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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 July 2024

CONTENTS Rising Demand for Separate Bhil Pradesh State India’s Climate Change Position and Critique of EU’s CBAT Ban Lifted on Public Servants’ Participation in RSS Activities Chandra Shekhar Azad Skill Loan Scheme Angel Tax Rising Demand for Separate Bhil Pradesh State Context: Recently, there has been a growing demand for the formation of a separate Bhil state, “Bhil Pradesh,” in Rajasthan and neighbouring states. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Bhills: An Overview Demand for Bhil Pradesh Regions Demanding Separate States Issues Arising from the Creation of New States Way Forward Bhills: An Overview Background: Identity: The Bhills are one of the oldest tribes in India, belonging to the Dravidian racial group and part of the Austroloid tribal category. Language: They speak Bhili, a language of Dravidian origin. Historical Significance: Historically, they ruled parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, and Bihar. Population: As per the 2011 Census, there are approximately 1.7 crore Bhils across India, with significant populations in: Madhya Pradesh: About 60 lakh Gujarat: About 42 lakh Rajasthan: About 41 lakh Maharashtra: About 26 lakh Cultural and Religious Practices: Religion: Primarily Hindus, the Bhills worship forest deities, evil spirits, Lord Shiva, and Durga. Demand for Bhil Pradesh Historical Context: Origins of the Demand: The demand for a separate Bhil state, known as Bhil Pradesh, began in 1913 with Govind Giri Banjara, a tribal activist. His call for a separate state was accompanied by a tragic massacre of around 1,500 tribals by British forces. Continued Advocacy: Over the years, various tribal leaders and political figures have periodically revived this demand. Proposed Area: Coverage: The proposed Bhil Pradesh would span 49 districts across four states: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. This includes 12 districts from Rajasthan. Reasons for Demand: Cultural and Linguistic Unity: The Bhil community shares a common language (Bhili) and cultural practices across the four states. Proponents argue that a separate state would better preserve and promote their cultural heritage. Historical and Cultural Ties: The proposed state region has significant historical and cultural ties that transcend current state boundaries. Political and Administrative Failures: Tribal leaders argue that existing political structures have failed to address their needs effectively. A separate state is seen as a way to ensure more focused governance and development. Development Needs: A separate state could lead to more tailored development policies and better resource utilization for tribal welfare. Historical neglect and slow implementation of laws like the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, underscore the need for more localized governance. Criticisms: Potential Fragmentation: Critics argue that creating states based on caste or community could lead to further fragmentation and instability within India. Unity of India: The Fazl Ali Commission emphasized the importance of national unity over redrawing political boundaries based on ethnic or linguistic identities. Political Resistance: Established political parties, with vested interests in maintaining the status quo, may resist the formation of a new state. Social Divisions: Opponents believe that forming states based on tribal identity could exacerbate social divisions rather than address the underlying issues. Regions Demanding Separate States 1. Vidarbha: Location: Comprises the Amravati and Nagpur divisions of eastern Maharashtra. Historical Context: The State Reorganisation Act of 1956 recommended the creation of a Vidarbha state with Nagpur as the capital. To address fears of neglect, Nagpur was designated as the second capital of Maharashtra. Current Demand: The demand for a separate Vidarbha state is driven by perceptions of backwardness and neglect by successive Maharashtra state governments. 2. Bodoland: Location: Northern Assam. Ethnic Group: The Bodos, the largest ethnic and linguistic community in the region. Historical Context: Agitation for a separate Bodoland state led to a 2003 agreement between the Government of India, Assam state government, and Bodo Liberation Tigers Force. This agreement led to the creation of Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), granting autonomy but not full statehood. 3. Other Regions: Gorkhaland: A demand from the Gorkha community in Darjeeling, West Bengal. Kukiland: A demand from the Kukis in Manipur. Mithila: A demand from the Maithili-speaking community in Bihar. Issues Arising from the Creation of New States  Dominance and Rivalries: New states may lead to dominance by a particular community, caste, or tribe, potentially marginalizing others. This can result in intra-regional rivalries and conflicts among sub-regions.  Political Consequences: Smaller states may experience political instability, where a small group of legislators can significantly influence or disrupt governance. Resource and Boundary Disputes: New states may lead to increased disputes over resources like water and power. For example, disputes between Delhi and Haryana over water sharing.  Financial and Administrative Costs: Significant funds are required to build new capitals and maintain administrative structures, as seen in the division of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Ineffectiveness of New State Structures: Creating new states may only shift power from the old state capital to the new one without improving local governance structures like Gram Panchayats or District Collectors. Way Forward Strengthening National Integration: The National Integration Council should be bolstered to address regionalism challenges.  High-Powered Commission: Form a commission to assess existing laws and policies and propose necessary amendments to address regional concerns. Empowering Local Governance: Strengthen Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies through capacity building, financial empowerment, and constitutional safeguards. Finance and Resource Utilization: Use Finance Commission recommendations for equitable distribution and implement performance-based budgeting. Special Packages: Design special packages tailored to specific regional needs, similar to the one provided to Telangana. Economic Development Programs: Use economic parameters like per capita income, infrastructure index, and human development indicators to identify deserving regions. Implement programs similar to the NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme for regions demanding statehood.  Regional Dialogue Mechanisms: Create platforms for center-state and regional dialogues similar to the Inter-State Council. Cultural Preservation: Expand initiatives like the National Cultural Fund and Sahitya Akademi to support regional language promotion and cultural festivals. -Source: The Hindu India’s Climate Change Position and Critique of EU’s CBAT Context: In the Economic Survey (ES) 2023-24 presented in Parliament, the Indian government expressed a distinct stance on climate change, acknowledging the likely failure to meet the 1.5℃ target. Additionally, the ES criticized the European Union’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAT), deeming it contrary to the Paris Agreement’s spirit and highlighting concerns about protectionism. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Global Temperature Target India’s Criticisms of the Global Climate Change Discourse Suggestions from the Economic Survey for Addressing Climate Change Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) India’s Criticisms of CBAM Global Temperature Target Paris Agreement Targets (2015): Primary Goal: Limit the increase in global average annual temperature to within 2°C above pre-industrial levels (1850-1900 average). Aspirational Goal: Strive to limit the temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Implementation: Action Plans: Countries are required to prepare and implement national action plans to contribute towards these temperature targets. India’s Criticisms of the Global Climate Change Discourse 1. Inequity of the Climate Change Architecture: India has consistently criticized the global climate change framework for its inequity, particularly highlighting the lack of substantial climate action from developed nations despite their historical responsibility. 2. Inadequate Temperature Targets: The single global temperature targets (1.5°C or 2°C) are viewed as insufficient for addressing the complex relationships between climate change, ecological integrity, and human well-being. 3. Problems with Alternate Energy Solutions: The extraction of critical minerals for renewable energy technologies, such as batteries, often occurs in underdeveloped regions, leading to adverse effects on regional ecological health. Suggestions from the Economic Survey for Addressing Climate Change 1. Lifestyle Changes: Emphasis on adopting more sustainable lifestyle choices, reducing waste, and minimizing overconsumption as a means to address climate change effectively. 2. Shorter-Term Policies: Implement policies aimed at improving quality of life in the short term as a more balanced approach to climate action, rather than focusing solely on switching to alternate energy sources. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) Overview: Purpose: Implement tariffs on energy-intensive goods imported into the EU to prevent local producers from facing a competitive disadvantage compared to producers in countries with more lenient emission standards. Target Goods: Includes iron, steel, and aluminium. Implementation Date: Expected to come into force on January 1, 2026. India’s Criticisms of CBAM 1. Contravention of the Paris Agreement: CBAM is seen as contrary to the Paris Agreement’s principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR), which recognizes the different capacities and responsibilities of countries. 2. Adverse Impact on India: Export Dependency: In 2022, India exported iron, steel, and aluminium products worth $8.2 billion to the EU, representing 27% of its total exports in these sectors. Financial Strain: Achieving net zero by 2070 requires an annual investment of $28 billion, and India’s climate action is largely funded through domestic resources due to limited international finance. Resource Impact: CBAM could strain India’s financial resources needed for climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. -Source: The Hindu Ban Lifted on Public Servants’ Participation in RSS Activities Context: Recently, the Indian government lifted a longstanding ban preventing public servants from participating in Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) activities. This decision, issued by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), removed references to the RSS from official memorandums dating back to 1966, 1970, and 1980. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Rules Regarding Government Employees Joining RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) Rules Regarding Government Employees Joining RSS Recent Developments: DoPT Directive (July 9, 2024): The Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) has recently removed references to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) from official memorandums issued in 1966, 1970, and 1980. As a result, the RSS is no longer classified as a “political” organization, allowing central government employees to participate in its activities without facing penalties under Rule 5(1) of the Conduct Rules. Jamaat-e-Islami: The Jamaat-e-Islami remains classified as a political organization. Government employees are prohibited from engaging in its activities. Conduct Rules: Rule 5 of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964: This rule prohibits government servants from being associated with political parties or engaging in political activities. Prior to the recent directive, involvement with organizations like the RSS and Jamaat-e-Islami was considered a violation of this rule, leading to potential disciplinary actions. All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968: Similar rules apply to IAS, IPS, and Indian Forest Service officers, prohibiting political affiliations and activities. Official Memorandums: OM of 1966 (November 30, 1966): Issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), this circular clarified that involvement with the RSS and Jamaat-e-Islami was contrary to government policy and could result in disciplinary action. This circular referenced Rule 5 of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964. OM of 1970 (July 25, 1970): Emphasized that government employees should face disciplinary action for violating the 1966 instructions. During the Emergency (1975-1977), directives were issued against members of various groups, including the RSS, Jamaat-e-Islami, Ananda Marg, and CPI-ML. OM of 1980 (October 28, 1980): Stressed the importance of maintaining secularism among government employees and eliminating communal sentiments and biases. Historical Context: Position Before 1966: Government employees were governed by the Government Servants’ Conduct Rules of 1949, which explicitly prohibited participation in political activities. This prohibition was aligned with Rule 23 of the 1949 rules, continuing into Rule 5 of the 1964 rules and the 1968 All India Services rules. Penalties for Violations: Consequences: Violations of Rule 5 of the Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964, and the All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, can lead to serious consequences, including dismissal from service. The government retains final authority in determining compliance and interpreting the rules concerning political activities and affiliations. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)  Overview: Founding: Established in 1925 in Nagpur by Dr. K.B. Hedgewar. Created in response to perceived threats to Hindu culture and society during British colonial rule. Objective: Promote Hindutva, emphasizing Hindu cultural and national identity. Historical Context: Pre-Independence Era: Focused on social and cultural mobilisation among Hindus. Engaged in community service, education, and the promotion of Hindu values. Post-Independence: Scrutiny increased after Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination in 1948 by Nathuram Godse, leading to a temporary ban. The ban was lifted after RSS pledged loyalty to the Indian Constitution.  Ideology: Core Belief: India is fundamentally a Hindu nation, as articulated by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. Emphasizes Indian culture and heritage, aiming to unite people under a common national identity. Activities: Engages in social service activities including education, healthcare, and disaster relief. Promotes the concept of “Seva” (service) among its members. Contribution to Freedom Struggle: Role: Did not participate directly in the Indian independence movement. Contributed to the socio-political awakening of Hindus. History of Bans: 1948: Banned following Gandhi’s assassination; reinstated in 1949 after a pledge to uphold the Constitution. 1966: Government employees banned from joining the RSS, reiterated in 1970 and 1980. 1975-1977: Banned during Indira Gandhi’s Emergency; ban lifted in 1977. 1992: Banned post-Babri Masjid demolition; lifted in 1993 after a commission found the ban unjustified. Structure and Functioning: Organization: Operates through a network of shakhas (branches) across India and abroad. Focuses on physical, intellectual, and cultural training. Influence: Inspired organizations such as Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), Bajrang Dal, and Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP). Political Influence: BJP Linkage: Considered the ideological parent of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a major political force in India since the 1990s. -Source: Indian Express Chandra Shekhar Azad Context: On 23rd July, India paid tribute to the freedom fighter Chandra Shekhar Azad on his birth anniversary. Relevance: GS I: History About Chandra Shekhar Azad: Birth:  23rd July 1906  Place: Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Early Life: Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year-old student, joined a Non-Cooperation Movement in December 1921. As a result, he was arrested. Death: He died at Azad Park in Allahabad on 27th February 1931. On being presented before a magistrate, he gave his name as “Azad” (The Free), his father’s name as “Swatantrata” (Independence) and his residence as “Jail” .Therefore, he came to be known as Chandra Shekhar Azad. Contribution to Freedom Movement: Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) After the suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad joined Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). HRA was a revolutionary organization of India established in 1924 in East Bengal by Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen and Pratul Ganguly as an offshoot of Anushilan Samiti. Members: Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri. Kakori Conspiracy Most of the fund collection for revolutionary activities was done through robberies of government property.  In line with the same, Kakori Train Robbery near Kakori, Lucknow was done in 1925 by HRA. The plan was executed by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and Manmathnath Gupta. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association HRA was later reorganised as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA). It was established in 1928 at Feroz Shah Kotla in New Delhi by Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee. HSRA planned the shooting of J. P. Saunders, a British Policeman at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai. -Source: The Hindu Skill Loan Scheme Context: The finance minister recently announced a revision to the model skill loan scheme, which will now facilitate loans up to Rs 7.5 lakh backed by a guarantee from a government-promoted fund. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Skill Loan Scheme Credit Guarantee Fund Skill Loan Scheme Introduction: Launch Date: July 2015 Purpose: To provide institutional credit to individuals pursuing skill development courses aligned with National Occupation Standards and Qualification Packs (NOS and QPs). Target: Courses conducted by training institutes following the National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF), leading to certifications, diplomas, or degrees. Eligibility: Who Can Apply: Any Indian national with admission in a recognized course at: Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) Polytechnics Schools recognized by Central or State Education Boards Colleges affiliated with recognized universities Training partners affiliated with the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC), Sector Skill Councils, State Skill Missions, or State Skill Corporations. Age Restriction: None Features: Courses: Must be aligned with NSQF. Course Duration: No minimum duration. Quantum of Finance: Initially Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 1,50,000, now increased to Rs. 7.5 lakh. Moratorium Period: Duration of the course. Repayment Period: Loans up to Rs. 50,000: Up to 3 years. Loans between Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 1 lakh: Up to 5 years. Loans above Rs. 1 lakh: Up to 7 years. Coverage: Includes course fees, assessment, examination, study materials, etc. Interest Rate: Should not exceed 1.5% per annum over the repo-linked lending rate (RLLR) or other external benchmark rates as per RBI guidelines. Collateral: No collateral required from the beneficiary. Credit Guarantee Fund: Credit Guarantee Fund for Skill Development (CGFSSD): Implemented by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) through a notification in November 2015. Administered by the National Credit Guarantee Trust Company (NCGTC). Guarantee Coverage: Banks can apply for a credit guarantee against defaults. NCGTC provides this guarantee at a nominal fee (up to 0.5% of the outstanding amount). Guarantee cover is up to 75% of the outstanding loan amount (including interest). Key Points: Purpose: To facilitate access to credit for skill development and enhance employability. Support: Backed by a credit guarantee scheme to reduce risk for lenders and increase access to loans for borrowers. -Source: Business Standards Angel Tax Context: Recently, the Union Minister for Finance proposed to abolish ‘angel tax’ for all classes of investors, while presenting the Union Budget 2024-25 in Parliament. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Angel Tax Definition: Angel Tax refers to the tax levied on the capital raised by unlisted companies from Indian investors when the share price issued is above the fair market value of the company. The excess funds raised at prices above fair value are treated as income, subject to tax. Legal Basis: Genesis: Section 56(2)(viib) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Introduction: Introduced in 2012 to curb black money laundering through inflated share sales. Tax Rate: Rate: 30.9% on net investments exceeding the fair market value. Exemption for Startups (2019): Conditions for Exemption: Recognition: The startup must be recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) as an eligible startup. Capital Limit: The aggregate amount of paid-up share capital and share premium cannot exceed ₹25 crores. This excludes money raised from Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Venture Capital Firms, and specified companies. Investor Conditions: Tax Exemption: Angel investors can claim a 100% tax exemption on the amount invested that exceeds the fair market value. Eligibility: The investor must have: Net Worth: ₹2 crores or more. Income: More than ₹25 lakhs in the past 3 fiscal years. Purpose: Objective: To prevent the misuse of share valuations to launder black money by imposing taxes on the excess amounts raised above fair market values. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 July 2024

CONTENTS Ministry of Defence Announces Fifth Positive Indigenisation List Padma Awards Ministry of Defence Announces Fifth Positive Indigenisation List Context: The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has recently issued a fifth Positive Indigenisation List (PIL) that includes various defence items. This initiative is part of the effort to boost self-reliance, minimize imports, and promote the domestic defence sector in India. Relevance: GS III: Defence Dimensions of the Article: Positive Indigenisation List (PIL) Key Highlights of the Fifth Positive Indigenisation List Need for Indigenisation of Defence in India Status of Indigenisation in the Defence Sector Positive Indigenisation List (PIL) Overview Purpose: The PIL is a list of items that Indian armed forces can only purchase from domestic manufacturers, including private sector companies and Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs). Introduced By: Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020. Objective: Focus on import substitution for major systems, platforms, weapon systems, sensors, and munitions, aiming to enhance self-reliance in the defense sector. Progress and Current Status Initial Launch: The first PIL was introduced in August 2020. Current Status: There are now 4,666 items on the PIL. Indigenisation Achievements: Items Indigenised: 2,972 items with an import substitution value of Rs 3,400 crore. Total Defence Items Offered: Over 36,000 items. Items Indigenised in Last Three Years: More than 12,300 items. Orders Placed on Domestic Vendors: Rs 7,572 crore. Key Highlights of the Fifth Positive Indigenisation List Number of Items: 346 items. Aim: Advance self-reliance (Aatmanirbharta) in defense and reduce import dependence. Eligibility: Items must be procured from the Indian industry, including Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and startups. Types of Items: Includes Line Replacement Units (LRUs), systems, sub-systems, assemblies, sub-assemblies, spares, components, and raw materials. Availability: The list is accessible on the MoD’s Srijan portal, which helps DPSUs and service headquarters (SHQs) offer items for indigenisation to private industries. Indigenisation Value: Expected import substitution value of Rs 1,048 crore. Future Plans: The MoD plans to expand the list annually up to 2025, aiming to increase the number of indigenised items. Need for Indigenisation of Defence in India Current Status: India is the world’s largest arms importer, accounting for 9.8% of global arms imports between 2019 and 2023. Strategic Autonomy: Heavy reliance on foreign arms compromises India’s strategic autonomy. Indigenisation helps reduce dependency and ensures self-reliance in critical defense technologies. Geopolitical Risks: Indigenous production reduces risks during geopolitical tensions by ensuring uninterrupted supply of defense equipment. Political Leverage: A self-reliant defense industry enhances India’s position in global negotiations and defense collaborations. Economic Benefits: Job Creation: Supports domestic industry and fosters innovation. Foreign Exchange: Reduces outflow of foreign exchange, contributing to economic stability. Cost-Effectiveness: Indigenous production can lower procurement costs, maintenance, and logistical challenges. Sustainable Development: Ensures that defense industry growth aligns with national interests and environmental considerations. Status of Indigenisation in the Defence Sector Defence Exports Record Exports: In FY 2023-24, defence exports reached a record Rs 21,083 crore (approx. USD 2.63 billion), marking a 32.5% increase from the previous fiscal year. Long-term Growth: Defence exports have increased 31-fold over the past 10 years compared to FY 2013-14. Contribution: The private sector has contributed about 60% to this growth, while Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) have contributed approximately 40%. Key Achievements and Developments Advanced Systems: Significant advancements include the 155 mm Artillery Gun ‘Dhanush’, Light Combat Aircraft ‘Tejas’, INS Vikrant (Aircraft Carrier), and the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun (ATAG) howitzer. Policy Reforms: Growth in the sector is attributed to policy reforms, ‘Ease of Doing Business’ initiatives, and digital solutions provided by the Government to promote defence exports. Indigenisation Impact Reduction in Foreign Procurement: Expenditure on foreign defence procurement has decreased from 46% to 36% over the past four years, indicating the positive impact of indigenisation efforts. Domestic Procurement Share: The share of domestic procurement in total defence procurement has increased from 54% in 2018-19 to 68% in the current year. Private Industry Allocation: 25% of the defence budget is now allocated for procurement from private industry. Production Growth Value of Production: The value of production by public and private sector defence companies has risen from Rs 79,071 crore to Rs 84,643 crore in the past two years, reflecting a significant growth in the sector’s capacity and output. Padma Awards Context: Nominations/recommendations for the Padma Awards 2025 to be announced on the occasion of Republic Day, 2025 have begun from 01st May 2024. The last date for nominations for Padma Awards is 15th September, 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: The Padma Awards About Bharat Ratna The Padma Awards The Padma Awards are announced annually on the eve of Republic Day (26th January). There are 3 Padma Awards: Padma Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished service), Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of higher-order) and Padma Shri (distinguished service). The Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, civil service, etc. The Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year. The total number of awards to be given in a year (excluding posthumous awards and to NRI/foreigners/OCIs) should not be more than 120. Is it a title? The award does not amount to a title and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix to the awardees’ name. Article 18 clause 1- Abolishes titles and makes four provisions in that regard: It prohibits the state from conferring any title (except a military or academic distinction) on anybody, whether a citizen or a foreigner. About Bharat Ratna Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country. Bharat Ratna is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. Recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President of India. Only 3 Bharat Ratna Awards can be given in a year. Therefore: Bharat Ratna- 1st degree of honour Padma Vibhushan- 2nd degree of honour Padma Bhushan- 3rd degree of honour Padma Shri- 4th degree of honour

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 July 2024

CONTENTS A Case for Regulating Gig-Based Work A Blueprint for Boosting Rural Economic Growth A Case for Regulating Gig-Based Work Context: The Karnataka government’s plan to introduce legislation for the benefit of gig workers is a welcome and necessary move. This action directly challenges three major myths perpetuated by the gig and platform industry. A clear and concrete understanding of the gig-based work is necessary in order to regulate it. Relevance: GS3- Indian Economy and issues relating to Growth, Development and Employment Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it Mains Question: Analysing the growth of gig economy in India, discuss the myths associated with it. What steps can be followed in modelling a legislation that effectively addresses the concerns of the gig economy and workers. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Three Myths of the Gig and Platform Industry: Having No Boss: The first myth that aggregators promote is that platform work involves having “no boss” and that workers are “partners” or “captains”—anything but employees. This notion attracted many people, especially the youth, to join platform-based gigs. However, it quickly became apparent that this was not true. There was indeed a boss—the algorithm—and a network of team managers at the local level to enforce its directives. Algorithms determine the number of hours workers need to work on weekends, the orders to deliver, the cancellations and ratings they must maintain to continue receiving tasks, and ultimately when a worker is deactivated or fired. Gig workers spend hours trying to guess what the algorithm is doing, and it feels like they are a rat in a maze. This scenario is the complete opposite of being one’s own boss. A straightforward reading of the digitally generated terms and conditions, which workers must agree to before starting work, dispels any illusion of being an independent contractor. Every aspect of the work is controlled and dictated, with workers facing consequences if they fail to comply. The Karnataka Bill acknowledges the significant role algorithms play and holds aggregators accountable for disclosing the parameters used by these algorithms to determine work allocation, reasons for work denial, worker categorization, and how workers’ personal data is used to assess their ability to work and earn through the platform. This legislation reduces the algorithmic control companies have and gives workers some degree of autonomy over their work lives. The Myth of Flexibility: The second myth is that platform workers enjoy flexible work arrangements. This claim has allowed platforms to exclude gig workers from labor law protections. Numerous studies have revealed that the term “flexibility” is often misused in the industry. In reality, all flexibility is reserved for the employer, leaving none for the worker. The payment structure, including various incentive schemes necessary for workers to earn enough to cover costs, effectively eliminates any flexibility for them. For example, workers must adhere to mandatory login hours to qualify for incentives. If they log in after being ‘inactive,’ they must accept less favorable rate cards and incentive schemes. Karnataka’s draft Bill introduces provisions for fair contracts, income security, and the right of platform workers to refuse work without penalties. These provisions enhance the status of workers who are neither considered employees nor enjoy the freedom and flexibility of independent contractors. The Myth of Extra Income: The third myth is that these are “part-time” workers who engage in platform-based gig work for extra income. According to a study by PAIGHAM and the University of Pennsylvania on India’s platform economy, 96% of cab drivers surveyed earned all their daily income from gigs. For delivery workers, this figure was 90.7%. The average daily work hours exceeded 11 hours for taxi drivers and 10 hours for delivery workers. By making social security mandatory, the Karnataka Law takes a necessary step towards recognizing this reality and provides for a range of schemes to support workers in situations like old age, death, and health crises. India’s Stand: Although the Government of India endorsed a progressive statement on platform workers’ rights at the G-20 last year, its Code on Social Security, the only legislation that briefly mentions gig workers, has been detrimental as it separates workers from minimum labor protections, such as wages, occupational safety, and health. Notably, State Governments are leading the way. Rajasthan was the first to pass legislation on the issue, followed closely by Karnataka. Other states like Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, and Telangana are following suit. In the political context of guarantees funded solely by the state, this law is a significant development. It demonstrates that social security for workers should also be financed by the market and that private actors should not avoid their primary economic responsibilities towards workers. Conclusion: While there are areas for improvement in the Bill, such as its silence on crucial issues like minimum wage, occupational safety and health, working hours, and collective bargaining rights, it also empowers workers to organize and demand more. A Blueprint for Boosting Rural Economic Growth Context: India’s rural sector is at a crucial turning point, ready to undergo a transformation through small-scale and green enterprises, with the potential to become the country’s growth engine. Transforming this sector is essential for inclusive growth and sustainable development. Relevance: Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment. Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it. Mains Question: India’s rural sector stands at a pivotal juncture, poised for transformation through small-scale and green enterprises showing the potential to become India’s growth engine. Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Transforming the Rural Sector: The transformation of this sector depends on small-scale and green enterprises to boost the rural economy, empower women, and employ unskilled workers. By directing resources like the additional Rs 1 lakh crore RBI dividends into capital projects and innovative schemes, India can promote self-sustainability in rural areas, reduce youth distress, and revitalize the economy’s demand side. This holistic approach not only addresses immediate employment needs but also establishes the groundwork for long-term capital formation and environmental conservation. Incorporation of Small-Scale and Green Industries as the Engine of Growth: Micro-enterprises have long been the backbone of India’s agriculture-based economy. These labor-intensive businesses effectively utilize unskilled and semi-skilled workers from farming communities, creating employment and improving living standards with minimal training. The growth of these industries has a significant multiplier effect on the creation of other supporting businesses and the general economy. Green industries are at the forefront of this transformation. Covering renewable energy, organic farming, and sustainable manufacturing, these sectors provide dual benefits: job opportunities in production and environmental management. The establishment of green industries in rural areas aims to address social issues like climate change and environmental degradation while creating sustainable livelihoods. This includes initiatives such as biogas and biofuel plants, solar energy farms, Ayurvedic and Unani medicine industries, and cooperative organic farming. These efforts generate employment, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and promote environmental conservation. Women Empowerment: In India’s rural population, women make up about 30%, representing a significant untapped talent pool. Promoting employment and entrepreneurship among these women yields substantial socio-economic benefits. Micro and sustainable industries play a crucial role in empowering women by providing employment, skill development, and business opportunities. Self-help groups, women-based cooperatives, and micro-enterprises are key to ensuring women’s active participation in the rural economy. These initiatives focus on areas where women are prominent, including handicrafts, textile production, manufacturing alternative/Ayurvedic products, raw material processing, organic farming, dairy production, and food processing. Access to credit, training, and market linkages helps women establish and expand their businesses, enhancing household incomes and community development. Public-Private Partnerships: A Channel for Facilitating PPP for Rural Development Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are an effective platform for combining resources and expertise to advance rural development. PPP models can foster the growth of small and green industries in rural areas with support from both the government and private investors. The government can offer policy support, a conducive development environment, and financial backing, while private entities contribute funds, technical expertise, and managerial skills. Under this model, a portion of the ₹1 lakh crore RBI dividends can be used to co-finance projects with private partners, funding the creation of industrial clusters, renewable energy initiatives, and training institutions with a focus on efficient implementation and adherence to social and environmental responsibilities. Capital Formation and Rural Employment: These are two fundamental objectives of the growth process that need careful consideration and analysis. Allocating ₹1 lakh crore RBI dividends for capital investments in sustainable rural development plans provides a solid foundation. Building infrastructure like roads, bridges, renewable energy facilities, and industrial estates can create employment in the short term and stimulate long-term economic growth. Targeted investments can engage millions each year, significantly reducing rural unemployment and distress. This approach allows for the employment of unskilled and semi-skilled individuals from rural areas, protecting future generations from unemployment-driven migration to urban areas and reducing rural-urban disparities. Employing rural youth in local schools, hospitals, and government offices helps address manpower challenges, leading to improved service delivery and better welfare for the community. Funding Rural Transformation: Securing funding for the strategic rural development agenda requires innovative approaches to access various sources of funds. In addition to the ₹1 lakh crore RBI dividends, contributions can be made from CSR, the finances of panchayats and municipalities, and specific cesses on fuel, income tax, and GST. For instance, the mandatory 25% contribution from CSR funds can channel corporate money into rural development initiatives, while a 0.5% cess on luxury items, cars, airplane fares, and GST can generate substantial additional revenue. Moreover, resources can be mobilized from the Skill Development Schemes (SKS) and hospital SKS funds to support wages in essential sectors. Introducing a small cess on share trading can also generate significant revenue for this initiative, providing permanent funding for the rural employment program. Addressing Rural Unemployment: Currently, the unemployment rate in India is about 8%, with rural youth making up a significant portion of the unemployed population. To reduce the unemployment rate to 6%, comparable to that in developed countries, the scheme should aim to generate employment for at least 1 crore rural youth. The scheme should focus on providing low-wage employment to address rising unemployment among rural youth while ensuring that these jobs incentivize young people to remain in their communities without competing for skilled employment opportunities. This approach involves setting wages at ₹10,000 per month with an 80:20 work distribution, sustaining rural household incomes while not disrupting organized labor markets. Conclusion: The additional ₹1 lakh crore in RBI dividends, combined with idea capitalism as funding sources, paves the way for a scheme that offers a roadmap for rural rejuvenation. This approach enables small-scale industries, green industries, women, and unskilled rural labor to make the scheme self-sustaining, reduce unemployment, and have a lasting environmental impact. Public-private partnerships (PPP) and a focus on capital development will ensure the scheme’s sustainability and scalability, ultimately enhancing the outlook for rural India.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 July 2024

CONTENTS Central Government Plans Rs 50,000 Crore Scheme for Agricultural Reforms National Flag Day Surge in Domestic Patent Applications in FY24 Brown Dwarfs Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Mashco Piro Tribe Rogue waves Madhya Pradesh’s Requirement for CBI Consent Context: The Government of Madhya Pradesh has announced that the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) will now require written consent from the state government to initiate any inquiry against state officials. This decision follows a trend where several states have withdrawn general consent for CBI investigations, sparking discussions on the necessity of new legislation to clearly define the CBI’s status, functions, and powers. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Madhya Pradesh’s Mandate for Prior Consent for CBI Inquiries Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Functions of CBI Challenges of CBI Madhya Pradesh’s Mandate for Prior Consent for CBI Inquiries Background Changes in Law: Madhya Pradesh’s decision aligns with the amendments in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and reflects recent consultations with the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). Section 17A of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988: This section mandates that no inquiry or investigation into offenses committed by public servants can be initiated without prior approval from the appropriate authority. Current Policy Requirement for Prior Consent: Madhya Pradesh now requires written consent from the state government for the CBI to conduct inquiries or investigations into state officials. Continuing General Consent: Previous general consents for other offenses and case-by-case consents given by the state government will still be applicable. Implications of the Decision Impact on Investigation Efficiency: Slowing of Process: The requirement for prior written consent could delay the initiation of CBI inquiries against state officials. Administrative Burden: It may increase the workload for both the state government and the CBI, potentially affecting the efficiency of investigations into corruption. Broader Trend: Control over Central Agencies: This decision is part of a larger trend where states are asserting greater control over central investigative agencies, which affects the dynamics of federal governance in India. Context of Similar Decisions Other States: States like Meghalaya, Mizoram, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Kerala, and Punjab have also withdrawn general consent for CBI investigations, indicating a shift in how states are interacting with central investigative bodies. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) was set up in 1963 after the recommendation of Santhanam committee under Ministry of Home affairs and was later transferred to the Ministry of Personnel and now it enjoys the status of an attached office. Now, the CBI comes under the administrative control of the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) of the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. The CBI derives its powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946, however, it is NOT a Statutory Body. CBI is the apex anti-corruption body in the country – Along with being the main investigating agency of the Central Government it also provides assistance to the Central Vigilance Commission and Lokpal. The CBI is required to obtain the prior approval of the Central Government before conducting any inquiry or investigation. The CBI is also the nodal police agency in India which coordinates investigations on behalf of Interpol Member countries. The CBI’s conviction rate is as high as 65 to 70% and it is comparable to the best investigation agencies in the world. The CBI is headed by a Director and he is assisted by a special director or an additional director. It has joint directors, deputy inspector generals, superintendents of police. CBI has following divisions Anti-Corruption Division Economic Offences Division Special Crimes Division Policy and International Police Cooperation Division Administration Division Directorate of Prosecution Central Forensic Science Laboratory How does the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) function in India? Provision of Prior Permission: The CBI is required to obtain prior approval from the Central Government before conducting an inquiry or investigation into an offense committed by officers of the rank of joint secretary and above in the Central Government and its authorities. The Supreme Court, in 2014, declared Section 6A of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, which provided protection to joint secretary and above officers from facing preliminary inquiries by the CBI in corruption cases, as invalid and violative of Article 14. General Consent Principle for CBI: The state government can grant consent to the CBI on a case-specific basis or through a “general” consent. General consent is usually given by states to facilitate seamless investigation of corruption cases involving central government employees within their states. This consent is considered implicit, allowing the CBI to initiate investigations assuming consent has already been given. Without general consent, the CBI would need to seek permission from the state government for each individual case, even for minor actions. Challenges of CBI The CBI has been dubbed a “caged parrot speaking in its master’s voice” by the Supreme Court of India due to excessive political influence in its operations. It has frequently been utilised by the government to conceal misdeeds, keep coalition allies in line, and keep political opponents at away. It has been accused of massive delays in concluding investigations, such as in its investigation into high-ranking Jain dignitaries in the Jain hawala diaries case [in the 1990s]. Loss of Credibility: Improving the agency’s image has been one of the most difficult challenges so far, as the agency has been chastised for its mishandling of several high-profile cases, including the Bofors scandal, the Hawala scandal, the Sant Singh Chatwal case, the Bhopal gas tragedy, and the 2008 Noida double murder case (Aarushi Talwar). Lack of Accountability: CBI is exempt from the Right to Information Act, which means it is not accountable to the public. Acute staff shortage: One of the key causes of the shortfall is the government’s mishandling of the CBI’s employees, which includes an inefficient and inexplicably biassed recruitment policy that was utilised to bring in favoured officials, possibly to the organization’s damage. Limited Authority: Members of the CBI’s investigative powers and jurisdiction are subject to the consent of the State Government, restricting the scope of the CBI’s inquiry. Restricted Access: Obtaining prior authorisation from the Central Government to initiate an inquiry or probe into Central Government workers at the level of Joint Secretary and above is a major impediment to tackling corruption at the highest levels of government. -Source: The Hindu Central Government Plans Rs 50,000 Crore Scheme for Agricultural Reforms Context: The Central Government is contemplating a new scheme with an allocation of Rs 50,000 crore aimed at incentivizing states to implement agricultural reforms. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Problems Faced by the Agriculture Sector in India NITI Aayog’s Proposal on Agricultural Reforms Problems Faced by the Agriculture Sector in India Financial Constraints Limited Access to Loans: Small farmers struggle to secure affordable loans, affecting their ability to invest in modern equipment, quality seeds, and fertilizers. This limits their productivity and growth potential. Fragmented Land Holdings Small, Fragmented Plots: Many farmers own small and fragmented plots, which complicates the use of modern farming techniques and reduces overall productivity. Traditional Farming Methods Resistance to Change: Many farmers rely on traditional methods due to limited access to information and resistance to change, which hinders the adoption of advanced agricultural techniques. Dependency on Monsoon Vulnerability to Weather: The agriculture sector’s dependence on monsoon rains makes it highly vulnerable to droughts and inconsistent rainfall patterns. Irrigation and Water Management Limited Access: Effective irrigation and water management are crucial, especially in regions with scarce water resources. Lack of infrastructure in this area affects crop yields. Soil Degradation Chemical Use and Poor Practices: The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, coupled with poor land use practices, degrades soil quality, leading to reduced fertility and lower productivity. Post-Harvest Losses Lack of Infrastructure: Inadequate storage, cold chain facilities, poor rural roads, and limited market access contribute to post-harvest losses and higher production costs, affecting farmers’ ability to receive fair prices for their produce. Price Instability Weak Market Links: Farmers face unstable prices due to weak market connections and a lack of price information, which makes them vulnerable to exploitation and uncertain returns. Climate and Weather Risks Unpredictable Conditions: Climate change, unpredictable weather, and natural disasters like floods and droughts cause significant crop losses and increase risks for farmers. Limited Technological Access Need for Innovation: Farmers often lack access to modern technologies and research, which impedes the adoption of innovative practices. Better knowledge, training, and affordable technology solutions are needed. Policy Exclusion Lack of Representation: Farmers frequently lack a voice in policy-making, leading to reforms and initiatives that may not adequately address their specific challenges. NITI Aayog’s Proposal on Agricultural Reforms Overview New Scheme Proposal: Nearly three years after repealing its three farm laws, the Union government is planning a new scheme with a budget of Rs 50,000 crore to encourage states to implement agricultural reforms. Objective: The scheme aims to provide central funding for states to implement reforms in agriculture marketing, contract farming, and land leasing. Historical Context Presentation to Prime Minister’s Office: NITI Aayog officials presented the scheme idea to the Prime Minister’s Office following the NDA’s third term win in the Lok Sabha elections. “India’s Amrit Kaal”: The scheme is part of broader efforts during India’s ‘Amrit Kaal’ (2022-2047) to implement significant farm sector reforms. Reforms Under Consideration Seed Bill: Passing the long-pending Seed Bill. Public Investment: Increasing public investment in agriculture to 5% of Agriculture Gross Value Addition (GVA). Performance-Based Incentives: Revisiting performance-based incentives for states that implement agricultural reforms, as recommended by the 15th Finance Commission. Key Areas for Incentives (15th Finance Commission’s 2021-26 Report) Land Lease Reforms Sustainable Water Use in Agriculture Export Promotion Atmanirbhar Bharat Contribution Proposed Budget: Rs 45,000 crore for states undertaking these reforms. Implementation Strategy Model Acts: States could receive financial rewards for adopting the Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing Act (2017), the Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Contract Farming Act (2018), and the Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act (2016). Expansion: The central government is considering the Commission’s recommendations while formulating and implementing existing and new Centrally Sponsored and Central Sector Schemes. -Source: The Hindu National Flag Day Context: India’s National Flag Day commemorates the adoption of the Indian national flag on 22nd July 1947, by the Constituent Assembly, a few days before the country attained Independence from the British on 15th August 1947.  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: National Flag Day Major Laws Governing the National Flag National Flag Day Historical Context Adoption Date: The Indian National Flag was adopted on 22nd July 1947 by the Constituent Assembly of India, chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Symbolism: The flag symbolizes national pride, unity, and the struggle for freedom, serving as a tribute to the sacrifices of freedom fighters. Resolution and Design Resolution Moved by: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Flag Description: Colors: Horizontal tricolor of deep saffron (Kesari), white, and dark green in equal proportion. Central Emblem: A navy blue Ashoka Chakra (wheel) in the center of the white band, representing the Charkha. The design of the Wheel is based on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Asoka. Dimensions: The diameter of the Wheel is approximately the width of the white band, and the ratio of the width to length of the flag is 2:3. Significance: The adoption marked the end of British rule and affirmed India’s commitment to freedom and future prosperity. Major Laws Governing the National Flag 1. Flag Code of India, 2002 General Provisions: Position of Honour: The National Flag should occupy the position of honor and be distinctly placed. Condition of the Flag: A damaged or disheveled flag must not be displayed and should be disposed of privately by either burying or burning, maintaining dignity. Flying Restrictions: The Flag should not be flown from a masthead simultaneously with other flags. It should not be flown on vehicles except those of dignitaries like the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, and Governors. No other flag or bunting should be placed higher than or side by side with the National Flag. Display Permissions: The National Flag can be hoisted/displayed by the public, private organizations, or educational institutions on all days and occasions, consistent with its dignity and honor. Recent Amendments: 2021: Allowed polyester or machine-made flags. 