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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 April 2025

Content: Buddhist monks protest against 75-year-old law that administers sacred site of Bodh Gaya Urban consumers are worried about their income levels Will Trump’s tariffs bring in a recession? India, Africa maritime engagement exercise begins off Tanzania coast DRDO tests laser weapon system that can disable missiles and drones Buddhist monks protest against 75-year-old law that administers sacred site of Bodh Gaya Historical & Religious Significance Mahabodhi Temple: Located in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, where Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. UNESCO World Heritage Site: Recognized since 2002; attracts global Buddhist pilgrims. Religious Layers: Hindus view Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu; temple also houses Hindu elements like Shaivite mutt. Relevance : GS 1(Society , Heritage , Culture) Legal & Administrative Background Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949: Enacted to resolve Hindu-Buddhist disputes over temple control. BTMC Composition: Includes 4 Buddhists, 4 Hindus, with the Gaya District Magistrate as ex-officio chairperson (post religion-neutral since 2013). Historical Precedents: 1990s: Attempt by Lalu Yadav govt. to replace BT Act with a Buddhist-majority control bill — failed to pass. Current Protests Started: February 12, 2025. Organisers: All India Buddhist Forum (AIBF), backed by Bhim Army and other Dalit-Buddhist groups. Demands: Repeal of the BT Act. Full control of temple by Buddhists alone. Removal of non-Buddhist members from temple management. Financial Concerns Accusations: Disputes allegedly driven by control over temple donations and funds. FCRA Violation: In 2023, BTMC fined ₹80 lakh for FCRA violations. Transparency Issue: Annual report link on BTMC website is non-functional. Donations in Protest: Protestors circulating multiple bank accounts for contributions—raising concerns. Political & Legal Landscape Supreme Court Case: 2012 petition to repeal the BT Act still pending. Recent Political Debate: Parliament discussed the issue during Waqf Amendment Bill (2025) debates. Identity, History & Symbolism Historical Conflict: As far back as 1895, Sri Lankan monk Anagarika Dharmapala challenged Hindu control. Dr. Ambedkar’s Legacy: Protestors draw ideological inspiration from Ambedkar’s conversion to Buddhism. Cultural Erosion Claim: AIBF alleges Buddhist identity, culture, and rights are being diluted under the BT Act. Way Forward Legal Resolution Awaited: District Magistrate and BTMC officials advise awaiting SC verdict. Government Inaction: No significant policy shift despite decades of Buddhist demands. Need for Dialogue: Deep-rooted religious, legal, and political tensions require multi-stakeholder engagement and mutual respect. Urban consumers are worried about their income levels Context : Divergence Between Employment Optimism and Income Pessimism 35.5% of urban respondents in March 2025 reported an improvement in employment opportunities over the past year. However, only 23.8% said their income levels had increased, reflecting a gap of nearly 12 percentage points. Indicates jobs are available, but they are not translating into higher earnings. Relevance : GS 1(Urbanization), GS 3(Economy) Reversal of Income Optimism Since March 2024 Following recovery post-pandemic, optimism about income began declining from March 2024. This downward trend continued into March 2025, suggesting persistent income stagnation. Less than 1 in 4 urban respondents reported any rise in income. Rural Income Pessimism More Pronounced 29.9% of rural respondents reported an income decline, compared to 23.3% in urban areas. This underscores the economic vulnerability in rural and semi-urban areas, even as job optimism was more urban-centric. The newly introduced RBI rural survey captures this emerging divergence in sentiment. Rising Commodity Prices Pressuring Households Over 90% of urban consumers perceived a rise in commodity prices compared to a year ago. This perception aligns with broader inflationary trends, affecting basic consumption baskets. Spending Has Increased, But Not Due to Higher Incomes Over 80% of urban respondents said their spending had increased over the past year. Since incomes are stagnant, increased spending is likely due to price inflation rather than lifestyle upgrades. Implies a strain on household budgets, possibly eroding savings or increasing credit dependency. Deterioration in Overall Economic Sentiment Only 34.7% of urban consumers felt the overall economic situation improved compared to the previous year. This is the lowest percentage in over a year, showing a disconnect between employment gains and quality of life. Suggests that macroeconomic recovery is not being felt at the household level. Key Takeaways Urban employment scenario shows signs of recovery, but quality of employment (in terms of wages) is questionable. Rising cost of living amid stagnant wages is causing consumer stress and economic pessimism. Rural India is facing deeper income-related challenges, possibly due to agricultural distress or lack of diversified rural employment. The mismatch between employment optimism and economic pessimism suggests a K-shaped recovery, with uneven benefits across sectors and regions. Will Trump’s tariffs bring in a recession? Backdrop: Shift from Globalisation to Protectionism The U.S., historically the strongest proponent of free trade, has reversed roles under Trump, imposing blanket tariffs of at least 10% on all imports from April 2, 2025. This aggressive stance threatens the global trade architecture crafted post-WWII and nurtured by the U.S. itself. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Trump’s Tariff Offensive New U.S. tariff regime: Baseline: 10% tariff on all imports. Higher “reciprocal” tariffs: EU – 20% India – 27% Vietnam – 46% China – 145% Already imposed: Mexico and Canada – 25% Markets reacted negatively: Sharp stock market declines due to fears of a prolonged trade war. April 9 rollback: A 90-day pause on tariffs (except China), signalling economic distress and uncertainty. Economic Impact on the U.S. Import cost surge: Example – A product from Vietnam now costs $146 vs. $103 earlier (due to tariff rise from 3% to 46%). Domestic inflation threat: Higher consumer prices due to costlier imports. Burden on ordinary Americans, especially low-income households. Domestic manufacturers may not be ready to fill the supply gap quickly – supply shocks and shortages possible. The move may trigger a recession through: Reduced consumption due to high inflation. Retaliatory tariffs from major trading partners. Global demand contraction. Global Retaliation and Recession Risks China’s counterattack: 125% tariffs on U.S. goods. Vows to “fight till the end”. Global trade contraction risk: As the world’s two largest economies lock horns, global supply chains may disintegrate. Other countries, dependent on export-led growth, especially vulnerable. China’s Strategic Response Long-term decoupling strategy: Share of exports in GDP down: 35% (2012) ➝ 19.7% (2023). Exports to the U.S. as % of total exports down: 21% (2006) ➝ 16.2% (2022). Focused investments in: AI, EVs, R&D, and tech self-sufficiency. Production relocation strategy: Built deep East Asian supply chains (e.g., in Vietnam) to bypass U.S. tariffs. India’s Dilemma Major U.S. trade partner: India exports $91 billion worth to the U.S. (2022). A tariff hike of 27% could hurt critical export sectors like textiles, engineering goods. Muted direct impact: Exports form only ~21.8% of India’s GDP → impact manageable. No increase in tariffs on India’s pharma and services exports – a relief. Challenges remain: India’s manufacturing sector is still weak. Tariff protection + PLI scheme not enough to spur robust industrial revival. Lack of coherent industrial policy and low private investment hurt competitiveness. Broader Implications Dollar dominance and trade deficit: U.S. trade deficit: $1.31 trillion (2022), or 5% of GDP. Sustained by global demand for the dollar (especially China buying U.S. Treasury bonds). Political motivation: Tariffs as a political tool to win working-class support, especially from traditional industries like steel and autos. Trump leveraging anti-globalisation sentiments for electoral gains. Conclusion Trump’s tariffs = high-stakes gamble: Aimed at reviving domestic manufacturing but risking inflation, retaliation, and recession. Potentially triggers global economic slowdown, especially if China and U.S. decouple further. Countries like India must reassess industrial strategies, diversify export baskets, and enhance competitiveness to withstand global shocks. India, Africa maritime engagement exercise begins off Tanzania coast Strategic & Diplomatic Significance Inaugural AIKEYME Exercise: Marks a new chapter in India-Africa naval collaboration, showcasing India’s proactive maritime diplomacy in the Western Indian Ocean Region. India-Tanzania as Co-hosts: Reflects deepening bilateral defence ties, especially in maritime security. Supports India’s MAHASAGAR Vision: Aligns with PM Modi’s initiative – Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions, aimed at regional stability and inclusive development in the Indo-Pacific and Africa. Relevance : GS 2(Internal Relations) Participating Nations 10 Nations in Total: India + Tanzania (Co-hosts) 8 African nations: Comoros, Djibouti, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa. Significance: Indicates shared concerns and willingness among Indian Ocean littoral African states to address maritime security challenges collectively. Naval Assets & Deployment INS Chennai (Destroyer) and INS Kesari (Landing Ship Tank – Large): Showcase India’s blue-water navy capabilities and amphibious operational reach. INS Sunayna (Patrol Vessel) as Indian Ocean Ship (IOS) SAGAR: Embodies India’s Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) policy. Carries 44 naval personnel from 9 friendly foreign nations, promoting multilateral crew training and collaboration. Objectives & Activities Key Objective: Develop collaborative solutions to regional maritime challenges—piracy, trafficking, IUU (Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated) fishing, climate security, and disaster response. Enhance Interoperability: Train navies for combined maritime operations and promote interoperability via multilateral drills. Ceremonial Diplomacy: Joint guard of honour, national anthem renditions by both Tanzanian and Indian bands—strengthens military diplomacy. Broader Geostrategic Context India’s Maritime Outreach to Africa: Counters increasing Chinese presence in African ports and waters. Promotes India as a reliable and benign security partner in the Indo-African maritime domain. Indian Ocean Region (IOR) Focus: Reasserts India’s central role in IOR security architecture. Reinforces maritime domain awareness, capacity building, and cooperative security. Long-Term Implications Institutionalisation of AIKEYME: Could evolve into a regular platform for India-Africa maritime cooperation, akin to Milan or IBSAMAR. Boosts Defence Industrial Collaboration: May open avenues for naval hardware exports, maintenance, and training with African partners. Soft Power Projection: Strengthens India’s image as a security provider and development partner in Africa. DRDO tests laser weapon system that can disable missiles and drones Technological Milestone DRDO successfully tested Mk-II(A) Laser-Directed Energy Weapon (DEW) in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. It demonstrates India’s entry into the elite club of nations possessing high-power laser weapon technology. Part of India’s push for indigenous, futuristic, and asymmetric warfare capabilities. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Technology, Defence) Capabilities of the DEW Mk-II(A) High-energy laser system designed to engage and destroy aerial targets, such as: Fixed-wing drones Incoming missiles Surveillance equipment (sensors, antennae) Exhibits full-spectrum capability, including: Multiple drone attack interception Precision destruction at long range Lethal response within seconds of target detection Key Features Lightning-speed engagement due to laser traveling at speed of light. Targets are identified via: Radar detection Electro-Optic (EO) system Laser beam causes structural failure or destroys sensitive components, including warheads. Cost Efficiency Operating cost is extremely low — equivalent to the price of a few litres of petrol. Offers a cost-effective, low-maintenance alternative to conventional ammunition-based defense. Strategic Significance Strengthens India’s counter-drone and air defense architecture amid rising drone threats. Helps in reducing dependence on kinetic weapons and foreign arms imports. Can be deployed in border areas, naval ships, and for critical infrastructure protection. Broader Implications Enhances India’s reputation as a technology leader in defense innovation. Promotes Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives in high-end defense R&D. Could revolutionize rules of engagement in future warfare by reducing collateral damage and ammunition logistics. Location & Test Environment Test conducted at National Open Air Range, Kurnool, a dedicated testing facility for advanced defense systems. Demonstration in real-world conditions boosts combat readiness of the technology

