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Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 October 2024

Contents: The world needs blue helmets who act as blue helmets Working toward a meaningful ‘victims’ register’ in Bastar The World Needs Blue Helmets Who Act As Blue Helmets Context : The UN Peacekeeping force also known as “Blue Helmets”, are essential for establishing peace and stability in conflict affected areas while protecting civilians and innocents. However, recent crises in Gaza and Ukraine have revealed their shortcomings in taking immediate action, highlighting the urgent need for reforms in the United Nations Security Council to enhance the efficiency of the peacekeeping mission. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice question: Examine the significance of the Blue Helmets in establishing peace in conflict-hit regions. Suggest key reforms in the UNSC to enhance the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions. (250 words) Yehuda Bauer’s statement: “Thou shalt not be a victim, thou shalt not be a perpetrator, but above all, thou shalt not be a bystander”. Bauer calls one not to be a victim, perpetrator or bystander. The “bystander” is considered a silent promoter of crimes against humanity. United Nations (UN) and peacekeeping : Chapter VI of the UN Charter emphasises the peaceful resolution of disputes. Chapter VII authorises the use of force for the establishment of peace and the rule of law in cases of aggression with Security Council approval. UN Peacekeeping Forces were established in 1948 and were first deployed in the Middle East. Their purpose is to establish peace by deploying soldiers, police, and civilian peacekeepers from various countries. Blue Helmets:UN peacekeepers, known as “Blue Helmets” for their distinctive headgear, include military personnel, UN police, and civilian peacekeepers. India’s Contribution to UN Peacekeeping: India is a major contributor, with over 2,60,000 Indian personnel serving in 49 missions since 1948. India deployed the first all-women contingent in 2007 to Liberia. India has suffered over 200 casualties, one of the highest among contributing countries, showing its deep commitment to global peace. Successes of UN Peacekeeping: Successful missions in Cambodia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Angola, Timor Leste, Liberia, and Kosovo reflect the UN’s potential to establish peace. Failures of the UN as a Bystander: The Rwanda Genocide (1994): Nearly a million Tutsi civilians were killed. French continued to support the Rwandan Army, the main perpetrators of the genocide, which is an unfortunate thing, and the UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR) was a bystander. Recent conflicts in Ukraine and Israel-Gaza showcase the UN’s inaction despite 1,00,000 peacekeeping forces. Missed Opportunities: Extraordinary situations demand extraordinary interventions. The UN, with 100,000 peacekeepers, failed to engage them in sensitive areas like Ukraine and Gaza. Blue Helmets must act impartially and decisively, as in Kosovo (UNMIK 1999-2008) and Timor Leste (UNTAET, UNMIT 1999-2008). Debates on UN Security Council (UNSC) Reform: The veto power of the P5 often paralyses UN action in critical peace-establishing situations. Expansion of permanent members to include countries like India(Voice of Global South) and South Africa(representation from Africa). Reforming the veto system to agree on a majority vote among P7 is expected to improve decision-making. Conclusion: The UN must act impartially to protect civilians, using its forces effectively. Without meaningful action and reforms, the UN risks becoming irrelevant in global peacekeeping efforts. Reforms for the UNSC are the need of the hour to attain inclusive representation. Working Toward a Meaningful ‘Victims’ Register’ in Bastar Context: A recent meeting of the Union Home Minister with victims of Naxalite violence in Bastar, Chhatisgarh, to discuss the “Victims’ register”. To address the issue of victimisation from both Maoist actions and state responses. The key focus is on inclusivity and reconciliation of historical grievances. Relevance: GS 3 (Internal Security) Practice question:How can the establishment of a “victims’ register” in conflict zones like Bastar and Chhattisgarh contribute to addressing the challenges of internal security and promoting peace-building? (250 words) Location: The Bastar division is central to left-wing extremism in Chhattisgarh. Government Approach : Holistic Strategy: The initiative suggests a shift from a purely security-oriented approach to a more comprehensive strategy that includes security, development, governance, and community rights. Example: “Aspirational Districts Programme” aims for holistic development of the region Recent Successes: The government is attempting to build on recent successes in counter-Maoist operations to enhance its credibility and effectiveness. Example: “Operation Green Hunt” with approximately 190 Naxalites killed in the last year Victim Identity Complexity : Multiple Categories of Victims: Two primary categories are: Victims of Maoists: Those who have directly suffered due to Naxalite actions. Example: 2013 Darbha Valley ambush where 27 people, including senior political party leaders, were killed. Victims of the State: Individuals affected by actions of security forces and, including those victimised by the Salwa Judum, a state-sponsored militia against Maoists in Chhattisgarh.  The Supreme Court of India declared Salwa Judum illegal in 2011 due to its involvement in atrocities against tribal communities. Example:  Sarkeguda encounter in 2012, where 17 villagers including 6 minors were killed by security forces, allegedly mistaking them for Maoists, Internal Displacement: More than 55,000 tribals who fled to Andhra Pradesh reflect complexities and long-lasting impacts on locals and tribals. Victim’s register and its potential : A victims’ register is a database that documents the experiences and identities of individuals who have suffered due to conflict or violence.  Global Examples: Colombia: Over 9 million victims documented, aiding in reparations and societal integration. South Africa: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) collected testimonies from over 21,000 apartheid victims, fostering national unity. Spirit of Truth and Reconciliation: Acknowledgement: Recognizes and validates the suffering of victims. Diverse Narratives: Including experiences from both Maoist and state actions. Healing and Justice: Foundation for reconciliation efforts, providing a platform for victims. Reparations: Provides a platform for compensating victims. Policy and Planning: helps the government to take action and plan policies to support victims. Implementation Challenges: Need for Trust: Building trust with communities, as many victim accounts may be unverifiable. Risk of Division: Ensuring the initiative does not deepen societal divides and remains inclusive. Data Privacy Concerns: Safeguarding personal data to maintain confidentiality. Logistical and Financial Constraints: Securing sufficient funding and resources. Verification of Claims: Implementing mechanisms to validate victim accounts without causing additional trauma. Opportune Moment:  The current low point in Maoist activities provides a strategic opportunity for the government to engage in meaningful dialogue and address tribal aspirations effectively. This period of reduced conflict creates a unique opportunity for implementing initiatives like the victims’ register and other reconciliation efforts. Conclusion : Victims’ registry is a significant step towards fostering the trust of victims. Necessary steps like data safety and efficient verification mechanisms make the process more resilient

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 October 2024

CONTENTS Andhra Pradesh’s New Incentive for Larger Families: Addressing Declining Youth Population Linking Tonga’s Eruption to Atmospheric Disturbances Over India Fourth Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine Vitiligo Nature Restoration Law Hornets  Andhra Pradesh’s New Incentive for Larger Families: Addressing Declining Youth Population Context: In response to a declining young population in Andhra Pradesh, Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu announced plans to introduce legislation incentivizing families to have more children. This initiative aims to counteract the state’s fertility rates, which have fallen below the replacement level, potentially leading to significant long-term demographic challenges. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Concerns of Southern States in India India’s Aging Population and Fertility Trends Concerns About an Aging Population Efficacy of Pro-Natalist Policies Why CM Naidu’s Comments Are Significant Way Forward Concerns of Southern States in India Population Trends and Parliamentary Representation Fertility Success: Southern states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh have effectively reduced their fertility rates over the years through robust public health initiatives. Aging Population: This demographic success has led to a higher proportion of the aging population, which presents unique challenges, particularly concerning workforce sustainability and healthcare. Political Implications: Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister M. K. Stalin has voiced concerns that the low population growth in Southern states might lead to reduced representation in the Indian Parliament. This is a significant issue as parliamentary seats are allocated largely based on population. India’s Aging Population and Fertility Trends Recent Data and Projections Data Delays: The 2021 Census has been delayed, making the most recent reliable data from the 2020 report by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Aging Demographic: Nationally, the aging population (60+) is set to increase, with a more pronounced rise in the Southern states due to their earlier achievement of low fertility rates. Fertility Disparities: Southern states have reached replacement fertility levels (2.1 children per woman) much earlier than Northern states like Uttar Pradesh, which is only expected to reach these levels by 2025. Projected Population Growth Overall Growth: From 2011 to 2036, India’s population is expected to grow by approximately 31.1 crore, with significant contributions from states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh. Southern Contribution: In contrast, the collective population increase from the five Southern states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, Tamil Nadu) is projected to be only about 2.9 crore over the same period. Elderly Population Dynamics Doubling of Elderly Population: The number of elderly persons is expected to more than double, rising from 10 crore in 2011 to 23 crore by 2036. Regional Variations: Kerala will see nearly one in four people aged over 60 by 2036, indicating a significant shift towards an older demographic, whereas Uttar Pradesh will maintain a relatively younger demographic profile with only 12% aged 60+. Concerns About an Aging Population Increased Dependency Ratio An aging population leads to a higher dependency ratio, which is the proportion of non-working individuals (under 15 and over 60) compared to the working-age population. This shift demands more economic support from fewer working individuals. Economic and Healthcare Challenges As the population ages, there is an increased need for healthcare services and social security, which can strain public resources and fiscal budgets, particularly in healthcare sectors specialized in geriatric care. Political Implications A smaller younger population relative to other states can impact political representation, especially in the Lok Sabha. Southern states like Tamil Nadu and Kerala, which have controlled population growth effectively, fear losing parliamentary seats to states with higher population growth, such as Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Efficacy of Pro-Natalist Policies Mixed Global Success Countries like Japan, China, and various European nations have implemented pro-natalist policies to encourage higher birth rates, with varying degrees of success. While Scandinavian countries have seen some stabilization in fertility rates through supportive family systems and gender equality, nations like Japan and China have struggled to achieve significant results. Economic and Cultural Factors Financial incentives alone often prove insufficient to boost fertility rates significantly, especially in societies with high levels of prosperity and education where the costs and lifestyle impacts of raising children can outweigh governmental incentives. Why CM Naidu’s Comments Are Significant Shift in Population Discourse CM Naidu’s remarks highlight a pivotal shift from past concerns over overpopulation to current challenges associated with underpopulation and aging demographics in certain regions. Historical Context States like Andhra Pradesh were pioneers in achieving Replacement Level Fertility early on, impacting their current demographic challenges. The repeal of laws limiting the rights of individuals with more than two children to participate in local elections marks a significant policy reversal in response to these demographic trends. Way Forward Addressing Workforce Shortages Through Migration Internal migration from more populous northern states to the southern states could help balance the demographic and economic scales, providing a ready workforce that can immediately contribute to economic activities without the long-term costs of upbringing. Focus on Productivity Improving labor productivity can compensate for lower population growth, ensuring that the economic output per capita remains high and sustainable. Leveraging Demographic Dividend Capitalizing on India’s demographic dividend by maximizing the economic potential of its large young population can drive growth and development, offsetting some of the challenges posed by an aging demographic. -Source: Indian Express Linking Tonga’s Eruption to Atmospheric Disturbances Over India Context: A recent study has uncovered a surprising connection between the Tonga volcano eruption in the South Pacific Ocean and the formation of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) over the Indian subcontinent. This discovery highlights the far-reaching impact of volcanic activity on atmospheric phenomena. