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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 October 2024

CONTENTS Fortified Rice Dual Environmental Threats to Eastern Tropical Pacific Coral Ecosystems Employees Deposit Linked Insurance (EDLI) Scheme What are Auroras? iDEX initiative Hand-in-Hand Initiative SARTHI System  Fortified Rice Context The Centre defended its initiative to supply fortified rice, aimed at combating micronutrient deficiencies, amid safety concerns and claims that it benefits multinational companies.  The Union Food Ministry emphasized that iron-fortified rice is safe, following World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, and is globally recognized.  Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy, Public distribution system Dimensions of the Article: What is rice fortification? Need of rice fortification What are the standards for fortification? Advantages Issues with fortified food What is rice fortification? The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) defines fortification as “deliberately increasing the content of essential micronutrients in a food so as to improve the nutritional quality of food and to provide public health benefit with minimal risk to health”. The cooking of fortified rice does not require any special procedure. After cooking, fortified rice retains the same physical properties and micronutrient levels as it had before cooking. Fortified rice will be packed in jute bags with the logo (‘+F’) and the line “Fortified with Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12”. Various technologies are available to add micronutrients to regular rice, such as coating, dusting, and ‘extrusion’. The last mentioned involves the production of fortified rice kernels (FRKs) from a mixture using an ‘extruder’ machine. It is considered to be the best technology for India. The fortified rice kernels are blended with regular rice to produce fortified rice. Need of rice fortification India has very high levels of malnutrition among women and children. According to the Food Ministry, every second woman in the country is anaemic and every third child is stunted. Fortification of food is considered to be one of the most suitable methods to combat malnutrition. Rice is one of India’s staple foods, consumed by about two-thirds of the population. Per capita rice consumption in India is 6.8 kg per month. Therefore, fortifying rice with micronutrients is an option to supplement the diet of the poor. What are the standards for fortification? Under the Ministry’s guidelines, 10 g of FRK must be blended with 1 kg of regular rice. According to FSSAI norms, 1 kg of fortified rice will contain the following: iron (28 mg-42.5 mg), folic acid (75-125 microgram), and vitamin B-12 (0.75-1.25 microgram). Rice may also be fortified with zinc (10 mg-15 mg), vitamin A (500-750 microgram RE), vitamin B-1 (1 mg-1.5 mg), vitamin B-2 (1.25 mg-1.75 mg), vitamin B-3 (12.5 mg-20 mg) and vitamin B-6 (1.5 mg-2.5 mg) per kg. Advantages Fortified staple foods will contain natural or near-natural levels of micro-nutrients, which may not necessarily be the case with supplements.  It provides nutrition without any change in the characteristics of food or the course of our meals.  If consumed on a regular and frequent basis, fortified foods will maintain body stores of nutrients more efficiently and more effectively than will intermittently supplement.  The overall costs of fortification are extremely low; the price increase is approximately 1 to 2 percent of the total food value.  It upholds everyone’s right to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger Issues with fortified food Fortification and enrichment upset nature’s packaging. Our body does not absorb individual nutrients added to processed foods as efficiently compared to nutrients naturally occurring. Supplements added to foods are less bioavailable. Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a nutrient your body is able to absorb and use. They lack immune-boosting substances. Fortified foods and supplements can pose specific risks for people who are taking prescription medications, including decreased absorption of other micro-nutrients, treatment failure, and increased mortality risk. -Source: The Hindu Dual Environmental Threats to Eastern Tropical Pacific Coral Ecosystems Context: A recent study by researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry reveals that mesophotic coral ecosystems in the Eastern Tropical Pacific are under siege from both warm water-induced bleaching and cold-water exposure. Published in the journal Science of the Total Environment, the findings underscore the escalating risks threatening the health and functionality of these vital reefs. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems About Coral Reefs Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems Definition and Location Mesophotic coral ecosystems are located in the warm waters of tropical and subtropical regions, specifically at depths ranging from 100 to 490 feet below the ocean’s surface. Ecological Significance These ecosystems are primarily composed of corals, sponges, and algae, which collectively contribute to the structural complexity of the habitat. Mesophotic coral ecosystems are crucial for the health of shallower coral reefs, offering refuge and breeding grounds for a variety of fish species, which rely on these deeper waters for spawning, breeding, and feeding. Biomedical Potential The unique organisms found within mesophotic corals are known for their specialized defense mechanisms, which are being studied for potential applications in creating new natural health products. Research Challenges and Advances Previously, the exploration of these ecosystems was restricted by technological limitations, as they were too deep for traditional scuba diving yet not deep enough to necessitate the use of sophisticated deep-sea diving equipment. Recent developments in underwater technology have now bridged this gap, enabling more detailed study and understanding of these ecologically important areas. About Coral Reefs Indonesia has the largest coral reef area in the world and the Great Barrier Reef of the Queensland coast of Australia is the largest aggregation of coral reefs. India, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Chagos have the maximum coral reefs in South Asia. Coral Reefs protect humanity from natural calamities acting as a barrier, provide revenue and employment through tourism and recreation and also provide habitats for fishes, starfish and sea anemones. Coral blocks are used for buildings and road construction, the lime supplied by corals is used in cement industries and coral reefs may also be used in jewellery. India has four coral reef areas: Gulf of Mannar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep islands Gulf of Kutch. Risks and threats to coral reefs Due to anthropogenic activities such as coastal development, destructive fishing methods and pollution from domestic and industrial sewage. Due to increased sedimentation, over-exploitation and recurring cyclones. Coral diseases such as black band and white band due to infectious microorganisms introduced by the human population that live on the coastal regions. -Source: Down To Earth Employees Deposit Linked Insurance (EDLI) Scheme Context: The Centre has decided to extend providing benefits of Employees’ Deposit Linked Insurance (EDLI) Scheme to all subscribers of Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation and their family members till further notice. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Employees Deposit Linked Insurance (EDLI) Scheme Introduction to EDLI The EDLI scheme was initiated in 1976 by the Government to extend social security benefits to private sector employees who traditionally did not receive such benefits from their employers. It is managed by the Employees Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) and offers term life insurance coverage for its members. Coverage and Integration The scheme encompasses all organizations under the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952. EDLI operates in conjunction with the EPF and the Employees’ Pension Scheme (EPS). Benefits and Features Determination of Benefits: Benefits are calculated based on the employee’s last drawn salary. Payouts: Upon the death of an EPF member during their period of employment, the registered nominee receives a lump-sum payment. Nominee Consistency: The nominee for EDLI is the same as that registered under the EPF Scheme. Assured Benefits: Maximum Benefit: Up to Rs 7 lakh is payable to the nominee or legal heir if the member dies while in service. Minimum Benefit: At least Rs 2.5 lakh is payable if the deceased was continuously employed for 12 months prior to death. Cost: The insurance benefit is provided free of cost to PF/EPF account holders. Contributions and Enrollment Employer Contribution: Employers contribute 0.5% of an employee’s monthly wages, up to a salary cap of Rs 15,000. There are no contributions required from employees. Auto-enrollment: All PF members are automatically enrolled in the EDLI scheme. Direct Credit: Benefits are directly transferred to the bank accounts of the nominees or legal heirs. -Source: The Hindu What are Auroras? Context: Recently, auroras were sighted in lower-latitude regions (below 66.5 degrees north and south latitudes) like India (Hanle and Merak in Ladakh), Mexico and Germany.  Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Formation of Auroras Carbon Dioxide Aurora Formation of Auroras: Auroras are formed when charged particles ejected from the sun’s corona create solar wind, which interacts with Earth’s ionosphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, they are called the northern lights or aurora borealis, while in the Southern Hemisphere, they are known as the southern lights or aurora australis. The asymmetry of auroras between hemispheres is influenced by the interference between the sun’s magnetic field and Earth’s magnetic field. The commonly observed green and red auroras occur between 100 to 250 kilometers above the planet’s surface due to the excited state of atomic oxygen. Carbon Dioxide Aurora: When charged particles collide with Earth’s atmosphere, they interact with various atoms and molecules, including carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide, known for its role as a greenhouse gas in the lower atmosphere, also exists in trace amounts in the upper atmosphere. Around 90 kilometers above Earth, carbon dioxide molecules become excited during an aurora, leading to the emission of infrared radiation. This results in a higher presence of infrared radiation in the atmosphere compared to typical levels. -Source: Indian express iDEX initiative Context: The Ministry of Defence is seeking more funds to continue its iDEX scheme, a central sector scheme which started in 2021, as 90% of the approved budget for 2021-26 has already been used.   Relevance: GS III- Defence Dimensions of the Article: Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) Main objectives of iDEX Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) is an initiative taken by the government, launched in 2018, to contribute towards modernization of the Defence Industry. iDEX aims to promote innovation and technology development in Defence and Aerospace by engaging Industries (which includes MSMEs, start-ups, individual innovators, R&D institutes & academia). iDEX will provide the engaging industries with funding and other support to carry out Research & Development. iDEX will be funded and managed by Defence Innovation Organization (DIO), and will function as the executive arm of DIO. iDEX has partnered with leading incubators in the country to provide hand holding, technical support and guidance to the winners of iDEX challenges. Main objectives of iDEX To frame ‘corporate Venture Capital’ models for Indian Defence needs thereby identifying emerging technologies, connecting innovators with military units, facilitating co-creation of new and appropriate technologies and so forth into weapon systems used by Indian Armed Services.  To deliver military-grade products thereby solving the critical needs of the Indian defence set-up by developing or applying advanced technologies. To devise a culture of innovation in the Indian Defence and Aerospace by engaging startups and innovators for co-creation and co-innovation. -Source: The Hindu Hand-in-Hand Initiative Context: Recently, the Food And Agricultural Organisation (FAO) Director-General opens the third Hand-in-Hand Investment Forum Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Hand-in-Hand Initiative Introduction to the Initiative Launched in 2019, the Hand-in-Hand Initiative is spearheaded by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). The initiative targets regions where poverty and hunger are most severe, and where national capacities are often hindered by both natural and man-made challenges. Goals and Objectives Core Aims: It aims to eradicate poverty (SDG1), end hunger and malnutrition (SDG2), and diminish inequalities (SDG10) through the transformation of agricultural systems. Strategic Approach: Utilizes geospatial, biophysical, and socio-economic data alongside advanced analytics to identify areas where agricultural and environmental management can effectively reduce poverty and hunger. Intervention Zones: Focuses on developing value chains for key commodities, enhancing agro-industries, and fostering efficient water management and precision agriculture practices. Membership and Reach As of now, 72 countries are active participants in this initiative, collaborating on various developmental projects. About the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Foundation and Purpose FAO was established in October 1945, making it one of the oldest specialized agencies of the United Nations dedicated to defeating global hunger. The agency is committed to improving nutrition, increasing agricultural productivity, enhancing the quality of life in rural areas, and promoting global economic growth. Membership and Structure Currently comprises 194 member states along with the European Union. Based in Rome, Italy, FAO operates worldwide with numerous country offices. -Source: Financial Express SARTHI System Context: Recently, the National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli (NIFTEM-K) has introduced Solar Assisted Reefer Transportation with Hybrid Controls and Intelligence (SARTHI) system. About SARTHI System: This is an innovative solution which deals with the reduction of post-harvest losses in perishable food transportation.   Features It possesses two compartments intended to store fruits and vegetables at different temperatures, hence covering their specific storage requirements. It is an integration of IoT and real-time monitoring. The captured information by sensors via IoT can be transmitted through the cloud and downloaded on a smart phone app to come up with the real-time quality parameters and physiological changes occurring during the process of transportation of fresh fruits and vegetables Sensors for temperature, humidity, ethylene, and levels of CO2 to get communicated with mobile application to evaluate qualities. It houses a solar-powered air-handling unit that offers temperature regulation when the truck is stationary. Benefit: This design helps to manage shelf life and prevent losses from chilling injury or moisture loss. This technology can enable the transporters to make informed decisions like rerouting produce towards closer markets in case spoilage takes place, hence reducing energy wastage and reduced carbon footprints. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 October 2024

