study revealed 84% prevalence of fatty liver (MAFLD) and 71% obesity among IT workers in Hyderabad — indicative of a broader urban metabolic crisis. Main drivers: Chronic stress, sedentary lifestyle, disrupted sleep, high-sodium foods, and desk-bound corporate culture with unhealthy food kiosks. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Urbanisation) Practice Question : India is experiencing a silent epidemic of overnutrition in its urban spaces. Analyse the socio-economic factors contributing to this trend. (250 Words) Dual Burden of Malnutrition India faces a nutritional paradox: undernutrition in rural/poorer regions and overnutrition in urban/affluent populations. Ranked 2nd globally in overweight and obesity prevalence (2021). Global Hunger Index remains low, reflecting this dual crisis. Escalation of NCDs (Noncommunicable Diseases) NCDs responsible for 65%+ deaths in Chennai; globally, they caused 74% of deaths in 2019 (WHO). Tamil Nadu STEPS Survey: Hypertension control: only 16% overall, 9.3% in 18–44 age group. Diabetes control: 9.8% in 18–44 age group. Obesity & Overweight: 14.2% and 31.6% respectively. Diet and Activity: 94.2% consume insufficient fruits/vegetables, 24.4% report low physical activity. Inequities and Economic Linkages Obesity rises with wealth and age: 10% in lowest wealth quintile vs 37% in the highest. Urban areas worse affected: 46.1% of men and 43.1% of women overweight/obese (vs ~35% rural). The working-age group (18–59) — India’s productive segment — is the most affected. Fast Food and Processed Food Culture Rise in fast food chains, cloud kitchens, late-night deliveries in cities driven by IT lifestyle. Most food options are ultra-processed, energy-dense, and nutrient-poor. Childhood obesity surged by 244% in 30 years, projected to increase another 121%. Policy Interventions and Challenges Eat Right India by FSSAI promotes healthy food habits via: Labelling, Health Star Ratings, public campaigns like “Aaj Se Thoda Kam”. Criticism: HSR system faces scientific and expert scrutiny; messaging not backed by strong enforcement. Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam (MTM) in TN: 3.79 lakh screened at workplaces; health walks, behavioural campaigns launched. International Best Practice: Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 includes: 50% tax on sugary drinks, 100% on energy drinks, calorie labels, sodium restrictions, trans fat ban. Coordinated approach: health + regulation + industry + public engagement. Way Forward for India Regulate what is manufactured, marketed, and made available, not just consumer messaging. Impose taxes on HFSS foods like in tobacco/alcohol — a public health tax for nutrition. Multi-sectoral coordination, workplace interventions, and nutrition-sensitive urban planning are critical. The silver jubilee of a strategic partnership Overview India and Germany are celebrating 25 years of strategic partnership in 2025. The relationship is framed around four pillars: Peace, Prosperity, People, and Planet. Germany’s new ‘Focus on India’ strategy underscores the intention to deepen bilateral ties. Relevance : GS2 (International Relations ) Practice Question : India-Germany relations have matured into a comprehensive strategic partnership. Critically analyse the four-pillar framework guiding this partnership. (250 Words) Peace and Strategic Cooperation Both nations support a rules-based global order. Intergovernmental Consultations (IGC) serve as a unique, institutionalized diplomatic platform. Defence cooperation has expanded — highlighted by: Tarang Shakti Exercise 2024 (joint air drills at Sulur, Tamil Nadu). Port visits by the German Navy in the Indo-Pacific region. Germany increasingly recognizes the Indo-Pacific’s strategic relevance. Future outlook: stronger defence industry linkages and strategic convergence. Prosperity and Economic Cooperation ~2,000 German companies operate in India, generating 750,000+ Indian jobs. Example: Delhi-Meerut Rapid Rail, operated by Deutsche Bahn, shows successful tech and infrastructure cooperation. Indian companies are expanding operations in Germany, integrating into high-tech global supply chains. A potential India-EU Free Trade Agreement could further deepen economic integration. S&T collaboration: Joint research initiatives. Indian researchers contributing to top German institutions. Environmental challenges seen as innovation and business opportunities. People-to-People Relations 50,000+ Indian students currently study in Germany — now the largest foreign student group. Many Indian students return to India with skills; others settle in Germany and contribute to its economy. Young Indians are adapting well in Germany, building cultural bridges and enriching society. Demand for German language learning is high across India; need to expand teaching capacity. Conversely, few Germans live or study in India — gap in cultural exchange needs addressing. Investing in youth exchange and cultural understanding is key to sustaining future relations. Planet: Green and Sustainable Development Partnership (GSDP) Germany committed €10 billion (2022–2032) in concessional loans and grants for sustainable development in India. Focus areas: Renewable energy (solar and wind) Biodiversity conservation Smart cities German companies contributing tech for India’s green energy transition. Example: German-made wind turbine blades used in Gujarat projects. Public and private sector cooperation jointly driving sustainability goals. Conclusion The India-Germany partnership is dynamic, evolving, and future-ready. Deep collaboration across strategic, economic, educational, and environmental domains. Optimism for the next 25 years of partnership based on mutual trust and shared global responsibilities.

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