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Tonga Eruption Study Understanding Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) Key Facts About the Tonga Volcano About the Ring of Fire Key Highlights of the Tonga Eruption Study Ionospheric Disturbances The Tonga eruption significantly influenced space weather, impacting satellite signals through ionospheric disturbances. The eruption generated strong atmospheric gravity waves that ascended into the upper atmosphere, creating favorable conditions for the formation of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs). Atmospheric Dynamics Gravity Waves: These waves occur when buoyancy forces air upward and gravity pulls it back down, leading to oscillations that propagated extensively due to the eruption. Detection of Plasma Blobs: Increases in the ionospheric eastward electric field at dusk were observed, indicating further disruptions in the ionosphere. Understanding Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) Nature and Formation EPBs are formed through plasma instabilities in the equatorial ionosphere, manifesting as regions of depleted plasma. While they originate in the equatorial ionosphere, EPBs can extend and affect the global ionosphere up to 15° north and south of the Earth’s equator. Impacts on Communication EPBs can scatter radio waves traveling through the ionosphere, leading to significant signal degradation. This scattering is a critical issue for systems dependent on high-frequency radio waves, including satellite communications and GPS. Variability EPBs are most frequently observed during the Winter solstice and are least common during the Summer solstice, indicating significant seasonal variability. Key Facts About the Tonga Volcano Situated in the western South Pacific Ocean, west of Tonga’s main inhabited islands. Part of the Tofua Arc, which itself is a segment of the larger Tonga-Kermadec volcanic arc, known for its active subduction zone dynamics. The volcano is part of the Ring of Fire, formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Indo-Australian Plate. Volcanic Features Submarine Volcano: Comprising two small uninhabited islands, Hunga-Ha’apai and Hunga-Tonga, it highlights the undersea nature of volcanic activity in this region. About the Ring of Fire Many volcanoes in the Ring of Fire were created through a process of subduction. And most of the planet’s subduction zones happen to be located in the Ring of Fire It is a string of at least 450 active and dormant volcanoes that form a semi-circle, or horse shoe, around the Philippine Sea plate, the Pacific Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate. There is a lot of seismic activity in the area. 90 per cent of all earthquakes strike within the Ring of Fire -Source: Indian Express Fourth Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine Context: India quietly launched its fourth nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) at the Ship Building Center (SBC) in Visakhapatnam, enhancing its nuclear deterrence capabilities. Relevance: GS III: Defence India’s Fourth Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN), Codenamed S4* Development and Capabilities The fourth SSBN, codenamed S4*, is notable for its high level of indigenous content, nearly 75 percent, showcasing India’s advancing capabilities in defense technology. Equipped with K-4 ballistic missiles, S4* has a significant strike capability with missiles having a range of 3,500 km. These missiles are launched from vertical launching systems, enhancing the submarine’s operational readiness and strike capabilities. Evolution and Comparison  S4* is part of a class that began with INS Arihant. While INS Arihant is equipped with 750 km range K-15 nuclear missiles, its successors including INS Arighaat, INS Aridhaman, and now S4* carry the more advanced K-4 ballistic missiles. Following the commissioning of INS Arighaat in August 2024, and with INS Aridhaman scheduled for commissioning the following year, S4* represents the latest advancement in this submarine lineage. Both INS Arihant and INS Arighaat are already conducting deep-sea patrols. Naming Convention Reflecting a systematic naming convention that ties back to India’s first leased nuclear attack submarine INS Chakra (S1), the progression has been consistent: INS Arihant (S2), INS Arighaat (S3), INS Aridhaman (S4), and the latest, S4*, which awaits a formal name. General Characteristics of SSBNs Strategic Military Role Only a few countries operate SSBNs, including the United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and India. These nations utilize SSBNs for their strategic nuclear deterrent capabilities. SSBNs are primarily designed for second-strike purposes, to ensure a country’s ability to respond with nuclear weapons even after a devastating first strike, thus underpinning the principle of mutual assured destruction. The operational effectiveness of an SSBN is highlighted by its virtually unlimited range. The only constraints are food supplies, crew fatigue, and maintenance requirements, allowing these submarines to remain submerged for extended periods without surfacing. -Source: The Hindu Vitiligo Context: A new Kannada film is attempting to take the veil of stigma off from a vitiligo disease that is usually the subject of stereotypes and ignorance in India. Relevance: GS II: Health Overview of Vitiligo Nature and Causes of Vitiligo Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder characterized by the loss of skin color in patches. This occurs due to the destruction or malfunction of melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin, which is responsible for the skin’s color. The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors: Autoimmune Reaction: In many cases, the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys melanocytes. Environmental Triggers: Factors such as oxidative stress, physical trauma, severe sunburn, or exposure to certain chemicals might trigger the onset or exacerbation of the condition. Symptoms and Development Affected individuals develop white patches on the skin, which can appear on any part of the body including the skin, hair, and mucous membranes such as the lining of the mouth. Vitiligo typically starts as small white spots, which can spread and merge over time to cover larger areas. Demographics and Prevalence Age of Onset: It can appear at any age but is most commonly observed before the age of 30. Global Prevalence: Between 0.5% and 2% of the world’s population is affected by vitiligo, translating to roughly 100 million people globally. It impacts men and women equally. Treatment Approaches Management of Symptoms: While there is no cure for vitiligo, various treatments are available that aim to manage the symptoms and attempt to restore some degree of skin pigmentation: Topical Treatments: These include corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors which may help reduce the progression of depigmentation and, in some cases, might restore pigment. Phototherapy: Using ultraviolet light to stimulate melanocytes can be effective in restoring some color to the affected areas. Impact and Support Vitiligo can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, primarily due to cosmetic issues and the social stigma associated with visible skin conditions. Support from dermatologists, coupled with appropriate treatment plans and psychological support, can help manage the condition effectively and improve the life quality of those affected. -Source: Down To Earth Nature Restoration Law Context: The Nature Restoration Law (NRL), which was enacted by the European Union (EU), is an inspiring model from which India can draw points to tackle its growing environmental crises. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Nature Restoration Law (NRL) in the European Union The Nature Restoration Law (NRL) is an initiative by the European Union to combat the pressing issues of climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation. This law represents a significant step as it is the first comprehensive, continent-wide legislation specifically focused on ecological restoration. The NRL is a central component of the broader EU Biodiversity Strategy, which outlines binding targets for restoring ecosystems, particularly those that are crucial for carbon sequestration and mitigating natural disasters. Key Provisions and Goals The law mandates that Member States must restore at least 20% of the EU’s land and sea areas by 2030. This includes a diverse range of ecosystems such as terrestrial, coastal, freshwater, forest, agricultural, and urban areas. By 2050, the ambition extends to include all ecosystems that require restoration across the EU. Specific Initiatives: Urban Green Spaces: Enhancing urban areas with more green spaces to improve air quality, biodiversity, and residents’ mental health. River Restoration: Promoting free-flowing rivers by removing artificial barriers, which aids in restoring natural water systems and enhancing aquatic biodiversity. Pollinators and Tree Planting: Aiming to increase pollinator populations crucial for agriculture and ecosystem health, and committing to planting 3 billion additional trees across the EU by the target date. Implementation and Planning Each Member State is required to draft detailed plans outlining their specific strategies to meet the NRL targets. These plans must ensure that restored areas are maintained and do not undergo significant deterioration. Member States are also instructed to evaluate the socio-economic impacts and benefits of their restoration activities. This includes estimating the financial resources necessary for effective implementation. Monitoring and Compliance The European Commission will oversee the progress of Member States in meeting their restoration goals, ensuring adherence to the NRL and evaluating the effectiveness of the measures implemented. -Source: Indian Express Hornets Context: According to a recent study, a species of hornet that often munches on foods containing alcohol can hold its liquor, without any side effects, at levels that no other known animal can tolerate. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Hornets Hornets are a specific group within the insect family Vespidae, which also includes yellow jackets, paper wasps, potter wasps, and pollen wasps. There are about 20 known species of hornets, primarily distributed across Asia, Europe, and Africa. Additionally, one species has been introduced to North America. Typically, hornets are black or brown with distinct yellow or yellowish markings, making them easily recognizable among other wasp species. Behavior and Ecology Hornets are highly social insects that live in large, organized colonies. These colonies are structured with queens, workers, and drones, each playing specific roles within the hive. Hornets prefer to build their nests in elevated areas, often high up in trees, under eaves, or in other sheltered spots where they can remain undisturbed. Dietary Habits Hornets have a diet that includes both sugar and protein. They are predatory on other insects, such as honeybees and various species of social wasps. Hornets capture these insects and chew them into a paste to feed their larvae. Their predatory nature helps control the populations of other insects, which can be beneficial for ecological balance. However, their impact on honeybees can be detrimental to apiculture. Safety and Sting Hornets are known for their ability to release more venom per sting than any other stinging insect, which contributes to their reputation for being dangerous. However, they are not necessarily more aggressive than other wasps unless provoked. The venom of hornets can cause significant pain and, in rare cases, severe allergic reactions in humans. Due to their size and the volume of venom they inject, hornet stings are particularly feared. Notable Species The northern giant hornet or Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) is especially noteworthy as the largest hornet species globally. Native to Asia, this species has garnered international attention for its size and the potential threat it poses to honeybee populations. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 October 2024