CONTENTS Minimum Support Price World Food Day   Minimum Support Price Context: The Union government has declared minimum support prices (MSP) for six rabi crops for the 2025-26 marketing season, notably increasing the MSP for wheat by ₹150 per quintal to ₹2,425, marking a 6.59% rise from the previous MSP. Relevance: GS-III: Agriculture (Agriculture Pricing), GS-II: Social Justice (Welfare Schemes) Dimensions of the Article: What is Minimum Support Price (MSP)? Why is there a need for MSP? What are the issues related to MSP? What is Minimum Support Price (MSP)? Minimum Support Price is the price at which government purchases crops from the farmers, whatever may be the price for the crops. MSPs have no statutory backing — a farmer cannot demand MSP as a matter of right. Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) in the Ministry of Agriculture recommends MSPs for 23 crops. CACP consider various factors while recommending the MSP for a commodity like cost of cultivation, supply and demand situation for the commodity; market price trends (domestic and global) and parity vis-à-vis other crops etc. MSP seeks to: Assured Value: To give guaranteed prices and assured market to the farmers and save them from the price fluctuations (National or International). Improving Productivity: By encouraging higher investment and adoption of modern technologies in agricultural activities. Consumer Interest: To safeguard the interests of consumers by making available supplies at reasonable prices. While recommending MSPs, the CACP looks at the following factors:  the demand and supply of a commodity;  its cost of production;  the market price trends (both domestic and international); inter-crop price parity; the terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture (that is, the ratio of prices of farm inputs and farm outputs); a minimum of 50 per cent as the margin over the cost of production; and the likely implications of an MSP on consumers of that product. Crops covered Crops covered by MSPs include: 7 types of cereals (paddy, wheat, maize, bajra, jowar, ragi and barley),  5 types of pulses (chana, arhar/tur, urad, moong and masur), 7 oilseeds (rapeseed-mustard, groundnut, soyabean, sunflower, sesamum, safflower, nigerseed), 4 commercial crops (cotton, sugarcane, copra, raw jute) Why is there a need for MSP? The MSP is a minimum price guarantee that acts as a safety net or insurance for farmers when they sell particular crops. The guaranteed price and assured market are expected to encourage higher investment and in adoption of modern technologies in agricultural activities. With globalization resulting in freer trade in agricultural commodities, it is very important to protect farmers from the unwarranted fluctuation in prices. What are the issues related to MSP? Low accessibility and awareness of the MSP regime: A survey highlighted that, 81% of the cultivators were aware of MSP fixed by the Government for different crops and out of them only 10% knew about MSP before the sowing season. Arrears in payments: More than 50% of the farmers receive their payments of MSP after one week. Poor marketing arrangements: Almost 67% of the farmers sell their produce at MSP rate through their own arrangement and 21% through brokers. According to NITI Aayog report on MSP, 21% of the farmers of the sample States expressed their satisfaction about MSP declared by the Government whereas 79% expressed their dissatisfaction due to various reasons. Although, majority of the farmers of the sample States were dissatisfied on MSP rates, still 94% of them desired that the MSP rates should be continued. World Food Day  Context: Recently, World Food Day was observed on 16th October focusing on the urgent need to eradicate hunger and build resilient global food systems. Relevance: Facts for Prelims World Food Day 2024: Emphasizing the Right to Food for a Better Future Overview World Food Day 2024 celebrates an essential human right under the theme “Right to Food for a Better Life and a Better Future.” This day, commemorated every year on October 16th, marks the anniversary of the founding of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by the United Nations on October 16, 1945. Historical Context and Global Recognition Inception of World Food Day: Established in 1979 during the FAO’s 20th General Conference, the day received formal endorsement from the UN General Assembly in 1984, signifying its global importance. Right to Food: Recognized as a fundamental human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the right to food is pivotal for ensuring that all individuals have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life. Global Sustainability and India’s Role WWF’s Living Planet Report: The report highlighted India’s food consumption patterns as a model of sustainability among G20 countries. Notably, it mentioned that if global populations adopted similar dietary patterns as India, the ecological footprint would be significantly reduced, requiring the resources of only 0.84 Earths by 2050 to sustain food production. India’s Commitment to Enhancing Food Security Legislative and Policy Framework: India has instituted robust measures to secure food for its population, including: National Food Security Act, 2013: Aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two-thirds of India’s 1.2 billion population. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY): A relief package that offers free food grains to the poor amid the ongoing economic challenges. PM POSHAN Scheme: Formerly known as Mid-Day Meal Scheme, it provides meals to school-age children to ensure they receive adequate nutrition. Antyodaya Anna Yojana: Targets the poorest of the poor by providing highly subsidized food. Rice Fortification Initiative: Aims to enhance the nutritional quality of rice distributed under various government schemes to combat malnutrition. Price Stabilization Fund (PSF): Established to control price volatility for staple crops and ensure affordability for consumers. Conclusion World Food Day 2024 not only commemorates the progress in the right to food but also underscores the ongoing challenges and the innovative solutions being implemented worldwide, particularly in India. The emphasis on sustainable consumption patterns and robust food security programs exemplifies the global and national commitments towards a nourished and sustainable future.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 October 2024

Contents : A modified UBI policy may be more feasible. India’s SDG focus and its human development issues A Modified UBI Policy May Be More Feasible. Context: The International Labour Organisation’s observation of lagging job growth due to the rise in automation and artificial intelligence, jobless growth, and unemployment in India has sparked widespread debate about implementing universal basic income as a safety net. Example 1: World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2023 projects 83 million job losses due to AI and another economic driver over the next five years.  Example 2: In June 2024, the unemployment rate in India rose to 9.2%, according to data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). Relevance: GS2 ( Social justice ), GS3 ( Indian Economy ). Practice question: Discuss how universal basic income can act as an efficient social net. Explain its advantages and disadvantages highlighting implementational challenges. (250 words ). History : The earliest mention is traced back to 16th-century philosopher Thomas More’s work Utopia(1516), where he describes guaranteed income for everyone in the society. Madhya Pradesh Pilot: Conducted by the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in 2011-2012, this pilot provided Rs 200 per month to each adult in selected villages.  2016-17: The Economic Survey mentions UBI as a potential policy, and advocates UBI as an alternative tool to various welfare schemes to address poverty in India. Debate of feasibility and desirability : Pro-Feasibility Arguments: JAM Infrastructure: The Jan-Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile (JAM) infrastructure is already established, which can facilitate the direct transfer of UBI benefits efficiently. Pilot Programs: Experiments like SEWA’s pilot in Madhya Pradesh have demonstrated positive outcomes in poverty reduction, suggesting UBI’s potential for scalability. Anti-Feasibility Arguments: High Fiscal Cost: may require 3.5% to 11% of GDP annually which is higher than annual spending on public health. Infrastructure Gaps: Digital connectivity, especially in rural areas, is uneven, which could hinder smooth implementation and delivery. Pro-Desirability Arguments: Poverty Alleviation: By providing a social security net for the poor. Economic Stability: especially for the informal sector involved, which lacks institutional social security. Social Equity: UBI promotes inclusive growth, ensuring all citizens, regardless of employment, have a minimum income. Ex: Dpsp’s Article 38: state to minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities Simplification of Welfare: inefficient welfare schemes can be replaced Anti-Desirability Arguments: Work Disincentives: A guaranteed income might reduce people’s motivation to work, leading to decreased labour participation. Inflation Risk: Injecting cash into the economy could fuel inflation, particularly for essential goods. Dependency Culture: This may increase dependency, discouraging individuals from seeking employment or self-sufficiency. Resource Misallocation: UBI is not targeted, meaning wealthier individuals also benefit, which may be an inefficient use of resources compared to targeted programs. Features of Universal Basic Income (UBI) Unconditional: UBI is provided without any conditions or means-testing.  Regular Payments: distributed monthly / annually ensuring steady income. Individual-Based: individuals are recognized for payments rather than household, promoting individual financial security Universality in  Coverage: it will be provided universally rather than to specific groups like women, the elderly, etc. Monetary support: should cover basic living expenses, and should be provided in cash, not in the kind. EX: The public distribution system(PDS) is not considered UBI as it provides support in-kind. Complementary to Existing Programs: UBI can be designed to complement existing welfare schemes. Simplification: UBI aims to simplify the welfare schemes by addressing complexities and preventing duplication of schemes. State and Central Income Transfer Schemes in India Rythu Bandhu Scheme (RBS): Launched in Telangana in early 2018, providing unconditional payments of ₹4,000 per acre to farmers. Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation (KALIA): Odisha’s initiative targets farmers, providing financial aid to small, marginal farmers, and landless agricultural labourers. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Launched in 2018-19, initially for small landholding farmers, later expanded to all farmers. Provides ₹6,000 per year, excluding income taxpayers and non-farming entities. Concerns and Counter-arguments : Wealth Distribution: The notion of providing basic income to the wealthy is often contested. However, in advanced economies, individuals pay taxes and receive government support in various forms. The net impact on their income, considering taxes, is minimal. Financial Feasibility: Large-scale UBI proposals can be costly (3.5%-11% of GDP). Funding such initiatives would require cutting existing programs or significantly raising taxes. Alternative Approach: A limited universal income transfer pegged at 1% of GDP could provide approximately ₹144 per month per person. This is more feasible and similar to PM-KISAN’s scale. Implementation Challenges: Cash-out Points (COPs): Ensuring access to COPs is crucial for smooth disbursement. Network and Biometric Authentication: Addressing failures in these systems is essential to prevent exclusion. Electronic Payment Devices: Ensuring the reliability of these devices is critical for last-mile delivery of benefits. Hybrid Model Proposal : Modified UBI as a Base: A limited universal income transfer as a foundational policy, complemented by other targeted transfer policies, when appropriate. Example: Combining with MGNREGA, which provides 100 days of employment but may exclude those unable to work, such as the elderly or disabled. Complementary Transfers: The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the need for both income and in-kind transfers. Income helps during supply chain disruptions, while food access is vital when people lack purchasing power. Conclusion : Drawing inspiration from the Alaska Permanent Fund, which has successfully provided annual dividends to residents and reduced poverty, a well-structured UBI could provide a financial safety net for all citizens. By ensuring a basic level of income for everyone, UBI has the potential to alleviate economic insecurity, promote social equity, and foster inclusive growth in India. India’s SDG Focus and Its Human Development Issues Background: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global objectives adopted by the United Nations in 2015 under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), SDGs aim to tackle pressing global issues like climate change and environmental degradation. Context: In September 2023, India hosted a G20 summit that promoted full and effective implementation of the SDGs. In the same month, the UN held an “SDG Summit” and a “Summit of the Future” to follow up and review the progress of SDG goals. Relevance: GS2 (Social Justice) Practice question: Explain the complex interlinkages between human development and sustainable development. Suggest measures for India to enhance progress towards the SDGs while simultaneously improving the human development index (HDI). (250 words) Amartya Sen’s capability approach and human development: Nobel laureate Amartya Sen’s “capability approach” evaluates human development based on the importance of freedom and opportunities rather than mere income and utility. India and UNDP’s HDI 2023/2024: India ranked 134th out of 193 countries. Categorises India as a medium human developed country. HDI scores increased from 0.434 in 1990 to 0.644 in 2022, an increase of 48.4%. Sri Lanka (78), China (75), Bhutan (125), and Bangladesh (129) scored above India. India’s slow growth: From 2015 to 2022, countries improved their rank significantly, e.g., China improved 18 ranks. During this phase, India improved only four ranks. Relationship between SDGs and HDI: The Human Development Index (HDI) developed by the UNDP, measures three dimensions: Long and Healthy Life: Life expectancy at birth. Knowledge: expected years of schooling and mean years of schooling. Decent Standard of Living: Income per capita. These dimensions align with key SDGs: SDG-3 (Good Health) SDG-4 (Quality Education) SDG-5 (Gender Equality) SDG-8 (Decent Work) SDG-10 (Reduced Inequality) From the above relationship, it is very evident that sustainable development is not separate from human development. Gender gaps: Gender Development Index (GDI): The Human Development Report also presents the Gender Development Index considering gender inequality in 193 countries. HDI values are calculated separately for women and men. The ratio of the GDI values closer to 1, represents smaller gender gaps. GDI and India:  Among the 42 medium-human development countries, only seven have more than a 10% deviation in gender parity. Unfortunately, India is one of those seven countries. For instance, India’s Gender Development Index (GDI) value is 0.852, indicating significant gender disparity. There is more than a 10% difference between the Human Development Index (HDI) values for men and women in India. Specifically, women’s HDI value is 0.582, while men’s HDI value is 0.684.  Labour force participation rate (LFPR): India has one of the largest gender gaps in LFPR, with a 47.8 percentage point difference between women (28.3%) and men (76.1%). In comparison, neighbouring countries are performing better, with China at 53.6%, Bhutan at 53.5%, and Bangladesh at 39.2%. Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) -2022-23:Published by the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MoSPI), 37% of females of working age (15 years and older) were in the labour force in 2022–23, an increase from 23.3% in 2017–18. Urban-rural disparity: The female labour force participation rate in rural areas increased from 24.6% in 2017-18 to 41.5% in 2022-23, while there was only a marginal increase in urban areas from 20.4% to 25.4%. Income equality: Along with the gender gap, there is a rise in income inequality. India’s income inequality is 21.7%, in comparison to Bangladesh (11.6%), China (15.7%), Bhutan (18.1%), and Nepal (9.7%). India has higher income inequality compared to the world average of 17.5% and other regional groups like Europe and Central Asia (15.7%). Key Initiatives : SDG-3 (Good Health) Ayushman Bharat: The world’s largest healthcare program providing free health coverage to low-income families. National Health Mission (NHM) SDG-4 (Quality Education) Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA): Enhances access to secondary education. Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Improves nutrition and attendance in schools. SDG-5 (Gender Equality) Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) Mahila Shakti Kendra Ujjwala Yojana: Provides free LPG connections to women from below-poverty line households. SDG-8 (Decent Work) Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): Provides microfinance to small businesses. Skill India Mission: Enhances skill development and training. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): Guarantees 100 days of wage employment. SDG-10 (Reduced Inequality) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): Promotes financial inclusion with access to banking services. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: Ensures access to housing for economically weaker sections. Conclusion: India needs to adopt a multifaceted approach to address income inequality, gender gaps, and labour force participation by promoting skill development and implementing targeted initiatives. By ensuring fair opportunities and equal access to resources, the country can move toward sustainable and inclusive development.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 October 2024