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 April 2025

Content: The Magic of Indian Silk Plastic Parks in India The Magic of Indian Silk Historical Significance Silk is deeply embedded in India’s cultural heritage through iconic weaves like Kanchipuram, Banarasi, and Bhagalpur Tussar. Each silk product reflects India’s diverse artistic traditions and craftsmanship passed down generations. Symbolic importance in weddings, festivals, and rituals, strengthening its socio-cultural value. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage) , GS 3(Economy , Agriculture) Sericulture Process Overview Sericulture = Cultivation of silkworms for silk production. Silkworms are fed on mulberry, oak, castor, or arjun leaves. Lifecycle: Egg → Larva → Cocoon → Silk yarn → Woven fabric. Cocoons are harvested and boiled to extract silk threads, which are then spun and woven. Types of Indian Silk Mulberry Silk (92% of India’s silk production): Sourced from domesticated silkworms. Soft, lustrous, premium quality. Grown primarily in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Jammu & Kashmir. Non-Mulberry (Vanya) Silk: Includes Tussar, Eri, and Muga. Stronger, less lustrous, and more eco-friendly. Produced in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Northeast India. Economic Importance India is the second-largest producer and largest consumer of silk globally. Silk industry is labour-intensive, offering employment to lakhs, especially in rural areas and among women. Key contributor to rural livelihoods, especially in backward and tribal regions. Production Growth Trends Raw silk production increased from 31,906 MT (2017-18) to 38,913 MT (2023-24). Mulberry plantation area grew from 223,926 ha to 263,352 ha during the same period. Mulberry silk production increased from 22,066 MT to 29,892 MT. Indicates effective implementation of sericulture support policies. Export and Trade Performance Silk and silk goods exports grew from₹1,649.48 crore (2017-18) to ₹2,027.56 crore (2023-24). Silk waste exports touched 3,348 MT in 2023-24, highlighting waste valorization and circular economy potential. Despite being just 0.2% of global textile production, silk is a high-value export. Government Initiatives and Schemes a. Silk Samagra & Silk Samagra-2 Flagship scheme aimed at improving all stages: seed production, R&D, rearing, reeling, weaving. Budget: Rs. 4,679.85 crore (2021-26). Central assistance of Rs. 1,075.58 crore disbursed, benefiting over 78,000 people. Key States: Andhra Pradesh (Rs. 72.50 cr), Telangana (Rs. 40.66 cr). b. Raw Material Supply Scheme (RMSS) Ensures subsidized yarn supply for handloom weavers. Supplied 340 lakh kg yarn in 2023-24. c. National Handloom Development Programme (NHDP) Infrastructure and marketing support, skill development, technology upgrades. Targets both cooperative and SHG-based weavers. d. SAMARTH (Skill Development Scheme) Budget: Rs. 495 crore (FY 2024-25 & 2025-26). Objective: Train 3 lakh people across sectors including silk. Focus on entry-level and upskilling in handloom, jute, apparel, and silk. Environmental and Sustainability Aspects Vanya silks offer sustainable alternatives due to low-input, eco-friendly processes. Silk waste recycling promotes zero-waste manufacturing models. Sericulture offers agro-based employment, reducing migration pressures. Challenges Silk production is climate-sensitive; irregular rainfall impacts mulberry yield. Need for modern reeling and dyeing technology to improve quality and reduce costs. Global competition and synthetic substitutes pose long-term market threats. Conclusion and Way Forward The Indian silk industry has demonstrated resilient growth backed by policy support. Schemes like Silk Samagra have strengthened supply chains from silkworm to fabric. To become a global silk hub, India must focus on: Skilling artisans. Enhancing productivity through R&D. Export diversification. Promoting eco-silk and innovation. Plastic Parks in India What are Plastic Parks? Definition: Plastic Parks are industrial zones dedicated to plastic-related industries including plastic processing, recycling, R&D, and manufacturing. Cluster Development Model: Designed to bring together plastic industries in a geographically demarcated area to optimize resources and encourage economies of scale. Focus: Not just on production, but also on waste management, recycling, and promoting sustainable plastic use. Relevance :GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Industries) Scheme Overview: Plastic Parks Scheme Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals). Launched Under: New Scheme of Petrochemicals. Assistance Pattern: Govt. grant: Up to 50% of the project cost (max ₹40 crore per park). Balance: To be contributed by State Governments, private investors, or SPVs. Implementation Model: State Governments create Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) to implement and manage each park. Key Objectives of the Scheme  Consolidate and synergize fragmented plastic processing units.  Create state-of-the-art infrastructure to enhance competitiveness.  Promote investment, innovation, and exports in the plastic sector.  Support waste management and recycling for environmental sustainability.  Generate employment and promote Make in India in the plastic sector. Current Status: Approved Plastic Parks (10 as of 2025) Location State Tamot Madhya Pradesh Jagatsinghpur Odisha Tinsukia Assam Bilaua Madhya Pradesh Deoghar Jharkhand Tiruvallur Tamil Nadu Sitarganj Uttarakhand Raipur Chhattisgarh Ganjimutt Karnataka Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh Associated Infrastructure in Plastic Parks Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs). Solid/hazardous waste management systems. In-house plastic recycling sheds. Incinerators and eco-friendly disposal facilities. Access to logistics, water, and electricity. Other Government Measures Supporting the Sector 1.  Centres of Excellence (CoEs) – 13 CoEs set up in IITs, CSIR labs, and CIPETs. Focus Areas: Sustainable polymers (e.g., IIT Guwahati – SusPol). Bio-engineered systems. Wastewater management. Green materials for transport/toys/healthcare. 2.  Skilling Programs by CIPET Offers short- and long-term courses on: Plastic processing Tooling and design Polymer technology Addresses manpower needs of the plastic industry. Environmental Sustainability Measures Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Producers must ensure reuse, recycling, and minimum recycled content. Ban on Single-Use Plastics: Helps reduce low-value waste generation.  Circular Economy Push: Emphasis on recycling, up-cycling, biodegradable alternatives.  International Engagement: Participates in ISO, UNEP, and WTO dialogues on plastic standards. Economic Relevance of Indian Plastic Industry India’s Rank: 12th in global plastic exports (World Bank 2022). Growth: From $8.2 bn (2014) to $27 bn (2022).  Challenge: Fragmented industry with many MSMEs.  Plastic Parks’ Role: Consolidate capacity, promote scale, reduce cost, increase exports. Challenges & Way Forward  Slow pace of fund release and industrial occupancy in some parks.  Need for greater private sector engagement.  Strengthen R&D and innovation linkages between CoEs and industry.  Focus on bio-based materials and sustainable alternatives.  Establish performance monitoring and impact evaluation metrics.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 April 2025

Content: Dire efforts The Beijing India Report as milestone and opportunity Dire efforts Background : Colossal Biosciences is pioneering de-extinction: reviving species long extinct, using genomic technology. The effort is led by George Church (Harvard geneticist), with projects like: Reviving the woolly mammoth to combat global warming. Attempting to resurrect the dire wolf, an extinct canid species. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) , GS 4(Ethics ) Practice Question: Discuss the ethical issues involved in reviving extinct species like the Dire Wolf. Also, shed light on the ethical principles that should be followed in the process. (250 Words) Dire Wolf (Canis dirus)  Era: Pleistocene (~250,000 – 10,000 years ago)  Range: North & South America  Size: ~60–70 kg; heavier and stockier than gray wolves  Diet: Hunted large prey — bison, horses, possibly mammoths  Fossils: Most famously from La Brea Tar Pits, California  Genetics: Not a gray wolf ancestor; distinct lineage, diverged ~5.7 million years ago  Extinction: Likely due to climate change + prey loss The Scientific Process and Achievements Woolly mammoth DNA has been extracted from fossils and compared with modern elephant DNA. Through CRISPR-like gene editing, mammoth traits (e.g., thick fur, cold resistance) are being recreated in elephants. Aim: produce a mammoth-elephant hybrid embryo, possibly incubated in an elephant’s womb. With dire wolves, scientists edited only 20 genes in gray wolves to birth three snow-white wolves — but: The result is genetically still a gray wolf. The project lacks peer-reviewed validation. The attempt does showcase technological precision in genome editing, but not successful de-extinction. Critique of Conservation Claims The conservation rationale is weak and unconvincing: Focus on resurrecting extinct species distracts from saving currently endangered species. Billions of dollars are required for such futuristic ventures, with uncertain ecological impact. Immediate biodiversity loss from habitat destruction, pollution, poaching, and climate change needs urgent attention. Conservation is about ecosystem restoration, not cosmetic revival of charismatic species. Ecological and Climate Link Pleistocene Park (Siberia) experiment: Reintroducing cold-resistant animals (e.g., bison) to restore grasslands. Idea: grazing animals maintain grasslands, which: Reflect more sunlight than shrub forests. Help in slowing permafrost thaw → lowers methane emissions. However, grasslands cannot reverse warming; their impact is marginal and long-term. Ethical and Regulatory Concerns Gene editing — especially for non-health purposes — needs global bioethical oversight. Reference to He Jiankui’s controversial gene-edited human babies signals a need for caution. Colossal’s work, though cutting-edge, must be monitored under strict ethical frameworks. Conclusion De-extinction is more spectacle than solution for conservation. It risks diverting funds, policy attention, and public perception from real-world biodiversity crises. Conservation requires protecting existing species, habitats, and restoring ecosystems, not recreating evolutionary history in labs. The Beijing India Report as milestone and opportunity Context & Background Marks 30 years since the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), a global gender equality agenda. India has seen legal progress: Domestic Violence Act, POSH Act, and increased focus on women’s economic empowerment. But implementation gaps persist, especially in rural India, creating a divide between legal rights and lived experiences. Relevance : GS 1(Indian Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : Discuss the need for integrating gender perspectives into climate policies in India. How can women contribute to climate resilience, particularly in rural and indigenous communities? (150 words) Gender and Climate: The Missing Link Rural women are most vulnerable to climate change impacts due to: Low access to resources, decision-making power, healthcare, education. Concentration in the agrarian economy. Climate stressors include: Extreme heat, erratic rains, food insecurity, forced migration, leading to: Rising hysterectomies, infertility, menstrual issues. 33% income loss, especially from non-farm livelihoods. Unpaid care work (water, fuel) increases due to resource scarcity — 71% of women’s work hours are unpaid. Policy Gaps Climate finance focuses on infrastructure: green energy, transport, with minimal gender consideration. Only 6% of climate policies mention women, and 1% mention the poor (FAO). Rise in temperature → rise in gender violence: 1°C ↑ → 8% ↑ in physical violence, 7.3% ↑ in sexual violence (India-specific data). Women as Agents of Climate Action Rural women’s traditional knowledge critical for: Sustainable agriculture, seed conservation, ecosystem protection. Women-led collectives have: Shared workloads, boosted productivity, acted as first responders during climate disasters. Urban vs Rural priorities: Urban: waste, pollution. Rural/Tribal: Mahua (forest-based economy), Mao (security), Migration (distress-driven). Key Recommendations Policy Level Integrate robust gender lens in the Beijing+30 Report. Design gender-audited climate budgets to avoid greenwashing. Ensure gender-responsive NAPCC, SAPCC, and gram sabha-level implementation. Promote livelihood diversification, especially non-farm, for rural women. Build climate support hubs: disaster relief, health, migration, reproductive rights. Programmatic Level Enable community consultations with women’s voices. Promote women’s leadership in climate governance and green energy. Develop climate resilience indicators and gather gender-disaggregated data. Address human–animal conflict with a gender-sensitive lens. Private Sector & Innovation Green finance must support: Women-led enterprises, green innovation, and climate-tech accessible to women. Invest in human capital in climate-vulnerable zones for resilience-building. Encourage multi-stakeholder partnerships: Govt + NGOs + private sector + academia + community = inclusive climate action. Conclusion: A Missed Yet Transformative Opportunity The 2024 Beijing India Report lacks gender-climate integration — a major policy gap. Bridging this could empower women as key actors in resilience, sustainability, and climate justice. It’s a milestone moment to redefine gender equality by rooting it in climate resilience and inclusivity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 April 2025

