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Apr 19, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 April 2025

Content: Two Kuno cheetahs to be moved to Gandhi Sagar on April 20 No GST on UPI transactions over ₹2,000, Centre clarifies NCERT insists all new school textbooks were ‘named thoughtfully’ FY25 pharma exports cross $30 bn, surge 31% in March 74 killed in U.S. attack on Yemen, say Houthis Two Kuno cheetahs to be moved to Gandhi Sagar on April 20 Cheetah Translocation Update Event: Two cheetahs to be shifted from Kuno National Park to Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary on April 20, 2025. Location: Kuno National Park – Sheopur district, Madhya Pradesh. Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary – Spread across Mandsaur and Neemuch districts, MP. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Background Context Cheetahs were reintroduced in India in 2022 after local extinction in 1952. Kuno was selected as the primary site for the Project Cheetah, with cheetahs from Namibia and South Africa. Implementation Details Identified Animals: Two cheetahs at Kuno selected for translocation. New Enclosure: Gandhi Sagar has prepared a 64 sq.km. enclosure. International Aspect Planned Import: 6–8 cheetahs from South Africa were to be brought. Delay: Talks with South African officials are taking longer; now expected by September 2025. Challenges & Considerations Weather Factor: Initial plan was to move cheetahs before peak summer to reduce stress. Logistical Coordination: Cross-country negotiations causing delays in augmentation plans. Significance Marks the second habitat for cheetahs under Project Cheetah. Aims to diversify habitat risk, boost eco-tourism, and test carrying capacity beyond Kuno. Could serve as a stepping stone for larger conservation and species revival strategies in India. About Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) Biological Features Fastest land animal: Can run up to 112 km/h (short bursts). Belongs to the Felidae family, genus Acinonyx. Adapted for speed with: Lightweight body Long limbs and tail Enlarged nasal passages and lungs Unlike other big cats, cheetahs cannot roar. Distinctive black “tear marks” under eyes aid in hunting. Cheetahs in India – Historical Context Subspecies: Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus). Once found in Rajasthan, Gujarat, MP, Chhattisgarh, and Deccan Plateau. Extinct in India by 1952 due to: Overhunting by royals and British officials Habitat loss Decline in prey base Reintroduction Efforts: Project Cheetah Launched: 2022 (First batch from Namibia). Objective: Reintroduce the species to Indian grasslands. First site: Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh Total cheetahs brought: 8 from Namibia (Sept 2022) 12 from South Africa (Feb 2023) Part of India’s “grassland ecosystem revival”. Second Site: Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary Located in Mandsaur & Neemuch, MP. Prepared a 64 sq.km. enclosure. First 2 male cheetahs to be translocated on April 20, 2025. Expected to host more cheetahs, including from South Africa later in 2025. Global Status African cheetah: Found in sub-Saharan Africa, relatively stable but vulnerable. Asiatic cheetah: Critically endangered, found only in Iran (fewer than 20 individuals left). No GST on UPI transactions over ₹2,000, Centre clarifies Background Context Recent media reports speculated that the government may impose GST on UPI transactions exceeding ₹2,000. These reports sparked concerns about digital payment costs and impact on cashless economy. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Official Clarification by the Finance Ministry The Ministry called such reports “false, misleading, and without basis.” No proposal is under government consideration to levy GST on UPI transactions, regardless of the amount. Aimed at quelling misinformation and reassuring digital payment stakeholders. GST Applicability on Digital Payments (Current Framework) GST is not levied on UPI transactions themselves. GST is only applicable on services, such as: Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) – a small fee charged by banks/payment providers on digital transactions. MDR on P2M UPI and RuPay debit card transactions was abolished from January 1, 2020 under government mandate. CBDT issued notification to promote low-cost digital payments. Thus, P2M UPI payments are MDR-free and GST-exempt. What is MDR? Merchant Discount Rate is a fee paid by merchants to banks or payment processors for accepting digital payments. It may attract GST as it is a service. Abolished on UPI & RuPay P2M to boost digital inclusion and ease cost burden on small businesses. Potential Impact of GST on UPI (if ever imposed) Could disincentivize digital payments, especially high-value ones. Contradicts India’s push for a cashless, transparent economy. Might burden small merchants and disrupt UPI ecosystem growth. UPI in India – Significance India’s UPI system is a global benchmark in real-time digital payments. Facilitates over 18.3 billion transactions in March 2025 alone. Key to government’s Digital India and financial inclusion agenda. Backed by zero-MDR policy to promote adoption among small vendors. Why This Clarification Matters Prevents misinformation-driven panic among businesses and users. Signals policy continuity in digital payment support. Reinforces trust in UPI as a free and convenient payment option. NCERT insists all new school textbooks were ‘named thoughtfully’ Context: The Controversy A row erupted over the use of Hindi titles for English-language NCERT textbooks. Critics, including politicians from Tamil Nadu and Kerala, alleged linguistic imposition and cultural homogenization. The NCERT responded, stating the names were chosen with cultural and educational intent, not language preference. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Social Justice) NCERT’s Clarification – Key Points Textbook titles are selected for their cultural, linguistic, and pedagogical significance, not to promote a specific language. The names aim to promote a joyful, rooted, and culturally contextualised learning experience. They reflect the diversity and unity of India, aligning with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 vision. Examples of Book Titles and Cultural Anchoring Mridang (Class 1 & 2 English): Refers to Mridangam, a Carnatic percussion instrument – represents South Indian musical heritage. Santoor (Class 3 English): A stringed instrument with Persian origin, used widely in Indian classical music – symbol of cross-cultural synthesis. Maths Mela (Class 3 Maths): A blend of English (“Maths”) and Hindi (“Mela”), emphasizing inclusivity. Veena (Class 3 Hindi): A traditional string instrument, symbolizing classical Indian arts. Sitar (Urdu textbook): Known across Indian and Pakistani classical music traditions. Poorvi (Class 6 & 7 English): A classical raga traditionally sung in the evening – signifies emotional and cultural depth. Ganita Prakash (Class 6 Maths): Means “Illumination of Mathematics”; draws from India’s ancient mathematical heritage. Kriti-I (Class 6 Arts): Sanskrit for creation or composition, common across Indian languages. NCERT’s Pedagogical Rationale Naming fosters pride in Indian knowledge systems and linguistic diversity. Encourages curiosity about India’s scientific and cultural legacy. Aligned with NEP 2020 goals of introducing Indian context and multilingual flexibility in curriculum design. NCERT’s Response to Criticism Titles were derived from multiple Indian languages, not just Hindi. Aimed at promoting inclusive cultural exposure, not enforcing uniformity. Emphasized the use of English titles too (e.g., Honeydew for Class 8, Beehive for Class 9, First Flight for Class 10), ensuring linguistic balance. Curriculum Background New books are part of textbook reform under National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCFSE) 2023, based on NEP 2020. Newly released textbooks: Classes 1, 2, 3, and 6. Focus on activity-based learning, value education, and integration of India’s cultural richness. FY25 pharma exports cross $30 bn, surge 31% in March Overall Performance in FY25 India’s pharmaceutical exports touched a record $30.47 billion in FY25. This marked a 9.39% increase YoY from $27.85 billion in FY24. The FY25 export target was $29.38 billion, which was successfully surpassed. Relevance : GS 3(External Sector) Surge in March 2025 March 2025 saw a remarkable 31.21% YoY surge, reaching $3.68 billion (vs $2.80 billion in March 2024). March’s performance was the strongest month of the year. Other significant growth months: January: +21.47% YoY ($2.59 bn) May: +10.63% YoY ($2.30 bn) February was the only month with a contraction: -1.52% YoY ($2.47 bn). Factors Behind the Surge US Market Opportunity: Shortage of generic prescription drugs in the US boosted Indian exports. Anticipation of a 26% US tariff (announced and later paused) pushed exporters to ship more rapidly. Pharma was excluded from the proposed US tariffs, offering relief. Strategic Diversification: India continued efforts to tap new and emerging markets. Export growth achieved despite global headwinds: Geopolitical tensions (e.g., Ukraine, Middle East) Global economic slowdown Rising shipping and logistics costs Category-wise Export Composition (April–Feb) Drug formulations and biologicals: Contributed $20.12 bn, over 75% of total pharma exports. Grew nearly 9% YoY. Bulk drugs and drug intermediates: $4.32 bn (+1.40% YoY) Vaccines: $1.04 bn (decline of -4.20% YoY) Surgical products: $683 million (+5.16%) Ayush & herbal products: $621 million (+6.17%) Country-wise Export Insights Top market: United States: Share: ~30% of total pharma exports FY25 exports: $8.95 billion (+14.29% YoY) Other top destinations: UK, Brazil, France, South Africa — together accounted for <10.5% South Africa saw a 1.78% contraction Markets with major declines: UAE (-17.70%) Turkey (-16%) Sri Lanka (-14.60%) Netherlands (-13.79%) China (-10.60%) Belgium (-7.37%) Mexico (-3.80%) Thailand (-0.14%) Regional Export Performance Top 4 regions (76% of exports): NAFTA (US, Canada, Mexico): 36.60%, up 14.06% YoY to $9.80 bn Europe Africa LAC (Latin America and Caribbean) Regions with declining exports: Africa: -1.74% North East Asia: -4.30% Significance and Implications First time pharma exports crossed $30 bn: Milestone in India’s foreign trade and pharma diplomacy. Reflects resilience and global trust in Indian pharma amidst global uncertainties. Aligns with India’s vision to become a global pharma hub 74 killed in U.S. attack on Yemen, say Houthis Context : The U.S. military struck the Ras Issa fuel port—a critical Houthi logistics and revenue hub on the Red Sea. The aim: Disrupt fuel supply chains that finance or facilitate Houthi operations (likely including Red Sea attacks on shipping). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Deadliest in 15-Month Campaign: With at least 74 deaths, this is the most lethal U.S. strike since operations began targeting the Houthis in early 2023. Represents a major escalation in U.S. kinetic activity against non-state actors in the Middle East post-Afghanistan withdrawal. Houthi Role in Red Sea Crisis: Houthis have conducted drone and missile attacks on commercial vessels in the Red Sea, citing support for Palestinians amid the Gaza conflict. This has threatened global maritime trade via the Suez Canal, prompting international naval interventions. Humanitarian and Civilian Impact Civilian Casualties: At least 74 confirmed deaths, with rescue efforts ongoing—suggests a high collateral toll. Could invite international criticism over proportionality and civilian targeting (Geneva Conventions/International Humanitarian Law implications). Economic Fallout: Ras Issa is vital to Yemen’s fuel distribution—damage may deepen the humanitarian crisis in an already war-torn country. Fuel shortages could affect hospitals, aid delivery, and food transport in Houthi-controlled regions. Diplomatic Implications U.S.-Iran Proxy Dynamics: The Houthis are backed by Iran, placing this within the broader U.S.-Iran proxy conflict framework. May strain nuclear negotiations or lead to retaliatory moves in Iraq, Syria, or Lebanon by other Iranian allies. Regional Tensions: The strike may impact regionalstability, especially with: Gaza war still ongoing Hezbollah-Israel tensions Saudi Arabia’s recent diplomatic outreach to Houthis (via Oman/Iran mediation) UN & Global Reactions: Expected to draw scrutiny from the United Nations, especially the Security Council and OCHA, given Yemen’s fragile peace prospects. May undermine peace talks and reignite active warfare in parts of Yemen

