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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 July 2024

CONTENTS Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovation Common Services Centres Special Purpose Vehicle Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovation Context: Recently, union Minister for the Ministry of Science & Technology inaugurated Asia’s first health research-related “Pre-clinical Network Facility” under the Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) in Faridabad. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) Overview Launch Year: 2017 Founders: Established in Davos, Switzerland by the governments of Norway and India, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the World Economic Forum. Partnership: A collaborative effort involving public, private, philanthropic, and civil organizations. Mission Objective: Accelerate the development of vaccines and other biologic countermeasures to address epidemic and pandemic threats, ensuring accessibility for all. Achievements Support: CEPI has backed the development of over 50 vaccine candidates and platform technologies. Focus: Targets multiple high-risk pathogens and prepares for future threats, referred to as “Disease X.” Key Initiatives 100 Days Mission: A central part of CEPI’s five-year plan (2022-2026) aiming to reduce the development time for safe and effective vaccines against new threats to just 100 days. India-CEPI Collaboration Ind-CEPI Mission Objective: Enhance epidemic preparedness through rapid vaccine development, focusing on supporting Indian vaccine development. Implementation: Managed by a dedicated Program Management Unit (PMU) at the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC). Support: Backed by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. Common Services Centres Special Purpose Vehicle Context: Recently, Common Services Centres Special Purpose Vehicle (CSC SPV) celebrated 15 glorious years of its establishment. Relevance: Common Services Centres (CSC) Special Purpose Vehicle Common Services Centres (CSC) Special Purpose Vehicle Overview Incorporation: Established under the Companies Act, 1956 by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India. Role: Oversees the implementation of the Common Services Centers (CSC) Scheme, part of the Digital India Programme. Function: Provides a centralized framework for service delivery through CSCs, ensuring the scheme’s systemic viability and sustainability. Key Facts about Common Services Centres Initiative: Launched by the Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY), Government of India. Purpose: Acts as front-end delivery points for a variety of services, including government, private, and social sector services, to rural citizens. Services Provided: Public Utility Services: Essential services such as electricity, water, and gas. Social Welfare Schemes: Distribution and information about various social schemes. Healthcare: Basic health services and information. Financial Services: Banking, insurance, and financial literacy. Education: Access to educational resources and courses. Agriculture: Support for farmers with information and resources. B2C Services: Various business-to-consumer services for rural areas. Network: A nationwide network catering to India’s regional, geographic, linguistic, and cultural diversity. Objective: Supports the Government’s goal of creating a socially, financially, and digitally inclusive society.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 July 2024

CONTENTS High Seas Treaty: A Crucial Step for Marine Biodiversity Protection On the Jurisdiction of the CBI Trying Juveniles as Adults is not the Answer Context: In May, a speeding car allegedly driven by a teenager killed two young tech professionals in Pune. According to the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, the adolescent was initially brought before the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB), which granted him bail under seemingly lenient conditions. This decision, combined with the tragic incident and emerging accusations of using privilege to tamper with the investigation, sparked public outrage. Relevance: GS Paper – 2 Issues Related to Children Government Policies and Interventions Issues Arising Out of Design and Implementation of Policies Mains Question: The issue lies not in the perceived leniency or “misuse” of the juvenile justice system, but rather in the failure to fully implement its foundational principles. Discuss in the recent context of the death of two young tech professionals in Pune in an accident. (15 Marks, 250 Words). More about the Case: Following the backlash, the JJB modified its order, directing the adolescent’s detention in an Observation Home. This was challenged before the Bombay High Court, which ordered his release, noting that bail had been granted in accordance with due procedure. The High Court emphasized that the JJ Act is “not only a beneficial legislation, but is also a remedial one.” The push by some to prosecute the adolescent as an adult raises broader questions about the juvenile justice system’s ability to address severe offenses like drunken driving and the demand for accountability in cases involving young offenders. Trying Adolescents as Adults: The Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act allows for adolescents over the age of 16 to be tried as adults if they are accused of committing a “heinous” offense, defined as one carrying a minimum punishment of seven years or more. Offenses like culpable homicide and causing death by negligence, which are common in drunk driving cases, are not considered “heinous” because they do not have a minimum prescribed punishment. The JJ Act, amended in 2021, now categorizes offenses with no minimum sentence but a maximum sentence of more than seven years as “serious offenses.” These serious offenses, however, do not warrant transferring the case to the adult criminal justice system. For adolescents over 16 accused of a “heinous” offense, the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB), a quasi-judicial body, conducts a preliminary assessment to determine if they should be tried as adults. If the JJB deems it necessary, the adolescent is transferred to a sessions court, which then independently assesses whether to try the adolescent as an adult. These protections are based on the understanding that adolescence is a temporary developmental stage marked by immature judgment and underdeveloped impulse control. This principle has been recognized by the Supreme Court in Dr. Subramanian Swamy v. Raju (2014) and by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. Consequently, the juvenile justice system prioritizes rehabilitation and social reintegration over punishment, acknowledging that adolescents, due to their high neuroplasticity, are more receptive to change. Seeking Accountability: The juvenile justice system aims to hold offenders accountable for their actions. When an adolescent is found guilty of a crime, the JJ Act allows the multidisciplinary Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) to tailor a response suited to the circumstances and the individual. A conviction can lead to the institutionalization of the offender, but the primary goal is rehabilitation. The JJB can prescribe interventions such as therapy, psychiatric support, and de-addiction programs during and after institutionalization. An individualized care plan is developed for the adolescent’s rehabilitation, considering their socioeconomic background and the specifics of the crime. This approach fosters accountability and healing, creating opportunities for justice that are often not possible within the punitive adult justice system. In cases of deaths caused by motor accidents, innovative approaches have been used in Indonesia and the U.S. to enhance personal accountability. For instance, convicted drunk drivers in some jurisdictions must face a victim impact panel (VIP) of relatives who express how the incident affected their lives. A 2022 report by Kevin Thompson and Sarah Joyce found that exposure to VIPs in North Dakota led to a reduction in recidivism among offenders. While this cannot undo the life-altering incident, it personalizes the loss and grief experienced by the victim and allows the offender to express regret. Acknowledging Victims in the Justice Process: Practices like these recognize the victim and their family as central to the justice process, in contrast to the traditional penal system where the victim is often reduced to a mere witness or excluded entirely as the state handles prosecution. They create space for the needs of the victims, which may include compensation, an apology, an explanation, or acknowledgment of responsibility by the offender. These practices also educate adolescents about accountability and sensitivity towards others, fostering their development into responsible adults. Facing victims or their families can be a powerful and transformative experience for offenders. The juvenile justice system’s responses can include the involvement of family members and communities of both the offender and the victim, and may involve counseling the offender’s family. This approach acknowledges that crime often results from a complex interplay of societal and psychological factors. Conclusion: The potential of the juvenile justice system, hence, remains unfulfilled. Trying adolescents as adults sidesteps the problem of weak implementation of the juvenile justice system. The issue is not with the perceived leniency or “misuse” of the system, but rather with the failure to fully implement its foundational principles. Acceleration in Retail Price Gains and Erratic Rainfalls Context: Last month, retail price gains unexpectedly accelerated, with June’s provisional Consumer Price Index (CPI) showing inflation breaking a five-month downtrend and rising to 5.08%, 28 basis points higher than May’s 4.80%. Food prices were the primary driver of this increase. Year-on-year food price inflation, measured by the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI), surged by 67 basis points in June, reaching a concerning 9.36%. Relevance: GS3- Fiscal Policy Inclusive Growth Banking Sector and NBFCs Planning Government Budgeting Mains Question: What effect can erratic rains have in curbing inflation? Suggest a way forward strategy to minimise the effects of rainfall on inflationary forces. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Unpredictability in Food Price Gains: More alarmingly, the CFPI experienced the fastest sequential acceleration in 11 months, with food prices climbing 3.17% from May’s levels, which in turn pushed the broader CPI up by 1.33% month-on-month. This unpredictability in food price gains has been a significant concern for monetary policymakers, leading them to keep interest rates unchanged. RBI Deputy Governor Michael Debabrata Patra highlighted at the Monetary Policy Committee’s meeting that the Indian economy is “hostage to intersecting food price shocks,” stressing the need for increased vigilance to prevent these shocks from affecting other inflation components and expectations. The CFPI data reveals that nine sub-categories of food posted month-on-month gains, with all but the sugar and condiments group showing sequential accelerations. Vegetables saw the most significant price increases, rising 29.3% year-on-year and by a worrying 14.2% month-on-month, the highest in 11 months. The prices of widely consumed vegetables like potatoes, onions, and tomatoes recorded some of the steepest year-on-year gains, increasing by 57.6%, 58.5%, and 26.4%, respectively. Uncertain Food Price Outlook: The outlook for food prices remains troubling. Data from the Department of Consumer Affairs Price Monitoring Division indicates that, as of July 15, the all-India average retail prices of potatoes and onions were nearly 56% and 67% higher, respectively, compared to a year earlier. Although tomato prices were about 43% lower than 12 months ago, they were 76% higher than in mid-June, suggesting a potential shift in price momentum. Cereals, which form the largest part of the food basket, also offered little relief, with the average retail prices of rice and wheat up by almost 10% and 6%, respectively, from a year earlier. Additionally, the Indian Meteorological Department’s data as of July 14 showed that countrywide precipitation since June 1 was not only at a 2% deficit but also unevenly distributed. Eleven of India’s 36 meteorological sub-divisions were still classified as ‘deficient,’ having received 20%-59% less rainfall than the long-period average. Conclusion: With key food-growing areas like Punjab experiencing deficient rains, policymakers are faced with a challenging task in trying to curb the pace of inflation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 July 2024

CONTENTS Formation of Shadow Cabinet in Odisha Recent Trends in Immunisation and Digital Health Initiatives Last Universal Common Ancestor Ladla Bhai Yojana United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) Chagos Archipelago Formation of Shadow Cabinet in Odisha Context: The leader of the Opposition (LoP) and president of Biju Janata Dal (BJD) has recently established a ‘shadow cabinet’ consisting of 50 BJD Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in Odisha. This move follows the Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) recent electoral successes in the state and signifies a notable shift in the legislative dynamics. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is a Shadow Cabinet? Challenges Way Forward What is a Shadow Cabinet? Definition and Structure A shadow cabinet is a group of opposition members in the legislature who replicate the roles and responsibilities of the government ministers. Headed by the Leader of the Opposition (LoP), the shadow cabinet reviews and critiques the actions of the ruling government across various departments. Role in Governance Integral to parliamentary democracies, the shadow cabinet serves as a key mechanism for monitoring and challenging government policies. Originates from the Westminster system and is utilized in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Benefits Enhanced Expertise Opposition members gain specialized knowledge and skills by overseeing specific government ministries, enabling effective policy critique. Leadership Development Provides opposition members with leadership experience, preparing them for potential future ministerial positions based on their performance. Strengthening Democracy Promotes thorough examination of executive actions and ensures informed parliamentary debates. Offers a credible alternative to government policies, preventing rash legislative decisions. Challenges Coordination Difficulties In India’s multi-party system, unifying the shadow cabinet can be challenging due to diverse party priorities and ideologies. Limited Understanding Focus on specific ministries might restrict MPs’ overall comprehension of governance. However, periodic reshuffles can mitigate this issue. Recognition and Effectiveness The status and institutional recognition of the LoP and shadow cabinets vary, affecting their efficiency across different parliamentary sessions. Potential Implications for Indian Democracy Improved Oversight Institutionalizing a shadow cabinet can enhance parliamentary oversight, ensuring comprehensive debate and justification of legislative actions. Increased Public Trust By presenting coherent policy alternatives, the shadow cabinet can bolster public confidence in parliamentary processes and opposition parties. Policy-Focused Discourse Promotes a shift from personality-driven politics to more substantive policy debates, enriching governance discussions. International Examples United Kingdom The Shadow Cabinet is appointed by the Leader of the Opposition to mirror the Government’s Cabinet, with each member challenging their counterpart in the ruling Cabinet. Canada Opposition parties form shadow cabinets where members, known as critics, are responsible for the same policy areas as government ministers, reflecting a potential replacement scenario. Way Forward Formal Recognition While not legally mandated, Parliament could amend its rules to officially recognize the LoP and establish a formal shadow cabinet. Constitutional Amendment Consider amending the Constitution to formally recognize the LoP and the shadow cabinet, including provisions for their operational framework. Resource Allocation Allocate a budget for research staff and resources for the shadow cabinet to enhance policy analysis and development of alternatives. Appointment Based on Expertise Appoint shadow ministers based on their expertise and qualifications to ensure effective and constructive critique of government policies. -Source: The Hindu Recent Trends in Immunisation and Digital Health Initiatives Context: Recently released WHO and UNICEF estimates of national immunisation coverage (WUENIC) revealed a slight dip in childhood immunisation in 2023 compared to 2022. In another development, a quiet digital revolution is unfolding as part of the government’s pilot project to register pregnant women and children on U-Win. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of WUENIC What is U-WIN? Key Highlights of WUENIC Annual Review Process WHO and UNICEF annually assess immunisation coverage by reviewing reports from Member States, finalized surveys, and data from published and grey literature. Major Findings Global Immunisation Stagnation: In 2023, global immunisation efforts stalled, resulting in 2.7 million additional children being either unvaccinated or under-vaccinated compared to 2019. India’s Immunisation Trends: A slight decrease in childhood immunisation in India was noted in 2023 compared to 2022. Coverage of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) vaccines fell from 95% in 2022 to 93% in 2023. Zero-Dose Children: The number of zero-dose children in India increased to 1.6 million in 2023 from 1.1 million in 2022, though this is an improvement from the 2.73 million seen in 2021. DPT Vaccine Coverage: 91% of children received the third DPT dose in 2023, down from 93% in 2022 but above the global average of 84%. Under-Vaccinated Children: In 2023, 2.04 million children were under-vaccinated, slightly fewer than the 2.11 million in 2019. What is U-WIN? Purpose and Launch U-WIN is a digital initiative to modernize India’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), launched in a pilot phase following the success of the Co-WIN platform. Platform Features Comprehensive Registry: U-WIN will register and track every pregnant woman, newborn, and all vaccination events from birth doses onward. Data Management: It will serve as a central database for immunisation services, updating vaccination statuses, delivery outcomes, and providing detailed reports on antigen-wise coverage. Real-Time Data: Healthcare workers and programme managers will access real-time data on immunisation sessions and coverage, aiding in effective planning and distribution of vaccines. Beneficiary Services Vaccination Cards: Vaccine acknowledgement and immunisation cards linked to the ABHA ID (Ayushman Bharat Health Account) will be issued to pregnant women and children. Access and Documentation: States and districts will share a common database for tracking and vaccinating beneficiaries. Upon complete digitisation, beneficiaries will receive instant certificates, which can be downloaded and stored in digi-lockers. Surveillance and Planning The system will enhance surveillance, creating an evidence base for effective intervention planning and deployment. -Source: Indian Express Last Universal Common Ancestor Context: Recently, in a new study, scientists have said the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) could have formed just 300 million years after the earth formed. Relevance: Recent Key Highlights of Research Various Competing Theories of Life’s Origin Recent Key Highlights of Research About LUCA Hypothesis Researchers propose that bacteria, archaea, and eukarya originated from a single cell known as the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA). LUCA had a compact genome with approximately 2.5 million bases and 2,600 proteins, enabling its survival in a specific environment. LUCA’s metabolic activities may have fostered a secondary ecosystem for other microbes, and it possibly possessed immunity genes to combat viruses. Despite the lack of fossil evidence for LUCA, similarities across modern genomes provide valuable insights. The molecular clock theory has facilitated the reconstruction of the ‘tree of life’, which posits that the rate of mutations in genomes is consistent over time. Researchers use mutation rates and known evolutionary benchmarks, such as the evolution of the first mammal or fossil ages, to estimate the timing of evolutionary events. Fossil evidence from the Pilbara Craton in Australia suggests that early life forms may date back 3.4 billion years. Significance of Findings These discoveries are essential for understanding the origins and evolution of life on Earth. They have implications for searching for life elsewhere in the universe and for developing synthetic organisms for various applications on Earth. The insights may also aid in the creation and management of extraterrestrial ecosystems in the future. Various Competing Theories of Life’s Origin Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis Proposed by Alexander Oparin (1924) and John Haldane (1929), this theory suggests that early life forms arose from a “primordial soup” in the Earth’s early, prebiotic conditions. This hypothesis posits that simple organic molecules gradually self-organized into more complex structures. Miller-Urey Experiment Demonstrated that under simulated early Earth conditions, inorganic compounds could form complex organic compounds. The experiment involved mixing methane, ammonia, and water, and applying an electric current, which resulted in the production of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Panspermia Hypothesis Suggests that life’s building blocks may have been delivered to Earth via meteorites or comets. Evidence supporting this includes the discovery of extraterrestrial organic material and amino acids on asteroids. In 2019, French and Italian scientists reported finding 3.3 billion-year-old extraterrestrial organic material. Japan’s Hayabusa 2 mission to the asteroid Ryugu found more than 20 amino acids, supporting this hypothesis. -Source: The Hindu Ladla Bhai Yojana Context: The Ladla Bhai Yojana is a welfare scheme introduced by the Maharashtra government to provide financial assistance and skill development opportunities to male youth. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Ladla Bhai Yojana: Overview and Key Details Ladla Bhai Yojana: Overview and Key Details Introduction Purpose: The Ladla Bhai Yojana is a welfare initiative by the Maharashtra government designed to provide financial support and skill development to male youth. Inspiration: Modeled after the successful Ladli Behna Yojana for girls, this scheme aims to enhance educational and employment opportunities for young men. Budget: The scheme involves a substantial investment of Rs 5,500 crore. Goals Announcement: Chief Minister Eknath Shinde introduced the scheme during his visit to Vitthal temple in Pandharpur on Ashadhi Ekadashi. Objectives: Address unemployment and promote skill development among male students. Benefits Financial Support Based on Educational Qualifications: 12th Grade Pass: Monthly stipend of Rs 6,000. Diploma Holders: Monthly stipend of Rs 8,000. Graduates: Monthly stipend of Rs 10,000. One-Year Factory Apprenticeship: Practical Experience: Eligible youth will complete a one-year apprenticeship in factories. Enhancing Employability: Stipends will be provided during the apprenticeship to help gain proficiency in their fields. Eligibility Criteria For Youth: Age: 18 to 35 years. Educational Qualifications: Must have passed Class 12, hold an ITI or diploma, or be a graduate. Stipends: Rs 6,000 for Class 12 pass. Rs 8,000 for ITI/diploma holders. Rs 10,000 for graduates. For Employers: Location: Must operate in Maharashtra. Registration: Must be registered with the Skills, Employment, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation web portal. Duration: Established for at least three years. Certifications: Must be registered with EPF, ESIC, GST, DPIT, and Udyog Aadhaar. Incorporation: Must have a certificate of incorporation. Required Documents For Youth Applicants: Domicile Certificate Educational Qualification Certificate PAN Card Aadhaar Card Passport Size Photo Caste Certificate Income Certificate Mobile Number -Source: The Hindu United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) Context: Recently, India has released the first tranche of USD 2.5 million to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East as part of its annual contribution of USD 5 million for the year 2024-25. Relevance: GS II: International Relations United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) Overview Establishment: Created in 1949 by the UN General Assembly in response to the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Mandate: Provides aid and protection to Palestinian refugees displaced by the 1948 conflict and their descendants. Operational Areas: Gaza, the West Bank, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. Funding: Primarily funded through voluntary contributions from UN member states. Recent Efforts and Support Direct Relief and Work Programs: UNRWA has been assisting registered Palestinian refugees since 1950, focusing on education, healthcare, relief, and social services. Current Challenges: Continuing operations amidst the ongoing Israel-Hamas conflict in Gaza. India’s Contribution Financial Support: India has provided USD 35 million up to 2023-24 for UNRWA’s core programs and services. Additional Support: Includes provision of medicines as requested by the agency. -Source: Business Standards Chagos Archipelago Context: Recently, the external affairs minister said that India will continue supporting Mauritius on the issue of Chagos Archipelago in line with its stand on decolonization. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Chagos Archipelago Overview Chagos Archipelago Dispute Chagos Archipelago Overview Location and Geography Location: Central Indian Ocean, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south of the Indian subcontinent’s southern tip. Territory: An overseas territory of the United Kingdom, established on November 8, 1965. Key Islands: Diego Garcia: Houses a significant US military base. Danger Island Egmont Islands Eagle Islands Nelsons Island Peros Banhos Atoll Climate Type: Tropical marine climate. Characteristics: High temperatures and elevated humidity levels. Moderation: Climate is moderated by trade winds blowing across the islands. Chagos Archipelago Dispute Historical Context Claim: Britain and Mauritius both claimed the archipelago in 1814. US Military Base: In 1966, Britain leased Diego Garcia to the United States for a military base. Legal and Political Issues Chagossian Rights: The Chagossians, descendants of African slaves from the 18th century, have been fighting a legal battle to return to their homeland. Mauritius Claim: After gaining independence from Britain in 1968, Mauritius has consistently asserted its claim over the Chagos Islands. ICJ Ruling: In 2019, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the UK’s governance of the Chagos Islands was unlawful and called for its withdrawal from the archipelago. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 July 2024

CONTENTS BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ Retreat G7 (Group of Seven)  BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ Retreat Context: The 2nd Retreat of the Foreign Ministers of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) was held in New Delhi, amidst rising tensions and significant developments in Myanmar. India’s External Affairs Minister highlighted the importance of BIMSTEC addressing regional challenges internally, particularly in light of the recent setbacks faced by Myanmar’s military junta against various Ethnic Armed Organisations (EAOs). Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (Foreign Policies affecting India’s Interests, Important International groupings), Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ Retreat About BIMSTEC History of Formation of the BIMSTEC Significance of BIMSTEC Key Highlights of the BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ Retreat: Addressing Long-standing Goals: The meeting emphasized the need to prioritize capacity building and economic cooperation amidst current global and regional challenges. Impact of Myanmar Crisis: Discussions focused on the destabilizing impact of the Myanmar crisis on regional stability and developmental projects. The instability has disrupted various initiatives aimed at enhancing connectivity and cooperation among BIMSTEC countries. Humanitarian Aid Considerations: There were deliberations on the potential for humanitarian aid, with India’s current assistance focused on displaced populations and military personnel sheltering in Mizoram. Caution in Approach: India maintains a cautious stance, particularly concerning Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) controlling critical trade routes and territories near international borders. Cooperation on Countering Transnational Crimes: BIMSTEC countries, including India, reiterated their commitment to collaborate on combating transnational crimes such as cybercrime, narcotics trafficking, and illegal arms trade. About BIMSTEC The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation of seven nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia: Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Sri Lanka Myanmar (South-east Asia) Thailand (South-east Asia) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are the member states dependent on the Bay of Bengal. Its members lie in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity. BIMSTEC not only connects South and Southeast Asia, but also the ecologies of the Great Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Fourteen priority sectors of cooperation have been identified and several BIMSTEC centres have been established to focus on those sectors. The permanent secretariat of the BIMSTEC is in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The BIMSTEC uses the alphabetical order for the Chairmanship which has been taken in rotation commencing with Bangladesh (1997–1999). History of Formation of the BIMSTEC In 1997, a new sub-regional grouping was formed in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997 during a special Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, the Group was renamed ‘BIMST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). In 2004, at the first Summit the grouping was renamed as BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation. Significance of BIMSTEC BIMSTEC acts as a platform for intra-regional cooperation between SAARC and ASEAN members. Around one-fourth of the world’s traded goods cross the Bay of Bengal every year. Important Connectivity Projects related to BIMSTEC Kaladan Multimodal Project – links India and Myanmar. Asian Trilateral Highway – connecting India and Thailand through Myanmar. Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement – for seamless flow of passenger and cargo traffic. Strategic Significance for India BIMSTEC Enables India to pursue three core policies: Neighbourhood First- primacy to the country’s immediate periphery; Act East- connect India with Southeast Asia; and Economic development of India’s North Eastern states- by linking them to the Bay of Bengal region via Bangladesh and Myanmar. India has moved from Look East Policy to Act East Policy and Indo Pacific cooperation through its diaspora, culture and connectivity. This has led to India’s goodwill in the region. Allows India to counter China’s creeping influence in countries around the Bay of Bengal due to the spread of its Belt and Road Initiative. Physical connectivity with BIMSTEC would also help India integrate itself with ASEAN’s Master Plan of Connectivity 2025. A new platform for India to engage with its neighbours with South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) becoming dysfunctional because of differences between India and Pakistan. BIMSTEC suddenly received special attention as New Delhi chose to treat it as a more practical instrument for regional cooperation over a faltering SAARC. G7 (Group of Seven) Context: Union Minister of Commerce and Industry Shri Piyush Goyal holds meetings with counterparts at G7 Trade Ministers’ meet in Italy. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About G7 About G7: G7 stands for Group of Seven, which is an international intergovernmental economic organization consisting of seven member countries. The member countries are the United States, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. As of 2022, G7 countries make up 10% of the world’s population, 31% of the global GDP, and 21% of global carbon dioxide emissions. History: G7 was founded in 1975 as the G6, consisting of the six richest countries in the world at that time. Canada joined the group in 1976, and the group became known as the G7. The group meets annually to discuss global economic issues and make decisions that can affect the global economy. Objectives: The main objectives of G7 are to promote economic growth and stability, enhance international trade, and coordinate policies on economic issues among the member countries. The group also focuses on addressing global challenges such as climate change, cybersecurity, and geopolitical tensions. Meetings and decisions: G7 leaders meet annually at the G7 Summit to discuss global economic issues and coordinate policies. Decisions made by the G7 can have a significant impact on the global economy and international relations. The G7 also collaborates with other international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Criticism: The G7 has been criticized for being too exclusive, as it only includes the richest countries in the world and does not represent the interests of developing nations. Critics also argue that decisions made by the G7 can have negative consequences for developing countries and can perpetuate global economic inequality.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 July 2024

CONTENTS Choosing the Right Track to Cut Post-Harvest Losses Using Technology in Search of Jobs Choosing the Right Track to Cut Post-Harvest Losses Context: India is the world’s second-largest agricultural producer, but it ranks eighth in global agricultural exports, with only a 2.4% share. This disparity is due to factors like low productivity, failure to meet quality standards, and supply chain inefficiencies, including inadequate transportation and infrastructure, leading to significant post-harvest losses. Relevance: GS3- Storage, Transport and Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related Constraints E-technology in the aid of farmers Issues of Buffer Stocks and Food Security Mains Question: While increasing food production to meet the needs of India’s rising population is essential, preventing post-harvest losses is crucial. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Post- Harvest losses- Statistics: According to a 2022 study by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries, India’s post-harvest losses amount to approximately ₹1,52,790 crore annually. As the population grows, meeting the food and nutrition demands becomes increasingly challenging. While increasing food production is essential, preventing post-harvest losses is crucial. A closer examination reveals that perishable commodities experience the most significant losses: livestock produce such as eggs, fish, and meat (22%), fruits (19%), and vegetables (18%). During export, around 19% of perishable food is lost, especially at the import-country stage. Efficient storage, transportation, and marketing are critical for timely delivery to consumers. Strengthening agri-logistics is a priority identified by the Committee on Doubling Farmer’s Income (DFI). Factors Causing Post- Harvest Losses: Stages in the Supply-Chain: The supply chain involves multiple logistical stages, from initial transport from the farm to wholesale markets, long-haul transportation by rail, road, water, or air, to last-mile delivery to consumers. Perishable goods face time constraints post-harvest. The latest agriculture census shows that 86% of Indian farmers are small and marginal, struggling to achieve economies of scale due to small production volumes. The lack of assured market connectivity leads to post-harvest and income losses for farmers. Supply Constraints: Food price volatility in India is partly due to supply constraints affecting perishable produce. A NITI Aayog report notes that freight transport, including agricultural produce, drives 75% of the Indian Railways’ revenue. The Indian Railways connects urban centers and rural areas efficiently and is crucial for moving 90% of the Food Corporation of India’s food grains. However, about 97% of fruits and vegetables are transported by road. Initiatives by Indian Railways: Indian Railways has introduced several initiatives to enhance its freight operations for perishables. The truck-on-train service, which transports loaded trucks on railway wagons, is being expanded after successful trials with commodities like milk and cattle feed. During the COVID-19 pandemic, parcel special trains were introduced to transport perishables and seeds between markets and producers. To support small and marginal farmers (SMFs), the Kisan Rail was launched, connecting regions with surplus perishable production (including milk, meat, and fish) to consumption regions more efficiently. A study showed that the Kisan Rail scheme helped reduce post-harvest losses and increased farmer incomes. For instance, grape growers in Nashik, Maharashtra, earned a net profit of ₹5,000 per quintal by transporting around 22,000 quintals via Kisan Rail, demonstrating the benefits of rail-based long-haul transport for fruits and vegetables. Way Forward: Recent efforts by the Railways in the agricultural sector have shown promising results. However, there is a need to increase farmer awareness and accessibility to Railway schemes. Friends of Champions 12.3 India, a coalition of food supply chain actors powered by WRI India, identified challenges such as multiple touch points during the transport of perishables by Railways. Therefore, investing in specialized wagons for temperature-controlled transport and establishing rail-side facilities for safe cargo handling is crucial. This would enhance food safety by minimizing spoilage and contamination risks, supporting both domestic and export markets. The Doubling Farmer’s Income (DFI) committee recommends streamlining loading and unloading processes to reduce transit times and addressing staffing shortages through recruitment and training. Prioritizing railways over roadways, particularly for transporting fruits and vegetables, promises more efficient transportation. The Railways present a significant opportunity to reduce post-harvest losses, benefiting both livelihoods and the environment. According to the Logistics Division of the Ministry of Commerce, Indian Railways emits up to 80% less carbon dioxide for freight traffic compared to road transport. Conclusion: A systems-based approach is necessary, integrating various modes of transport and regions. The private sector can significantly enhance operational efficiency and strengthen rail infrastructure through public-private partnerships. The agriculture budget for 2024 aims to bridge the farm-to-market gap with modern infrastructure and value-addition support. These Railway initiatives complement such efforts by facilitating efficient transportation of perishable goods and minimizing post-harvest losses. Using Technology in Search of Jobs Context: Employment generation will remain a significant challenge for the current government in its third term, and the upcoming Union Budget is expected to address this issue. The growing number of young job seekers and the evolving economy, which requires fewer workers due to rapid technological advancements, complicate the situation. Relevance: GS3-              Mobilization of Resources Growth, Development and Employment Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it Mains Question: The growing number of young job seekers and the evolving economy, which requires fewer workers due to rapid technological advancements, complicate the situation of unemployment in the country. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). India’s Unemployment Rate: In 2023, India’s unemployment rate for individuals aged 15 and above dropped to 3.1%, the lowest in the past three years. This rate was 3.6% in 2022 and 4.2% in 2021. Female unemployment decreased to 3% in 2023 from 3.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2021. For males, it fell to 3.2% in 2023 from 3.7% in 2022 and 4.5% in 2021. Urban and Rural Unemployment: Urban unemployment reduced to 5.2% in 2023 from 5.9% in 2022 and 6.5% in 2021. Rural unemployment decreased to 2.4% in 2023 from 2.8% in 2022 and 3.3% in 2021. The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in Current Weekly Status (CWS) for individuals aged 15 and above in urban areas rose to 56.2% in 2023, up from 52.8% in 2022 and 51.8% in 2021. Relevant Studies: Recent studies have highlighted the severity of this challenge. The Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) indicates that only 21% of total establishments used the internet for entrepreneurial activities. The survey, echoing a previous International Labour Organisation (ILO) report, notes that the unincorporated non-agricultural economy employed about 11 crore workers from October 2022 to September 2023, up from 9.8 crore workers during 2021-22. The ILO’s India Employment Report also warned that manufacturing employment remained stagnant at around 12%-14%, and the slow transition of jobs from agriculture to non-agriculture sectors reversed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A Citigroup report similarly stated that the current rate of job creation is insufficient to meet future demand. The ASUSE also found that ‘Other Services’ contributed the most to total employment (36.45%), followed by ‘trading’ (35.61%) and ‘manufacturing’ (27.94%). Various Periodic Labour Force Surveys noted that 45.76% of the total workforce was engaged in agriculture and allied sectors during 2022-23. Government Initiatives and Proposals: While the government cannot instantly change the employment situation, it can explore potential solutions. The Swadeshi Jagran Manch has called for a robot tax and incentives for job creation in the Budget. Trade unions have requested the government to convene the long-pending Indian Labour Conference. Union Labour Minister Mansukh Mandaviya’s decision to engage with trade unions is a positive step, but stronger measures beyond the Labour Codes are needed to prevent job losses and create new jobs. Technological innovations should aim to reduce people’s workload rather than hinder their livelihoods. To industrialize agricultural production, the government should consider increased public and cooperative investment to create more jobs and ease the burden on farmers.  In designing a growth model centered on job creation, the government should involve the private and public sectors, labor unions, states, and political parties. Conclusion: Recent global experiences indicate that economic growth without employment growth can lead to social and political unrest. Addressing the problem honestly is a good starting point for developing effective mitigative measures.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 July 2024

CONTENTS Reconstitution of NITI Aayog India’s Manufacturing Opportunity with China Plus One Strategy National Clean Air Programme PM SHRI Schools Bhojshala Complex Chandipura Virus Infection ASMITA Project Reconstitution of NITI Aayog Context: The Centre has reconstituted the NITI Aayog, incorporating 15 union ministers, including members from NDA allies and four full-time members, into the government think-tank. This reconstitution follows recent changes in the council of ministers, reflecting a renewed focus on policy-making and strategic planning. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About NITI Aayog NITI Aayog – Seven Pillars of Effective Governance Related Concerns and Challenges: Performance of NITI Aayog NITI Aayog: Promoting Federalism Reconstitution of NITI Aayog About NITI Aayog The NITI Aayog serves as the apex public policy think tank of the GoI. It was established in 2015, by the NDA government, to replace the Planning Commission which followed a top-down model. It advises both the centre and states on social and economic issues. It is neither a constitutional body nor a statutory body but the outcome of an executive resolution. It was not created by the act of parliament. It has two Hubs. Team India Hub acts as interface between States and Centre. Knowledge and Innovation Hub builds the think-tank acumen of NITI Aayog. Composition: Chairperson: Prime minister Vice-Chairperson: To be appointed by Prime-Minister Governing Council: Chief Ministers of all states and Lt. Governors of Union Territories. Regional Council: To address specific regional issues, Comprising Chief Minister and Lt. Governors Chaired by the Prime Minister or his nominee. Ad-hoc Membership: Two members in ex-officio capacity from leading Research institutions on a rotational. Ex-Officio membership: Maximum four from the Union council of ministers to be nominated by the Prime Minister. Chief Executive Officer: Appointed by the Prime-minister for a fixed tenure, in the rank of Secretary to Government of India. Special Invitees: Experts, Specialists with domain knowledge nominated by the Prime Minister. Objectives: To generate a platform for national development, sectors and strategies with the collaboration of states and centre. To boost the factor of cooperative federalism between the centre and the states. For national development, it is necessary for both wings to work in synergy. To develop such mechanisms which work at the ground root level for progressive growth. A nation develops when its regions and states develop. To work on long term policies and strategies for long-term development. To set up a system for monitoring progress so that it can be used for analysing and improving methods. To provide a platform for resolving inter-departmental issues amicably. To make it a platform where the programmes, strategies, and schemes can be monitored on a day to day basis, and it could be understood which sector needs more resources to develop. To upgrade technological advancements in such a manner that focus can be made on initiatives and programmes. To ensure India’s level and ranking at the worldwide level and to make India an actively participating nation. To progress from food security towards nutrition and standardised meals and focus on agricultural production. To make use of more technology to avoid misadventures and corruption in governance. To make the working system more transparent and accountable. NITI Aayog – Seven Pillars of Effective Governance NITI Aayog works on principles like Antyodaya (upliftment of poor), inclusion (to include all sections under one head), people participation, and so on. NITI Aayog is a body that follows seven pillars of governance. They are: To look after pro-people agenda so that the aspirations and desires of no one are compromised. To respond and work on the needs of citizens. Make citizens of the nation involve and participate in various streams. To empower women in all fields, be it social, technical, economic, or other. To include all sects and classes under one head. To give special attention to marginalised and minority groups. To provide equal opportunity for the young generation. To make the working of government more accountable and transparent. It will ensure less chance of corruption and malpractices. Related Concerns and Challenges: NITI Aayog has no powers in granting discretionary funds to states, which renders it toothless to undertake a transformational intervention. It acts as an advisory body only that advises the government on various issues without ensuring the enforceability of its ideas. NITI Aayog has no role in influencing private or public investment. Politicization of the organization has been in recent times. NITI Aayog has been transformed into a glorified recommendatory body which lacks the requisite power to bring positive change in the government’s actions. Performance of NITI Aayog Action Tank Role: NITI Aayog functions as an “action tank,” collecting and disseminating new ideas to ensure proactive governance and minimize bureaucratic inertia. Innovation and Atal Innovation Mission: The Atal Innovation Mission, under NITI Aayog, has significantly enhanced India’s innovation ecosystem by fostering entrepreneurial spirit and supporting startups. Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO): DMEO collects real-time performance data from various ministries, enhancing accountability and enabling evidence-based policy decisions at the highest levels. Key Initiatives: Ayushman Bharat: Conceptualized by NITI Aayog, Ayushman Bharat aims to provide healthcare access to all. It exemplifies NITI’s role in policy formulation. Water Conservation: Initiatives under NITI Aayog focus on sustainable water management, crucial for India’s agricultural and environmental sustainability. Artificial Intelligence: NITI Aayog has spearheaded India’s approach towards leveraging AI for socio-economic development. POSHAN Abhiyaan: NITI Aayog’s POSHAN Abhiyaan addresses child malnutrition by coordinating efforts across ministries, illustrating its role in breaking bureaucratic silos. NITI Aayog: Promoting Federalism Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog fosters cooperative federalism by facilitating direct interaction between states and central ministries, expediting issue resolution. Regional councils like the North East Forum and Himalayan States Regional Council promote regional development. Competitive Federalism: NITI Aayog promotes competitive federalism through sectoral indices and initiatives like the Aspirational Districts Program, fostering governance competition among states. Best practices emerging from these programs are scaled up and replicated, enhancing governance at grassroots levels. Reconstitution of NITI Aayog Expansion and Inclusivity: The recent reconstitution of NITI Aayog expanded the special invitees and included ministers from allied parties, promoting broader consultation and inclusivity in policy formulation. Key Post Holders: Prime Minister Narendra Modi continues as the Chairperson, with economist Suman K. Bery as Vice Chairperson. Scientist V K Saraswat, agricultural economist Ramesh Chand, paediatrician V K Paul and macro-economist Arvind Virmani will also continue to be full-time members of the government think-tank. BVR Subrahmanyam will also remain the CEO. The four ex-officio members will be: Union Ministers Rajnath Singh (Defence), Amit Shah (Home), Shivraj Singh Chouhan (Agriculture) and Nirmala Sitharaman (Finance). -Source: The Hindu India’s Manufacturing Opportunity with China Plus One Strategy Context: India is well-positioned to leverage the China Plus One strategy to attract global manufacturing investments. While China maintains strong export capabilities, India’s large domestic market, affordable talent pool, and significant growth potential present it as a compelling alternative for global investors. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Overview of China+1 Strategy Opportunities for India to Attract Foreign Investment Factors Hindering India’s Competitiveness Way Forward Overview of China+1 Strategy The “China+1” strategy refers to a global trend where companies diversify their manufacturing and supply chains by establishing operations in countries other than China. Here’s a detailed overview of this strategy and India’s opportunities to attract foreign investment: Background: Historical Dependence: China has been termed the “World’s Factory” due to its advantageous factors of production and robust business ecosystem, attracting global manufacturing entities since the 1990s. Recent Challenges: The Covid-19 pandemic highlighted vulnerabilities in global supply chains centered around China, exacerbated by China’s zero-Covid policy and resulting industrial lockdowns. Evolution: Adoption of China-Plus-One: Many companies are adopting a “China-Plus-One” strategy to mitigate risks associated with over-reliance on China. This involves establishing manufacturing bases in other Asian countries like India, Vietnam, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Malaysia. Opportunities for India to Attract Foreign Investment Demographic Advantage: India’s youthful population (28.4% under 30 in 2023) presents a dynamic workforce and growing consumer market, stimulating consumption, savings, and investments. This demographic dividend enhances India’s attractiveness as a potential multi-trillion dollar economy. Cost Competitiveness: Labour and Capital Costs: India offers lower labour and capital costs compared to competitors like Vietnam, with manufacturing wages 47% lower than China’s average. Infrastructure Investment: The National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) aims to reduce manufacturing costs by improving logistics, making India’s production sector highly competitive. Policy Support: Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Introduced to boost domestic manufacturing across various sectors by providing financial incentives. Tax Reforms and FDI Norms: Relaxed regulations and tax reforms create a conducive business environment for foreign investors. Ease of Doing Business: Initiatives under the Make in India campaign promote ease of doing business, further attracting foreign investments. Digital Advantage: India’s large internet user base (870 million as of January 2024, 61% of the population) and access to global tech giants provide a digital advantage, especially compared to China’s restricted digital environment. Geopolitical Strategy: Sub-regional Partnerships: Initiatives like the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the UAE aim to diversify trade and reduce dependence on China, enhancing bilateral trade prospects. Global Engagements: Strategic Groupings: Participation in QUAD and bilateral agreements strengthen economic ties, facilitate technology transfer, finance, and market access. Leadership Roles: India’s involvement in G20 and SCO allows it to influence global trade policies and trends. Large Domestic Market: India’s massive domestic market of 1.3 billion people with rising incomes provides a strong foundation for sustained economic growth and increased global trade, offering a viable alternative to China. Factors Hindering India’s Competitiveness India faces several challenges that hinder its competitiveness in the global manufacturing landscape: Complex Regulatory Environment: Bureaucratic hurdles and inconsistent policy implementation deter both domestic and foreign investors. Regulatory uncertainty adds to the complexity of doing business in India. Manufacturing Challenges: High Input Costs: Including raw materials, labour, and capital, which affect cost competitiveness. Infrastructure Deficit: Inadequate transportation, logistics, and energy infrastructure increase operational costs and reduce efficiency. Skilled Labour Shortage: The manufacturing sector faces challenges in finding skilled workers, impacting productivity and quality. Labour Laws: Restrictive labour laws in the organised sector hinder flexibility and discourage job creation. Tax Regime: Complex and multiplicative indirect tax structure increases the cost of compliance and doing business. Land Acquisition Issues: Cumbersome land acquisition processes delay industrial projects and escalate costs. Education System: The education system often fails to produce graduates with the skills required by the modern economy, particularly in technical and vocational fields. Corruption: Corruption erodes investor confidence, increases transaction costs, and creates an uneven playing field. Way Forward To enhance India’s competitiveness and attract more manufacturing investments, the following steps are crucial: Incentives and Subsidies: Offer attractive incentives and subsidies, such as tax benefits, land subsidies, and infrastructure support, particularly in key sectors like electronics, automotive, and pharmaceuticals. Regulatory Reforms: Streamline regulatory processes, reduce bureaucratic hurdles, and simplify labour laws, land acquisition procedures, and environmental clearances to improve ease of doing business. Industrial Clusters: Develop dedicated industrial clusters or manufacturing hubs with world-class infrastructure, including plug-and-play facilities, common testing centres, and shared logistics infrastructure. Skills Development: Strengthen vocational training programs and collaborate with industry to develop a skilled workforce aligned with the needs of the manufacturing sector. Promote STEM education and upskill the existing workforce to meet the demands of high-tech manufacturing. Infrastructure Development: Invest in modern and efficient transportation networks (roads, railways, ports, airports) to improve connectivity and reduce logistics costs. Ensure reliable and adequate supply of power, water, and other essential utilities. Trade Agreements: Negotiate and sign free trade agreements (FTAs) with key trading partners to enhance market access for Indian exports, simplify import-export procedures, and reduce tariffs. Research and Development (R&D): Encourage public-private partnerships in R&D to foster innovation in manufacturing technologies and processes. Provide incentives for companies to establish R&D centres and collaborate with academic institutions. -Source: The Hindu National Clean Air Programme Context: The review of air quality improvement action plans of 131 cities is likely to be held by the Government this month as part of the Centre’s 100-day agenda. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: News Summary About National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) Challenges Faced by NCAP Recommendations News Summary The Indian Government plans to conduct a review of air quality improvement action plans in 131 cities as part of its 100-day agenda. This follows a recent meeting of the NCAP monitoring committee to assess progress in 82 cities. An upcoming meeting of the NCAP steering committee, chaired by the secretary of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), will focus on actions taken by city administrations. Key areas of review include dust control, electric vehicle charging stations, public transport enhancement, waste management, and urban greening. The Ministry’s review aims to ensure efficient utilization of funds, especially amidst scrutiny by the National Green Tribunal over the NCAP’s fund allocation. Recent submissions to the tribunal revealed expenditures on non-essential projects like football grounds, water fountains, and desludging machines. About National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) Initiative: Launched in January 2019 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) to combat air pollution in India. Objective: NCAP aims to achieve a 40% reduction in particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations by 2026 compared to 2017 levels. Focus Areas: Targets 131 non-attainment cities where air quality standards are consistently exceeded. Customized action plans address local sources of pollution such as vehicular emissions, industrial discharges, construction dust, and waste burning. Key Features: Strengthening air quality monitoring with more stations and real-time data. Enhanced enforcement of air quality regulations. Public awareness campaigns on health impacts and community involvement. Promotion of cleaner technologies and practices across sectors. Coordination among government departments for integrated pollution control. Financial incentives for clean technologies and subsidies. Funding allocation to support state and municipal action plans. Emphasis on scientific research and collaboration for innovative pollution control solutions. PRANA Portal: Monitors the implementation of NCAP and facilitates data-driven decision-making. Challenges Faced by NCAP Uneven Fund Utilization: Despite substantial funding, only 60% of allocated funds have been used on average. Cities like Visakhapatnam and Bengaluru have spent minimal amounts (0% and 1%, respectively), highlighting inefficiencies in fund utilization. Delays in Approvals: Significant delays in obtaining necessary approvals hinder the timely execution of planned initiatives, such as procurement of mechanical sweepers and electric buses, crucial for pollution control measures. Lack of Standardized Procedures: The absence of standardized procedures for implementing NCAP measures leads to inconsistencies and delays in executing clean air initiatives across different cities. Bureaucratic Red Tape: Bureaucratic processes complicate the implementation process, slowing down effective action against pollution despite allocated resources. Skepticism and Efficacy of Measures: Skepticism persists about the effectiveness of certain measures, such as outdoor smog towers, especially following findings questioning their efficacy. This uncertainty impacts decision-making and hampers swift action. Incomplete Emissions Inventory and Source Apportionment Studies: Only 37% of cities have completed Emissions Inventory (EI) and Source Apportionment (SA) studies. These studies are crucial for identifying specific pollution sources and designing effective Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs). Recommendations