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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 September 2024

Contents: Who Draws the Red Lines? A Closer Look at Instagram’s Teen Accounts and Online Safety for Minors Terms of Protection: Examining the SC Judgment on Sexual Exploitation of Minors The Misplaced Move of ‘One Nation, One Election’ Who Draws the Red Lines? A Closer Look at Instagram’s Teen Accounts and Online Safety for Minors Context: The introduction of Instagram Teen Accounts, a feature by Meta targeted at users aged 13 to 18, represents a significant step toward addressing the concerns raised around the platform’s impact on minors, especially after whistleblower Frances Haugen’s revelations about Instagram’s harmful effects on teenagers. Relevance: GS Paper II (Governance): Government regulations around digital platforms GS Paper IV (Ethics): Ethical responsibility of social media platforms in protecting vulnerable user groups. Mains Question: Discuss the ethical and regulatory challenges associated with social media platforms in ensuring the safety of minors online. Instagram Teen Accounts: The New Safety Features: Built-in Protections: Instagram Teen Accounts allow parents to control who can contact their teens and the content they can access, particularly for users under 16 years old. Parental Permission: Any significant changes to these settings require parental permission, reinforcing parental oversight over teenagers’ digital interactions. Global Legal Pressures on Social Media: U.S. Lawsuits and Regulatory Measures: Meta’s announcement comes amid increasing pressure from 41 U.S. states, which are pushing for stronger legal action against social media platforms that fail to protect minors. The U.S. Surgeon General has even proposed warning labels for platforms, akin to those seen in tobacco and alcohol industries. Digital Restrictions in Other Countries: Countries like India, where parents may lack the technical know-how to regulate their children’s online activity, present unique challenges. The gap between tech-savvy parents and those with limited access to such tools poses significant issues in ensuring consistent protection across socio-economic classes. Parental Involvement and Limitations: Assumptions of Parental Capability: Meta’s new features rely heavily on the assumption that parents are well-equipped to monitor and regulate their children’s social media use. However, in countries with digital illiteracy and minimal technical support, these tools may exacerbate inequality between families. Workplace Constraints: For working-class parents, particularly in rural areas, managing digital tools amidst their time constraints can be impractical. This reinforces the disparity in access to digital safety features, leaving many children vulnerable. Broader Implications and Systemic Challenges: Advisory-Based Limits: Meta’s new advisory features notify teens when they have spent over one hour online, but there are no hard limits, making it challenging to enforce actual usage caps. This leaves responsibility solely to the parents, who may not be able to effectively monitor usage. Concerns of Ineffective Parental Monitoring: When parents lack the ability or time to engage with digital controls, the likelihood of ineffective supervision increases. This may result in children being further exposed to harmful content, deepening digital divides. Role of Government and Digital Platforms: Government Regulations: Governments must step in to bridge the gap by enforcing stricter online content controls and collaborating with tech companies to ensure the highest safety standards. Ethical Responsibility of Platforms: Meta’s response to growing concerns involves transferring responsibility to parents, but there is an ethical debate about whether this is a sufficient measure. With algorithmic changes and more robust built-in safety nets, platforms like Instagram could play a more direct role in reducing harm to minors online. Additional Data: U.S. Surgeon General’s proposals liken digital platforms to tobacco and alcohol, urging for stronger warnings. 41 U.S. states have initiated legal action against Meta for the harm done to minors through social media. Conclusion: While Instagram Teen Accounts offer a positive step forward in online safety for minors, the assumption that parents can effectively manage their children’s digital habits remains problematic, especially in developing nations. The need for collective responsibility, involving both governments and platforms, is critical. Regulatory frameworks that prioritize both parental involvement and system-wide controls will ensure more effective safety measures for minors in the evolving digital landscape. Terms of Protection: Examining the SC Judgment on Sexual Exploitation of Minors Context: The recent Supreme Court ruling has expanded the interpretation of child sexual exploitation laws in India. In a landmark decision, the court ruled that viewing, possessing, and storing sexually explicit material involving minors is now a crime under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and Information Technology (IT) Act, even if the content is not shared or transmitted. Relevance: GS Paper II (Governance and Constitution): Legal frameworks and judicial