Context : Industrial output growth slows to 2.9% in Feb. DRDO does release trials of long-range glide bomb Indian EVMs not connected to Internet or Wi-Fi, says EC after U.S. official’s comments India ‘eyeing win-win interim deal’ with U.S. during the 90-day pause 1.6 billion people in low- & middle-income countries lack social protection Industrial output growth slows to 2.9% in Feb. What is IIP? – The Basics Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a composite indicator that measures the volume of production in India’s industrial sector. It is released by the National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). The IIP is base-weighted (currently 2011-12 = 100) and consists of three core sectors: Manufacturing (77.63% weight) Mining (14.37%) Electricity (7.99%) Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) What Happened in February 2025? IIP growth slowed to 2.9%, the lowest in the past six months. Well below the 4% growth projected by Reuters. Sectoral Breakdown Sector Feb 2025 Feb 2024 Mining 1.6% 8.1% Manufacturing 2.9% 4.9% Electricity 3.6% 7.6%   All three sectors decelerated, pointing to broad-based industrial slowdown. Use-Based Classification – What’s Driving or Dragging Output? Capital Goods (machinery, infrastructure equipment): Grew by 8.2% (vs. 1.7% last year) – positive signal for future investments. Consumer Durables & Non-Durables, Intermediate Goods: Slower growth than previous year – indicates sluggish demand and possibly weak rural consumption. Reasons Behind the Slowdown High Base Effect: Feb 2024 had robust industrial growth, making YoY comparisons weaker. Global Uncertainty: Geopolitical tensions, weak global demand, and trade disruptions. Domestic Constraints: Rising input costs, credit tightening, and lag in private consumption recovery. Manufacturing Weakness: Still recovering from structural disruptions (COVID, global inflation, supply chains). Slower Mining Activity: May reflect seasonal slowdown, regulatory bottlenecks, or weaker commodity prices. Wider Economic Implications Economic Growth: Industrial output is a major contributor to GDP; slowdown may drag Q4 FY25 GDP figures. Policy Signals: RBI may be cautious on interest rate cuts, despite industrial weakness, due to inflation risks. Employment Concerns: Manufacturing slowdown may impact job creation, especially in labor-intensive industries. Capex Outlook: Rise in capital goods output is a silver lining, hinting at private sector capex revival. Conclusion – Why It Matters Sustained industrial growth is vital for a $5 trillion economy goal. The slowdown reflects underlying fragilities in the real economy, despite headline GDP resilience. Calls for: Policy thrust on MSMEs, ease of doing business, PLI schemes. Sector-specific interventions to boost mining and electricity. Revival of rural demand to fuel manufacturing, especially consumer non-durables. DRDO does release trials of long-range glide bomb Basic Facts Organisation: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Weapon System: ‘Gaurav’ – Long-range glide bomb Trial Dates: April 8–10, 2025 Platform Used: Su-30 MKI fighter jet Bomb Weight: 1,000 kg Range Demonstrated: Close to 100 km Target Type: Land-based target on an island Outcome: Achieved pin-point accuracy in multiple configurations Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) What is a Glide Bomb? A glide bomb is an aerial bomb with wings and guidance system that enables it to glide toward a target after release. Unlike traditional bombs, it does not require propulsion — it relies on high-altitude release and aerodynamic surfaces. Offers standoff capability, allowing aircraft to strike without entering enemy air defense zones. Key Technical Highlights Multiple warhead configurations tested — suggesting adaptability for different mission types (penetrative, fragmentation, etc.). Integrated to multiple stations on the Su-30 MKI — shows high modularity and compatibility. The weapon demonstrated precision strike capabilities, critical for minimizing collateral damage. Strategic Significance Enhances India’s air-to-ground standoff strike capability, vital in contested airspaces like: Line of Control (LoC) Line of Actual Control (LAC) Reduces risk to pilots and aircraft by allowing long-range attacks without breaching hostile airspace. Adds indigenous depth to India’s precision strike inventory, reducing dependency on foreign munitions. Comparative Advantage Complements existing guided munitions like: SPICE bombs (Israeli) Hammer bombs (French) BrahMos-A (air-launched) Compared to traditional gravity bombs: Higher survivability for aircraft Greater mission flexibility R&D and Indigenous Defence Boost Strengthens DRDO’s role in developing next-gen precision strike systems under Atmanirbhar Bharat. Encourages public-private partnerships for future glide bomb series (lighter or heavier versions). Likely to be part of DRDO’s Smart Bomb family (including Gaurav, Garuthmaa, etc.). Implications for Indian Air Force (IAF) Enhances IAF’s deep strike and surgical strike potential. Offers a cost-effective indigenous alternative to imported PGMs (Precision Guided Munitions). Likely to be deployed in forward airbases near sensitive borders for rapid deployment. Indian EVMs not connected to Internet or Wi-Fi, says EC after U.S. official’s comments Context & Trigger Tulsi Gabbard, U.S. Director of National Intelligence, recently warned about vulnerabilities in electronic voting systems in the U.S., suggesting a return to paper ballots. Elon Musk had previously raised concerns about EVMs being hackable, even by AI. The Election Commission of India (EC) responded, emphasizing the security and integrity of Indian EVMs. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Elections) Technical Aspects of Indian EVMs Indian EVMs are not connected to the Internet, Wi-Fi, or Infrared. They are stand-alone, one-way programmable devices – functioning like simple calculators. No external communication hardware/software is embedded. Tamper-Proof & Secure Design Once programmed, the EVMs are sealed, and no further input or manipulation is possible. Stored in strong rooms under multi-layer security, with access monitored and logged. VVPAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail) allows the voter to visually verify their vote. No internal clock or memory – prevents manipulation based on time or stored data. Transparency & Verification Measures VVPAT slips are generated with every vote and available for verification. Over 5 crore VVPAT slips have been matched and verified during live counting in front of party representatives. Political parties are involved at every stage – mock polls, randomization, sealing, and counting. Legal and Judicial Backing Indian EVMs have passed the test of legality – upheld by the Supreme Court of India. Regular public interest litigations (PILs) and challenges have been addressed by the judiciary. International Comparisons U.S. systems use a variety of e-voting systems, often linked to private networks or the Internet, making them susceptible to hacking. Indian EVMs are indigenous, self-contained, and have no external network dependency. Why EVMs are Still Criticized Internationally Lack of understanding of India’s specific design vs. global models. Political and civil society concerns in various democracies about digital manipulation. General skepticism toward technology in elections due to rising cyber threats globally. India’s Approach to Trust in Elections Emphasizes speed (counting 100 crore votes in a day), accuracy, and transparency. EC maintains continuous public confidence through voter education and process openness. India has resisted international pressure to move toward online or hybrid systems, citing cybersecurity risks. India ‘eyeing win-win interim deal’ with U.S. during the 90-day pause Context & Background President Donald Trump announced a 90-day pause on reciprocal tariff increases (like the proposed 26% on Indian goods). However, a baseline tariff of 10% remains applicable during this window. This pause opens a diplomatic window for India-U.S. trade negotiations. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) India’s Strategic Objective India is aiming to capitalize on the 90–day window to conclude an interim trade deal on mutually beneficial (“win-win”) terms. The broader Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) is expected by fall of 2025. Trade Stakes & Imbalance In 2024, India exported $77.51 billion to the U.S., while importing $42.19 billion. This resulted in a trade surplus of over $35 billion in India’s favor — a key concern for the U.S. Negotiation Dynamics Talks are being held through video conferences and planned visits. Everything is on the table — includes tariffs and non-tariff issues such as: Intellectual property rights (IPR) Government procurement Digital trade & e-commerce Data localisation norms India’s Core Priorities Protect domestic interests while offering calibrated concessions. Ensure any concessions do not harm small industries or digital/data sovereignty. Minister Piyush Goyal emphasized India’s negotiating stance: “We never negotiate at gunpoint.” Broader Implications A successful interim deal can: Set the tone for the larger BTA. Improve strategic bilateral ties ahead of the U.S. elections. Strengthen India’s global image as a reliable trade partner. Challenges in the Path U.S. may pressure India on: Relaxing import duties on specific goods (e.g., medical devices, agriculture). Easing rules on e-commerce and cross-border data flows. India is wary of opening sensitive sectors without long-term safeguards. Strategic Calculations The 90-day window is short — prioritization of low-hanging fruits is likely. Interim agreement may exclude contentious areas and focus on tariff rationalization. Policy & Diplomatic Takeaways The approach mirrors India’s pragmatic multilateralism — focusing on outcomes over ideology. Reflects India’s trade recalibration strategy amid China+1 shifts and reshoring trends. Interim deals offer incremental progress while reducing friction in long-term strategic ties. 1.6 billion people in low- & middle-income countries lack social protection Nearly 2 billion people in low- and middle-income countries lack adequate social protection, leaving them vulnerable to poverty, shocks, and crises. The World Bank’s State of Social Protection Report 2025 highlights the urgent need for inclusive, climate-resilient, and shock-responsive systems. Relevance : GS 3(Climate Change , Environment and Ecology) Magnitude of the Crisis 2 billion people in LICs and MICs lack adequate social protection. Of these, 1.6 billion receiveno support at all. The crisis disproportionately affects LICs and Sub-Saharan Africa, where: 80% of people in LICs lack any form of social protection. 70% of Sub-Saharan Africans have no access to protection systems. Extreme Poverty & Social Protection 88% of people in extremepoverty globally have no or inadequate social protection. 98% in LICs and 97% in Sub-Saharan Africa are uncovered. This undermines the poverty reduction and equality goals globally. Progress is Slow and Uneven Between 2010 and 2022, LMICs made modest gains: Coverage rose from 41% to 51%. Driven mostly by cash transfers, school meals, food aid. LICs showed the fastest relative gain, but from a low base: Social protection among poorest increased by 17 percentage points. Future Projections (if current pace continues) 2043: Full coverage for extreme poor. 2045: Full coverage for the poorest 20% of households. 2030 SDG target to achieve “substantial coverage” will likely be missed. Structural Challenges in LICs Social insurance (pensions, health, unemployment) nearly absent: Covers only 2% in LICs and 8% in LMICs. Social assistance is minimal: LICs spend just 0.8% of GDP on it. Geographic and Demographic Focus Middle-Income Countries (MICs) host more uncovered people in absolute terms: 1.2 billion in MICs vs 500 million in LICs. Fragile and conflict-affected countries, especially in Africa and Asia, will host 60% of extreme poor by 2030. Climate and Conflict Risks Climate change could push 130 million into extreme poverty by 2030. Most existing systems are not climate-resilient or shock-responsive. Vulnerable regions need emergency relief + long-term solutions.  Finance Gap and Inequities Global average spending on social protection: 5.3% of GDP. High-income countries spend 85.8x more per capita than LICs. Spending is skewed toward social insurance (benefitting formal workers), not social assistance.  Solutions & Recommendations Tailored national strategies based on fiscal and institutional capacity. Shift focus to non-contributory assistance for the poor. Boost domestic finance via: Reallocating $7 trillion+ in regressive subsidies (fossil fuels, agriculture). Investing in digital registries, payments, and case management systems. Build shock-responsive, climate-adaptive, and digitally integrated social protection ecosystems.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 April 2025