CONTENTS Abetment of Suicide International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2024 Positive Developments in India-Pakistan Relations at SCO Meeting in Islamabad Kaizen Battle of Walong Hellfire Missile Abetment of Suicide Context: The Supreme Court said recently that police and courts must avoid “unnecessary prosecutions” in cases of abetment of suicide allegedly from the workplace. This was the case of a salesman who had seemed to take his life due to harassment by senior officers at his company. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Background of the current case Abetment of suicide  Supreme Court’s Ruling on Abetment of Suicide Background of the current case In FIR, it is alleged that senior officers of a company had “force” and “coerced” a salesman, Rajeev Jain to select the VRS in the year 2006. Over the past 23 years, Jain had seen continued pressure from his senior officers, including his team leader wherein he continued to decline the VRS. Later, Jain hanged himself in a suicide bid. His brother, Rajnish, filed a case against the senior officers of abating Jain’s suicide. The officers filed their plea for quashing the case in the Allahabad High Court. Quashing the officers’ plea it was noticed that the meeting in which Jain was made to feel “humiliated and threatened” directly led to his eventual suicide. The SC ruling comes in this background. Abetment of suicide  Abetment of suicide is the act of encouraging, inciting or giving help to another to commit suicide. Abetment IPC and Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023  ‘Abetment’: Section 107 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC), is the same as Section 45 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS). A person abets the doing of a thing, if he: Instigates any person to do that thing, or Engages with one or more others in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, or Wilfully abets by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing. In legal cases, proving abetment often requires showing a clear connection between the accused’s actions and the deceased’s suicide, typically through direct or strong encouragement. Section 306 IPC (Section 108 BNS) prescribes the punishment for abetting suicide which can be up to 10 years along with imprisonment and fine as well. Abetment of suicide is a crime that can be tried in a Sessions court and is a cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable crime. Cognizable offense: A police officer, on his discretion, can arrest a person without a warrant from a court. Non-bailable offense: Granting bail lies within the discretion of the court and not as a matter of right. Non-compoundable offence: It cannot be withdrawn by the complainant, even if the complainant and the accused have reached an amicable settlement. Supreme Court’s Ruling on Abetment of Suicide The Supreme Court of India has provided clarity on what constitutes abetment of suicide under Section 306 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), emphasizing the need for direct and intentional incitement to suicide. This follows a reevaluation of an Allahabad High Court decision from 2017, which was found lacking sufficient evidence to support a prima facie case of abetment. Here’s a detailed look at the principles and precedents set by various court rulings on this matter: Key Points from the Supreme Court Ruling: Direct Incitement Required: The Supreme Court highlighted that abetment involves direct and alarming encouragement or incitement by the accused, distinct from mere emotional conflicts or harassment. Categories of Relationships: Personal Relationships: Issues like emotional disputes within family ties can lead to psychological distress but do not necessarily constitute abetment unless there’s significant harassment. Professional Relationships: In the workplace, only extreme levels of harassment that leave an individual feeling trapped and without recourse meet the criteria for abetment. Intentionality: Conviction under Section 306 of the IPC requires clear evidence that the accused intended to provoke the suicide, with a deliberate act that leaves the deceased feeling there are no alternatives. Precedent Cases: M Mohan v The State (2011): Established a high standard for proving abetment, requiring specific intent and direct actions that compel the deceased to consider suicide as the only solution. Karnataka High Court Ruling (July 2023): Addressed a case involving workplace harassment where the court decided not to quash proceedings against the accused, acknowledging that actions and behaviors contributing to the deteriorating mental health of a sensitive individual could constitute abetment. Ude Singh v State of Haryana (2019): Reaffirmed that abetment relies heavily on the individual facts of each case, with a need for evidence of direct or indirect incitement. Legal Framework and Societal Impact: These judgments reflect the crucial role of deciding individual and professional dynamics in such abetment cases. The Supreme Court demands direct and intentional incitement to hold a person accountable because it requires serious proofs that the law will not be abused by frivolous charges. What it reflects is a broader judicial consciousness of the intricacies involved in mental health issues and social contact implications on mental well-being. It also lays much responsibility on the heads of those in authority or position to conduct themselves such that they do not harm others’ mental well-being. All these developments in judicial thought help even more to clarify the framework in which allegations of abetment to suicide are to be judged and interpreted with concern for the administration of justice in relation to the protection of rights and well-being. -Source: Indian Express International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2024 Context: The International Energy Agency’s World Energy Outlook 2024 presents broad implications of global energy trends, especially in clean energy transitions, increasing the demands on energy, and the implications of the current geopolitical conflict. The report also brings out other facts like the growing demand of energy in India, dependence on coal followed by efforts to achieve net zero emission by 2070. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About the International Energy Agency (IEA) Major Highlights of the World Energy Outlook 2024 Report About the International Energy Agency (IEA) The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous Intergovernmental Organisation established in 1974 in Paris, France. IEA mainly focuses on its energy policies which include economic development, energy security and environmental protection. These policies are also known as the 3 E’s of IEA. It is best known for the publication of its annual World Energy Outlook. IEA’s Role and Functions IEA’s role has expanded to cover the entire global energy system, encompassing traditional energy sources such as oil, gas, and coal as well as cleaner and faster growing ones such as solar PV, wind power and biofuels. IEA acts as a policy adviser to its member states, as well as major emerging economies such as Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa to support energy security and advance the clean energy transition worldwide. IEA’s mandate has broadened to focus on providing analysis, data, policy recommendations and solutions to help countries ensure secure, affordable and sustainable energy for all. In particular, it has focused on supporting global efforts to accelerate the clean energy transition and mitigate climate change. The IEA has a broad role in promoting rational energy policies and multinational energy technology co-operation with a view to reaching net zero emissions. IEA Clean Coal Centre is dedicated to providing independent information and analysis on how coal can become a cleaner source of energy, compatible with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Membership of IEA The IEA is made up of 30 member countries. Only OECD member states can become members of the IEA. IEA member countries are required to maintain total oil stock levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year’s net imports. In 2018, Mexico joined the IEA and became its 30th member. India became an Associate member of IEA (NOT full membership) in 2017 but it was in engagement with IEA long before its association with the organization. Other Association Countries of IEA apart from India are: Brazil, China, Indonesia, Morocco, Singapore, South Africa and Thailand. Major Highlights of the World Energy Outlook 2024 Report Global Perspective Geopolitical Conflicts: Ongoing issues like the Russia-Ukraine war and Middle East tensions pose risks to global energy security. Renewable Energy Surge: A record 560 GW of renewable capacity was added globally in 2023, driving a major shift towards clean energy. Dominance of Renewables by 2030: Renewable sources are expected to surpass coal, oil, and gas as the main providers of electricity by 2030. Increasing Role of Solar and Wind: These sources, along with nuclear, are set to produce over 50% of global electricity by 2030. Market Shifts: The latter half of the 2020s may see a surplus in oil and LNG supplies, potentially lowering prices. Electric Vehicle Growth: EVs are projected to make up 50% of new car sales by 2030. Energy Technology Competition: There’s fierce competition among suppliers of technologies like solar PV and battery storage. Climate Change Challenges: Extreme weather events pose new challenges to energy systems. Energy Efficiency: Despite the importance of improving energy efficiency, the global target to double efficiency by 2030 may not be met under current policies. Highlights Related to India Economic Growth: India was the fastest-growing major economy in 2023, with significant economic advancements expected. Population and Urbanization: Having surpassed China in population, India faces substantial increases in energy demand due to urbanization. Coal Dependency: Despite growth in renewables, coal remains significant, with an expected addition of nearly 60 GW of coal-fired capacity by 2030. Industrial Growth: Major increases are anticipated in sectors like iron, steel, and cement production. Air Conditioning Surge: The demand for cooling is set to massively increase, significantly impacting electricity consumption. Renewable Energy Expansion: India is on track to nearly triple its electricity generation capacity to 1,400 GW by 2035, with a strong focus on renewables. Battery Storage and Electric Mobility: By 2030, India aims to have the third-largest installed battery storage capacity globally, essential for integrating renewable energy sources. Net Zero by 2070: India’s ambitious targets for net-zero emissions involve significant reductions in coal and oil use, facilitated by the adoption of electric vehicles and hydrogen technologies. Government Initiatives: Programs like the PM-KUSUM scheme, the National Solar Mission, and the PLI Scheme for solar PV are critical components of India’s clean energy strategy. -Source: Indian Express Positive Developments in India-Pakistan Relations at SCO Meeting in Islamabad Context: During the recent SCO Council of Heads of Government meeting in Islamabad, Pakistan, there was a notable informal interaction between India’s External Affairs Minister and Pakistan’s Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. This interaction was marked by a more positive tone compared to previous meetings. The SCO Council of Heads of Government, where this interaction took place, serves as the second-highest council within the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, following the SCO Council of Heads of States. This positive exchange could indicate a warming of relations or at least a more constructive approach to dialogue between the two nations. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Positive Developments Between India and Pakistan at the SCO Summit What is the SCO?  Positive Developments Between India and Pakistan at the SCO Summit Key Positive Outcomes: Moderation in Statements: Both India and Pakistan demonstrated restraint by avoiding contentious language in their statements at the SCO summit. This approach helped maintain a cordial atmosphere during the discussions. Focus on Cooperation: The discussions emphasized collaboration over confrontation, with topics such as trade, connectivity, energy flows, and joint efforts against terrorism, separatism, and extremism being central themes. Commendation by India: India’s positive remarks about the productive organization of the SCO meeting by Pakistan signal a thawing in relations and a willingness to engage constructively. Energy and Economic Initiatives: Discussion of the TAPI energy pipeline project involving Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India indicates ongoing collaboration in regional connectivity and energy security. Proposals for an Economic Dialogue Programme and strategies to enhance economic cooperation were key outcomes, aiming to strengthen economic ties and regional development. Joint Statement Focus: The joint statement highlighted mutual interests in areas like green development, the digital economy, trade, poverty alleviation, and renewable energy, setting a roadmap for future collaboration. Significance of These Developments Context of Tensions: Since the revocation of Article 370 by India, which led to a severe strain in relations including diplomatic downgrades and the suspension of bilateral trade, any positive interaction marks a significant shift towards potential reconciliation. Economic Impact: Prior to the tension escalation post-2019, trade between India and Pakistan was substantial, indicating the economic loss due to political strife. Renewed dialogue could pave the way for a gradual resumption of trade ties, beneficial for both economies. Strategic Importance: Improved relations can lead to better management of contentious issues like water rights under the Indus Waters Treaty and security concerns linked to terrorism and separatism. Regional Stability: Constructive engagement between India and Pakistan at international forums like the SCO can contribute to broader regional stability and peace, which is crucial given the strategic importance of South Asia. What is the SCO?  Founded in June 2001, it was built on the ‘Shanghai Five’, the grouping which consisted of Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. They came together in the post-Soviet era in 1996, in order to work on regional security, reduction of border troops and terrorism. They endowed particular focus on ‘conflict resolution’, given its early success between China and Russia, and then within the Central Asian Republics. Some of their prominent outcomes in this arena entail an ‘Agreement on Confidence-Building in the Military Field Along the Border Areas’ (in 1996) between China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which led to an agreement on the mutual reduction of military forces on their common borders in 1997. It would also pitch in to help the Central Asian countries resolve some of their boundary disputes.  In 2001, the ‘Shanghai Five’ inducted Uzbekistan into its fold and named it the SCO, outlining its principles in a charter that promoted what was called the “Shanghai spirit” of cooperation. The precise assertion, combined with some of the member states’ profiles, of building a “new international political and economic order” has often led to it being placed as a counter to treaties and groupings of the West, particularly North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Member states India, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The SCO also has four observer states — Afghanistan, Iran, Belarus and Mongolia — of which Iran and Belarus are now moving towards full membership.  