interventions for the protection of vulnerable groups. GS Paper IV (Ethics): Ethical dimensions of legal responses to child exploitation and protection. Mains Question: Discuss the recent Supreme Court ruling on child sexual exploitation under POCSO and IT Acts in India. How does this judgment align with the legal and ethical protection of minors? Supreme Court’s Expanded Interpretation of the Law: The ruling overrides an earlier Madras High Court judgment, which had interpreted that merely possessing or storing such material was not a crime under Section 67-B of the IT Act. This new interpretation broadens the scope of the law, now making the possession of child sexual exploitative content illegal, even without transmission. Tightening of Legal Guardrails: The Supreme Court emphasized that child sexual exploitation is one of the most heinous crimes imaginable, recognizing the need to address the offense even at the level of possession. The judgment raises concerns about balancing legal protections while ensuring that harsh laws do not infringe on fundamental freedoms. A More Holistic Approach to Child Protection: The court suggested avoiding the term child pornography and instead adopting Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material (CSEAM) to more accurately reflect the severity and victimization involved. This shift in terminology aims to capture the emotional and psychological trauma of children involved, emphasizing the continuing violations they face. Ethical Dilemmas and Deterrent Effects: Ethical questions arise about the effectiveness of harsher punitive measures in reducing child exploitation. The expansion of legal scope could potentially lead to unintended consequences like increasing false accusations and stigmatization of adolescent behavior. The court also highlighted the importance of consent education, urging schools and parents to play a proactive role in educating children about the dangers of online exploitation. Implementation and Due Process Concerns: Reporting mechanisms need to be stronger, ensuring that the burden of reporting abuse does not lead to victim-blaming or delays in justice. The ruling stressed the importance of police procedures, due process, and institutional infrastructure to ensure that the law remains a deterrent while protecting the rights of the accused. Data Points: Section 67-B of the IT Act: Makes possession of child exploitative material a punishable offense. POCSO Act: Expands the scope of offenses to include possession without transmission. Conclusion: The Supreme Court’s expanded interpretation of child protection laws under POCSO and the IT Act is a necessary intervention in an era of rising online exploitation. While the ruling reflects the severity of the crime, it also calls for better implementation mechanisms and ethical considerations in balancing harsh punitive measures with rights protection. The judgment offers a holistic view of child exploitation but underscores the need for infrastructure, education, and guardrails to ensure that these protections do not lead to misuse. The Misplaced Move of ‘One Nation, One Election’ Context: The idea of simultaneous elections emerged from concerns about frequent elections, which often distract leaders from governance. A high-level committee, headed by Ram Nath Kovind, was formed to explore this possibility. The proposal aims to streamline elections, reduce costs, and alleviate administrative burdens. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Electoral Reforms, and Federalism. Mains Question: “Examine the feasibility of implementing ‘One Nation, One Election’ in India. Discuss the constitutional, logistical, and democratic challenges associated with this proposal. (250 words)” Trigger for Simultaneous Elections: Frequent elections, spanning Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, and local bodies, prompted this idea. These elections consume time, energy, and resources, hindering governance. Constitutional Challenges: A constitutional amendment is required to implement simultaneous elections, especially altering Article 324. It demands a special majority in Parliament. Currently, the ruling NDA lacks the two-thirds majority needed to pass the bill. The Opposition is widely against this proposal. Cost Savings Argument: Proponents argue that simultaneous elections would save expenses. However, the total election budget for 2023-24 was ₹466 crores out of ₹45 lakh crore. Savings would be minimal and do not justify the effort needed to bring this reform. Impact on Federalism: Simultaneous elections might undermine the federal structure. States currently have independent election cycles based on regional needs. Forcing synchronization would disrupt this balance. Moreover, the Supreme Court has upheld the independent tenure of State Assemblies. Logistical Concerns: The logistics of simultaneous elections are massive. Coordinating over 8,500 constituencies, managing personnel, voting machines, and security would be overwhelming. The Election Commission would face immense pressure. Political Consequences: There is concern that national issues may overshadow regional matters. This could compromise representation in state-level governance. Regional issues might be drowned out by national narratives. Democracy and