Apr 18, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 April 2025

Content : Ministry of Tribal Affairs Reviews Tribal Welfare Schemes in Delhi Mission Amrit Sarovar Ministry of Tribal Affairs Reviews Tribal Welfare Schemes in Delhi In a bid to ensure inclusive growth and empowerment of tribal communities, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs held a comprehensive three-day national review in Delhi. The focus was on assessing ground-level progress and strengthening key initiatives like PM-JANMAN and DAJGUA for holistic tribal development. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Governance) PM-JANMAN: Last-Mile Delivery for PVTGs Launched: 15 Nov 2023, from Khunti, Jharkhand (birthplace of Bhagwan Birsa Munda). Focus: 75 PVTGs, covering 30,000 habitations, targeting ~45 lakh beneficiaries. Comprehensive coverage: Housing, sanitation, water, health, education, nutrition, digital access. Goal: Full saturation by 15 Nov 2025 (150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda). States directed to: Implement village-wise tracking. Ensure Gram Sabha certification post-completion. Report quarterly progress till June 2025. DAJGUA (DhartiAabaJanjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan) Convergence initiative across 17 Union Ministries. Targets 63,843 tribal villages in 549 districts, impacting 5.5 crore+ tribal citizens. Involves 25 integrated interventions—health, education, skill development, livelihoods, etc. States asked to: Fast-track intervention sanctioning. Launch IEC Campaigns & Benefit Saturation Camps. Ensure knowledge-sharing from best-performing districts. EMRS: Elevating Tribal Education Standards Vision: Make Eklavya Model Residential Schools hubs of academic excellence. Key action areas: Qualified teacher recruitment and ongoing training. Infrastructure upgrades: Smart classrooms, libraries, labs. Emphasis on experiential & 21st-century learning. Enhance student welfare and staff support. Progress of EMRS projects in states reviewed closely. Scholarships: Access and Timely Disbursal States directed to: Ensure timely disbursal of pre- and post-matric scholarships. Remove bureaucratic delays. Integrate with National Scholarship Portal (NSP) or link state portals via API. Aim for disbursal at academic year start to maximize impact. Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh (2025): Celebrating Tribal Pride Thematic focus areas: Education & Skill Development Health & Nutrition Entrepreneurship & Livelihoods Tribal Culture, Art, and Language Preservation Infrastructure and Service Delivery Emphasis on a “Whole-of-Government” approach: Inter-ministerial coordination Collaboration with NGOs, TRIs, Corporates, Line Ministries Adi Sanskriti & Adi Vaani: Preserving Tribal Heritage Adi Sanskriti: Creation of Tribal Art Academy, Digital Repository, Tribal Haat. Promotion of tribal arts, rituals, cuisines, and folklore. Adi Vaani: AI-based multilingual translation platform. Aimed at breaking language barriers in governance and education. Focus on low-resource tribal languages for documentation & revitalization. Tackling Sickle Cell Anaemia Mission to eliminate Sickle Cell Disease in tribal areas. Establishment of Centers of Competency: Screening, treatment, capacity building, awareness generation. Way Forward : Ground-Level Execution: District and block-level capacity building prioritized. Saturation Approach: All tribal beneficiaries to receive entitlements. Institutional Mechanism Strengthening: Feedback loops, audits, Gram Sabha verifications. Inter-Ministerial Convergence: Alignment across 17 ministries. Technology Integration: AI (Adi Vaani), digital monitoring (NSP), smart classrooms. Community Participation: Tribal ownership in design, monitoring, and outcomes. Conclusion This review underscores the transformational shift from scheme–centric to citizen-centric tribal development. The focus is now on:Inclusivity, Technology-enabled governance ,Heritage preservation and outcome-based delivery Mission Amrit Sarovar Context : India faces acute water stress, particularly in rural areas, due to over-extraction of groundwater and degradation of traditional water bodies. Mission Amrit Sarovar (2022) was launched under Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav as a community-driven initiative to revive water heritage and ensure sustainability. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Core Objectives Construct/rejuvenate at least 75 water bodies per district (~50,000 nationwide). Promote community-led water conservation, integrate with livelihood generation. Enhance surface and groundwater availability while reviving traditional water structures. Foster social cohesion and national pride by linking with freedom fighters and national celebrations. Strategic Vision Blend of traditional wisdom and modern technology (remote sensing, GIS). Convergence of ecological restoration, rural development, and cultural revitalization. Develop long-term water assets to ensure resilience against climate-induced water scarcity. Institutional Framework Anchored by Ministry of Rural Development with convergence from 6 other ministries: Jal Shakti, Panchayati Raj, Environment & Climate Change, Railways, Culture, Road Transport. Supported technically by BISAG-N and digitally monitored via amritsarovar.gov.in. Integration with schemes like MGNREGS, 15th Finance Commission grants, PMKSY, etc. Implementation Mechanism Two Prabharis per Sarovar: Panchayat Pratinidhi (citizen supervisor) + Panchayat Officer (monitoring & documentation). Formation of User Groups for ongoing management and maintenance. Representation from SHGs, VWSCs, Van Samitis, Aquaculture practitioners, etc. Users responsible for de-silting, plantation, conservation, and equitable water use. Technological Integration Geo-informatics used in site identification, planning, progress monitoring. Integration of real-time dashboards and mobile-based monitoring at grassroots level. Achievements: Phase I (Apr 2022 – Aug 2023) Target: 50,000; Achieved: 59,492 Amrit Sarovars (ahead of schedule). Participation of: 79,080 Panchayat Pratinidhi, 92,359 Panchayat Officers. 2,203 freedom fighters, 385 martyrs’ families, 69 Padma Awardees. Tree Plantation: 23.5 lakh+ trees (Neem, Peepal, Bargadh, native species). Cultural activities and national celebrations institutionalized at sites. Phase II (Sept 2023–Present) Renewed focus on climate resilience, ecological balance, and inter-generational benefit. 3,182 new sites identified as of April 2025. Emphasis on community engagement and CSR/crowd-sourced participation. State-Wise Performance (Top 5 by March 2025) Rank State No. of Amrit Sarovars Completed 1 Uttar Pradesh 16,630 2 Madhya Pradesh 5,839 3 Karnataka 4,056 4 Rajasthan 3,138 5 Maharashtra 3,055 Community Participation (Jan Bhagidari) 65,285 User Groups formed. People involved from site feasibility to post-use maintenance. Contributions encouraged via: Shramdaan, donation of material, CSR funding. Flag hoisting, event celebrations, and naming after freedom fighters. Economic & Ecological Impact Boosts rural livelihood through: Irrigation, fisheries, duckery, water chestnut cultivation, animal husbandry. Groundwater recharge significantly improved: From 13.98 BCM (2017) to 25.34 BCM (2024). Demonstrates success of community-led conservation in reversing ecological degradation. Case Study Highlight Satellite Basti Pond, Great Nicobar: Rejuvenated for community use, benefitting 200+ villagers. 24 households got employment. Plantation of Neem and native species around the pond. Challenges and Way Forward Ensuring sustainability of Sarovars post-implementation. Need for stronger inter-departmental convergence and capacity building at local levels. Expansion of digital monitoring tools and climate adaptive design in newer phases. Replication of best practices across lagging districts.

Apr 18, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 April 2025

Content: Trumponomics deserves to be taken seriously A closer look at strategic affairs and the AI factor Trumponomics deserves to be taken seriously Introduction to Trumponomics: Trumponomics is a set of economic policies championed by U.S. President Donald Trump, aiming to revamp the American economy, focusing on manufacturing, tariffs, trade deficits, and national security. Central to Trumponomics is the idea of reshaping America’s economic relationships, particularly with China, by imposing tariffs, protecting U.S. jobs, and addressing trade imbalances. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Discuss the key propositions of Trumponomics and evaluate its impact on global trade dynamics. How should the world adjust to the economic strategies implemented by the United States under President Donald Trump? (250 words) Key Propositions of Trumponomics: Manufacturing Renaissance in the U.S.: Core Argument: America needs to revive its manufacturing sector, which has been outsourcing jobs to countries like China, leading to a loss of millions of high-wage jobs. Economic & Social Consequences: The offshoring of manufacturing jobs has led to widespread job losses, social issues such as homelessness, rising crime, and drug abuse, particularly in industrial hubs that have transformed into ghost towns. National Security: Relying on imports for vital products (like steel, aluminum, and semiconductors) compromises U.S. national security, especially during crises. Job Quality: Manufacturing remains the only pathway to high-wage jobs for most Americans, contrary to the services sector, which tends to offer low-wage employment. Free Trade vs. Fair Trade: Unfair Competitive Advantage: Trump argues that countries like China engage in unfair trade practices (subsidies, state-owned firms, industrial espionage, and exploitation of cheap labor), undermining American manufacturers. Policy Justification: It is unsustainable for American companies to compete with foreign firms that don’t adhere to free market rules, thus tariffs are necessary to level the playing field. Addressing Trade Deficits: Chronic Trade Deficits: The U.S. consistently runs trade deficits of $500 billion to $1 trillion annually, leading to the acquisition of American assets by foreign nations. The Dollar’s Role: As the world’s reserve currency, the U.S. dollar remains overvalued, contributing to higher imports and reduced exports, aggravating the trade deficit. Economic Correction: Trump argues that the traditional economic theory of trade deficit correction via currency depreciation does not apply to the U.S., due to the unique position of the dollar as a reserve currency. Tariffs as a Tool: Mechanism and Impact of Tariffs: Purpose: Tariffs are intended to raise the cost of imports, reducing the trade deficit and encouraging domestic manufacturing by protecting U.S. industries from foreign competition. Economic Efficiency Concerns: Critics argue tariffs lead to higher costs for consumers and inflation, making the manufacturing sector less efficient. Currency Offset: Trumponomics suggests that tariffs will cause a currency appreciation, which may offset the impact of higher import prices, thereby preventing price hikes for U.S. consumers. Minimal Inflation Impact: Even with a modest inflationary impact (0.3-0.6%), Trumponomics contends that the long-term benefits of domestic manufacturing outweigh short-term costs. Second-Round Effects of Tariffs: Increased Efficiency: Higher input costs due to tariffs could spur U.S. manufacturers to improve efficiency and reduce operational costs. Shifting Production: Tariffs may incentivize both U.S. and foreign companies to relocate operations to the U.S., enhancing overall productivity. Signs of Success: Some U.S. companies have already started relocating their operations back to the U.S. in response to tariff policies. The Broader Economic Strategy: Trumponomics is not limited to tariffs; it includes: Tax Cuts: Funding tax cuts using revenues generated from tariffs to alleviate the higher costs for businesses, stimulating investment and growth. Deregulation: Reducing compliance and operational costs for businesses, thus improving their competitiveness. Energy Independence: Increasing domestic oil production to lower energy costs and counteract inflation caused by tariffs. Efficiency vs. Other Economic Goals: Trumponomics challenges the traditional economic focus on efficiency, arguing that national security, job preservation, and trade fairness are equally important. Global Perspective: While critics view Trumponomics as a risky venture, it represents a new economic direction, one that aims to reshape U.S. global economic power. Conclusion: Trumponomics is a bold and controversial economic strategy that blends protectionism with an emphasis on national security and economic sovereignty. The global economic landscape must adapt to this shift, as it fundamentally alters the U.S.’s approach to trade, manufacturing, and foreign policy. Despite its critics, Trumponomics aims to secure American interests in the face of global competition, setting the stage for a long-term transformation of the U.S. economy. A closer look at strategic affairs and the AI factor Overview of the Debate on AI in Strategic Affairs Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): There is growing concern regarding the potential development of AGI, capable of outperforming human cognitive abilities. While the debate on whether AGI is achievable is ongoing, its potential consequences on global security are significant. Current Scholarship: There is a notable lack of scholarship focused on how AI impacts strategic affairs, with the works of Eric Schmidt, Dan Hendrycks, and Alexandr Wang contributing to the conversation. Relevance : GS 3(Technology , Internal Security) Practice Question :Critically analyze the comparison between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and nuclear weapons as presented in recent scholarly works. What are the inherent flaws in applying the concept of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) to AI?(250 Words) Critique of Key Points in the Paper by Schmidt, Hendrycks, and Wang AI Non-Proliferation: The idea of preventing dangerous AI technologies from falling into the hands of rogue actors is crucial, but the mechanisms proposed for this aim deserve scrutiny. Mutual Assured AI Malfunction (MAIM): The comparison between AI and nuclear weapons (Mutual Assured Destruction or MAD) is flawed. MAD is based on the idea of total annihilation, whereas MAIM serves as a deterrence strategy to prevent the development of superintelligent AI. Flaws in Comparison: MAD involves nuclear weapon deterrence, whereas MAIM proposes preemptive destruction of AI projects, a concept that doesn’t align with the nature of AI development. Impact of Diffused AI Projects: AI research is decentralized and distributed, unlike nuclear projects, making the idea of preemptive destruction of AI projects highly impractical and potentially escalating conflicts. Unintended Consequences: Attempting to destroy AI projects could lead to escalation, especially when considering the surveillance limitations of states. Issues with Proposed Strategies for Controlling AI AI Chip Distribution vs Nuclear Materials: The proposal to control AI chip distribution, similar to how nuclear materials are controlled, is problematic. AI models, once trained, do not require ongoing physical resources, which makes it difficult to apply the same control mechanisms used for nuclear materials. Differences in Resource Requirements: Unlike nuclear materials that require physical infrastructure, AI technology can be accessed and distributed more easily, making the enforcement of supply chain controls unfeasible. Assumptions and Speculations in the Paper AI-Powered Bioweapons and Cyberattacks: While AI could theoretically lower the barriers to cyber-attacks and bioweapons, the assumption that these developments are inevitable is speculative. State-Driven AI Development: The paper assumes that AI development will be state-driven, yet the reality is that the private sector is currently at the forefront of AI research, with states merely adopting technologies that have been developed in the private sector. The Imbalance of Historical Comparisons AI vs Nuclear Technology: The paper draws parallels between AI and nuclear weapons, but this analogy is not fitting. AI development, distribution, and deployment differ significantly from the highly centralized and tightly controlled nature of nuclear technology. Ineffective Deterrence: Treating AI as a weapon of mass destruction (WMD) or assuming deterrence mechanisms akin to nuclear policies could lead to ineffective policies. The diffusion of AI technology across sectors makes such strategies ineffective. The Need for New Frameworks General Purpose Technology (GPT) Framework: A more appropriate analogy could be the GPT framework, which views technologies as essential tools diffused across sectors, thus strengthening state power. However, AI, especially large language models (LLMs), still has limitations and does not yet fulfill the broader GPT diffusion theory. Limitations of AI: AI is still in a developmental phase and has many constraints that prevent it from being universally applied across different sectors and industries. Way Forward: Further Research: There is a significant need for more academic work that specifically addresses the implications of AI in strategic affairs. Given the potential of superintelligent AI, it is essential to understand its possible impact on national security and global relations. Uncertainty of AGI: One of the critical factors that will influence policymaking is the uncertainty surrounding when and if superintelligent AI will emerge. This uncertainty makes it challenging for states to develop concrete strategies at this stage. Unpredictability of Superintelligent AI: The unpredictability of superintelligent AI’s capabilities means that policymakers must focus on building flexible strategies that can evolve as the technology progresses.