Main goals Strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness among the member states; Promoting their effective cooperation in politics, trade, economy, research and technology, and culture. Focus areas: Education, energy, transport, tourism and environmental protection. It also calls for joint efforts to maintain and ensure peace, security and stability in the region; and the establishment of a democratic, fair and rational new international political and economic order. Organizational structure of SCO The SCO secretariat has two permanent bodies — SCO Secretariat based in Beijing  Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in Tashkent. Other than this, the grouping consists of Heads of State Council (HSC): It is the supreme decision-making body of the organisation. It meets annually to adopt decisions and guidelines on all important matters relevant to the organisation. Heads of Government Council (HGC): The HGC (mainly including Prime Ministers) also meets annually to zero in on the organisation’s priority areas and multilateral cooperation strategy. It also endeavours to resolve present economic and cooperation issues alongside approving the organisation’s annual budget.  Foreign Ministers Council: The Foreign Ministers Council considers issues pertaining to the day-to-day activities of the organisation, charting HSC meetings and consultations on international problems within the organisation and if required, makes statements on behalf of the SCO.  -Source: Indian Express Kaizen Context: The month-long strike at Samsung’s manufacturing facility in Tamil Nadu has brought to the spotlight the stressful working conditions in these factories shaped and determined by their management philosophy, which draws inspiration from the Japanese production method called Kaizen. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Kaizen: Kaizen is a combination of two Japanese words joined together which together means “good change” or “improvement.” Kaizen is the Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement involvement by employees at any level in a company. The concept of kaizen encompasses vast ideas. They make the work environment efficient by creating a team atmosphere, upgrading processes and procedures, increasing employee engagement, and making jobs more fulfilling, less tiring, and safer. Kaizen creates small changes overtime to promote continuous improvement within the company. The Kaizen process recognizes that the ripples caused by small changes today could also have huge impacts tomorrow. Ultimately, that can mean better quality control, more efficient processes and the elimination of waste, among other benefits. Under Kaizen, improvements can be initiated by any employee at any time. The philosophy is that everybody has a stake in the company’s success, and everybody should strive, at all times, to help make the business better. -Source: Indian Express Battle of Walong Context: To mark the 62nd anniversary of the iconic battle of Walong during the 1962 war with China, the Army is planning a month-long series of commemorative events. Relevance: GS I: History About Battle of Walong: About 1962 Sino-Indian War, it was placed at the easternmost tip of Arunachal Pradesh, near the tri-junction of India, China, and Myanmar. During the course of which Chinese forces launched a full-scale offensive, Indian troops were entrusted with the task of defending Walong, the only advanced landing ground in the area a vital supply route connecting remote border posts. Walong was the key Chinese attack on the eastern front during the war after Tawang. The Chinese had overwhelming numbers on their side—an estimated 15,000 soldiers to India’s 2,500, accompanied by superior weaponry and artillery. Yet, despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned, Indian soldiers displayed remarkable resolve. The Indian Army units involved included battalions from the Kumaon Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Gorkha Rifles, Assam Rifles, and Dogra Regiment.  Their tenacity and courage managed to hold back the Chinese advance for nearly three weeks, despite dire shortages of ammunition and supplies. The battle resulted in significant losses for India, with around 830 soldiers either killed, wounded, or captured. Yet, their defence stands as a powerful symbol of the valour and sacrifice of the Indian Army. It went down in history as the only Indian counterattack during the 1962 war. -Source: Indian Express Hellfire Missile Context: India recently concluded a deal with the US for the procurement of 170 AGM-114R Hellfire missiles. Relevance: Facts for Prelims AGM-114 Hellfire Missile The AGM-114 Hellfire missile is a prominent tactical weapon extensively used by the United States and its allies for precision targeting, particularly in modern warfare scenarios. Below are the key features and developments related to the Hellfire missile system: Key Features of the AGM-114 Hellfire Missile: Type and Usage: The Hellfire is a short-range air-to-ground missile, occasionally used in air-to-air roles. It is laser-guided and subsonic, designed primarily for tactical missions. Development: Initiated in 1972, the Hellfire was developed to meet the U.S. Army’s need for an effective anti-tank weapon against Soviet armor, reflecting the Cold War military dynamics. Targets: It is engineered to engage a variety of targets including armored vehicles like tanks, structures such as bunkers, radar and communication systems, and even hovering helicopters. Platforms: The missile is commonly deployed from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including the MQ-1B Predator, MQ-9 Reaper, and MQ-1C Grey Eagle, illustrating its versatility in unmanned operations. Specifications: Dimensions: The missile measures 1.62 meters in length, has a diameter of 17.7 cm, and a wingspan of 0.71 meters. Weight: It weighs between 45.4 kg and 49 kg, equipped with a multipurpose warhead weighing between 8 kg and 9 kg. Propulsion: Powered by a single-stage solid-propellant rocket motor. Velocity and Range: It can reach speeds up to 950 mph, with an operational range of 7 to 11 kilometers. AGM-114R Hellfire Romeo: Latest Variant: The AGM-114R, also known as Hellfire Romeo, represents the most advanced model in the Hellfire II series. Enhanced Capabilities: This variant consolidates the functionalities of previous Hellfire models, designed to address diverse target requirements with a single missile type. Launch Platforms: It can be launched from multiple platforms including fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, surface ships, and ground vehicles, underscoring its adaptability in different combat scenarios. Guidance System: It features a semi-active laser guidance system that ensures precision in targeting. Warhead: Equipped with an integrated blast fragmentation sleeve warhead, enhancing its effectiveness against a variety of target types that previously required multiple Hellfire variants to engage. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 October 2024

CONTENTS Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan Context: Recently, the Prime Minister has bowed to Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan on his birth anniversary. Relevance: GS I- Modern History Dimensions of the Article: About Jayaprakash Narayan Congress Socialist Party of JP Narayan 1939-1979 About Jayaprakash Narayan Jayaprakash Narayan, born on October 11 1902 in Sitab Diyara, Bihar. He was an Indian political leader and theorist. He was a disciple of Mohandas Gandhi and leader of India’s independence movement. In 1922, he went to the United States, where he studied political science and economics at the universities of California, Iowa, Wisconsin and Ohio State. Socialist and Resistance Leader: The nationalist and anti-imperialist convictions of JP Narayan developed into Marxist beliefs and participation in Communist activities. Narayan was opposed to policies of the Soviet Union and rejected organized communism upon returning to India in 1929. He repudiated his resistance movement’s commitment to non-violence, engineering strikes, train wrecks and riots. Advocate of Saintly Politics: After India gained independence, violence and Marxism waned in Narayan. He embraced a Gandhian type of revolutionary action in which he sought to change the minds and hearts of people. He was an advocate of “saintly politics” and he urged Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders to resign and live with the impoverished masses. He never held a formal position in the government, but remained a leading political personality operating outside party politics. Congress Socialist Party of JP Narayan It was founded in 1934 by socialists such as Jayaprakash Narayan and Acharya Narendra Dev. It was a socialist group within the Indian National Congress (INC). It believed in Marxist Ideas, Gandhism, Liberal and Social democracy of the west and showed allegiance to Indian National Congress (INC), The first All-India congress socialists’ conference was convened at Patna by Jaya Prakash Narayan in May 1934 under the presidentship of Acharya Narendra Dev to deliberate on the formation of Party. The first All India Congress Socialist Party was formed in Bombay in October 1934 under the presidentship of Sampurnananda and Jayaprakash Narayan as the General Secretary. 1939-1979 He was imprisoned by the British again in 1939 for his opposition to Indian participation in World War II on the side of Britain, but he subsequently made a dramatic escape and for a short time tried to organize violent resistance to the government before his recapture in 1943. After his release in 1946 he tried to persuade the Congress leaders to adopt a more militant policy against British rule. In 1948 he, together with most of the Congress Socialists, left the Congress Party and in 1952 formed the Praja Socialist Party. Soon becoming dissatisfied with party politics, he announced in 1954 that he would thenceforth devote his life exclusively to the Bhoodan Yajna Movement, founded by Vinoba Bhave, which demanded that land be distributed among the landless. His continuing interest in political problems, however, was revealed when in 1959 he argued for a “reconstruction of Indian polity” by means of a four-tier hierarchy of village, district, state, and union councils. When Indira Gandhi was found guilty of violating electoral laws by the Allahabad High Court. JP Narayan called for Indira and the CMs to resign and the military and police to disregard unconstitutional and immoral orders. He advocated a program of social transformation which he termed ‘Sampoorna Kranti’ (total revolution) in 1974 against corruption in public life. Total revolution: Total Revolution is a combination of seven revolu­tions, viz., political, social, economic, cultural, ideological or intellectual, educational and spiritual. The main motive was to bring in a change in the existing society that is in tune with the ideals of the Sarvodaya. Jayaprakash Narayan was posthumously conferred with India’s highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, for his “invaluable contribution to the freedom struggle and upliftment of the poor and downtrodden”. National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority Context: Recently, the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) has approved a 50% increase in the ceiling prices of eleven scheduled formulations of eight drugs under the Drugs Prices Control Order, 2013.  These drugs are indicated for the treatment of conditions such as Asthma, Glaucoma, Thalassemia, Tuberculosis, and mental health disorders.  Relevance: GS II- Government Policies and Intervention, Health About National Pharmaceuticals Pricing Authority NPPA is an organization under Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers which was set up in 1997 to revise the prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and to enforce prices and availability of the medicines in the country, under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), 1995. The prices are now fixed/revised under Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), 2013. It also monitors the prices of decontrolled drugs in order to keep them at reasonable levels. Functions of NPPA: To implement and enforce the provisions of the Drugs Price Control Order (DPCO), 1995/2013  in accordance with the powers delegated to it. To undertake and/or sponsor relevant studies in respect of pricing of drugs/formulations. To monitor the availability of drugs, identify shortages, if any, and to take remedial steps. To collect/maintain data on production, exports and imports, market share of individual companies, profitability of companies etc. for bulk drugs and formulations. To deal with all legal matters arising out of the decisions of the Authority. To render advice to the Central Government on changes/revisions in the drug policy. To render assistance to the Central Government in the parliamentary matters relating to the drug pricing. Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO) The Drugs Prices Control Order, 1995 is an order issued by the Government of India under Sec. 3 of Essential Commodities Act, 1955 to regulate the prices of drugs. The Order inter alia provides the list of price controlled drugs, procedures for fixation of prices of drugs, method of implementation of prices fixed by Govt., penalties for contravention of provisions etc. For the purpose of implementing provisions of DPCO, powers of Government have been vested in NPPA.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 October 2024

Content: Canadian frostbite  Abject failure Canadian Frostbite  Context: Over the past year, the diplomatic crisis between Canada and India has reached new lows, with the war of words, issuing travel adversaries, and the expulsion of diplomats. Recent developments have caused bilateral relations to hit rock bottom with threats of trade sanctions and talks of visa suspensions.  Relevance: GS2 (International Relations) Practice question: discuss the ongoing diplomatic crisis between India and Canada and mention its impacts on the Indian diaspora residing in Canada. Suggest some sustainable measures to de-escalate and normalise relations. (250 words) Canada’s accusations: Persons of interest:Canada has named five Indian diplomats, along with an Indian high commissioner, as persons of interest in the killing of Khalistani activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar. RCMP (Canada police report): The RCMP expressed a high level of suspicion towards these diplomats in the killing, along with a criminal network, i.e., the Bishnoi gang. Foreign influence: The Canadian government accuses India and its diplomats of intervening in Canada’s internal political affairs. India’s response: Preposterous charges: India has called the murder charges baseless and accused the Canadian government of orchestrating the investigation for political gains for the vote bank of Khalistani separatists. Intimidation in the name of free speech: Canada provides a safe space for violent extremists and terrorists to intimidate Indian diplomats and community leaders in the name of free speech. Former Indian diplomats opinions: It’s just a Trudeau problem. They accused Trudeau of dragging the Indian High Commissioner into Canada’s vote bank politics for his political gains. Five eyes view: Five Eyes, an intelligence alliance comprising the US, UK, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, has extended its support to Canada in this diplomatic crisis. The US has suggested India and Canada ease the tensions through the method of dialogue while suggesting India take Canada’s charges seriously and cooperate for an investigation. The UK has expressed full confidence in the Canadian judicial process. Path forward for India: India should carefully balance defending its diplomats along with maintaining its image in the international forums. India must organise an international campaign to ensure accountability from Canada, demanding either concrete proof and evidence or cessation of suspicions towards India and its diplomats.  Conclusion : India should deal with a nuanced approach, considering long-term impacts both on its image and its diaspora residing in Canada. Any further “tit for tat” approaches between the two countries will result in serious consequences for people-to-people connections, hence the issue must be handled with great sensitivity. Abject Failure Context: The Global Hunger Index 2024 ranks India 105th among 127 countries, categorising India’s hunger level as serious, sparking widespread debates.  Relevance: GS 2 (Social Justice)  Practice question: Discuss the state of hunger and malnutrition in India with a focus on the Global Hunger Index Report 2024. Suggest suitable measures to effectively counter it. (250 words)  Key Themes :  Staggering numbers: India’s 200 million undernourished people represent the population of Brazil, the world’s seventh-largest country in terms of population. 