Electoral Accountability: Frequent elections ensure continuous accountability. Elections allow voters to hold leaders responsible at both national and state levels. Reducing election frequency could weaken this democratic function. Financial Misuse During Elections: The editorial highlights that political parties often misuse funds during elections, making populist promises. This pattern might continue, even with synchronized elections. There is no guarantee that simultaneous elections would curb this practice. Latest Data and Numbers: ₹466 crore allocated for elections in 2023-24. India’s total budget for 2023-24 is ₹45 lakh crore. Over 8,500 legislative constituencies across Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. Conclusion: While ‘One Nation, One Election’ may seem appealing, it presents severe challenges. The constitutional hurdles, threat to federalism, and logistical concerns are significant. Cost savings are marginal, and the democratic process could suffer. Rather than pursuing simultaneous elections, the focus should be on enhancing the electoral process. Simultaneous elections are not the solution to the underlying issues in India’s democracy. The idea, while cost-effective on paper, needs a detailed examination of its broader implications on governance and democracy.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 September 2024

CONTENTS The Rising Concern Over Methane Emissions in Climate Goals Legal Setback for CM Siddaramaiah in MUDA Scam Case ISRO’s Venus Mission Bombay High Court Strikes Down IT Rules on Fact Checking Nagar Van Yojana Mankidia Tribe MAPCIS Crater The Rising Concern Over Methane Emissions in Climate Goals Context: Methane (CH4) emissions are currently on the rise, posing a significant threat to achieving the global climate targets established by the Paris Agreement. Historically, carbon dioxide (CO₂) has been the primary focus of climate discussions; however, methane, which is a much more potent greenhouse gas (GHG), is now receiving increased attention. Addressing methane emissions is crucial because of its strong impact on global warming, and targeting reductions in methane could lead to swift and significant progress in global climate action efforts. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Impact of Methane on Climate Change Initiatives to Tackle Methane Emissions Why Did India Decline the Global Methane Pledge? Impact of Methane on Climate Change: Methane Potency: Methane is 80 times more potent than CO₂ as a greenhouse gas. It has contributed to 30% of global warming since the Industrial Revolution. Atmospheric Lifespan: Methane stays in the atmosphere for only 7 to 12 years. Reducing emissions or increasing sinks of methane can provide a short-term impact on climate while allowing time to address long-term CO₂ reduction. Climate Action Goals: Reducing methane emissions by 45% by 2030 could help meet the Paris Agreement target of limiting warming to 1.5°C. Benefits of Reducing Methane: Immediate Climate Benefits: Methane reduction or removal can help mitigate global warming quickly, turning methane into an essential ally in maintaining safe global temperatures. Air Quality Improvement: Lower methane emissions improve air quality by reducing the formation of ground-level ozone, which is harmful to respiratory health. Methane Emission Sources: Primary Sectors: Energy Sector: Oil, gas, and coal production. Agriculture: Primarily from livestock and rice cultivation. Waste Management: Emissions from landfills. Global Methane Emission Statistics: Annual Emissions: Global methane emissions are around 580 million tonnes per year. 40% of these emissions come from natural sources, while 60% are due to human activities. Largest Sources: Agriculture is the largest human-induced source, responsible for 25% of emissions. The energy sector follows closely, with significant emissions from coal, oil, natural gas, and biofuels. Initiatives to Tackle Methane Emissions Indian Initiatives: Harit Dhara (HD): Developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), it’s an anti-methanogenic feed supplement. Reduces cattle methane emissions by 17-20% and enhances milk production. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, it promotes climate-resilient practices, including methane reduction in rice cultivation. National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA): Developed by ICAR under NICRA project. Technologies to mitigate methane emissions from rice cultivation: System for Rice Intensification: Increases rice yield by 36-49% with 22-35% less water. Direct Seeded Rice: Reduces methane emissions by eliminating traditional methods. Crop Diversification Programme: Shifts from paddy cultivation to alternative crops, minimizing methane emissions. Bharat Stage-VI Norms: India transitioned from Bharat Stage-IV (BS-IV) to Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) emission norms to reduce vehicular methane emissions. Global Initiatives: Methane Alert and Response System (MARS): Integrates data from satellites to detect methane emission events worldwide and notifies stakeholders for action. Global Methane Pledge: A voluntary commitment by nearly 100 countries, established at the Glasgow climate conference (UNFCCC COP 26) in 2021. Aims to cut methane emissions