Apr 18, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 April 2025

Content: Are Indian startups not scaling up on innovation? Is the once-extinct dire wolf back? How can V2G technology help India’s power sector? Prisons plagued by lack of medical, mental health professionals: report Environment Ministry must roll back order on desulphurising coal plants’ Scientists using James Webb telescope find ‘strongest sign of life’ on alien planet Making primary health care visible, accessible and affordable Are Indian startups not scaling up on innovation? Context : Startups in India are increasingly venturing into deep-tech sectors like AI, blockchain, and electric mobility, which shows a focus on higher-order innovation beyond basic services like grocery delivery. However, despite this interest, many startups face challenges in scaling up their innovations due to higher capital requirements and the early-stage risks involved. Relevance : GS 3(Economic Development) Capital and Risk in Deep-Tech Startups: Deep-tech startups require significant capital in their initial phases, and this is often not available from early-stage funding sources. While government schemes like the Startup India Seed Fund provide some support, they often fall short in meeting the higher funding needs for scaling deep-tech innovations. There is a need for private sector investments to complement initial government funding, especially in high-risk, high-capital sectors. Venture Capital and Innovation: Venture capitalists have shifted focus from e-commerce-driven innovations to deep-tech fields. Investment trends indicate a growing interest in AI, blockchain, and electric mobility, reflecting a broader definition of innovation. Successful innovation, from an investor’s perspective, involves not only the novelty of the technology but also its commercial viability and ability to solve real market needs. Growth of Startups in India: India has seen a significant rise in the number of startups, with thousands of new companies emerging across diverse sectors. This growth has been fueled by government initiatives and increased availability of capital, both equity and debt. While larger companies often attract more funding, there is potential for smaller startups to benefit from increased access to risk capital and a more supportive ecosystem. Challenges in Scaling Startups: One key challenge is the distribution of funding—should government and venture capital focus on a large number of small startups or provide significant support to a few larger ventures that have the potential for large-scale impact? The current model tends to favor smaller amounts of funding across many startups, but larger, more concentrated funding could help scale up the most promising innovations. Barriers to Growth: Bureaucracy and regulatory processes remain a challenge for many startups, hindering their ability to operate smoothly and efficiently. Simplifying administrative processes and ensuring better implementation of supportive policies can help alleviate some of these operational hurdles. Inclusivity in Startups: The initial wave of tech-driven startups primarily catered to urban and upper-middle-class consumers, leading to concerns about inclusivity. To truly scale, startups need to focus on addressing the needs of a broader, more diverse population, including rural and underserved markets. Keys to Success for Startups: Continuous innovation and strong corporate governance are essential for startups aiming to grow and sustain their businesses. Building foundational products that can create lasting value is crucial for achieving long-term success. Success stories like Freshworks, which listed on NASDAQ, show the potential for Indian startups to make a global impact if they scale up effectively. Conclusion: Indian startups are innovating in multiple sectors, but scaling up remains a significant challenge. High capital requirements, access to funding, and bureaucratic obstacles need to be addressed to enable deeper technological innovation and broader market impact. Is the once-extinct dire wolf back? Overview of the Technology: Colossal Biosciences recently announced the successful “resurrection” of the extinct dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus) using the genome of the gray wolf (Canis lupus). The company claimed the birth of three pups, genetically modified to closely resemble the dire wolf, a predator that vanished over 12,000 years ago. The genetic editing involved precise alterations across 20 loci in the gray wolf genome to recreate key characteristics such as size and fur color of the extinct species. Relevance : GS 3(Science ,Technology) Scientific Basis and Limitations: The genomes of the two species are 99.94% identical, with only a 0.06% difference. This small genetic gap still corresponds to 1.47 million base pairs. Despite the high genetic similarity, the modified gray wolf pups are not true dire wolves. The genetic edits made are mainly cosmetic, affecting traits like size and fur color, which implies the current animals are more like modified gray wolves than resurrected dire wolves. Genetic reclassification: Some studies suggest dire wolves were not true wolves but part of a distinct evolutionary lineage, adding further complexity to the claim of resurrection. De-Extinction Debate: Ecological Risks: While the idea of bringing back extinct species like the woolly mammoth or dire wolf seems intriguing, the modern environment has drastically changed. Ecosystems today are fragmented and human-altered, making the reintroduction of ancient species potentially harmful. These species might struggle to survive or disrupt existing ecosystems. Ethical and Practical Concerns: There are fundamental issues with whether de-extinct species can thrive in the current world. The ecosystems and ecological roles these species once occupied have evolved, and reintroducing them could lead to unforeseen ecological consequences. Conservation Priorities: The focus should arguably be on preserving existing species rather than focusing resources on reviving extinct ones. Claims of de-extinction could detract from urgent conservation efforts and may influence policymakers to divert attention from protecting endangered species in favor of high-profile projects. The Larger Picture of Conservation: Colossal’s mission aims to “secure the health and biodiversity of the planet” by reintroducing extinct species, but critics argue this could exacerbate environmental issues rather than solve them. Historical evidence shows that species like the dire wolf likely went extinct due to changes in prey availability and climate shifts at the end of the Ice Age. A shift in conservation strategies toward preserving existing ecosystems may be more beneficial in addressing current biodiversity crises than focusing on the resurrection of species no longer adapted to modern conditions. Key Takeaways: Ecological Concerns: Reintroducing extinct species into modern ecosystems could lead to unintended consequences. Genetic Modifications: While Colossal Biosciences’ work is groundbreaking, the genetic modifications made to create “dire wolves” are still far from replicating the original species. Conservation Priorities: Focusing on protecting and restoring current ecosystems and species should take precedence over reviving extinct ones. How can V2G technology help India’s power sector? What is V2G Technology? Definition: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) is a technology that enables Electric Vehicles (EVs) to send power back to the electricity grid. This is possible when an EV is connected to a bi-directional charger. Functionality: When EVs are idle (not in use), their batteries can act as decentralized energy storage systems. V2G allows for the discharging of stored energy from EVs back to the grid to stabilize supply and demand, especially during peak times. Types: The key uses include V2G, Vehicle-to-Home (V2H), and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), with V2G being the most common for grid support. Relevance : GS 3(Technology , Energy) Global Status of V2G Mature Markets: In regions like the U.K. and the Netherlands, V2G has already been implemented, where EV owners are incentivized to send excess power back to the grid during peak hours. Incentives and Market Mechanisms: In places like California, EV users contribute to grid stability, particularly during fluctuations in renewable energy generation, and are compensated for this service. Distributed Energy: EVs serve as a form of decentralized energy storage, becoming a critical resource for grid support during emergencies or natural disasters. V2G in India: Current Scenario Nascent Stage: While the concept of V2G has gained momentum in mature EV markets, India is still in the early stages of integrating V2G technology into the power grid. Focus Areas: EV charging infrastructure planning is a major priority in response to the growing number of EVs on the roads. Pilot projects are being initiated by Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) for smart charging, with a focus on V2G integration. Challenges: India’s electricity market structure is different from countries like the U.S. and Europe, and is not yet conducive to decentralized solutions like V2G. The current grid system faces challenges due to the variable nature of renewable energy and the imbalance between supply and demand. Key Project: KSEB-IIT Bombay Collaboration Kerala’s EV Adoption: Kerala is seeing rapid adoption of EVs, which has raised concerns about increasing electricity demand, particularly during peak hours in the evening. Project Focus: The KSEB-IIT Bombay project aims to assess the ability of EVs to provide support to the grid, particularly during periods of peak demand when renewable solar energy is unavailable. The collaboration will explore V2G as a means to utilize EVs as decentralized energy resources and ensure a stable supply to the grid. Potential Benefits for India’s Power Sector Grid Stability: V2G can enhance grid reliability by acting as a distributed storage solution. This becomes critical for balancing grid demand, especially during peak hours or when renewable energy generation is low. Renewable Energy Integration: EVs can help integrate renewable energy sources like solar and wind by storing excess energy and providing it to the grid when needed, thus reducing the intermittency of renewable power. Support to the Energy Transition: The deployment of V2G could facilitate India’s transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy system, supporting both the growing adoption of EVs and the country’s renewable energy targets. Prisons plagued by lack of medical, mental health professionals: report Overview of the Issue: India’s prison system faces severe overcrowding, with the national average occupancy rate exceeding 131%. This leads to a projection of India’s prison inmate population reaching 6.8 lakh by 2030, against a capacity of just 5.15 lakh. The overcrowding exacerbates multiple health challenges, both physical and mental, for inmates. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Health Staffing Crisis: Mental Health Care Shortage: There is a critical shortage of mental health professionals, with only 25 psychologists for the entire nation’s prisoners. The number of prisoners diagnosed with mental illnesses has nearly doubled from 4,470 in 2012 to 9,084 in 2022, yet the mental health care response remains insufficient. The absence of psychologists and psychiatrists in most states further highlights the disparity in the mental health services available in prisons. Medical Staff Deficiency: The report reveals that 43% of medical officer positions in prisons are vacant. The prescribed prisoner–doctor ratio according to the model prison manual (2016) is 300:1, but the actual national average is 775 prisoners per doctor, far surpassing the benchmark. This lack of adequate healthcare staffing contributes to the worsening health conditions of inmates, especially in overcrowded prisons where basic healthcare services are stretched thin. Overcrowding and Health Risks: Overcrowding not only makes it difficult to provide adequate medical care but also increases the transmission of communicable diseases within prisons. Lack of proper space and sanitation, along with a shortage of healthcare personnel, makes the situation even more dire, increasing the vulnerability of inmates to health issues. Key Gaps in Mental Health and Disability Care: Psychiatric Support: The significant shortage of psychologists and psychiatrists is alarming. As per the India Justice Report, no state or union territory meets the benchmark of one psychologist or psychiatrist per 500 inmates. The country’s prison population (5.7 lakh inmates in 2022) is only supported by 69 sanctioned positions for mental health professionals, of which less than half are filled. This gap in mental health services leads to inadequate care for those suffering from mental health disorders, contributing to worsened conditions and recidivism rates. Disability Support: The report points to a lack of health data regarding prisoners who enter jails with disabilities or develop disabilities during their incarceration. The absence of a robust mechanism to monitor and address the needs of disabled prisoners underlines a broader issue of neglect in providing comprehensive care to vulnerable inmate populations. Long-term Implications: If the prison system does not address the shortage of medical and mental health professionals, the lack of proper care could further degrade the mental and physical health of inmates, potentially worsening recidivism rates. Overcrowded prisons with insufficient healthcare infrastructure may also fuel public health crises, with outbreaks of diseases potentially spilling over into the broader community. Recommendations for Reform: Increase Investment in Healthcare Staffing: Immediate steps should be taken to increase the recruitment of medical professionals, including doctors, psychologists, and psychiatrists. Additionally, training programs to build capacity for dealing with the unique mental health and medical needs of prisoners should be prioritized. Strengthen Health Data Collection and Management: Establishing robust health data systems to track the health conditions of prisoners, especially those with disabilities or mental illnesses, will ensure better-targeted interventions. Address Overcrowding: Addressing the root cause of overcrowding by improving prison infrastructure and exploring alternatives to incarceration for non-violent offenders could alleviate some of the health burdens currently experienced in the system. ‘Environment Ministry must roll back order on desulphurising coal plants’ Context: A recent study commissioned by the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser suggests that the Union Environment Ministry should roll back its 2015 mandate requiring all coal-fired power plants to install Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) units. The recommendation is based on India’s coal sulphur content, emissions behavior, and the cost-benefit analysis of FGD installations. Relevance :GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Points from the Study: FGD Mandate (2015): All 537 coal-based power plants in India were mandated to installFGD units by 2018 to control Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂) emissions. Compliance is extremely poor: only 8% of plants have installed FGDs. Deadlines now extended to 2027-2029 based on plant categories. Cost Implications: ₹1.2 crore per MW to install FGD. For the current 218 GW coal capacity, estimated cost is massive. Would increase freshwater use and power consumption within the plants. Emission Composition: 92% of Indian coal has low sulphur content (0.3%-0.5%). SO₂ disperses due to tall chimneys (220m+) and Indian climatic conditions. Acid rain is “not a significant issue” in India per IIT-Delhi (2024). Environmental Trade-Off: FGD installation (2025-30) would: Cut SO₂ by 17 million tonnes. But emit 69 million tonnes of CO₂ additionally. SO₂ has a cooling effect (masks global warming by ~0.5°C): IPCC insight cited. Arguments for Rollback: Localized emissions impact is limited due to stack height and weather. Huge capital & operational costs, with low marginal gain in Indian context. Resource intensity (water, electricity) contradicts sustainability goals. Emission reduction vs. climate warming acceleration via increased CO₂ is counterproductive. Arguments Against Rollback: SO₂ still a hazardous pollutant, linked to respiratory illnesses. Health externalities (not quantified here) might outweigh costs. Potential rise in imported/high-sulphur coal in future. Sends weak signals on environmental regulation compliance. International commitments under Paris Agreement may require tighter norms. Policy Implications: A selective FGD mandate for high-sulphur or imported coal-based plants may be more viable. Reassess environment vs. climate trade-offs using region-specific pollution data. Explore alternative technologies or hybrid emission controls. Balance between economic, health, and climate objectives is crucial. Scientists using James Webb telescope find ‘strongest sign of life’ on alien planet Context: Astrophysical Discovery: Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), scientists have detected dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) in the atmosphere of K2-18 b, a planet 120 light-years away in the constellation Leo. These gases are biosignatures on Earth, typically produced by marine phytoplankton and other microbial life. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Highlights: Biosignature Detection: DMS and DMDS are only known to be produced biologically on Earth. Their detection in an exoplanet’s atmosphere marks a significant potential sign of extraterrestrial microbial life. Nature of the Exoplanet – K2-18 b: Super-Earth: Mass is 8.6 times that of Earth, diameter is 2.6 times larger. Lies in the habitable zone of its star (where liquid water could exist). Considered a Hycean world – a class of planets with hydrogen-rich atmospheres and water-rich surfaces. Scientific Caution: Researchers emphasize this is not a confirmation of life, but a possible biosignature. Further data and peer verification needed to rule out abiotic (non-living) sources of these gases. Significance: Breakthrough in Astrobiology: Marks a shift towards observational astrobiology — the study of life in the universe through direct observation of planets. Opens avenues for targeted searches for life on exoplanets with similar atmospheric chemistry. Role of James Webb Space Telescope: JWST’s advanced spectroscopic capabilities allow chemical analysis of distant planetary atmospheres. Reinforces the technological leap in space observation. Broader Implications: May influence future space exploration priorities. Could shape astroethics, interstellar communication policies, and planetary protection protocols. Making primary health care visible, accessible and affordable Context The National Health Accounts (NHA) 2021–22 reveal marginal increases in public healthcare expenditure, even as India faces complex public health challenges like NCDs, AMR, and mental health issues. This necessitates reforms for a holistic, trusted, and accessible public health system. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Governance) Key Issues in India’s Public Health System Emerging Challenges: Rise in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) (60%+ of deaths globally). Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), zoonotic outbreaks, and mental health concerns. Urbanisation, lifestyle changes, and environmental factors affecting health-seeking behaviour. Structural Gaps: Marginal rise in public health expenditure (as per NHA 2021–22). High reliance on private sector for healthcare due to better infrastructure and trust. Persistent out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPHE) though declining. Government Initiatives Ayushman Bharat (2018): Three components— PM-JAY: ₹5 lakh health insurance for economically weaker sections. Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs): Focus on primary health care through 1.75 lakh+ operational Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) offering holistic care. PM-ABHIM (2021): Strengthening public health infrastructure for long-term resilience. National Quality Assurance Standards (NQAS): Based on ISQua benchmarks. Emphasises patient rights, infection control, clinical care, and overall service quality. National Health Mission (NHM): Complements State efforts for rural and urban health care development. Concerns Highlighted Trust Deficit: Public preference for private healthcare due to perceived better quality and consistency. Trust in healthcare affects health-seeking behaviour and service utilisation. Visibility and Experience: Absence of user experience metrics in current data reporting. Need to publicly publish findings to build community confidence. Basic Infrastructure ≠ High Quality: As per Lancet Global Health Commission, merely having physical infrastructure doesn’t guarantee quality. Need systems that are responsive, valued, and outcome-oriented. Way Forward Revise Public Health Standards: Shift focus from Indian Public Health Standards (2007) to NQAS-based upgrades. Build Trust through Transparency: Collect and disseminate user experience and satisfaction data. Enable citizen feedback mechanisms for accountability. Strengthen Primary Healthcare: Expand AAMs with community engagement and continuous care (preventive to palliative). Promote health literacy and behavioural change programs. Integrated, Holistic Approach: Address social determinants of health (sanitation, nutrition, education, environment). Adopt a “One Health” approach for zoonotic and AMR challenges. Increase Public Health Spending: Aim for the National Health Policy 2017 target of 2.5% of GDP on health. Prelims Pointers Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHO) – WHO defines it as OOPHE >40% of the capacity to pay. PM-JAY – World’s largest government-funded health insurance scheme. NQAS – Based on ISQua standards; ensures quality across 8 domains.