14% of the population of India is undernourished, according to numbers by GHI 2024.  Data considered: The GHI 2024 takes into account data from the Ministry of Statistics’ sample registration system, which consists of births, deaths, and infant and maternal mortality rates as published by the Ministry of Women and Children.  Serious category: India is placed in the serious category but could move to “extremely alarming” if other relevant factors are considered.  Systematic failures: The GHI report highlights a systematic failure by the Indian state to address fundamental needs such as adequate food and nutrition, which are essential for harnessing the benefits of demographic dividends.  Income inequality: Despite India being considered one of the fastest-growing economies with a growth rate of 6.8% in FY24, its per capita income remains less than a quarter of the global average. This indicates wide income inequality. i.e., India’s per capita income is $2,485 in FY24 compared to the global average of $13,920 in FY22.  Doubled food inflation: Between FY22 and FY24, food inflation doubled from 3.8% to 7.5%, disproportionately affecting the poor. The Economic Survey 2023-34 attributes this to extreme weather events and low reservoir levels.  Hunger levels and bumper crops: Despite recording one of the highest levels of food production of 332 million metric tonnes undernourished, remains a pressing issue.  Failure of safety nets and health care system: This is evident from high rates of child stunting of 35.5% and child wasting rates of 18.7%.  Way forward: Strengthen the public distribution system (PDS) through schemes like “one nation, one ration card.” Reduce income inequalities with initiatives like universal basic income. Tackling food inflation through resilient agricultural practices. Scale up programs like Poshan Abhiyan 2.0 and midday meals to combat child malnutrition. Collaboration with international organisations like the World Bank for technical support. Promotion of climate-resilient agriculture, involving crop diversification, water conservation, etc. Etc Addressing nutrition deficiency through movements like EAT-RIGHT and promotion of millets. Conclusion : India should adopt a multifaceted approach to address the root causes of hunger, such as poverty, income inequality and food inflation to achieve sustainable development goal 2, which focuses on food security and nutrition. At the same time, India must also tackle the rising issue of obesity, which is often referred to as a silent pandemic, to prevent future complications.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 October 2024

CONTENTS Climate Change Threatens Methane Cycle in the Amazon Rainforest 2024 Nobel Peace Prize Awarded to Nihon Hidankyo New Guidelines to Combat Greenwashing PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan Integrated of UMANG app with DigiLocker Ossification test Climate Change Threatens Methane Cycle in the Amazon Rainforest Context: Recent research highlights a growing concern that climate change may significantly disrupt the methane cycle within the Amazon rainforest. This cycle involves the production, consumption, and release of methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, into the environment. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Research on Methane Understanding the Methane Cycle How Can Global Warming Affect the Methane Cycle? How Does Methane Cycle Disruption Affect Global Climate? Key Highlights of the Research on Methane Amazon Floodplains: Floodplains in the Amazon are significant contributors, accounting for up to 29% of global wetland methane emissions. Climate change heightens the activity of methane-producing microbes in these areas. Upland Forests as Sinks: Upland forests in the Amazon act as methane sinks, although their capacity to absorb methane has decreased by 70% under warmer and drier conditions, indicating a reduced ability to mitigate methane emissions. Methanotrophic Microorganisms: The study emphasizes the role of methanotrophic microorganisms that consume methane. These organisms help regulate methane levels in the environment. Isotope Analysis: Analysis of isotopes revealed that both aerobic and anaerobic methane-consuming microbes are active in the Amazon’s floodplains, showcasing the intricate methane cycling processes occurring in this region. Understanding the Methane Cycle Sources and Sinks: Methane is released into the atmosphere from natural sources like wetlands and from human activities such as landfills, livestock farming, and fossil fuel exploitation. It is then either consumed by methanotrophs in the soil or broken down in the atmosphere. Cycle Dynamics: Creation: Methane generation begins in the soil, produced by microbes known as methanogens. Consumption: Methanotrophs, which require oxygen and reside in the upper layers of soil, consume methane as their primary food source, releasing some back into the atmosphere. Atmospheric Cleaning by Hydroxyl Radicals: Methane Oxidation: Methane in the atmosphere is primarily removed by oxidation, a process facilitated by hydroxyl radicals (OH). These radicals, often referred to as the “cleanser of the atmosphere,” break down methane into smaller molecules, ultimately converting it to CO2 through various chemical reactions. Further Processing: Methane that moves from the troposphere to the stratosphere continues to be processed and removed, ensuring a natural cleansing of this potent greenhouse gas from the air. How Can Global Warming Affect the Methane Cycle? In an ideal world, sources of methane would equal sinks like in the case of CO2, but human activities increase global atmospheric concentrations of methane, which are rising. Scientists worry as the earth heats up, but more methane will be released from soils or other sources and magnify the problem of global warming. Ice crystals of methane form in cold, oxygen-poor marine sediments. Clathrate is also entrapped in permafrost, the permanently frozen soil in arctic and subarctic latitudes. . Clathrate ice-also called methane hydrate-is white, solid, like water ice. But this ice contains water molecules which freeze around molecules of methane. Clathrate deposits were once sinks where the methane was sequestered. But with global warming, some of the deep, frozen sediments melt, emitting methane, which then evaporates into the atmosphere. Since CH4 is a green gas, it means that more heat is trapped in the atmosphere, thus warming the Earth more. How Does Methane Cycle Disruption Affect Global Climate? Methane is the next biggest cause of climate change after carbon dioxide (CO₂). It has a global warming potential 28 times that of carbon dioxide per 100 years. Even small quanta of methane add up to a great deal because of the high global warming potential; already, carbon dioxide emissions have slowed down during the Covid-19 lockdowns of 2020 as indicated by the data from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, but atmospheric methane shot up. Methane is the primary precursor gas to a toxic atmospheric pollutant: tropospheric ozone. Tropospheric ozone is calculated to cause around 1 million premature respiratory deaths annually worldwide Globally, additional methane emissions account for half of the growth in tropospheric ozone that has been quantified over the last few decades. Higher levels of methane emissions decrease the amount of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the atmosphere, which are natural purifiers for atmospheric pollutants. With fewer hydroxyl radicals, other atmospheric pollutants are likely to survive longer and contribute to further lowering air quality. Methane causes losses to staple crops of an average 10% to 15% yearly by adding to the increase in atmospheric temperatures that on average results in the formation of tropospheric ozone. Methane’s contribution to climate change and public health also led to annual losses of about 400 million work hours worldwide due to extreme heat. Methane-induced climatic change also causes ecosystem disruption, species distributions changed, biodiversity lost, and ecological interactions destabilized, affecting plant and animal health. -Source: Down To Earth 2024 Nobel Peace Prize Awarded to Nihon Hidankyo Context: The Nobel Peace Prize of 2024 goes to the Japanese organization Nihon Hidankyo, continuously working towards making the world free of nuclear arms. The organization consists of survivors of the atomic bombings that occurred in 1945 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and is called Hibakusha, or “bomb-affected people.” These survivors are crucial to having led a global movement which worked towards the elimination of nuclear arms. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: What is Nihon Hidankyo? Advocacy for Nuclear Disarmament by Hibakusha Nobel Peace Prizes and Disarmament Conclusion What is Nihon Hidankyo? Scientists had long theorised that the forces that held together the nucleus of an atom could make up a very destructive bomb. With World War II, research on the subject picked up, not only in the US, which eventually built the first nuclear bomb, but also in the UK, Germany, USSR, and Japan. But by the time the US developed the bomb, in July 1945, Germany had already been defeated, and the Japanese Empire had been pushed all the way back to its home islands. The US leadership, now under Harry Truman, however, wanted to avoid a protracted ground war with Japan. It was also wary of the Soviets entering the conflict in the East. The atom bomb could kill two birds with one stone. On August 6, the US dropped a bomb named “Little Boy” on Hiroshima. The destruction was unimaginable. More than 70,000 people died instantly, with the death toll going beyond 100,000 later. Then, on August 9, before the scale of the destruction could even be comprehended, the US dropped “Fat Man” on Nagasaki, killing at least 40,000 people instantly, and tens of thousands more in the days and weeks to come. Japanese Emperor Hirohito announced his country’s surrender on August 15. In his speech, he referenced “a new and most cruel bomb”. He said: “Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilisation.” Advocacy for Nuclear Disarmament by Hibakusha The Role of Hibakusha in Nuclear Disarmament Hibakusha, the survivors of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, have played a pivotal role in advocating for nuclear disarmament globally. Their experiences and testimonies have been crucial in shaping public and political discourse around the consequences of nuclear warfare. Organizational Efforts: Nihon Hidankyo, established in 1956, is the principal organization representing the Hibakusha. It focuses on the welfare of bomb survivors, the elimination of nuclear weapons, and securing compensation for the victims. Global Advocacy: The Hibakusha have actively participated in international forums, including the United Nations, to share their harrowing experiences and push for global nuclear disarmament. Their stories have been instrumental in fostering a worldwide nuclear taboo that has significantly influenced international nuclear policies. The Nuclear Taboo and Recent Pressures The notion of a ‘nuclear taboo’—the moral aversion against the use of nuclear weapons—has been a significant outcome of disarmament advocacy. However, this taboo is increasingly under pressure due to: New Nuclear States and Developments: Several countries are either developing or enhancing their nuclear arsenals, reflecting a shift in global strategic balances and the persistent threat of nuclear conflict. Economic Investments: Significant investments, such as the projected $1 trillion by the US for nuclear capabilities enhancement, indicate a renewed focus on nuclear deterrence strategies. Nobel Peace Prizes and Disarmament The Nobel Peace Prize has recognized several individuals and organizations for their efforts in promoting disarmament: Historical Awards: The prize has been awarded multiple times for disarmament efforts, reflecting the Nobel Committee’s long-standing commitment to this cause. For instance, former Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Sato received the prize in 1974 for maintaining Japan’s non-nuclear stance. Recent Recognition: In 2017, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its work in highlighting the catastrophic impacts of nuclear weapons and for advancing a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons. ICAN’s collaboration with Nihon Hidanyo underscores the ongoing relevance of Hibakusha experiences in contemporary disarmament efforts. Conclusion As the Hibakusha advocacy reminds us, nuclear warfare is a form of influence that has played an extremely critical role in the lives of human societies, and so it continues to do even after seventy years have passed. Their persistent efforts give testimony to the crucial need for a global commitment toward disarmament and the preservation of the nuclear taboo in preventing other such atrocities. The Hibakusha narrative not only tells us of all the horrors that have befallen us but also becomes a powerful call for us to act against the future proliferation of nuclear arms. -Source: Indian Express New Guidelines to Combat Greenwashing Context: The Centre has introduced new guidelines to prevent companies from making false or misleading claims about their products’ environmental benefits.  These rules, issued by the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), require companies to provide scientific evidence to support their claims.  The guidelines are part of a broader effort to crack down on misleading advertisements. These norms would complement the existing Guidelines for Prevention of Misleading Advertisements and Endorsement for Misleading Advertisements 2022, which deal with false or exaggerated claims in advertisements in general. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Advertising Guidelines for Preventing Greenwashing What Is Greenwashing? Overview of Advertising Guidelines for Preventing Greenwashing The new advertising guidelines aimed at preventing greenwashing involve comprehensive measures to ensure transparency and accuracy in the promotion of environmental claims. Here are the key highlights: Definition of Greenwashing Greenwashing is identified as any deceptive or misleading practice where essential information is obscured or exaggerated concerning the environmental benefits of a product or service. This includes using misleading imagery or terms that suggest positive environmental impacts while hiding negative ones. Permissible Advertising Practices Advertisements may use “obvious hyperboles” or “puffery”, provided they do not mislead the consumer. For example, broad claims about growth based on “sustainable principles” are acceptable as long as they are not deceptive. More specific claims, such as assertions that all products are manufactured sustainably, require clear substantiation. Use of Environmental Terms Terms like “clean,” “green,” “eco-friendly,” and “sustainable” are permitted only if the advertiser can provide solid evidence to support these claims. Advertisements must include accurate qualifiers and disclosures to prevent these terms from being vague or misleading. Clarification of Technical Terms When employing technical terminology, such as “environment impact assessment” or “greenhouse gas emissions,” companies must ensure that their meanings and implications are presented in a manner easily understood by the general public. The guidelines stress the importance of clarity and public accessibility of information. Substantiation of Specific Environmental Claims Claims that are particularly specific, such as “compostable,” “non-toxic,” or “plastic-free,” must be backed by reliable scientific evidence, certifications, or third-party verification. This requirement ensures that companies can credibly support their environmental assertions. Scope of Application These guidelines apply universally to all environmental claims made by manufacturers, service providers, or advertisers. They also encompass advertising agencies and endorsers involved in marketing such products or services. The guidelines aim to hold all parties accountable and prevent the dissemination of misleading environmental information. What Is Greenwashing? Greenwashing is the process of conveying a false impression or misleading information about how a company’s products are environmentally sound. Greenwashing involves making an unsubstantiated claim to deceive consumers into believing that a company’s products are environmentally