CONTENTS BIMSTEC Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr BIMSTEC Context: India’s National Centre for Good Governance (NCGG) has initiated its first-ever Mid-Career Training Programme for civil servants from the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) nations. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (Foreign Policies affecting India’s Interests, Important International groupings), Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About BIMSTEC History of Formation of the BIMSTEC Significance of BIMSTEC About BIMSTEC The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation of seven nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia: Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Sri Lanka Myanmar (South-east Asia) Thailand (South-east Asia) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are the member states dependent on the Bay of Bengal. Its members lie in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity. BIMSTEC not only connects South and Southeast Asia, but also the ecologies of the Great Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Fourteen priority sectors of cooperation have been identified and several BIMSTEC centres have been established to focus on those sectors. The permanent secretariat of the BIMSTEC is in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The BIMSTEC uses the alphabetical order for the Chairmanship which has been taken in rotation commencing with Bangladesh (1997–1999). History of Formation of the BIMSTEC In 1997, a new sub-regional grouping was formed in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997 during a special Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, the Group was renamed ‘BIMST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). In 2004, at the first Summit the grouping was renamed as BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation. Significance of BIMSTEC BIMSTEC acts as a platform for intra-regional cooperation between SAARC and ASEAN members. Around one-fourth of the world’s traded goods cross the Bay of Bengal every year. Important Connectivity Projects related to BIMSTEC Kaladan Multimodal Project – links India and Myanmar. Asian Trilateral Highway – connecting India and Thailand through Myanmar. Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement – for seamless flow of passenger and cargo traffic. Strategic Significance for India BIMSTEC Enables India to pursue three core policies: Neighbourhood First- primacy to the country’s immediate periphery; Act East- connect India with Southeast Asia; and Economic development of India’s North Eastern states- by linking them to the Bay of Bengal region via Bangladesh and Myanmar. India has moved from Look East Policy to Act East Policy and Indo Pacific cooperation through its diaspora, culture and connectivity. This has led to India’s goodwill in the region. Allows India to counter China’s creeping influence in countries around the Bay of Bengal due to the spread of its Belt and Road Initiative. Physical connectivity with BIMSTEC would also help India integrate itself with ASEAN’s Master Plan of Connectivity 2025. A new platform for India to engage with its neighbours with South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) becoming dysfunctional because of differences between India and Pakistan. BIMSTEC suddenly received special attention as New Delhi chose to treat it as a more practical instrument for regional cooperation over a faltering SAARC. Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr Context: Recently, INS Trikand and Dornier Maritime Patrol Aircraft, participated in the Indo-Oman bilateral naval exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr held in Goa. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr Bilateral Naval Exercise Between India and Oman Initiation: Started in 1993, Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr marks the deep-rooted strategic relationship between India and Oman. Oman is notable for being the first member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to engage in joint naval exercises with India. Structure and Phases of the Exercise Phases: The exercise is structured in two main phases: Harbour Phase: Features professional exchanges between navy personnel from both nations, encompassing Subject Matter Expert Exchanges, planning conferences, and also includes sports and social activities. Sea Phase: Focuses on practical naval operations such as gun firings at surface targets, anti-aircraft firings, naval maneuvers, and Replenishment at Sea Approaches (RASAPS). Operational Highlights Helicopter and Aircraft Operations: An integral helicopter from INS Trikand performed cross-deck landings and vertical replenishment (VERTREP) operations with the Royal Navy of Oman vessel, RNOV Al Seeb. The Indian Navy’s Dornier aircraft enhanced the operational scope by providing Over-the-Horizon Targeting (OTHT) data to the ships involved in the exercises. Strategic Importance Enhancing Interoperability: The exercise is crucial for enhancing interoperability between the two navies, fostering mutual understanding and sharing of best practices in maritime operations.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 October 2024

Content : An approaching milestone in constitutional governance The case for a nature restoration law in India  An Approaching Milestone In Constitutional Governance Context: 26th November 2024 marks the 75th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of India. This milestone reflects how constitutional governance has shaped its democratic institutions and promoted national identity Relevance: GS 2 (Indian Polity, Governance ) Practice question: Discuss the significance of India marking the 75th anniversary of its Constitution. In this context, Highlight the key areas India must focus on in the coming years . (250 words ) Five core constitutional values contributed to India’s democratic journey as highlighted by the article. Respect for democratic institutions : Democratic Institutions: These are the structures and processes through which a democratic government administers. E.g. Legislature, Executive, Judiciary, Electoral system, etc Citizens’ respect for democracy is reflected in high voter percentages For example, 65.79% of voter turnout in the 2024 general elections. At certain times, citizens faced frustrations about political performances and elected representatives, but citizens’ trust in the election process and democratic institutions remained intact. Socioeconomic developments and improved standard of living and quality of life have further contributed to increased citizen engagement with democratic institutions. Smooth transition of power: Political Maturity: Evident through the peaceful transfer of power post-elections. Stability in Governance: Political parties, regardless of ideologies, embraced outcomes. Electors remain the ultimate decision-makers through voting , reflecting their will . Protection of rights and freedom : India is committed to individual freedom,as highlighted by the role of the judiciary in protecting fundamental rights. Example: The Supreme Court’s ruling in the Puttaswamy v. Union of India case (2017) recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right. The framers of the Constitution prioritised citizens’ rights over state powers. Over a period of time, both constitutional freedoms and checks on state authority reinforced Federalism as a key Pillar of constitutional Governance: The framers respected linguistic, cultural and other diversities and decided to protect the unique identities, tradition and culture of the states. They provided different autonomies and privileges, keeping in mind the unique history and culture of states. Inclusivity and equity were given due importance. The idea of federalism was further deepened at two important levels. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which led to the establishment of local governments. The rise of state-level political parties. Role of Media and Civil Society : The Media and civil societies are instrumental in promoting faith in democracy. Broadcasting and further innovations have democratised access to information. Multilingual media highlights the diversity. Media and civil societies challenge and criticise autonomy wherever it was necessary. Way forward : Strengthening Democratic Institutions: E.g. voter apathy among the urban and middle class. For instance, voter turnout in urban areas like Mumbai has often been below 50%. Ensuring Social Justice and Equality: E.g. The top 1% holds over 40% of the wealth, highlighting the need for stronger redistributive policies Enhancing Judicial Reforms: As of 2024, Over 4 crore cases are pending in Indian courts, Advancing Digital Governance: Currently only 40% of rural India has access to the internet. Protecting Secularism: Incidents like the  2020 Delhi riots threaten India’s secular fabric. Addressing Regional and Ethnic Tensions: The Manipur crisis highlights growing regional and ethnic tensions. Conclusion : India, with the 75th anniversary of its Constitution, has proven sceptics like General Claude Auchinleck and Winston Churchill wrong , who doubted India’s unity. The Constitution is evolving not only as a legal framework but also as a social and political framework. The Case for a Nature Restoration Law in India India needs to draw inspiration from the European Union’s Nature Restoration Law (NRL) and create a similar legislative framework to address the pressing issue of the degradation of the ecosystem in India. E.g.India’s 30% geographical area under the verge of land degradation. Relevance: GS3 (Environment ) Practice question: Discuss the issue of land degradation in India and its impact on both the economy and the environment. Explain how a nature restoration law can provide a potential solution. (250 words ) Key Features of the EU’s Nature Restoration Law (NRL) : Adoption and Objectives: The EU passed this law in June 2024, part of the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy and the European Green Deal. Restoration Targets: Aim for a minimum of 20% of the EU’s land and sea restoration by 2030 and complete ecosystem restoration by 2050. Implementation: Restoration of rivers, planting three billion trees, and focusing on various ecosystems like forests, urban spaces, and agricultural lands. India’s Environmental Challenges : The extent of Land Degradation: Nearly 97.85 million hectares (29.7% of India’s total area) are degraded as per ISRO’s Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas, with states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka most affected. Desertification: Approximately 83.69 million hectares are facing challenges of desertification impacts. Existing Programs: India has initiated programs like the Green India Mission, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, and the National Afforestation Programme, but more concrete and legally binding targets are required. Expected Features of Nature Restoration Law in India Restoration Targets: The aim to restore 20% of degraded lands by 2030 and all ecosystems by 2050. Wetland Conservation: Aiming to restore 30% of degraded wetlands by 2030 , with a special focus on key wetlands like Chilika and Sunderbans. Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture: Promote sustainable practices and agroforestry, using biodiversity indicators like the butterfly index to monitor progress. River Restoration: Begin with major rivers , such as the Ganga and Yamuna, targeting pollution control and restoration of free-flowing rivers. Urban Green Spaces: Enforce a policy of no net loss of green spaces and encourage the development of urban forests in cities suffering from heat islands. Economic and Social Benefits of Nature Restoration : Economic Gains: The World Economic Forum estimates that nature restoration could generate up to $10 trillion globally by 2030. Agricultural Productivity and Water Security. Job Creation: Large-scale restoration projects could create millions of jobs. Climate Mitigation: Healthy ecosystems function as carbon sinks, helping India meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement. Conclusion : A nature restoration law can serve as a potential solution for the growing environmental crisis in India. It will help achieve sustainable development goals (SDG-15 ) related to forests and desertification.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 October 2024