2022: Permitted the flag to be flown both day and night. 2. Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 Offenses: Disrespect or contempt towards the National Flag or Constitution through actions like burning, mutilating, defacing, destroying, or any other act, including spoken or written words. Penalties: Punishment with up to three years of imprisonment, a fine, or both. Additional Information Flag Specifications: The National Flag shall be rectangular, and the ratio of length to height (width) shall be 3:2. The size of the flag can vary but must adhere to this ratio. -Source: Indian Express Surge in Domestic Patent Applications in FY24 Context: For the first time, domestic patent applications in FY24 have exceeded those from foreign applicants, driven by a surge in fields such as computer science, IT, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. However, foreign entities still hold a significant share of the patents awarded in India, accounting for nearly two-thirds of all approved applications. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is a Patent? Domestic Patent Applications in India Foreign Patents in India Government Initiatives to Boost the Intellectual Property (IP) Ecosystem What is a Patent? Definition: A patent is an exclusive right granted by the government to an inventor for a novel, non-obvious, useful industrial product or process. Criteria for Patenting: Novelty: The invention must be new and not previously disclosed. Non-obviousness: The invention must not be obvious to someone skilled in the relevant field. Utility: The invention must be useful and have practical application. Patentable Subject Matter: It must fall within the categories defined by national law. Protection Duration: Patents provide legal protection for up to 20 years from the filing date. Administration: In India, the Indian Patents Act 1970 outlines what is patentable. The Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademarks (CGPDTM) is responsible for overseeing the patent system. Domestic Patent Applications in India Trend: There has been a steady increase in domestic patent applications, with residents’ share rising from 34% in FY19 to 53% in FY24. Challenges: Approval Delays: High application numbers have not always translated into approvals due to the quality of applications and procedural delays. Examiner Shortage: India has a lower number of patent examiners (597) compared to countries like Germany (821) and the US (over 8,000), impacting the efficiency of the patent approval process. Time Lag: Patents often involve a time lag due to procedural requirements. Foreign Patents in India High Foreign Patent Approvals: Statistics: In 2022, 74.46% of patents approved in India were for non-resident entities, one of the highest globally. In comparison, China’s figure was 12.87%. Leading Entities: Global IT giants like Qualcomm, Samsung, Huawei, and Apple dominate the foreign patent approvals in India. Reasons for High Foreign Patents: R&D Inefficiencies: The disparity reflects inefficiencies in India’s R&D capabilities, with lower private and stagnant government investment. International Agreements: The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and Paris Convention facilitate patent filings by foreign entities, with PCT being a significant source. India and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) Ratification: India ratified the PCT in 1998, allowing for easier patent filings across multiple countries. PCT Members: Around 142 countries are PCT members, simplifying the process for multinational companies to secure patents internationally. India’s R&D Spending and its Impact Stagnation: R&D spending as a percentage of GDP in India has decreased from 0.83% in 2008 to 0.65% in 2022, compared to a global average of 2.62%. Consequences: Dependence on Imports: Limited R&D spending leads to reliance on imported machinery, parts, and foreign technicians. Trade Deficit: India has a trade deficit with many top trade partners, with imports from China alone exceeding $100 billion in FY24. Government Initiatives to Boost the Intellectual Property (IP) Ecosystem Scheme for Startups Intellectual Property Protection (SIPP): Objective: To support startups by providing access to IP services and resources for protection and commercialization. National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy: Launch: Introduced in 2016 by the DPIIT. Goal: To promote innovation and creativity in India. Draft Model Guidelines for Academic Institutions: Purpose: To establish fair and transparent processes for IP ownership and revenue sharing in academic institutions. National Intellectual Property Awareness Mission (NIPAM): Aim: To educate 1 million students about intellectual property and their rights. -Source: Indian Express Brown Dwarfs Context: Researchers have used James Webb Space Telescope observations to conduct detailed examinations of the atmospheric conditions on pairs of brown dwarfs. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Brown Dwarfs What is NASA’s James Webb Telescope? Brown Dwarfs Definition and Characteristics: Size Range: Brown dwarfs are celestial bodies that fall between the size of giant planets (like Jupiter) and small stars. Composition: They accumulate material similar to stars but do not reach the mass required to sustain nuclear fusion in their cores. Atmosphere: Their atmospheres can contain clouds made of hot silicate particles rather than water clouds found on Earth, due to their higher temperatures. Elemental Composition: They retain lighter elements like hydrogen and helium more effectively than planets, resulting in a relatively low metal content. Why They Are Not Stars: Insufficient Mass: Brown dwarfs do not have enough mass to achieve the high pressures and temperatures needed to initiate nuclear fusion in their cores. “Failed Stars”: Due to their inability to sustain nuclear fusion, they are often referred to as “failed stars.” Comparison with Planets and Stars: Similar to Stars: Brown dwarfs accumulate material in a manner similar to stars, with a dense core surrounded by a gaseous atmosphere. Unlike Planets: Unlike planets, brown dwarfs hold onto their lighter elements more effectively and have a more substantial mass, but they do not shine like stars due to the lack of nuclear fusion. Significance: Astrophysical Research: Brown dwarfs bridge the gap between stars and planets and help scientists understand the processes of stellar formation and evolution. Observational Studies: They are studied using various telescopes to understand their atmospheric composition, temperature, and other physical characteristics. What is NASA’s James Webb Telescope? The telescope has been in the works for years. NASA led its development with the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency. It was launched aboard a rocket on December 25, 2021, and is currently at a point in space known as the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, approximately 1.5 million km beyond Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Lagrange Point 2 is one of the five points in the orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system. Named after Italian-French mathematician Josephy-Louis Lagrange, the points are in any revolving two-body system like Earth and Sun, marking where the gravitational forces of the two large bodies cancel each other out. Objects placed at these positions are relatively stable and require minimal external energy or fuel to keep themselves there, and so many instruments are positioned here. L2 is a position directly behind Earth in the line joining the Sun and the Earth. It would be shielded from the Sun by the Earth as it goes around the Sun, in sync with the Earth. What is the mission of the James Webb Space Telescope? NASA says the James Webb Space Telescope will be “a giant leap forward in our quest to understand the Universe and our origins”, as it will examine every phase of cosmic history: from the Big Bang to the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets to the evolution of our own Solar System. The science goals for the Webb can be grouped into four themes. To look back around 13.5 billion years to see the first stars and galaxies forming out of the darkness of the early universe. To compare the faintest, earliest galaxies to today’s grand spirals and understand how galaxies assemble over billions of years. To see where stars and planetary systems are being born. To observe the atmospheres of extrasolar planets (beyond our solar system), and perhaps find the building blocks of life elsewhere in the universe. The telescope will also study objects within our own Solar System. -Source: Indian Express Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Context: Periyar Vision OTT platform was recently launched by Dravidar Kazhagam, a social organisation founded by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy. Relevance: GS I: History Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Biographical Overview: Full Name: Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy Birth: 17 September 1879 Death: 24 December 1973 Nickname: Periyar or Thanthai Periyar (Father of the Dravidian Movement) Major Contributions: Self-Respect Movement: Objective: Aimed at fostering pride and self-respect among lower castes and challenging the dominance of the Brahminical social order. Focus: Addressed issues of caste discrimination, gender inequality, and religious orthodoxy. Dravidar Kazhagam: Formation: In 1944, Periyar renamed the Justice Party to Dravidar Kazhagam. Goals: Advocated for the rights of Dravidians, the eradication of caste, and the promotion of rationalism. Political and Social Activism: Early Affiliation: Joined the Indian National Congress in 1919 but resigned in 1925 due to dissatisfaction with its Brahmin-centric approach. Vaikom Satyagraha (1924): Led a non-violent agitation demanding the entry of Dalits into temples in Kerala, which significantly enhanced his reputation as a leader of lower castes. Influences and Ideologies: International Influence: His tours of British Malaya, Europe, and the Soviet Union (1929-1932) had a significant impact on his ideas and approaches. Rationalism and Self-Respect: Promoted rationalism, women’s rights, and the eradication of caste-based discrimination. Independent Dravida Nadu: Advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu, reflecting his commitment to Dravidian identity and autonomy. Religious and Philosophical Views: Opposition to Indo-Aryan Imposition: Criticized the imposition of Indo-Aryan cultural and religious norms on South India. Influence of Thiruvalluvar: Despite his criticisms of Brahminism and caste, Periyar respected the Tamil saint Thiruvalluvar and adhered to the idea of a single, formless God.   Legacy: Social Reforms: Periyar’s activism laid the foundation for social reforms in Tamil Nadu and contributed to the broader Dravidian movement, influencing the political and social landscape of South India. Enduring Impact: His ideas continue to resonate in contemporary discussions on caste, gender equality, and rationalism. -Source: Indian Express Mashco Piro Tribe Context: Recently, the previously uncontacted Mashco Piro tribe emerged in Peru due to encroachment and a search for food and safety.  Relevance: GS II: Tribes Mashco Piro Tribe Overview: Size: The Mashco Piro is the largest uncontacted tribe globally, with an estimated population of over 750 members. Location: They traditionally inhabit the Amazon rainforest, a region known for its vast biodiversity. Isolation: The Mashco Piro have lived in isolation for much of their history, maintaining minimal contact with the outside world. Interactions and Risks: Limited Contact: The tribe occasionally interacts with the Yine community, with whom they share ancestry and language. Health Risks: These interactions are risky due to the Mashco Piro’s lack of immunity to common diseases, which can have devastating effects on their population. Historical Context: 1880s Rubber Boom: During this period, rubber barons invaded the Mashco Piro’s territory, leading to significant exploitation, violence, and atrocities against the tribe. Protection Efforts: 2002 Reserve: Perú established the Madre de Dios Territorial Reserve to protect the Mashco Piro’s land and way of life. However, the reserve only covers about one-third of the area initially proposed for their protection. Perú Geography: Location: Western South America, bordered by Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and the Pacific Ocean. Diverse Habitats: Includes the Andes mountains and the Amazon Basin rainforest, contributing to its rich biodiversity. Climate Influences: Affected by its tropical latitude and two significant ocean currents: the Humboldt and El Niño. Economic Resources: Major Producer: Perú is a leading producer of several minerals and metals, including: Lithium Lead Zinc Gold Copper Silver -Source: Indian Express Rogue Waves Context: Researchers have developed a new tool that can be used to predict the emergence of unusually large and unpredictable waves at sea—known as rogue waves. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Rogue Waves Overview: Alternate Names: Freak waves. Characteristics: Rare, large, and spontaneous ocean surface waves that exceed the maximum expected height for a given sea state. Appearance: Rogue waves often appear as towering “walls of water” with steep sides and unusually deep troughs. They can be much higher than the surrounding waves, sometimes more than twice the height of nearby waves. Formation: Coincidental Stacking: Created by the alignment of multiple wind-driven wave crests converging at a single point. Wave Combination: May also form from a combination of different wave patterns merging together. Behavior and Movement: Direction: They can move in the same direction, opposite direction, or at oblique angles to the prevailing wind and wave motion. Unpredictability: Highly unpredictable, often appearing unexpectedly and from directions other than the prevailing wind and wave patterns. Geographical Observations: Global Occurrence: Observed worldwide, including the Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and some parts of the Indian Ocean. Near-Shore Effects: Rogue waves are not restricted to the open ocean; they can also occur near coastal areas, causing significant damage to coastal structures and posing risks to small boats. Impacts: Hazards to Ships: They can be extremely dangerous, potentially capsizing vessels or throwing crew members overboard. Damage to Infrastructure: Powerful enough to cause damage to oil-drilling platforms and lighthouses. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 July 2024

Contents: Guru Purnima Nipah Virus Guru Purnima Focus: Facts for Prelims Why in News? The Prime Minister of India has extended greetings to people on the auspicious occasion of Guru Purnima.   About Guru Purnima: Guru Purnima is celebrated every year on the full moon day of the month of Ashadha in the Indian lunar calendar. It is also known as Ashadha Purnima and is observed as a day of reverence to gurus (teachers) by both Buddhists and Hindus. The day is significant as it commemorates the first teaching of Gautam Buddha after attaining Enlightenment to his first five ascetic disciples (pancavargiya) at Deer Park, Risipatana Mrigadaya in present-day Sarnath, near Varanasi. The teachings imparted on this day hold great importance in the Buddhist tradition. In addition to India, Ashadha Purnima is also celebrated as Esala Poya in Sri Lanka and Asanha Bucha in Thailand. Ashadha Purnima also marks the beginning of the rainy season retreat for Buddhist monks and nuns, known as Vassa or the Buddhist Lent. During this three-month retreat, which lasts from July to October, monks and nuns stay in one place, typically their temples, to engage in intensive meditation and study. Nipah Virus Focus: GS II: Health Why in News? A 14-year-old boy from Mallapuram district, Kerala succumbed to the Nipah Virus Disease. Nipah Virus Nipah virus is classified as a zoonotic disease, indicating that it is transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or via the consumption of contaminated food. Origin and Early Outbreak The virus was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore, with its primary impact observed in pigs and individuals closely associated with them. The name “Nipah” is derived from the Malaysian village of Sungai Nipah, where this outbreak initially occurred. Since 1999, no new outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia. Family and Natural Hosts Nipah virus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and shares a close relationship with the Hendra virus. The Paramyxoviridae family comprises a group of single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for causing infections in vertebrates. Fruit bats are the natural hosts for the Nipah virus, interestingly, these bats do not exhibit apparent signs of the disease themselves. Transmission to Humans The primary mode of transmission to humans occurs through contact with infected animals, especially fruit bats, commonly known as flying foxes. Fruit bats are recognized as the principal carriers of the virus and can transmit it to other animals like pigs, dogs, cats, goats, horses, and sheep. The transmission from animals to humans is primarily facilitated through the consumption of contaminated food. Importantly, human-to-human transmission is also possible, primarily through close contact with the bodily fluids of individuals who are already infected. Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Nipah Virus Infection Signs and Symptoms: Human infections caused by the Nipah virus can manifest across a wide spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic cases to more severe conditions, including acute respiratory infections and fatal encephalitis. Initial symptoms typically include fever, headaches, myalgia (muscle pain), vomiting, and a sore throat. The incubation period, which is the time from infection to the onset of symptoms, is estimated to span 4 to 14 days. Diagnosis: Early signs and symptoms of Nipah virus infection are often nonspecific, and healthcare professionals may not initially suspect this disease. The diagnosis of Nipah virus infection can be established by considering clinical history during both the acute and convalescent phases of the illness. Diagnostic tests employed include the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on bodily fluids and the detection of antibodies through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment: As of now, there are no specific drugs or vaccines designed to target Nipah virus infection, although it has been recognized as a priority disease by the WHO Research and Development Blueprint. Management of Nipah virus infection primarily relies on intensive supportive care, particularly for individuals experiencing severe respiratory and neurologic complications.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 July 2024