Content : Navkar Mahamantra Divas: Celebrating Mahavir Jayanti India’s Renewable Energy Capacity Achieves Historic Growth in FY 2024-25 Navkar Mahamantra Divas: Celebrating Mahavir Jayanti Origins and Significance Historical Roots: Traces back over 2,500 years, recited by Jain monks and lay followers. A universal prayer, not directed at any deity, but honoring virtues like purity and renunciation. Preserved in Jain Agamas (canonical scriptures) written in Prakrit, reflecting early Indian philosophical thought. Modern Preservation: Digitization efforts under Gyan Bharatam Mission to safeguard Jain manuscripts. Proposal to grant classical language status to Prakrit and Pali. Cultural Role: Described by PM Modi as the essence of faith and life, symbolizing stability, spiritual energy, and purity. Represents India’s civilizational ethos, emphasizing inner purity and ethical living. Relevance : GS 1(Heritage , Culture) ,GS 2(Governance) Lord Mahavir: Life and Teachings Background: Born in 599 BCE in Kundagrama (Vaishali, Bihar) as Vardhamana (meaning “increasing,” symbolizing growth). Son of King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala of the Ikshvaku dynasty. The 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, embodying spiritual liberation. Core Principles: Ahimsa (non-violence) Satya (truth) Aparigraha (non-possessiveness) Brahmacharya (celibacy/chastity) Anekantavada (multiplicity of viewpoints) Influence: Shaped Gandhian philosophy. Inspired non-violent movements globally. Aligned with Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), promoting ethical and sustainable living. Mahavir Jayanti and Navkar Mahamantra Divas Mahavir Jayanti: Commemorates Lord Mahavir’s birth. A reaffirmation of Jain principles: non-violence, truth, non-possessiveness, chastity, and pluralism. More than a festival—a moral and spiritual celebration. Navkar Mahamantra Divas: Inaugurated by PM Modi on April 9, 2025, recognizing Jainism’s spiritual contributions. Highlights the Navkar Mantra as a symbol of faith and national integration. State Recognition: Jain heritage reflected in the Sammed Shikhar depiction at the new Parliament building’s entrance. Return of ancient Jain idols from abroad, symbolizing India’s reclamation of its spiritual legacy. Ecological and Ethical Alignment Jain Principles and Mission LiFE: Promote minimalism, sustainability, and ethical consumption. Reflect ecological interdependence, as seen in the Jain emblem Parasparopagraho Jivanam (souls render service to one another). Offer solutions to climate change through restraint and simplicity. Nine Resolutions for a New India Inspired by the Navkar Mantra’s numerological significance (multiples of 9, 27, 108): Water Conservation: Save every drop, honoring water as life. Plant a Tree in Mother’s Name: Foster emotional bonding with nature. Cleanliness Mission: Reaffirm Swachh Bharat with Jain principles of purity. Vocal for Local: Promote Indian production and ethical economics. Explore India First: Encourage domestic tourism and cultural immersion. Adopt Natural Farming: Reduce chemical use, aligning with non-violence. Healthy Lifestyle: Embrace moderate, Satvik diets (e.g., millets) and reduce oil use. Yoga & Sports: Promote holistic wellness through daily physical activity. Help the Poor: Practice Jain Seva Dharma for social equity and compassion. Preservation of Jain Knowledge Importance: Jain literature is a cornerstone of Indian intellectualism. PM Modi emphasized its role in preserving cultural and ethical heritage. Government Initiatives: Digitization of Jain manuscripts via Gyan Bharatam Mission. Granting classical language status to Prakrit and Pali. Establishment of Centre for Jain Studies at DAVV, Indore, with ₹25 crore funding under the PMJVK Scheme. Focus areas: Research, digitization, youth engagement, and global awareness of Jain heritage. Commemorative Measures 2550th Bhagwan Mahaveer Nirvan Mahotsav (2024): Release of a commemorative stamp and coin in April 2024. Celebrates Lord Mahavir’s liberation and enduring legacy. Impact: Reinforces Jainism’s place in India’s national consciousness and public memory. Socio-Spiritual Impact Global Relevance: Jain principles provide a moral compass in a conflict-prone, consumerist world. Promote: Inner conquest over external expansion. Non-violence as a strategy for global peace. Truth and restraint for self-liberation and societal harmony. National Integration: Jainism is a living tradition, integral to India’s cultural and ethical fabric. Aligns with the vision of Viksit Bharat (Developed India). Conclusion Navkar Mahamantra Divas represents: A shift from ritual to inspiration, where ancient teachings guide: Ecological responsibility through sustainable living. Social equity through compassion and service. Inclusive growth through ethical and pluralistic values. Jainism’s principles, rooted in Lord Mahavir’s teachings, continue to shape India’s moral, cultural, and environmental ethos, fostering a harmonious and developed nation. India’s Renewable Energy Capacity Achieves Historic Growth in FY 2024-25 India has achieved a historic milestone in renewable energy by reaching 220.10 GW of installed capacity in FY 2024–25, with a record addition of nearly 30 GW. This growth aligns with its commitment to 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030 under the Panchamrit goals. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Core Highlights: FY 2024–25 Record Annual RE Addition: 29.52 GW added this year (highest ever), up from 19.62 GW in FY 2023–24. Reflects a 49.9% year-on-year increase in deployment. Solar Energy Leads: 23.83 GW added in FY 2024–25, up from 15.03 GW in the previous year. Break-up: Ground-mounted: 81.01 GW Rooftop: 17.02 GW Hybrid solar: 2.87 GW Off-grid: 4.74 GW Rooftop solar growth aided by schemes like PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. Wind Power Crosses Milestone: Total installed: 50.04 GW, with 4.15 GW added this year. Revitalization due to Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy (2018) and offshore wind momentum. Bioenergy & Small Hydro: Bioenergy capacity: 11.58 GW (includes 0.53 GW from waste-to-energy and off-grid). Small hydro: 5.10 GW, with an additional 0.44 GW under implementation. These sources enhance decentralised and diversified energy supply. Strategic Foundations Policy & Institutional Anchors National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) (2008): National Solar Mission laid the initial groundwork for solar expansion. Electricity Act (Amendment) 2003 & 2022: Enabled open access markets, transmission sharing, and Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs). Green Hydrogen Mission & RTC Policies: Emphasis on 24/7 clean energy through RE + Storage hybrids. PLI Schemes (2020s): Strengthened domestic solar PV module manufacturing, reducing import dependence. Global Commitments Driving Expansion COP26 – ‘Panchamrit’ Commitments (2021): Target of 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030. Net-zero carbon emissions goal by 2070. Updated Paris Agreement NDC (2022): 50% of cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030. Implementation Mechanisms Green Energy Corridor (GEC): Strengthening intra- and inter-state transmission infrastructure for RE evacuation. Advanced Tendering Models: Includes hybrid, round-the-clock (RTC), peak power, and thermal + RE bundling projects. Pipeline Size: Installed + Pipeline = 454.56 GW (220.10 GW installed + 169.40 GW under implementation + 65.06 GW tendered). Strategic & Socio-Economic Implications Energy Security: Reduced fossil fuel imports, advancing energy independence. Climate Leadership: Enhances India’s international credibility in climate negotiations. Rural Empowerment: Rooftop and off-grid solar improve access to electricity, irrigation, and income security. Green Jobs: Potential to create over 1 million jobs by 2030 in deployment, manufacturing, and services. Challenges Ahead Grid Integration: Intermittent nature of solar/wind requires investment in storage and smart grids. Land & Permitting Issues: Delays in land acquisition and transmission connectivity. DISCOM Financial Health: Affects payment security and viability of long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). Way Forward Scale up investment in storage technologies and implement time-of-day tariffs. Accelerate deployment of offshore wind and green hydrogen projects. Ensure policy predictability, ease of business, and faster execution of tenders.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 April 2025

Content: Now, justice The issue with delimitation’s population-based process Drop the piecemeal ways to social security for workers Now, justice Context and Background : On November 26, 2008, India witnessed one of its worst terror attacks, commonly known as the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, executed by Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), a Pakistan-based terror outfit. The attack lasted for four days, leaving 166 people dead and hundreds injured across major locations like Taj Hotel, Leopold Café, CST Station, and Chabad House. Ajmal Kasab, one of the 10 attackers, was captured alive, providing key evidence about Pakistan’s role in planning and executing the attack. Investigations revealed a complex international network, involving David Headley (a U.S. national of Pakistani origin), who conducted reconnaissance missions for LeT. Tahawwur Hussain Rana, a Canadian-American and former Pakistani military officer, was Headley’s childhood friend and accomplice. While Headley cooperated with U.S. authorities and received a plea deal (barring extradition to India), Rana was tried and convicted in the U.S. for other terror plots (e.g., Copenhagen attack), but not for 26/11. After years of legal and diplomatic efforts, Rana has now been extradited to India, enabling prosecutors to put him on trial for his alleged role in the Mumbai attacks. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : The extradition of Tahawwur Rana in connection with the 26/11 Mumbai attacks has reignited questions about Pakistan’s complicity and international cooperation in counter-terrorism. Discuss the challenges and opportunities this development presents for India’s internal security architecture and foreign policy. (250 words) Significance of Extradition 17 years after 26/11, Rana’s extradition marks a critical milestone in India’s long quest for justice. It validates India’s counter-terror diplomacy, especially bilateral cooperation with the U.S. Showcases the tenacity of Indian agencies, particularly the National Investigation Agency (NIA), in pursuing long-term cases involving transnational terrorism. Profile of Tahawwur Hussain Rana Canadian-American citizen and former Pakistan Army doctor. Close associate of David Headley, the LeT operative who conducted reconnaissance for the 26/11 attacks. Used his immigration business as a cover to facilitate Headley’s travel to India and Denmark. Previous Legal Proceedings (U.S.) Arrested in 2009 in the U.S. for: Providing material support to LeT. Conspiring to attack the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten. Convicted for Copenhagen plot, but not convicted for 26/11 due to lack of direct evidence. Served part of a 14-year sentence in U.S. prison before extradition. His extradition reflects renewed legal and diplomatic pressure by Indian authorities. Implications for Indian Investigation Enables India to try a key accused charge-sheeted in absentia for 26/11. Offers a chance to extract crucial intel on: Rana’s links with LeT. Possible connections with Pakistan’s military and ISI. Helps rebuild global focus on Pakistan’s role in orchestrating the attacks. Unanswered Questions for Indian Prosecutors Did Rana maintain active links with Pakistani military or ISI post-attack? Can new evidence be surfaced on Pakistan’s institutional complicity in 26/11? Why did the U.S. enter into a plea deal with Headley, preventing his extradition to India despite a bilateral treaty? Comparative Culpability: Rana vs Headley David Headley played a more direct and operational role, including visiting India multiple times for reconnaissance. The U.S. did not alert Indian intelligence of Headley’s movements even after surveillance—raising strategic and diplomatic concerns. Rana, though secondary in operational terms, becomes a proxy for deeper investigations into LeT-Pakistan nexus. Geopolitical and Diplomatic Angle The trial could reignite international pressure on Pakistan to act against: Hafiz Saeed (mastermind). Other seven LeT commanders indicted in India. May offer closure and justice to victims’ families and restore faith in cross-border legal accountability. Challenges Ahead Ensuring a fair, fast, and evidence-backed trial without procedural delays. Managing diplomatic friction with Pakistan if trial evidence reveals institutional support. Coordinating international legal cooperation to compel Pakistan to extradite other accused or present them for trial. Conclusion Rana’s extradition is not just a legal formality—it is a symbolic and strategic step in India’s counter-terror justice architecture. It is an opportunity to: Reinvestigate overlooked angles. Expose state-sponsored terrorism links. Reaffirm India’s resolve in combating transnational terrorism through legal and diplomatic means. The issue with delimitation’s population-based process Background & Constitutional Mandate Articles 82 & 170 of the Indian Constitution mandate delimitation post every census to: Reallocate seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. Redraw constituency boundaries. Delimitation was frozen via the 42nd (1976) and 84th (2001) Constitutional Amendments until 2026 — primarily to not penalize states that had successfully implemented population control. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ) Practice Question : “The current delimitation process based on population figures risks undermining the federal balance in India. Critically examine this statement in the context of constitutional mandates and regional aspirations.” (15 marks, 250 words) Concerns Arising from Population-Based Delimitation Disproportionate political power: States with higher fertility rates (mostly in North India) stand to gain more seats post-2026. Southern States fear losing political influence despite having better human development outcomes and effective population control. This creates a paradox of penalization for good governance. Data Trends: Seat Allocation and Population Growth LS seats increased from 489 in 1952 → 543 in 1977, based on successive censuses. Average population per LS seat: 1951: 7.3 lakh 1977: 10.1 lakh 2024: ~27 lakh Vidhan Sabha seats increased from 3,283 (1951) → 4,123 (2024). Key Issues in the Current Debate Population as the Sole Criterion: Has historically been the simplest and most objective measure. Yet, doesn’t factor in geography, administrative convenience, or representation quality. Representation vs Representativeness: Larger constituencies don’t necessarily mean poorer representation. Elected representatives’ functions (debate, questions, committee participation) are not population-sensitive. Governance and citizen engagement often occur more effectively at local self-government levels. First-Past-The-Post System: Representation is based on plurality, not absolute majority. Numerical population strength is immaterial to the electoral outcome or quality of representation. Alternative Approaches and Recommendations Moderation via Deflator: Introduce a Total Fertility Rate (TFR)-based deflator to adjust population figures in delimitation. Prevents rewarding higher population growth unfairly. Balanced Formula: Combine population with other indicators (e.g., TFR, HDI, governance indices). Similar to how the Finance Commission modifies devolution formulae regularly. Conclusion Delimitation must strike a balance between democratic representation, federal equity, and incentivization of progressive policies. Any formula should respect the constitutional spirit without creating structural distortions or regional resentment. Drop the piecemeal ways to social security for workers Context: India’s Efforts Toward Gig Worker Social Security India is working on a central social security scheme for app-based gig workers. Features include: Health coverage under Ayushman Bharat. Universal Account Number to track earnings and enable employer contributions. Registration on eShram portal for social welfare access. The pension policy acknowledges gig workers often have multiple employers, pushing the traditional employment model’s boundaries. Relevance :GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : ”India’s approach to labour social security is fragmented, reactive, and exclusionary.” In light of recent developments, critically examine the need for a universal and inclusive social protection framework for informal and gig workers.(250 words) Structural Weaknesses in Current Social Security Framework India has not ratified ILO Convention 102 (1952) on minimum social security standards. The Code on Social Security (part of four labour codes) aims for comprehensive coverage but is marred by: Ambiguous definitions (e.g., unclear who qualifies as a gig or platform worker). Weak protections and diluted obligations for employers. Implementation delays and administrative hurdles. Problems with Welfare Board-Centric Approach Overreliance on state-level welfare boards despite proven inefficiency. Underspending of collected cess: ₹70,744 crore unused in construction worker welfare funds. Tamil Nadu CAG report: ₹221.8 crore delay in remittances by 99 local bodies. Kerala: Only 5 of 16 boards effective; some had no beneficiaries (2016-17). Lack of transparency, accountability, and uniform functioning across states. Critique of Piecemeal, Reactive Approaches Welfare board system responds only when new worker categories emerge (e.g., beedi workers, gig workers). Such fragmentation: Creates artificial divides (e.g., between gig and domestic workers). Leads to inconsistent entitlements and exclusion errors. Does not address informality at a systemic level. Relying on gig work alone to formalise informal labour is overly optimistic and economically shortsighted. Need for a Universal, Inclusive Approach The future of work will witness more fluid, tech-driven jobs. A universal social protection system must: Be worker-centric, not employer-centric. Combine baseline universal coverage (health, pension, insurance) with targeted support. Be portable, interoperable, and accessible across platforms and states. The Code on Social Security should be treated as a foundation, not a ceiling. Way Forward Universal, rights-based approach to social protection. Focus on integration of data and services (e.g., eShram, Aadhaar, UAN). Enable states to innovate while ensuring central oversight and parity. Build trust and participation through worker registration drives and awareness campaigns.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 April 2025

Content: RTI Act amendment won’t cut transparency: Minister When Parliament stayed awake through the night Phule: a constant gardener of social revolution Early screening for gestational diabetes can ensure a healthy future for mother and child Indoor air pollution: can better design help protect our health? RTI Act amendment won’t cut transparency: Minister The Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP), 2023, introduces an amendment to the RTI Act, 2005, raising concerns about potential restrictions on access to public information. The government asserts it balances transparency with the right to privacy under Article 21. Relevance :GS 2(Polity ,Governance) Minister’s Assurance: Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw assured that the amendment to the RTI Act (via the Digital Personal Data Protection Act – DPDP) will not dilute transparency. He stated the amendment will not a relevant to public interest. Opposition & Civil Society Concerns: Congress leader Jairam Ramesh raised alarm over potential misuse of the amendment to deny information about subsidy allocations and welfare schemes. Civil society and activists believe the amendment could weaken the RTI Act, especially if it limits access to data involving personal details of citizens or officials. Over 120 Opposition MPs have signed a letter demanding repeal of the amendment. Context of the Amendment: The changes will be enforced once the DPDP Act Rules are notified, expected in the coming weeks. Critics say this marks a significant blow to the transparency regime. Minister’s Legal Justification: Vaishnaw cited the 2017 Supreme Court judgment declaring the Right to Privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21. He emphasized the need to balance RTI with privacy concerns, ensuring harmonious coexistence of both rights. When Parliament stayed awake through the night Contextual Background The Budget session of Parliament witnessed a rare all-night sitting — a symbolic moment reflecting both urgency and political theatre. Productivity figures were impressive: Lok Sabha – 118%, Rajya Sabha – 119%, signaling an active legislative push. Relevance : GS 2(Polity) Key Observations from the Journalist’s Lens Unusual but not unprecedented: While the event was historic in recent memory, it isn’t the first such instance since Independence — countering the frequent “first-ever” narrative post-2014. Sense of urgency among MPs: Despite the late hour, MPs delivered speeches briskly and passionately, often negotiating for extra time to make a powerful concluding remark. Performative politics: The night revealed how parliamentary debates are often staged for media impact and social media virality, even if many attempts fall flat. The Journalist’s Dilemma Deadline pressure vs Live coverage: Reporters, like parliamentarians, juggle the tension of capturing content vs meeting editorial deadlines. Fear of missing nuance: Late-night fatigue risks tuning out repetitive arguments, potentially missing important shifts in tone or framing — the ‘greys between black and white’. Drama and Irony in the House Parliament sessions can mirror theatre: A shivering actor-politician, passionate but incoherent. A midnight misquote — Victor Hugo, a Frenchman, cited as British. A Minister rhyming rather than reasoning — all part of the “verbal theatre”. Historical Reflection Parliamentary access to the press has a long global journey: In UK’s Westminster, debates were kept from public view till late 19th century. In India, while press access is legal, physical barriers and restrictions in the new Parliament building symbolize the control narrative. Larger Democratic Implications All-night sittings symbolize democratic diligence, but also political spectacle. Even in a tightly controlled media environment, the press’s persistent presence is crucial for keeping parliamentary debates accountable and accessible. Phule: a constant gardener of social revolution Background & Early Influences Born in 1827 in the Mali caste, traditionally gardeners—symbolic of his lifelong role as a social reformer who sowed seeds of justice. A personal experience of caste humiliation at a Brahmin wedding in 1848 became a turning point, spurring his fight against caste-based oppression. Influenced by Thomas Paine’s Age of Reason and missionary CynthiaFarrar—developed a rationalist and reformist perspective on religion and social practices. Relevance : GS 1(Modern history ),GS 4(Ethics) Education as Emancipation In 1848, at just 21, he and Savitribai Phule started India’s first school for girls. Opened 18 schools within 3 years and night schools for workers and women—pioneering mass education for marginalized communities. Recognized that economic poverty and caste status impeded education access; advocated compulsory primary education and incentives (scholarships/prizes) for poor children. Caste Critique & Revolutionary Writings In Gulamgiri (Slavery), equated the oppression of Dalits under Brahminism to slavery in the U.S.