Effective Use of EI and SA Data: Cities must utilize Emissions Inventory and Source Apportionment data effectively to pinpoint pollutants accurately and plan targeted mitigation strategies. Increasing the completion rate of these studies is essential. Comprehensive Pollution Control Strategies: Develop comprehensive strategies that address both primary and secondary pollutants, considering the specific pollution sources identified through EI and SA studies. Adoption of Decision-Support Systems: Encourage more cities to adopt decision-support systems for air quality forecasting, as seen in cities like Delhi, Pune, Mumbai, and Ahmedabad. These systems improve real-time monitoring and enable proactive pollution control measures. Streamlined Implementation: Simplify technical and financial planning processes as integral parts of initial strategy formulation to expedite implementation of NCAP measures. -Source: Indian Express PM SHRI Schools Context: As per a report published by Indian Express, The Education Ministry has stopped funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), to Delhi, Punjab and West Bengal because of their reluctance to participate in the Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI) scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About PM SHRI Schools Key features Aim About PM SHRI Schools: This will be a new centrally sponsored scheme for upgradation and development of more than 14,500 Schools across the country by strengthening the selected existing schools from amongst schools managed by Central Government/ State/ UT Government/ local bodies. PM SHRI Schools will showcase all components of the National Education Policy 2020 and act as exemplar schools and also offer mentorship to other schools in their vicinity. Implementation strategy PM SHRI Schools would be implemented through the existing administrative structure available for Samagra Shiksha, KVS & NVS. The other autonomous bodies would be involved on specific project basis as required. These schools shall be monitored vigorously to assess progress and understand the challenges faced in implementation of National Education Policy 2020. Beneficiaries More than 18 lakh students are expected to be direct beneficiaries of the scheme. Futher impact will be generated through the mentoring and handholding of the schools in vicinity of PM SHRI schools. Key features  PM SHRI will provide high-quality education in an equitable, inclusive and joyful school environment that takes care of the diverse background, multilingual needs, and different academic abilities of children and makes them active participants in their own learning process as per the vision of NEP 2020. It will provide leadership to other schools in their respective regions by providing mentorship. The PM SHRI  Schools will be developed as Green schools, incorporating environment friendly aspects like solar panels and LED lights, nutrition gardens with natural farming, waste management, plastic free, water conservation and harvesting, study of traditions/practices related to protection of environment, climate change related hackathon and awareness generation to adopt sustainable lifestyle. Pedagogy adopted in these schools will be more experiential, holistic, integrated, play/toy-based inquiry-driven, discovery-oriented, learner-centred, discussion-based, flexible and enjoyable. Focus will be on learning outcomes of every child in every grade. Assessment at all levels will be based on conceptual understanding and application of knowledge to real life situations and will be competency-based. Assessment of the resources available and their effectiveness in terms of availability, adequacy, appropriateness, and utilisation for each of the domains and their key performance indicators will be done and gaps will be filled in a systematic and planned manner. Linkage with Sector Skill Councils and local industry for enhancing employability and providing better employment opportunities will be explored. A School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) is being developed, specifying the key performance indicators to measure outcomes. Quality evaluation of these schools at regular interval will be undertaken to ensure the desired standards. Aim: The aim of these schools will not only be qualitative teaching, learning and cognitive development, but also creating holistic and well-rounded individuals equipped with key 21st century skills. They will provide leadership in their respective regions in providing high-quality education in an equitable, inclusive and joyful school environment that takes care of the diverse background, multilingual needs, and different academic abilities of children and makes them active participants in their own learning process as per the vision of NEP 2020. -Source: Indian Express Bhojshala Complex Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has reported that the current structure at the Bhojshala complex was built using the remains of an earlier temple at the site. This conclusion was drawn from a scientific survey conducted by the ASI. Relevance: GS I: History Overview of the Bhojshala Complex: Location: Situated in the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. Founder: Constructed in 1034 AD by Raja Bhoja, a prominent ruler of the Paramara dynasty (1000-1055 AD). Educational Institution: Functioned as a university where subjects such as music, Sanskrit, astronomy, yoga, Ayurveda, and philosophy were taught. Historical Significance: Early Attacks: In 1305 AD, Alauddin Khilji launched the first attack on the complex. Conversion Attempt: In 1514 AD, Mehmudshah Khilji II attempted to convert the complex into a dargah, encroaching on land outside the Saraswati Temple and building the ‘Kamal Moulana’ Makbara. Inscriptions and Artifacts: Prakrit Hymns: Engraved hymns in the Prakrit language depict the Karmavatar, the crocodile incarnation of Vishnu. Sarpabandha Pillar Inscriptions: Includes inscriptions detailing the Sanskrit alphabet, and the declensions of ten tenses and moods of Sanskrit grammar. Recognition and Protection: Declared Monument of National Importance: In 1951, under the Ancient and Historical Monument and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951. Current Protection: Managed and protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958. -Source: The Hindu Chandipura Virus Infection Context: 6 children die of suspected Chandipura virus infection in Gujarat. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Chandipura Virus Infection (CHPV) Chandipura Virus Infection (CHPV): Virus Classification: CHPV belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family, which also includes rabies virus (lyssavirus). Vectors: Transmitted primarily by sandflies like Phlebotomine sandflies and Phlebotomus papatasi, and certain mosquito species including Aedes aegypti (also vector for dengue). Transmission: The virus resides in the salivary glands of these insects and can be transmitted to humans and other vertebrates through bites. Pathogenesis: Enters the central nervous system, causing encephalitis (inflammation of the brain’s active tissues). Symptoms: Initially presents with flu-like symptoms such as sudden onset of fever, body ache, and headache. Progresses to altered mental status, seizures, and encephalitis. Other symptoms include respiratory distress, bleeding tendencies, and anemia. Rapid disease progression, with mortality possible within 24-48 hours of hospitalization post-encephalitis. Demographics: Primarily affects children under 15 years of age. Treatment: Currently managed symptomatically; no specific antiviral therapy or vaccine available. Affected Regions in India: First isolated during investigations of a dengue/chikungunya outbreak in Maharashtra in 1965. Significant outbreaks observed in 2003-04 in Maharashtra, northern Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh. Endemic to central India, where the population of sandflies and mosquitoes capable of spreading CHPV is higher. -Source: Indian Express ASMITA Project Context: The Ministry of Education and the University Grants Commission (UGC) recently unveiled the ASMITA Project, aimed at bolstering the availability of educational resources in Indian languages. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: About ASMITA Project About ASMITA Project: Initiative Overview: ASMITA (Augmenting Study Materials in Indian Languages through Translation and Academic Writing) aims to develop 22,000 books in Indian languages over the next five years. Collaboration: Joint effort by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and Bharatiya Bhasha Samiti, a committee under the Ministry of Education. Objective: Promote deeper integration of Indian languages into the education system, enhancing inclusivity and enriching the learning experience. Strategic Focus: Part of a broader strategy to improve accessibility and quality of educational materials across diverse Indian languages. Implementation Framework: Thirteen nodal universities have been designated to spearhead the project, with participation from member universities across different regions. UGC has established a comprehensive Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the book-writing process in each assigned language. Includes steps such as appointing nodal officers and authors, title and subject allocation, manuscript writing and editing, submission, review, plagiarism check, finalization, designing, proofreading, and e-publication. -Source: Indian Today  

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 July 2024

CONTENTS Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas: A Reminder of Constitutional Undermining  Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas: A Reminder of Constitutional Undermining Context: The declaration of 25th June as Samvidhaan Hatya Diwas serves as a poignant reminder of the period when the Constitution of India was undermined, particularly during the Emergency imposed in 1975. This observance reflects on the significance of safeguarding democratic values and constitutional integrity. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key points What is an Emergency? How Many Times Emergency was Imposed in India? Key points The Prime Minister’s recent emphasis on commemorating the Emergency underscores its significance in India’s democratic history. Here are key points about the Emergency and its implications: Period of Emergency: It lasted from 25th June 1975 to 21st March 1977, during which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s government utilized constitutional provisions to impose significant changes. Centralization of Power: The Emergency centralized authority, granting the Union government extensive control over state governments, essentially creating a unitary system. National Emergency Declarations: India has declared National Emergencies three times: The first from 1962 to 1968 during the India-China war. The second in 1971 during the Indo-Pakistan war. The third from 1975 to 1977 due to political instability, known for its severe curtailment of civil liberties. Historical Context: This period was marked by curtailments of fundamental rights, censorship, and political repression, significantly impacting the nation’s democratic fabric. Educational Significance: The day serves to educate citizens about their rights under the Constitution and the importance of safeguarding democracy against such excesses in the future. What is an Emergency? Definition: An emergency refers to legal provisions within a nation’s constitution or laws that allow the government to act swiftly in response to extraordinary circumstances like war, rebellion, or crises threatening the nation’s stability, security, sovereignty, or democracy. Articles: These provisions are detailed in Articles 352 to 360 under Part XVIII of the Constitution. Inspiration: The emergency clauses in the Indian Constitution are influenced by the Weimar Constitution of Germany. Significance: These provisions grant the executive branch temporary powers to bypass standard legislative procedures, restrict certain rights and freedoms, and implement policies that would usually be outside its jurisdiction under normal circumstances. Types of Emergency in the Indian Constitution National Emergency (Article 352): Conditions: Under Article 352, the President can declare a state of emergency if the nation’s security is threatened by war, external aggression (External Emergency), or armed rebellion (Internal Emergency). The term ‘armed rebellion’ was introduced by the 44th amendment, replacing ‘internal disturbance’. Powers: The declaration allows the executive to suspend fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and 21) and take necessary actions to manage the crisis. Approval: The proclamation must be approved by both houses of Parliament within one month. If issued when the Lok Sabha is dissolved, it survives until 30 days after the first sitting of the reconstituted Lok Sabha, with Rajya Sabha’s approval. Duration: Once approved, the emergency can last for six months and be extended indefinitely with six-monthly parliamentary approvals by a special majority. Revocation: The President can revoke the emergency without parliamentary approval, but it must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority. Scope: The proclamation can apply to the entire country or a specific part, as allowed by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. State Emergency or President Rule (Article 356): Imposition Examples: Maharashtra (2019): Imposed for a short period due to political uncertainty post-assembly elections. Uttarakhand (2020): Imposed briefly due to a political crisis involving a floor test. Uttar Pradesh (1991-1992): Following the assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and ensuing instability. Punjab (1987-1992): Due to heightened militancy and internal disturbances. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court, in cases like S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) and Rameshwar Prasad vs Union of India (2006), has set guidelines for the use of Article 356, establishing that imposing President’s Rule is subject to judicial review. The President’s satisfaction must be based on relevant material, and the State Legislative Assembly should only be dissolved after Parliament’s approval. Financial Emergency (Article 360): Conditions: The President can declare a financial emergency if the financial stability or credit of India or any part is threatened. Powers: During such an emergency, the President can reduce the salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons in civil services, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The central government also gains control over state financial resources. Approval: The proclamation must be approved by both houses of Parliament within two months. If not approved, it ceases to have effect. The President can revoke or vary the proclamation at any time. History: Unlike national and state emergencies, a financial emergency has never been proclaimed in India. How Many Times Emergency was Imposed in India? Occurrences: National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India: Indo-China War (1962): Declared due to “external aggression” during the Sino-Indian War. Indo-Pak War (1971): Imposed on grounds of “external aggression” during the Indo-Pakistani War. 1975-1977: The most controversial, declared due to “internal disturbance” amidst political unrest, leading to significant suspension of civil liberties.  