Apr 17, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 April 2025

Context: India poised to become a trusted bridge of global connectivity through India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Shri Piyush Goyal Ministry of Mines Issues Guidelines for Setting up of Centres of Excellence Under the National Critical Mineral Mission India poised to become a trusted bridge of global connectivity through India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Shri Piyush Goyal Overview of IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor) Envisioned as a modern-day Silk Route with strategic geopolitical and economic significance. Aims to link India, the Middle East, and Europe via integrated infrastructure (rail, road, energy pipelines, undersea cables). Part of broader Indo-West Asia-Europe cooperation, aligning with India’s Act West policy. Positions India as a reliable bridge connecting Asia, Europe, Middle East, and potentially Africa, under the ethos of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Economy , Infrastructure) Strategic Significance Bridges East and West: Enhances connectivity from Southeast Asia through the Gulf to Central and East Europe. Cultural Diplomacy: Not just a trade initiative, but also a civilizational and cultural connector. Access to Africa: Potential to extend trade linkages to Africa via Middle Eastern nodes. Economic & Trade Impact Reduces logistics costs by up to 30%, and transportation time by 40%. Boosts global trade efficiency, supply chain reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Supports clean energy infrastructure, promoting energy security and green growth. Infrastructure Components Multimodal: Railways, roadways, energy pipelines, undersea cables, EV infrastructure. Clean Energy Focus: India exploring energy transmission partnerships with Singapore, UAE, Saudi Arabia. Digital infrastructure: Enabling digital trade corridors and interoperable systems. Political and Diplomatic Dimensions Sovereignty-respecting model: Not a coercive economic bloc but a voluntary and inclusive framework. Trust-based partnership: Promotes mutual respect, sovereignty, and equality among nations. Counters China’s BRI narrative through transparent, sustainable development. Five Strategic Suggestions by Shri Piyush Goyal PPP-led Implementation Private sector to lead with innovation, flexibility, and efficiency. Encourages cost-effective, practical planning and execution. Regulatory Connectivity Harmonization of customs, trade processes, and digital systems. Suggests using India’s UPI as a model for cross-border payments. Promotes virtual trade corridors, building on the India-UAE digital corridor. Innovative Financing Calls for multilateral agency involvement, green bonds, and ‘IMEC Bonds’. Seeks sustainable long-term funding to support infrastructure and trade. Industry Collaboration Role of industry bodies and trade associations is crucial. Can help identify practical bottlenecks, improve policy fit, and share best practices. Think Tanks & Academia Involvement Supports policy research, innovation, and capacity-building. Encourages academic-policy-industry synergy to shape long-term vision and sustainability. Sustainability & Innovation Focus Strong emphasis on green logistics, clean energy integration, and digital platforms. Envisions decarbonized trade routes, long-term economic and environmental resilience. Ministry of Mines Issues Guidelines for Setting up of Centres of Excellence Under the National Critical Mineral Mission Context & Importance Definition: Critical minerals are essential raw materials with high economic importance and supply risk, crucial for advanced technologies like electronics, renewable energy, electric vehicles, aerospace, and defense. Examples: Lithium, Cobalt, Graphite, Nickel, Rare Earth Elements (REEs), Titanium, Tungsten — vital for batteries, magnets, semiconductors, and clean tech. India’s NCMM aims to ensure supply chain security, technological self-reliance, and strategic autonomy in critical raw materials. R&D and technology development are key pillars to elevate Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) and reduce import dependence. Relevance : GS 3(Economy & Infrastructure) Objective of the Guidelines Establish Centres of Excellence (CoEs) as national hubs for advanced R&D in critical minerals. Drive end-to-end solutions from extraction to beneficiation and pre-commercial demonstration (up to TRL 7/8). Promote technology innovation, reduce supply vulnerability, and build domestic capacity. Geopolitical & Strategic Dimension Critical minerals are the new oil in the era of energy transition — essential for EVs, batteries, solar panels, semiconductors. China’s dominance (e.g., in rare earths) poses a strategic threat; India needs to build resilience and independence in critical mineral supply chains. CoEs can help India counter mineral dependency through Atmanirbhar Bharat. Structure & Model CoEs to function in a Hub-and-Spoke model: Hub Institute: Central node (leading R&D institution). Spokes: At least two industry partners + two R&D/academic partners. This model ensures collaboration, resource sharing, and multidisciplinary innovation. Scope of R&D Work Focus on: Extraction & beneficiation technologies Processing from diverse sources Sustainable mining methods Technology demonstration for scale-up Enable India to develop high TRL solutions for domestic deployment and potential exports. Strategic Goals Build competency centers with global standards. Encourage multidisciplinary and transformative research. Position India as a tech leader in critical mineral processing. Integrate industry, academia, and research institutions for outcome-based collaboration. Implementation Ministry will soon call for proposals from eligible institutions. Recognized CoEs will be selected based on prescribed eligibility and evaluation criteria.

