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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 October 2024

CONTENTS Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission Salt Pan Land Cholera Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Geographical Indication (GI) tags Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan  Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission Context: The Government will soon roll out the next version of the livelihood mission for urban poor and vulnerable sections – National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM 2.0). This will focus on six groups, including construction workers, gig workers, waste management workers, care workers, domestic workers and transportation workers. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) DAY-NULM 2.0 About Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) is a program launched in 2014 by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs in India. Here are the key features of the mission: Implementation: It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, meaning that both the central government and state governments contribute to its funding. The funding ratio between the Centre and the States is 75:25, except for the North Eastern and Special Category states, where the ratio is 90:10. Mobilization and Self-Help Groups: DAY-NULM has successfully mobilized more than 8.4 million urban poor women across India. It has formed over 831,000 Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in over 4,000 towns as of 2023. Objectives and Focus: The mission focuses on skill development and entrepreneurship among the urban poor, particularly women. It aims to enhance their capacity to access financial services and create sustainable livelihoods. The mission aims to uplift the urban poor by providing them with sustainable livelihood opportunities through skill development and access to credit. Components: The mission includes various components such as skill training, self-employment, social mobilization and institution development, and street vendor rehabilitation. DAY-NULM 2.0 The DAY-NULM 2.0 (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihoods Mission) is a revamped initiative aimed at improving the livelihoods of the urban poor through financial support and infrastructure development. Scheme Overview: The government will help eligible urban poor individuals or groups access microcredit up to Rs 4 lakh for individuals and Rs 20 lakh for groups. This microcredit will come with a subsidised interest rate of 5%. Key Benefits: The microcredit will assist beneficiaries in: Starting small enterprises. Developing social infrastructure, like setting up labour chowks. Providing innovation grants for activities like purchasing sanitation machinery. Pilot Exercise: To launch the NULM 2.0, the government will conduct a pilot exercise in 25 cities to: Identify urban poor. Ensure the correct targeting of schemes to enhance the beneficiaries’ earnings and living standards. -Source: The Hindu Salt Pan Land Context: The Maharashtra government has issued a GR (Government Resolution) allocating 255.9 acres of salt pan land, distributed over three land parcels in Mumbai’s eastern suburbs, for the construction of rental houses in the Dharavi Redevelopment Project through a lease agreement. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: What are salt pans? What are the terms for allocation of land? What are the concerns? What lies ahead? What are salt pans? Salt pan lands are ecologically important salt marshlands. They are low-lying areas around the shore that are used for salt cultivation. They act as holding ponds and work as a sponge for the absorption of rain. They are a coastal area’s natural defence against flooding. They help intertidal activity, and are home to diverse flora and fauna. What are the terms for allocation of land? Four conditions have been put forth for the allocation of the land which will be given at a concessional rate of 25% of the prevailing rate. The State government will collect the land revenue from the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Private Limited (DRPPL), the special purpose vehicle (SPV), and pay it to the Central government. The DRPPL will bear the cost of resettlement of the labourers working on the land, and other incidental costs for the acquisition of the land. But the court cases and other legal matters will be handled through the Dharavi Redevelopment Project (DRP), a government body. The land will be used for rental housing, slum rehabilitation, and affordable housing for economically weaker sections. The DRPPL is an SPV in which an Adani Group entity holds 80% stake and the State government has a 20% stake. The land will be leased to the Maharashtra government for a period of 99 years, and it cannot be used for commercial activities. What are the concerns? Urban planners and environmentalists say that an impact assessment study needs to be done before opening up large packs of land for intensive activities like housing. They also say that the salt pan lands on the Eastern Express Highway have played an important role in keeping the eastern suburbs free from flooding. The most important demand with respect to the Dharavi project has been for in-situ rehabilitation. Urban planners point out that handing over land parcels in different parts of the city for a developer will lead to formation of ghettos. They also say that the impact of hyperactivity on ecologically sensitive areas needs to be studied. What lies ahead? Land Transfer: The Centre will transfer land ownership to the State government. Project Approval: The State government will give the go-ahead to DRPPL once the project plans are approved. DRPPL must secure approval from the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change before moving forward. Legal Concerns: Environmentalists anticipate potential legal challenges, suggesting the process can be contested in court. Litigation: As per a Government Resolution (GR) issued by Maharashtra, any litigation related to this matter will be handled by DRP, a government body. -Source: The Hindu Cholera Context: Recently, Cholera, a preventable and treatable disease, has experienced a resurgence, leading to approximately 4,000 deaths in 2023, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).  Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: What is cholera? Global Distribution and Burden of Cholera Factors Leading to Cholera Resurgence What is cholera? Cholera is caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholera and is usually spread through contaminated drinking water or food. It causes severe diarrhoea and dehydration. If left untreated, cholera can be fatal, even in healthy people. The deadly effects of the disease are due to the toxin produced in the small intestine which causes the body to secrete enormous amounts of water which results in diarrhea and a rapid loss of fluids and salts or electrolytes. Cholera bacteria might not cause illness in all the people who are exposed to them, but they still pass the bacteria in their stool, which can contaminate food and water sources. While modern sewage systems have been known to have eliminated cholera in most countries, there is a potential risk in situations of inadequate sanitation and unnatural circumstances like war and poverty. Symptoms While most people exposed to the cholera bacterium might not know they have been infected, they can still infect others through contaminated water as they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days. Some of the symptoms are diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting and dehydration. Signs of cholera include fatigue, sunken eyes, dry mouth, extreme thirst, dry skin, little or no urination, low blood pressure and electrolyte imbalance which can cause muscle cramps and lead to rapid loss of salts such as chloride, sodium and potassium. Global Distribution and Burden of Cholera The Global Distribution and Burden of Cholera has worsened significantly between 2022 and 2024, with a notable increase in cases and deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 22 countries experienced ongoing cholera outbreaks, and as of August 2024, 2,400 deaths had been recorded globally. Cholera’s impact primarily affects Africa and Asia, though imported cases have been seen in Europe. By 2023, global cholera cases increased by 13%, and deaths rose by 17%, totaling 4,000 fatalities. The geographic spread of cholera has shifted, with a decline in Asia but a doubling of cases in Africa, primarily due to healthcare inequities. India reported 3,805 cholera cases by August 2024 in a multi-country outbreak that affected neighboring countries like Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Factors Leading to Cholera Resurgence: Impact on Water Quality: Floods, monsoonal rains, and extreme weather events cause sewage overflows into water sources, while droughts and heatwaves concentrate cholera bacteria, leading to outbreaks. Water and Sanitation: According to UNICEF (2019), 2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water, and 3.6 billion have inadequate sanitation facilities, creating conditions ripe for cholera spread. Microplastic Adaptation: Research from 2023 shows Vibrio pathogens (cholera-causing bacteria) can attach to microplastics, potentially adapting to thrive in ocean environments. Conflict Zones: Areas impacted by conflict face major disruptions in health and sanitation services, increasing vulnerability to cholera outbreaks. Displaced Populations: Overcrowded conditions among displaced individuals without access to clean water increase cholera risks. Vaccine Shortages: In 2023, only 36 million doses of cholera vaccines were produced—far less than the demand. A single-dose regimen was introduced due to this shortage, replacing the usual two-dose standard. Limited Health Infrastructure: The lack of robust health services in the most affected regions severely limits effective outbreak response and containment measures. Currently, there is only one manufacturer producing Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCVs), resulting in a 40-million dose shortage annually. -Source: The Hindu Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Context: The Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) completed its three-year journey on 27th September, aiming to revolutionize the nation’s digital healthcare ecosystem by enhancing accessibility, efficiency, and transparency in healthcare. Relevance: GS II- Health Dimensions of the Article: About Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) About Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission: Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission will help connect digital health solutions across the country. All Indians will get a digital health ID under this scheme. Every citizen’s health record will now be digitally secure. The health ID will be used as health account. Personal health records can be linked to this account and viewed with the help of a mobile application. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission will provide reliable data, leading to better treatment and savings for patients too. The National Health Authority (NHA) will be the implementing agency of Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM). Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) is the flagship scheme of the Union government as a part of the Indian government’s National Health Policy. AB-PMJAY provides a health cover of up to Rs. 5 lakh a family a year, for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization, to India’s bottom 40% poor and vulnerable population. The programme was launched in September, 2018. AB-PMJAY is under the aegis of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The PM Jan Arogya Yojana beneficiaries get an e-card that can be used to avail services at an empanelled hospital, public or private, anywhere in the country, with which they can walk into a hospital and obtain cashless treatment. The scheme has certain pre-conditions by which it picks who can avail of the health cover benefit. While in the rural areas the list is mostly categorized on lack of housing, meagre income and other deprivations, the urban list of PMJAY beneficiaries is drawn up on the basis of occupation. Key Features of AB-PMJAY PM-JAY is a health assurance scheme that covers 10.74 crores households across India or approximately 50 crore Indians. It provides a cover of 5 lakh per family per year for medical treatment in empanelled hospitals, both public and private. It provides cashless and paperless service to its beneficiaries at the point of service, i.e., the hospital. E-cards are provided to the eligible beneficiaries based on the deprivation and occupational criteria of Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011 (SECC 2011). There is no restriction on family size, age or gender. All previous medical conditions are covered under the scheme. It covers 3 days of hospitalisation and 15 days of post hospitalisation, including diagnostic care and expenses on medicines. The scheme is portable and a beneficiary can avail medical treatment at any PM-JAY empanelled hospital outside their state and anywhere in the country. The Central government has decided to provide free testing and treatment of Coronavirus under the Ayushman Bharat Yojana. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Geographical Indication (GI) tags Context: Recently, the Geographical Indications Registry in Chennai has granted the GI tag to eight products from the Assam region, including traditional food items and several unique varieties of rice beer. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About New GI Tagged Products Geographical Indications (GI) Tag About New GI Tagged Products Different Types of Rice Beer Unique in their Way: Bodo Jou Gwran: It is mainly said to contain the maximum amount of alcohol amongst Bodo rice beers, nearly 16.11%. Maibra Jou Bidwi: It is also famous as Maibra Jwu Bidwi or Maibra Zwu Bidwi; it is considered a prestige drink of welcome amongst the Bodo tribes. Half-cooked rice is taken for brewing and then fermented with ‘amao’ – a source of yeast. Bodo Jou Gishi: The fermented rice-based alcoholic beverage is traditionally fermented in a traditional Bodo way. Traditional Food Products: Bodo Napham: Fermented fish is prepared anaerobically inside a sealed container for 2-3 months, which is a favourite dish among them. Bodo Ondla: Rice powder curry preparation, aromatic with garlic, ginger, salt, and alkali. Bodo Gwkha: Known as Gwka Gwkhi, this is a traditional preparation among themselves during the time of the Bwisagu festival. Bodo Narzi: Semi-fermented food prepared with jute leaves, Corchorus capsularis, is rich in Omega 3 fatty acids, vitamins, and essential minerals. Bodo Aronai: It is a small, traditional cloth of 1.5-2.5 meters long and 0.5 meters wide, symbolizing Bodo heritage. Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Definition and Importance: Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product. They assure consumers of the product’s quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific geographical locality. GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Administration and Registration: Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each. Significance and Examples: GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin. The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea. Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu with 39. Ownership and Proprietorship: Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI tag. The registered proprietor’s name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the applied product. Protection and Enforcement: Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the product’s name or origin. Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with their specific geographical regions. Location of the Geographical Indications Registry: The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan Context: Recently, the Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan (SPRP) to tackle dengue and other Aedes-borne arboviruses was launched by the World Health Organisation Relevance: GS II: Health About Global Strategic Preparedness, Readiness and Response Plan (SPRP): The goals of the Global Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan also include reducing the global burden of diseases caused by Aedes-borne arboviral infections, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. It encourages coordination and integration in the global response for managing outbreaks. Key Components: Emergency Coordination: To provide leadership and coordination for an effective response. Collaborative Surveillance: Developing and using surveillance tools for early detection, control, and field investigations of outbreaks. Community Protection: Engaging local communities in adopting preventive measures, including mosquito population control. Safe and Scalable Care: Ensuring health services can manage and prevent deaths through necessary care. Access to Countermeasures: Promoting research and development of new treatments and vaccines. Implementation and Alignment: The plan will be implemented until September 2025. It integrates with global efforts, including the Global Vector Control Response (2017–2030) and the Global Arbovirus Initiative (2022), focused on strengthening vector control and addressing arboviruses with epidemic consequences. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 October 2024