CONTENTS 94 Years Since India’s Sole Home-Grown Nobel Laureate in Sciences Pressing Need for Indian Railways’ Safety Reforms The $1 Trillion Challenge for India’s Just Transition from Coal Prohibition of Child Marriage Act Marine Heat Wave Moonlight Programme Coelogyne tripurensis  94 Years Since India’s Sole Home-Grown Nobel Laureate in Sciences Context: It has been 94 years since an Indian won a Nobel Prize in the sciences — Physics, Chemistry or Medicine — while working in India. CV Raman’s Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 remains the only such honour. Three more Indian-origin scientists have won — Hargovind Khorana in Medicine in 1968, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar in Physics in 1983, and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan in Chemistry 2009 — but they did their work outside India and were not Indian citizens when they were honoured. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for India’s Poor Performance in Nobel Prizes in Science What to do Next with India’s Science Nobel Prizes Performance? Reasons for India’s Poor Performance in Nobel Prizes in Science Lack of Adequate Funding and Investment Government Support: The government of India provides miserably poor funding in terms of scientific research as compared to the other BRICS countries, with only 0.6-0.8% of GDP funding for basic research over the last decade. Decline in R&D Spending: R&D spending declined between 2005 and 2023 from 0.82% to 0.64% of the GDP Bureaucratic Challenges Bureaucratic Hurdles: Bureaucratic delays in research centers hamper innovation and productivity. The procurement of equipment at IIT Delhi may take as long as 11 months. Taxation and Procurement Burden: Information such as the GST notice amounting to Rs 150 crores issued to IIT Delhi and compulsion for procurement through Government e-Marketplace (GeM) gives rise to financial and operational burdens. Shortage of Researcher-end Few Researchers Population: India has very few researchers compared to the population, five times less compared to the world average, which reduces the possibilities of Nobel laureates. Institutional Mal-governance Lack of Right Priorities: The discretion given by the heads often works in the favor of individual gains rather than promoting breakthrough research. Irrelevant Research Concentration: A trend of operating over obsoleted or archaic research topics drastically limits the scope of the scientific miracles to be achieved. Lack of Innovation Publication Counts Over Innovation : Most of the publically funded research is focussed on the number of publications over the quality and innovation. Foreign technology duplication or adaptation instead of developing indigenous solutions is the trend. Private Sector vs. Public Institutions Private Sector Success Story: Any notable success story-think of vaccine development during the Covid-19 pandemic-are generally attributed to the private sector and almost to nothing with government-sponsored research efforts. Unhealthy Institutional Environment Challenges for returning scientists to India: Foreign-trained Indian scientists are unable to work in an institutional environment that does not encourage anything pioneering and is more focused on administrative promotion rather than scientific excellence. Historical Overlooks and Nominations Foregone Opportunities: Various chief Indian scientists, such as Jagadish Chandra Bose, K S Krishnan, and ECG Sudarshan, are said to have tremendous contributions toward originality though they were not well-known during the Nobel nominations. Nobel Nominations: A number of top scientists from India, such as Meghnad Saha, Homi Bhabha, are on the list who visited for the nominations but did not win awards, perhaps due to biasness or unawareness of complete work done by them Western Influence Global Disparity: It is quite stark that the country groups dominating Nobel Prizes are those powerful Western nations, who have strong scientific infrastructures and ecosystems working very much in support of them and both lacking in India. What to do Next with India’s Science Nobel Prizes Performance? India’s government should promise at an early stage to raise the share of research and development in GDP and commit in the near term to at least 1.5% per cent. Support and fund high-risk, high-reward programs that lead to revolutionary technologies. Use multidisciplinary review panels with backgrounds relevant to the field of research being proposed. This will reduce the risk of missing valuable ideas based on bias or a lack of understanding. Improving access to STEM education and investing in tertiary education will also improve the scope and quality of the researcher pool. Merit- or potential-social-impact-based distribution rather than personal ambition Coordination between research institutes under the government and private sector firms to enhance research capabilities and innovation National-level awards and recognitions to encourage significant efforts leading to path-breaking work. Advise Indian scientists to join hands with the international research communities, share knowledge and resources that will leverage Indian research to an international level. -Source: Indian Express Pressing Need for Indian Railways’ Safety Reforms Context: Recently, eight coaches of the Agartala-Lokmanya Tilak Express derailed in Assam with no casualties and a passenger train rear-ended a stationary goods train near Chennai, also with no casualties. Indian trains have been involved in multiple accidents of late. The Balasore accident on June 2, 2023, had the greatest death toll, more than 275, yet pressure on the Railways to improve safety competes with pressures straining its subsistence. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: How common are accidents? What is Kavach?  Indian Railways’ Operational and Financial Challenges How common are accidents? The number of railway accidents dropped from 1,390 per year in the 1960s to 80 per year in the last decade. There were still 34 consequential accidents in 2021-2022, 48 in 2022-23, and 40 in 2023-2024. A consequential accident injures and/or kills people, damages railway infrastructure, and disrupts rail traffic. According to public records, 55.8% of all accidents involving trains have been due to the failure of Railway staff and another 28.4% due to failures on the part of non-staff people. Equipment failure accounted for 6.2%. In both the Balasore and the Kavaraipettai accidents, officials blamed the signalling system. What is Kavach?  It is India’s very own automatic protection system in development since 2012, under the name Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), which got rechristened to Kavach or “armour”. In other words, it is a set of electronic devices and Radio Frequency Identification devices installed in locomotives, in the signalling system as well the tracks, that talk to each other using ultra high radio frequencies to control the brakes of trains and also alert drivers, all based on the logic programmed into them.  One of its features is that by continuously refreshing the movement information of a train, it is able to send out triggers when a loco pilot jumps signal, called Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD), a grave offence in railway operations with respect to safety, and the key to accidents like collision. The devices also continuously relay the signals ahead to the locomotive, making it useful for loco pilots in low visibility, especially during dense fog. TCAS or Kavach includes the key elements from already existing, and tried and tested systems like the European Train Protection and Warning System, and the indigenous Anti Collison Device. It will also carry features of the high-tech European Train Control System Level-2 in future. The current form of Kavach adheres to the highest level of safety and reliability standard called Safety Integrity Level 4. By February 2024, the Railways had installed ‘Kavach’ on 1,465 route km, or 2% of its total route length. Since 1990-1991, the Railways has classified nearly 70% of all major accidents as derailments, but only 2% of them were due to collisions. ‘Kavach’ also may not have prevented the Kavaraipettai accident because the relevant error happened beyond the minimum margins ‘Kavach’ requires to assist. Indian Railways’ Operational and Financial Challenges In the fiscal year 2024-2025, the Indian Railways’ operating ratio (OR) is slightly improved at ₹98.2 per ₹100 earned compared to previous years but remains high, limiting capital expenditure and increasing reliance on government and extra-budgetary funding. Despite incorporating the railway budget into the general budget in 2016 for better financial support, challenges persist with high operating costs and a heavy debt load from Extra-Budgetary Resources (EBRs). Freight services, contributing 65% of internal revenue, face inefficiencies with slow speeds and incomplete dedicated freight corridors, impacting revenue growth. The shift towards renewable energy and reduced reliance on coal freight also affects revenue streams. Passenger services continue to operate at a loss, exacerbated by the pandemic and high operational costs, despite attempts to boost revenue through upgraded services and fare adjustments. Safety and operational efficiency are compromised by high network congestion and outdated safety systems, stressing the urgent need for substantial investments to improve the Railways’ infrastructure and financial health. -Source: The Hindu The $1 Trillion Challenge for India’s Just Transition from Coal Context: A recent study by iForest (International Forum for Environment, Sustainability and Technology) reveals that India will need over $1 trillion (Rs 84 lakh crore) over the next 30 years for a just transition away from coal. The study, the first of its kind, estimates the costs of phasing down coal mines and plants while ensuring socio-economic stability in coal-dependent regions.  Relevance: GS III: Energy Dimensions of the Article: Coal Resource in India Ensuring Just Energy Transition in India International Support for Coal Phase-Down – Case Studies Findings from the Study of Coal-Dependent Districts in India Coal Resource in India The total estimated coal reserve (resource) of India is 378.21 billion tonnes as on 01.04.2023, as per the National Coal Inventory 2023. All India Production of coal during 2023-24 was 997.83 MT with a positive growth of 11.71%. According to the existing Import policy, coal can be imported freely by the consumers themselves based on the assessment of their needs coming out of their commercial consideration (under Open General Licence). Coking Coal is being imported by the Steel sector mainly to bridge the gap between requirement and Indigenous availability and to improve the quality. Other sectors like Power sector, cement etc. and coal traders are importing non-coking coal. The total import of coal during 2023-24 was 261 million tonnes. Ensuring Just Energy Transition in India What is “just” energy transition? A “just” energy transition refers to an equitable and inclusive shift toward a low-carbon economy, keeping in mind the needs of the workforce and the communities that depend on fossil fuels. India is the world’s second-largest coal producer and employs thousands of people in coal mines, thermal power plants, logistics, and others. Public sector coal companies alone employ over 3.6 lakh workers, and the private sector comprises hundreds of thousands more. As India sets itself the net-zero target by 2070, adding to renewable energy is essential. It poses an enormous financial and social cost to repair when it has to change in terms of workers dependent on coal and regions that are coal-dependent Economic stability versus climate goals would require massive investments. Transition costs The study of just transition from coal in India that is based on an appraisal of districts coal dependent and international examples from South Africa, Germany, and Poland identifies the eight main cost areas These are: mine closures and site repurposing,  , retiring coal plants and converting them to clean energy,  , skilling workers for green jobs,  , promotion of new businesses,  , community support, green energy investments, compensation of states for revenue loss, and planning costs. Close to 48% of the estimated $1 trillion needed over the next three decades will go for green investments to substitute the coal-based energy infrastructure with cleaner alternatives. Source of funding for this transition Funding India’s just transition away from coal will require a mix of public and private investments. Grants and subsidies will be the main source of public funding, which will cover the “non-energy” expenditure, including community support, skilling coal workers for green jobs, and supporting new businesses. The $4 billion District Mineral Foundation fund collected from miners in the country can be used to support new businesses and coal-dependent communities, which can supplement CSR funding. Private investment will be expected to assume the majority of “energy costs,” such as those involved in developing clean energy projects and green infrastructure. International Support for Coal Phase-Down – Case Studies South Africa’s Just Energy Transition Partnerships and Funding: The Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET-IP) of South Africa is bolstered by international support from the UK, France, Germany, the US, the EU, the Netherlands, and Denmark. Financial Plan: The initiative needs $98 billion over twenty years, with an initial $8.5 billion planned for 2023-2027. Allocation of Funds: A significant portion of the funding is allocated towards investments in green energy, utilizing concessional loans, grants, and collaborations between public and private sectors.   