by at least 30% by 2030 from 2020 levels. India is not part of the Global Methane Pledge. Global Methane Initiative (GMI): An international public-private partnership focused on overcoming barriers to recovering and using methane as a clean energy source. Why Did India Decline the Global Methane Pledge? Main Methane Sources in India: India’s methane emissions primarily come from enteric fermentation in livestock and paddy cultivation. These practices are essential for small and marginal farmers, forming the core of the nation’s agricultural economy. Survival Emissions: Methane emissions from agriculture are considered “survival” emissions as they directly impact food production and farmers’ livelihoods, rather than being linked to luxury or excessive consumption. Rice Cultivation and Food Security: India, as one of the largest producers and exporters of rice, argues that reducing methane emissions from rice fields could harm food security, affecting both domestic supply and export potential. Impact on Farmers and Rural Economy: Any reduction in agricultural production, due to methane mitigation, could threaten farmers’ incomes and subsequently disrupt rural economies. CO₂ vs. Methane: India believes that CO₂, which has a longer lifespan (100-1000 years), is the main driver of climate change, while the Global Methane Pledge places undue emphasis on methane reduction, a gas with a shorter lifespan, potentially shifting the burden away from CO₂ mitigation. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): India’s climate actions under the Paris Agreement are not tied to sector-specific emission reduction targets, allowing the country flexibility to address emissions based on national priorities. Alignment with National Interests: After evaluation, the Indian government concluded that signing the Global Methane Pledge would not be in alignment with the country’s national interests. -Source: Down To Earth Legal Setback for CM Siddaramaiah in MUDA Scam Case Context: Chief Minister Siddaramaiah of Karnataka faced a significant legal setback when the Karnataka High Court dismissed his petition challenging the sanction for investigation granted by Governor Thaawar Chand Gehlot. This decision pertains to the allegations involving the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) scam case. The court’s ruling allows for the continuation of the investigation, marking a critical moment in the ongoing legal proceedings related to this high-profile case. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Background of the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) Scam Case Karnataka High Court’s Decision Impact of HC’s Decision on Karnataka Politics Background of the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) Scam Case Origin of the Case: Three anti-corruption activists sought the Karnataka governor’s permission to file a complaint against the state’s Chief Minister (CM). They claimed that the CM’s wife had received 14 housing plots from MUDA in exchange for 3.16 acres of land that MUDA acquired illegally in 2021, during the tenure of the previous BJP-led government. This allegedly caused a loss of ₹55.80 crore to the state treasury. Governor’s Action: The Governor of Karnataka issued a show-cause notice to the CM, initiating proceedings under the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), 1988, and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023. The CM contested the governor’s sanction on the grounds that the governor must act upon the advice of the Council of Ministers. As a result, the Karnataka High Court placed a hold on the trial. Karnataka High Court’s Decision Issue Before the Court: The main question was the interpretation of Section 17A of the PCA, which concerns the requirement for sanction before investigating a public official. It raised the issue of whether sanction can be granted when a private individual is the complainant. Court’s Ruling: The PCA does not limit the authority to seek approval for investigations to police officers. Even private citizens are required to get approval. After evaluating the facts, the court found that an investigation into the alleged scam and the involvement of the CM’s family was necessary. The governor’s sanction was deemed valid and did not suffer from any flaws. Impact of the Ruling: The ruling allows the three activists to approach an anti-corruption body, such as the Karnataka Lokayukta, to investigate the MUDA scam case. Impact of HC’s Decision on Karnataka Politics Options for the Chief Minister: Siddaramaiah, a prominent Backward Class leader, is expected to defend himself legally. The Congress party may adopt an ethical position, potentially asking the CM to step down if an FIR is filed. There is precedent for this— in 2010, Maharashtra’s CM Ashok Chavan was asked to resign over the Adarsh housing scam allegations involving his relatives. Political Implications: The current political discourse favors the CM, as it portrays investigative bodies as being used to target opponents or force them to join the BJP. Congress has framed this case as part of a broader conspiracy by the BJP to unseat non-BJP Chief Ministers across India. -Source: The Hindu ISRO’s Venus Mission Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet had approved