CONTENTS Samajik Adhikarita Shivir Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan  Samajik Adhikarita Shivir Context: Recently, a Samajik Adhikarita Shivir was organised at 75 locations across India for distribution of aids and assistive devices to over 9000 pre-identified Divyangjan beneficiaries under the ADIP (Assistance to Disabled Persons) Scheme.  Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Samajik Adhikarita Shivir The Samajik Adhikarita Shivir (Social Empowerment Camps) is an initiative launched to assist people with disabilities and senior citizens by distributing assistive devices. It has been operational since 1981, and is organized by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, in collaboration with ALIMCO (Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation) and local District Administrations. Key aspects of the Samajik Adhikarita Shivir include: The scheme adheres to the definitions of various disabilities as outlined in the Right of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. Grants: The scheme provides grants-in-aid to several agencies, such as ALIMCO, National Institutes, Composite Regional Centres, and District Disability Rehabilitation Centres, for the procurement and distribution of assistive devices. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also collaborate under the ADIP Scheme for distribution. ADIP Scheme: This scheme is designed to offer modern aids and appliances to individuals with disabilities, aiding in their rehabilitation. The program also supports corrective surgeries prior to the provision of these devices. The scheme was last updated in April 2024 and is set to continue until March 2026. Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan Context: Prime Minister recently launched the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan in Jharkhand with an outlay of around Rs 80,000 crore. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan: The Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan is a government initiative aimed at promoting comprehensive development in tribal villages, aiming for socio-economic upliftment. The key features of the program include: Coverage of 63,843 villages, with a focus on improving the lives of over 5 crore tribal people across 549 districts and 2,911 blocks in 30 States/UTs. The initiative seeks to address critical gaps in social infrastructure, health, education, and livelihood through 25 strategic interventions delivered by 17 ministries. The total budget for this scheme is Rs. 79,156 crores, with Rs. 56,333 crore being contributed by the central government, while the states will provide Rs. 22,823 crore. It builds on the successes of the Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN), launched in November 2023, focusing on the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG), with a budget of Rs. 24,104 crores.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 October 2024

Contents: Why Italy Matters To India An Obsession with Rankings is Harming India’s Universities Why Italy Matters to India Context: Italy and India share significant common interests in the Indo-Mediterranean region, which is vital for global trade and regional security. In recent years, Italy has increased its engagement in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), focusing on defence cooperation, maritime security, and economic collaboration. Italy’s contributions to EU-led naval operations and its strategic involvement in African development initiatives demonstrate its expanding influence in the region, making it a crucial partner for India. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations) Mains Question: Analyze the significance of Italy as a strategic partner for India in the Indo-Mediterranean region. How can enhanced defence and economic cooperation benefit both nations? (250 words) Geostrategic Importance of the Indo-Mediterranean Region: The region is vital for global maritime trade, linking East Africa and West Asia with Europe. Italy’s increasing role in safeguarding this region’s maritime security, especially in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and the Strait of Hormuz, complements India’s interests in ensuring a free and secure Indo-Mediterranean. Italy’s Defence Engagement with India: Italy’s defence ties with India have been formalized through a defence agreement signed in October 2023, paving the way for joint training, technology transfers, and defence industry collaboration. Italian companies like Leonardo and Fincantieri are already active in the Indian defence sector, co-developing technologies and enhancing India’s naval capabilities. Italy’s Naval Presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR): Italy’s naval footprint in the IOR has expanded significantly. Italian ships regularly visit Indian ports for joint exercises, and platforms like the Italian aircraft carrier ITS Cavour serve as a platform for both defence and humanitarian operations. This enhances interoperability between the Indian and Italian navies. Economic and Trade Relations: Italy is India’s fifth-largest trading partner in the European Union and a significant investor in critical sectors like automotive, industrial machinery, and renewable energy. The establishment of the Blue-Raman submarine cable system, linking Genoa with Mumbai, will boost digital connectivity between Europe and India, making Italy a crucial economic partner. Africa and the Mattei Plan: Italy’s Mattei Plan, a new strategic initiative for Africa, aims to develop sustainable projects and enhance trade across the continent. This aligns with India’s Africa strategy, opening avenues for joint development projects, particularly in infrastructure, logistics, and renewable energy. People-to-People Ties: Italy hosts the second-largest Indian diaspora in Europe, fostering robust cultural and educational exchanges. Bilateral initiatives like cultural festivals, educational partnerships, and the promotion of tourism strengthen people-to-people ties, enhancing mutual understanding and cooperation. Shared Security Challenges and Response: Both nations face common threats, including piracy, terrorism, and geopolitical instability in West Asia. Italy’s involvement in NATO’s Operation Sea Guardian and the European Union’s Atalanta mission aligns with India’s maritime security priorities, making it a reliable partner in tackling regional threats. Latest Data and Numbers: Italy’s investment in Africa: €5.5 billion under the Mattei Plan. India-Italy bilateral trade: Over €9 billion (2023). Defence companies: Leonardo and Fincantieri ranked among the top 50 global arms producers. Conclusion: Italy’s strategic importance for India lies in its role as a maritime and defence partner, a key player in EU-led security initiatives, and a bridge to African and European markets. Strengthening bilateral ties through defence cooperation, joint projects in Africa, and enhancing digital connectivity will benefit both nations. As the Indo-Mediterranean becomes a focal point of global geopolitics, a strong India-Italy partnership is crucial for regional stability and economic growth. A comprehensive India-Italy partnership will not only secure mutual strategic interests but also provide a blueprint for broader Indo-European collaboration in a multipolar world. An Obsession with Rankings is Harming India’s Universities Context: The increasing focus on global and national rankings has negatively impacted the core purpose of Indian universities, shifting attention from holistic education and research to metrics-driven outputs. With the rise of global ranking agencies and India’s National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), universities prioritize boosting research publications, citations, and quantifiable metrics at the expense of teaching quality and student mentorship. This trend undermines the multidimensional nature of higher education, transforming universities into institutions driven by superficial numbers rather than meaningful contributions to society. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (Education and Governance) Mains Question: Critically evaluate the impact of global and national ranking systems on the functioning of Indian universities. How can these institutions balance quality education, research, and societal contributions? (250 words) Current Scenario and Focus on Rankings: The obsession with global and national rankings has led universities to pursue metrics like research output, citations, and faculty publications. These rankings are based on narrow parameters that emphasize research quantity over quality and overlook critical aspects like teaching excellence, student support, and community engagement. Distorted Priorities in Academia: The drive for higher ranks compels universities to focus disproportionately on research, leading to a decline in the quality of teaching and mentoring. Academic positions and promotions are increasingly tied to research metrics, side-lining teachers who prioritize student development and pedagogical innovation. The Impact on Teaching and Mentoring: Faculty members are evaluated based on the number of papers published and the impact factor of journals, rather than their effectiveness in teaching or mentoring students. This has created a skewed incentive structure that rewards faculty for research productivity at the expense of teaching, leading to an erosion of the core purpose of a university — to educate and nurture critical thinking. Neglect of Broader Educational Goals: The ranking-focused approach fails to capture the true value of education, which includes fostering creativity, nurturing holistic development, and preparing students for real-world challenges. Universities become research factories, losing sight of their role as institutions that produce responsible and engaged citizens. Unintended Consequences: The pressure to perform well in rankings has led to unethical practices such as data manipulation, plagiarism, and superficial changes aimed at boosting scores rather than genuine improvements. This has created a toxic environment where quantity is valued over quality, and educational outcomes suffer. Need for a Balanced Approach: Universities should aim for a balanced approach that values teaching, research, and societal impact equally. Introducing separate career tracks for research and teaching could help recognize the contributions of both types of faculty. Additionally, ranking frameworks should be restructured to include qualitative measures such as student satisfaction, alumni success, and community engagement. Global Examples and Best Practices: Countries like Finland and Germany emphasize teaching quality and student outcomes alongside research, creating a balanced academic environment. India can learn from these models to reform its ranking parameters and focus on educational quality rather than numerical scores. Latest Data and Numbers: NIRF Parameters: Research and Professional Practice account for 30% of the NIRF score. Research Output Metrics: Indian universities published over 1.5 lakh research papers in 2023, but many lacked real-world applications. Conclusion: The obsession with rankings has skewed the priorities of Indian universities, compromising the quality of education and research. To create a truly world-class education system, Indian universities must adopt a holistic approach that values teaching, research, and social impact equally. Reforming ranking frameworks and introducing policies that recognize diverse academic contributions will be essential to achieving this goal. Building a balanced academic environment will require shifting from a narrow metrics-focused approach to one that values the true essence of education: nurturing inquisitive minds and contributing to society.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 October 2024

CONTENTS Caste-Based Segregation in India’s Manual Scavenging Workforce Inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP) Regulatory Oversight in India’s Food Service Sector Annular Solar Eclipse National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans Tracker Caste-Based Segregation in India’s Manual Scavenging Workforce Context: Recent data from the NAMASTE scheme involving over 3,000 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) shows that 92% of the 38,000 workers engaged in manual scavenging and hazardous cleaning tasks in India’s cities are from Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST), and Other Backward Class (OBC) communities. This significant statistic not only underscores the prevalence of caste-based occupational segregation but also highlights the ongoing risks and challenges faced by these communities in such dangerous professions Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: NAMASTE Scheme NAMASTE Initiative’s Key Outcomes Manual Scavenging in India Existing provisions regarding Manual Labour NAMASTE Scheme Namaste is a Central Sector Scheme of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE) as a joint initiative of the MoSJE and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). NAMASTE envisages safety and dignity of sanitation workers in urban India by creating an enabling ecosystem that recognizes sanitation workers as one of the key contributors in operations and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure thereby providing sustainable livelihood and enhancing their occupational safety through capacity building and improved access to safety gear and machines. Ensure safety and dignity of sanitation workers in urban India and providing sustainable livelihood and enhancing their occupational safety through capacity building and improved access to safety gear and machines. NAMASTE would also aim at providing access to alternative livelihoods support  and entitlements to reduce the vulnerabilities of sanitation workers and enable them to access self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities and break the intergenerationality in sanitation work. In addition, NAMASTE would bring about a behavior change amongst citizens towards sanitation workers and enhance demand for safe sanitation services. Five hundred cities (converging with AMRUT cities) will be taken up under this phase of NAMASTE. The list of cities will be notified at an appropriate time. The category of cities that will be eligible are given below: All Cities and Towns with a population of over one lakh with notified Municipalities, including Cantonment Boards (Civilian areas), All Capital Cities/Towns of States/ Union Territories (UTs), not covered in 4(i), Ten Cities from hill states, islands and tourist destinations (not more than one from each State). NAMASTE Initiative’s Key Outcomes: Zero Fatalities: Achieving no deaths during sanitation work across India. Skilled Workforce: Ensuring all sanitation tasks are handled by properly trained workers. Safety Measures: Eliminating direct contact between sanitation workers and human waste. Empowerment of Workers: Organizing sanitation workers into Self-Help Groups (SHGs), equipping them to manage their own sanitation enterprises. Alternative Livelihoods: Providing sewer and septic tank sanitation workers with access to different livelihood options. Enhanced Oversight: Strengthening monitoring and supervisory systems across national, state, and local urban bodies to ensure the enforcement of safe sanitation practices. Awareness Building: Promoting increased awareness among sanitation service users, encouraging them to engage certified and skilled sanitation workers. Manual Scavenging in India Manual scavenging is defined as “the removal of human excrement from public streets and dry latrines, cleaning septic tanks, gutters and sewers”. In 1993, India banned the employment of people as manual scavengers (The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993), however, the stigma and discrimination associated with it still linger on. In 2013, the definition of manual scavengers was also broadened to include people employed to clean septic tanks, ditches, or railway tracks. The Act recognizes manual scavenging as a “dehumanizing practice,” and cites a need to “correct the historical injustice and indignity suffered by the manual scavengers.” Prevalence of Manual Scavenging in India As per the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK), a total of 631 people have died in the country while cleaning sewers and septic tanks in the last 10 years. 2019 saw the highest number of manual scavenging deaths in the past five years. 110 workers were killed while cleaning sewers and septic tanks. This is a 61% increase as compared to 2018, which saw 68 cases of such similar deaths. Despite the introduction of several mechanised systems for sewage cleaning, human intervention in the process still continues. As per data collected in 2018, 29,923 people are engaged in manual scavenging in Uttar Pradesh, making it the highest in any State in India. Why is manual scavenging still a concern after so many years? A number of independent surveys have talked about the continued reluctance on the part of state governments to admit that the practice prevails under their watch. Many times, local bodies outsource sewer cleaning tasks to private contractors. However, many of them fly-by-night operators, do not maintain proper rolls of sanitation workers. In case after case of workers being asphyxiated to death, these contractors have denied any association with the deceased. The practice is also driven by caste, class and income divides. It is linked to India’s caste system where so-called lower castes are expected to perform this job. It is linked to India’s caste system where so-called lower castes are expected to perform this job. Existing provisions regarding Manual Labour Prevention of Atrocities Act: In 1989, the Prevention of Atrocities Act became an integrated guard for sanitation workers; more than 90% people employed as manual scavengers belonged to the Scheduled Caste. This became an important landmark to free manual scavengers from designated traditional occupations. The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013: Superseding the 1993 Act, the 2013 Act goes beyond prohibitions on dry latrines, and outlaws all manual excrement cleaning of insanitary latrines, open drains, or pits. Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees ‘Right to Life’ and that also with dignity. This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens. -Source: The Hindu Inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution Context: Climate activist Sonam Wangchuk was detained on the Delhi border on Monday night while leading a protest. The demonstration aimed to petition the Central government for the inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, along with other autonomy-related demands for the region. Similar autonomy demands have also been voiced in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur, highlighting a broader discourse on constitutional provisions and special rights for various ethnic groups within India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Asymmetrical Federalism in India Historical Context of the Fifth and Sixth Schedules Special Provisions for Northeastern States: Need for Further Reforms Asymmetrical Federalism in India Asymmetrical Federalism refers to granting some states/areas more autonomy compared to others. Unlike classical federalism (e.g., the U.S. or Australia), where all states enjoy equal powers, certain Indian states have special provisions under the Constitution. These special regions have more autonomy and constitutional privileges. Historical Context of the Fifth and Sixth Schedules Tribal Autonomy: Before British rule, tribal communities governed their own lands and customs. British Impact: The British introduced forest laws and restricted tribal movements, affecting tribal rights and lands. Led to tribal revolts, such as: Kol rebellion (1831-32) Santhal revolt (1855-56) Munda Rebellion (1899-1900) Bastar rebellion (1910) British Policy of Isolation: Introduced excluded and partially excluded areas under the Government of India Act, 1935. In excluded areas (mainly northeastern hilly regions), governors held legislative authority. Partially excluded areas (tribal areas in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, etc.) had legislative powers but with modifications/exceptions as decided by governors. Fifth Schedule: “Scheduled Areas” The Fifth Schedule focuses on “scheduled areas” in India, which are areas with high tribal populations, economic backwardness, and administrative feasibility. These areas are declared by the President and currently exist in 10 states. Tribes Advisory Councils (TACs) are established in these regions to ensure the welfare of Scheduled Tribes (STs). These councils consist of up to 20 members, with three-fourths being tribal MLAs. Governors have the authority to regulate land transfers, manage business activities, and oversee specific acts of Parliament or State legislatures in these areas. Sixth Schedule: “Tribal Areas” The Sixth Schedule applies to “tribal areas” in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. There are currently 10 tribal areas across these states, governed by Autonomous District Councils (ADCs), which consist of 30 members. These councils can enact laws related to land management, property, marriage, divorce, and customs, subject to the approval of the Governor. Additionally, ADCs can manage essential services such as schools, healthcare, and infrastructure, and have the authority to collect land revenue and grant licenses for mining and other economic activities. They also have judicial powers, overseeing disputes involving STs within the region. Comparing Fifth and Sixth Schedules While both the Fifth and Sixth Schedules aim to protect the rights and interests of Scheduled Tribes, the Sixth Schedule provides greater autonomy to tribal areas through the establishment of ADCs, which enjoy more executive, legislative, judicial, and financial powers. Both schedules, however, work to ensure the integration of tribal communities with the rest of the country while safeguarding their unique cultural identity. Special Provisions for Northeastern States: Part XXI of the Constitution includes specific provisions for northeastern states such as Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Sikkim, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh under Articles 371A to 371H. Article 371A (Nagaland) and 371G (Mizoram) safeguard local customary laws and practices. Article 371B (Assam) and 371C (Manipur) mandate committees of MLAs from Tribal Areas and Hill Areas. Article 371F (Sikkim) and 371H (Arunachal Pradesh) outline the responsibilities of the Governors for ensuring development and law and order. Need for Further Reforms: Limited Autonomy in Practice: Despite constitutional provisions, the autonomy granted to Fifth and Sixth Schedule areas is more symbolic than practical. Regulations by Governors and Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) are subject to central and state approval, limiting their real autonomy. Unnotified ST Areas: Many Scheduled Tribe (ST) habitations across the country, especially in non-notified areas, lack constitutional protections. These areas need to be officially notified as scheduled areas to provide full rights and protections. 125th Constitutional Amendment Bill (2019): This bill, currently pending in the Rajya Sabha, seeks to grant more financial, executive, and administrative powers to the existing 10 ADCs. The Union Government has formed a committee to address the concerns delaying the bill’s passage, and its resolution is crucial for stakeholders. Inclusion of Hill Areas: Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur have passed resolutions to include their Hill Areas in the Sixth Schedule, reflecting a broader demand for increased autonomy. There is a growing demand to include Ladakh under the Sixth Schedule to protect tribal interests in the region. Forest Rights: The implementation of the Forest Rights Act (2006), which recognizes the forest rights of tribals, needs to be extended to Fifth and Sixth Schedule areas to ensure complete protection of indigenous rights. -Source: The Hindu Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP) Context: A significant Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between the states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh for the implementation of the Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (PKC-ERCP). This river link project forms a part of India’s ambitious National Perspective Plan (NPP), which aims to interlink various rivers to enhance water availability across diverse regions. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Modified PKC-ERCP Project Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) Interlinking of Rivers Importance of River Interlinking Projects Challenges and Concerns Overview of the Modified PKC-ERCP Project: The Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) initiative is a river-linking project aimed at diverting surplus water from the Parbati, Newaj, and Kalisindh rivers to the Chambal River. This project is a part of India’s National Perspective Plan (1980), crafted by the Central Water Commission in collaboration with the Union Ministry of Irrigation. It targets optimizing water use in the Chambal basin, benefiting regions in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, primarily for domestic and industrial needs. Rivers Included in the Project: Chambal River: Originates from Singar Chouri Peak in the Vindhya Mountains (Indore, Madhya Pradesh). Major tributaries include the Banas, Kali Sindh, Sipra, and Parbati rivers. Parvati River: Begins in the Vindhya Range in Sehore District, Madhya Pradesh. Lacks significant tributaries. Kali Sindh River: Starts in Bagli, Dewas District of Madhya Pradesh. Important tributaries are Parwan, Newaj, and Ahu rivers. Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP): The ERCP, proposed by the Rajasthan government in 2019, aims to improve water resource management by facilitating intra-basin water transfers within the Chambal Basin. The project’s objective is to utilize surplus monsoon water from the Kalisindh, Parvati, Mej, and Chakan sub-basins, redirecting it to areas with water shortages, such as the Banas, Gambhiri, Banganga, and Parbati sub-basins. This water will serve 13 districts in eastern Rajasthan, including Alwar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, and Jaipur. Benefits of the ERCP: The ERCP is anticipated to increase irrigation coverage by 4.31 lakh hectares and create an additional command area of 2 lakh hectares. This project will contribute to improving groundwater levels in Rajasthan, thus enhancing socio-economic conditions in rural areas. It is also designed to support industrial growth, particularly the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC), by ensuring sustainable water sources. Integration of PKC and ERCP: The Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal ERCP is a merged project that combines the PKC link with the ERCP. This integrated approach tackles concerns such as water-sharing, fair distribution of costs and benefits, and the exchange of water between different states. Rationale for the Project: Rajasthan, despite being India’s largest state in terms of area (10.4% of the total landmass), holds only 1.16% of the country’s surface water and 1.72% of groundwater. The state’s water scarcity emphasizes the need for a comprehensive water management strategy, such as the PKC-ERCP, to ensure a sustainable water supply for both domestic and industrial purposes. Interlinking of Rivers In 1858, Arthur Cotton (British general and irrigation Engineer) came up with even more ambitious proposals such as connecting all major rivers of India, and interlinking of canals and rivers. He suggested drought-relief measures for Odisha. The National River Linking Project (NRLP) formally known as the National Perspective Plan, envisages the transfer of water from water ‘surplus’ basins where there is flooding, to water ‘deficit’ basins where there is drought/scarcity, through inter-basin water transfer projects. The interlinking of river project is a Civil Engineering project, which aims to connect Indian rivers through reservoirs and canals. The farmers will not have to depend on the monsoon for cultivation and also the excess or lack of water can be overcome during flood or drought. Since the 1980s, the interlinking project has been managed by India’s National Water Development Agency (NWDA) under the Ministry of Water Resources. It has been split into three parts as follows: A northern Himalayan river interlink component. A southern peninsular component. An Intra-State river linking component. Importance of River Interlinking Projects: Flood Control: These projects help manage and reduce the risks of flooding, particularly in regions prone to floods like the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. Addressing Water Scarcity: They are instrumental in tackling water shortages in drought-affected areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Boosting Agriculture: By improving irrigation in regions with water scarcity, these projects contribute to enhanced agricultural productivity, which could result in a significant increase in farmers’ incomes. Example: Ken-Betwa link project. Supporting Inland Waterways: The projects also enable the development of inland waterways, like National Waterway-1, promoting more efficient transport for goods. Water Resource Optimisation: A key goal is to make better use of surface water to prevent groundwater depletion and reduce the amount of freshwater that flows into the sea without being utilised. Challenges and Concerns: Impact on Biodiversity: Redirecting rivers can disturb natural habitats, leading to potential biodiversity loss and environmental changes. Example: The Ken-Betwa link project could submerge areas of the Panna Tiger Reserve, endangering the wildlife there. Social and Human Displacement: These projects often lead to the displacement of communities, bringing up major social and humanitarian issues. Financial and Technical Obstacles: High costs, coupled with technical challenges and issues related to land acquisition, make these projects difficult to implement effectively. Global Comparisons: China’s South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), which aimed to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River Basin, encountered many obstacles, serving as a warning for large-scale water diversion projects. Water Disputes: The limited availability of water resources can lead to disputes between states, as seen in the Krishna Water Dispute. Environmental and Social Consequences: There are concerns about the long-term sustainability of such projects, including the potential for worsening existing social and environmental problems. -Source: Times of India Regulatory Oversight in India’s Food Service Sector Context: The Uttar Pradesh government mandates that food establishments display the names of key personnel to ensure transparency. Meanwhile, a similar proposal in Himachal Pradesh was rejected by the state government. The Supreme Court has clarified that only authorities under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, are empowered to issue such directives, preventing police from overstepping their jurisdiction in enforcing these regulations. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Food Business Compliance Requirements in India State-Level Authority and FSSA Provisions Legal Controversies around Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand Directives Food Business Compliance Requirements in India Mandatory FSSAI Licensing: All businesses involved in food processing, distribution, sale, or import in India must register with the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), which was established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSSA) to ensure food safety and standards compliance. Small-Scale Operators Registration: According to the FSSAI Licensing and Registration Rules, 2011, small food vendors, petty food manufacturers, hawkers, and stallholders must register with FSSAI. Upon approval, they receive a certificate and photo ID, which must be visibly displayed at their place of business, vehicle, or cart. License Requirement for Large-Scale Food Operators: Larger food enterprises must obtain an FSSAI license, which must also be prominently displayed within their premises. Display of Business Information: Both small and large food businesses are required to visibly display the owner’s identity and business location through their FSSAI license and photo ID, ensuring transparency. Penalties for Non-Compliance: Operating a food business without the appropriate FSSAI license, as per Section 63 of the FSSA, may result in imprisonment for up to six months and a fine of up to ₹5 lakh. FSSA Compliance Enforcement: Improvement Notices: In cases where a Food Business Operator (FBO) does not comply with regulations, an Improvement Notice may be issued. This document includes: Reasons for non-compliance. Required corrective measures. A deadline for compliance, typically 14 days. Consequences of Ignoring Notices: Failure to comply with the improvement notice could result in license suspension or cancellation. Fines for General Non-Compliance: For offenses where no specific penalty is mentioned, Section 58 allows for fines up to ₹2 lakh. Repeat Violations: FBOs found guilty of repeating offenses may face: Doubling of penalties. Daily fines of up to ₹1 lakh. Potential cancellation of their license, as per Section 64. State-Level Authority and FSSA Provisions State Governments’ Authority under the FSSA: Section 94(1) of the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA) empowers state governments to formulate rules, subject to the approval of both the Central Government and the Food Authority. This enables them to perform their designated roles under the Act. Specific Areas for Rule-Making: Section 94(2)(a): Allows states to establish rules regarding the additional roles of the Commissioner of Food Safety as outlined in Section 30(2)(f), where the Commissioner can be tasked with further duties as determined by the state government, in coordination with the Food Authority. Section 94(2)(c): States have the autonomy to create rules governing any other necessary regulations as deemed appropriate for food safety enforcement. Commissioner’s Role: The Commissioner of Food Safety, a state-appointed official under Section 30, is responsible for ensuring the effective implementation of food safety laws, with responsibilities including conducting surveys, training programs, and approving legal actions for violations. Approval of State-Made Rules: As stipulated by Section 94(3), rules formulated by state governments must be presented to the state legislature for approval at the earliest opportunity. Legal Controversies around Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand Directives Court Challenges: Directives issued by police in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand were brought before the Supreme Court for allegedly compelling individuals to disclose their caste and religious identities. Petitioners claimed that these directives breached Article 15(1) of the Constitution, which bars discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Concerns Raised by Petitioners: Petitioners argued that the directives risked creating an economic boycott of Muslim minorities and infringed upon their rights to practice any profession, violating Article 19(1)(g). They also contended that the directives indirectly endorsed the banned practice of untouchability, contravening Article 17 of the Constitution. Government Defense: The Uttar Pradesh government defended the directives, emphasizing their intent to enhance food safety and public health by installing CCTV cameras in food establishments and conducting a statewide verification campaign. In light of numerous food adulteration incidents involving unsanitary materials, the government argued that the measures were necessary to safeguard public health. -Source: Indian Express Annular Solar Eclipse Context: An annular solar eclipse was visible in parts of South America on October 2 while a partial solar eclipse was visible in parts of South America, Antarctica, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Relevance: GS-I Geography Dimensions of the Article: Solar eclipse Types of Solar Eclipse Significant observations during solar eclipses Solar eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when a portion of the Earth is covered in a shadow cast by the Moon which fully or partially blocks sunlight. This occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth are aligned. Such alignment coincides with a new moon (syzygy) indicating the Moon is closest to the ecliptic plane. The Sun’s distance from Earth is about 400 times the Moon’s distance, and the Sun’s diameter is about 400 times the Moon’s diameter. Because these ratios are approximately the same, the Sun and the Moon as seen from Earth appear to be approximately the same size: about 0.5 degree of arc in angular measure. Types of Solar Eclipse Total Solar Eclipse: During a total solar eclipse, the Moon completely covers the Sun from view as seen from a specific location on Earth. The sky darkens significantly, and the Sun’s outer atmosphere, known as the solar corona, becomes visible as a bright halo around the obscured Sun. Total solar eclipses are rare and can only be observed from a limited geographic area along the eclipse’s path of totality. Partial Solar Eclipse: In a partial solar eclipse, the Moon partially covers the Sun, obscuring only a portion of the Sun’s disk. This type of eclipse is visible over a broader geographic region than a total eclipse since it occurs when the Moon partially passes in front of the Sun. Annular Solar Eclipse: An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is near its apogee (farthest from Earth) in its elliptical orbit, causing it to appear smaller than the Sun. As a result, the Moon does not completely cover the Sun, and a ring of the Sun’s outer edge, known as the “ring of fire” or annulus, remains visible around the Moon. Annular eclipses create a unique and visually striking spectacle. Hybrid Solar Eclipse (Annular-Total Eclipse): A hybrid eclipse is a rare event where an eclipse appears as a total eclipse from some locations on Earth’s surface and as an annular eclipse from others. The type of eclipse experienced depends on the viewer’s location within the eclipse’s path. Why does the Solar Eclipse not occur during every new moon? If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little closer to the Earth, and in the same orbital plane, there would be total solar eclipses every new moon. However, since the Moon’s orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, its shadow usually misses Earth. What are the factors that affect the duration of the eclipse? The Moon being almost exactly at perigee (making its angular diameter as large as possible). The Earth being very near aphelion (furthest away from the Sun in its elliptical orbit, making its angular diameter nearly as small as possible). The midpoint of the eclipse being very close to the Earth’s equator, where the rotational velocity is greatest. The vector of the eclipse path at the midpoint of the eclipse aligning with the vector of the Earth’s rotation (i.e. not diagonal but due east). The midpoint of the eclipse being near the subsolar point (the part of the Earth closest to the Sun). Significant observations during solar eclipses A total solar eclipse provides a rare opportunity to observe the corona (the outer layer of the Sun’s atmosphere). Normally this is not visible because the photosphere is much brighter than the corona. Eclipses may cause the temperature to decrease by up to 3 °C. There is a long history of observations of gravity-related phenomena during solar eclipses, especially during the period of totality. Confirmation of Einstein’s theory: The observation of a total solar eclipse of 1919, helped to confirm Einstein’s theory of general relativity. By comparing the apparent distance between stars in the constellation Taurus, with and without the Sun between them, Arthur Eddington stated that the theoretical predictions about gravitational lenses were confirmed. Precautions to take while viewing Solar eclipse Looking directly at the photosphere of the Sun (the bright disk of the Sun itself), even for just a few seconds, can cause permanent damage to the retina of the eye, because of the intense visible and invisible radiation that the photosphere emits. This damage can result in impairment of vision, up to and including blindness. The retina has no sensitivity to pain, and the effects of retinal damage may not appear for hours, so there is no warning that injury is occurring. Under normal conditions, the Sun is so bright that it is difficult to stare at it directly, however, during an eclipse, with so much of the Sun covered, it is easier and more tempting to stare at it. Special eye protection or indirect viewing techniques are used when viewing a solar eclipse. It is safe to view only the total phase of a total solar eclipse with the unaided eye and without protection. -Source: The Hindu National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans Tracker Context: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans Tracker revealed that only 10% of nations fulfil their biodiversity commitments ahead of COP16. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (NBSAP) Tracker Key Insights on Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (NBSAP) Tracker: The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans (NBSAP) Tracker is a newly developed tool by the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF). This tracker monitors the progress of various countries in developing their biodiversity plans to align with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF). Objective: The tool aims to promote transparency and accountability in biodiversity policies, ensuring these strategies are accessible to all stakeholders, particularly as nations prepare for COP16. NBSAPs serve as essential guidelines for countries to combat biodiversity loss, meet global targets, and mobilize necessary actions and funding to safeguard ecosystems. Key Insights on Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF): The framework was adopted during the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) in December 2022, under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. Its primary goal is to facilitate the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs), building on earlier biodiversity strategies. The framework sets a long-term goal to ensure global harmony with nature by the year 2050. All participating countries are required to establish national targets based on the framework’s guidelines. Goals and Targets: The GBF sets out 23 targets for 2030 and 4 global goals for 2050, focusing on safeguarding biodiversity for both present and future generations. These targets cover: Reducing biodiversity threats Sustainable resource use and equitable benefit-sharing Implementation tools and mainstreaming solutions. -Source: Down To Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 October 2024

CONTENTS National Mission for Clean Ganga Advances Conservation Efforts Cruise Bharat Mission National Mission for Clean Ganga Advances Conservation Efforts Context: In its 57th Executive Committee meeting, the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) approved several pivotal projects across various states, focusing on the conservation and cleanliness of the Ganga River. These initiatives are particularly geared towards supporting Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities planned for the upcoming Mahakumbh in 2025. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Projects Approved in the Meeting National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) Challenges Faced by NMCG Key Projects Approved in the Meeting: Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs): The EC has sanctioned STPs for Katihar and Supaul in Bihar, as well as Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh. These plants are intended to treat water by removing sewage and pollutants, ensuring it is safe to release into natural water bodies. Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring System (OCEMS): Part of the initiative includes the deployment of OCEMS for enhanced monitoring of STPs within the Ganga River Basin. Mahakumbh 2025 IEC Activities: A project aimed at promoting cleanliness and public awareness during the Mahakumbh 2025 has been approved. This project focuses on Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities, such as decorating the event area through the ‘Paint My City’ initiative and mural art. Pollution Inventory, Assessment, and Surveillance (PIAS) Project: Manpower restructuring was approved to improve the effectiveness of this project, which is overseen by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and focuses on industrial pollution monitoring. Smart Laboratory for Clean River (SLCR) Project: Key components were approved to accelerate the rejuvenation of small rivers across the nation. Freshwater Turtle and Gharial Conservation Program: Approval was given for the conservation breeding program for freshwater turtles and gharials at the Kukrail Gharial Rehabilitation Center in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG): The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is a significant initiative aimed at the rejuvenation and cleanliness of the Ganga River, one of India’s most important and sacred rivers. Here are the key details about NMCG: Formation and Legal Status: NMCG was officially registered as a society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, on August 12, 2011. Initially, it functioned as the implementation body of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA), which was established under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986. In 2016, NGRBA was dissolved and replaced by the National Council for Rejuvenation, Protection, and Management of River Ganga. Objective: The primary objective of NMCG is to combat pollution and facilitate the restoration of the Ganga River to its pristine state. The “Namami Gange” program is a flagship initiative of NMCG, aimed at the comprehensive cleaning and restoration of the Ganga. Achieving this objective involves promoting intersectoral coordination, comprehensive planning and management, and maintaining a minimum ecological flow in the river to ensure water quality and environmentally sustainable development. Organizational Structure: The Act envisages a five-tier structure at the national, state, and district levels to take measures for prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution in river Ganga as below: National Ganga Council: Chaired by the Prime Minister of India, it serves as the highest-level decision-making body. Empowered Task Force (ETF): Headed by the Union Minister of Jal Shakti (Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation), ETF plays a crucial role in the mission’s execution. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) State Ganga Committees: These committees operate at the state level, contributing to pollution control and river management efforts. District Ganga Committees: Operational at the district level, these committees play a role in managing pollution and river conservation efforts within their respective districts, particularly those adjoining the Ganga River and its tributaries. Challenges Faced by NMCG The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) faces several challenges in its efforts to rejuvenate and clean the Ganga River: Delayed Commissioning of Treatment Plants: The commissioning of sewage treatment plants has been delayed due to issues with land acquisition, which has hindered the timely execution of projects. Revisions in Detailed Project Reports: Many projects have required revisions in their Detailed Project Reports, which outline project execution steps and agency roles, causing delays and administrative challenges. Misconception Regarding Responsibilities: State governments have sometimes assumed that building treatment plants is solely the responsibility of the central government, leading to coordination challenges. Waste Management at the Source: Effective waste management, particularly the segregation and recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), is most efficient when handled at the source. Implementing this approach has been challenging. Volunteer Cadre Implementation: Plans to create a cadre of volunteers at the village and town levels to monitor water quality and support local bodies have faced challenges in effective implementation. Funding Allocation: While NMCG is a ₹20,000 crore mission, in-principle approval has been given for projects worth ₹37,396 crore, with only ₹14,745 crore released to states for infrastructure work as of June 2023, indicating challenges in fund allocation. Municipal Solid Waste Management: The mission has faced criticism for not adequately addressing the issue of municipal solid waste entering the Ganga. Many towns and cities along the river lack proper waste treatment infrastructure, allowing untreated waste to enter the river. Limited Sewerage Network: A substantial portion of India’s urban population resides outside sewerage networks, leading to a significant amount of waste not reaching sewage treatment plants (STPs). Improper Waste Disposal: Studies have revealed that rubbish heaps are commonly found near ghats in numerous towns along the river, indicating improper waste disposal practices that threaten the cleanliness of the Ganga. Cruise Bharat Mission Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW) launched the ‘Cruise Bharat Mission’ from the Mumbai port. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and interventions Cruise Bharat Mission Overview: Objective: The Cruise Bharat Mission aims to tap into the vast potential of India’s cruise tourism sector, with the goal of doubling the cruise passenger traffic by 2029. Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways will be the nodal ministry overseeing the project. Implementation Phases: Phase 1 (01.10.2024 – 30.09.2025): This phase will focus on research, master planning, and establishing cruise partnerships with neighboring countries. It will also work on modernizing existing cruise terminals, marinas, and destinations. Phase 2 (01.10.2025 – 31.03.2027): In this phase, the emphasis will shift to developing new cruise terminals, marinas, and high-potential destinations for enhancing cruise circuits. Phase 3 (01.04.2027 – 31.03.2029): The final phase will integrate all cruise circuits across the Indian Subcontinent, highlighting the cruise ecosystem’s maturity while continuing with the development of new infrastructure. Strategic Pillars: Sustainable Infrastructure & Capital: This focuses on developing modern infrastructure, including cruise terminals, marinas, and water aerodromes. It emphasizes decarbonization efforts, such as shore power and digitalization through facial recognition systems. It also includes the creation of a National Cruise Infrastructure Masterplan 2047 and setting up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) under the Indian Ports Association (IPA). Operations and Technology-Enabled Systems: This will streamline operations, improve digital clearance systems, and facilitate e-visa systems to ensure smooth boarding and disembarkation. Cruise Promotion & Circuit Integration: This focuses on promoting international investments and marketing, linking cruise circuits, and organizing events like the “Cruise India Summit” while creating alliances with neighboring countries. Regulatory, Fiscal & Financial Policies: The mission will develop customized fiscal and financial policies, focusing on tax policies, cruise regulations, and launching a National Cruise Tourism Policy. Capacity Building & Economic Research: This will establish skill-building initiatives and create a Centre of Excellence for cruise-related economic research. It will also set National Occupational Standards to promote youth employment

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 October 2024

Content: A Case of Nothing But Patent Censorship Taming the Outbreak: NITI Aayog’s Roadmap for Future Pandemic Preparedness Inflection Point: West Asia Needs Major Powers’ Intervention for Peace A Case of Nothing But Patent Censorship Context: On September 20, 2024, the Bombay High Court ruled that an amendment to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, was unconstitutional. The ruling struck down a provision that would have allowed the government’s Fact Check Unit (FCU) to identify “fake, false, or misleading” information related to government business, imposing onerous obligations on digital intermediaries like social media platforms. The judgment emphasized that such regulations infringed upon the right to free speech and could lead to excessive censorship. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (Governance) Mains Question: Critically examine the challenges posed by the regulation of online content under the Information Technology Rules, 2021. How can a balance be struck between combating misinformation and protecting free speech? (250 words) Background of the Amendment: The Indian government’s proposed amendment under the IT Rules, 2021, aimed to impose strict obligations on intermediaries. The Fact Check Unit (FCU) was tasked with identifying any information related to government business that was deemed fake, false, or misleading. Intermediaries, under threat of losing their “safe harbor” protections, would have been required to remove such content. Implications for Intermediaries: The safe harbor provision under Section 79 of the Information Technology (IT) Act protects intermediaries from liability for content posted by users, provided they adhere to due diligence norms. The amendment threatened this protection by requiring intermediaries to act on government directives, even when content had not been independently verified. Bombay High Court’s Ruling: The Court held that the provision violated the right to free speech and expression. Justice A.S. Chandurkar found that the FCU’s powers were overbroad and vague, giving the government near-unchecked authority to control online content. The loss of safe harbor could have led to excessive censorship, as intermediaries would likely overcomply with government requests to avoid legal risks. Chilling Effect on Free Speech: The Court emphasized that the amendment imposed a “chilling effect” on speech, as intermediaries would be forced to censor content to protect themselves from legal liability. This could limit citizens’ ability to freely express dissent or criticize the government, undermining democratic principles. Vagueness of the Rule: One of the key issues raised was the vagueness of what constituted “fake, false, or misleading” information. Without clear definitions, intermediaries and users alike could not ascertain what content would be censored, leading to arbitrary enforcement. Differing Opinions on the Bench: The Bombay High Court had earlier seen conflicting judgments on the Rule’s validity, with one judge arguing that the provision violated free speech and another dismissing this concern. The tie-breaking decision by Justice Chandurkar highlighted the importance of safeguarding fundamental rights over government control of online content. Constitutional Principles at Stake: Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution guarantees the right to free speech and expression. Any restrictions on this right must be narrowly tailored to serve legitimate purposes, such as public order or national security. The Court found that the FCU’s unchecked powers were disproportionate to its stated objective of combating misinformation. Balancing Misinformation and Free Speech: While the Court acknowledged the need to address the problem of misinformation, it stressed that the solution must be found within constitutional boundaries. Targeting intermediaries with vague and overbroad directives would not only infringe upon free speech but also create a culture of censorship. Latest Data and Numbers: The Information Technology Act, 2000: Section 79 provides safe harbor protections for intermediaries. Internet users in India: 900 million as of 2024, underscoring the importance of digital freedom. Conclusion: The Bombay High Court’s ruling underscores the delicate balance between regulating online content and upholding free speech. The government’s attempt to combat misinformation must respect constitutional guarantees and avoid creating mechanisms that encourage over-censorship. Moving forward, any regulations should focus on transparency, accountability, and clear definitions to prevent misuse. Safeguarding the right to free speech in the digital age requires nuanced policies that combat misinformation without eroding fundamental rights. The Bombay High Court’s ruling is a step toward ensuring that balance is maintained. Taming the Outbreak: NITI Aayog’s Roadmap for Future Pandemic Preparedness Context: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant gaps in healthcare systems worldwide. In response, the Indian government and NITI Aayog have outlined a roadmap titled “Future Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response” to build a resilient public health system. The report emphasizes the need for preparedness, effective coordination between the public and private sectors, and data-driven health strategies to handle future outbreaks. Key focus areas include improving healthcare infrastructure, strengthening institutional frameworks, and ensuring timely interventions during health emergencies. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (Governance Mains Question: Discuss the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze how the NITI Aayog’s roadmap for ‘Future Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response’ addresses gaps in India’s healthcare system. (250 words) COVID-19 and Its Impact on Healthcare Systems: The pandemic highlighted weaknesses in India’s healthcare system, especially in rural areas. Healthcare facilities were overwhelmed, and there was a shortage of medical supplies, workforce, and infrastructure. The crisis prompted a reassessment of healthcare strategies to ensure better management of future pandemics. NITI Aayog’s Report on Pandemic Preparedness: The report, titled “Future Pandemic Preparedness and Emergency Response,” focuses on institutionalizing a robust mechanism for pandemic management. It stresses the importance of the first 100 days in containing the spread of a pathogen. Key recommendations include creating an ecosystem for rapid response, legislative reforms for public health emergencies, and integrating technology to track and contain outbreaks. Need for Data and Coordination: A critical learning from COVID-19 was the need for an integrated database of healthcare facilities, especially private sector involvement. In India, 60% of the population relies on private healthcare. The report calls for building systems to coordinate between the private and public sectors and leveraging digital health technologies to ensure real-time data availability. Public-Private Partnership: The report highlights the role of private healthcare in handling health crises. During COVID-19, private hospitals, labs, and diagnostics played a pivotal role. Strengthening collaboration between the two sectors through clear guidelines and institutional frameworks is vital for better outcomes. Strengthening Institutional Capacity: The existing legal framework for health emergencies, largely based on colonial-era legislations, is inadequate for modern needs. The report recommends revisiting these laws to create a more agile and comprehensive public health emergency management system, including empowering local bodies and roping in experts early. Implementation Challenges: The success of the roadmap will depend on its effective implementation. Past reports, such as the National Water Mission’s groundwater crisis recommendations, have seen inconsistent follow-through. Similarly, the integration of Ayushman Bharat into the pandemic management strategy has been slow, with dues and funds remaining pending. Building Trust in the Healthcare System: The pandemic eroded public trust in the healthcare system due to delayed responses and over-reliance on unprepared systems. NITI Aayog’s report emphasizes the need to restore trust through better preparedness, transparency, and timely healthcare delivery. Latest Data and Numbers: Private Healthcare Dependency: 60% of Indians rely on the private healthcare sector. Ayushman Bharat Implementation: Recent delays in dues have hindered the scheme’s impact in states like Punjab. Conclusion: The NITI Aayog’s roadmap for future pandemic preparedness is a comprehensive framework that addresses critical gaps exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Implementing its recommendations will require multi-sectoral coordination, political will, and sustained investment. The focus must be on institutionalizing these measures to ensure that India is better equipped to handle the next health emergency. A robust healthcare infrastructure, backed by strong policy frameworks and effective public-private partnerships, will be key to ensuring that future pandemics are managed efficiently and equitably. Inflection Point: West Asia Needs Major Powers’ Intervention for Peace Context: Iran’s October 1 ballistic missile attack on Israel signifies a critical escalation in the multi-front conflict in West Asia. The tensions have been brewing since early 2023, with repeated provocations by both sides, leading to increased regional instability. The involvement of Hezbollah, Hamas, and Iran’s proxy networks, coupled with Israel’s aggressive retaliatory stance, has pushed the region to a dangerous precipice. The lack of intervention by global powers, especially the United States, has led to a deteriorating security situation, with a full-scale regional war becoming a distinct possibility. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations) Mains Question: Examine the factors contributing to the escalating conflict in West Asia and discuss the role of major world powers in promoting peace and stability in the region. (250 words) Background of the Conflict: The conflict escalated sharply on October 1, 2024, when Iran launched a ballistic missile attack on Israel. The attack followed Israel’s April 1 strike on the Iranian embassy complex in Damascus, Syria, and was further fueled by the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, the political chief of Hamas, in Tehran. Multi-Front Tensions: The conflict has spilled over into multiple fronts. Israel’s conflict with Gaza expanded to Lebanon, targeting Hezbollah. Iran’s response to these provocations has been measured but could intensify if Israel’s attacks continue. The war has drawn in various proxy groups, including the Houthis in Yemen, creating a volatile situation with no clear end in sight. Failure of Deterrence and Diplomacy: Deterrence strategies have failed across the board. Israel’s superior military might has not stopped Hamas or Hezbollah from launching attacks, and Iran’s missile capabilities have not deterred Israel from broadening its operations. The lack of effective deterrence has led to an escalation spiral, with each side increasing its military engagement. Role of the United States: The absence of strong U.S. leadership has been a critical factor in the current crisis. U.S. President Joe Biden’s limited diplomatic intervention has given Israel the space to escalate without fear of significant repercussions. Washington’s focus on preventing a broader war rather than de-escalating existing conflicts has left a vacuum that other regional powers, like China and Russia, could exploit. Potential for Regional War: The region is at a tipping point. With Israel threatening to retaliate more aggressively after the October 1 attack, and Iran’s proxy networks ready to respond, the conflict could spiral into a regional war. Such a war would be catastrophic, drawing in multiple state and non-state actors, and would have severe geopolitical and humanitarian consequences. The Need for Global Intervention: Major world powers like the U.S., China, and Russia have significant leverage over the conflicting parties. The U.S. holds influence over Israel, while China and Russia have established ties with Iran and its allies. Effective diplomacy must involve all these powers to enforce a ceasefire, initiate dialogue, and prevent further escalation. Latest Data and Numbers: Recent Conflict Casualties: Over 2,000 casualties in the latest Gaza conflict. Hezbollah’s Reach: Over 130,000 rockets in its arsenal as of 2023. Proxy Groups: Iran’s proxy network includes Hezbollah, Hamas, the Houthis, and Shia militias in Iraq. Conclusion: West Asia stands at a critical juncture, with the risk of a full-blown regional war growing by the day. Major global powers must intervene diplomatically to break the conflict loop and promote a sustainable peace framework. The immediate priority should be establishing off-ramps for the conflicting parties to de-escalate, followed by a comprehensive peace dialogue that includes all key stakeholders. Timely and coordinated action by global powers is crucial to avert a catastrophic conflict and restore stability to the region. The window for effective intervention is rapidly closing, making it imperative for the international community to act decisively.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 October 2024

CONTENTS Annual Survey of Industries Discipline Among Judges Changes in Indian Rice Export Policies The Rise of “Greenhushing” Among Carbon-Neutral Certified Firms Exercise KAZIND Tsetse flies Rise in Stroke Cases in India  Annual Survey of Industries Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently released the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2022-23. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)? Highlights of the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2022-23 What is the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI)? ASI Overview: The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) serves as the primary source for industrial statistics and data related to organized manufacturing in India. The survey is conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). It has been conducted since 1959 under the Collection of Statistics Act 1953 and is now carried out under the Collection of Statistics Act 2008, with amendments in 2017. Objectives: The ASI aims to gather comprehensive data that supports: Estimating the contribution of the registered manufacturing sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Studying the structure of various industries, categorized by type. Analyzing factors that influence industries, supporting the creation of effective industrial policies. Coverage of the Survey: Factories registered under the Factories Act 1948. It includes: Factories employing 10 or more workers using power. Factories employing 20 or more workers without using power. In states like Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Goa, the survey targets factories employing 20 or more workers using power, and 40 or more workers without power. Bidi and cigar manufacturing establishments under the Bidi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act 1966. Electricity undertakings involved in generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity but not registered with the Central Electricity Authority (CEA). Significance: The ASI provides crucial data to policymakers and planners to objectively evaluate the industrial scenario of the Indian economy, aiding in informed decision-making. Highlights of the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for 2022-23: Main Drivers of Manufacturing Growth: Key industries included basic metal, coke & refined petroleum products, food products, chemical products, and motor vehicles. These sectors contributed 58% of total output and recorded a 24.5% output growth and 2.6% growth in gross value added (GVA) compared to 2021-22. Growth in Number of Factories: The total number of factories increased from 2.49 lakh in 2021-22 to 2.53 lakh in 2022-23. Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF): GFCF, representing capital investment, surged by 77%, rising from Rs 3.3 lakh crore in 2021-22 to Rs 5.85 lakh crore in 2022-23. Employment Growth: Total Employees: The number of employees in the manufacturing sector rose by 7.5%, from 1.72 crore in 2021-22 to 1.84 crore in 2022-23, marking the highest increase in 12 years. Employment by Sector: The most employment was recorded in food products, followed by textiles, basic metals, wearing apparel, and motor vehicles. Average Emoluments: Average emoluments per person rose by 6.3% in 2022-23, compared to the previous year. State Performance: In terms of GVA, Maharashtra led the rankings, followed by Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh. These five states contributed over 54% of the total manufacturing GVA in 2022-23. In terms of employment, the top five states (Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, UP, and Karnataka) contributed 55% of the total manufacturing employment. Key Takeaways: The ASI suggests that the impact of the Covid pandemic on manufacturing industries has been “wiped out”. The estimated employment in manufacturing in 2022-23 exceeded pre-pandemic levels (2018-19) by over 22.14 lakh. Sectors with the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme experienced better growth. -Source: Indian Express Discipline Among Judges Context: The Supreme Court recently expressed significant concerns regarding statements made by a judge from the Karnataka High Court. The intervention was later withdrawn following an apology from the judge in question. This incident has brought to light the constitutional challenges and limitations that the judiciary faces in disciplining its members, underscoring the delicate balance between judicial independence and accountability. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Disciplining Judges in India Additional Mechanisms for Disciplining Judges Measures to Ensure Discipline among Judges Disciplining Judges in India Article 121 of the Constitution: Restricts parliamentary discussions on the conduct of judges from the Supreme Court and High Courts unless a formal motion for their removal is introduced. Article 211 of the Constitution: Prevents state legislatures from discussing the conduct of judges from the Supreme Court or High Courts while they are performing their duties. Article 124(4) of the Constitution: Specifies that a motion for impeachment must be supported by a majority of the total membership and at least two-thirds of the members present and voting in both Houses of Parliament. High Threshold for Impeachment: The strict requirements for impeachment make it challenging to remove judges for minor offenses, which creates difficulties in addressing misconduct that does not meet the impeachment threshold. Rare Use of Impeachment: Impeachment proceedings have been initiated only five times in India’s history, and no Supreme Court judge has been impeached. Grounds for Removal: Removal is possible only for “proved misbehaviour” or “incapacity,” which is defined by a high standard, including issues such as corruption, lack of integrity, and moral misconduct. Misconduct Below Impeachment Standard: Numerous acts of judicial misconduct, like bias or indiscipline, do not meet the impeachment criteria, leaving limited avenues to address such issues. Additional Mechanisms for Disciplining Judges Judicial Action by the Supreme Court (SC): The SC has the authority to take action in disciplining judges. For example, in 2017, the SC found Calcutta High Court’s C.S. Karnan guilty of contempt of court and sentenced him to six months of imprisonment. Collegium System: The Supreme Court Collegium, composed of the five senior-most judges, including the Chief Justice of India (CJI), can recommend transferring High Court judges as a disciplinary measure. Although the Collegium’s decisions are not transparent, the transfer mechanism is sometimes used to address misconduct. Example: Justice P.D. Dinakaran was transferred from the Karnataka High Court to the Sikkim High Court when his impeachment was pending. In-House Inquiry Procedure (1999): The CJI can initiate an internal inquiry by requesting comments from the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court and obtaining a response from the implicated judge. If needed, a three-member committee of two High Court Chief Justices and one judge may conduct a fact-finding inquiry. Resignation or Retirement: The committee can advise the concerned judge to either resign or retire voluntarily. If the judge refuses, the CJI can recommend that no judicial work be assigned to the judge. Restatement of Values of Judicial Life (1997): A judicial code adopted by the Supreme Court, consisting of 16 points, serves as ethical guidelines for ensuring an independent and fair judiciary. It helps maintain discipline among judges. Measures to Ensure Discipline among Judges Reviving Key Legislation: Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill, 2010: Revive and pass this bill to establish the National Judicial Oversight Committee, a Complaints Scrutiny Panel, and an investigation committee to ensure proper oversight of judicial conduct. National Judicial Council (NJC): The Judges (Inquiry) Bill, 2006 should be revived to establish the NJC, which would oversee investigations into allegations of misconduct or incapacity among judges. Code of Conduct for Judges: A Code of Conduct should be developed, clearly outlining the expected behaviour, ethical standards, and mechanisms for addressing violations. The code should be publicly accessible to promote transparency and accountability. Performance Evaluation System: Implement a system to evaluate judicial performance based on key metrics such as case disposal rates, adherence to ethical standards, and feedback from litigants and peers. For example, in Odisha, judicial officers are expected to meet a work output equivalent to 240 working days annually. Judicial Independence: Reforms must ensure that accountability measures do not undermine the independence of the judiciary. Any system for holding judges accountable should preserve their ability to make impartial decisions. Asset and Liability Declarations: Judges should be required to declare their assets and liabilities, and this information should be made publicly available to deter corruption and enhance public trust in the judiciary. Training Programs: Regular training programs and workshops on judicial ethics, anti-discrimination laws, and the importance of impartiality should be instituted to foster a culture of accountability among judges. -Source: The Hindu Changes in Indian Rice Export Policies Context: The Indian government has recently made significant changes to its rice export policies. It lifted the ban on exporting Non-Basmati White Rice and established a minimum export price (MEP) of $490 per tonne. Additionally, the government previously removed a 20% export duty on Non-Basmati White Rice and lowered the export duties on three other rice categories: rice in the husk (paddy or rough), husked (brown) rice, and parboiled rice, reducing the duty from 20% to 10%. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Export Ban on Non-Basmati White Rice Lifted Rice Cultivation India’s Status as a Rice Exporter Export Ban on Non-Basmati White Rice Lifted The government has recently lifted the ban on the export of Non-Basmati White Rice, while also imposing a minimum export price (MEP) of $490 per tonne. Reasons for Lifting the Ban: Increase in Paddy Sowing: Favorable monsoon conditions have led to a rise in paddy sowing, with a significant portion of the crop planted during the Kharif season. Expansion in Cultivation Area: As of September 20, 2023, the paddy cultivation area reached 413.50 lakh hectares, marking a 2.2% increase over the previous year. Rice Production Growth: India’s total rice production for 2023-24 (including Kharif, Rabi, and summer crops) is estimated at 137.82 million tonnes, representing a 1.5% increase from last year. Price and Inflation Trends: Wholesale Price Decline: As of September 27, the wholesale price of rice was Rs 3,324.99 per quintal, down from Rs 3,597.09 a week earlier and Rs 3,502.91 a month ago. Retail Inflation Stability: Despite the decrease in wholesale prices, retail inflation measured by the Consumer Price Index has remained in double digits over the past two years, peaking at 13.09% in July 2023 before dropping to 9.52% in August, following the export ban. Rice Stock Surplus: As of September 1, the Food Corporation of India (FCI) had a stock of 323.11 lakh tonnes of rice in its central pool. The total stock, including unmilled paddy, amounted to 423 lakh tonnes, far exceeding the buffer stock norms, which require 135.40 lakh tonnes for July and 102.50 lakh tonnes for October. Who Stands to Benefit? Traders: The lifting of the export ban, along with the removal of the 20% duty, is expected to benefit traders by boosting export sentiment. Farmers: Farmers, especially those cultivating premium rice varieties like Sona Masoori (primarily in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana), are likely to benefit as they were previously affected by the ban. Consumers: However, domestic consumers may face higher retail prices due to the renewed export activity. Rice Cultivation: Primary Growing Season: Rice is predominantly cultivated during the Kharif season (June to November), aligning with the monsoon rains. In specific regions like Tamil Nadu and coastal Andhra Pradesh, rice is also cultivated during the Rabi season (November to April), especially in areas with irrigation. Optimal Conditions: Climate: Rice grows best in tropical and subtropical climates with high humidity. Temperature: Ideal growing temperatures range from 21°C to 37°C, with germination thriving around 21°C and the growth period requiring temperatures above 25°C. Rainfall: Requires 150-300 cm of evenly distributed rainfall during the growth period. Soil Requirements: Rice thrives in clayey or loamy soils that can retain water. Alluvial soils found in river basins and coastal regions are also ideal due to their depth and ability to retain moisture. Water Needs: Being a water-intensive crop, rice is typically grown in flooded fields (paddy fields). Adequate irrigation is critical in regions with insufficient rainfall. Rice Production in India: Cultivated Area: In the fiscal year 2024, approximately 47.6 million hectares of land were dedicated to rice cultivation in India. Global Standing: India holds the position of being the second-largest rice producer globally and is the largest exporter of rice. Production Estimates: The estimated rice production for 2023-24 is around 1378.25 lakh metric tons (LMT), marking a growth of 20.70 LMT compared to the previous year. Geographical Distribution: Rice is extensively grown in the coastal strips of both the eastern and western parts of the country, the Assam plains in the north-east, and the foothills of the Himalayas. India’s Status as a Rice Exporter Global Ranking and Contribution: India is the world’s second-largest rice producer and holds the position as the leading global rice exporter, significantly impacting the world rice trade. Alongside China, India contributes to more than half of the global rice production. While China mainly consumes its rice production, India plays a key role in global exports. As per the USDA, India was responsible for 33% (around 17 million tonnes) of the total global rice exports (53 million tonnes) in 2023. In 2022, prior to the ban on Non-Basmati White Rice exports, India accounted for 40% of global rice exports (56 million tonnes). Rice Export Categories: India’s rice exports are classified into two main types: basmati and non-basmati rice. Basmati rice forms approximately one-third of India’s total rice exports, with 52.42 lakh tonnes exported during the 2023-24 period. Non-basmati rice has six subtypes: rice in husk (seed quality and other), husked (brown) rice, parboiled rice, non-basmati white rice, and broken rice. Primary Export Destinations (2023-24): The top destinations for India’s rice exports include Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Benin, UAE, Guinea, Senegal, Togo, and Yemen. Saudi Arabia was the top importer in terms of export value, primarily importing basmati rice. Non-basmati white rice was mainly exported to Kenya, Mozambique, Cameroon, Vietnam, Malaysia, Togo, Madagascar, Cote D’Ivoire, and Benin. Competition in Global Rice Market: India’s key competitors in the global rice export market are Thailand and Vietnam. In 2023, the combined exports of these two countries nearly matched that of India. Other notable rice exporters include Pakistan, Cambodia, and the United States. The top rice-importing countries are the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, China, the European Union, Nigeria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia. -Source: Indian Express The Rise of “Greenhushing” Among Carbon-Neutral Certified Firms Context: While the number of carbon-neutral certified companies has been increasing globally, a notable trend has emerged where many of these firms opt not to publicize their environmental achievements, a phenomenon known as “greenhushing.” This reluctance often stems from a blend of altruism and a desire to maintain their social salience without appearing to capitalize on their green initiatives. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: What is Greenhushing? Concerns with Greenhushing Solutions to Address Greenhushing What is Greenhushing? Greenhushing refers to when companies underreport or withhold information about their environmental goals and achievements. These firms deliberately do not publicize their eco-friendly efforts or remain quiet about their future commitments to environmental sustainability. Why Do Firms Engage in Greenhushing? In the US, public firms could face lawsuits if perceived as prioritizing sustainability over shareholder profits, leading to firms avoiding open discussions about their environmental activities. In some conservative regions of the US, there has been a backlash against ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) initiatives, causing firms to retreat from promoting their sustainability goals to avoid political and regulatory scrutiny. Many consumers perceive green products to be of lower quality or to have higher prices, discouraging companies from marketing their environmental contributions due to potential brand harm. Firms vocal about sustainability may attract unwanted attention and be held to higher standards, pushing them to remain silent to avoid future commitments or pressures to achieve more ambitious goals. In industries like tourism, companies may opt not to promote their environmental efforts, fearing they might make customers uncomfortable by reminding them of issues like climate change or resource depletion. Concerns about greenwashing accusations, where companies are criticized for falsely claiming to be more eco-friendly than they are, also encourage firms to hide their environmental achievements from public view. A lack of consumer demand for carbon-neutral products further discourages companies from investing in marketing their carbon neutrality, as they are unwilling to spend on promotion without clear consumer interest. Concerns with Greenhushing: South Pole Report Findings: According to climate consultancy South Pole, 58% of surveyed companies have reduced their climate communication due to increased regulation and scrutiny. Assessment Challenges: Without open communication about sustainability efforts, it becomes difficult to evaluate a company’s progress in reducing carbon emissions. Tracking and Verification: Greenhushing reduces the ability to track and verify the progress of climate action. Delayed Adoption: Withholding information about environmental efforts could delay the adoption of sustainable practices, weakening the global effort to combat climate change. Fear of Backlash: Concerns about backlash from industries or regions that oppose sustainability efforts can discourage other businesses from adopting sustainable practices. Consumer Impact: Silence about sustainability efforts can lead to consumers continuing to purchase less sustainable products, inadvertently slowing down the demand for eco-friendly alternatives. Solutions to Address Greenhushing: Emphasize Sustainability as a Journey: Companies should stress that environmental sustainability is an ongoing process and not a fixed goal. Engage Audiences: Highlighting continuous improvement and engaging with audiences can help reduce criticism and ease concerns about greenwashing. Stronger Regulations: Clearer regulations, like the EU’s Greenwashing directive, can help prevent misleading advertisements, providing consumers with more accurate product information. Increase Consumer Awareness: Raising awareness about sustainability can help reverse negative perceptions of green products, encouraging consumers to support companies that are committed to sustainable practices. -Source: Down To Earth Exercise KAZIND Context: The 8th edition of Exercise KAZIND is scheduled to be conducted from 30th September to 13th October 2024 at Surya Foreign Training Node, Auli, Uttarakhand. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise KAZIND: Exercise KAZIND is an annual joint military exercise conducted between India and Kazakhstan. Indian Representation: The Indian Armed Forces, consisting of 120 personnel, are being represented by a battalion from the Kumaon Regiment, supported by various arms and services, along with members of the Indian Air Force. Kazakhstan Representation: The Kazakhstan military delegation includes personnel from their Land Forces and Airborne Assault Troopers. Objective: The main goal of this exercise is to enhance the joint capabilities of both nations’ military forces to conduct counter-terrorism operations, specifically in a sub-conventional setting, as outlined in Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Focus Areas: Operations are focused on semi-urban and mountainous regions. The exercise seeks to improve physical fitness and refine tactical drills for joint operations. Best practices in military operations will be shared to further strengthen both nations’ capabilities. Tactical Drills: The exercise includes rehearsing joint responses to potential terrorist actions. It will also focus on setting up a Joint Command Post and an Intelligence and Surveillance Centre. Expected Outcomes of KAZIND 2024: Sharing best practices in military tactics, techniques, and joint operational procedures. Strengthening cooperation between the two forces through increased interoperability, camaraderie, and friendship. Strategic Importance: This exercise is expected to boost defence cooperation between India and Kazakhstan, fostering deeper bilateral ties and enhancing mutual trust. -Source: The Hindu Tsetse Flies Context: According to a new atlas published by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Tsetse flies are present in 34 African countries. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Tsetse Flies: General Information: Tsetse flies belong to the genus Glossina and are unicellular, blood-feeding insects. Development Cycle: These flies undergo complete metamorphosis, with females giving birth to fully developed larvae that rapidly pupate in the soil. Taxonomy & Ecology: Tsetse flies are classified into three groups based on their habitat and characteristics: Fusca Group (Forest Group): Belonging to the subgenus Austenina. Morsitans Group (Savanna Group): Under the subgenus Glossina. Palpalis Group (Riverine Group): Part of the subgenus Nemorhina. Habitat: They are typically found in dense vegetation patches along riverbanks. They also inhabit lakes in dry regions and dense, wet, equatorial rainforests. Feeding & Disease Transmission: Tsetse flies feed on blood and act as vectors for Trypanosoma parasites, which cause sleeping sickness in humans and trypanosomosis (or “Nagana”) in cattle. Agricultural Impact: Tsetse flies are linked to significant agricultural losses in African livestock, with damages estimated to be in the billions of dollars annually. Geographical Range: Studies have confirmed the presence of Glossina species in 34 countries, ranging from Northern Senegal (approximately 15° N latitude) to South Africa’s Kwazulu-Natal province (at 28.5° S latitude). -Source: The Hindu Rise in Stroke Cases in India Context: A recent publication in The Lancet Neurology indicates a significant increase in stroke cases in India over the past 30 years. Relevance: Facts for Prelims What is a Stroke? A stroke occurs when blood flow to a section of the brain is interrupted, often due to a blocked or narrowed blood vessel, bleeding, or a clot. Increase in Stroke Cases: India recorded over 1.25 million new stroke cases in 2021, a substantial rise from 650,000 cases in 1990, representing a 51% increase. Prevalence of Stroke: The total number of people affected by strokes in India has surged from 4.4 million in 1990 to 9.4 million in 2021. Global Impact: India now contributes 10% to the global burden of stroke cases. -Source: Down To Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 October 2024

CONTENTS A Decade of Make in India: Pioneering Economic Growth and Self-Reliance A Decade of Make in India: Pioneering Economic Growth and Self-Reliance Context: Launched by Prime Minister Modi on September 25, 2014, the “Make in India” initiative celebrates its 10th anniversary in 2024. This landmark initiative has significantly reshaped India’s economic landscape, focusing on boosting manufacturing, enhancing global competitiveness, and propelling the country towards self-reliance under the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision. The initiative’s success over the decade highlights its pivotal role in rejuvenating India’s economy and setting a sustainable path for future growth. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Make in India (MII) Initiative Pillars of ‘Make in India’ Key Initiatives under the “Make in India” Program Key Achievements Criticism and Challenges Conclusion Make in India (MII) Initiative Background: The Make in India initiative was launched in response to a steep economic decline in India, with growth rates falling to a decade-low by 2013. India, once considered a key player among the BRICS nations, was identified as part of the “Fragile Five,” signaling a need for urgent reforms to revive the economy. Need for the Initiative: At the time, India’s economic trajectory was at a turning point. Questions arose about whether India was “too large to fail” or in danger of faltering. This made it essential for the country to undertake significant economic measures to regain momentum. About the Make in India Initiative Launch: Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the “Make in India” initiative in September 2014 as a key part of India’s strategy to revitalize its economy. Objective: The initiative aims to transform India into a global hub for design and manufacturing, creating a robust ecosystem that strengthens the nation’s economic standing and generates employment opportunities. The focus is on encouraging global and domestic companies to manufacture in India. Core Goals: Strengthening India’s manufacturing sector. Positioning India as a global design and innovation hub. Enhancing employment opportunities by attracting investments in key industries. Key Sectors Under Make in India The Make in India initiative targets 27 sectors, categorized under: Manufacturing Sectors: These include industries such as: Aerospace and Defence Automotive and Auto Components Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Biotechnology Textiles and Apparels Chemicals and Petrochemicals Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) Food Processing Gems and Jewellery Railways, among others. Service Sectors: This includes: Information Technology (IT) and IT-enabled Services (ITeS) Tourism and Hospitality Medical Value Travel Transport and Logistics Services Accounting and Finance Services Audio-Visual and Legal Services, among others. Pillars of ‘Make in India’ New Processes: The “Make in India” initiative identified ‘ease of doing business’ as a crucial factor for promoting entrepreneurship. Several measures were implemented to enhance the business environment, making it more conducive for startups and established enterprises alike. New Infrastructure: The government focused on developing industrial corridors and smart cities, integrating state-of-the-art technology and high-speed communication to create world-class infrastructure. Innovation and research were supported through streamlined registration systems and improved intellectual property rights (IPR) infrastructure. Efforts were made to identify industry skill requirements and develop the workforce accordingly. New Sectors: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was significantly opened up in various sectors including Defence Production, Insurance, Medical Devices, Construction, and Railway infrastructure. This expansion also included easing FDI regulations in Insurance and Medical Devices, encouraging international investment and growth. New Mindset: The government embraced a role as a facilitator rather than a regulator, partnering with industry to drive the country’s economic development. This shift aimed to foster a collaborative environment that supported industrial growth and innovation. Key Initiatives under the “Make in India” Program Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes The PLI schemes have allocated ₹1.97 lakh crore (equivalent to $26 billion) to 14 key sectors, including electronics, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. By 2024, 755 applications have been approved under these schemes, resulting in investments worth ₹1.23 lakh crore and creating employment for approximately 8 lakh people. PM GatiShakti Plan Launched in 2021, PM GatiShakti is a national infrastructure initiative aimed at improving multimodal connectivity across transportation, energy, and communication systems. It integrates 36 ministries and departments to streamline logistics and synchronize project implementation. The “seven engines” of GatiShakti include railways, roads, ports, waterways, airports, mass transport, and logistics infrastructure, fostering economic growth and employment. Semiconductor Ecosystem Development To reduce reliance on imported components and boost self-sufficiency in critical technologies, the government introduced the Semicon India Programme with a budget of ₹76,000 crore.  