friendly or have a greater positive environmental impact than is true. In addition, greenwashing may occur when a company attempts to emphasize sustainable aspects of a product to overshadow the company’s involvement in environmentally damaging practices. Performed through the use of environmental imagery, misleading labels, and hiding tradeoffs, greenwashing is a play on the term “whitewashing,” which means using false information to intentionally hide wrongdoing, error, or an unpleasant situation in an attempt to make it seem less bad than it is. Examples of Greenwashing A classic example of greenwashing is when Volkswagen admitted to cheating emissions tests by fitting various vehicles with a “defect” device, with software that could detect when it was undergoing an emissions test and altering the performance to reduce the emissions level. A plastic package containing a new shower curtain is labeled “recyclable.” It is not clear whether the package or the shower curtain is recyclable. In either case, the label is deceptive if any part of the package or its contents, other than minor components, cannot be recycled. A trash bag is labeled “recyclable.” Trash bags are not ordinarily separated from other trash at the landfill or incinerator, so they are highly unlikely to be used again for any purpose. The claim is deceptive because it asserts an environmental benefit where no meaningful benefit exists. Effects of greenwashing There is a growing body of evidence that shows consumer sentiment is slanted toward being green and environmentally sustainable. When a company, product or service is caught or discovered to be greenwashing, there is a general sense of distrust that occurs. Consumers will no longer trust the brand or product in question, and might also begin to question other claims. Companies engaged in greenwashing – consumers will likely choose other organizations that are more ethical. Greenwashing can degrade customer satisfaction, erode brand loyalty and potentially affect repeat purchases. On Planet – Ultimately, the biggest effect of greenwashing is existential. Each act that an organization or individual doesn’t take with real green initiatives has a potential negative effect on the planet. With the effects of climate change continuing to manifest on humanity, there is no time to waste in taking steps to help improve sustainability such that humanity and Earth itself will continue to survive. -Source: Financial Express PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan Context: Recently the Prime Minister praised the successful completion of 3 years of PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, calling it a transformative step in India’s infrastructure growth.  Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About PM Gati Shakti: PM GatiShakti National Master Plan: Achievements and Challenges Conclusion About PM Gati Shakti: It will incorporate the infrastructure schemes of various Ministries and State Governments like Bharatmala, Sagarmala, inland waterways, dry/land ports, UDAN etc. Economic Zones like textile clusters, pharmaceutical clusters, defence corridors, electronic parks, industrial corridors, fishing clusters, agri zones will be covered to improve connectivity & make Indian businesses more competitive. It will also leverage technology extensively including spatial planning tools with ISRO imagery developed by BiSAG-N (Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics).     The multi-modal connectivity will provide integrated and seamless connectivity for movement of people, goods and services from one mode of transport to another. It will facilitate the last mile connectivity of infrastructure and also reduce travel time for people. PM GatiShakti will provide the public and business community information regarding the upcoming connectivity projects, other business hubs, industrial areas and surrounding environment. This will enable the investors to plan their businesses at suitable locations leading to enhanced synergies. It will create multiple employment opportunities and give a boost to the economy. It will improve the global competitiveness of local products by cutting down the logistics costs and improving the supply chains, and also ensure proper linkages for local industry & consumers. PM GatiShakti is based on six pillars: Comprehensiveness: It will include all the existing and planned initiatives of various Ministries and Departments with one centralized portal. Each and every Department will now have visibility of each other’s activities providing critical data while planning & execution of projects in a comprehensive manner. Prioritization: Through this, different Departments will be able to prioritize their projects through cross–sectoral interactions. Optimization: The National Master Plan will assist different ministries in planning for projects after identification of critical gaps. For the transportation of the goods from one place to another, the plan will help in selecting the most optimum route in terms of time and cost. Synchronization: Individual Ministries and Departments often work in silos. There is lack of coordination in planning and implementation of the project resulting in delays. PM GatiShakti will help in synchronizing the activities of each department, as well as of different layers of governance, in a holistic manner by ensuring coordination of work between them. Analytical: The plan will provide the entire data at one place with GIS based spatial planning and analytical tools having 200+ layers, enabling better visibility to the executing agency. Dynamic: All Ministries and Departments will now be able to visualize, review and monitor the progress of cross-sectoral projects, through the GIS platform, as the satellite imagery will give on-ground progress periodically and progress of the projects will be updated on a regular basis on the portal. It will help in identifying the vital interventions for enhancing and updating the master plan. PM GatiShakti National Master Plan: Achievements and Challenges Achievements Expansion and Reach: PM GatiShakti has expanded its platform to 27 aspirational districts and aims to encompass 750 districts in the near future. Technological Integration: Utilization of geospatial tools and dynamic data layers has greatly enhanced real-time infrastructure planning and decision-making capabilities. Global Showcasing: The tool has been presented in various international forums, including 30 countries across Central and Southeast Asia, and notable conferences like the UNESCAP conference in Hong Kong and the Asia Pacific Business Forum. Sector-Specific Applications: Health: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has effectively used the platform for mapping new healthcare facilities. Agriculture: Districts such as Dahod in Gujarat are employing satellite imagery for planning cost-effective drip irrigation systems. Tourism: Arunachal Pradesh has used data visualization to enhance tourist potential around Bichom Dam. Urban Development: Cities like Kanpur, Bengaluru, and Srinagar have developed logistics plans to improve connectivity. Skill Development: The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship has identified locations for training institutes near industrial zones. Challenges Data Integration: Integrating real-time data from multiple ministries is problematic, with some of the data being outdated or incomplete, affecting the efficiency of planning. Digital Divide: While 13 states have digitized their land records, others are lagging, which slows down project execution. Ministerial Silos: There is a frequent lack of coordination among ministries, leading to delays and conflicts in large-scale infrastructure projects like roads and railways. Project Approvals: There are significant delays in obtaining necessary approvals, especially concerning environmental and land clearances. Geographical Constraints: Projects in hilly regions often encounter delays due to environmental issues, displacement, and local protests. Funding Issues: Acquiring sufficient funding for large projects, particularly at the local level, remains a challenge. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): There’s a limited implementation of PPPs, forcing the government to shoulder much of the financial burden, delaying project completions. Technology Utilization: Not all states are equally equipped or skilled in using the GatiShakti platform effectively, with states like Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat being notable exceptions. Project Tracking: Although the platform supports real-time tracking, not all projects are regularly updated, leading to delays in completion. Conclusion The PM GatiShakti National Master Plan showed excellent success in integrating and harnessing the more modern technologies of infrastructure development across India. However, it will have enormous challenges that arise more or less from inefficiencies in administration and technological disparities among the states. Overcoming these challenges will be critical to realizing the full impact of the initiative and fulfilling its high-profile development objectives. -Source: Indian Express, PIB Integrated of UMANG app with DigiLocker Context: Recently, the National e-Governance Division (NeGD) has integrated the UMANG app with DigiLocker, India’s Digital Wallet. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About UMANG App DigiLocker About UMANG App It is a unified, secure, multi-channel, multi-platform, multi-lingual, multi-service mobile app. It is a Digital India initiative of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) launched in 2017. It provides access to high impact services of various organizations of Centre and States. Presently it has 2000+ services. The aim of UMANG is to fast-track mobile governance in India. UMANG enables ‘Ease of Living’ for Citizens by providing easy access to a plethora of Indian government services ranging from – Healthcare, Finance, Education, Housing, Energy, Agriculture, Transport to even Utility and Employment and Skills. The key partners of UMANG are Employee Provident Fund Organization, Direct Benefit Transfer scheme departments, Employee State Insurance Corporation, Ministries of Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Staff Selection Commission (SSC). UMANG attained ‘Best m-Government service’ award at the 6th World Government Summit held at Dubai, UAE in February 2018. About features of UMANG App It provides seamless integration with popular customer centric services like Aadhaar and Digilocker. It provides a unified approach where one can install one application to avail multiple government services. It can be accessed on multiple channels like mobile application, web, and SMS which can be accessed through smartphones, tablets and desktops. It has a rich multimedia interface with a focus on maximizing usability and enriching user experience. The Services provided by the app are as follows It is a unified application that can be used to avail a number of pan India e-government services such as Filing income tax,  Employees Provident Fund Organization (EPFO) services, Aadhar, Pension, e- Patashala, e- Land Records, Crop Insurance etc. DigiLocker: DigiLocker is a digitisation service of the Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, which comes under the initiative called Digital India. Provides an access route to digital versions of many kinds of documents such as driver’s licenses, vehicle registration certificates and academic mark sheets. -Source: Indian Express Ossification test Context: Recently, Mumbai court ordered for an ossification test to determine whether one of the persons accused in the murder case of a political leader is a minor or not. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Ossification test:  This is a medical test that examines bones to find the age. This testing involves taking the x-rays of certain bones in the body. The bones are relating to the clavicle, sternum, and pelvis whereby their degree of growth can be ascertained about our bone. Because at particular ages in the development stage of a human, some bones join or become hard and fused with others, it can be considered as marking age. Such bones are selected due to the tendency that they tend to change dramatically in their form with age. Example: The clavicle is one long bone. It connects the shoulder blade to the sternum. It gets ossified progressively by fusing growing plates as a person ages. Ossification in children and adolescents: This may be used to demonstrate how bones achieve hardness at selected ages. Application of Ossification test It is widely utilized in forensic science and in legal fields to ascribe age to a person when that becomes necessary. It is also applied to some medical fields, such as monitoring the maturity of the skeleton in children with growth disorders. -Source: Hindustan Times

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 October 2024

CONTENTS East Asia Summit  MAHA-EV Mission East Asia Summit  Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India attended the 19th East Asia Summit (EAS) in Vientiane, Lao PDR.  Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What are the Key Highlights of the Visit? What is the East Asia Summit? What are the Key Highlights of the Visit? PM put a development-oriented approach in the Indo-Pacific region over expansionism. Continued support for Nalanda University and requested the heads of EAS member countries to join the conclave of Heads of Higher Education. Spearheaded discussions in the hall on global challenges with terrorism, cyber, and maritime threats that argued for solutions to conflicts being approached via dialogue. PM conveyed his wishes to Malaysia on presiding as the new Chair of ASEAN and expressed India’s full support to it. Currently, Lao PDR is the ASEAN Chair. What is the East Asia Summit? Beginning in 2005, 16 participating countries comprised this grouping, with their first meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These members were the 10 ASEAN countries, Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea. ASEAN’s 10 member countries are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The United States and the Russian Federation joined at the 6th East Asia Summit in 2011. Simply, the EAS is an ASEAN initiative and refers to the annual Meeting of Heads of States/Governments of these countries, where they are able to discuss common concerns and interests. Its creation was based on the idea of enhancing cooperation among East Asian countries and those in the neighbouring regions. Six priority areas of cooperation were identified – Environment and energy, Education, Finance, Global health issues and pandemic diseases, Natural disaster management, ASEAN Connectivity In the past, the issues of claims over the South China Sea, the United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea, terrorism, the actions of North Korea and the conflict situation in Myanmar have been discussed by the countries. MAHA-EV Mission Context: The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) announced the launch of the Mission for Advancement in High-Impact Areas -Electric Vehicle (MAHA- EV) Mission. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About MAHA-EV Mission: It seeks to develop critical EV technologies locally, reduce dependence on imports, provide support to domestic innovation, and place India as a global leader in the EV sector. This is one of the initiatives launched by the ANRF under its Advancement in High-Impact Areas program, catalyzing multi-institutional, multi-disciplinary, and multi-investigator collaboration to address high-impact scientific challenges. It aims to inject swift technological advancement in the critical sectors that have a colossal influence on the future growth of the nation to capture a global footprint in the space.  It is concentrating on three critical technology areas–Tropical EV Batteries and Battery Cells, Power Electronics, Machines, and Drives (PEMD) and Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure. Importance Domestic capabilities in the design and development of critical EV components will be enhanced by this mission. The investment will enhance competitiveness and add to the status of India as a development hub for EV components. It promotes global competitiveness and inspires innovation. It marks the further acceleration of the shift to electric mobility, which symbolises a greener future with more sustainability.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 October 2024