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 July 2024

CONTENTS NATO: A Legacy of Conflict and Controversy India’s Hunt for Critical Minerals NATO: A Legacy of Conflict and Controversy Context: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), often criticized as one of the most notorious military alliances in history, marked its 75th anniversary in Washington recently, claiming to establish global peace. However, NATO’s actions have frequently resulted in spreading conflict across continents in its quest for supremacy. Relevance: GS2- Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests Mains Question: With reference to the 75th anniversary of NATO seen recently, analyse the evolution of its role in global geopolitics over the years. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Recent Developments: Following a poor performance in the presidential debate, President Joe Biden announced increased military aid to Ukraine, targeting their ‘designated enemy’ at the cost of this small European nation. NATO’s goals are evident: to weaken Russia through proxy wars and to provoke China into potential conflict in Asia. Finding examples where NATO has genuinely ensured peaceful lives for ordinary people, rather than pursuing its broader goal of supremacy through alliances, is challenging. NATO’s bombing campaign in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: While NATO celebrated its 75th anniversary, mainstream media largely overlooked the 25th anniversary of NATO’s intervention in Yugoslavia—a significant failure of this war-driven alliance. June 10 marked the 25th anniversary of the end of NATO’s bombing campaign in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which began without UN Security Council approval and lasted 78 days. NATO dropped 22,000 tonnes of bombs, including 15 tonnes of depleted uranium, causing over 2,500 deaths, including 79 children, and displacing over a million residents. The aftermath involved significant long-term health and environmental impacts from depleted uranium munitions. In the ten years following the bombing, around 30,000 people in Serbia developed cancer, leading to over 10,000 deaths. Research indicates higher cancer rates and other serious health issues among children born after 1999. Three thousand victims have sued NATO, even though the alliance claims immunity based on agreements with Serbia and Montenegro. Serbian experts contest NATO’s claim of immunity, arguing that no agreements shield NATO from accountability for past war crimes. NATO’s efforts to avoid responsibility only underscore its war crimes and the suffering it caused. Since its founding, NATO’s military actions have often resulted in chaos and trauma rather than peace and stability. The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina: From April 1992 to December 1995, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina erupted among its three main ethnic groups over future and territorial divisions. Shortly before the conflict began, NATO hastily recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina’s independence, worsening ethnic tensions in the region. NATO conducted extensive airstrikes against Bosnian Serbs, ultimately forcing the three ethnic groups to sign the Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This conflict resulted in 278,000 civilian deaths, over 2 million refugees, and more than £5.1 billion in direct economic losses, with most economic infrastructure destroyed. The Kosovo War: The Kosovo War, driven by ethnic tensions and led by the US-backed NATO without UN authorization, lasted from March 24, 1999, to June 10, 1999. The three-month bombing campaign caused 1,800 civilian deaths, 6,000 injuries, and significant infrastructure damage, amounting to economic losses of £150 billion. This marked NATO’s first offensive war against a sovereign state without UN approval, signifying a shift towards interventionism and expansionism. NATO’s actions violated international law, including the UN Charter and the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, by using force against Belgrade. Despite this, no NATO member has been held fully accountable for their actions, in contrast to the swift executions of leaders like Saddam Hussein of Iraq and the extrajudicial killing of Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, famously remarked on by former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton: “We came, we saw, he died.” Afghanistan and NATO: In Afghanistan, the US-led NATO coalition initiated a war against al-Qaida and the Taliban on October 7, 2001, following the September 11 attacks. This two-decade conflict ended suddenly with the withdrawal of US and NATO forces in May 2021, leading to 241,000 deaths, including 71,000 civilians, and displacing millions. The war inflicted significant economic damage, costing around £45 million per day, and caused social upheaval in Afghanistan, with 72% of the population now living below the poverty line and 3.5 million children lacking access to education. A recent UNICEF report, released on Monday, highlighted disturbing statistics: over 24% of Afghan children aged 5-17 suffer from anxiety, and 15% experience depression in the war-torn nation. This is the aftermath left by those who promised to establish a peaceful life under a rule-based system rooted in democratic principles. During this period, terrorist organizations like the East Turkestan Islamic Movement and Al-Qaeda expanded, exacerbating regional instability. This destructive pattern continued in Iraq and Libya, where NATO interventions led to significant civilian casualties and prolonged turmoil. NATO’s Strategy in Ukraine: NATO’s actions consistently undermined peace and security, tarnishing its reputation as a force for war rather than peace. However, in Ukraine, NATO faces disarray, having underestimated Russia’s determination to protect its interests while overestimating its ability to expand its military alliance to Moscow’s doorstep. The strategy of arming Ukraine for a swift victory has backfired, with Russia proving resilient in defense. As the conflict persists, NATO member states grapple with rising costs and inflationary debt, while Ukraine depletes its fighting-age soldiers. Western leaders deeply involved in the conflict face diminishing public confidence in Ukraine’s capability to retake territories without escalating the conflict and potentially involving NATO troops—a move lacking popular support. In recent months, Russia has made incremental territorial gains, advancing in Kharkiv Oblast and forcing Ukrainian forces to retreat from neighborhoods like ChasivYar, Donetsk. However, the lack of significant progress has raised doubts about Russia’s capabilities. While Ukraine struggles to hold the frontline, it has targeted Russian ships, energy depots, and border regions with drones, resulting in casualties. Two and a half years into the conflict, neither side appears capable of achieving a military resolution. Ukraine faces formidable challenges in reclaiming captured territories, while Russia’s aggression has strengthened NATO’s resolve, which now pledges long-term support for Kyiv. A viable resolution necessitates bringing both parties to the negotiating table. China and India have expressed support for dialogue. Russia’s allies should urge President Vladimir Putin to halt hostilities and engage sincerely in negotiations, while Ukraine’s allies should encourage Kyiv to consider peace talks—despite NATO’s strong opposition to this idea. The Status Quo: Historians may view the US-led NATO expansion as a strategic misstep that spurred the formation of an alliance among BRICS nations to counter NATO. The summit’s news highlighted NATO and its Indo-Pacific partners—Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand—launching four joint projects aimed at enhancing cooperation, announced by US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan at the NATO Defence Industry Forum. Amidst the commemoration of this military alliance, Asia faces the challenge of protecting its position against a coalition adept at using proxies to achieve its goals, echoing historical patterns. Conclusion: Asia’s imperative now is to nurture strong trade relationships and resolve territorial disputes through constructive dialogue, preempting external interference. History presents a clear choice: either succumb to foreign ambitions, reminiscent of post-World War II tragedies and subsequent conflicts from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and West Asia to present-day conflicts in Afghanistan, Libya, and Syria, or prosper together in dignified coexistence. The path to a peaceful future hinges on a unified commitment to peace and rejection of NATO and its proxies. India’s Hunt for Critical Minerals Context: In late June, the Centre announced the winners of mining rights for six critical mineral blocks, including graphite, phosphorite, and lithium, minerals which India mainly imports. These are the first private entities to be granted such rights under the updated Mines and Minerals law. Relevance: GS1- Distribution of Key Natural Resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent) GS3- Planning Mobilization of Resources Industrial Growth Industrial Policy Mains Question: Why are critical minerals essential for the Indian economy’s green transition? In which Indian states have reserves been found and why have there been hiccups in the subsequent auction process? Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Why are Critical Minerals Important? Minerals like copper, lithium, nickel, and cobalt, as well as some rare earth elements, are classified as critical minerals due to their essential role in the global transition to greener and cleaner energy. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the demand for lithium surged by 30% in 2023, with nickel, cobalt, graphite, and rare earth elements seeing an 8% to 15% increase. The total value of these minerals is estimated at $325 billion. The IEA’s Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024 report emphasizes that meeting the world’s target of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius in a net zero emissions scenario will require rapid growth in the demand for these minerals. By 2040, copper demand is expected to rise by 50%, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements demand to double, graphite demand to quadruple, and lithium demand to increase eightfold, which is vital for battery production. Therefore, developing sustainable supply chains for these minerals is essential. In India, the lack of domestic reserves for critical minerals has led to complete import dependence for minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Recently, Union Mines Ministe stated that 95% of India’s copper needs are met through imports, with China being a major supplier or processor of many of these minerals. What is Being Done to Spur Production? Although India has natural reserves of some critical minerals, they remain largely unexplored and untapped. For example, India possesses 11% of the world’s ilmenite deposits, the primary source of titanium dioxide used in many applications. However, the country still imports titanium dioxide worth a billion dollars annually, as pointed out by a former Mines Secretary. Additionally, there was a fortunate discovery of lithium reserves in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) while searching for limestone, raising hopes for self-sufficiency in this mineral. Announced as India’s first lithium discovery last February, these reserves are estimated at 5.9 million tonnes, prompting the government to accelerate their development. Recognizing that dependence on a few countries for the ores and processing of these minerals could create significant vulnerabilities for Indian supply chains, the central government amended the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, in August 2023. This amendment allows for mining concessions of 24 critical and strategic minerals. By November, the first auctions of 20 critical mineral blocks, including the lithium block in J&K’s Reasi district, were launched. This was followed by two more auction rounds in February and March, offering 18 additional blocks. However, investor interest has been lukewarm, leading to the scrapping of most of the first 20 block auctions due to a lack of adequate bidders. On June 24, after a delayed process, the Mines Ministry announced six winners from the initial auction tranche, covering three blocks in Odisha and one each in Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. The results of the second and third auction rounds are still pending, while the Ministry has initiated a fourth tranche, including 10 blocks being offered for the second time. Why Are Some Blocks Not Finding Takers? In the latest auction, the blocks up for grabs include two phosphorite blocks and a glauconite block in Chhattisgarh, two blocks each in Uttar Pradesh (phosphorite and rare earth elements), Karnataka (phosphate and nickel), and Rajasthan (potash and halite). Additionally, a graphite block is being auctioned in Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh, with five more graphite, tungsten, and vanadium blocks offered again in the northeastern state. Other second-attempt blocks include a tungsten reserve in Tamil Nadu’s Madurai district, a cobalt and manganese block in Karnataka’s Shimoga, and a chromium and nickel block in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra. Industry experts cite several reasons for the low interest among miners for some of these blocks, primarily the lack of adequate data on the potential reserves within them. Technological challenges also impact the outcomes. For example, the lithium block in J&K has clay deposits, and the technology for extracting lithium from clay is still untested globally, according to ICRA. When Is Domestic Production Likely to Begin? ICRA notes that given the preliminary stage of exploration for most of the domestic blocks being auctioned, their commercialization and associated benefits are unlikely to fully materialize within the current decade ending in 2030. “India’s manufacturing is thus likely to remain exposed to potential future supply shocks of these minerals until then,” the agency concluded. To boost exploration and attract more miners, the Centre is also looking to acquire overseas assets from resource-rich regions as a parallel measure to strengthen mineral security. The first such acquisition, a lithium brine mine in Argentina, was made this year by Khanij Bidesh India Limited, a joint venture of NALCO, Hindustan Copper, and Mineral Exploration Company. While scouting for more assets, India has also joined the U.S.-led Mineral Security Partnership, a coalition of major buyers and sellers of critical minerals. Conclusion: India’s emphasis on clean energy and reducing emissions has heightened the significance of critical minerals, which are essential for electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. These minerals play a crucial role in India’s transition to a greener and more sustainable future. Effectively understanding and utilizing these resources will drive India’s growth, enhance its competitiveness, and support sustainable development.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 July 2024