India’s first mission to Venus, which ISRO plans to launch in March 2028. This will be India’s second interplanetary mission, following the 2013 Mars Orbiter Mission. Relevance: GS-III: Science and Technology (Space Technology and advancements in Space Technology) Dimensions of the Article: About Venus Observations and explorations of Venus What does the Shukrayaan-I Mission entail? About Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is the brightest natural object in Earth’s night sky after the Moon. It can cast shadows and can be seen with the naked eye on rare occasions, even during daylight. Venus has a unique rotation pattern, where the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east. This is because it rotates in the opposite direction (East to West/Clockwise) to all but Uranus. Venus has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. This causes a strong greenhouse effect, making Venus the hottest planet in the Solar System despite being farther from the Sun than Mercury. The atmospheric pressure at the planet’s surface is about 92 times that of Earth’s sea level pressure. Venus is covered by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds made of sulfuric acid, which prevents its surface from being seen in visible light. The planet lacks a planetary magnetic field, which caused the water to photo dissociate and the free hydrogen to be swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind. Venus has been a significant fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed. Observations and explorations of Venus Early Exploration: Due to its proximity to Earth, Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration. It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft (Mariner 2 in 1962), and the first to be successfully landed on (by Venera 7 in 1970). Venus’s thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light, and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991. Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions, but they are hindered by Venus’s hostile surface conditions. Methods of Observation: Observations of the planet Venus include those in antiquity, telescopic observations, and from visiting spacecraft. Spacecraft have performed various flybys, orbits, and landings on Venus, including balloon probes that floated in the atmosphere of Venus. After the Moon, Venus was the second object in the Solar System to be explored by radar from the Earth. Missions to Venus: Ten Soviet probes have achieved a soft landing on the surface, with up to 110 minutes of communication from the surface, all without return. U.S.’s missions to Venus: Mariner series 1962-1974, Pioneer Venus 1 and Pioneer Venus 2 in 1978, Magellan in 1989. Russia’s mission to Venus: Venera series of space crafts 1967-1983, Vegas 1 and 2 in 1985. Japan’s Akatsuki was launched in 2010, however, the orbital insertion maneuver failed and the spacecraft was left in heliocentric orbit. Venus Express was a mission by the European Space Agency to study the atmosphere and surface characteristics of Venus from orbit. Significance of Exploring Venus It will help to learn how Earth-like planets evolve and what conditions exist on Earth-sized exoplanets (planets that orbit a star other than our sun). It will help in modelling Earth’s climate, and serves as a cautionary tale on how dramatically a planet’s climate can change. What does the Shukrayaan-I Mission entail? After dispatching similar missions to the Moon and Mars, Shukrayaan will be India’s first orbiter mission to Venus. The mission’s goal is to investigate the surface of our solar system’s hottest planet and decipher the mysteries hidden beneath the Sulphuric Acid clouds that surround it. The orbiter is the third mission to Venus, following NASA’s announcement of two probes and the European Space Agency’s announcement of a spacecraft. The probes will travel the globe in search of clues to the destructive past of Earth’s strange twin, which scientists believe previously had massive water reserves similar to our own. The ISRO plans to launch in December 2024, with orbital manoeuvres scheduled for the following year. When the earth and Venus are perfectly aligned, the spaceship can be placed in the orbit of the neighbouring planet with the least quantity of propellant. Objectives Investigation of the surface processes and shallow sub-surface stratigraphy, including active volcanic hotspots and lava flows Studying the structure, composition, and dynamics of the atmosphere Investigation of solar wind interaction with the Venusian Ionosphere -Source: Indian Express Bombay High Court Strikes Down IT Rules on Fact Checking Context: The Bombay High Court recently invalidated the Amended Information Technology Rules, 2023, which had enabled the central government to establish a Fact Check Unit (FCU). This unit was intended to detect and address fake, false, and misleading information about the government on social media platforms. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: High Court’s Observation on the Fact Check Unit (FCU) What is the Fact Check Unit (FCU)? About Information Technology Amendment Rules, 2023 Concerns regarding IT Rules, 2023 High Court’s Observation on the Fact Check Unit (FCU): Violation of Constitutional Rights: The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 were deemed in violation of Article 14 (right to equality), Article 19 (freedom of speech and expression), and 19(1)(g) (freedom of profession) as per the Indian Constitution. Ambiguity in Definition: The terms “fake” or “misleading” news remain unclear, lacking precise definitions. Absence of a “Right to Truth”: Since no legally recognized “right to the truth” exists, the state isn’t mandated to ensure that only information verified by the FCU is shared with citizens. Proportionality Standard: The court noted that the measures proposed by the FCU do not meet the necessary standard of proportionality. What is the Fact Check Unit (FCU)? Purpose: The FCU is tasked with combating misinformation, especially content related to the Indian government. Main Function: The FCU’s primary role is to verify facts and ensure that accurate information is disseminated in public discourse. Establishment: In April 2023, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) established the FCU by modifying the Information Technology Rules, 2021. Supreme Court Stay: In March 2024, the Supreme Court issued a stay on the establishment of the FCU under the Press Information Bureau. Government’s Stance: The government defended the creation of the FCU, arguing that it serves to curb the spread of misinformation and is one of the least restrictive approaches. Enforcement: The FCU will oversee content adjudication, and non-compliance by intermediaries with its guidelines may lead to legal action under Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000, which addresses the violation of safe harbour provisions. About Information Technology Amendment Rules, 2023 The Information Technology Amendment Rules, 2023 have several provisions aimed at regulating online content and activities. These rules include: No platform can allow harmful unapproved online games and their advertisements. Sharing false information about the Indian government is prohibited as confirmed by a fact-checking unit. Platforms should make reasonable efforts to not host content related to the Central Government that is identified as fake or misleading by a fact-check unit. Online gaming platforms will have to register with a Self-Regulatory Body (SRB) to ensure the games are permissible. Online games should not involve gambling or betting elements and should comply with legal requirements, standards, and safety precautions such as parental controls. If any information is marked as fake, intermediaries will be required to take it down, or they risk losing their safe harbour protection. Social media sites will have to take down such posts, and internet service providers will have to block URLs of such content. Key IT Rules of 2021: Social media platforms must exercise greater diligence with respect to the content on their platforms. Intermediaries must remove or disable access within 24 hours of receipt of complaints of content that exposes private areas of individuals, shows individuals in full or partial nudity or in sexual act, or is in the nature of impersonation including morphed images, etc. Social media platforms must ensure that their privacy policies educate users about not circulating copyrighted material and anything that can be construed as defamatory, racially or ethnically objectionable, paedophilic, threatening the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India or friendly relations with foreign states, or violative of any contemporary law. Concerns regarding IT Rules, 2023 The Information Technology Amendment Rules, 2023 have raised concerns about the potential for government censorship and arbitrary exercise of power. Lack of clear definition of “fake news” The amendment fails to define “fake news”, leaving room for arbitrary determination by the government’s fact-check unit. The phrase “in respect of any business” gives the government unchecked power to decide what content can be accessed online. Concerns about arbitrary power and censorship Intermediaries are required to remove information deemed false by the Fact Check Unit, effectively leaving the state as the sole determiner of what is true or false. The IT Rules give the government the power to decide what information is bogus and exercise censorship by compelling intermediaries to take down posts deemed fake or false. Shreya Singhal vs Union of India (2015) case The Supreme Court held that a law that limits speech cannot be vague or over-broad. The lack of clear definitions and guidelines in the IT Rules, 2023 raises concerns about potential violations of free speech and expression. -Source: The Hindu Nagar Van Yojana Context: Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India achieved a 100-Day Target of 100 Nagar Vans under Nagar Van Yojana (NVY) with the objective to Enhance Urban Greenery. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Nagar Van Yojana (NVY): Launch and Purpose: Initiated in 2020, NVY focuses on enhancing urban greenery to improve the quality of life and foster social cohesion in urban areas. Financial Assistance: The scheme offers Rs. 4 lakh per hectare for the development and upkeep of urban forests, encouraging the participation of local communities, students, and other stakeholders in managing green spaces. Area Coverage: The size of each Nagar Van varies, covering areas from 10 to 50 hectares. Target Cities: NVY is applicable in all cities governed by Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Biodiversity and Engagement: A key focus is on biodiversity by planting fruit-bearing, medicinal, and native species to promote ecological balance and attract wildlife. The scheme promotes community engagement through tree planting, educational initiatives, and sustainable management practices. Forest Design: Each Nagar Van must dedicate two-thirds of its area to tree cover and incorporate elements like Biodiversity Parks, Smriti Vans, Butterfly Conservatories, and Herbal Gardens. The initiative also includes Matri Van, created as part of the Ek Ped Ma Ke Naam campaign. Goal by 2027: The scheme aims to establish 1,000 Nagar Vans by 2027 with financial backing from the National Fund for National Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority (National CAMPA). -Source: Indian Express Mankidia Tribe Context: Recently, the Mankidia community became the 6th particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) PVTG to get habitat rights over forests in Odisha. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Mankidia Tribe The Mankidia tribe belongs to the Austro-Asiatic ethnic group and primarily depends on forest resources for survival. They form a semi-nomadic subsection of the Birhor tribe, moving frequently in search of sustenance. The tribe is designated as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Odisha, highlighting their marginalized status. Livelihood and Occupation The Mankidia tribe’s main source of livelihood comes from food gathering and hunting. They are among the lesser-known forest-dwelling and nomadic communities in both Odisha and India. They roam in small groups within forest areas and set up temporary settlements called Kumbhas, characterized by dome-shaped leaf huts. Language and Spiritual Beliefs The Mankidia tribe speaks a dialect derived from the Munda language, with some members also fluent in Odia. Their spiritual beliefs encompass both benevolent and malevolent deities. Logobir and Budhimai are their principal gods. They honor their ancestors to ensure health and success in hunting and gathering forest produce. Geographical Distribution The Mankidia tribe predominantly inhabits Odisha, but they are also found in the states of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal. -Source: Indian Express MAPCIS Crater Context: Recently, Australian researchers have uncovered evidence of a massive impact crater which is named as MAPCIS, which could revolutionise our understanding of Earth’s geological history. Relevance: GS III: Science and technology MAPCIS Crater Overview: MAPCIS is a nonconcentric complex crater that may offer crucial insights into Earth’s geological and biological history. It spans an impressive 600 kilometers across central Australia. Referred to as the Massive Australian Precambrian-Cambrian Impact Structure (MAPCIS). The event that caused the crater is believed to have occurred towards the end of the Ediacaran period. It contains pseudotachylite breccia (melt rock) deposits, lonsdaleite (shocked diamonds), and notable concentrations of iridium—all indicative of a high-impact event. Key Facts About the Ediacaran Period: Geological Timeline: The Ediacaran period spans from 635 to 541 million years ago, marking the end of the Proterozoic Eon. Significance: This period saw the earliest known development of multicellular life. Biological Transition: It represents a time of major geological and biological transformation, transitioning from a world dominated by microscopic life to one teeming with Cambrian animals. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 September 2024

CONTENTS Gingee Fort Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site SPICED Scheme Gingee Fort Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site Context: Gingee Fort, located in Tamil Nadu’s Villupuram district, has been officially nominated for inclusion in UNESCO’s World Heritage Site list. This nomination is part of a larger initiative titled the “Maratha Military Landscapes,” which aims to recognize and preserve 12 significant forts that highlight the historical military architecture influenced by the Maratha Empire. Relevance: GS I: Culture Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts Regarding Gingee Fort What are UNESCO World Heritage Sites? Key Facts Regarding Gingee Fort: Location: Gingee Fort is strategically located atop three hillocks: Rajagiri, Krishnagiri, and Chandragiri, making it a prominent fort in Tamil Nadu. Historical Importance: Known as the “Troy of the East”, Gingee Fort is considered one of the most impregnable fortresses in South India. Its strong defences, including a 60-foot-wide rampart and an 80-foot-wide moat, made it crucial during the Carnatic Wars between the French and British. Historical Overview: The fort was originally constructed in 1200 CE by Ananta Kon of the Konar Dynasty and named Krishnagiri. Significant renovations were made under the Vijayanagar Empire. In 1677, the fort was captured by Chhatrapati Shivaji, and it remained under Maratha control until it was taken by the Mughals in 1698. The fort served as the last stronghold for the