National Logistics Policy (NLP) Unveiled in 2022, NLP is designed to work alongside PM GatiShakti to cut logistics costs, enhance India’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) ranking, and build a sustainable logistics network. The policy focuses on standardizing logistics practices and using digital systems to improve overall efficiency in logistics and human resource development. Industrialization and Urbanization The National Industrial Corridor Development Programme, India’s largest infrastructure project, is focused on developing “Smart Cities” and advanced industrial hubs. The initiative promotes manufacturing growth and systematic urbanization through multi-modal connectivity corridors. Recent approvals of 12 new projects, with an investment of ₹28,602 crore, enhance India’s role as a global manufacturing hub. Startup India Launched in 2016, the Startup India initiative supports entrepreneurs and nurtures a strong startup ecosystem. As of September 2024, India ranks third globally in the startup ecosystem with 148,931 DPIIT-recognized startups generating more than 15.5 lakh jobs. Tax Reforms The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in July 2017 has unified India’s tax structure, creating a common market across 36 states and union territories. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) UPI has emerged as a global leader in digital payments, handling 46% of the world’s real-time payment transactions. Between April and July 2024, UPI processed transactions worth nearly ₹81 lakh crore, reflecting strong infrastructure and growing consumer trust. Ease of Doing Business India has made significant strides in improving its business environment, climbing from 142nd in 2014 to 63rd in the 2020 World Bank Doing Business Report (DBR). Government efforts to reduce red tape, simplify regulations, and create a more business-friendly environment have enhanced investor confidence. Record Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) The Make in India initiative has greatly benefitted from record levels of FDI, driven by streamlined FDI policies and improved ease of business. FDI rose from $45.14 billion in 2014-15 to a record $84.83 billion in 2021-22. Between 2014 and 2024, India attracted $667.41 billion in FDI, with inflows reaching $70.95 billion in FY 2023-24. Key Achievements 1. Growth in Manufacturing India is now the world’s second-largest mobile phone manufacturer. Mobile phone exports grew from ₹1,556 crore in 2014 to ₹1.2 lakh crore by 2024. The electronics industry expanded to $155 billion in FY 2023, with mobile phones contributing 43% of production. 2. Self-Reliance in Defence India has achieved notable progress in defence manufacturing, demonstrated by the launch of INS Vikrant, the first indigenous aircraft carrier. Defence production reached ₹1.27 lakh crore, with exports to more than 90 countries. Products like ‘Made in Bihar’ boots are now part of the Russian Army’s equipment. 3. Global Export Growth India’s merchandise exports hit $437.06 billion in FY 2023-24, reinforcing its role in global trade. 4. Job Creation Millions of jobs have been created across various sectors, with 8 lakh jobs generated through the PLI schemes alone. Additional Achievements Kashmir willow cricket bats have gained global popularity. Amul has expanded its presence by exporting dairy products to the United States. The textile industry created 14.5 crore jobs across India. India manufactures 400 million toys annually, producing 10 new toys every second. Criticism and Challenges Limited Impact on Manufacturing: Critics argue that Make in India has not significantly increased manufacturing’s share of GDP or attracted major investments. The manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP decreased to 15.9% in 2023-24, down from 16.7% in 2013-14. Net FDI inflows have also declined from 1.5% of GDP in 2013-14 to 0.8% in 2023-24. Business Environment Concerns: Despite improvements, India’s ease of doing business still faces challenges. There is high taxation and rigid approaches to tax litigation. A shortage of skilled labor in manufacturing persists, with competition from countries like Vietnam and Bangladesh. Conclusion As the Make in India initiative enters its second decade, it stands as a symbol of India’s commitment to transforming its manufacturing landscape and global standing. With various reforms like the PLI schemes, PM GatiShakti, and the National Logistics Policy, India is positioning itself as a self-reliant and competitive economy. The success of homegrown projects, such as the Vande Bharat trains and INS Vikrant, and the growing electronics industry, indicate a bright future for India’s industrial and manufacturing sectors.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 October 2024

Contents: India’s Silver Dividend: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities for an Aging Population Having Private Participation in India’s Nuclear Energy Sector Steady but Slow India’s Silver Dividend: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities for an Aging Population Context: With a rapidly growing elderly population, India faces the dual challenge of providing adequate healthcare and ensuring the economic inclusion of its senior citizens. While rising longevity and demographic shifts put pressure on social security and healthcare systems, they also present an opportunity to harness the potential of the “silver economy.” This emerging segment could contribute significantly to economic growth if addressed with strategic reforms and policies. Relevance: General Studies Paper 1 (Society and Demographics) and General Studies Paper 2 (Social Justice, Welfare of Vulnerable Sections). Mains Question: Discuss the challenges faced by India’s elderly population and suggest strategies to convert these challenges into opportunities, focusing on healthcare, financial inclusion, and social security. (250 words) Rising Elderly Population and Its Impact: India’s elderly population is expanding rapidly, projected to reach 13.2% of the total population by 2031 and 19% by mid-century. This demographic shift is accompanied by an increase in life expectancy, creating pressure on healthcare and social security systems. The economic burden of this transition is significant, with healthcare consumption by the elderly currently estimated at $7 billion. Healthcare Challenges and Need for Reforms: Three-quarters of India’s elderly suffer from chronic ailments, and a quarter face difficulties with daily living activities. One-third experience depressive symptoms. Addressing these issues requires a multi-sectoral approach, involving healthcare, social, and economic reforms. Expanding tele-consultation services and training skilled healthcare workers can improve the quality of life for seniors. Digital and Financial Inclusion: The digital divide is a major barrier for the elderly. Empowering them through digital literacy and targeted financial schemes is essential. Programs like the Ayushman Bharat (AAM) and Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) are steps in the right direction, but more is needed. Tailored financial products, like health insurance coverage up to ₹5 lakhs for every individual over 70 years, could ease financial insecurities. Social Inclusion and Support Systems: Social isolation is another critical issue. Establishing peer support groups and educating communities on elder care can foster inclusion. Legal awareness on entitlements, inheritance, and succession planning is equally vital to safeguard the rights of senior citizens. The Silver Economy: The “silver economy,” estimated at ₹73,082 crore, is poised to grow manifold over the next few decades. Seniors aged 45-64, with significant purchasing power, constitute a major consumer segment. Health and wellness-driven businesses, senior-centric housing, and leisure industries can tap into this market, turning a demographic challenge into an economic opportunity. Government Initiatives and Policy Support: The government has recognized this opportunity by launching initiatives like the Senior Able Citizens for Re-Employment in Dignity (SACRED) portal to connect seniors with job providers. Another effort is the Senior Citizen Ageing Growth Engine (SAGE) scheme, designed to support elder care startups. Creating an Elder-Friendly Environment: Policy reforms should focus on a comprehensive eldercare system, including mental health services, nutrition support, and age-friendly infrastructure. This would enable the elderly to maintain independence and contribute to the economy. Conclusion: India’s aging population presents both challenges and opportunities. By focusing on healthcare, social security, and economic inclusion, India can transform its growing elderly demographic into a silver dividend. Strengthening the silver economy, creating supportive social structures, and ensuring digital and financial inclusion will be key to leveraging the potential of this emerging segment. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s elderly population: 13.2% by 2031, 19% by mid-century. Silver economy potential: ₹73,082 crores, with expected manifold growth. Healthcare costs for the elderly: Estimated at $7 billion currently. By implementing targeted reforms, India can ensure a dignified life for its elderly population and harness their potential to contribute positively to the economy. Having Private Participation in India’s Nuclear Energy Sector Context: In the Union Budget for FY 2024-25, the Indian government announced its intent to expand nuclear energy through private sector partnerships. This includes developing Bharat Small Modular Reactors (BSMR) and exploring newer nuclear technologies. The move is aligned with India’s goal of achieving 500 Gigawatts of non-fossil fuel-based energy by 2030, as pledged at the COP26 Summit. However, India’s nuclear sector, governed by the Atomic Energy Act (1962), restricts private sector participation, leading to debates on regulatory, safety, and liability challenges. Relevance to GS Subject: General Studies Paper 3 (Science and Technology) Mains Question: Discuss the potential and challenges of involving private players in India’s nuclear energy sector. How can regulatory frameworks be revised to facilitate such participation while ensuring safety and compliance? (250 words) Current Scenario and Policy Framework: The Indian nuclear energy sector is governed by the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (AEA), which empowers only the central government to “produce, develop, use and dispose of atomic energy.” This restricts private participation. The 1987 Amendment to the AEA allows only central government entities to engage in nuclear energy projects. Recent Announcements: In 2024, the Indian government proposed expanding the role of the private sector in nuclear energy, particularly for research and development (R&D) of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). This move is intended to accelerate technological development and reduce dependence on imported nuclear technology. Legal and Regulatory Hurdles: Section 3 of the AEA prohibits private sector involvement in R&D and operation of nuclear energy facilities. Additionally, the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) imposes absolute liability on the operator, deterring private entities from entering the sector. The recent Supreme Court judgment (September 17, 2024) reaffirmed that private firms cannot exploit atomic energy unless the AEA is amended. Safety and Security Concerns: Involving private entities raises questions about safety and compliance. The Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters serve as reminders of the catastrophic risks associated with nuclear energy. Any inclusion of private players would necessitate stringent safety oversight and clear liability structures. Proposed Reforms: The government can consider allowing private firms to partner with public sector enterprises like the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) in specific areas, such as infrastructure development and component manufacturing. Amending the AEA to redefine private sector roles and strengthening the regulatory body—the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)—would be crucial. Addressing Liability Issues: One of the key challenges is the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), which places absolute liability on operators, making private entities wary. Introducing a liability pool or insurance framework could mitigate risks and attract private investment. Opportunities for Growth: With private sector participation, India could fast-track the development of newer technologies like SMRs, which are safer, more cost-effective, and flexible in deployment. Private investments can also spur innovation, bringing advanced safety features and global best practices into the domestic nuclear energy ecosystem. International Models and Lessons: Countries like the US and the UK have allowed private participation through public-private partnerships, balancing regulatory oversight with economic incentives. Learning from these models, India can create a hybrid framework that ensures safety without stifling private sector involvement. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s nuclear capacity: ~6,780 MW (as of 2023). Targeted non-fossil fuel energy capacity: 500 GW by 2030. Proposed investment in Bharat Small Modular Reactors: ₹526 billion. Conclusion: India’s nuclear energy sector is at a critical juncture, poised between tradition and transformation. Enabling private participation could unlock significant technological advancements and support the country’s clean energy transition. However, achieving this requires comprehensive legal reforms, strong regulatory frameworks, and clear safety protocols. By creating a robust and balanced policy environment, India can leverage its private sector’s potential while maintaining the highest safety standards. The path forward lies in fostering collaboration between public and private entities, supported by a transparent and adaptive regulatory structure that promotes innovation without compromising safety and public trust. Steady but Slow Context: India’s space program has made impressive strides, with achievements like the Chandrayaan-3 soft landing. However, resource constraints and a “one mission at a time” strategy limit its ability to respond rapidly to new opportunities in space exploration. In contrast, leading space agencies like NASA manage multiple flagship missions simultaneously, enabling them to pursue complex scientific and commercial objectives. The cancellation of NASA’s VIPER mission highlights the need for robust planning, adaptability, and adequate resources to sustain high-impact space missions. Relevance to GS Subject: General Studies Paper 3 (Science and Technology) Mains Question: Examine the challenges faced by ISRO in executing multiple flagship space missions. Discuss strategies to enhance India’s capability to handle high-impact missions in the global space race. (250 words) Current Scenario and Achievements: India has established itself as a prominent player in the space domain, especially after the successful Chandrayaan-3 lunar landing. The mission reinforced India’s position among elite spacefaring nations capable of autonomous lunar soft-landing. Limitations of Resource Allocation: Despite its achievements, ISRO is often constrained by limited resources, both in terms of funding and human capital. The organization typically focuses on a “one mission at a time” strategy, which hampers its ability to run parallel high-impact missions. This approach limits its agility to exploit emerging opportunities, as evident in the delayed approval for Chandrayaan-4. Comparison with Global Players: NASA’s cancellation of the VIPER mission due to cost overruns demonstrates the challenges of managing multiple large-scale projects. However, NASA’s ability to juggle several missions through efficient resource allocation sets it apart. Similarly, China’s rapid expansion in the space domain, with its complex lunar and planetary missions, further underscores the need for a more ambitious and well-funded Indian space program. Geopolitical Implications: The international race back to the moon is driven by strategic, commercial, and scientific interests. VIPER’s cancellation provides an opportunity for other nations, particularly China, to strengthen their lunar exploration capabilities. India must strategically position itself to capitalize on this evolving landscape. Missed Opportunities: The lack of timely decision-making has prevented ISRO from pursuing missions like the ‘Lunar Polar Explorer’ it is planning with Japan. Such missions could position India as a significant player in resource prospecting and space mining—areas poised to become highly lucrative in the future. Strategic Recommendations: Increase Funding and Resources: Expanding ISRO’s budget would enable the organization to simultaneously undertake multiple missions, improving efficiency and innovation. Develop Multi-Mission Capabilities: Establish a separate wing within ISRO to manage flagship missions, while existing divisions handle routine satellite launches. Leverage International Collaboration: Partnering with agencies like NASA and JAXA on complex projects can help India share costs and enhance technological capabilities. Establish a Commercial Arm: Strengthen the private sector’s role in routine satellite and commercial launches, allowing ISRO to focus on high-impact research missions. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s budget allocation for space: $1.8 billion (2023-24). NASA’s annual budget: $25 billion. Chandrayaan-3’s success cost: ₹615 crores (~$75 million). Conclusion: While India’s space program is making steady progress, it needs to transition to a more dynamic and multi-mission model to realize its full potential. Adequate funding, strategic planning, and global collaborations will be key in transforming ISRO into a world leader capable of handling multiple flagship projects simultaneously. The focus should be on scaling up its capabilities to ensure that India not only competes but also leads in the new space race. Strategic investments in talent, technology, and infrastructure can enable ISRO to handle multiple high-impact missions, paving the way for greater achievements in space exploration and strategic positioning on the global stage.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 October 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Limits Pretrial Detention Under PMLA Reforming UN Security Council New Rice Variety Pusa-2090 to Help Reduce Stubble Burning Lake Michigan Peechi -Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Garra zubzaensis and Psilorhynchus kosygini  Supreme Court Limits Pretrial Detention Under PMLA Context: The Supreme Court of India has recently issued a ruling against the misuse of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, specifically critiquing its use to unjustly extend the incarceration of accused individuals. The court declared that constitutional courts would not sanction indefinite pretrial detention under this legislation, emphasizing the need for fairness and the protection of legal rights in the enforcement of anti-money laundering measures. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Takeaways from SC’s Ruling on PMLA and Bail Concerns Regarding India’s Bail System Way Forward Key Takeaways from SC’s Ruling on PMLA and Bail: Prima facie case & prolonged detention: Even if a prima facie case exists, the court may order the release of the accused if there is an undue delay in trial, leading to prolonged detention without a set timeline. Strict Provisions of PMLA: Section 45 of the PMLA should not be used to justify arbitrary or excessive detention of individuals. Conditions for Bail under Section 45 (PMLA, 2002): Bail can only be granted if the accused can prove they are prima facie innocent. The accused must convince the court that they will not commit any further offenses while on bail. Bail as a Principle: The Supreme Court reinforced that “bail is the rule, jail is the exception,” echoing a fundamental principle in India’s criminal law. Personal Liberty Concerns: The court noted that the high threshold for bail in cases involving the PMLA must not violate the accused’s personal liberty through indefinite detention. Delayed Trials & Stringent Bail Provisions: The ruling emphasized the issue of delayed trials, noting that harsh bail provisions under special laws (like PMLA, UAPA, and NDPS) must be balanced with constitutional rights. Fast-Tracking of Trials: The SC highlighted the need for expeditious trial processes, especially in cases where stringent laws are applied. Reference to KA Najeeb Case (2021): The court referenced its earlier judgment, affirming that prolonged delays in trials under UAPA laws can be grounds for granting bail. Fundamental Rights: The right to a speedy trial is tied to Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. Prolonged detention without trial can violate these rights. Compensation for Wrongful Detention: Individuals who have suffered wrongful imprisonment may seek compensation for violations of their rights under Article 21, especially in cases where they are later acquitted after long periods of detention. Concerns Regarding India’s Bail System Overcrowding of Undertrials: Over 75% of prisoners in India are undertrials, and the prison occupancy rate stands at 118%, indicating a crisis of overcrowding and inefficiencies in the bail system that require urgent reform. Supreme Court’s Observation: In the Satender Kumar Antil vs CBI case (2022), the Supreme Court recognized the shortcomings in the system, particularly in granting bail and dealing with undertrial prisoners. Presumption of Innocence: The principle of ‘presumption of innocence’ is weakened due to prolonged undertrial detention. This legal principle affirms that individuals should be considered innocent until proven guilty. Data Gaps: Critical data on undertrials, such as demographics, categories of offenses, and timelines for bail, as well as acceptance or rejection rates of bail applications, are not readily accessible. Arrests Justified as ‘Necessary’: The justification for arrests often hinges on the belief that they are necessary to secure the accused’s presence in court, but this disproportionately affects marginalized groups. Disadvantaged Individuals Remain Unprotected: Many arrested individuals, especially from disadvantaged communities, find themselves unprotected under the current system. Discretion in Granting Bail: The power to grant bail is left to the discretion of the courts and varies based on the facts of each case, the nature of the offense, and the likelihood of the accused absconding or tampering with evidence. Compliance with Bail Conditions: A significant number of undertrials remain in jail because they are unable to comply with stringent bail conditions. Challenging Bail Conditions: Conditions like cash bonds, surety bonds, and proof of property ownership make it difficult for the poor to secure their release, as these assumptions favor those with financial means or social connections. Way Forward Reforming Bail Conditions: Simplify and reassess bail conditions to ensure accessibility, especially for economically disadvantaged individuals. Introduce alternatives such as community service in place of cash and surety bonds. Safeguards Against Arbitrary Arrests: Implement guidelines and safeguards to prevent arbitrary arrests, especially for vulnerable populations. The police should be required to provide clear justifications for making arrests. Community-Based Supervision: Develop alternative programs like community-based supervision, which could involve local organizations or social workers monitoring undertrials instead of relying solely on bail. Reformatory Facilities: Petty criminals awaiting trial could be placed in reformatory facilities where they can participate in volunteer work or engage in productive activities, rather than being held in overcrowded prisons. Speedy Trials: Speedy trials, as highlighted by the Supreme Court Committee on Prison Reforms chaired by Justice (retd) Amitava Roy, can help mitigate the issue of overcrowding. Improving Infrastructure: The “Empirical Study to Evaluate the Delivery of Justice through Improved Infrastructure” recommends increasing courtroom space, providing basic furniture, and developing digital infrastructure, as well as increasing skilled manpower to reduce the number of undertrials. Clarifying Laws: Clearly defining laws and explaining individuals’ rights and responsibilities can help prevent prolonged detention caused by misunderstandings or gaps in the legal system. Reforming UN Security Council Context: As the United Nations nears its 80th anniversary in 2025, the G4 nations (India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan) have renewed their push for significant reforms of the UN Security Council (UNSC). Their call for change is backed by other plurilateral groups, including the L69 and C-10, which supports broadening the representation and improving the effectiveness of the UNSC. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: G4, L69, and C-10 Groups Overview United Nations Security Council G4, L69, and C-10 Groups Overview: L69 Group: The L69 Group consists of 42 developing nations from Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, including India. Its primary goal is to advocate for the expansion of both permanent and non-permanent UNSC membership, ensuring the Security Council reflects global realities and enhances accountability. The group calls for a review of the permanent membership composition every 15 years to adapt to changing global dynamics. Named after the “L.69” draft document introduced in 2007-08, the group initiated the Intergovernmental Negotiation (IGN) process to facilitate UNSC reforms. C-10 Group: The Committee of Ten (C-10) consists of 10 African nations representing the African Union. Its main objective is to reform the UNSC, focusing on increasing African representation in line with the Common African Position based on the Ezulwini Consensus and the Sirte Declaration. The Ezulwini Consensus (2005) proposed 2 permanent seats with veto power and 5 non-permanent seats for Africa, aiming to ensure more democratic and representative UNSC processes. The Sirte Declaration (1999) established the African Union to address peace and security across the African continent, further strengthening Africa’s voice in global governance. G4 Group: The G4 Group comprises Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan—countries aspiring to become permanent UNSC members. Formed in 2004, the group promotes UN Security Council Reforms to expand its permanent membership. The G4 members support each other’s bid for permanent UNSC membership, emphasizing mutual cooperation in the global diplomatic arena. United Nations Security Council The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations. The Permanent Residence of UNSC in the UN Headquarters New York City, USA. Its primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member states, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions that member states are then obligated to implement under the Charter- Hence, it is the only body of the UN with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states. Resolutions of the Security Council are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers, military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. Membership It has 15 Members (5 as Permanent Members and 10 as Non- Permanent Members), and each Member has one vote. The Five permanent members are: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Each of the Permanent Members has Veto Power over every decision of UNSC. The Ten non-permanent members are Elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly. Each year, the General Assembly elects five non-permanent members (out of ten in total) for a two-year term. The ten non-permanent seats are distributed on a regional basis. As per the rules of procedure, a retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election and the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations. The presidency of the Council rotates monthly, going alphabetically among member states. Functions and Powers of UNSC Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are: to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations; to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction; to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement; to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments; to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken; to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression; to take military action against an aggressor; to recommend the admission of new Members; to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in “strategic areas”; to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice. -Source: The Hindu New Rice Variety Pusa-2090 to Help Reduce Stubble Burning Context: To address the persistent issue of farm fires in Punjab and Haryana, the government is promoting the adoption of new rice varieties. Pusa-2090 has been identified as a viable alternative to the popular Pusa-44 due to its similar yield potential. Crucially, Pusa-2090 can be harvested in early to mid-October, which is earlier than traditional varieties. This earlier harvest timing is key as it eliminates the need for stubble burning—a practice typically done to quickly clear fields before the sowing of wheat—thereby contributing to environmental conservation and reducing air pollution. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: PUSA-44: A Paddy Variety with Implications Overview of Pusa-2090 Key Facts about the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) PUSA-44: A Paddy Variety with Implications Development: PUSA-44 is a paddy variety that was developed in 1993 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Widespread Adoption: By the end of the 2010s, PUSA-44 had gained immense popularity among farmers in Punjab, covering a substantial portion, approximately 70 to 80%, of the paddy cultivation area. Farmers have reported significantly higher yields with PUSA-44, producing nearly 85 to 100 quintals per acre, compared to the average yield of 28 to 30 quintals per acre with other varieties. Concerns Surrounding PUSA-44: Longer Duration: PUSA-44 is a long-duration paddy variety, taking around 160 days to mature, which is 35 to 40 days longer than other varieties. This extended growth period necessitates 5-6 additional cycles of irrigation. Groundwater Depletion: Given Punjab’s severe groundwater depletion issue, the government aims to conserve one month of irrigation water by banning this variety. Stubble Burning: PUSA-44 exacerbates the problem of stubble burning in the state. It generates approximately 2% more stubble than shorter-duration varieties, posing a significant environmental concern when cultivated on a large scale. Overview of Pusa-2090 Pusa-2090 is a recently developed, short-duration paddy variety by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), designed as a potential substitute for the Pusa-44 variety. It is the result of a cross between Pusa-44 and CB-501 (an early-maturing Japonica rice line). Pusa-2090 matures in 120-125 days, similar to PR-126, but offers a higher yield of about 34-35 quintals per acre, aligning it with the yield of Pusa-44. Key Benefits High Tillers and Grain Count: Pusa-2090 maintains a high number of tillers (grain-bearing branches) and grains per panicle, comparable to Pusa-44 and outperforming PR-126. Resilience Against Lodging: It features a robust culm (stem), reducing susceptibility to lodging (falling over due to strong winds or heavy rains), and responds well to nitrogen application. Water Efficiency: The shorter growth duration of Pusa-2090 helps conserve water, requiring 5-6 fewer irrigations compared to Pusa-44, which typically needs 29-30 irrigations. Can Pusa-2090 Replace Pusa-44? Comparable Yield: Pusa-2090 shows only a slight reduction in yield compared to Pusa-44, producing nearly as much grain. Early Maturity: Its early maturity, similar to PR-126, allows farmers to harvest sooner, enabling better preparation for subsequent crops without delay. Water-Saving Benefits: Pusa-2090 is an attractive alternative for farmers seeking both high yields and efficient water use. Post-Pusa-44 Era: Following the ban on Pusa-44, farmers are considering Pusa-2090 as a strong alternative in the region. Milling Quality: Apart from yield, the milling quality of rice plays a crucial role. For instance, PR-126 is not favored by millers due to its low rice recovery rate of 63%, which is below the government-mandated standard of 67%. Market Potential: If Pusa-2090 can match the grain quality of Pusa-44, it may gain wider acceptance among millers. Key Facts about the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Autonomous Organization: ICAR is an autonomous organization operating under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Former Name: ICAR was formerly known as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research. Establishment: It was established on 16 July 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Its establishment was in response to the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Agriculture. Apex Body: ICAR serves as the apex body responsible for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in various fields of agriculture, including horticulture, fisheries, and animal sciences, across India. National Agricultural System: ICAR oversees a vast network of agricultural institutions, including 113 ICAR institutes and 71 agricultural universities, making it one of the largest national agricultural systems globally. Headquarters: The headquarters of ICAR is located in New Delhi, India. -Source: Indian Express Lake Michigan Context: Researchers recently surveyed the bottom of Lake Michigan after spotting strange circles on the lakebed in 2022, and new observations show the circles are craters. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Lake Michigan Size and Ranking: Lake Michigan is the third largest among the Great Lakes of North America and the only one situated entirely within the United States. Global Standing: It is the fourth largest freshwater lake by surface area and the fifth largest lake globally. Dimensions: The lake stretches 321 miles (517 km) from north to south and has a maximum width of 118 miles (190 km). Drainage Basin: Lake Michigan has a drainage basin covering an area of 45,600 square miles (118,095 square km). Connection to Lake Huron: It is directly linked to Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac, which helps maintain water level equilibrium between the two lakes, making them behave like a single lake. River Inflows: Numerous rivers flow into Lake Michigan, including the Fox-Wolf, Grand, St. Joseph, and Kalamazoo rivers, which are part of the lake’s extensive drainage basin. Natural Habitats: Lake Michigan supports diverse natural habitats such as tallgrass prairies, savannas, and contains the largest freshwater sand dunes in the world. Biodiversity: The lake is home to a rich variety of flora and fauna, including several rare and endangered species like the Hine’s Emerald Dragonfly and the Dwarf Lake Iris. -Source: The Hindu Peechi -Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Context: A female elephant recently died due to apparent electrocution near a tribal colony close to the Peechi wildlife sanctuary in Kerala’s Thrissur district. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Location: Situated in Thrissur District, Kerala. Establishment and Area: Covering an area of 125 square kilometers, the sanctuary was established in 1958. Catchment Area: It lies within the catchment areas of both the Peechi and Vazhani Dams. Forestry Link: This sanctuary is a part of the Palapilli-Nelliampathy forests and forms the northern boundary of the Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary. Vegetation and Terrain Forest Types: The sanctuary is home to tropical evergreen, tropical semievergreen, and moist deciduous forests. Terrain: The landscape is undulating with altitudes ranging from 100 to 914 meters, the highest point being Ponmudi. Flora The sanctuary hosts more than 50 species of orchids, numerous rare medicinal plants, and trees with high commercial value like teak and rosewood. Fauna The sanctuary supports a diverse wildlife population, including over 25 species of mammals. It is home to carnivores like leopards, tigers, and foxes, along with herbivores like elk, deer, barking deer, spotted deer, gaur, and elephants. -Source: The Hindu Garra zubzaensis and Psilorhynchus kosygini Context: Researchers have recently discovered two new fish species namely Garra zubzaensis and Psilorhynchus kosygini, of torrent minnows in the pristine rivers of Nagaland. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About New Fish Species: The new fish species described here are torrent minnows, belonging to the genus Psilorhynchus under the family Psilorhynchidae. Torrent minnows are freshwater species usually found in fast-flowing streams with strong currents such as rivers and mountain streams. Garra zubzaensis: Location: Discovered in the Zubza River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River in Kohima district. Habitat: The river’s gravel, cobbles, and sandy substrate offer a perfect environment for these benthic species. Adaptations: Garra zubzaensis is well-suited for living in fast-flowing rocky streams. They use their gular discs (sucker-like structures) to cling to surfaces and feed. Psilorhynchus kosygini: Location: Found in the Tepuiki River, a tributary of the Barak River in Nagaland’s Peren district. Genus Origin: Psilorhynchus kosygini belongs to a genus primarily found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Habitat: This species thrives in the shaded, fast-flowing waters of the Tepuiki River, favoring its gravelly and rocky substrate. -Source: The Hindu

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