Apr 17, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 April 2025

Context: Good news, and bad Monsoon anticipation Good news, and bad Context : Decline in Retail Inflation: India’s retail inflation has dropped to 3.34% in March 2025, marking the lowest level in nearly six years. This decrease suggests that the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is likely to reduce its repo rate further in upcoming Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meetings. The RBI has already reduced the repo rate twice (by 25 basis points each in February and April), from 6.5% to 6%, signaling a focus on stimulating economic growth. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy ) Practice Question : Highlight the role of monetary policy in stimulating economic growth during low inflationary periods. What are its limitations in a rural agrarian economy like India? (250 words) Food Inflation Eases: Food inflation, which had surged to 10.87% in October 2024, has fallen to 2.69% in March 2025. The reduction in food inflation is attributed to significant declines in vegetable prices (-7.04%), eggs (-3.16%), and pulses (-2.73%). Impact of Rate Cuts: Lower interest rates are expected to reduce the cost of borrowing for businesses, which may boost investments, job creation, incomes, and consumption in the economy. Potential for Increased Domestic Consumption: Easing inflation could stimulate domestic demand, particularly in the context of sluggish industrial production. With reduced food prices, consumers may have more disposable income, which can lead to higher consumption. Bad News: Negative Impact on Farmers’ Incomes: The sharp decline in food prices, particularly vegetables, is a cause for concern as it leads to a reduction in farmers’ incomes. In places like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh, farmers have faced steep losses, with prices of tomatoes dropping to as low as ₹1/kg, leading some to abandon their produce or feed it to cattle. Post-Harvest Losses: India’s post-harvest losses are alarmingly high, with an estimated₹1.52 trillion worth of crops wasted annually due to inadequate cold storage and transport facilities. This problem is exacerbated by market inaccessibility for small farmers, particularly those with less than two hectares of land (86% of Indian farmers). Low Farmer Incomes: Despite rural consumption improving since the COVID-19 pandemic, average monthly agricultural household income remains low at₹13,661 (according to NABARD’s 2021-22 survey), far below that in other emerging economies like China, Mexico, and Brazil. The disparity between rural and urban consumption expenditure is stark, with rural areas spending₹4,122 per capita per month in fiscal 2024, compared to ₹6,996 in urban areas, highlighting the income gap. Impact on Rural Consumption Demand: Falling food prices and low incomes are negatively impacting rural consumption, which is a key driver of domestic demand. Policymakers must address these concerns to avoid a downturn in rural demand, which could counteract the positive effects of reduced inflation. Key Concerns for Policymakers: Ensuring Farmer Welfare: While inflation reduction benefits consumers, it is critical that the government introduces measures to safeguard farmer incomes and ensure rural prosperity. Post-Harvest Infrastructure: Expanding cold storage facilities and improving market access for farmers is crucial to reduce post-harvest losses and improve farmer profitability. Addressing Rural-Urban Consumption Gap: Bridging the gap between rural and urban consumption through targeted economic policies, increased investments in rural infrastructure, and enhanced social safety nets could stimulate rural demand. Export Slowdown Impact: As export growth is expected to slow, the government must focus on boosting domestic consumption, particularly in rural areas, to maintain economic momentum. Conclusion: While India is experiencing a positive trend in retail inflation, which could support growth, the government must address the challenges faced by farmers, including low incomes and post-harvest losses, to ensure long-term rural economic stability and consumption demand. Monsoon Anticipation Context : Monsoon Forecast Overview: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) projects above-normal rainfall (5% more than the historical average of 87 cm) for the monsoon season from June to September. This would mark a second consecutive year of above-normal rains, following an 8% increase in rainfall last year. While the forecast is promising for agricultural production, particularly kharif crops, it also comes with challenges. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) Practice Question : Discuss the socio-economic implications of above-normal monsoon rainfall in India. Examine both opportunities and challenges. (250 words) Impact on Agriculture: Kharif Crops: Above-normal rainfall is expected to positively impact kharif sowing, which is crucial for improving grain stocks and ensuring reserve stocks for exports. Pulses Procurement: The government aims to procure pulses at minimum support prices to reduce imports. Pulses, being more land-intensive, require good rainfall for a healthy harvest, making the anticipated monsoon critical for this sector. Monsoon Forecasting Methodology: The IMD employs a two-stage forecasting system: an initial forecast in April, followed by an updated forecast in mid-May, which provides additional details on rainfall distribution. Forecast Accuracy: While forecasts are regularly updated, the accuracy of predictions is limited by meteorological science and computational tools, meaning that early predictions may not entirely reflect the actual outcomes. Factors Favoring a Positive Monsoon: El Niño Absence: This year, there is certainty that El Niño will not occur. El Niño typically causes weak monsoons, so its absence is a positive indicator for rainfall prospects. Eurasian Snow Cover: The snow cover in the northern hemisphere (January-March 2025) was below normal, which, according to IMD meteorologists, has an inverse relationship with monsoon rainfall. Lower snow cover generally correlates with higher monsoon rainfall. Uncertainty in Oceanic Parameters: The IMD’s weather models simulate oceanic and atmospheric conditions to forecast the monsoon. However, this year, oceanic parameters (apart from El Niño) do not provide clear indications about the monsoon’s behavior. Local factors like cyclonic activity in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea will likely have a more significant impact on the monsoon’s development. Climate Change and Extreme Weather: Past Flooding and Landslides: Years with above-normal rainfall have been associated with extreme weather events like flooding and landslides. The increasing severity of such events due to global warming adds an additional layer of concern. Case Study: The 2024 Wayanad disaster in Kerala, which resulted in at least 200 deaths and widespread displacement, highlights the risks associated with heavy rainfall. Such events may become more frequent and intense in the future. Need for Preparedness: Despite the positive outlook for rainfall, the government and state authorities must focus on enhancing disaster preparedness. Adequate infrastructure and disaster management systems should be in place to mitigate the impact of extreme weather events, ensuring that the benefits of above-normal rainfall do not come at the cost of human lives and property. Flood management, early warning systems, and efficient relief mechanisms are critical to minimize the damage from potential disasters. Conclusion: While the anticipated above-normal rainfall is beneficial for agriculture and food security, it brings with it the risk of extreme weather events. India must prepare for both the positive and negative consequences of a strong monsoon, ensuring that the focus remains on infrastructure and preparedness to protect vulnerable communities from the impacts of flooding and landslides.