CONTENTS Scientific Deep Drilling by Ministry of Earth Science Supreme Court Overturns Foreigners’ Tribunal Decision in Assam Rising Militant Attacks in Jammu and Kashmir One Scientist-One Product Programme Centenary of the First Human EEG U-WIN Portal Kashmir willow Scientific Deep Drilling by Ministry of Earth Science Context: The Ministry of Earth Science has initiated a scientific deep drilling project of the Earth’s crust to a depth of 6 km, assisted by the Borehole Geophysics Research Laboratory (BGRL) in Karad, Maharashtra. The project has already achieved drilling to a depth of 3 km. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: What is Scientific Deep Drilling? Other Ways to Study the Interior of the Earth Key Findings from the Deep Drilling Mission in Koyna Significance of Deep Drilling Mission Challenges with Deep Drilling Missions What is Scientific Deep Drilling? Definition and Purpose: Scientific deep drilling involves penetrating deep into the Earth’s crust to investigate its composition, structure, and processes. This research aims to uncover insights into geological formations, natural resources, and Earth’s historical development. Deep drilling projects seek to advance understanding of tectonics, earthquake mechanisms, and geothermal energy potential. Techniques and Methods: Rotary Drilling: Utilizes a rotating drill bit attached to a drill string, rotated by a rig to cut through rock formations. Drilling mud circulates to cool the bit and carry rock cuttings to the surface. Percussion Drilling (Air Hammering): Employs high-pressure air to power a hammer that rapidly impacts a drill bit. Effective for breaking rock and flushing out cuttings, suitable for mineral exploration, water wells, and geothermal energy. Fast and cost-effective but noisy and best suited for shallow depths. Koyna Drilling Technique: Integrates mud rotary drilling with percussion drilling (air hammering) methods. Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking): Used to create fractures in rock formations to enhance fluid flow for sampling or resource extraction. Geophysical Surveys: Employ seismic, magnetic, and gravitational methods to map subsurface structures and identify drilling targets. Other Ways to Study the Interior of the Earth Direct and Indirect Methods: The Earth’s interior is studied through direct methods such as deep drilling and sampling rock from boreholes. Indirect methods include seismic wave analysis, gravity measurements, and studying Earth’s magnetic field. Seismic Wave Analysis: Generated by earthquakes, seismic waves travel through the Earth’s interior. Analysis of wave behavior (refraction, reflection) helps infer composition and properties of different layers. Gravity and Magnetic Field Studies: Variations in gravity and magnetic fields indicate changes in density and composition. These measurements help delineate boundaries between the Earth’s core, mantle, and crust. Heat Flow Studies: Heat emanating from the Earth’s interior provides insights into temperature and thermal properties of layers. Crucial for understanding internal processes and dynamics of the Earth. Key Findings from the Deep Drilling Mission in Koyna Seismic Susceptibility: The Koyna region’s high stress levels make it susceptible to small stress perturbations that can trigger frequent, small-magnitude earthquakes. Water Composition: Water found at depths of up to 3 km is meteoric or rain-fed, indicating deep percolation and circulation processes. Geological Layers: Discovered 1.2 km of 65 million-year-old Deccan trap lava flows overlying 2,500-2,700 million-year-old granitic basement rocks. Core Sample Insights: Samples from 3 km depth provided new data on rock physical and mechanical properties, chemical composition of fluids and gases, temperature, stress regimes, and fracture orientations. Imaging Techniques: High-resolution images of borehole walls using acoustic and micro-resistivity techniques enabled validation of data from other core samples globally. Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments: Conducted experiments to measure in-situ stress regimes of rocks, detecting and studying buried fault zones by integrating various datasets and advanced analysis. Significance of Deep Drilling Mission Enhanced Earthquake Understanding: Installing sensors in deep boreholes to monitor fault lines improves predictive models and enhances geohazard management. Resource Exploration: Precise data from deep drilling aids in managing geohazards and exploring mineral and hydrocarbon resources in the Earth’s crust. Advancing Geological Knowledge: Direct observation and sampling confirm or refute geological models, enhancing understanding of tectonic processes and crustal dynamics. Technological Advancements: Investments in drilling drive advancements in seismology, sensor development, and data analysis, promoting technological self-reliance. Global Contribution: Findings contribute to global geoscience knowledge, fostering international collaboration and improving understanding of Earth’s systems. Challenges with Deep Drilling Missions Rig Capacity Limitations: Increasing depth requires more powerful rigs; capacity limitations pose challenges for drilling beyond 3 km. Complex Rock Formations: Fractured and seismically active rock formations complicate drilling operations and increase risks of equipment issues. Core Extraction Challenges: Extracting long, heavy rock cores from depths exceeding 3 km presents technical challenges. Encountering Fault Zones: Deeper boreholes are prone to encountering fault lines and fracture zones, compromising borehole stability and requiring specialized equipment. Operational Demands: Extended drilling durations (6-8 months for 3 km, 12-14 months for 6 km) require skilled personnel working 24/7 in harsh conditions, posing logistical and operational challenges. -Source: The Hindu Supreme Court Overturns Foreigners’ Tribunal Decision in Assam Context: The Supreme Court has declared Md Rahim Ali, a resident of Assam, a citizen of India, overturning a decision made by the state’s Foreigners’ Tribunal (FT). The FT had earlier declared Ali a foreigner due to minor discrepancies in spellings and dates within his documents, accusing him of entering India illegally on or after the cut-off date of March 25, 1971. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Foreigners’ Tribunals (FTs) Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) 2019 What is the National Register of Citizens (NRC)? Foreigners’ Tribunals (FTs) Overview: Quasi-judicial bodies established under the Foreigners’ Act 1946 and the Foreigners’ Tribunal Order 1964. Tasked with determining the citizenship status of individuals accused of being foreigners. Legal Framework: The Foreigners’ Act 1946 predates the Indian Constitution and sets the basis for FTs. Established in 1964 through an executive order of the Home Ministry. Criticism of Foreigners’ Tribunals in Assam Issues Highlighted: Doubtful Voters: About 3 lakh people were declared Doubtful Voters in Assam in 1997 without proper inquiry or notice, leading to their exclusion from the Assam National Register of Citizens (NRC). Lack of Grounds in Notices: Notices issued by FTs often fail to specify the main grounds for declaring individuals as foreigners, contrary to the mandates of the Foreigners’ Tribunal Order 1964. Burden of Proof: The burden of proof is placed on the accused under the Foreigners Act 1946, forcing individuals to defend themselves without prior knowledge of the charges. Recent SC Judgement: A recent Supreme Court judgement is expected to positively impact pending FT cases by ensuring fair proceedings. How the SC’s Verdict Humanised Citizenship Law in India Key Rulings: Burden of Proof: The Supreme Court ruled that the burden of proof rests with the state to provide material on which allegations of being a foreigner are based, aligning with principles of natural justice. Minor Discrepancies: Minor discrepancies in documents cannot result in the loss of citizenship, providing relief to individuals concerned about errors in documentation amidst the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) 2019 and proposals for a nationwide NRC. Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) 2019 Overview: Objective: Amends the Citizenship Act 1955 to grant Indian citizenship to Hindu, Sikh, Parsi, Buddhist, Jain, and Christian immigrants from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh, excluding Muslims, who arrived in India before December 31, 2014. Fast Track Citizenship: Eligible immigrants can obtain citizenship in 5 years instead of the previous 11 years. OCI Cancellation: Provides for cancellation of Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) registration if the holder violates any provisions of the Citizenship Act or other laws. Eligibility Criteria: Persecution Basis: Applies to individuals forced to seek shelter in India due to religious persecution. Cut-off Date: Applicants must have entered India on or before December 31, 2014. Exclusions: Not applicable to areas under the Constitution’s sixth schedule (Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram) or states with an inner-line permit regime (Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram). What is the National Register of Citizens (NRC)? The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is a register created after the Census of 1951 was conducted in respect of each village, showing the houses or holdings in serial order and indicating against each house or holding the number and names of people staying therein. These registers covered every individual enumerated during the Census of 1951 and were maintained in the offices of Deputy Commissioners and Sub Divisional Officers in accordance with directives issued by the Government of India in 1951. Later these registers were transferred to the Police in the early 1960s. This NRC was prepared under a directive from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). At the moment, only Assam has such a register, but additional states may eventually be included.  The Register of Indigenous Inhabitants, a similar database, is already being created in Nagaland. Update: The NRC will be updated as per the provisions of The Citizenship Act, 1955 and The Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.  NRC in Assam  In Assam, the NRC essentially serves as a registry of Indian residents residing in the region. The goal of the citizens’ registry is to catalogue all foreign nationals living in the Bangladesh-bordering state. To identify Indian nationals in Assam amid “unabated” migration from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), the action was taken. Eligibility for inclusion in updated NRC Persons whose names appear in NRC, 1951. Persons whose names appear in the Electoral Rolls up to 24th March (midnight), 1971. Descendants of the above persons. Persons who came to Assam from Bangladesh between 1st January 1966 and 25th March 1971 and registered themselves with the Foreigner Regional Registration Office   (FRRO) and were declared by the Foreigner Tribunal as Indian citizens. All Indian Citizens including their children and descendants who have moved to Assam post 24th March 1971 would be eligible for inclusion in the updated NRC on adducing satisfactory proof of residence in any part of the country (outside Assam) as of 24th March 1971. Persons who can provide any of the admissible documents issued up to 24th March midnight, 1971. -Source: The Hindu Rising Militant Attacks in Jammu and Kashmir Context: The Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has experienced a significant increase in militant attacks since mid-2021. This escalation has culminated in recent incidents, including an ambush on Army vehicles in the Kathua district and targeted strikes in other areas. This resurgence indicates a shift from historical patterns, raising concerns about security vulnerabilities and regional stability. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for Rise in Militancy in Jammu Challenges in Dealing with Rise in Militancy Way Forward Reasons for Rise in Militancy in Jammu Factors Contributing to Militancy: Zero Terror Policy in Kashmir: Militants exploit the relative calm in Kashmir due to stringent security measures, prompting them to relocate and operate in Jammu. Troop Movements to Ladakh: Shifts in military deployments post-Galwan incident in 2020 may have inadvertently reduced security focus in Jammu, allowing militants to exploit perceived vulnerabilities. Strategic Gateway: Jammu’s position as a crucial gateway to India makes it an attractive target for militants aiming to disrupt normalcy and create fear. Proximity to LoC: Easy access from Pakistan-occupied Kashmir facilitates infiltration and logistical support for militants operating in hilly and forested areas. Establishing Footholds: Recent incidents indicate deliberate efforts by militants to establish strongholds across districts like Rajouri, Poonch, and Reasi. Economic Marginalization: Lack of economic opportunities in remote and border areas of Jammu makes local youth vulnerable to recruitment by militant groups. Political Alienation: Perceived political alienation among certain communities, compounded by historical grievances, can foster sympathy or support for militant ideologies. Generational Shift in Intelligence Gathering: Security forces face challenges in cultivating relationships with younger generations, impacting human intelligence efforts. Challenges in Dealing with Rise in Militancy Operational and Strategic Challenges: Border Vulnerabilities: The 192-km international border and 740-km LoC in Jammu serve as potential infiltration points, requiring robust surveillance and security measures. Terrain Exploitation: Militants exploit tough terrains and forested areas along borders for infiltration, complicating security responses. Community Trust: Building and maintaining trust between security forces and local communities remains crucial for effective intelligence gathering. Revival of Village Defence Guards: Efforts to revive Village Defence Guards are challenged by past allegations of misconduct, affecting community cooperation. Communication Technologies: Militants utilize sophisticated communication tools and local sympathizers, complicating intelligence gathering efforts. External Support: Allegations of cross-border support from Pakistan, including drone-based weapons supply, influence local militancy dynamics. Communal Dynamics: Jammu’s demographic diversity exposes it to communal tensions, exploited by militants to create divisions and fear. Way Forward Strategic Measures and Initiatives: Enhanced Border Security: Strengthen surveillance and fortification along the Line of Control (LoC) and International Border (IB) to curb cross-border infiltration. Advanced Surveillance Technologies: Deploy drones, night-vision equipment, and data analytics to enhance operational effectiveness and real-time monitoring. Legal Framework Strengthening: Enhance laws against terrorism financing, fast-track terror cases, and ensure robust prosecution through dedicated courts. Socio-Economic Development: Invest in socio-economic initiatives, youth empowerment, and community dialogue to counter extremist ideologies. Diplomatic and International Cooperation: Engage in diplomatic efforts and international cooperation to disrupt external support networks for militants. Continuous Review of Security Policies: Adapt security policies to evolving militant tactics while prioritizing civilian safety and minimizing collateral damage. -Source: The Hindu One Scientist-One Product Programme Context: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) will launch its ‘One Scientist-One Product’ programme on July 16 to improve research in the field of agriculture and animal husbandry. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: News Summary About Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) News Summary ICAR’s “One Scientist-One Product” Program Launch The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) will launch its “One Scientist-One Product” program on July 16 to boost agricultural and animal husbandry research. This initiative coincides with ICAR’s 96th foundation day and will feature the release of 323 varieties across 56 crops, including climate-resilient and bio-fortified types, during an event in Delhi. Union Agriculture Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan will inaugurate the program. Overview of “One Scientist-One Product” Program ICAR’s Director-General, Himanshu Pathak, outlines that each of ICAR’s 5,521 scientists will develop a unique product, technology, model, concept, or publication. Projects will be selected annually, monitored quarterly at the institute level, and biannually at the headquarters. The program will span five years, initially focusing on high-yielding oilseeds and pulses. ICAR’s Initiative on High-Yielding Seeds ICAR plans to develop 100 new seed varieties and 100 farm technologies within 100 days under the Centre’s action plan. Prime Minister Narendra Modi is expected to launch these initiatives by mid-September. Breeder seeds have facilitated the cultivation of approximately 16 million hectares with bio-fortified crops like wheat, rice, pearl millet, lentil, and mustard in 2023-24. Since 2014-15, ICAR has released 2,593 high-yielding varieties, significantly enhancing production resilience during challenging agricultural conditions. About Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Establishment and Structure Established: 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Autonomous Organization: Operates under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Headquarters: New Delhi. Role and Functions Coordination and Management: Serves as the apex body for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, and animal sciences across India. Research and Development: Conducts and promotes research in various agricultural fields, including crop science, animal science, horticulture, fisheries, natural resource management, and agricultural engineering. Develops new technologies, practices, and innovations to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability. Education and Capacity Building: Oversees agricultural education through a network of agricultural universities and colleges to ensure high standards. Provides training and capacity-building programs for farmers, extension workers, and scientists to disseminate knowledge and skills. Policy Advisory Role: Advises the government on agriculture-related policy matters, food security, and rural development. Supports the formulation of national agricultural policies and strategies. Extension Services: Implements extension programs to transfer technology from research labs to the fields. Collaborates with state agricultural universities, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), and other extension agencies to provide farmers with timely information and assistance. Natural Resource Management: Focuses on conservation and sustainable management of natural resources such as soil, water, and biodiversity. Develops and promotes practices that enhance resource-use efficiency and environmental sustainability. -Source: Indian Express Centenary of the First Human EEG Context: Electroencephalography has recently garnered attention due to the centenary year of the first human EEG, pioneered by German physiologist Hans Berger. While Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky achieved the first mammalian EEG in 1912 using a dog’s brain, Hans Berger followed in 1924 with the first human EEG, marking a significant milestone in neurological research. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Electroencephalography (EEG) Electroencephalography (EEG) Definition and Working: Definition: EEG stands for electroencephalography, where ‘electro-‘ relates to electricity, ‘encephalo-‘ to the brain, and ‘-graphy’ signifies showing or representing. Tool Description: EEG is a non-invasive tool used in physics and neurobiology to monitor electrical activity in the brain, offering insights into brain function without invasive procedures. Setup: Simple, cost-effective, non-invasive, portable, space-efficient, and emits no high-energy radiation or sounds, unlike MRI. Working Principle: Neurons in the brain generate electrical impulses that create waves of electrical activity. Electrodes placed on the scalp detect these signals, which are recorded as an electroencephalogram (EEG). Applications: Diagnosis: Primary tool for diagnosing epilepsy by detecting abnormal brain activity associated with seizures. Medical Monitoring: Assessing effects of anesthesia, monitoring sleeping patterns, and evaluating neurological activity during coma or brain death. Research: Used in neuroscience, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and neuromarketing to study brain function and develop brain-computer interfaces. Challenges: Spatial Resolution: Primarily captures activity from the brain’s surface and dendrites, making precise localization of brain activity challenging. Integration with Other Methods: Often combined with MRI and advanced techniques to improve spatial resolution and accuracy in pinpointing brain activity origins. -Source: The Hindu U-WIN Portal Context: The U-WIN portal, a replication of the Covid-19 vaccine management system Co-WIN, is set for a pan-India launch likely by the end of August. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions U-WIN Portal The U-WIN (Universal Immunization Programme – Web Interface for Data Entry and Maintenance) portal is a significant initiative aimed at enhancing the management and accessibility of immunization data across India. Here are the key features and aspects of the U-WIN portal: Objective: U-WIN aims to maintain an electronic registry of routine immunizations, focusing on pregnant women and children under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). Pilot Phase: Currently, U-WIN is in pilot mode across all states and Union Territories, except West Bengal. Coverage: It captures every vaccination event under UIP, ensuring timely administration of vaccine doses by digitally recording each event. Key Features: QR-based E-Vaccination Certificate: Generates a digitally verifiable certificate similar to the Covid vaccination certificate, accessible to citizens with a single click. Comprehensive Health Records: Acts as a single source of information for immunization services, recording pregnancy details, newborn registration, immunization at birth, vaccination status updates, and delivery outcomes in real time. Citizen-Centric Features: Allows citizens to self-register for vaccinations via web portal or Android app, choose vaccination centers, and schedule appointments. Automated Alerts: Sends SMS alerts for registration confirmations, administered doses, and upcoming dose reminders, ensuring timely and age-appropriate vaccinations. Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA): Facilitates creation of ABHA IDs for maintaining comprehensive health records. Support for Frontline Workers: Enables frontline health workers to digitally record all vaccination events accurately, ensuring easy maintenance and access to complete immunization records. Significance: U-WIN enhances transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in vaccine administration, contributing to improved public health outcomes by ensuring that all eligible individuals receive timely vaccinations as per the UIP guidelines. -Source: The Hindu Kashmir Willow Context: Over the last few years, bats made of Kashmiri willow have been attracting global attention after making appearances in international games. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Kashmir Willow Origin and Growth: Kashmir willow (Salix alba var. caerulea) is primarily cultivated in the Kashmir region of India. It is a deciduous tree that grows up to 30 meters (98 feet) tall with slender trunks and a narrow, conical canopy. The trees typically take 20 to 25 years to mature. Habitat and Adaptability: Kashmir willows thrive in the region’s moist and temperate climate, often found along riverbanks and in areas with sufficient soil moisture. Characteristics: Productivity: Kashmir willows are known for their superior growth and productivity, attributed to their high capacity to convert solar radiation into chemical energy. Evapotranspiration: They exhibit high rates of evapotranspiration during the growing season. Flooding Tolerance: These trees are tolerant to flooding and can flourish in saturated soils with limited oxygen in the root zone. Metal Accumulation: Willows are efficient in accumulating high levels of toxic metals, especially Cadmium (Cd). Uses: Cricket Bat Industry: Kashmir willow is highly prized for making cricket bats due to its specific wood characteristics that make it suitable for this purpose. Packing Case Industry: The wood is also used in the packing case industry. Basketry and Furniture: It finds applications in basketry and furniture industries, leveraging its flexibility and strength. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 July 2024

CONTENTS Plans to Boost Lighthouse Tourism Announced e-FAST India Initiative Plans to Boost Lighthouse Tourism Announced Context: The Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways has announced plans to boost lighthouse tourism under the Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 and Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047. This announcement was made during a stakeholders meeting organized by the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships in Vizhinjam, Kerala. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: What is a Lighthouse? Role of Modern Lighthouses in India Maritime India Vision 2030 (MIV 2030) What is a Lighthouse? Definition and Purpose A lighthouse is a structure designed to emit light, aiding navigation for mariners by marking dangerous coastlines, shoals, reefs, and safe harbor entries. India currently maintains 194 lighthouses along its coastal lines and islands. Historical Significance Ancient India: References in the Rigveda and Satapatha Brahmana indicate early navigation knowledge in Indian seas. Mythological Connections: Stories like ‘Manu’ escaping a flood highlight ancient Indian understanding of sea voyages. 7th Century A.D.: Pallava king Narasimhavarman-I erected the Mamallapuram lighthouse, using log fires, offering views of the UNESCO World Heritage shore temple complex. Role of Modern Lighthouses in India Navigational Aid Modern lighthouses continue guiding ships, marking ports, and serving as GPS backups. Post-2008 Mumbai attacks, lighthouses upgraded with state-of-the-art radars for coastal surveillance. Introduction of Automatic Identification System (AIS) enhances communication between fishermen and lighthouses. Marine Aids to Navigation Act of 2021 promotes historical and cultural significance of lighthouses. Indian Lighthouse Festival in Goa showcases heritage and tourism potential, turning many into tourist attractions. Maritime India Vision 2030 (MIV 2030) Overview Maritime India Vision 2030 is a comprehensive ten-year blueprint for India’s maritime sector, launched at the Maritime India Summit in November 2020. It aims to enhance India’s position in the global maritime sector by focusing on waterways, shipbuilding, and cruise tourism. Key Objectives Sectoral Development: Emphasizes on boosting waterways and cruise tourism, superseding the Sagarmala initiative. Strategic Themes: Focuses on brownfield capacity augmentation, Mega Ports development, transhipment hub in Southern India, and infrastructure modernization. Export Growth: Aims for a 5% share in global exports, focusing on improving maritime capabilities and Ease of Doing Business (EoDB). Interventions Infrastructure Development: Over 200 port connectivity projects, technology adoption, and smart port initiatives to enhance logistics efficiency and reduce costs. Governance and Regulations: Enhances governance mechanisms, amends laws, strengthens Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA), and promotes PPPs and fiscal support. Human Resource Development Seafaring Leadership: Aims to become a leading seafaring nation by enhancing education, research, and training for seafarers. Competitiveness: Focuses on research, innovation, and creating a conducive environment for seafarers and port capability development. Environmental Sustainability Renewable Energy: Targets 40% national energy from renewables by 2030, aligning ports with International Maritime Organization (IMO) goals for sustainability. Green Ports: Implements measures such as renewable energy adoption, emissions reduction, water usage optimization, waste management, safety initiatives, and centralized monitoring. Conclusion Maritime India Vision 2030 outlines ambitious goals to transform India into a global maritime leader through strategic development in infrastructure, governance, human resources, and environmental sustainability, ensuring sustainable growth and competitiveness in the maritime sector. e-FAST India Initiative Context: Recently, NITI Aayog has announced the launch of the ‘NITI GearShift Challenge’ as part of the e-FAST India initiative. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interevntions Dimensions of the Article: e-FAST India Initiative NITI GearShift Challenge e-FAST India Initiative: The e-FAST (Electric Freight Aggregator, Scalable E-mobility and Technology) India Initiative was launched in September 2022 with the primary goal of decarbonizing road-based freight transportation in India. Here are the key aspects of the initiative: Purpose: It aims to accelerate the transition towards cleaner and greener freight transportation to support India’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. Platform Features: Collaboration: e-FAST facilitates active collaboration among national and international stakeholders. This includes government bodies, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), Logistics Service Providers (LSPs), Shippers, and industry experts. Ideation and Pilot Programs: The platform supports the development and scaling up of pilot programs for electric technology adoption in the freight sector. Technology Integration: It explores and promotes the integration of new technologies and conducts associated research to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of electric freight solutions. Knowledge Partners: The initiative is supported by 12 knowledge partners who contribute expertise and resources to advance the goals of e-FAST. NITI GearShift Challenge: The NITI GearShift Challenge was launched by NITI Aayog in collaboration with IIM Bangalore, Smart Freight Centre India, CALSTART/Drive to Zero, and WRI India. Here are the key aspects of this initiative: Objective: The challenge aims to foster innovative business models specifically targeted at accelerating the adoption of zero-emission trucks (ZETs) in India’s freight sector. Participants: It invites participation from students, transport service practitioners, academics, and researchers to develop business models that address financial, technical, and operational challenges associated with electric truck adoption. Focus Areas: Participants are encouraged to innovate solutions that can overcome barriers to the widespread adoption of electric trucks, thereby contributing to India’s economic and environmental sustainability goals. Support and Participation: The challenge has garnered support from e-FAST India knowledge partners, financial institutions, and industry forums, reflecting a collaborative effort to drive innovation in sustainable freight transportation.

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