Germany’s Legislative Measures on Coal Phase-Out Legislation and Timeline: Germany has legislated the termination of coal power by 2038 and has earmarked over $55 billion for closing coal mines and power plants. Regional Support: These funds are also designated to aid economic development in coal-dependent regions, ensuring a smoother transition from coal-based economies. Findings from the Study of Coal-Dependent Districts in India Study Focus: An analysis was conducted on four coal-reliant districts: Korba (Chhattisgarh), Bokaro and Ramgarh (Jharkhand), and Angul (Odisha), evaluating their dependency on coal and the financial implications of transitioning away from it. Economic Impact in Bokaro: Economic Contribution: In Bokaro, coal-based industries account for 54% of the district’s domestic product. Employment: The sector employs approximately 139,000 workers in coal mining, power generation, and related industries such as steel and cement. Transition Costs and Timeline: Phase-Down Projection: The full phase-down of coal in Bokaro is projected to commence post-2040. Transition Budget: An estimated Rs 1.01 lakh crore will be required over 30 years to facilitate worker rehabilitation, repurposing of coal sites, and the development of green energy infrastructure. -Source: Indian Express Prohibition of Child Marriage Act Context: The Supreme Court has rejected the government’s plea to enforce the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) over personal laws, urging Parliament to consider banning child betrothals. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006 Why should the minimum age of marriage for women be raised? Schemes/Policies to stop girl child marriage Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act was implemented in 2006, replacing the older Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929. The primary goal of the PCMA is to prevent the solemnization of child marriages and to eradicate this practice entirely. Key Provisions The legal minimum age for marriage under this act is set at 21 years for boys and 18 years for girls. Marriages below these ages are considered illegal and punishable. The act allows anyone to report incidents of child marriage, whether they have already occurred or are about to be solemnized. Implementation and Enforcement District Collectors act as Nodal Officers at the district level, tasked with reviewing and ensuring the effective implementation of the act. Child Marriage Prohibition Officers (CMPO): Appointed in every state, CMPOs work to prevent child marriages and protect victims, as well as to prosecute offenders. They are also empowered to provide legal aid to victims and to present cases before the Child Welfare Committee or a First-Class Judicial Magistrate. Legal Remedies and Petitions Annulment of Marriage: A petition to nullify a child marriage can be filed by the married individuals themselves if they are below 18 at the time of marriage, or by a guardian in conjunction with the CMPO if they are still minors. Jurisdiction: The District Court, including the Family Court and other specified civil courts, has the authority to grant nullity of marriages. Punishments and Legal Consequences Child marriage is a punishable offence, potentially leading to rigorous imprisonment, fines, or both. Courts are also authorized to issue injunctions to prevent the occurrence of child marriages. Offences under this act are cognizable and non-bailable, ensuring serious legal proceedings against violators. Protection and Support for Victims Support Services: The act ensures comprehensive support for rescued children, including medical and legal aid, counselling, and rehabilitation. Rights of Children from Child Marriages: It safeguards the legal status of children born from such unions, providing for their custody and maintenance. Women’s Rights: Provisions are made for the residence and maintenance of the female contracting party involved in a child marriage. Why should the minimum age of marriage for women be raised? Lack of access to education and jobs: Because women get married at a younger age, they have less access to education and jobs than men. Women who get married at a young age often can’t go to school or get a job. If the minimum age for marriage goes up, more women will go to college and work instead of getting married. Effects of early marriage on the health of women and children: o Getting married and having children at a young age has a big effect on how well mothers and their children eat and on their overall health and mental health. Young mothers have a higher chance of having problems with their reproductive health, being malnourished, bleeding after giving birth, and getting sexually transmitted diseases. Schemes/Policies to stop girl child marriage: Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) – SSY was started in 2015 to help girls. It encourages parents to invest and save money for their daughter’s future education and wedding costs. Balika Samriddhi Yojana – The Balika Samriddhi Yojana is another programme run by the central government to help girls from poor families. This plan makes sure that girls get into and stay in elementary and secondary schools. It tries to help a girl’s child do well in life and gives them a better education. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao is the most popular programme for helping girls. This plan is a way to honour girls. Its name, Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl Child, means exactly what it says. It believes in empowering women and making an environment where everyone can do that. The goal of this plan is to keep girls safe before and after they are born. -Source: Indian Express Marine Heat Wave Context: Researchers found that marine heat waves (MHWs) deep in oceans may be “significantly under-reported” and caused by ocean currents. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Marine Heatwave Impact of Marine Heatwave on Rainfall in Northwest India Impacts of Marine Heatwaves Marine Heatwave: Marine heatwaves are prolonged periods of abnormally high Sea Surface Temperature (SST). These events can lead to coral bleaching, seagrass destruction, and loss of kelp forests, impacting the fisheries sector negatively. Common drivers of marine heatwaves include ocean currents that accumulate warm water and air-sea heat flux, which is warming from the atmosphere through the ocean surface. Winds can amplify or dampen the warming effects of a marine heatwave, and climate modes like El Niño can influence the occurrence of these events in specific regions. Impact of Marine Heatwave on Rainfall in Northwest India: The marine heatwave in the Bay of Bengal elevated sea surface temperatures, resulting in increased evaporation rates and a higher supply of moisture in the atmosphere. This surplus moisture contributed to above-average rainfall in northwest India. The marine heatwave likely influenced the formation and behavior of low-pressure systems called depressions in the Bay of Bengal. These depressions play a significant role in monsoon and rainfall patterns. The marine heatwave, along with changing timescales of depressions, affected the path and trajectory of these weather systems. Depressions were more inclined to move towards northwest India rather than north-central India, leading to a concentration of rainfall in the northwest region and resulting in above-average rainfall in that area. Impacts of Marine Heatwaves: Ecosystem Structure: Marine heatwaves can alter ecosystem structure by favoring certain species while suppressing others. Mass Mortality: Marine heatwaves have been associated with mass mortality events in marine invertebrates, leading to significant ecological disruptions. Behavioral Changes: Species may be forced to change their behavior in response to marine heatwaves, putting them at increased risk of harm. Habitat Range Shifts: Marine heatwaves can cause shifts in the habitat ranges of species, resulting in changes to ecosystem dynamics. For example, the expansion of spiny sea urchins into new areas can negatively impact kelp forests. Economic Losses: Marine heatwaves can have significant economic impacts, particularly on fisheries and aquaculture industries. Biodiversity Loss: Marine heatwaves can lead to drastic declines in biodiversity, affecting the overall health and functioning of marine ecosystems. Corals and Bleaching: Marine heatwaves can cause widespread coral bleaching, leading to coral mortality and ecosystem degradation. Interaction with Other Stressors: Marine heatwaves often occur alongside other stressors such as ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and overfishing. These combined stressors can further damage habitats and increase the risks of deoxygenation and acidification in affected areas. -Source: Down To Earth Moonlight Programme Context: Recently, the European Space Agency (ESA) at the International Astronautical Congress, launched its Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS) programme. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology About Moonlight Programme: The program will consist of about five lunar satellites, one for high data rate communications and four for navigation that will enable precise autonomous landings, high-speed communications and surface mobility. It is Europe’s first-ever dedicated satellite constellation for telecommunication and navigation services for the Moon. The distance between the Earth and the Moon, claimed to be more than 2,50,000 miles or 4,00,000 kilometres will apparently be covered by such satellites. The primary coverage at the South Pole of the Moon will be provided by the Moonlight program.  South Pole of the moon is an area of prime interest for many missions due to lighting conditions and the presence of water ice within permanently shaded craters. The program is scheduled for its launch with a communications relay satellite named the Lunar Pathfinder, built by Surrey Satellite Technology LTD, at the start of 2026. The first operational services of the programme will be started by the end of 2028 and is fully prepared to be commercially manufactured by 2030. The ESA is collaborating with NASA and Japan’s space agency JAXA on LunaNet, which in essence is a framework in standardizing communication and navigation for the Moon. -Source: Indian Express Coelogyne tripurensis Context: A new species of orchid named Coelogyne tripurensis was recently discovered in Jampui Hills, in Tripura’s North District. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Coelogyne tripurensis It is a new species of orchid. It comes from the wet broad-leaved forests of Jampui Hills of Tripura, situated at the western periphery of Indo-Myanmar Biodiversity Hotspot. This genus accounts for about 600 species native to the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and the Southwest Pacific Islands. This genus consists of mainly epiphytic (though rarely lithophytic and terrestrial species) species, all of which are widely used among horticulturists because of their high ornamental value and few requirements for growing. . In the present study, the new species is included in the section Fuliginosae, which is characterised by its outstanding features, including larger showy flowers with a distinctive labellum and keels. Species belonging to this group show a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, rendering them challenging to delineate. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 October 2024