Apr 17, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 April 2025

Content : Waqf-by-user denotification would be ‘huge problem’: SC Call for permanent settlement for tribals Five military personnel get MacGregor medals Urdu is the finest specimen of composite cultural ethos of India, says Supreme Court India’s trade deficit with China widens to record $99.2 billion Does AI still hallucinate or is it becoming more reliable? Waqf-by-user denotification would be ‘huge problem’: SC Background Context Waqf refers to a permanent dedication of property by a Muslim for religious, pious, or charitable purposes recognized under Islamic law. Waqf-by-user is a long-standing category where usage and public perception over centuries determine Waqf status, even without formal registration or title deeds. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Key Provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 Under Challenge Denotification of Waqf-by-user: Act removes legal recognition for Waqf-by-user category. Non-Muslims in Waqf bodies: Permits appointment of non-Muslims to administrative bodies like Central Waqf Council. State authority: Empowers state officials to determine whether a property is Waqf or government-owned. Supreme Court Proceedings Highlights (April 16, 2025) Around 100 petitions heard together. Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna led a 3-judge Bench. Three-Point Interim Relief Proposed by the CJI Protection of Judicially Recognised Waqf Properties Properties already declared as Waqf by courts (including Waqf-by-user) not to be denotified temporarily. Covers those without registration or deed (e.g., Jama Masjid, Delhi). Review of Property Status Can Continue Government officers may continue to assess Waqf vs. government property. But freeze on using such properties as non-Waqf in the meantime may be stayed. Conditional Inclusion of Non-Muslims Non-Muslims maybeincluded as ex-officio members in Waqf bodies. Provided majority of other members remain Muslims, preserving religious representation. Judicial Philosophy General Non-Intervention in Legislation: Court respects Parliament’s law-making power. But exceptional circumstances (e.g., rights, historical injustice) allow judicial scrutiny. Current Status No interim order passed yet. Government requested more time for arguments. Next hearing scheduled for April 17, 2025 (2 PM). Broader Implications Raises questions on constitutional protection of religious and minority rights. Balancing secular state administration with religious autonomy. Legal debate on retrospective invalidation of community-accepted property usage. Call for permanent settlement for tribals Historical Background of Displacement In 2005, ~50,000 Gond tribals were displaced from Chhattisgarh due to the ‘strategic hamleting’ programme (modeled on Vietnam war tactics) to combat Maoists. These tribals were relocated to roadside camps in then-Andhra Pradesh (now Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). This tactic had colonial echoes, having been used in 1949 in Telangana to fight communist revolutionaries by forming “special police constables” from tribals. Relevance : GS 1(Society ,Tribes) Militarisation and Tribal Agency Many displaced tribals, unable to return due to Maoist threats, later joined security forces. Their deep knowledge of terrain, language, and culture made them highly effective — even outperforming paramilitary and non-tribal police. Several Maoists surrendered and also joined these forces. Their contribution is seen as crucial to recent military gains against Maoists in Bastar, aligning with Home Minister Amit Shah’s 2026 deadline to end the insurgency. Lack of Rehabilitation and State Support Despite their role in the state’s counter-insurgency success, these tribals continue to live in legal limbo: No rehabilitation policy, no land rights, and no tribal recognition in the host states. Repeated efforts to secure Forest Rights under Clause 3.1(m) of FRA (2006) have been stalled for years. This clause mandates alternative forest land for those displaced before the cut-off date (Dec 13, 2005). Chhattisgarh government has not processed applications or raised the issue with the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana governments refuse to grant tribal status, viewing them as migrants. Bureaucratic and Political Apathy National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) ordered a survey of displaced tribals in 2019 — still incomplete, with excuses like COVID-19. Earlier statements from Chhattisgarh even denied displacement entirely, illustrating official denialism. Unlike the Bru Reang case (2019), where the government offered options and resettlement support, the Gutti Koya tribals have been ignored by both State and Centre. Human Rights Violations and Social Discrimination Displaced tribals face: Atrocities from forest officials and police. Rejection by local tribals, who see them as encroachers. Violent demolitions of homes built in forests. Exclusion from PDS, healthcare, education, and job quotas due to lack of tribal recognition. Inter-generational Crisis Over two decades, a new generation has grown up in AP & Telangana: They are integrated into local economies, prefer staying due to better livelihood opportunities. However, they live without identity security, land tenure, or legal recognition. Pushback by Host States Telangana has taken over tribal farmlands, planting trees to reclaim forest cover. Andhra Pradesh has destroyed shelters built by tribals, effectively pushing them back to Chhattisgarh. Both states provide minimal humanitarian aid, citing lack of legal mandate. Urgent Need for a National Policy on IDPs India lacks a national/international legal framework for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). Displaced tribals are stuck in a stateless existence within the Union. There is a growing call for: Permanent resettlement in host states. Tribal recognition and rights under the Constitution and FRA. Intervention by the Union Government, similar to past instances (e.g., Mizoram, Bru crisis). Key Takeaways Strategic militarisation has ironically relied on displaced tribals, yet offered them no socio-legal settlement. The issue highlights deep contradictions in India’s tribal policy — valorising tribals in security discourse but ignoring their civil rights. Permanent rehabilitation is essential not just for justice, but for long-term peace and development in the Red Corridor. Five military personnel get MacGregor medals About the MacGregor Memorial Medal Instituted in 1888 in memory of Maj. Gen. Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor, a British military officer known for his reconnaissance and geographical contributions in British India. Awarded annually by the United Service Institution of India (USI). Recognizes exceptional achievements in military reconnaissance, exploration, and adventure. Relevance : GS 3 (Internal Security / Defence) Event Overview Date of Conferment: April 17, 2024. Presenter: General Anil Chauhan, Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). Venue: Likely under the aegis of the USI, New Delhi. Honoured a total of five military personnel for 2023 and 2024. Awardees for 2023 Wing Commander D. Panda (Indian Air Force) Likely recognized for aerial reconnaissance or high-altitude operations. Electrical Artificer (Radio) Rahul Kumar Pandey (Indian Navy) Highlights technological or communication-related exploration efforts in naval contexts. Awardees for 2024 Chief Electrical Aircraft Artificer (Radio) Ram Ratan Jat (Indian Navy) Likely recognized for sustained or pioneering technical contributions in naval aviation or maritime missions. Sergeant Jhumar Ram Poonia (Indian Air Force) Recognition possibly related to field communication, surveillance, or remote area operations. Special Mention: Col. Ranvir Singh Jamwal Position: Director, National Institute of Mountaineering and Adventure Sports (NIMAS), Arunachal Pradesh. Current Activity: On an expedition to Kangchenjunga (3rd highest mountain in the world). Profile: Veteran mountaineer, known for multiple successful summits of Everest, Lhotse, and other peaks. His recognition underlines the synergy of military service and adventure sports as tools of soft power and morale-building. Significance of the Awards Reinforces the Indian military’s commitment to non-combat excellence — mapping, exploration, and national prestige. Encourages technical and physical excellence in challenging terrains — land, sea, and air. Promotes India’s strategic interest in high-altitude warfare training, Arctic/Antarctic expeditions, and border area familiarity. Acts as a morale-booster and showcases the diversity of talent in technical and field roles. Broader Context Comes at a time of increasing emphasis on: High-altitude defence preparedness (LAC tensions with China). Technological integration in field operations (e.g., drones, AI, communication tech). Civil-military synergy in adventure training and national pride. Also reflects India’s increasing participation in global mountaineering circuits and strategic reconnaissance efforts. Urdu is the finest specimen of composite cultural ethos of India, says Supreme Court Context of the Case Case Origin: Appeal was filed against the use of Urdu on the signboard of the Municipal Council, Patur in Akola, Maharashtra. Appellant’s Claim: Urdu signage was “wrong” since Marathi is the official state language. SC Bench: Justices Sudhanshu Dhulia and Vinod Chandran delivered the judgment. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Key Observations by the Supreme Court Language ≠ Religion It is a “pitiable digression from reality” to associate Hindi with Hindus and Urdu with Muslims. Language is secular in nature: A medium of communication, not a marker of faith. Language represents communities, regions, and cultures, not religions. Cultural and Civilizational Value of Language Language is a yardstick to measure civilisational progress and the evolution of a community. Urdu is the finest example of Ganga-Jamuni tahzeeb — a symbol of India’s composite culture. Ganga-Jamuni tahzeeb: Refers to the syncretic Hindu-Muslim cultural traditions of northern India. Urdu’s Indigenous Roots Urdu is not alien; it was born and nurtured in India. It evolved within the subcontinent’s linguistic ecosystem, alongside Hindi and Marathi. Urdu is a part of the Indo-Aryan language family, like Hindi and Marathi. Linguistic Similarities between Hindi & Urdu Common Phonology, Syntax, and Grammar: Despite script differences (Devanagari vs Nastaliq), the spoken form is largely the same. Script ≠ Language: Scripts are writing systems, not language identities. The divergence between Hindi and Urdu came from purist influences: Hindi leaned toward Sanskritisation. Urdu absorbed more Persian and Arabic vocabulary. Everyday Hindi spoken by the common man is rich with Urdu terms. Judgment’s Cultural Message Composite Heritage Urdu symbolizes the fusion and harmony between communities. The judgment reasserts India’s pluralistic ethos and linguistic inclusivity. Rejection of Prejudice Misconception of Urdu being foreign is a product of cultural ignorance. Condemns the linguistic prejudices that alienate Urdu from its Indian roots. Wider Implications Policy and Governance Encouragement for inclusive use of regional and minority languages in official domains. Boosts the constitutional values of linguistic diversity under Article 29 and Article 350. Social Harmony Reinforces the idea that language can be a bridge, not a divider. Encourages recognition and respect for shared cultural contributions across communities. Conclusion The Supreme Court’s remarks go beyond legal technicalities and affirm India’s syncretic identity. The judgment upholds constitutional secularism and celebrates linguistic heritage as a unifying cultural force. India’s trade deficit with China widens to record $99.2 billion Context : Magnitude of the Trade Deficit India’s trade deficit with China reached an all-time high of $99.2 billion in FY 2024-25. This marks a sharp increase from previous years, reflecting rising imports and stagnant exports. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Indian Economy) Composition of Imports from China Electronics & Consumer Durables were the major drivers of imports. Includes smartphones, telecom equipment, laptops, televisions, etc. Other key import items: Machinery, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), chemicals, and auto components. Reflects continued dependency on Chinese manufacturing despite efforts like Atmanirbhar Bharat. Stagnant Indian Exports Indian exports to China have not kept pace with rising imports. Major exports include iron ore, organic chemicals, cotton, and seafood. Limited value-added products in export basket limits India’s leverage. China’s non-tariff barriers and selective import practices further restrict Indian access to Chinese markets. Geopolitical Context Comes amid U.S. tariff hikes on Chinese goods under President Trump’s policy. The 90-day pause on tariffs for countries like India may cause: Trade diversion: Chinese firms redirecting goods to Indian and other Asian markets. Flooding of cheap Chinese products into India, further worsening the deficit. Raises concerns over dumping practices and economic over-dependence. Economic and Strategic Implications for India Widening trade imbalance puts pressure on India’s current account deficit (CAD). Heightens the urgency to: Boost domestic manufacturing through PLI schemes. Reduce critical import dependency, especially in tech and pharma sectors. Strategic concerns: High import reliance on an adversarial neighbor weakens economic resilience. Policy Response and Way Forward Need for targeted trade diversification: Strengthen ties with ASEAN, EU, Africa, and Latin America. Enhance domestic supply chains and infrastructure to attract investments. Consider tariff and non-tariff barriers to prevent unfair dumping. Promote export competitiveness via innovation, branding, and trade facilitation. Does AI still hallucinate or is it becoming more reliable? Current State of AI Hallucination Hallucination persists: Despite improvements, AI models like ChatGPT and Google’s AI Overviews still hallucinate—i.e., produce factually incorrect or absurd outputs. Example incidents: Google’s AI told users to add glue to pizza sauce or eat rocks—clearly fabricated answers. DALL-E generated images with elephants when explicitly asked for a room with no elephants. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Why Do AI Models Hallucinate? Statistical reasoning, not understanding: AI doesn’t “understand” language. It uses statistical associations, so it struggles with abstract concepts like negation (e.g., “no elephants”). Data limitation: Lack of training data on rare or negative queries contributes to these failures. Conceptual connections: Hallucinations arise with queries needing complex reasoning or novel concept connections. Training-testing gap: AI may perform well during testing but fail in real-world scenarios if it was never exposed to similar queries during training. Defining AI Reliability Two criteria: Consistency: Ability to give similar outputs for similar inputs. Factuality: Providing accurate information, including acknowledging ignorance when unsure. Hallucination compromises factuality: AI may confidently state false information instead of admitting uncertainty. Empirical Evidence of Hallucination A 2023 study showed: ChatGPT-3.5 had 55% hallucinated references. ChatGPT-4 reduced this to 18%, but hallucinations remained. Challenges to AI Reliability Benchmark manipulation: Some AI models might perform better on benchmarks by being trained on test data (“data leakage”). Real-world drop: Good performance in benchmarks doesn’t always translate to real-life accuracy. Strategies to Reduce Hallucinations Band-aid training: Newer models are trained with more examples where earlier models failed. Example: Spotting failure patterns and fine-tuning with better data. Limitation: Reactive, not preventive. Specialised AI models: Small Language Models (SLMs) are trained for specific tasks. Example: Microsoft’s Orca 2 excels at math, reasoning, and summarisation. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG): AI refers to specific external sources (e.g., Wikipedia) for factual queries. Reduces hallucinations by anchoring outputs to trusted databases. Curriculum learning: AI is trained from simple to complex problems, mimicking human learning. Helps improve performance over random data exposure. Limitations of Current Solutions No absolute fix: Even the best techniques can’t guarantee hallucination-free AI. Need for verification: Ongoing necessity of human oversight and fact-checking systems to ensure output reliability. Trend: Becoming More Reliable (But Not Fully) Reduced hallucination in newer versions: Especially for common queries due to expanded training data. Persistent problem for uncommon/complex inputs. Expert Opinion Summary Sarawagi (IIT-B): AI’s hallucination is like a “band-aid” fix; models still can’t say “I don’t know.” Chatterjee (IIT-D): AI can’t be fully reliable without real-time global knowledge access. Kar (IIT-D): General models like ChatGPT may never eliminate hallucination entirely. Consensus: Targeted models and smarter training help, but verification systems are crucial. Conclusion AI is becoming more reliable, especially for routine and common queries. But hallucinations still exist, especially in complex, negative, or niche queries. The field is progressing, but perfect reliability requires structural changes—and human oversight remains essential.