Contents: Deeper role 2. A food-sufficient India needs to be hunger-free too. Deeper Role Conflict in West Asia consistently the draw attention of multiple state and non-state actors, including the United States. The recent announcement of the United States to provide a THAAD advanced anti-missile system highlights the growing intervention of the US into the conflicts of West Asia. Escalations may further increase US involvement in the region. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations). Practice question: Explain the increasing role of the US in west Asia, especially focussing on he Israel-PaPalestine conflict  Discuss how the US can utilise its diplomatic powers to bring peace to the region. (250 words) Key Issues US support to Israel: The US has adopted a twin approach of providing military aid and providing diplomatic support to avoid regional escalation. The US has provided $17.9 billion in military aid to Israel since October 2023. Deployment of the THAAD anti-missile system in favour of Israel. Airstrikes against Houthis and militias in Iraq and Syria (both of them declared war against Israel) by the United States. Secretary of State repeated visits to maintain American Arab cooperation. US reluctance to pressurise Israel despite allegations of a war crime. Increasing regional instability: Israel has expanded its operation beyond Gaza to Lebanon,Syria and even bombed the Iranian embassy in Damascus. Hezbollah has intensified its attack. On Sunday, it killed four Israeli soldiers by drone attack, and Iran launched a massive missile attack on October 1st. Consequence of escalation : Escalation may increase the risk of increased US involvement in the conflict. Increased destabilisation may draw many state and non-state actors into the conflict, resulting in large-scale influence on global geopolitics and energy markets. Conclusion : The United States should utilise its position to reduce conflict in the region by putting meaningful pressure on Tel Aviv , failing to which will result in serious consequence in the west Asia region ,which may spill over to global geopolitics affecting supply chain and energy markets   THAAD: Terminal high altitude missile system is an anti-missile system developed by the US that intercepts and destroys short, medium, and intermediate ballistic missiles. THAAD was designed to intercept missiles at the terminal stage itself. A Food-Sufficient India Needs To Be Hunger-Free Too Context: In the 2024 global hunger index, India ranks 105th out of 127 countries, denoting a serious level of hunger. Relevance: GS2 (Social Justice) Practice question: Discuss the relations between poverty, hunger, and nutrition. Explain how various government initiatives like PDS can be utilised to address hunger and malnutrition in India. Introduction : Despite being food sufficient, India is facing challenges in addressing hunger and malnutrition, as highlighted by global hunger index report 2024. Eliminating both malnutrition and hunger requires a multifaceted approach targeting poverty, inequality, rising food prices, and universal basic income. Hunger and malnutrition in India: Food production : In 2023–24, India produced 330 million metric tonnes of food grains, sufficient enough for its population. Affordability : Despite food sufficiency, 72% of households are facing issues accessing nutritious diets due to poverty and inflation, as observed by the global nutrition report, 2023. Malnutrition : India has nearly 1/3 of the malnourished population in the world, i.e., 220 million. Child malnutrition : Child wasting: 19.3% and child stunting: 35.5%, according to NFHS5. Protein deficiency :the recommended protein intake is 60-75g/day, while the average Indian consumes 55g/day. Even the richest 5% consume less protein and prefer processed food. Disparity : Urban-rural disparity: hunger and malnutrition are more prevalent in rural areas than urban areas in India. Cost of a healthy diet: Thalinomics: According to NSSO 2011,rural population spent nearly 63.3% of their income on food alone ,despite the public distribution system (PDS) . CoHD : The cost of a healthy diet (CoHD) in Southeast Asia is $4.20 PPP per person per day and 60% of low-income Indians can’t afford this (World Bank, 2023). Affordability of meals: NSSO finds 3.2% of the population cannot afford 60 meals per month. Measures needed: Strengthening the PDS system by addressing leakage and inefficiencies. As PDS under the National Food Security Act covers more than 800 million people. Encouraging crop diversification and resilient agriculture may check food inflation. India wastes 70 million metric tonnes of food annually, which is nearly 20% of the total food produced. This issue needs to be addressed. Promoting meat- and protein-rich diets. Govts initiatives: Eat Right Movement : a campaign to promote healthy diet . Poshan 2.0 :an integrated approach for maternal and child nutrition . Food Fortification : fortification of staple foods like rice and wheat with essential nutrients . Hunger and Africa: Undernourished population at global level is 757 million in 2023, where 20.4% facing hunger are alone in Africa.Projected trend remark , by the end of 2030, half of the world’s hungry will be in Africa. Conclusion :  The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG2) speaks about ending hunger by 2030; considering the current scenario, it requires global efforts. Developed countries should come forward for the sake of humanity. India should take concrete steps to be hunger-free and to address malnutrition . 

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 October 2024

CONTENTS India Aligns with Global Biodiversity Goals The Critical Role of the Haber-Bosch Process in Global Agriculture Nobel Prize in Economics 2024 Mount Adams THAAD Missile System Brahmi Inscription  India Aligns with Global Biodiversity Goals Context: India said it plans to present its National Biodiversity Targets before the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) following the guidelines from the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF). The submissions will be done at the 16th Conference of the Parties to the CBD (CBD-COP 16) in Cali, Colombia with 23 specific biodiversity targets to be presented by the country.  Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: What is India Biodiversity Target Under CBD? Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) How can India reach the New Biodiversity Targets? What is India Biodiversity Target Under CBD? Sets a goal that at least 30% of the areas shall have excellent capacity to conserve biodiversity. Halting the introduction and spread of invasive alien species shall have 50% reduction. Power to indigenous peoples, local communities, women, and the youth is equal in taking part in activities aimed at conserving biodiversity. Supports consumption patterns that are sustainable, as well as reducing international and national food losses by half. Ensuring that benefits related to genetic resources, digital sequence information, and associated traditional knowledge are fairly and equitably shared. Addressing pollution, thereby reducing nutrient loss and pesticide risk to half All areas must be managed to support the reduction in regions of high biodiversity importance loss. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) The Kunming-Montreal GBF was adopted during the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity in December 2022. Objectives: Aims to support the achievement of sustainable development goals and build on previous strategic plans. Sets a bold path towards global harmony with nature by 2050. Implementation: All parties commit to setting national targets to implement the GBF. Consists of 23 targets (set for 2030) and four global goals (set for 2050) to preserve biodiversity for current and future generations. Content: Targets address reducing threats to biodiversity. Emphasizes meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing. IProvides tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming. Legal Status: Non-binding: The GBF is not an international treaty and is therefore not legally binding on Parties. No Mandatory System: It also doesn’t require a mandatory system that forces parties to step up their efforts at a specific time. Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal GBF: Objective: 30% Conservation: Ensure that at least 30% of the world’s land, waters, and seas are conserved by 2030. Current Status: Protected Areas: At present, protected areas (PAs) cover about 16%. Nickname: 30 by 30: This target is also known as the “30 by 30” target. Controversies: Impact on Indigenous Communities: Southeast Asia Examples: In Indonesia’s Ujungkulon National Park and Cambodia’s Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary, indigenous people lack basic rights and face unfair convictions. Private Sector Involvement: India’s Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act 2023: Includes zoos, safaris, and ecotourism facilities as forest activities, which some analysts view as detrimental to conservation efforts and indigenous rights. Historical Context: Colonial Origins: Protected areas were initially created for leisure and hunting by colonial elites. Modern Issues: Today, ecotourism projects often treat indigenous people as exhibits, showcasing their traditional culture in staged settings. Implications of Kunming-Montreal GBF for India: Concerns: Impact on Indigenous Communities: National Parks: About 84% of India’s national parks (89 out of 106) are located in areas inhabited by indigenous peoples. Meeting GBF targets could threaten their existence and way of life. Specific Cases: Initiatives like upgrading the Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary to a tiger reserve, expanding the Nauradehi Sanctuary, and the Barak Bhuban Wildlife Sanctuary have raised concerns about displacement of tribal villages. Legal Issues: Gazette Notifications: The Barak Bhuban Wildlife Sanctuary gazette notification suggests no rights or concessions for people in the area, despite evidence of indigenous communities residing there since 1914. How can India reach the New Biodiversity Targets? India must pay attention to neglected ecosystems, including grasslands, wetlands, and seagrass meadows. Linkages in larger landscapes and seascapes can further species movement and biodiversity. India has to continue to lobby for support from the developed world in order to fully enact its national biodiversity plans. The GBF encourages developed countries to raise at least USD 20 billion per annum by 2025 and USD 30 billion by 2030 to finance biodiversity action programs in developing countries Improved and concurrent support of community livelihoods can be achieved through the effective protection of protected areas through the inclusion of indigenous peoples and local communities’ co-management of the conservation process. Focus will be placed from traditional protected areas on other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) such that biodiversity conservation in less-restricted sectors of human activity is facilitated. It includes aiding traditional agricultural systems and privately owned lands as part of the conservation results. The incentives have to shift in India from the detrimental activities such as pesticide application towards healthy alternatives so as to foster ecosystem. It is going to give a coherent strategy in conserving the country based on the existing National Biodiversity Action Plan NBAP, alongside the new 23 targets of the GBF. -Source: Hindustan Times The Critical Role of the Haber-Bosch Process in Global Agriculture Context: Annually, the Haber-Bosch process extracts hundreds of millions of tonnes of nitrogen from the atmosphere to produce fertilizer, contributing 165 million tonnes of reactive nitrogen to the soil. This industrial method vastly surpasses the amount of reactive nitrogen naturally replenished by biological processes, estimated between 100 and 140 million tonnes each year. The synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen through this process is essential, as it provides a crucial mechanism to support the increasing global food demand, which could not be met by natural processes alone. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: What is the nitrogen molecule? How is nitrogen availed in nature? What is the nitrogen cycle? How is ammonia made? Haber-Bosch Process Downsides of Fertilizers What is the nitrogen molecule? Nitrates are molecules of oxygen and nitrogen, abundant in the earth’s atmosphere. Nearly eight metric tonnes of nitrogen lie on every square metre of the earth’s surface, yet it can’t feed a single blade of grass. Nitrogen in the air is mostly in the form of N2. When two nitrogen atoms join together, they share three pairs of electrons to form a triple bond, rendering the molecule nearly unbreakable. The energy required to break the nitrogen triple bond is so high (946 kJ/mol) that molecular nitrogen is nearly inert. But if the bond is broken, atomic nitrogen can form ionic nitrides such as ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), or nitrates (NO3–). Plants need these types of nitrogen, called reactive nitrogen, to synthesise enzymes, proteins, and amino acids. Healthy plants often contain 3-4% nitrogen in their above-ground tissues, significantly more than other nutrients. How is nitrogen availed in nature? Among natural things, only lightning has enough energy to destroy the N2 triple bond. In a lightning bolt, nitrogen in the air combines with oxygen to generate nitrogen oxides such as NO and NO2. They can then combine with water vapour to create nitric and nitrous acids (HNO3 and HNO2, respectively). Reactive nitrogen-rich droplets fertilize farmlands, woods, and grasslands when it rains. This pathway is estimated to replenish soil by around 10 kg of nitrogen per acre per year. Apart from lightning, a gentle metabolic process carried out by Azotobacter bacteria can also create reactive nitrogen. Some microorganisms such as Rhizobia have developed symbiotic relationships with legume plants (clover, peas, beans, alfalfa, and acacia) to provide reactive nitrogen in exchange for nutrition. Azolla, a species of aquatic fern with a symbiotic association with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, can absorb and convert nitrogen from the air to reactive nitrogen, so dried and decaying Azolla is an effective fertilizer for farmland. What is the nitrogen cycle? Plants usually get their reactive nitrogen from the soil, where they absorb minerals dissolved in water such as ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). Humans and animals need nine pre-made nitrogen-rich amino acids from plants. Nitrogen makes up approximately 2.6% of the human body. The nitrogen ingested by plants and animals returns to the soil through excreta and the decomposition of dead bodies. But the cycle is incomplete: some nitrogen is released back into the environment in molecular form. Nitrogen from human waste is also rarely returned to the fields. Although legumes can produce nitrogen independently, important food crops such as rice, wheat, corn, and potatoes and less well-known crops like cassava, bananas, and common fruits and vegetables draw nitrogen from the soil. As the human population multiplies, nitrogen in agricultural soil depletes faster, needing fertilizers to compensate. Farmers understood this early. They cultivated legumes or fertilized their crops with ammonia to increase output where possible. They also used ammonium-bearing minerals from volcanic eruptions and naturally occurring nitrates found in caves, walls, and rocks as fertilizer. How is ammonia made? Ammonia (NH4) is made of nitrogen and hydrogen, both of which exist naturally as two-atom molecules. Under extreme heat, the molecules separate and form a compound, but it is short-lived because of the heat. The reversible reaction N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3 (the ‘=’ sign has been used here as a stand-in for bidirectional arrows) must be maintained in specific conditions to harvest considerable amounts of ammonia. The German chemist Fritz Haber heated the N2-H2 combination to various temperatures in a platinum cylinder and calculated the amount of ammonia created. He also used hot ammonia to decompose into nitrogen and hydrogen, attempting to approach the equilibrium point from the opposite direction. At 1,000 degrees Celsius, Haber found that harvestable ammonia made up just one-hundredth of 1% of the mixture — too little for commercial production. Then Haber wondered if pressure could be the answer. He calculated that hydrogen and nitrogen would only remain united in extreme conditions: temperatures of 200 degrees Celsius and pressures of 200 atm (that is, 200-times the average air pressure at sea level). But the ammonia