CONTENTS BIMSTEC Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr BIMSTEC Context: India’s National Centre for Good Governance (NCGG) has initiated its first-ever Mid-Career Training Programme for civil servants from the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) nations. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (Foreign Policies affecting India’s Interests, Important International groupings), Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About BIMSTEC History of Formation of the BIMSTEC Significance of BIMSTEC About BIMSTEC The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation of seven nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia: Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Sri Lanka Myanmar (South-east Asia) Thailand (South-east Asia) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are the member states dependent on the Bay of Bengal. Its members lie in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity. BIMSTEC not only connects South and Southeast Asia, but also the ecologies of the Great Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Fourteen priority sectors of cooperation have been identified and several BIMSTEC centres have been established to focus on those sectors. The permanent secretariat of the BIMSTEC is in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The BIMSTEC uses the alphabetical order for the Chairmanship which has been taken in rotation commencing with Bangladesh (1997–1999). History of Formation of the BIMSTEC In 1997, a new sub-regional grouping was formed in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997 during a special Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, the Group was renamed ‘BIMST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). In 2004, at the first Summit the grouping was renamed as BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation. Significance of BIMSTEC BIMSTEC acts as a platform for intra-regional cooperation between SAARC and ASEAN members. Around one-fourth of the world’s traded goods cross the Bay of Bengal every year. Important Connectivity Projects related to BIMSTEC Kaladan Multimodal Project – links India and Myanmar. Asian Trilateral Highway – connecting India and Thailand through Myanmar. Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement – for seamless flow of passenger and cargo traffic. Strategic Significance for India BIMSTEC Enables India to pursue three core policies: Neighbourhood First- primacy to the country’s immediate periphery; Act East- connect India with Southeast Asia; and Economic development of India’s North Eastern states- by linking them to the Bay of Bengal region via Bangladesh and Myanmar. India has moved from Look East Policy to Act East Policy and Indo Pacific cooperation through its diaspora, culture and connectivity. This has led to India’s goodwill in the region. Allows India to counter China’s creeping influence in countries around the Bay of Bengal due to the spread of its Belt and Road Initiative. Physical connectivity with BIMSTEC would also help India integrate itself with ASEAN’s Master Plan of Connectivity 2025. A new platform for India to engage with its neighbours with South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) becoming dysfunctional because of differences between India and Pakistan. BIMSTEC suddenly received special attention as New Delhi chose to treat it as a more practical instrument for regional cooperation over a faltering SAARC. Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr Context: Recently, INS Trikand and Dornier Maritime Patrol Aircraft, participated in the Indo-Oman bilateral naval exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr held in Goa. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr Bilateral Naval Exercise Between India and Oman Initiation: Started in 1993, Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr marks the deep-rooted strategic relationship between India and Oman. Oman is notable for being the first member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to engage in joint naval exercises with India. Structure and Phases of the Exercise Phases: The exercise is structured in two main phases: Harbour Phase: Features professional exchanges between navy personnel from both nations, encompassing Subject Matter Expert Exchanges, planning conferences, and also includes sports and social activities. Sea Phase: Focuses on practical naval operations such as gun firings at surface targets, anti-aircraft firings, naval maneuvers, and Replenishment at Sea Approaches (RASAPS). Operational Highlights Helicopter and Aircraft Operations: An integral helicopter from INS Trikand performed cross-deck landings and vertical replenishment (VERTREP) operations with the Royal Navy of Oman vessel, RNOV Al Seeb. The Indian Navy’s Dornier aircraft enhanced the operational scope by providing Over-the-Horizon Targeting (OTHT) data to the ships involved in the exercises. Strategic Importance Enhancing Interoperability: The exercise is crucial for enhancing interoperability between the two navies, fostering mutual understanding and sharing of best practices in maritime operations.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 October 2024

Content: India’s choices in a world becoming bipolar again Essential business priorities in a changing world India’s Choices In A World Becoming Bipolar Again Context: The world is moving towards a new kind of rivalry between the U.S. and China, where both are deeply economically interconnected. In this dynamic landscape, especially after the recent BRICS meeting, India must carefully choose its path. The choices India makes now will shape its role in the Indo-Pacific, balancing its sovereignty, security, and influence. Relevance: GS2 (International Relations) Practice question: “What strategic challenges does India face in the U.S.-China bipolar world, and how can it maintain autonomy while fostering Indo-Pacific partnerships?” (250 words ) Emerging bipolarity : This bipolarity is different from U.S.-USSR. During the Cold War, the U.S. and the USSR were disconnected economically and ideologically. But in the current evolving bipolarity, the US and China are interconnected in multiple factors, i,e “Competitive coexistence”, and the American approach changed to “De-risking” from “De-coupling”. The U.S. is the largest investor in China. China is visited by more U.S. travellers than any other Asian country.             e.g.On average, over 2.5 million Americans visit China each year China owns the highest treasury bonds than any other country.             e.g.As of May 2024, China holds $768 billion in U.S. Treasury securities China is the key supply chain provider for the U.S. China is challenging the US, In new technologies like 5g. US – USSR had similar military strength. But in the current scenario, China has more battleships than the US, in many areas, it matches the US, and in many, it even exceeds it.             Example: China has over 350 vessels compared to the U.S.’s, approximately 293. Shift from Ideology to Power Cold War Ideology: The U.S.-Soviet rivalry was about capitalism vs. communism. Sino-American Competition: U.S.-China rivalry is not ideological but about global dominance. U.S. Democracy vs. Autocracy Framing: Since 2021, the U.S. has framed rivalry as democracy vs. autocracy, but this narrative has limited global response. China’s Focus on Global Power Non-Ideological Approach: Critiques Western democracy and focuses on economic and military dominance. Global Role: Uses initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to expand influence driven by self-interest. Russia’s Role in the New Bipolarity Junior Partner: Influential due to natural resources, nuclear arsenal, and historical ties. China-Russia Axis: Aligning with China, despite economic and military lag, poses geopolitical challenges. Challenges: Russia supports China in global conflicts, aligning interests in regions like Taiwan and the South China Sea. Emerging Nexus of Anti-Western Powers China’s Clients, Not Allies: The network includes Russia, North Korea, and Iran, challenging Western dominance. Potential Geopolitical Hotspots: The emerging bloc could impact areas like the South China Sea and Taiwan, affecting global stability. India’s Strategic Position in the Indo-Pacific. India is central to the Sino-American competition in the Indo-Pacific region, with strategic partnerships like Quad (India, U.S., Japan, Australia), and India being the only Quad member sharing a land border with China with Line of Actual Control (LAC), a key focus. Challenges for India: China’s Aggression and Security Threats : 2020 Galwan Clash: Resulted in the deaths of 20 Indian soldiers, underscoring the need for military preparedness. Economic Relations with China : Trade: In fiscal year 2023-24, bilateral trade reached $118.4 billion. Trade Deficit: Surpassed $100 billion in 2022, highlighting economic dependency. Technology and Defence Ties with the U.S. Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI): Enhances defence cooperation. Joint Exercises: Strengthen India’s military capabilities. Strategic Autonomy: Balancing close U.S. ties with independent defence policies. Strategic Autonomy: Non-Alignment 2.0: India should maintain a modern form of non-alignment, engaging with both the U.S. and China without aligning too closely with either. Multi-alignment: Building strong partnerships with countries like Japan, Australia, ASEAN, and regional neighbours can help India avoid over-reliance on any single power. India’s Self-Reliance: Atmanirbhar Bharat: By strengthening domestic industries, especially in defence, technology, and manufacturing, India can reduce dependency and increase resilience in global geopolitics. Focus on Regional Leadership : South Asia and Indo-Pacific: India can position itself as a regional leader, building strong ties with ASEAN, smaller South Asian nations, and other Indo-Pacific players to counterbalance China’s influence. Balancing Sovereignty and Global Engagement : Sovereignty Protection: India must safeguard its territorial integrity, especially along the border with China, while using diplomacy to avoid unnecessary conflict. Economic and Diplomatic Interests: Pursuing its geopolitical and economic interests through strategic  partnerships will help India enhance ties with both global and regional powers. Conclusion : The U.S.-China rivalry is about geopolitical power, not ideology, with Russia playing a key but secondary role. This multipolar world presents complex challenges for India, requiring careful navigation of alliances and conflicts to maintain its sovereignty and influence. Essential Business Priorities in a Changing World Context: Over the past few years, the global economy has been stabilising from all the shocks, especially the pandemic one; though there is growing concern over geopolitical risks, the economy is getting back to normal stage. The B-20 process must focus on inclusive growth, sustainability, and ethical governance to address the scenario effectively. Relevance: GS3 (Economy ) Practice question: What are the key business priorities from the B-20 process related to inclusive growth, sustainability, and ethical governance? How can businesses benefit from opportunities in Africa? (250 words ) Uneven recovery rates : The G-20 nations are experiencing different growth rates, indicating uneven recovery patterns. This scenario demands customised economic strategies to address the challenges of both advanced and emerging economies. Emerging Opportunities and B-20 Process: The Business 20 (B20) is the official G20 dialogue forum with the global business community. Established in 2010, it represents the voice of businesses within the G20, an intergovernmental forum of the world’s major economies. The current B20 summit will be held in São Paulo, Brazil, 24th October 2024. The leadership of B-20 has shifted to emerging economies for the past three years.  South Africa’s upcoming presidency(2025) focuses on the Global South agenda. Focus on Inclusive Development: Equitable growth is the key focus of B-20; strategies include: Skill Development: Businesses should invest in training programs, especially for women. For example: On-the-job training, working with academic institutions and developing curricula that meet industry demands. Financial Access: Tailored credit solutions are crucial. For example:With over 530 million accounts, India’s Jan Dhan Yojana is a successful model. Africa’s G20 inclusion: The expansion of footprints in Africa has paved the way for great market potential, integration of Africa into the global value chain and emphasis on sustainable development Ensuring Food Security: The promotion of sustainable food systems is critical to tackling global food crises posed by climate change and supply chain shocks. Leverage technology in agriculture, e.g., precision farming, and collaborate with governments for improved food access, e.g., Public distribution system. Strengthening Global Trade Flows: Address rising tariffs due to national security concerns and protectionist policies. strengthening the WTO to counter unfair trade practices. Establish clear environmental taxonomies to support sustainable and smooth trade policies. Digital Transformation and Innovation: Businesses must promote responsible use of technologies like AI for societal benefit. Engaging youth in developing innovative solutions for global challenges. Commitment to Sustainability: Align business practices with net-zero targets through the promotion of renewable energy and sustainable practices. Supporting small and medium enterprises in achieving sustainability goals through financing and technology support. Corporate Governance and Ethical Standards: Emphasise high standards of corporate governance to build stakeholder trust. Businesses must go beyond compliance for the creation of a conducive environment. Role of the B20 Global Institute: The B20 Global Institute was established during India’s leadership of B20. The institute aims to maintain policy alignment across G-20 nations. Focus on facilitating business competitiveness and monitoring outcomes of implemented recommendations. Conclusion: Global businesses play a crucial role in addressing economic challenges.Prioritising inclusive growth , sustainability, and governance can drive meaningful change and achieve global aspirations

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 October 2024