Apr 16, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 April 2025

Content: NITI Aayog launches Report on ‘Unlocking $25+ Billion Export Potential – India’s Hand & Power Tools Sector’ Automotive Industry: Powering India’s Participation in Global Value Chains (GVCs) NITI Aayog launches Report on ‘Unlocking $25+ Billion Export Potential – India’s Hand & Power Tools Sector’ Context : India’s hand and power tools sector holds immense untapped potential in the global market. NITI Aayog’s latest report charts a strategic roadmap to boost exports to $25+ billion by 2035, transforming India into a global manufacturing hub. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy & Infrastructure) Hand & Power Tools Sector Hand tools are manually operated tools like hammers and screwdrivers used for basic tasks. Power tools are electrically or mechanically powered tools like drills and grinders, used for faster, precision work. Sector Overview and Global Context Global Market Size (Current): ~$100 billion (Hand tools: $34B; Power tools: $63B). Projected Global Market (2035): ~$190 billion (Hand tools: $60B; Power tools: $134B). Dominant Player: China – holds ~50% of hand tools and ~40% of power tools export market. India’s Current Share: Hand tools exports: ~$600 million (1.8% global share). Power tools exports: ~$470 million (0.7% global share). India’s Target Vision (2035) Export Goal: $25+ billion over the next 10 years. Job Creation: ~35 lakh jobs. Market Share Aspirations: 25% in global hand tools market. 10% in global power tools market. National Strategy Goal: Elevate India as a high-quality, reliable global manufacturing hub, aligned with Make in India and Viksit Bharat @ 2047. Key Challenges Identified Cost Disadvantage: India faces a 14-17% cost disadvantage vs. China. Reasons: High cost of key inputs: steel, plastic, electric motors. Labour productivity issues: capped overtime, higher costs. Elevated interest and inland logistics costs. Low Scale & Fragmented Production: MSME-dominated sector lacks economies of scale. Regulatory Burdens: Restrictive Quality Control Orders (QCOs). Complicated import duties and EPCG (Export Promotion Capital Goods) norms. Complex AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) requirements. Inflexible labour laws and real estate/building regulations. Three-Tiered Intervention Strategy Proposed World-Class Hand Tool Clusters Infrastructure Investment: 3–4 clusters aggregating ~4,000 acres. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode with plug-and-play readiness. Facilities: worker housing, logistics connectivity, convention centers. Goal: Enable scale, reduce transaction costs, enhance productivity. Market & Policy Reforms Input Cost Reduction: Rationalise import duties on raw materials (steel, plastic, motors). Ease of Business: Simplify EPCG and AEO procedures. Reduce harsh penalties like interest on defaults. Structural Reforms: Amend labour laws for flexible hours and productivity. Reform land/building regulations to promote industrial construction. Bridge Cost Support (Conditional) Fiscal Requirement: If reforms delay: Rs. 8,000 crore support estimated. RoI Perspective: Considered an investment, expected to yield 2-3x in tax revenues in 5 years. Existing Support Schemes: RoDTEP, Duty Drawbacks sufficient if structural reforms succeed. Strategic Importance of the Sector Enabler of Global Manufacturing: Tools are foundational to all manufacturing industries. Growth Drivers: Construction boom (domestic and global). Rise in DIY market trends globally. Synergy with National Missions: Supports Make in India, Skill India, and Viksit Bharat @ 2047. Strengthens MSMEs and industrial value chains. Way Forward Innovation and R&D: Promote tech advancement in MSMEs. Skill Development: Upskill workforce for modern tool manufacturing. Brand India: Position Indian tools as synonymous with quality and reliability. Automotive Industry: Powering India’s Participation in Global Value Chains (GVCs) Context : India’s automotive industry, a pillar of its manufacturing sector, is rapidly evolving amid global shifts toward electric, digital, and sustainable mobility. A new NITI Aayog report charts a roadmap to boost India’s integration into Global Value Chains (GVCs) and position it as a global auto component powerhouse. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy & Infrastructure) Macroeconomic Importance Contributes 7.1% to India’s GDP and 49% to manufacturing GDP. Over 28 million vehicles produced in 2023–24, showing India’s scale advantage. Supports millions of jobs, including in steel, electronics, IT, logistics—demonstrates sectoral interdependence. Global Value Chain (GVC) Snapshot India holds just 3% share (~$20 bn) in the $700 bn global auto component trade. Trade ratio ~0.99 shows a near balance of imports and exports—indicating domestic demand dominance, but low global integration. Weak presence in high-value segments like engines, transmission, and steering systems (only 2–4% global share). Vision 2030 Targets Production target: $145 billion Exports: $60 billion Jobs: 2–2.5 million direct jobs GVC share goal: Raise from 3% → 8% Trade surplus goal: $25 billion Strategy: From low-cost assembly → high-value, innovation-driven manufacturing Key Global Trends Reshaping the Sector Electric Vehicles (EVs): Global push via mandates/subsidies; opportunity in batteries, semiconductors. Smart Manufacturing (Industry 4.0): Adoption of AI, IoT, robotics, digital twins, 3D printing—areas where India must catch up. Sustainability: Shift toward carbon neutrality, recycling, energy efficiency—automakers like BMW, VW already transitioning. Component Dependency: Rising demand for precision electronics, semiconductors, smart sensors. Major Government Interventions Make in India: Boosted auto manufacturing, FDI inflows. Atmanirbhar Bharat: Incentivized indigenous production of engines, EV batteries. FAME I & II (₹11,500 cr): Subsidies for 2W, 3W, buses, charging infra → EV ecosystem buildout. PM E-Drive (₹10,900 cr): Targets 24.79 lakh 2W, 3.2 lakh 3W, 14,028 buses. ₹2,000 cr for charging infra. PLI for Auto + ACC (₹44,038 cr): Incentivizes advanced tech like hydrogen vehicles, EVs, batteries, job creation, value addition. Challenges to GVC Integration Cost disadvantage vs China (~10%): High raw material and capital costs Depreciation rate differential (100% in India vs 50% in China → adds 3.4% cost) High logistics, energy, financing costs R&D & Precision Gaps: Weak IP ownership Lack of high-end manufacturing in critical parts Cluster fragmentation: Lack of consolidated testing, R&D, and supplier networks. Proposed Strategic Interventions Fiscal Measures Opex Support: For Capex like dies, tools, infra. Skill Development: Build domain-specific talent pool. R&D Incentives & IP Transfers: Public-private R&D, promote MSME innovation. Cluster Development: Shared testing, design, logistics facilities. Non-Fiscal Measures Digital Upgrade (Industry 4.0): Incentivize smart factories, digital tracking. International Collaboration: JVs, FTAs, co-development with global OEMs. Ease of Doing Business: Simplify compliance, promote MSME onboarding. Way Forward: Tapping the GVC Potential Shift from volume to value: Compete in high-margin, tech-heavy auto components. Deepen export footprint: Develop global scale + branding + standards. Policy certainty & reform alignment: Critical for investor confidence and infra buildout. EV & Green Mobility: India can leapfrog legacy tech with EV-first approach.

Apr 16, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 April 2025

Content: A proclamation of democracy in legislative process India, rising power demand and the ‘hydrogen factor’ A proclamation of democracy in legislative process Context: The Supreme Court’s verdict in State of Tamil Nadu vs. Governor of Tamil Nadu marks a significant judicial intervention to uphold legislative supremacy and curb executive delays in the law-making process. Relevance: GS 2(Polity ,Constitution,Governance,Judiciary) Practice Question : The recent Supreme Court judgment in “State of Tamil Nadu vs. Governor of Tamil Nadu” is being hailed as a proclamation of democracy in the legislative process. Critically examine the constitutional implications of this verdict with respect to the role of the Governor and President in the law-making process. (250 words) Key Dimensions of the Analysis: Background of the Judgment: Supreme Court in State of Tamil Nadu vs Governor of Tamil Nadu invoked Article 142 to enforce timelines for assent to Bills by Governor and President. It addressed delay tactics and inaction, which effectively stalled the legislative will of the elected State government. Marked first instance of declaring “deemed assent” by the President — a constitutional innovation to ensure accountability. Constitutional Provisions Involved: Article 200: Lays out Governor’s options: Assent, Withhold, Refer to President, or Return (except Money Bills). On re-passage of a returned Bill, Governor is constitutionally bound to give assent. Article 201: President may give or withhold assent to Bills reserved by Governor. Provision for reconsideration and resending a non-Money Bill by President. Issues Identified by the Court: No time limits prescribed → Enabled arbitrary delay or “pocket veto.” Lack of requirement for reasoned decisions by constitutional authorities. Unfettered discretion misused for political purposes, violating democratic ethos. Judicial silence so far allowed misuse to persist — Court finally intervened to remedy constitutional silence. Role of Judicial Interpretation: Interpreted the Constitution organically, not mechanically. Affirmed the federal spirit by limiting centralist tendencies. Used Article 142 to uphold “complete justice” and democratic accountability. Recognized “deemed assent” to uphold legislative supremacy and continuity of governance. Significance of the Judgment: Reasserted Legislative Primacy: Prevents Governors/President from becoming roadblocks to elected governments. Judicial Review of President’s/Governor’s Actions: Clarified that these are not above scrutiny in a parliamentary democracy. Removed perceived immunity of constitutional heads in legislative process. Set precedent for reasoned decision-making in constitutional functions. Scholarly and Precedential Backing: Cited Sarkaria Commission (1988): “Non-conformity with Union policy is not ground to withhold assent.” Relied on Shamsher Singh (1974): Governor bound by Cabinet advice. Overturned B.K. Pavitra (2019) doctrine of “unfettered discretion” in such constitutional acts. Judicial Restraint vs Activism Debate: Criticism by some (e.g., Kerala Governor) as judicial overreach into executive/legislative domain. Author argues Court has only supplemented (not supplanted) constitutional text to plug procedural gaps. Interpretation is rooted in constitutional morality and democratic functionality. Suggestions for Future Adjudication: Shorter judgments, quicker delivery for time-sensitive constitutional issues (e.g., Brexit case). Streamlining case management: Similar petitions (e.g., Kerala) should be clubbed for consistency and efficiency. Way Forward: Codify timelines for constitutional functions of assent. Institutional clarity in procedures involving Centre-State legislative interactions. Encourage Governor and President to maintain political neutrality and transparency. Build on this judgment to strengthen cooperative federalism and legislative sovereignty. India, rising power demand and the ‘hydrogen factor’ Introduction & Context India aims to achieve a net-zero economy, which entails massive electrification of energy end-use sectors and decarbonization of industrial processes. Hydrogen emerges as a critical vector, especially for industries where electrification is not feasible. The article emphasizes integrating low-carbon power sources (especially nuclear) with hydrogen production and electricity storage to address India’s future energy demands. Relevance :GS 3(Science and Technology) Practice Question: A net-zero future for India demands not just clean energy generation but also deep industrial decarbonization through hydrogen integration.” Discuss the role of nuclear energy and green hydrogen in this context, and suggest policy measures for their synergistic deployment. Rising Power Demand & Nuclear’s Role Electricity demand will rise steeply as India moves toward net–zero and developed nation status by 2047. Solar, wind, and hydro alone cannot meet India’s future base load demand; nuclear energy must be a significant part of the energy mix. The government aims for 100 GW of nuclear installed capacity by 2047, a sharp increase from current levels (~7 GW). Nuclear Power Developments in India NPCIL is aggressively expanding nuclear capacity, especially with indigenously developed 700 MW PHWRs. Key installations: 2 reactors operational in Kakrapar, Gujarat New reactors being added in Rajasthan, Haryana Plans announced to construct 20 more units, totaling 26 reactors of 700 MW each. Introduction of Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs): 220 MW PHWRs aimed at captive use by public sector undertakings like Indian Railways. Need for Low-Carbon Electricity Mix India’s future electricity mix will comprise: Base-load: Nuclear + Hydro Intermittent: Solar + Wind Flexing coal plants (ramping them up/down) is currently used to balance renewables — reduces emissions but isn’t sustainable long-term. Flexing nuclear plants is technically and economically inefficient due to: High capital cost Minimal reduction in variable costs when operated below capacity Safety and operational challenges The Hydrogen Factor Hydrogen offers a solution: Use surplus electricity (especially from nuclear and renewables) to produce hydrogen via electrolysers. Advantages of this approach: Avoids flexing high-capital nuclear plants Reduces need for battery-based electricity storage Supports industrial decarbonization (e.g., steel, ammonia) Provides long-duration energy storage in chemical form Green Hydrogen vs. Low-Carbon Hydrogen Current government policy labels hydrogen from renewables as “green”. Author suggests shifting taxonomy to “low-carbon hydrogen” to include nuclear-based hydrogen, since: Life-cycle emissions of nuclear-based H₂ are comparable to that from renewables. Promotes technology neutrality while reducing GHGs. Proposed standard: Hydrogen with <2 kg CO₂/kg H₂ should be classified as “low-carbon”. Synergizing Hydrogen & Electricity Storage Presently treated as separate sectors, hydrogen production and electricity storage must be synergized. Case studies show combined planning improves: Economic viability Grid stability Resource utilization efficiency Electrolysers are flexible and can act as demand sinks during low-demand/high-supply periods, complementing battery storage. Recommendations Policy-level shift from “green” to “low-carbon hydrogen” to include nuclear. Synergize hydrogen production and electricity storage in future grid planning and investments. Key Takeaways Hydrogen is not just a fuel, but a strategic enabler in India’s transition to a low-carbon, high-energy economy. Nuclear energy, often under-discussed, is positioned to play a central role in ensuring round-the-clock clean electricity and hydrogen generation. Integrated planning, including taxonomy change and demand shaping through hydrogen, is essential for a resilient and future-ready energy system.