CONTENTS Making India’s Democratic Digital Infrastructure Shock-Proof The Importance of Both Quad and BRICS Making India’s Democratic Digital Infrastructure Shock-Proof Context: A bright light was shed on the world’s reliance on information technologies on July 19, when supermarkets, banks, hospitals, airports, and many other services experienced a simultaneous blackout due to a glitch in a commonly used software solution. News of the issue and the resulting downtime quickly spread through the same networks designed to facilitate communication between these systems, until the developers released a fix. Relevance: GS3- Science and Technology- Developments and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks Mains Question: India must ensure its democratic digital infrastructure is not only developing at a fast pace but is also robust in its shock-proofing mechanism. Discuss in the context of a recent blackout due to a glitch in a commonly used software solution. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Responsibilities Accompanying New Technology: While technological advancements are both inevitable and desirable, the accompanying responsibility to establish failsafes and emergency protocols often lacks appeal. These gaps are more pronounced in societies where new technologies are adopted primarily in sectors competing globally, leaving local market services behind. For instance, the glitch may have caused significant financial losses for an airline operator but would have been even more debilitating for cardiac facilities at a tertiary care center or a computer accessing a thermal power facility during peak demand. Such glitches are more common than people realize, often stemming from minor process or business-level failures. Way Forward: The emphasis should instead be on the network interconnections that make these technologies useful and on implementing life-saving redundancies. Unfortunately, unlike most other technological fields, information technologies have yet to develop a mature awareness of their widespread social impact. This adjustment falls to the state, necessitating a ‘Digital India’ initiative that considers software solutions’ relationship with digital privacy and data sovereignty, while also addressing the challenges posed by income inequality and political marginalization in socially interconnected settings.  For instance, public distrust in electronic voting machines, fueled by an incomplete understanding of software security among the political class, judiciary, and civil society, could be mitigated with open-source software and integrity testing methods that respect both physical and digital property rights. The July 19 outage offers a similar opportunity: to revamp the software that public sector institutions rely on for essential services and to incorporate redundancies, such as avoiding single-vendor policies, that maintain connections between these institutions and those in informal economies during a network-level outage. Conclusion: The state was previously obligated to develop democratic digital infrastructure. Now, aware of stronger interlinks among social, economic, and cultural realities, it is also obligated to ensure this infrastructure is resilient to shocks. The Importance of Both Quad and BRICS Context: The Quad Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Japan at the end of July, following a ten-month hiatus, occurs amidst a paralyzed United Nations Security Council (UNSC) with no reforms in sight, ongoing violations of international law in the Ukraine war and Israel’s assault on Gaza, the strengthening alliance of Russia, China, North Korea, and Iran, and the expanding Chinese influence not just in the Indo-Pacific but globally. Relevance: GS2- India and its Neighborhood- Relations Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests Important International Institutions, agencies and fora – their Structure, Mandate Mains Question: With India being the only country common to both Quad and BRICS and a founding member of both, it cannot afford to downplay one for the other. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). India’s Dilemma: India, a member of multiple pluri-lateral groups across the geo-strategic divide, faces interesting and sometimes contrasting dilemmas in its engagement with the Quad and BRICS. India has enthusiastically embraced the Quad and its strategic objectives, and the U.S. President’s support since 2021 has boosted the Quad at the highest level. India’s presidency of the UNSC in August 2021 highlighted its commitment to maritime security in the Indo-Pacific and beyond, demonstrated by a high-level virtual event on ‘Enhancing Maritime Security’ presided over by the Indian Prime Minister and attended by the Russian President, among others. India’s Role in the Quad: While the Quad has always aimed to address geopolitical security concerns regarding China, India’s vision extends beyond this narrow focus to encompass a broader redefinition of the security and techno-economic landscape in the Indo-Pacific region. The Quad is now working on reorienting global supply chains for critical technologies and addressing areas of direct strategic relevance to the region, including digital, telecom, health, power, and semiconductors. This shift highlights that development inherently carries a security dimension that cannot be ignored. India has benefited from strengthened bilateral relations with Quad partners, especially the U.S. However, the formation of AUKUS by the U.S., Australia, and the U.K., aimed at enhancing military capabilities, particularly Australia’s with nuclear submarines, has put the securitization of the Indo-Pacific and the deterrence of China at the forefront. The Ukraine war and increased focus on NATO have led the West to view Asia through a military lens as well. While AUKUS may align with India’s geo-strategic interests, India’s reluctance to fully embrace a purely security-oriented vision for the Quad is seen as a drawback, despite the Indian External Affairs Minister’s clarification that the Quad is not an Asian NATO and that India is not a treaty ally like the other three members. India’s unique value in the Quad should be recognized. If the Quad partners aim merely to align India with their objectives without incorporating India’s perspective, they miss the opportunity to become more inclusive and enhance their overall impact in the region, which includes developing countries with diverse priorities, not all of which are military-focused. India’s Independent Policy: India’s independent stance on maintaining close relations with Russia and advocating for a diplomatic solution to the Ukraine war, despite Western disapproval, does not detract from its commitment to strengthening the Quad. Some Quad members and European countries are also enhancing their bilateral engagements with China, highlighting their different bilateral and regional needs. Against this backdrop, India’s enthusiastic engagement with the Quad contrasts with its involvement in BRICS, which presents a different set of challenges. As a founding member of BRICS, India has shown varying levels of enthusiasm. At the 10th annual BRICS summit in 2018 in Johannesburg, the Indian Prime Minister reminded leaders that BRICS was established to reform the multilateral system and proposed his vision of “reformed multilateralism.” However, India’s participation in BRICS has fluctuated between enthusiastic and lukewarm. While initiatives like the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement have been groundbreaking, China’s attempts to use BRICS to promote its worldview and counter the West have made India cautious about giving BRICS a higher profile. The Potential of BRICS: Consequently, India has been reluctant to expand BRICS. In 2018, President Putin also expressed reluctance to expand BRICS, quoting Nelson Mandela: “After climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb.” However, after the Quad and the Ukraine situation, Russia recognized BRICS’ potential in pushing back against the West and supported China’s stance. With the change in leadership in Brazil, India now stands as the sole member to resist China’s dominance in BRICS. Conclusion: India decided to accept BRICS’s expansion rather than oppose it, and now many more countries are reportedly waiting to join. Even with strong bilateral relations with all new members, India must ensure this translates into support within BRICS. To achieve this, India cannot afford to be ambivalent about BRICS. To counter moves that take BRICS in an undesired direction, India needs to be more engaged, not less. As the only country common to both the Quad and BRICS, India cannot afford to prioritize one over the other.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 July 2024

Contents: Need for increasing FDI inflows from China ICJ: Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem violates international law Domestic patent applicants outpaced foreign entities Budget Session begins PM emphasis on shared consciousness of heritage Amoebic meningoencephalitis Need for increasing FDI inflows from China Context: As per the latest Economic Survey, FDI inflows from China can help India increase global supply chain participation. Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Growth and Development of Indian Economy, External Sector) Dimensions of the Article: Enhanced focus on more FDI inflows from China About Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI in India FDI Routes in India Government Measures to Promote FDI Enhanced focus on more FDI inflows from China: The Economic Survey 2023-24 has pointed out that increased foreign direct investment inflows from China can help increase India’s global supply chain participation and in-turn boost exports. As an effort to deepen India’s involvement in global value chains (GVCs), it needs to look at the successes and strategies of East Asian economies. China plus one’ strategy: It added that India can either choose to integrate into China’s supply chain or promote FDI from China, which id termed as ‘China plus one’ strategy. Among these choices, focusing on FDI from China seems more promising for boosting India’s exports to the US. Current Status: China stands at 22nd position with only 0.37% share ($2.5 billion) in total FDI equity inflow reported in India during April 2000 to March 2024. About Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country. It is thus distinguished from a Foreign Portfolio Investment by a notion of direct control. FDI may be made either “inorganically” by buying a company in the target country or “organically” by expanding the operations of an existing business in that country. Broadly, FDI includes “mergers and acquisitions, building new facilities, reinvesting profits earned from overseas operations, and intra company loans”. In a narrow sense, it refers just to building a new facility, and lasting management interest. FDI in India Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a major driver of economic growth and an important source of non-debt finance for the economic development of India. It has been the endeavor of the Government to put in place an enabling and investor friendly FDI policy. The intent all this while has been to make the FDI policy more investor friendly and remove the policy bottlenecks that have been hindering the investment inflows into the country. The steps taken in this direction during the last six years have borne fruit as is evident from the ever-increasing volumes of FDI inflows being received into the country. Continuing on the path of FDI liberalization and simplification, Government has carried out FDI reforms across various sectors. FDI Routes in India Foreign investment was introduced in 1991 under Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), driven by then FM Manmohan Singh. There are three routes through which FDI flows into India. They are described in the following table: Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 100% FDI permitted through Automatic Route Up to 100% FDI permitted through Government Route Up to 100% FDI permitted through Automatic + Government Route Automatic route: By this route, FDI is allowed without prior approval by Government or RBI. Government route: Prior approval by the government is needed via this route. The application needs to be made through Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal, which will facilitate the single-window clearance of FDI application under Approval Route. Global Depository Receipts – GDR Foreign Depository Receipts – FDR Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds – FCCB Foreign institutional investors – FII Government Measures to Promote FDI Factors such as favourable demographics, impressive mobile and internet penetration, massive consumption and technology uptake, played an important role in attracting the investments. Launch of Schemes attracting investments, such as, National technical Textile Mission, Production Linked Incentive Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana, etc. The government has elaborated upon the initiatives under the Atmanirbhar Bharat to encourage investments in different sectors. As a part of its Make in India initiative to promote domestic manufacturing, India deregulated FDI rules for several sectors over the last few years. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        ICJ: Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem violates international law Context: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) recently said that Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem violates international law and called for its withdrawal from Palestinian territories as soon as possible. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About International Court of Justice Seat and role of ICJ Judges of the court The Israel-Palestine Conflict Emergence of Hamas and the Oslo Accords Territorial Disputes of Israel with Neighboring Countries About International Court of Justice The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).  It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946. The court is the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was brought into being through, and by, the League of Nations, and which held its inaugural sitting at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, in February 1922. After World War II, the League of Nations and PCIJ were replaced by the United Nations and ICJ respectively. The PCIJ was formally dissolved in April 1946, and its last president, Judge José Gustavo Guerrero of El Salvador, became the first president of the ICJ. The first case, which was brought by the UK against Albania and concerned incidents in the Corfu channel — the narrow strait of the Ionian Sea between the Greek island of Corfu and Albania on the European mainland — was submitted in May 1947. Seat and role of ICJ Like the PCIJ, the ICJ is based at the Peace Palace in The Hague. It is the only one of the six principal organs of the UN that is not located in New York City. (The other five organs are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the Secretariat.) According to the ICJ’s own description, its role is “to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies”. The court “as a whole must represent the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world”. The judges of the court are assisted by a Registry, the administrative organ of the ICJ. English and French are the ICJ’s official languages. All members of the UN are automatically parties to the ICJ statute, but this does not automatically give the ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them. The ICJ gets jurisdiction only if both parties consent to it. The judgment of the ICJ is final and technically binding on the parties to a case. There is no provision of appeal; it can at the most, be subject to interpretation or, upon the discovery of a new fact, revision. However, the ICJ has no way to ensure compliance of its orders, and its authority is derived from the willingness of countries to abide by them. Judges of the court The ICJ has 15 judges who are elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council, which vote simultaneously but separately. To be elected, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes in both bodies, a requirement that sometimes necessitates multiple rounds of voting. Elections are held at the UNHQ in New York during the annual UNGA meeting. A third of the court is elected every three years. The judges elected at the triennial election commence their term of office on February 6 of the following year. The president and vice-president of the court are elected for three-year terms by secret ballot. Judges are eligible for re-election. Four Indians have been members of the ICJ so far. The Israel-Palestine Conflict Origins of Conflict: The conflict traces its roots back to the 1917 Balfour Declaration, where the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour expressed official support for the establishment of a Jewish “national home” in Palestine. Creation of Palestine: In 1948, Britain, unable to quell Arab-Jewish violence, withdrew its forces from Palestine, leaving the responsibility of resolving competing claims to the newly formed United Nations. The UN proposed a partition plan to establish independent Jewish and Arab states in Palestine, but it was not accepted by most Arab nations. Arab-Israel War (1948): Israel’s declaration of independence in 1948 led to attacks by surrounding Arab states. Israel ended up controlling about 50% more territory than originally envisioned by the UN partition plan. UN Partition Plan: The UN partition plan saw Jordan control the West Bank and Jerusalem’s holy sites, while Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip. However, it didn’t resolve the Palestinian crisis, resulting in the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) in 1964. Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO): Founded with the goal of freeing Palestine from Israeli rule and Jewish dominance, establishing Muslim Brotherhood dominance in the Arab world. The United Nations granted PLO observer status in 1975, recognizing Palestinians’ right to self-determination. Six-Day War (1967): Israeli forces seized the Golan Heights from Syria, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt. Camp David Accords (1978): The “Framework for Peace in the Middle East,” brokered by the U.S., laid the groundwork for peace talks between Israel and its neighbors and a resolution to the “Palestinian problem,” although this remained unfulfilled. Emergence of Hamas and the Oslo Accords Founding of Hamas (1987): In 1987, Hamas, a violent offshoot of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood, was founded. It sought to fulfill its agenda through violent jihad and is regarded as a terrorist organization by the U.S. government. In 2006, Hamas won the Palestinian Authority’s legislative elections, leading to its control of Gaza and the expulsion of Fatah in 2007, resulting in a geographical split in the Palestinian movement. First Intifada (1987): The First Intifada (Palestinian Uprising) began in 1987 as tensions in the occupied territories of the West Bank and Gaza reached a boiling point. This uprising evolved into a small war between Palestinian militants and the Israeli army. Oslo Accords (1993): In 1993, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed the Oslo Accords. The agreements led to both parties officially recognizing each other and renouncing the use of violence. The Oslo Accords also established the Palestinian Authority, which was granted limited autonomy in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank. Israeli Withdrawal from Gaza (2005): In 2005, Israel initiated a unilateral withdrawal of Jewish settlements from Gaza, while maintaining tight control over all border crossings, effectively imposing a blockade on the region. UN Recognition (2012): In 2012, the United Nations upgraded Palestinian representation to that of a “non-member observer state.” Territorial Disputes of Israel with Neighboring Countries West Bank: The West Bank is situated between Israel and Jordan, with its major city being Ramallah, the de facto administrative capital of Palestine. Israel took control of the West Bank during the 1967 war and has since established settlements in the region. Gaza: The Gaza Strip is located between Israel and Egypt. Israel occupied Gaza after the 1967 war but transferred control of Gaza City and day-to-day administration in most of the territory during the Oslo peace process. In 2005, Israel unilaterally removed Jewish settlements from Gaza, although it retains control over international access to the territory. Golan Heights: The Golan Heights is a strategically important plateau captured by Israel from Syria during the 1967 war. Israel effectively annexed the territory in 1981. The USA has officially recognized Jerusalem and the Golan Heights as part of Israel in recent developments. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Domestic patent applicants outpaced foreign entities Context: Domestic patent applications in FY24 have for the first time outpaced foreign applicants in FY24 as there was increased applications in sectors such as chemicals, pharma, computer science and information technology. Foreign entities maintain a dominant share of patents granted in India that amounts to nearly two-thirds of the overall applications cleared. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What are Patents and IPR? Patenting Trends in India Report What are Patents and IPR? Definition: A patent is a significant Intellectual Property Right (IPR) granting an exclusive monopoly by the government to an inventor for a limited, pre-defined period. It provides a legal right to prevent others from replicating the invention. Types of Patents: Product Patent: Protects the rights to the final product, preventing anyone other than the patent holder from manufacturing it during a specified period. Process Patent: Allows others to manufacture the patented product by altering certain processes in the production exercise. History in India: Initially, India adopted process patenting in the 1970s, which enabled the country to become a significant producer of generic drugs on a global scale. Due to obligations under the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement, product patenting is now also permitted in India. TRIPS is an international legal agreement among all member nations of the World Trade Organization. Patenting Trends in India Report Release: Nasscom released the report on World Intellectual Property Day. Trends: In FY2023, India witnessed 83,000 patents filed, with an annual growth rate of 24.6%, the highest in two decades. Patents granted also saw significant growth, doubling between FY2019 and FY2023. Share of patents filed by Indian residents doubled over the last decade, exceeding 50% in FY2023. Key Areas: Healthcare: Dominated patent applications, particularly in medical imaging, diagnosis, report generation, and testing. Other Areas: Significant filings in Automation/Software Development and Retail/e-commerce. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Maximum patents filed in image processing, Natural Language Processing, and Predictive modeling. Emerging Areas: Gen AI, Medical Data Processing, and Cognitive computing witnessed notable filings. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Budget Session begins Context: The Budget session is set to begin soon and the government has listed six Bills for this session, including the Bhartiya Vayuyan Vidheyak, 2024, to replace the Aircraft Act, 1934, to improve “ease of doing business” in the civil aviation sector. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is Union Budget? Terms Related to Union Budget What is Union Budget? According to Article 112 of the Indian Constitution, the Union Budget of a year, also referred to as the annual financial statement, is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the government for that particular year. Terms Related to Union Budget: Annual Financial Statement : It encompasses the receipt and expenditure of the Indian government. The information on the Consolidated Fund of India, Contingency Fund of India and Public Accounts is provided. Revenue – Receipt & Expenditure         Revenue Receipt: The receipts received which cannot be recovered by the government. It comprises income amassed by the Government through taxes and non-tax sources like interest, dividends on investments. Revenue Expenditure: Expenditure incurred by the Union Government for purposes other than for the creation of physical or financial assets. It includes those expenditures incurred for the usual functioning of the government departments, grants given to state governments and interest payments on the debt of the Union Government etc. Capital – Receipt & Expenditure         Capital Receipt: Receipts which generate liability or decrease the financial assets of the government. It includes borrowings from the Reserve Bank of India and commercial banks and other financial institutions. It also consists of loans received from foreign governments and international organization and repayment of loans granted by the Union government. Capital Expenditure: Spending incurred by the government which results in the formation of physical or financial possessions of the Union government or decrease in financial liabilities of the Union Government. It contains expenditure on procuring land, equipment, infrastructure, expenditure in shares. It also includes mortgages by the Union government to Public Sector Undertakings, state and union territories. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        PM emphasis on shared consciousness of heritage Context: The Prime Minister of India recently inaugurated the 46th session of the World Heritage Committee (WHC) As part of his speech in the session, he said that as part of India’s vision of “development as well as heritage”, India was committed to promoting global cooperation and engaging local communities in heritage conservation efforts. Relevance: Prelims, GS-I: Art and Culture, GS-II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: UNESCO World Heritage Committee What are UNESCO World Heritage Sites? About UNESCO Areas of Specialization of UNESCO are: UNESCO World Heritage Committee The World Heritage Committee selects the sites to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger. It monitors the state of conservation of the World Heritage properties, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States Parties. It is composed of 21 states parties that are elected by the General Assembly of States Parties for a four-year term. India was elected to the 21-member WHC in the 23rd General Assembly in 2021 for a period of four years (2021-2025). This is India’s fourth term on the WHC. What are UNESCO World Heritage Sites? UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place that is recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of distinctive cultural or physical importance which is considered of outstanding value to humanity. It may be a building, a city, a complex, a desert, a forest, an island, a lake, a monument, or a mountain. They have been inscribed on the World Heritage List to be protected for future generations to appreciate and enjoy as they have a special cultural or physical significance and outstanding universal value to the humanity. Italy is home to the greatest number of World Heritage Sites. At present, India has 38 World Heritage Properties. All the sites under the Ministry are conserved as per ASI’s Conservation Policy and are in good shape. About UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). It seeks to build peace through international cooperation in Education, the Sciences and Culture. It is also a member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG), a coalition of UN agencies and organizations aimed at fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). UNESCO’s Headquarters are located in Paris and it has 193 Members and 11 Associate Members. Three UNESCO member states are not UN members: Cook Islands, Niue, and Palestine. While three UN member states (Israel, Liechtenstein, United States) are not UNESCO members. UNESCO sponsors many programmes such as in the fields of teacher training, science, promotion of media and press freedom, regional and cultural history, cultural diversity, natural and cultural heritage, translating world literature, human rights, etc. Areas of Specialization of UNESCO are: Education transforms lives and is at the heart of UNESCO’s mission to build peace, eradicate poverty and drive sustainable development. Protecting Heritage and Fostering Creativity is another area of focus for UNESCO and it has adopted a three-pronged approach to make culture takes it rightful place in development strategies and processes: Spearheads worldwide advocacy for culture and development. Engages with the international community to set clear policies and legal frameworks Works on the ground to support governments and local stakeholders to safeguard heritage, strengthen creative industries and encourage cultural pluralism. Science for a Sustainable Future is another area where UNESCO works to assist countries to invest in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), to develop national science policies, to reform their science systems and to build capacity to monitor and evaluate performance through STI indicators. Regarding Social and Human Sciences, UNESCO helps to enable people to create and use knowledge for just and inclusive societies, support them in understanding each other and working together to build lasting peace. UNESCO advances freedom of expression and the safety of journalists, combats online hate speech, as well as disinformation and misinformation through awareness raising initiatives. -Source: The Hindu Amoebic meningoencephalitis Context: Recently, five cases of Amoebic meningoencephalitis have been reported  in adolescents in Kerala in the past three months and with three young lives lost. The Kerala health Department has come out with technical guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the infection, possibly the first set of guidelines in the country on this rare but fatal infection. The causative organism was the amoebic parasite, Naegleria fowleri. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: What is Naegleria fowleri? How does it infect humans? Symptoms of PAM Can climate change increase the spread of the infection? What is Naegleria fowleri? Naegleria is an amoeba, a single-celled organism, and only one of its species, called Naegleria fowleri, can infect humans, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It was first discovered in Australia in 1965 and is commonly found in warm freshwater bodies, such as hot springs, rivers and lakes. How does it infect humans? The amoeba enters the human body through the nose and then travels up to the brain. This can usually happen when someone goes for a swim, or dive or even when they dip their head in a freshwater body. In some cases, it was found that people got infected when they cleaned their nostrils with contaminated water. Scientists haven’t found any evidence of the spreading of Naegleria fowleri through water vapour or aerosol droplets. Once Naegleria fowleri goes to the brain, it destroys brain tissues and causes a dangerous infection known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), according to the CDC. Symptoms of PAM The first signs of PAM start showing within one to 12 days after the infection. In the initial stages, they might be similar to symptoms of meningitis, which are headache, nausea and fever. In the later stages, one can suffer from a stiff neck, seizures, hallucinations, and even coma. The US public health agency also observed that the infection spreads rapidly and on average causes death within about five days. The fatality of PAM is as such that only four people have survived out of 154 known infected individuals in the United States from 1962 to 2021. Treatment for the infection As the Naegleria fowleri infection is rare and progresses quickly, scientists haven’t been able to identify any effective treatments yet. At present, doctors treat it with a combination of drugs, including amphotericin B, azithromycin, fluconazole, rifampin, miltefosine, and dexamethasone. Can climate change increase the spread of the infection? According to the CDC, with the rising global temperatures, the chances of getting Naegleria fowleri infection will go up as the amoeba mainly thrives in warm freshwater bodies. The organism best grows in high temperatures up to 46°C and sometimes can survive at even higher temperatures. Various recent studies have found that excess atmospheric carbon dioxide has led to an increase in the temperature of lakes and rivers. These conditions provide a more favourable environment for the amoeba to grow. Heat waves, when air and water temperatures may be higher than usual, may also allow the amoeba to thrive So far, Naegleria fowleri has been found in all continents and declared as the cause of PAM in over 16 countries, including India. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express   

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 July 2024