—a bold global analogy of caste and race oppression. Asserted that caste was a construct of selfish Brahmins, designed to perpetuate economic and religious dominance. Believed that only those who have been slaves can understand the joy of freedom, emphasizing experience-based understanding of oppression. Rejecting Orthodox Nationalism Clashed ideologically with contemporaries like Tilak and Chiplunkar, who prioritized religious orthodoxy and anti-colonial sentiment over social reform. Supported working with the British administration to uplift oppressed castes—saw colonial rule as a potential ally against upper-caste Hindu orthodoxy. Still extended help to ideological opponents, as seen in bailing out Tilak and Agarkar—showing a magnanimous spirit despite political divergence. Satyashodhak Samaj (1873): Social Radicalism Founded Satyashodhak Samaj to challenge Brahmin-led reform movements like Brahmo and Arya Samaj, offering a lower-caste-centric platform for liberation. Encouraged inter-caste unity, women’s rights, rational religion, and anti-idolatry—redefining reform from the grassroots. It was the first large-scale organized lower-caste movement to assert rights and dignity. Critique of the 1857 Revolt Refused to glorify the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, viewing it as an attempt to reinstate Peshwa-style Brahminical theocracy. Differed from the dominant narrative of resistance, focusing instead on the social consequences for Dalits, whom he believed would suffer under reinstated Hindu orthodoxy. Economic and Agrarian Vision In Shetkaryanche Asud, exposed the plight of farmers and criticized the Forest Department for alienating village resources. Proposed: Redistribution of forest-grazing lands to villagers. Use of military manpower for building water infrastructure like bunds and dams. Mechanization and scientific farming education for farmers to boost productivity. Controlled cow slaughter to preserve cattle for agriculture. Reflected early ideas of sustainable agriculture and inclusive development. Religious Rationalism & Secular Spirituality Influenced by both Islam and Christianity, yet carved a non-sectarian spiritual path. Wrote Manav Mahammand praising Prophet Muhammad for fighting religious orthodoxy. In Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Pustak, denounced all religious texts as partial, interpolated, and divisive—called for a universal, rational morality. Rejected the idea of one religion or scripture as superior: “How and why can only one of those rivers be sacred?” Gender Equality & Feminist Thought One of the earliest Indian thinkers to support women’s education and widow remarriage. Criticized polygamy among men and provocatively argued for polyandry as a counter to religiously justified male sexual entitlement. Supported Pandita Ramabai’s right to convert to Christianity, defending individual choice over communal dogma. Critique of Caste Essentialism Dismantled the myth of birth-based hierarchy by comparing Brahminical caste logic to animal classifications. Satirically questioned, “Who are the Brahmins among donkeys and crows?” Asserted: “All human beings… are equipped with similar physical and intellectual faculties.” Legacy: The Gardener Metaphor Just as a gardener nurtures all plants without discrimination, Phule cultivated justice, knowledge, and dignity for all, especially the oppressed. His legacy remains foundational for anti-caste movements, Bahujan politics, secular education policies, and gender justice frameworks. Inspired future thinkers and activists like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who acknowledged Phule as a forerunner of social democracy in India. Early screening for gestational diabetes can ensure a healthy future for mother and child Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) GDM is a form of diabetes first recognized during pregnancy. It significantly increases the risk of: Type 2 diabetes in mothers later in life. Metabolic disorders and obesity in children. In India, ~20% of pregnant women develop GDM, creating long-term health burdens. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Need for Early Screening GDM is traditionally diagnosed at 24–28 weeks, but by then the foetus is already affected. New research suggests: Glucose levels should be regulated as early as 8 weeks. Foetal hyperinsulinemia (excess insulin in foetus) occurs around 11 weeks. Early glucose exposure programs lifelong metabolic responses (Barker’s Hypothesis). Primordial Prevention Approach Goal: Prevent GDM before it occurs, not just manage it later. Components: Screening by 8 weeks of pregnancy. Maintain postprandial glucose < 110 mg/dL. Introduce Medical Nutrition Therapy and low-dose metformin (250 mg BD) if needed. Clinical and Scientific Backing Evidence shows early glucose control reduces third-trimester GDM incidence. Reduces the need for insulin therapy. Prevents future NCDs (Non-Communicable Diseases) in child and mother. Indian Context & Challenges India has 77 million diabetics, making it a global hotspot. Indian women are genetically more prone to insulin resistance. Challenges: Delayed antenatal care (many women report only in second trimester). Low awareness among both women and healthcare providers. Outdated guidelines focused on second-trimester screening. Policy and Practice Recommendations Update National Guidelines: Mandate screening at 8 weeks. Integrate glucose testing into early antenatal visits. Education & Training: Sensitise healthcare providers, especially in rural and remote areas. Public awareness on early antenatal care. Pre-conception Health: Risk modification through diet, exercise, and preventive medications even before conception. Accessibility & Affordability: Make early tests and treatment affordable and available across public health facilities Monitoring High-Risk Mothers: Continuous glucose monitoring in women with risk factors throughout pregnancy. Scientific Theories Involved Barker’s Hypothesis: Foetal conditions impact adult health. Early exposure to high glucose → higher risk of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome. Primordial Prevention: Prevention at the root (even before risk factors emerge). Applies to intergenerational control of diabetes. World Health Day 2025 Relevance Theme: “Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures”. Recognises the life-long impact of maternal health on child well-being. WHO’s choice reinforces the urgency to intervene early in GDM. Conclusion: A Paradigm Shift Needed Preventing GDM must start in the first trimester or earlier. A new model of maternal care involving: Early screening. Policy change. Stakeholder involvement. Lifelong monitoring. Fighting diabetes in India means starting in the womb — not the hospital. Indoor air pollution: can better design help protect our health? Understanding Indoor Air Pollution Indoor air pollution is often overlooked, especially in urban India, where people spend 70–90% of their time indoors. Unlike well-insulated buildings in developed countries, Indian homes are more permeable, leading to an infiltration of outdoor pollutants indoors. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is influenced by: Outdoor pollutants entering through windows, doors, and poor insulation. Indoor sources, such as cooking, smoking, use of mosquito coils, incense, chemical cleaners, and building materials (e.g., VOCs in paint). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology)  Major Domestic Indoor Pollutants Smoke from solid fuel use (prevalent in rural areas). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from furnishings, paint, adhesives, etc. Carbon dioxide build-up in crowded, poorly ventilated spaces. Biological contaminants such as mould and mildew. Particulate matter and allergens from incense sticks, smoking, and cleaning agents.  Health Impacts of Indoor Air Pollution Short-term effects: Eye, nose, throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Long-term effects: Chronic respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. Health symptoms may mimic viral illnesses, delaying diagnosis and treatment. Poor IAQ has been associated with “Sick Building Syndrome” and reduced productivity in offices.  Design-Related Causes & Solutions Lack of proper ventilation is a key design flaw in many urban buildings. Shutting windows and doors to block outdoor air traps indoor pollutants. Better design can incorporate: Cross-ventilation and natural air flow. Skylights and natural lighting for reduced use of artificial lighting and improved mood. Green indoor spaces for natural purification. Use of toxin-free building materials (e.g., low-formaldehyde products). HEPA filters and air purifiers to remove particulates.  Role of Architecture and Green Design New construction: Easier to integrate sustainable, healthy design features. Retrofit possibilities: More complex but feasible with investments. Priority in high-risk zones like hospitals or high-rise apartments. Post-COVID: Increased awareness of filtered air systems in healthcare and commercial buildings. Separation of zones, reduced crowding, and natural light can support both physical and mental health.  Climatic & Environmental Considerations India’s coastal cities with high humidity and rising temperatures may worsen indoor air quality. Green design is now cost-effective due to increased demand and tech accessibility. Buildings with air conditioning must use high-quality filters and plan for: Proper waste management, Smooth occupant movement, Easy-to-clean surfaces.  Policy and Public Health Perspective Indoor air pollution remains under-addressed in public health discourse. Requires: Inclusion in urban planning policies. Awareness campaigns on indoor pollutant sources. Incentivizing green buildings and retrofitting programs.  Concluding Insights Better design is both preventive and remedial. Where possible, a “back to basics” approach — ventilation and greenery — can be simple and effective. Indoor air quality must become a mainstream public health priority, especially in urbanizing India.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 April 2025

Content: Shuddh Jal aur Swachhta Se SwasthBachpan” campaign Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) — completes 10 glorious Years of empowering Small and Micro Entrepreneurs Shuddh Jal aur Swachhta Se SwasthBachpan” campaign Context & Objective Campaign Period: 8th to 23rd April 2025 (7th edition). Collaborating Ministries: Ministry of Women and Child Development (WCD) – Nodal for Poshan Pakhwada. Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) – Partnering to emphasize water and sanitation under Jal Shakti Ministry. Theme: “Shuddh Jal aur Swachhta Se Swasth Bachpan”. Tagline: “Purn Poshan Ki Shuruwaat, Shuddh Jal aur Swachhta Ke Saath” – highlighting the linkage of clean water and hygiene with holistic nutrition. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Social Justice, Welfare Schemes) Key Focus Areas of Poshan Pakhwada 2025 First 1000 Days of Life: Critical window for child growth and cognitive development. Integrates maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, immunization, and hygiene. Poshan Tracker App – Beneficiary Module: Aims at real-time tracking of nutritional status of beneficiaries. Improves monitoring and accountability of Anganwadi services. CMAM Module (Community-based Management of Acute Malnutrition): Targets early detection and community-based treatment of SAM/MAM children. Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles: Emphasizes prevention of childhood obesity through diet, hydration, and physical activity.  Role of DDWS: Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) Integration with Saksham Anganwadi: DDWS complements WCD’s effort through WASH campaigns. Holistic Health Model: Nutrition + Water + Sanitation = Sustainable Child Health. Key Activities by States/UTs Shuddh Jal and Swachhta Drives: Community sessions on safe water, hand hygiene, waste segregation, composting. Capacity Building for Anganwadi Workers: Training on clean water access, hygiene messaging, and counselling techniques. IEC Campaigns for Lactating Mothers: Targeted Information, Education & Communication (IEC) outreach led by ASHA and Anganwadi workers. Smart Poshan Anganwadi Certification: Recognition to Anganwadis excelling in sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition standards. Swachh Jal, Sundar Aangan Initiative: Upgrading sanitation infrastructure in Anganwadis via community involvement (SHGs). Use of murals, child-friendly water points to make hygiene attractive to children. Awareness Rallies: Community mobilization to prevent diarrheal diseases and promote handwashing.  Use of Social Media for Mass Outreach Campaign Hashtags: #DDWSJoinsPoshanPakhwada #PoshanPakhwada Objective: Digital sensitization, citizen participation, and showcasing state efforts. Broader Impact & Strategic Integration Synergy with Existing Schemes: Jal Jeevan Mission: Safe tap water supply to households. Swachh Bharat Mission – Grameen: Rural sanitation improvement. Behavioral Change Communication (BCC): Focus on changing hygiene and nutrition behaviors, especially in rural areas.  Relevance for Policy & Governance Multi-Ministerial Convergence: Demonstrates effectiveness of inter-departmental collaboration. Decentralized Implementation: Allows flexibility for local innovations by States/UTs. Scalability: Potential for institutionalizing hygiene components into all nutrition programs. Challenges Ahead Ensuring consistent quality of sanitation facilities at Anganwadi centres. Sustaining community engagement post-campaign period. Monitoring impact on child health and nutritional indicators through data feedback loops. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) — completes 10 glorious Years of empowering Small and Micro Entrepreneurs Objective and Vision Launched on 8th April 2015 by PM Narendra Modi with the vision of “Funding the Unfunded”. Aims to provide collateral-free loans to non-corporate, non-farm micro and small enterprises. A key pillar under the broader Financial Inclusion (FI) framework: Banking the Unbanked Securing the Unsecured Funding the Unfunded Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Welfare Schemes ) ,GS 3(Economy) Salient Features Loans now categorized into four segments based on stage of business: Shishu: Up to ₹50,000 Kishor: ₹50,001 – ₹5 lakh Tarun: ₹5 lakh – ₹10 lakh Tarun Plus (new in Oct 2024): ₹10 lakh – ₹20 lakh (for repeat, successful borrowers) Loans extended through Banks, NBFCs, MFIs, RRBs, etc. RBI-governed interest rates with flexible repayment options. Covers term loans and working capital for: Manufacturing Services Trading Allied agriculture (poultry, dairy, beekeeping, etc.) Key Achievements (2015–2025) Total Loans Sanctioned: 52.37 crore Total Amount Sanctioned:₹33.65 lakh crore Enhanced Credit Access: ₹11.58 lakh crore sanctioned to SC/ST/OBC beneficiaries. 