Apr 16, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 April 2025

Content : Retail inflation eases to 3.34%, lowest since 2019 IMD forecasts ‘above normal’ monsoon The approach to regulating AI in India Are births, deaths being properly registered? Bonds surge to more than 3-year high on RBI’s liquidity infusion plan Retail inflation eases to 3.34%, lowest since 2019 Context : Retail inflation (CPI) fell to 3.34% in March 2025, the lowest since late 2019. The drop was driven by falling food prices, particularly vegetables, pulses, and eggs. Rural inflation fell to 3.25%, while urban inflation rose slightly to 3.43%. Consumer Food Price Inflation declined sharply to 2.7%, from 3.75% in February. Fuel and light inflation rose marginally to 1.48%, marking the first price rise since Sep 2023. State-wise variation: Highest inflation: Kerala (6.6%) Lowest inflation: Delhi (1.5%), Telangana (1.1%) Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Policy and Monetary Context The decline follows two recent RBI repo rate cuts (each by 25 bps). Indicates monetary policy easing is yielding results, without triggering inflation. Analysts expect inflation to stay below 4%, creating space for a further 50 bps repo rate cut. Implications Boosts household purchasing power, especially in rural areas. Signals macroeconomic stability and room for growth-focused policy. Could stimulate consumption and investment, given lower interest rates. Positive sentiment for bond and equity markets due to lower inflation expectations. Implication: Inflation Management Reflects effectiveness of inflation-targeting framework (RBI’s 4±2% band). Emphasizes food price volatility’s role in retail inflation—a persistent issue in India. Monetary Policy & Growth Trade-off Shows a pro-growth bias of RBI amid global disinflationary trends. Highlights the delicate balance between stimulating demand and maintaining price stability. Sectoral Impact Agriculture: Lower food inflation might hurt farmer incomes despite consumer benefit. Manufacturing & MSMEs: May benefit from rate cuts, improving credit access. State-level divergence: Calls for granular inflation management, considering regional disparities. Broader Macroeconomic Linkage May aid in current account control if rate cuts improve competitiveness. Needs alignment with fiscal policy and supply-side measures for sustainable inflation control. IMD forecasts ‘above normal’ monsoon Context : IMD forecast: India likely to receive “above normal” monsoon in 2025 — i.e., 5% more than the long-period average (LPA) of 87 cm. This would be the second consecutive year of surplus rainfall (2024 had 8% above normal). The margin of error in the forecast is ±4%. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3(Climate Change) Positive Implications Agriculture: Likely to benefit kharif crops (e.g., paddy, pulses, oilseeds) due to adequate soil moisture. May enhance agricultural output, supporting rural income and food security. Water Resources: Better reservoir storage improves irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydropower generation. Inflation Control: Good monsoon → stable food prices → supports low retail inflation (relevant from previous news). Rural Economy: Employment under MGNREGA, agro-based sectors, and rural consumption could get a boost. Risks and Concerns Flood Risk: Above-normal rainfall may bring episodes of intense rainfall → urban flooding, crop loss, and infrastructure damage. Climate Extremes: Recent years show a trend of spatial and temporal rainfall variability, even during surplus monsoons. Forecast Limitations: Models have only moderate predictability (~33%); high uncertainty due to complex monsoon dynamics. Scientific Basis No El Niño: Typically leads to better monsoons; this year’s forecast benefits from its absence. Eurasian Snow Cover: Below-normal snow in Jan–Mar 2025 → historically associated with better Indian monsoons (inverse correlation). Dynamical Model Forecasting: IMD uses coupled ocean-atmosphere models, fed into supercomputers with parameters like: Sea surface temperatures Snow cover Oceanic heat content Wind patterns The approach to regulating AI in India Context : India lacks a formal AI regulatory law or national strategy, unlike several other countries. Current efforts are centered around IndiaAI Mission and an advisory group, but lack enforceability, accountability, and public engagement. The article stresses the need for a comprehensive AI policy and public discourse to ensure ethical and inclusive AI development. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ), GS 3(Technology) Global Context of AI Regulation Countries with enacted laws: China, EU, Canada, Korea, Peru, USA (Trump revoked Biden’s AI EO). Countries with draft AI bills: UK, Japan, Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Pakistan. 85+ countries (including the African Union) have national AI strategies, outlining: Vision and priorities Budgetary support Roadmaps for ethical and inclusive growth India’s Approach to AI Governance No official National AI Strategy or AI-specific legislation. Relies on: NITI Aayog’s 2018 Strategy Document – yet to be formally adopted. IndiaAI Mission with seven pillars – still evolving. Expert advisory group – work-in-progress; recommendations not officially binding. Advantages of India’s Flexible Approach Adaptability to evolving tech, global trends, and domestic needs. Can respond dynamically to citizen sentiment and market shifts. Avoids premature rigid regulation that may stifle innovation. Major Concerns No binding vision or enforcement tools. Reactive governance – lacks clear milestones, accountability, or long-term planning. Overdependence on leadership – initiatives can change with political priorities. Low algorithmic transparency – no standards for public disclosure or audit. Social risks – exclusion, discrimination, deepfakes, violence from AI-generated content (e.g., social media unrest). Lessons from Global Models EU GDPR Model (Comprehensive & Centralised) India’s DPDP Act, 2023 aligns more closely with this model. Could be extended into AI governance. US Model (Sector-Specific & Decentralised) Focuses on industry-specific regulations. May not suit India’s federal structure or need for unified standards. China’s Use-Case Specific Laws Targeted laws for Generative AI, Deepfakes, etc. Offers clarity for high-risk sectors. Way Forward for India Short-Term Goal: Develop a National AI Policy Document addressing: Vision & guiding principles Priority sectors (e.g., health, agriculture, judiciary, education) Institutional roles & responsibilities Ethical standards Infrastructure & capacity building Transparency and accountability mechanisms Medium-Term Goal: Pilot test enforcement tools, public consultations, and ethical frameworks. Long-Term Goal: Enact formal AI legislation integrating learnings from pilots and international norms. Are births, deaths being properly registered? Context : The Registration of Birth and Death (RBD) Act, 1969 mandates the timely registration of births and deaths, with penalties for negligence. The government is pushing for digital registration through the Civil Registration System (CRS) to ensure accuracy and update vital national databases. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Social Issues) Legal Framework: Registration of Births and Deaths (RBD) Act, 1969 (Amended 2023) Mandate: Registration of all births and deaths within 21 days is compulsory. Penalty: Registrar’s negligence in registering births/deaths is punishable with a fine (increased to ₹1,000 from ₹50). Digital Mandate (since Oct 1, 2023): Digital birth/death certificates are now mandatory and are the sole legal proof for various public services. March 17, 2024 Circular by Registrar General of India (RGI) Reason: Noted violations by hospitals in reporting birth/death data. Findings: ~90% registration level, but 10% still unregistered. 2011 levels: 82.4% (births), 66.4% (deaths). Reminder: Hospitals (govt. & private) must report events promptly. Roles and Responsibilities under the Civil Registration System (CRS) Government hospitals: Act as registrars. Private hospitals: Must report events to the registrar — they cannot issue certificates directly. Variability: Departments responsible differ across States (Health Dept., Panchayats, or Economics & Statistics). Centralised Database: RGI now maintains a national database (post-2023 amendment), integrated with NPR. Purpose of Centralised Digital Registration The digital birth certificate is now used for: Admission to schools, govt. jobs, marriage registration, etc. Updating NPR, ration cards, property, and electoral rolls. NPR (2010, updated 2015) — contains data of 119 crore residents; next update on hold due to census delay. Ground-Level Challenges Hospitals often delay registration till relatives initiate it. Some private hospitals ask families to report events themselves. Registrars sometimes lack citizen-friendly registration mechanisms. Certificates should ideally be issued within 7 days. Vital Statistics Report Status Purpose: Tracks infant mortality, stillbirths, death data — key for socio-economic planning & public health. Current status: Last national-level report: 2020. Some States like Mizoram (2023), Kerala (2021), Karnataka, Delhi, HP (2022) have updated data. 2020 Trends: Birth registrations fell from 2.48 cr (2019) to 2.42 cr (2020). Death registrations rose from 76.4 lakh (2019) to 81.2 lakh (2020). Beware of child traffickers, top court cautions parents Context : Supreme Court Warning to Parents: Parents must remain “extremely vigilant” against child trafficking. The Court highlighted various forms of child trafficking, including sexual exploitation, forced labor, begging, and child marriage. Trafficking rings may disguise child sales as inter-country adoptions, making it harder to detect. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice) Technology’s Role in Child Trafficking: Criminal gangs use technology to share victim information, photos, and locations, making their operations more efficient. The Court emphasized the ease with which traffickers operate due to these technological advancements. Emotional Impact on Parents: The pain of losing a child to trafficking is different from the grief of death, as parents face long-term uncertainty and helplessness. The Supreme Court’s verdict calls for greater care and attention from parents, especially in poor, vulnerable sections of society. Court’s Actions Against Hospitals: Hospitals will face license suspension and legal action if newborns go missing or are trafficked under their care. Hospitals are held responsible for the protection of infants during delivery, emphasizing strict accountability. Inter-State Trafficking and Involvement of Healthcare Professionals: The case involved 13 members of a child trafficking ring, including a nurse working at a primary health center in Chhattisgarh, highlighting the role of trusted professionals in these crimes. This points to potential collusion within healthcare systems, complicating efforts to prevent trafficking. Delays in Justice: The Court criticized the slow progress of the trial and the Uttar Pradesh government for lack of action, with no appeal against the bail granted by the Allahabad High Court. It ordered the completion of the trial within six months and a two-month deadline for the police to trace the absconding accused. Call for Urgent Action by High Courts: The Supreme Court directed High Courts across India to expedite the trials of pending child trafficking cases and ensure completion within six months. The need for a stronger, more active response from the judiciary and law enforcement was emphasized. Exploitation of Juvenile Justice Protections: Traffickers exploit the protections offered to minors under the juvenile justice system, which inadvertently becomes a haven for committing crimes. The Court expressed concern over how such protections are misused by criminal networks involved in child trafficking. Socio-Political Issues Highlighted: The case points to systemic flaws in the handling of child trafficking, including insufficient governmental action and accountability at the state and institutional levels. The Court’s strong stance calls for a more proactive, coordinated response from both the government and judiciary to combat the issue. Bonds surge to more than 3-year high on RBI’s liquidity infusion plan Indian government bond prices surged to over three-year highs as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced a significant liquidity infusion plan, including bond purchases and repo operations. This move is part of RBI’s accommodative stance to support economic growth and ensure effective monetary policy transmission. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy, Banking) Key Developments: Bond Price Surge: Indian government bond prices hit more than a three-year high, driven by short-end gains. RBI’s Liquidity Infusion Plan: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced its plan to buy bonds worth ₹400 billion ($4.67 billion) and conduct a 43-day repo for ₹1.50 trillion on Thursday. Repo Rate Reduction: Last week, RBI reduced the repo rate for the second consecutive time and changed its monetary policy stance to “accommodative,” signaling a focus on growth. Significance of the Move: Continued Liquidity Support: Market participants expect continued liquidity injections in the future, indicating a strong commitment from RBI to ensure sufficient liquidity in the banking system. Policy Transmission: Comfortable liquidity conditions are deemed essential for effective monetary policy transmission. A surplus in liquidity allows for faster and more efficient transmission of rate cuts, facilitating economic growth. Targeted Surplus Levels: RBI is aiming for a liquidity surplus of around 1% of deposits, which amounts to approximately ₹2.20 trillion to ₹2.50 trillion, with the daily average standing at₹1.70 trillion this month. Market Reactions: Bond Yields Decline: Bond yields have fallen as a result of RBI’s actions. The 10-year benchmark bond yield decreased by 3 basis points to 6.41%. Meanwhile, the 3-year and 5-year bond yields fell by 5-6 basis points, reaching 6.12% and 6.17% respectively. Underlying Objectives and Implications: Accommodative Stance: RBI’s accommodative stance aims to support economic growth by reducing borrowing costs through lower bond yields. Liquidity Injection’s Role: By buying bonds and injecting liquidity, RBI aims to ensure that the banking system remains well-supplied with funds, which is crucial for stimulating credit growth and supporting economic recovery. Economic Growth Focus: The primary goal is to stimulate growth amid a softening economy, with the expectation that comfortable liquidity will ease credit availability for businesses and consumers. Challenges and Considerations: Sustaining Liquidity Surplus: Ensuring that the surplus liquidity remains durable in the long term is a critical challenge. Too much liquidity can lead to inflationary pressures, while too little could stifle growth. Impact on Inflation and Currency: While current policy measures are aimed at boosting growth, the long-term impact on inflation and the Indian Rupee’s strength against global currencies will need to be monitored. Conclusion: The RBI’s decision to infuse liquidity through bond purchases and repo operations aligns with its growth-supporting monetary policy, aiming to enhance policy transmission and ease borrowing costs. The market’s positive response in the form of lower bond yields indicates confidence in RBI’s actions to support economic recovery. However, sustaining liquidity without sparking inflation remains a balancing act that will require careful monitoring.

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