production rate was still too slow, so Haber set about looking for a catalyst. He also realised that if he could cool the ammonia to a liquid state, he could collect most of it. Haber-Bosch Process The Haber-Bosch process is a critical chemical method developed in the early 20th century, pivotal in synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases under high pressures and temperatures. This process revolutionized agricultural practices by providing a steady production method for ammonia-based fertilizers, which are essential for modern agriculture. Key Components and Development Initiation and Key Contributors: The process was primarily developed by Fritz Haber with significant contributions from his assistant Robert Le Rossignol, who engineered the necessary high-pressure seals, and Friedrich Kirchenbauer, who constructed the apparatus. Their teamwork laid the foundational work for Haber’s method, which he acknowledged during his Nobel Prize acceptance, sharing the honor and financial rewards with his team. Chemical Process: At its core, the Haber-Bosch process involves combining nitrogen (N2) from the air with hydrogen (H2) derived typically from natural gas into ammonia (NH3) under high pressures (around 200 atmospheres) and temperatures (450-500°C). This reaction occurs in the presence of a catalyst, which initially was osmium, as discovered by Haber, but due to its rarity and cost, was later replaced by a more economical iron-based catalyst developed by BASF’s Alwin Mittasch. Industrial Scale and Impact: Carl Bosch, an engineer at BASF, was instrumental in scaling up Haber’s laboratory setup to an industrial process. This scale-up involved significant engineering challenges, particularly in designing equipment that could handle the extreme conditions of the ammonia synthesis reaction. The successful industrialization of the process led to the opening of the world’s first large-scale ammonia production plant by BASF in 1913. Significance and Legacy The Haber-Bosch process has had a profound impact on the global population and food production. By providing an abundant source of nitrogen fertilizers, it has significantly boosted agricultural yield and thus supported a growing global population. However, the process is also energy-intensive, relying heavily on fossil fuels, which raises environmental concerns in terms of carbon emissions and sustainability. Cons of Fertilizers Even though the Haber-Bosch process had amplified the total food production in this earth immensely by offering an avenue for producing synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, it has brought forth severe environmental and social problems arising from the consumption of these fertilizers. Environmental Effects Eutrophication: Nitrous compounds from excessive fertilizer applications can find their way into bodies of water; these eutrophication leads to over-enrichment of the water plants and algae with plenty of nutrients, then consume oxygen in the water, thus killing all aquatic animals, and eventually destroys natural ecosystems. Acid Rain: Oxides of nitrogen from fertilizer usage can become atmospheric in form and contribute toward acid rain. Acid rain is harmful to water environment, forests as well as soil and causes corrosion of natural as well as man-made structures. Biodiversity Loss: It leads to the imbalance of nutrients in soils as a result of high levels of nitrogen. This consequently enhances the growth of some species over others, thus minimizing biodiversity. This also minimizes ecosystem resilience to pests and diseases. Social and Economic Concerns Increasing inequality in food distribution: Just because the world produces an adequate supply does not reduce hunger worldwide. Increased food production would only mean whatever increase remains is handed out to which particular region of starvation and malnutrition despite increased distribution, access, or equity in food. Dependence on Fertilizers Over time, dependence on synthetic fertilizers can cause the soil to degrade. As the health of the soil declines, more fertilizer applications are required, creating a cycle of dependence that may eventually be economically difficult to control for small-scale farmers. -Source: The Hindu Nobel Prize in Economics 2024 Context: To the three American economists Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson was awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2024 “for their analysis of the subjects of economic and political inequality through insights from development economics, contract theory and mechanisms”. Their study responds to a long-standing question: Why do some countries become rich and others stay poor? Focusing on the role of societal institutions in prosperity in economies, their work is an extensively deep study into how behavioral frameworks within countries lead to great disparities in wealth in understanding structural differences which give meaning to the different aspect of the global economic landscape. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Contributions of the 2024 Nobel Prize Laureates in Economics Historical Events Shaping Institutions and Economies Current Trends of the Democracies Around the World and Need for Reform Why the 2024 Nobel Prize in Economics is Important Contributions of the 2024 Nobel Prize Laureates in Economics The 2024 Nobel Prize in Economics highlighted the critical distinction between two types of institutional frameworks and their profound impact on economic development and individual prosperity. Below is an overview of the key contributions made by the laureates: Classifying Institutions Inclusive Institutions: Characteristics: These institutions are marked by democratic governance, strong rule of law, and the protection of property rights. Impact: Such environments enable individuals to feel secure in their investments and social contributions. This security fosters a stable economic environment conducive to growth and innovation. Extractive Institutions: Characteristics: These systems centralize power among a few, often under autocratic governance without robust legal protections. Impact: In these environments, individuals face high risks such as the potential confiscation of assets. This risk hampers their motivation for long-term investments and discourages innovation. Significance of the Classification Economic Incentives and Growth: In countries governed by inclusive institutions, there is a natural tendency among the population to invest in their futures, which stimulates widespread economic growth and innovation. Conversely, extractive systems tend to stifle economic potential and innovation, as the lack of security and personal opportunity can lead to economic stagnation or decline. Historical Events Shaping Institutions and Economies: The Nobel laureates studied the impacts of certain historical events, such as European colonisation, on contemporary economic outcomes. The laureates argued that those political and economic systems created by the colonizers become lifetime obstacles to making the nations prosperous. The authors discovered that, in line with their hypothesis, the kinds of institutions colonisers established were highly correlated with the mortality rates they faced in different regions. Areas in which colonisers experienced high mortality-death from disease or conflict-encouraged the installation of more extractive institutions, such as taking resources as directly as possible. Whereas in other regions where colonizers can settle securely, more open institutions have been more likely to gain ground, hence to the benefit of both the colonizers and the native population. Comparative Case Studies of India and China Case studies of India and China: Divergent pathways – How political systems are linked with economic performance Economic history and institutions of India and China trace a complex, intertwined relationship between institutions and prosperity. India, with a democratic framework of relatively slow economic growth compared to China, which has done well in an authoritarian regime, was developed by inclusive institutions. The prospects for the future: Despite this, others argue that India will still be able to realize its economic potential in the next decades because their institutions continue strengthening. For instance, the lack of inclusive frameworks going to undo the prosperity of growth in China’s future; this is one sign that may actually change the dynamics within the world economy. Current Trends of the Democracies Around the World and Need for Reform There is a general trend of a loss of health of democracies, which can devastate governance that benefits a wide range of people. While weak institutions and growing support for authoritarianism are concerns around the world, this is indeed the disturbing trend. ○ Secure or inclusive governance, accountability, and broad-based participation would help advance economic growth and social stability. For all these reasons, inclusive institutions are not given enough importance. Why the 2024 Nobel Prize in Economics is Important: The debate on how institutions relate to economic development is still as current for policymakers and scholars. Lessons from this research will be very instrumental in equalization efforts and, thus pave the way for sustainable future growth. -Source: Indian Express Mount Adams Context: Mount Adams, Washington’s largest volcano, has recently shown a surge in seismic activity after remaining largely dormant for thousands of years. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: About Mount Adams Stratovolcano About the Ring of Fire About Mount Adams: Mount Adams is a stratovolcano in the state of Washington, United States. Mount Adams is a giant active volcano in the State of Washington. Standing at 12,277 feet (3,742 meters) in elevation, it has a diameter of 18 miles (29 kilometers). It is bigger in volume than Rainier, which stands as the highest peak in the state. Mount Adams is situated in the Mount Adams volcanic field, a 1,250 sq. km area which has at least 120, mainly basaltic volcanoes that are composed of spatter and scoria cones, shield volcanoes, and some large lava flows. There are over 10 active glaciers covering Mount Adams that provide water to the forests, streams, and meadows below. The last eruption at the site occurred between 3,800 and 7,600 years ago when mankind was still living in the Stone Age. Stratovolcano A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and periodic intervals of explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions, although some have collapsed summit craters called calderas. The lava flowing from stratovolcanoes typically cools and hardens before spreading far, due to high viscosity. The magma forming this lava is often felsic, having high-to-intermediate levels of silica (as in rhyolite, dacite, or andesite), with lesser amounts of less-viscous mafic magma. Stratovolcanoes are sometimes called “composite volcanoes” because of their composite stratified structure built up from sequential outpourings of erupted materials. They are among the most common types of volcanoes, in contrast to the less common shield volcanoes. Two famous examples of stratovolcanoes are Krakatoa in Indonesia, known for its catastrophic eruption in 1883, and Vesuvius in Italy, whose catastrophic eruption in AD 79 buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. In modern times, Mount St. Helens in Washington State, USA and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines have erupted catastrophically, but with fewer deaths. About the Ring of Fire Many volcanoes in the Ring of Fire were created through a process of subduction. And most of the planet’s subduction zones happen to be located in the Ring of Fire It is a string of at least 450 active and dormant volcanoes that form a semi-circle, or horse shoe, around the Philippine Sea plate, the Pacific Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate. There is a lot of seismic activity in the area. 90 per cent of all earthquakes strike within the Ring of Fire Why are there so many volcanoes in the Ring of Fire? The tectonic plates move non-stop over a layer of partly solid and partly molten rock which is called the Earth’s mantle. When the plates collide or move apart, for instance, the Earth moves, literally. Mountains, like the Andes in South America and the Rockies in North America, as well as volcanoes have formed through the collision of tectonic plates. Many volcanoes in the Ring of Fire were created through a process of subduction. And most of the planet’s subduction zones happen to be located in the Ring of Fire -Source: Indian Express THAAD Missile System Context: In response to Israel intensifying its military operations against Hezbollah militants in Lebanon, the United States has announced plans to deploy a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) battery to Israel. This deployment is aimed at bolstering Israel’s defensive capabilities against potential aerial threats during the ongoing conflict. Relevance: GS III: Defence THAAD Missile System The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system is a sophisticated missile defense technology developed by the United States. It’s designed to intercept and destroy short, medium, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles during their terminal phase of flight. Here’s a detailed look at its key features and development: Key Features of THAAD Hit to Kill Approach: THAAD uses a direct impact or “hit to kill” approach to intercept incoming missiles. This method focuses on colliding with the target directly, using kinetic energy to eliminate the threat of nuclear warheads without detonating them, which minimizes the risk of radioactive fallout. Kinetic Energy Destruction: The system utilizes the kinetic energy from the impact with the target to destroy incoming warheads effectively, ensuring the destruction of the missile’s warhead without the use of explosives. Target Range: THAAD is capable of engaging enemy targets at distances between 150 to 200 kilometers (approximately 93 to 124 miles). This extensive range allows for a broad area of defense, enhancing the protective capabilities against missile threats. Development of THAAD Origins and Development: The development of the THAAD system was initiated by the United States in response to the threat posed by Iraq’s Scud missiles during the Persian Gulf War in 1991. The experience highlighted the need for an effective defense against ballistic missiles. Deployment in Israel: In 2008, the U.S. deployed an early warning radar system in Israel, which is a component of the THAAD system. This deployment was part of a broader strategy to bolster Israel’s defense capabilities against regional threats. Further deployments in 2012 and 2019 have reinforced Israel’s defensive infrastructure and its stature as a significant military power in the region. Strategic and Defensive Role The THAAD system plays a crucial role in the strategic defense architectures of the United States and its allies. By providing a reliable defense against a variety of missile threats, THAAD enhances national security and contributes to regional stability. Its development and deployment underscore the ongoing efforts to maintain a technological edge in missile defense in response to evolving global threats. -Source: Indian Express Brahmi Inscription Context: Recently, a Brahmi inscription was found in Dharanikota village at Amaravathi mandal in Palnadu district. The script on the inscription is written in Prakrit language and Brahmi characters of 2nd century C.E. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Brahmi Inscription: Brahmi script is the oldest writing system developed in India after the Indus script. It’s one of the most influential writing systems; all modern Indian scripts and several hundreds of scripts found in Southeast and East Asia are originated from Brahmi. The majority of Brahmi inscriptions discovered in North and Central India represent the Prakrit language. The oldest known Brahmi inscriptions: from the edicts of Ashoka, the third Mauryan emperor of Magadha who ruled most of the sub-continent between 268 and 232 BCE. The only finds of the script are in short broken pieces throughout the Gangetic plains but also elsewhere on excavated sites in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Sri Lanka, mostly on pieces of pottery. Including all these are descendant scripts of Brahmi-the-scripts-of-the-Indo-Gangetic Plain, such as Devanagari and the Bengali and Gujarati scripts; the-scripts-of-Deccan, including scripts for Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada. -Source: The Hindu

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