68% of loan accounts belong to women entrepreneurs. Empowered marginalized groups: Over 50% of beneficiaries are from OBC/SC/ST categories. Loans disbursed to minorities: ₹3.07 lakh crore. Women Empowerment Women received the majority share (68%) of MUDRA loans. Acts as a key enabler of women-led economic participation, especially at the grassroots level. Bolsters first-generation women entrepreneurs across rural and semi-urban India. Category-wise Loan Distribution Category % of Total Loans % of Amount Sanctioned Shishu 78% 35% Kishor 20% 40% Tarun 2% 25% Tarun Plus 0% 0% (recently launched)   Shishu loans dominate in number, indicating deep rural penetration. Kishor & Tarun have larger ticket size, reflecting growth-oriented enterprises. Year-wise Growth in Sanctions FY Loans Sanctioned (Cr) Amount (₹ Lakh Cr) 2015-16 3.49 1.37 2016-17 3.97 1.80 2017-18 4.81 2.54 2018-19 5.98 3.22 2019-20 6.23 3.37 2020-21 5.07 (COVID year) 3.22 2021-22 5.38 3.39 2022-23 6.24 4.56 2023-24 6.67 5.41 2024-25* 4.53 (till Mar 21) 4.77 Special Initiatives Tarun Plus (2024): New loan category for proven borrowers. Covers ₹10–20 lakh loans, backed by Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro Units (CGFMU). Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro Units (CGFMU) established in 2016. Interest Subvention Scheme: 2% interest relief on Shishu loans in FY 2020-21 under Aatma Nirbhar Bharat. Impact and Significance Global benchmark in promoting grassroots entrepreneurship through institutional credit. Curbed exploitation by informal moneylenders by providing formal, affordable credit. Created massive self-employment opportunities and supported job creation indirectly. Instrumental in realising PM’s vision of: Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, Sabka Prayaas Reinforced inclusive growth and financial resilience, especially among rural, SC/ST, OBC, women, and youth populations. Way Forward Leverage technology and digital data (e.g., GST, Udyam, Aadhaar) for better credit appraisal. Improve credit monitoring mechanisms to reduce NPAs. Scale-up Tarun Plus to nurture high-performing entrepreneurs into growth-stage enterprises. Strengthen handholding and capacity building support through entrepreneurship development institutions

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 April 2025

Content: The gradual transformation of the Home Ministry Strengthening enforcement of judicial orders The gradual transformation of the Home Ministry Traditional Role of the MHA: A Reactive ‘Crisis Ministry’ Historically viewed as a firefighting institution — intervening during riots, insurgencies, or governance breakdowns. Reactions were typically event-driven (e.g., post-Punjab insurgency, post-2001 Indian Parliament attack). Main focus areas included Kashmir, North-East, and Naxalite zones, diverting attention from modernization. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ) Practice Question : Critically examine the transformation of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) from a reactive crisis manager to a proactive internal security institution. (250 words) Constitutional Framework & Federal Mandate Empowered by Articles 355, 256, and 356 to maintain internal security and ensure states act within constitutional limits. Integrates security and governance — unlike many democracies where internal security is fragmented. Structural and Functional Evolution Shift from reactive to proactive internal security planning. Emphasis on institutional reform over episodic response — aligning with Modi’s “Reform, Perform, Transform” mantra. From merely controlling unrest to building long-term security architecture. Key Reforms in Focus  Legislative Overhaul: Pre-2019: Laws like TADA, POTA, NIA Act — reactive in nature. Post-2019: Over 27 legislative reforms, including: Amendments to UAPA & NIA Act — defined terrorism and enabled asset seizure. Three new criminal laws: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam.  Institutional Revamp: Strengthening NIA, Multi-Agency Centre (MAC), and promoting intelligence sharing. Establishment of National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU). Full implementation of Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) – links 17,000+ police stations and judicial institutions. Technological Integration: Databases for terror suspects, digital tracking systems. Enhanced use of forensics, AI, and real-time data sharing. Modernization and Budgetary Commitment 2013-14: MHA budget at ₹38,000 crore. 2019: Crossed ₹1 lakh crore. 2024-25: ₹2.33 lakh crore – indicating prioritization of internal security and modernization. Increased allocation to Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) and force infrastructure. Security Agency Expansion CAPFs increasingly central to internal security: CRPF, BSF, CISF, ITBP, NSG, SSB, and Assam Rifles. RAF (Rapid Action Force): Key for riot and civil unrest control. Creation of CISF originally linked to managing industrial strikes, particularly in Bengal and Kerala. Administrative Changes Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) and Disaster Management added to MHA’s mandate. North-East affairs and Department of Justice carved out to improve administrative focus. Leadership Stability and Strategic Vision Frequent leadership changes earlier caused policy inconsistency (e.g., during Indira and Rajiv Gandhi). Stable leadership under PM Modi (with a continuous Home Minister) helped implement long-term reforms and maintain continuity.  Ground-Level Impact 70% reduction in violence in Kashmir, North-East, and Naxal-affected zones. Stone pelting incidents in Kashmir sharply declined post-Article 370 abrogation. North-East peace accords and development projects have improved insurgency-hit areas. Naxal regions showing signs of developmental integration and reduced violence. Challenges Ahead Need for continued state-level police modernization. Ensuring accountability and balance with enhanced legal powers (especially under UAPA). Integrating cybersecurity and emerging tech threats into internal security framework. Conclusion: From Crisis to Capacity MHA’s transformation reflects a paradigm shift from reactive crisis management to proactive governance. Strategic, institutionalized reforms have laid the foundation for a future-ready internal security apparatus. Represents a whole-of-government approach that balances legislative, institutional, and technological dimensions of security. Strengthening enforcement of judicial orders Judicial Orders vs. Ground Reality Persistent non-compliance: Despite clear judicial directives (e.g., NGT’s noise pollution order in Jaipur), enforcement on the ground remains poor. Ineffectual partial bans: Orders like restricting air horn usage at night are not comprehensive; a full ban may have been more enforceable. Disconnect: A major gap exists between judicial intent and administrative implementation, undermining the spirit of the orders. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Practice Question : Judicial orders often face challenges in enforcement, weakening their impact on governance and public trust. Critically analyse the gap between judicial orders and ground reality. Suggest measures to improve enforcement. (250 words) Significance of Enforcement in Justice Justice ≠ Orders Alone: Enforcement is intrinsic to justice. Without implementation, orders are symbolic, not transformative. Public trust erodes when judgments fail to produce real-world change. Ineffective enforcement undermines governance and reduces judicial credibility. Challenges in Enforcement Administrative reluctance: Agencies avoid acting on what they consider “minor” infractions, creating an implementation vacuum. Lack of judicial foresight: Courts often do not anticipate execution barriers during ruling formulation. CaseExample — State of Tamil Nadu v. K. Balu (2017): SC banned liquor sales within 500m of highways. Result: Widespread circumvention — highways reclassified, shops relocated just beyond 500m. Lesson: Lack of practical execution mechanisms reduces efficacy. Systemic and Legal Bottlenecks Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) Provisions: Section 38: Empowers both the issuing and executing courts. Order 21: Details procedures for execution across courts. Execution shortfalls: Issues of decree validity. Possible judicial misconduct. Absence of real-time monitoring and accountability. Examples of Effective Judicial Enforcement Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) — Passive Euthanasia Case: Clear guidelines to healthcare institutions. Built-in monitoring and oversight mechanisms ensured actual compliance. Taj Trapezium Zone directives: Green belt around Mathura oil refinery. Multi-agency collaboration. Air quality monitoring implemented based on committee recommendations. Strategies for Strengthening Enforcement Institutional Accountability: Appoint designated enforcement officers in every department/agency. Officers should be liable for audits, compliance reports, and penalized for non-enforcement. Tech Integration: Use digital tools to map orders with relevant departments. Automate compliance reporting systems with deadlines and feedback loops. Inter-agency Coordination: Judicial implementation must move beyond silos. Foster collaboration between judiciary, executive agencies, and local bodies. Public Awareness and Participation: Campaigns (like in Kathmandu) show success when legal orders are supported by public education. Civic pressure increases compliance and accountability. Transparency and Monitoring: Regular updates to courts/public on order status. Open dashboards can improve trust and track implementation.  Conclusion Judicial orders alone are not enough — implementation must be built into the judicial process. Structured enforcement ecosystem: Designated officers. Technological support. Inter-agency synergy. Public engagement. Only then can India move from judicial symbolism to judicial effectiveness.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 April 2025

Content: SC slams T.N. Governor, fixes time for assent RGI flags delay by hospitals in reporting births, deaths Why is active mobility necessary in India? Governor cannot change his mind second time: SC Genome study: 180 million genetic variants found in 9,772 individuals Soyuz spacecraft heads to the ISS, carrying two Russians and one American astronaut SC slams T.N. Governor, fixes time for assent Context: Supreme Court Criticism: SC termed Governor R.N. Ravi’s inaction on 10 re-passed Bills as unconstitutional and a violation of Article 200. Assent Deemed Given: The court deemed the 10 Bills to have received assent, despite Presidential rejection or inaction. Time Limit Fixed: SC prescribed specific time frames (1–3 months) for Governors to act on Bills henceforth. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution) Constitutional Context: Article 200: Governor can: Give assent, Withhold assent, Reserve the Bill for President. The phrase “as soon as possible” implies urgency, not indefinite delay (no pocket veto). Governor’s Role Redefined: Must be a “friend, guide, and philosopher” to the State, not a “hindrance or roadblock.” Must act on aid and advice of the State Cabinet. SC’s Time Limits for Assent: 1 Month: To withhold assent on Cabinet advice. 3 Months: To return the Bill with reasons (if withholding contrary to Cabinet advice). 3 Months: To reserve the Bill for President (if going against Cabinet). 1 Month: To give assent to a re-passed Bill. Judicial Accountability: SC warned: “Governor’s inaction is subject to judicial review.” “Determinable judicial standards” must govern gubernatorial conduct. Observations by Justice Pardiwala: No absolute or pocket veto exists. Withholding assent simpliciter (without reason) is unconstitutional. Re-passed Bills must be assented to — no personal discretion allowed. Implications: Strengthens federal principles and legislative supremacy of elected State governments. Sets judicial precedent against misuse of constitutional discretion by Governors. RGI flags delay by hospitals in reporting births, deaths Context and Importance Civil Registration System (CRS): Registers births and deaths under the Registration of Births and Deaths (RBD) Act, 1969. Vital Source of Data: With the decadal Census delayed since 2021, CRS data has become crucial for estimating population trends and policy planning. Legal Mandate: All hospitals (government and private) are required to report births and deaths within 21 days. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Key Issue Identified by RGI Delayed Reporting: Many hospitals are not promptly reporting events of birth and death as per law. Shifting Responsibility: Some hospitals wait for relatives to initiate the registration or ask them to report it themselves — violating the law. Low Compliance Among Private Hospitals: Instances cited where private hospitals outright deny responsibility. Impact of Delayed Reporting Incomplete Data: Impacts accuracy of demographic statistics, especially when Census data is unavailable. Policy Blind Spots: Affects schemes for healthcare, child welfare, maternal health, mortality tracking, pension distribution, insurance, etc. Undermines Universal Registration Goal: Although registration levels are at ~90%, the target of 100% registration remains unmet. Legal and Administrative Implications RBD Act 1969 (Amended 2023): Mandates registration on a central portal. Hospitals designated as registrars under the Act. Section 23(2): Negligence by a registrar (hospital) in registering births/deaths is punishable with a fine. Administrative Directive: RGI issued a March 17 circular to all States highlighting the issue and reiterating compliance. Systemic Gaps and Governance Issues Lack of Awareness/Training: Especially in private hospitals and rural health units. Digital Divide: Some areas may face technical issues accessing the central portal. Incentive Misalignment: Hospitals may see registration as non-core responsibility. Weak Enforcement: Limited mechanisms to monitor or penalize defaulters effectively. Way Forward Strict Enforcement & Penalties: States must penalize non-compliant institutions under the amended RBD Act. Capacity Building: Regular training of hospital staff, especially registrars, on registration protocols. Public Awareness Campaigns: Inform citizens about their right to automatic registration and the responsibility of hospitals. Digitization Push: Ensure tech infrastructure and connectivity across institutions for seamless reporting. Regular Monitoring: Monthly audits by district administration or Health Departments on registration status. Why This Matters : Accurate birth/death data aids: Infant/Maternal mortality estimation Life expectancy calculations Poverty and migration trends Health and demographic indicators It ensures transparent, evidence-based policymaking in the absence of decadal Census. Why is active mobility necessary in India? What is Active Mobility? Refers to non-motorised, human-powered modes of transport: walking, cycling, skateboarding, etc. Used for travel, not just recreation. Core to sustainable urban transport, especially amid rising urban population and traffic congestion. Relevance : GS 1(Society ,Urbanisation) Why is Active Mobility Crucial in India? Rising Urban Risks & Road Fatalities Pedestrian deaths rising: Karnataka reported 13% of India’s pedestrian fatalities in 2020. Encroachment and misuse of pedestrian/cycling paths by vehicles increase accident risks. Vulnerable groups (elderly, children, hawkers) face daily road safety threats. Urbanisation and Congestion Rapid, unregulated urbanisation has outpaced transport planning. India’s cities are seeing unprecedented traffic congestion and air pollution. 12% of India’s carbon emissions come from road transport (MoEFCC data). Health Benefits WHO: Active mobility reduces lifestyle diseases (obesity, diabetes, hypertension). Promotes mental well-being, reduces healthcare burden. Physical activity integrated into daily life encourages long-term fitness. Economic & Environmental Gains Cuts fuel expenses and household transport costs. Boosts local economies — pedestrian zones see more footfall and retail activity. Reduces urban air pollution and supports climate action goals (Paris Agreement, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities). Policy and Legislative Initiatives in India Karnataka Active Mobility Bill, 2022 Inspired by Bengaluru’s Bicycle Mayor Sathya Sankaran. Aims to protect rights of pedestrians and cyclists. Focus on legal guarantees for non-motorised transport (NMT) access, safety, and space. State-Level Initiatives Delhi: Creating pedestrian- and cycle-friendly infrastructure under its EV Policy. Pune: 300+ km of cycling lanes, Comprehensive Bicycle Plan. Chennai: Road redesigns under Smart Cities Mission (SCM). Kochi: Public Bicycle Sharing (PBS) for last-mile connectivity. Barriers to Active Mobility in India Infrastructure Deficiencies 85%+ roads fail to meet safety norms for pedestrians/cyclists (2021 data). Missing: footpaths, cycling lanes, crossing points, and shade cover. Socioeconomic and Cultural Challenges Motorised transport = social status symbol. Cars/bikes seen as markers of success — cultural resistance to walking/cycling. Climatic & Geographic Constraints Harsh weather, pollution, and long distances discourage non-motorised travel. Inadequate public transport integration with NMT. Lack of Enforcement Motor vehicles often use pedestrian/cycle lanes without penalty. Weak traffic enforcement emboldens violations and endangers users. Global Best Practices The Netherlands 35,000+ km of dedicated cycle lanes. Urban planning prioritises cyclist and pedestrian safety. Bicycle-first cities like Amsterdam integrate NMT with public transport. Germany – Berlin Mobility Act Mandates wider sidewalks, dedicated bike lanes, speed restrictions. Pedestrians and cyclists get legal priority in urban planning. European Union – Vision Zero Goal: Zero fatalities from road accidents involving non-motorised users. Focus on urban redesign and traffic calming measures. Way Forward for India National NMT Policy: Develop a central policy framework mandating active mobility in city plans. Infrastructure Investment: Build dedicated, continuous, and protected lanes for walking and cycling. Behavioral Campaigns: Promote cultural shifts away from car-dependence to people-centric mobility. Integration with Public Transit: Enable seamless multimodal travel (e.g., PBS + Metro stations). Stricter Enforcement: Penalise encroachment of NMT spaces, ensure right-of-way protection. Urban Design Reform: Prioritise mixed-use neighborhoods, compact cities, and inclusive streetscapes. Governor cannot change his mind second time: SC Context & Background Article 200 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Governor’s powers with respect to assent to Bills passed by the State Legislature. In the Tamil Nadu case, the Governor withheld assent to 10 Bills in the first instance. When the Tamil Nadu Assembly re-passed the same Bills (as per first proviso to Article 200), the Governor then referred them to the President — triggering a constitutional dispute. Relevance : GS2 ( Polity & Governance) Key Supreme Court Observations Governor has no second chance to refer a Bill to the President: If a Bill is re-passed and presented again, the Governor must give assent — he cannot withhold it or reserve it for the President. Reference to Article 200: Once the Assembly reconsiders and re-passes the Bill under the first proviso to Article 200, the Governor “shall not withhold assent”. This creates a constitutional mandate — not a discretion. Reservation for President’s consideration (Article 200 & 201) must be done only in the first instance, if required. Governor’s decision not bona fide: The court found the TN Governor’s action of withholding once, then referring to the President later, as not made in good faith. Historical comparison: The Court noted the removal of the phrase “in his discretion” from Section 75 of the Government of India Act, 1935, when evolving into Article 200. This indicates that Governors no longer enjoy independent discretion in such matters under the Constitution. Constitutional Provisions Referenced Article 200: Allows Governor to: Assent to a Bill Withhold assent Reserve the Bill for the President Return the Bill (if not a Money Bill) for reconsideration First Proviso: If the Bill is returned and re-passed, the Governor must give assent — no other options. Article 201: Deals with Bills reserved for President’s consideration.  Legal and Governance Implications Curtails misuse of constitutional provisions by Governors for political or arbitrary reasons. Reinforces legislative supremacy of the elected State Assembly after reconsideration. Establishes that Governor is a constitutional figurehead, not an independent veto-wielding authority. Prevents executive delay tactics — promotes accountability and adherence to constitutional timeframes. Sets precedent: Strengthens the constitutional convention and judicial oversight over gubernatorial overreach. Genome study: 180 million genetic variants found in 9,772 individuals Context: GenomeIndia Project GenomeIndia is a government-funded pan-India initiative to catalogue the genetic diversity of the Indian population. It aims to build a comprehensivedatabase of Indian genomes to enhance understanding of: Genetic diseases Drug response variation Population structure Precision medicine potential Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Key Findings of the Preliminary Study Sample Size: 20,000 individuals enrolled. 10,074 DNA samples sequenced (from 85 populations: 32 tribal + 53 non-tribal). Final analysis on 9,772 individuals (4,696 male + 5,076 female). Genome Diversity: 180 million genetic variants identified. Variants include: Rare variants Community-specific variants India-unique variants Disease-associated variants Variants influencing therapeutic response or resistance. Populations covered: Tribal groups: Tibeto-Burman, Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic. Non-tribal groups: Same linguistic categories. Admixed outgroup included for comparative insights. Data Storage: Genome sequence data housed at Indian Biological Data Centre, Faridabad, Haryana. Scientific & Medical Significance Precision Medicine: Enables personalised treatment based on genetic makeup. Identifies people at risk for specific diseases → early interventions. Disease Detection: Facilitates development of low-cost diagnostics. Improves detection of hereditary conditions (e.g., thalassemia, cancer predisposition). Drug Response: Predicts how different groups respond or react adversely to medications. Enhances pharmacogenomics (customized drug treatment plans). Public Health: Informs targeted vaccination and therapy strategies in epidemiology. Can reduce trial-and-error treatment, especially in chronic and rare diseases. Scientific Methodology & Rigour Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) used — gives high-resolution genetic insights. Median sample: 159 per non-tribal group, 75 per tribal group. Sufficient for identifying rare, population-specific variants. Integrates genomic data with biochemistry & anthropometric parameters — unique approach in India. Way Forward Upcoming detailed paper to give deeper insight into disease linkages. Development of India-specific genomic risk scores. Public-private collaborations for translating genetic insights into affordable diagnostics. Integration into Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission or National Health Stack. Soyuz spacecraft heads to the ISS, carrying two Russians and one American astronaut Mission Overview Launch: Soyuz MS-27 spacecraft launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. Time: 10:47 a.m. local time (11:17 a.m. IST), successfully entered orbit and is scheduled to dock at 0904 GMT. Crew Members: SergeyRyzhikov (Russia) Alexey Zubritsky (Russia) JonnyKim (USA – NASA) Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Scientific Objectives The crew will conduct 50 scientific experiments aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The mission supports: Microgravity research Space medicine Advanced material science Technology demonstrations for long-term human spaceflight Strategic & Technological Relevance Soyuz MS-27 is part of the long-standing Russian space program under Roscosmos. Despite newer Western vehicles (e.g., SpaceX Crew Dragon), Soyuz remains a vital backup due to: High reliability Simpler launch logistics Experience in emergency returns The spacecraft is decorated to commemorate 80 years since World War II ended, showcasing Russia’s strategic use of symbolism in space diplomacy. Geopolitical Significance Bilateral Space Cooperation: Despite strained Russia-U.S. ties post-Ukraine war (Feb 2022), space remains a rare domain of collaboration. NASA and Roscosmos continue crew exchanges and mutual reliance for operational continuity of ISS. Diplomatic Signal: Symbolizes scientific diplomacy and a shared commitment to peaceful outer space exploration. Could indicate a slow thaw in relations under a new U.S. administration if diplomacy continues through such avenues. Baikonur Cosmodrome – Strategic Asset Location: Situated in Kazakhstan, operated by Russia since Soviet times. Lease Agreement: Russia pays $115 million/year to Kazakhstan for usage rights. Lease extended till 2050, marking its long-term strategic role in Russia’s space infrastructure. Tourism boost: A record 2,500 tourists witnessed the launch — indicating growing public and soft power interest in space launches.

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