CONTENTS The Voicebox Programme Khelo India Rising Talent Identification (KIRTI) Program The Voicebox Programme Context: Recently, the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) has joined hands with Netflix India to launch an upskilling program for voice-over artists in India called “The Voicebox”. Relevance: Facts for Prelims The Voicebox Programme Overview Training Focus: The Voicebox Programme will provide Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) training for voice-over artists in multiple languages, including English, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, and Gujarati. Eligibility Criteria: Open to professionals with over two years of experience in the media and entertainment sector, with a preference for women, aiming to advance their voice-over skills. Funding: Sponsored by the Netflix Fund for Creative Equity, which allocates $100 million annually over five years to support underrepresented communities in the TV and film industries globally. Program Structure: Workshops: Includes structured training sessions, guest lectures, and mentoring, culminating in an assessment. Locations: The workshops will be held in seven major cities across India: New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Kochi. Participants: Each batch will accommodate up to 30 candidates, with 210 selected through preliminary screening. At least 50% of the participants will be women. Partnerships: Training Partner: Pearl Academy, a leading design institute in India, will collaborate as the Training Partner. Special Project: The top seven participants from each batch will be selected to work on Netflix’s project, “Azaadi ki Amrit Kahaniya”, contributing their voices to narrate stories about the Indian independence movement. National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) Key Facts Nature: A public sector enterprise operating under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoIB) of India. Formation: Established in 1975 by the Government of India. Objective: Aims to plan, promote, and facilitate the organized, efficient, and integrated development of the Indian film industry. Khelo India Rising Talent Identification (KIRTI) Program Context: The Government’s ambitious Khelo India Rising Talent Identification (KIRTI) program is set to get a fresh boost under the leadership of the Union Minister for Youth Affairs. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Khelo India Rising Talent Identification (KIRTI) Program Overview Target Audience: School children aged 9 to 18 years. Objectives: Talent Identification: To discover and nurture sports talent from every corner of the country. Distraction Management: To use sports as a means to reduce addiction to drugs and excessive use of gadgets. Implementation: Initial Phase: Launched across 50 centres in India, assessing 50,000 applicants in the first phase. This assessment covers 10 sports, including athletics, boxing, wrestling, hockey, and football. Assessment Goals: Plans to conduct 20 lakh assessments nationwide throughout FY 2024-25 via notified Talent Assessment Centres. Selection Methodology: Athlete-Centric Approach: Transparent selection process driven by Information Technology. Data Analytics: Utilizes Artificial Intelligence to analyze and predict the sporting potential of aspiring athletes. Program Features: Decentralized Approach: Employs a pocket-based method to identify talent, supporting both excellence in sports and mass participation in sports as part of the broader Khelo India Scheme.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 July 2024

CONTENTS High Seas Treaty: A Crucial Step for Marine Biodiversity Protection On the Jurisdiction of the CBI High Seas Treaty: A Crucial Step for Marine Biodiversity Protection Context: Despite their importance in terms of regulation of climate patterns and maintenance of biodiversity, the high seas—areas of the ocean beyond national jurisdictions—are largely unprotected and poorly managed. The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement addresses this issue. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the BBNJ Agreement, also known as the High Seas Treaty, is a significant international treaty aimed at conserving and sustainably using marine biodiversity in these areas. Relevance: GS1- Water Resources GS2- International Treaties & Agreements GS3- Conservation Mains Question: The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Treaty represents a significant international effort to protect our oceans, promoting equity and cooperation among nations. Discuss the significance of high seas and the challenges associated with the implementation of the treaty. (15 Marks, 250 Words). About High Seas: The term “High Seas” refers to those portions of the ocean that are not considered part of any nation’s territorial waters or internal waters, as defined by the 1958 Geneva Convention on the High Seas. These areas lie beyond a country’s Exclusive Economic Zone, which extends up to 200 nautical miles from its coastline and where the nation has jurisdiction over both living and non-living resources. Importantly, no single country bears responsibility for managing or protecting resources in the high seas. Significance of High Seas: The world’s vast and enigmatic oceans play a crucial role in maintaining the health of our planet. They regulate climate patterns, produce approximately half of the oxygen we breathe, and support a diverse array of life essential to global biodiversity. Marine ecosystems are exceptionally varied, housing numerous species, many of which remain undiscovered. Preserving this biodiversity is not only a moral imperative but also essential for practical reasons. Healthy marine ecosystems provide critical services, such as carbon storage, which helps mitigate climate change and support fisheries that millions rely on for sustenance and livelihoods. Covering about two-thirds of the ocean’s surface and 95% of its volume, these regions provide invaluable ecological, economic, social, cultural, scientific, and food security benefits. Associated Concerns: High Seas face serious threats such as pollution, overexploitation, and escalating climate change impacts. Anticipated increases in human activities, including fishing, mining, and biotechnology, pose further risks to these vulnerable areas. Despite covering nearly half of the Earth’s surface, they lack comprehensive legal frameworks to regulate these activities effectively. This regulatory gap leaves them susceptible to overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change impacts. The BBNJ Agreement: The BBNJ Agreement seeks to establish measures for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, aiming to safeguard these vital ecosystems for future generations. The BBNJ Agreement stands out for its commitment to equity, recognizing the varying capabilities of developed and developing nations in managing marine resources. It includes provisions for capacity-building and technology transfer, aiming to level the playing field and enable all countries to effectively participate in ocean governance. This approach is crucial for ensuring equitable sharing of the benefits derived from marine resources. The BBNJ Agreement embodies a global vision of stewardship where nations collaborate to safeguard the shared heritage of our oceans. It establishes frameworks for creating marine protected areas (MPAs), conducting environmental impact assessments (EIAs), and ensuring fair access to marine genetic resources (MGRs) and their associated benefits. This comprehensive approach ensures that conservation efforts are globally coordinated, scientifically grounded, and inclusive of all stakeholders. It exemplifies the effectiveness of multilateralism in tackling global challenges. Challenges Associated with the BBNJ Agreement: Despite its significant advancements, the BBNJ Agreement faces substantial challenges. Enforcing compliance across the vast and remote high seas will be complex. Effective implementation will require robust monitoring systems, international cooperation, and adequate financial resources. Furthermore, harmonizing the agreement with existing regional and sectoral bodies is essential to avoid conflicts and duplication of efforts. Conclusion: Nevertheless, the BBNJ Agreement represents a beacon of hope for addressing the environmental impacts of human activities on our planet. It demonstrates how international collaboration can lead to meaningful progress in protecting marine ecosystems and ensuring sustainable use of ocean resources for future generations. On the Jurisdiction of the CBI Context: The Supreme Court on July 10 upheld the West Bengal government’s lawsuit accusing the Union government of “constitutional overreach” for using the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to register and investigate cases in the state, despite the state’s withdrawal of general consent on November 16, 2018. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies & Interventions Important Aspects of Governance Transparency and Accountability and institutional and other measures Mains Question: Does the CBI need the permission of the State to carry out investigation in its territory? Which states have withdrawn general consent to the central agency and what have been the subsequent repercussions? (15 Marks, 250 Words). More on the Judgement: A Bench of Justices B.R. Gavai and Sandeep Mehta dismissed the Centre’s preliminary objections, which argued that it was wrongly made a defendant because the CBI is an “independent agency” not controlled by the Centre. After reviewing the provisions of the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946, under which the CBI operates, the Bench determined that the establishment, exercise of powers, extension of jurisdiction, and superintendence of the DSPE all lie with the Government of India. Consequently, the Court ruled that the suit has a valid cause of action and should be heard on its merits, scheduling the next hearing for August 13. What is General Consent? Under Section 6 of the DSPE Act, the CBI must obtain consent from the concerned state government before initiating an investigation within its jurisdiction. This requirement is crucial because “police” and “public order” fall under the State List in the Constitution’s seventh schedule. However, no such prior consent is needed in Union territories or railway areas. General consent is typically given by states to facilitate the CBI’s investigation into corruption charges against Central government employees within their territories. Since 2015, several states, including Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Mizoram, Punjab, Rajasthan, Telangana, Meghalaya, and West Bengal, have revoked their general consent, accusing the Centre of misusing the federal agency to unfairly target the Opposition. Without this general consent, the CBI cannot register new cases in these states without explicit permission from the respective state governments, according to P.D.T. Achary, former Secretary General of the Lok Sabha. What does the Case Filed by the West Bengal Government Allege? In August 2021, the West Bengal government filed an original suit under Article 131 of the Constitution, arguing that the actions of the Union government and the CBI’s involvement in the State infringed on its sovereignty. The suit noted that despite the Trinamool Congress government withdrawing general consent for CBI investigations on November 16, 2018, the agency went on to register 12 new cases. The State viewed this as “constitutional overreach” and sought to annul these cases and prevent the CBI from filing any further cases. The Constitution’s framers anticipated such conflicts between the Centre and States due to the quasi-federal structure and dual polity, granting original and exclusive jurisdiction to the Supreme Court to resolve these disputes under Article 131. For a suit to be maintainable under this provision, two conditions must be met: it must involve a dispute between the Government of India and one or more State Governments, or between multiple State Governments, and it must concern a legal question crucial to determining legal rights. In the State of Karnataka vs. Union of India (1977), the Supreme Court noted that Article 131 is a federalism feature and should be “widely and generously interpreted” to advance the intended remedy. Similarly, in State of Rajasthan & Ors. vs. Union of India (1977), the Court cautioned against a “restrictive or hyper-technical view of the State’s rights.” What was the Union Government’s Argument? Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta, representing the Union government, urged the Court to dismiss West Bengal’s suit, raising preliminary objections to its maintainability. He argued that original suits under Article 131 exclusively involve the Union and States as parties. Mehta contended that since the CBI registered the cases in question and was not a defendant in the suit, it couldn’t be included because it is not a ‘State’ under Article 131. He further claimed that the CBI is an “independent agency” and does not function under the Union government’s direct control, stating that the Union does not supervise the registration of offenses, investigations, closures, filing of chargesheets, or the outcomes of cases handled by the CBI. However, Mehta later conceded that the CBI cannot initiate any investigation without express authorization from the Union government under Section 5 of the DSPE Act. On the other hand, senior advocate Kapil Sibal argued that the case went beyond the Centre’s control over the CBI to the fundamental issue of whether the agency could ignore a specific notification issued by the West Bengal government in 2018, withdrawing its consent. Sibal asserted that once a State grants and then withdraws its consent, the CBI lacks jurisdiction to exercise its powers within that State. What did the Verdict State? The Court noted that a straightforward reading of the DSPE Act provisions reveals that the Central government is significantly involved with the CBI, from its formation to its administration and the types of offenses it investigates. The author of the verdict, pointed out that under Section 4 of the DSPE Act, except for offenses under the Prevention of Corruption Act (where the Central Vigilance Commission has superintendence), the Central government holds superintendence over the DSPE in all other matters. He also reminded the Centre that Section 6 of the DSPE Act requires the State government’s prior consent for a CBI probe within its jurisdiction. While the Court acknowledged the CBI’s right to independently investigate offenses, it emphasized that this autonomy does not diminish the Centre’s administrative control and superintendence over the CBI. Consequently, the Court rejected the Solicitor General’s argument that the CBI is an “independent agency.” However, the verdict clarified that these observations were only made to address the Union government’s preliminary objections and would not affect the merits of the suit. Conclusion: According to P.D.T. Achary, allowing the CBI to initiate investigations in States that have revoked their general consent would undermine federalism, as policing is a State subject under the Constitution. This could strain Centre-State relations, as it would effectively grant the CBI the same powers as State police forces. While the Supreme Court has only addressed the preliminary objections to the maintainability of West Bengal’s suit, the final ruling on its merits will significantly impact other similar pending cases.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 July 2024

CONTENTS Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 Women’s Representation in Politics Transformation of India’s Maize Industry SEBI’s Proposal for a New Investment Product UN Water Convention Florida Carpenter Ants  Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 Context: Recently, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 has been generally well-received by the industry due to its straightforward compliance structure. However, the requirement for verifiable parental consent before processing children’s data has caused some friction between the industry and the government. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Salient Features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 Issues with Obtaining Parental Consent Addressing the Issue of Parental Consent Salient Features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 Empowerment of Individuals: Grants individuals rights to access, correct, and erase their personal data. Provides citizens with enhanced control over their personal information. Consent Requirement: Stipulates that personal data can only be processed with explicit consent from individuals. Organizations must present clear and specific consent forms and secure consent before collecting data. Data Localization: Mandates that certain sensitive personal data must be stored and processed within India. Aims to bolster data security and simplify the enforcement of data protection regulations. Establishment of Data Protection Board: Creates the Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) to oversee compliance and address grievances. The Board is tasked with resolving disputes and imposing penalties for non-compliance. Breach Notification: Requires organizations to inform both individuals and the Data Protection Board about any data breaches that could compromise personal information. Promotes transparency and prompt action in the event of data leaks. Penalties for Non-Compliance: Imposes substantial fines for violations to encourage adherence to data protection standards. Issues with Obtaining Parental Consent Consent Requirement for Children’s Data: Section 9 of the DPDPA mandates that data fiduciaries must obtain verifiable consent from parents or guardians before processing children’s data. Prohibits harmful data processing and ad targeting aimed at minors. Exemptions: Certain entities, such as healthcare and educational institutions, may be exempt from obtaining verifiable parental consent under specific conditions. Limited exemptions are allowed based on the particular purpose for which the child’s data is processed. Challenges in Implementation: Difficulties in age verification and defining harm to children remain significant. Issues arise when parents revoke consent or when children reach the age of consent. Storing biometric data and ensuring compatibility across devices pose practical challenges. The act lacks clear guidance on how platforms should perform age-gating. Delay in Rules Implementation: The delay in finalizing data protection rules is primarily due to unresolved issues regarding verifiable parental consent. The DPDPA requires at least 25 provisions to operationalize the act, adding to the complexity. Proposed Solutions: The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) initially considered using the DigiLocker app, but privacy and scalability concerns led to its rejection. Another suggestion was an electronic token system, but it faced practical limitations. A recent industry meeting proposed a graded approach based on risk, with the UK’s Age Appropriate Design Code (AADC) as a reference model. Addressing the Issue of Parental Consent Self-Declaration by Parents: Companies can allow parents to declare their relationship with the child during the account setup process. This method depends on the honesty of the parents and lacks a robust verification mechanism. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Implementing 2FA for parental accounts can enhance security. Parents receive a verification code via SMS or email to confirm their consent, adding an extra layer of security. Biometric Verification: Utilizing biometric methods, such as fingerprint or facial recognition, for parental consent can be both secure and privacy-conscious. Biometrics offer a high level of security by ensuring that only the authorized parent can provide consent. Proxy Consent: Allowing parents to authorize a trusted third party, such as a school or pediatrician, to verify their relationship with the child. This approach can provide additional verification and ease the process of obtaining consent. -Source: The Hindu Women’s Representation in Politics Context: The recently concluded general elections in the United Kingdom marked a historic achievement with 40% women representation in the House of Commons, underscoring significant advancements in women’s political participation globally. Contrastingly, India’s women’s representation in the Parliament remains significantly below the global average of 25%. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Status of Women’s Representation in Indian Parliament Reasons for the Underrepresentation of Women in Politics Arguments in Favor of Women’s Reservation in Indian Parliament Measures Taken to Address Underrepresentation of Women in Indian Politics Status of Women’s Representation in Indian Parliament Current Representation: Lok Sabha: Women members make up 13.6% of the 18th Lok Sabha, an increase from 5-10% until 2004. Rajya Sabha: Women constitute 13% of its members. Election Participation: Historical Data: In 1957, only 45 women contested Lok Sabha elections. By 2024, this number had risen to 799, representing 9.5% of all candidates. Regional Insights: West Bengal: Leads with the highest number of women MPs, totaling 11. Trinamool Congress: Has the highest percentage of women MPs in the Lok Sabha at 38%. Comparison to Global Standards: India’s Standing: India ranks 143rd out of 185 countries in women’s representation in the lower house of Parliament. Global Averages: Countries like Sweden (46%), South Africa (45%), the UK (40%), and the US (29%) have higher female representation. Comparative Context: India falls behind countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines, Pakistan, and China in gender representation. State Legislative Assemblies: National Average: Women’s representation stands at just 9%. Highest Representation: Chhattisgarh leads with 18% women MLAs, but no state exceeds 20%. Reasons for the Underrepresentation of Women in Politics Patriarchal Norms and Gender Stereotypes: Traditional gender roles and household responsibilities often restrict women’s political participation. Disparities in education and economic opportunities, particularly in rural areas, further limit involvement. Party Dynamics: Political parties tend to avoid fielding women candidates for key positions, often assigning them to “safe” or “unwinnable” seats. The absence of internal quotas or affirmative action policies within parties restricts women’s candidacies. Electoral System Challenges: The first-past-the-post electoral system benefits established male candidates who have significant financial and organisational support. High election costs and the influence of criminalisation and money power further disadvantage women candidates. Legislative Delays: The delayed implementation of the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments, which mandate one-third reservation for women in local bodies, affects the pipeline for women in politics. Repeated failure to pass the Women’s Reservation Bill, which proposed 33% reservation for women in Parliament and state legislatures, remains a major obstacle. Lack of Institutional Support: Major political parties often do not prioritize women’s political empowerment. The lack of sustained advocacy from women’s movements and civil society organizations perpetuates the status quo. Arguments in Favor of Women’s Reservation in Indian Parliament Addressing Underrepresentation: Women’s representation in the Indian Parliament is significantly lower than the global average of around 25%. Implementing a 33% reservation would help close this gap and ensure more equitable representation. Promoting Gender Equality and Inclusive Governance: Women in India face numerous barriers to political participation, including patriarchal norms, limited resources, and gender-based violence. Reservation would help mitigate these barriers and support gender-inclusive governance. Reflecting Population Proportions: Women constitute nearly 50% of India’s population but are underrepresented in political decision-making. Increasing their presence in Parliament would lead to policies that better address the unique challenges women face. Empowering Women and Strengthening Democracy: Reserving one-third of seats for women would enhance their active participation in politics, strengthen democratic processes, and foster the development of women- and children-centric policies, contributing to human development. Impact on Local Governance: Evidence shows that women representatives in local governance have been instrumental in addressing issues like child marriage, maternal health, and access to clean drinking water in many villages. Measures Taken to Address Underrepresentation of Women in Indian Politics Constitutional Amendments: 73rd and 74th Amendments (1992/1993): These amendments mandated one-third reservation for women in Panchayats and Municipalities, boosting their involvement in local governance. 106th Constitutional Amendment (2023): Proposes one-third reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies. Implementation is pending the next delimitation exercise and census. Women’s Reservation Bill: Introduced in 1996, this bill aimed to reserve 33% of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies. Despite multiple attempts, it has not been passed due to lack of consensus among major parties. Voluntary Party Quotas: Several political parties have implemented internal quotas for women candidates: Naam Tamilar Katchi: 50% women candidates. Lok Janshakti Party and Nationalist Congress Party: 40% each. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha and Biju Janata Dal: 33% each. Rashtriya Janata Dal: 29%. Samajwadi Party: 20%. All India Trinamool Congress: 25%. Government Initiatives: Programs like Mahila Shakti Kendra, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, and STEP aim to improve women’s socio-economic status, though their direct impact on political participation has been limited. Civil Society and Women’s Movements: Continuous advocacy by women’s rights groups, activists, and organizations has been instrumental in pushing for greater political representation for women. -Source: The Hindu Transformation of India’s Maize Industry Context: India’s maize industry has recently seen a significant transformation, shifting from a basic feed crop to a vital component in the fuel and industrial sectors. This change reflects a broader green revolution, reminiscent of historical advances in wheat and rice, but driven primarily by modern innovations in the private sector. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Current State of Maize Production in India Comparison of Maize’s Green Revolution with Wheat and Rice Current State of Maize Production in India Production Growth: Since the year 1999-2000, India’s maize production has more than tripled, increasing from 11.5 million tonnes to over 35 million tonnes annually. Average per-hectare yields have improved from 1.8 to 3.3 tonnes. Global Standing: According to APEDA, India ranks as the fifth largest maize producer, contributing 2.59% to global maize production in 2020. Importance in Agriculture: Maize is the third most significant cereal crop in India after rice and wheat, representing around 10% of the country’s total food grain production. Major Producing States: Key states for maize cultivation include Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. Cultivation Patterns: Maize is grown year-round, with 85% of cultivation occurring during the Kharif season. Export Data: India exported 3,453,680.58 MT of maize worth Rs. 8,987.13 crores in the 2022-23 fiscal year. Major export destinations include Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. Usage: About 60% of maize is used as animal feed (poultry and livestock), while only 20% is consumed directly by humans. Maize serves as a primary energy source in feed, comprising 55-65% of broiler feed and 15-20% of cattle feed. Industrial Applications: Maize, with 68-72% starch content, is utilized in various industries including textiles, paper, and pharmaceuticals. Recent trends have shifted towards using maize for ethanol production, especially as a rice substitute due to food security concerns. Comparison of Maize’s Green Revolution with Wheat and Rice Pollination Differences: Maize is a cross-pollinating crop, unlike the self-pollinating wheat and rice. This characteristic makes hybrid breeding more commercially viable for maize. Private Sector Dominance: The Green Revolution in maize is largely driven by the private sector. Over 80% of maize cultivation relies on private-sector hybrids, which are high-yielding only in the first generation. Reusing these seeds doesn’t yield the same results due to their self-termination nature. Innovations in Maize Cultivation: Waxy Maize Hybrid: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) has developed India’s first “waxy” maize hybrid (AQWH-4), which has high amylopectin starch content, making it ideal for ethanol production. This hybrid contains 93.9% amylopectin compared to the normal 70% in maize. Starch Properties: The hybrid’s high amylopectin content makes the grain softer, improving starch recovery and fermentation rates. Normal maize grains have 68-72% starch with 58-62% recoverable, whereas the Pusa Waxy Maize Hybrid-1 has 71-72% starch with 68-70% recovery. Yield Potential: The hybrid offers an average yield of 7.3 tonnes per hectare, with a potential to reach 8.8 tonnes. Private Sector Contributions: The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) has established a maize doubled haploid (DH) facility in Kunigal, Karnataka. This facility produces high-yielding, genetically pure inbred lines more efficiently, reducing development time from 6-8 generations to just two cropping cycles. In 2022, the facility produced and distributed 29,622 maize DH lines, which are drought-tolerant, heat-resistant, and pest-resistant. Industry Involvement: Companies such as Mahyco, Shriram Bioseed, and Advanta Seeds are key players in developing and promoting high-yield maize hybrids in India. -Source: Indian Express SEBI’s Proposal for a New Investment Product Context: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has proposed the introduction of a new asset class or product category. This initiative aims to provide investors with a regulated investment product featuring higher risk-taking capabilities while also curbing the proliferation of unregistered and unauthorised investment products. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Proposed New Asset Class About Securities and Exchange Board of India Proposed New Asset Class Overview Minimum Investment Threshold: Rs 10 lakh per investor. Distinct Nomenclature: The new asset class will have a unique name to distinguish it from traditional mutual funds (MFs), portfolio management services (PMS), alternative investment funds (AIFs), real estate investment trusts (REITs), and infrastructure investment trusts (INVITs). Investment Strategies: May include long-short equity funds and inverse exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Investors might also use systematic investment options such as: Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP) Systematic Transfer Plan (STP) Eligibility Criteria for Asset Management Companies (AMCs) First Route: Existing MFs with: Minimum of three years of operation. Average assets under management (AUM) of Rs 10,000 crore. No regulatory action by SEBI in the past three years. These MFs can directly offer products in the new asset class. Second Route: For existing and new MFs not meeting the first route criteria: Appoint a Chief Investment Officer (CIO) with: At least 10 years of fund management experience. Managing AUM of not less than Rs 5,000 crore. Appoint an additional fund manager with: At least 7 years of fund management experience. Managing AUM of not less than Rs 3,000 crore. Benefits Regulated Investment Product: Expected to offer higher risk-taking opportunities and higher ticket sizes compared to existing products. Bridging the Gap: Aims to bridge the gap between mutual funds and portfolio management services (PMS), catering to the needs of a new category of investors. Strengthening Mutual Funds: May enhance the role and position of established mutual funds and AMCs in the investment market by setting high eligibility standards. About Securities and Exchange Board of India The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulator of the securities and commodity market in India owned by the Government of India. SEBI was established in 1988 and given Statutory Powers on 30 January 1992 through the SEBI Act, 1992. The SEBI is managed by its members, which consists of the following: The chairman is nominated by the Union Government of India. Two members, i.e., Officers from the Union Finance Ministry. One member from the Reserve Bank of India. The remaining five members are nominated by the Union Government of India, out of them at least three shall be whole-time members. SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups, which constitute the market: issuers of securities investors market intermediaries Functions of SEBI SEBI has three functions rolled into one body: quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial and quasi-executive. It drafts regulations in its legislative capacity. It conducts investigation and enforcement action in its executive function. It passes rulings and orders in its judicial capacity. Though this makes it very powerful, there is an appeal process to create accountability. There is a Securities Appellate Tribunal which is a three-member tribunal. A second appeal lies directly to the Supreme Court. Powers of SEBI To approve by−laws of Securities exchanges. To require the Securities exchange to amend their by−laws. Inspect the books of accounts and call for periodical returns from recognised Securities exchanges. Inspect the books of accounts of financial intermediaries. Compel certain companies to list their shares in one or more Securities exchanges. Registration of Brokers and sub-brokers -Source: Indian Express UN Water Convention Context Recently, Ivory Coast joined the United Nations Water Convention, becoming the 10th African nation to do so. Relevance: GS: International Relations UN Water Convention Overview Official Name: Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. Adopted: Helsinki, 1992. Entered into Force: 1996. Purpose: A legally binding instrument aimed at the sustainable management of shared water resources, supporting the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), preventing conflicts, and fostering peace and regional integration. History Regional Origin: Initially negotiated as a framework for the pan-European region. Global Accession: In March 2016, the Convention was opened for accession by all UN Member States. Notable Accessions: 2018: Chad and Senegal became the first African Parties. 2023: Iraq (first from the Middle East), Namibia (first from Southern Africa), and Panama (first from Latin America) joined. Key Provisions Obligations for Parties: Prevent, control, and reduce transboundary impacts. Use transboundary waters in a reasonable and equitable manner. Ensure sustainable management of shared water resources. Cooperation: Parties sharing transboundary waters must cooperate by forming specific agreements and establishing joint bodies. Framework Agreement: Does not replace existing bilateral or multilateral agreements but supports their creation and development. Significance Support for SDGs: Promotes the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its SDGs. Servicing Body: The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) services the Convention. Ivory Coast (Côte d’Ivoire) – Transboundary Rivers Shares Eight Transboundary River Basins: Black Volta Bia Tanoe Comoe Niger Sassandra Cavally Nuon Neighbours Sharing Basins: Ghana Burkina Faso Mali Guinea Liberia Sierra Leone -Source: Down To Earth Florida Carpenter Ants  Context: Recent study has revealed that Florida carpenter ants (Camponotus floridanus) perform life-saving surgeries on injured nestmates to improve their survival chances. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Florida Carpenter Ants: Medical Practices and Characteristics Medical Practices Injury Response Based on Location: Amputation: Florida carpenter ants perform amputations for injuries located higher up on their legs, specifically the femur. This involves removing the damaged body part through a surgical-like process. Cleaning: For injuries lower on the leg, such as those on the tibia, ants opt to clean the wound instead of amputating. Role of Hemolymph: Carpenter ants possess a bluish-green fluid known as hemolymph, which functions similarly to blood in vertebrates. Injuries to the higher leg regions can slow down the flow of hemolymph, facilitating more effective amputations. Sophisticated Medical System: The behavior of Florida carpenter ants in managing injuries is regarded as one of the most advanced “medical systems” in the animal kingdom, comparable to human medical practices. Physical Characteristics Appearance: Florida carpenter ants are typically reddish-brown and can grow over 1.5 cm in length. Habitat: These ants are commonly found in the southeastern United States and prefer to nest in rotting wood. Defense Mechanisms: They are known for their defensive behavior, protecting their nests from rival ant colonies. -Source: The Hindu  

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