CONTENTS Concerns Over Curriculum in Madrasas Supreme Court to review 2022 judgment on Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act (PBPTA), 1988 Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955 NOTTO’s New Initiatives on Cornea and Tissue Transplants Sri Singeeswarar Temple  Concerns Over Curriculum in Madrasas Context: The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) has approached the Supreme Court with concerns about the curriculum in madrasas. According to the NCPCR, the educational content in these institutions is not comprehensive and fails to meet the requirements set by the Right to Education. The Commission argues that the textbooks in madrasas primarily focus on Islamic doctrines, which may not provide a balanced educational framework. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Madrasa Recent Developments Related to Madrasas in Uttar Pradesh What is the Role of Madrasas in Indian Education Systems? Madrasa Madrasa, a word from Arabic, is a term used to refer to the school, which is principally known to teach the subjects related to Islam. Mosques, during the formative centuries of Islam, were educational centers. By the 10th century, however, the development of madrasas took place as a separate institution that would provide both religious and secular education throughout the Islamic world. The oldest written records of madrasas exist in regions, among others, of Khorasan and Transoxania, which included the present eastern and northern Iran, Central Asia, and Afghanistan. Larger madrasas provided boarding facilities and often housed students who belonged to the economically weaker sections of society. Recent Developments Related to Madrasas in Uttar Pradesh In March 2024, the Allahabad High Court declared the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004, unconstitutional. The judgment was based on violations of the principle of secularism and fundamental rights under Article 14 of the Constitution. The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) responded to appeals against the High Court’s verdict, advocating for the integration of all children from madrasas into formal schools to comply with the Right to Education Act, 2009. Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Overview The Act was designed to regulate the establishment, recognition, and administration of madrasas in Uttar Pradesh, aiming to standardize the educational structure within these institutions. The Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education was set up under this act to oversee madrasas in the state, ensuring adherence to specified educational standards and curricula. Overview of Madrasas in India As of 2018-19, India hosted 24,010 madrasas; 19,132 were recognized, and 4,878 remained unrecognized. Recognized madrasas are affiliated with state madrasa education boards and follow curricula from prominent seminaries like Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama and Darul Uloom Deoband. Uttar Pradesh holds the majority with 11,621 recognized and 2,907 unrecognized madrasas, making up 60% of the national total. Rajasthan ranks second. Madrasas in India are categorized into Madrasa Darse Nizami and Madrasa Darse Aliya, with the former not adhering to the state school curriculum and the latter complying with it. Educational Structure and Funding Curricular Details: Madrasa education is structured similarly to mainstream education, progressing from Maulvi (equivalent to Class 10) to Fazil (equivalent to a Master’s degree). The medium of instruction varies, with some using Arabic, Urdu, and Persian, and others adopting NCERT-approved curricula including compulsory subjects like Mathematics, Science, and English. Optional Subjects: Students in madrasas can opt for additional papers in Sanskrit or Deeniyat, covering respective religious teachings. Financial Support: Funding primarily comes from state governments, supplemented by the central government through the Scheme for Providing Education to Madrasas/Minorities (SPEMM), which also aims to enhance educational quality and infrastructure. What is the Role of Madrasas in Indian Education Systems? Traditionally, Madrasa has played an important role in safeguarding and passing down Islamic culture, beliefs, and values among the Muslim community in India. This helps instill identity and belongingness. They provide a platform for the education of many children from the Muslim communities, especially when formal education is not that available. There are also concerns with regard to the quality of education, and relatively lower levels of literacy among Muslim communities, as many students are not allowed to progress beyond secondary education. Though Madrasas may pass on positive values, there are also Madrasas that promote extremist ideas and feel anti-national in nature; these are likely to lead to social cleavages and communal relations in the country. The existence of Madrasas does raise a question mark over secularism and equality in funding related to education. Others view that public money should not be allocated for religious teaching when other religions do not receive equal support at the same time, so there is an even distribution and upholding of the secular principle. Since many of the Madrasa graduates lack vocational skills and modern education, this sometimes makes it difficult for them to integrate into the general workforce. The mode of education often leaves them isolated from mainstream society and without opportunities for upward mobility and social cohesion. -Source: Hindustan Times Supreme Court to review 2022 judgment on Prohibition of Benami Property Transactions Act (PBPTA), 1988 Context: SC has allowed review petition filed by the Union Government against the 2022 judgment (Union of India vs M/S. Ganpati Dealcom Pvt. Ltd. Case) in which certain provisions of PBPTA declared unconstitutional.  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key highlights of the 2022 Judgement About Benami Transactions   Benami Transaction (Prohibition) Act, 1988  Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act 2016 Key highlights of the 2022 Judgement Section 3(2) of the PBPTA declared unconstitutional, that prescribed a jail term for entering into benami transactions. This provision violates Article 20(1) (protection in respect of conviction for offense) of the Constitution due to its arbitrary nature.   Law did not have a retrospective application and the authorities couldn’t initiate or continue criminal prosecution or confiscation proceedings for transactions entered into prior to when the legislation came into force. Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016 Act did not have any explicit provision allowing its retrospective application. The Union had contended that the 2016 Act would be applicable retrospectively. About Benami Transactions   Benami literally means ‘without a name’. Therefore, an asset without a legal owner or a fictitious owner is called benami.    It can be a property of any kind, whether movable or immovable, acquired by way of benami transaction. Benami Transaction (Prohibition) Act, 1988  Benami transactions were first prohibited in India under Section 2(a) of the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988. The main idea behind prohibiting benami transactions was to check people from making them for wrong reasons, such as money laundering, tax evasion, and the like. For a concise statement, any benami property’s legal entitlement to claim beneficial ownership remains terminated in entirety. However, there were no provisions made regarding the procedural measures of implementing the legislation. Of late, it effectively was the result of the changes brought about by the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act 2016. Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act 2016 In July 2016, “The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016″ was enacted. Definitions Under the Act Benami Transactions: Transactions where property is transferred to, or held by, one person, but the payment for such property is made by another person. This can include transactions made in fictitious names or where the true owner is either unaware of or denies ownership. Benamidar: Refers to an individual or a fictitious entity in whose name the benami property is held. This entity cannot transfer the property back to the beneficial owner. Scope of ‘Property’ Broad Definition: The Act defines property broadly to include movable, immovable, tangible, intangible, corporeal, and incorporeal assets. Powers of Authorities Extensive Powers: Authorities under the Act have extensive powers including: Discovery and inspection. Enforcing the attendance of persons for questioning, including those associated with financial institutions. Ordering the production of financial records and books of accounts. Accepting evidence on affidavits. Confiscation and Penalties Confiscation: Properties found to be benami can be provisionally attached and are subject to confiscation by the Central Government if adjudicated as benami. Penalties: Those found guilty of engaging in benami transactions may face imprisonment ranging from one to seven years, and may also be subjected to a fine up to 25% of the fair market value of the property involved. -Source: Indian Express Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955 Context: Recently, the Supreme Court  upheld the constitutionality of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955, which permits immigrants from Bangladesh residing in Assam to secure Indian citizenship, as a valid piece of legislation aligned to the Preambular value of fraternity.  Relevance: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court Ruling on Section 6A of the Citizenship Amendment Act The Section 6A of Citizenship Act 1955 Section 6A Supreme Court Ruling on Section 6A of the Citizenship Amendment Act Majority Opinion: Constitutional Validity: The Supreme Court held that Section 6A does not contravene Articles 6 and 7 of the Indian Constitution. The cutoff date of March 25, 1971, is upheld due to its historical context with Operation Searchlight starting on March 26, 1971. Cultural and Linguistic Safeguards: The court found that petitioners did not successfully prove that Section 6A compromises the Assamese people’s cultural integrity. Existing constitutional and statutory provisions protect these interests. Legislative Authority: Section 6A was enacted under the powers granted by Article 246 and Entry 17 of the Union List, which pertain to citizenship, naturalization, and aliens, confirming the legality of its enactment. Article 14 Compliance: The specific migration circumstances in Assam do not violate the principles of equality under Article 14 of the Constitution. Migration Impact: Acknowledged the substantial burden ongoing migration from Bangladesh has placed on Assam. National Policy and Section 6A: The court highlighted that the nation could balance accommodating immigrants with sustainable development without solely blaming Section 6A for issues arising from migration. Systemic Issues: Noted failures in the system to timely detect and deport post-1971 immigrants, stating that current tribunals and mechanisms are insufficient for enforcing Section 6A and related laws. Judicial Supervision: Stressed the necessity of judicial supervision over the enforcement of immigration and citizenship laws and recommended the Chief Justice of India constitute a bench to monitor law enforcement in Assam. Dissenting Opinion: Constitutionality of Section 6A: The dissent considered Section 6A unconstitutional with prospective effect, suggesting that it infringes on the cultural and linguistic rights of different ethnic groups. Sustainable Development: Contrary to the majority, the dissent argued that sustainable development and population growth are compatible without conflicts. Immigration and Local Rights: Accepted the argument that immigration could restrict rights to sustainable development, potentially influencing domestic inter-State movement. The Section 6A of Citizenship Act 1955 Section 6A is a special provision that was inserted into the Citizenship Act of 1955 in furtherance of a Memorandum of Settlement called the ‘Assam Accord’ signed on August 15, 1985. The accord was a tripartite agreement between the Centre, the Assam government, and the All Assam Students Union. It came after years of protest against perceived demographic change and outsiders in the state. Section 6A It creates a special provision for Assam by which persons who entered between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971, and who are residing in the state, upon being detected as foreigners, will be allowed to register Upon registration, such a person will have the same rights and obligations as a citizen of India, but will not be entitled to be included in any electoral roll for a period of 10 years. Foreigners who had entered Assam before January 1, 1966, and been “ordinarily resident” in the State, would have all the rights and obligations of Indian citizens including the right to vote. -Source: Indian Express NOTTO’s New Initiatives on Cornea and Tissue Transplants Context: Recently, the National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) issued key initiatives regarding cornea and tissue transplants.  Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions New Initiatives Centralized Database Development NOTTO (National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization) is actively developing a centralized database to effectively manage and streamline the process for patients waiting for cornea and other tissue transplants across India. Mandatory Data Linkage A significant policy mandate requires all organ transplant centers, cornea transplant centers, and tissue banks to integrate their data with NOTTO’s national registry. This linkage aims to facilitate better coordination and ensure real-time data availability. Regulations for Eye Banks Eye banks are now required to adhere to stringent performance metrics. Specifically, they must collect a minimum of 50 eyes or 100 corneas annually to ensure a steady supply for transplants. According to the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994 (THOTA), eye banks need to collect at least 500 corneas over a five-year period to maintain their certification and operational status. Presumed Consent Model for Cornea Donation In an effort to augment cornea donation rates, NOTTO is considering implementing a presumed consent (opt-out) model. Under this system, individuals who pass away in hospitals will be presumed as cornea donors unless they had previously opted out, significantly increasing the potential donor pool. NOTTO As the apex body under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, NOTTO oversees and monitors all organ and tissue transplant activities, ensuring compliance with laws and regulations while promoting best practices in transplant services across the country. -Source: Indian Express Sri Singeeswarar Temple Context: A set of copper plate inscriptions with two leaves dating back to the 16th Century CE have been recently discovered at the Sri Singeeswarar temple in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS I: History About Sri Singeeswarar Temple: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple is at Mappedu village near Perambakkam in Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu. The temple was built by the great Aditya Karikalan II in 976 AD He is the father of the great Chola emperor Rajaraja Cholan, who built the Thanjavur Big Temple. In the later period, under Krishnadevaraya, his viceroy Dalavai Ariyanadha Mudaliar, exercised influence and built the Rajagopuram-Main Tower, compound wall, and 16-pillar Mandap in the year 1501. The Temple is constructed in the style of Dravidian architecture, and the Rajagopuram has 5 tiers. The chief deity is called Singeeswarar. Singeeswarar is found in the form of a slightly big Shiva Lingam in the sanctum. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 October 2024

CONTENTS Ministry of Education Hosts STARS Workshop in Bhopal  Ministry of Education Hosts STARS Workshop in Bhopal Context: The Ministry of Education recently conducted a two-day workshop titled “Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results for States” (STARS) in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. The event focused on knowledge-sharing to enhance educational outcomes across various states. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Workshop on School-to-Work Transition Overview of the Workshop on School-to-Work Transition Purpose of the Workshop The workshop was designed to prepare students for the challenges of transitioning from school to the workforce, with a specific emphasis on enhancing the assessment systems. School-to-Work Transition Initiatives Discussions at the workshop revolved around the implementation of the National Education Policy 2020, the National Curriculum Framework (NCF), and the National Credit Framework (NCrF), focusing on skill education, multidisciplinary learning, and internship opportunities. To support students in smoothly transitioning to work environments by equipping them with relevant skills and practical experience. Enhancing Assessment Systems Current Challenges: There was a significant focus on the need to improve existing educational assessment models to better prepare students for future academic and professional pursuits. Strategies Introduced: The workshop highlighted the “3 P approach” to career counseling, encompassing Personal interests, Parental guidance, and Possible Opportunities, aiming to tailor educational paths to individual student needs. STARS Project: Strengthening School Education Launched by the Cabinet in October 2020, the STARS (Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results for States) project is set to run until the 2024-25 fiscal year as part of a five-year plan. Integration with National Programs: The STARS project is a part of the Samagra Shiksha initiative, targeting specific enhancements in school education systems across the country to improve overall educational outcomes.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 October 2024

Contents: Forecasting better in India, come rain or shine. A perilous highway to salvation in the Himalayas Fate of nations Forecasting better in India, come rain or shine. Context: Monsoons are becoming more unpredictable, resulting in more climatic hazards, and the 2024 monsoon is one of the most devastating. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) reported that the country experienced 525 heavy rainfall events (precipitation between 115.6 mm and 204.5 mm), the highest in the last five years. Relevance : GS1 (Geography ), GS2 (Disaster Management ) Practice question:Explain the significance of early warning systems in disaster preparedness. Highlight Mission Mausam in this context, and suggest some measures to make it more efficient. (250 words) According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), 1,492 people died in India due to extreme weather events during the 2024 monsoon season alone. CEEW Observation : According to a 2021 study by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), around 40% of districts in India face alternating climatic hazards. This means flood-prone areas are now experiencing droughts during dry seasons, and drought-prone regions are facing floods during the rainy season. Over the past decade, there’s been a 64% increase in heavy rainfall days during monsoons. Early warning system scenario : Only 1/3rd of flood-prone areas are covered by an early warning system, compared to the full coverage in cyclone-prone areas. Mission Mausam : Focuses on weather observation and weather modification techniques. It is primarily implemented by the Ministry of Earth Sciences in collaboration with the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM).  Gaps in radar coverage : India has 39 Doppler weather radars (DWRs) with many covering a radius of 250 km. The Western Ghats has only five of these despite increased cyclones in the Arabian Sea. Key cities like Bengaluru and Ahmedabad, which are frequently facing urban floods, don’t have one. The way forward for mission Mausam: The mission should prioritise the installation of weather radars and observational platforms in areas that are more prone to climate risks. Should invest more in the forecasting and observation infrastructure. For instance, the United States, in comparison to India, has 160 Doppler weather radars. More Openness and transparency in data: The European Union has made its data openly available to the public through a cloud system. While IMD shares its data through the portal, there remain restrictions on the volume of data provided. More involvement of researchers and the public domain to provide suggestions for improvements. Conclusion : Mission Mausam is a significant step towards making India weather-ready and climate-smart. Expanding forecasting abilities and giving priority to climate risk-prone areas are key pathways to ‘mission Mausam’. A perilous highway to salvation in the Himalayas Context: The 900-kilometre Char Dham highway project intended to boost religious tourism across Uttarakhand has sparked debates about its repercussions on mountain ecology. The 12,000 crore, all-weather road project is facing stiff opposition from experts and environmentalists. Background:The Char Dham Pariyojana is a road development initiative by the Government of India designed to enhance connectivity to the four major Hindu pilgrimage sites in Uttarakhand: Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath. This project aims to make travel to these sacred sites safer and more convenient for pilgrims. Relevance: GS 1 ( Geography ), GS3 (Disaster management ). Practice question: analyse the pros and cons of the Char-Dham Highway project, giving special focus to environmental impacts, and suggest some key measures for minimising the negative impacts of the project. (250 words) Pros and Cons of Char Dham Yatra: Pros : Religious and Cultural Significance: The Char Dham Yatra is a sacred pilgrimage for Hindus, visiting four holy sites: Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath. For example:In 2023, 56 lakh pilgrims visited the Char Dham. Promotes the preservation of local traditions, rituals, and culture associated with the pilgrimage. Boosts Local Economy and Job Creation: Tourism and pilgrimage promote the local economy, simultaneously encouraging job creation. Promoting Year-Round Visitor Attraction due to all-weather roads. Infrastructure Development: Improved Connectivity: Char Dham Highway improves access to remote areas, benefiting tourists, and residents by enhancing transportation and communication. Access to Services: Better roads facilitate access to healthcare, education, and essential services for local communities. Cons : Landslides: A recent scientific study led by Jürgen Mey from the University of Potsdam identified a disturbing rise in road-blocking landslides along the Rishikesh-Joshimath corridor. The findings revealed 309 landslides over a 247 km stretch i,e. 1.25 landslides per kilometre, pointing directly to road-widening activities as a major contributor. Geological Instability: Ground subsidence is referred to as a “silent disaster” in towns like Joshimath due to anthropogenic activities. Damage to sacred sites like the Tungnath Temple from subsidence and water leakage. Socioeconomic Impact: Depopulation: Over 1,000 villages in Uttarakhand are now uninhabited. Agriculture is being abandoned in favour of tourism, leading to the loss of traditional livelihoods. Loss of lives : Year-wise statistics show a rise in the loss of human lives. In the last four years, 160 people have lost their lives in landslide incidents in Uttarakhand, according to the National Crime Records Bureau. Way Forward for the Char Dham Yatra project Conduct Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) Implement Sustainable Practices in Construction Limiting Road Widening Carefully Enhance Community Participation in planning and development Develop Disaster Risk Management Strategies to address geological instabilities and landslides. Conclusion : To ensure the Char Dham Yatra benefits both pilgrims and the environment, focusing on sustainability, involving the community, and enforcing strict regulations are key. These steps can help address the negative impacts while enriching the pilgrimage experience for everyone. Fate of Nations Context:The 2024 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Daron Acemoğlu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson for their research on the importance of inclusive institutions in shaping the economic futures of nations. Their work highlights how the quality of a country’s institutions deeply influenced by historical contexts like colonialism can determine its prosperity or poverty. Relevance: GS1 (Indian Society), GS2 (Governance), GS3 (Economy). Practice question: Examine the long-term effects of colonial legacies on the social and economic institutions in India. How do these legacies impact current efforts toward social justice and equity? (250 words ) Key Themes : Institutions : These are established rules and mechanisms that govern social order and intra-community behaviour. Formal institutions: Laws, Government, etc Informal institutions: Social norms, Traditions, etc Institutions and Economic Success: Strong institutions that uphold the rule of law and property rights are essential for economic growth. These institutions encourage individual initiative, savings, and investment. In contrast, countries with extractive institutions that concentrate power and limit freedoms often face economic stagnation or decline. Colonial Legacy and Institutional Quality: Colonial histories have left lasting impacts on institutional frameworks. Nations that inherited extractive institutions during colonial times continue to struggle economically, whereas those that developed inclusive institutions have a better chance of prosperity. The Case of China and India: The economic growth of China and India post-liberalization is cited as an example of how improving institutional frameworks can drive significant development. Threats to Institutions: Populist movements often push for short-term gains that can ignore inclusive democracy and economic growth. Even democracies can exhibit extractive traits if they prioritise the interests of a few over the many, especially under populist pressures. The Role of Democracy: Acemoğlu and his colleagues see democracy as a crucial inclusive institution for long-term growth. However, the rise of illiberal democracies, which might adopt protectionist policies, poses risks to liberal institutions. Critiques : The authors have not sufficiently highlighted the brutal impacts of colonialism. Authors have expressed over-optimism about Western institutions Complex socio-economic realities of different countries have been ignored.