Marathas, led by Rajaram I (Shivaji’s son), in their resistance against the Mughal forces. After briefly being ruled by Raja Desingh (Tej Singh), the fort was taken over by the Nawabs of Arcot in 1714 and stayed under their dominion until 1749. From 1750 to 1770, the fort was under French control, after which it passed into British hands. Architectural Features: The fort complex includes multiple temples and shrines along with significant structures such as a stepped well, Kalyana Mahal, durbar hall, cannon, clock tower, armory, elephant tank, stable, granary, gymnasium, Venkataramana temple, and Sadathtulla mosque. Water Supply Systems: The fort is equipped with two advanced water supply systems that ensured water availability even at the fort’s highest points. Rajagiri Hill: Rajagiri is the tallest hill at 800 meters, with a citadel and the temple of Ranganatha located on it. Krishnagiri Citadel: The Krishnagiri Citadel is noted for its Indo-Islamic architecture, featuring an audience hall with a domed roof. Venkataramana Swamy Temple: Situated in the Lower Fort complex, this temple features intricate carvings from Hindu epics. Kalyana Mahal: A remarkable eight-storey structure, the Kalyana Mahal was used as the royal ladies’ quarters. What are UNESCO World Heritage Sites? UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place that is recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of distinctive cultural or physical importance which is considered of outstanding value to humanity. It may be a building, a city, a complex, a desert, a forest, an island, a lake, a monument, or a mountain. They have been inscribed on the World Heritage List to be protected for future generations to appreciate and enjoy as they have a special cultural or physical significance and outstanding universal value to the humanity. Italy is home to the greatest number of World Heritage Sites. At present, India has 38 World Heritage Properties. All the sites under the Ministry are conserved as per ASI’s Conservation Policy and are in good shape.   More about selection and protection of World Heritage Sites The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity. To be selected, a WHS must be an already-classified landmark, unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance (such as an ancient ruin or historical structure, building, city, complex, desert, forest, island, lake, monument, mountain, or wilderness area). It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity, and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet. The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity, which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing, unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access, or threat from local administrative negligence. The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 “states parties” that are elected by their General Assembly. UNESCO World Heritage Committee The World Heritage Committee selects the sites to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger. It monitors the state of conservation of the World Heritage properties, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States Parties. It is composed of 21 states parties that are elected by the General Assembly of States Parties for a four-year term. India is NOT a member of this Committee. SPICED Scheme Context: Recently, the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry has approved a Spices Board scheme, ‘Sustainability in spice sector through progressive, innovative and collaborative interventions for export development’ (SPICED) scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About the SPICED Scheme: Purpose: The SPICED Scheme is focused on enhancing the export of spices and value-added spice products, improving productivity of cardamoms, and upgrading the post-harvest quality of spices across India for export. Implementation: The scheme is being implemented until the end of the 15th Finance Commission term, which runs up to 2025-26. Key Highlights of the Scheme: The scheme aims to promote value addition, foster innovation, and encourage sustainability in the spice sector through various initiatives: Mission Value Addition. Mission Clean and Safe Spices. Promotion of GI spices. Support for entrepreneurship through Spice Incubation Centres. Focus Groups: The scheme places emphasis on farmers’ groups, FPOs, farmers’ clusters identified under ODOP and DEH, as well as the SC/ST community, exporters from the Northeast, and SMEs. Eligibility: Exporters with a valid Certificate of Registration as Exporter of Spices (CRES) are eligible for assistance. Preference will be given to first-time applicants and SMEs. Program Focus: Programs under the scheme aim to improve the productivity of cardamoms and upgrade the post-harvest quality of spices. These initiatives target farmer groups, including Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs), and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in key spice-growing regions. Post-Harvest Improvement: The scheme prioritizes post-harvest improvements to create an exportable surplus of spices, ensuring compliance with food safety and quality standards. Transparency: Scheme activities will be geo-tagged, and information regarding fund availability, application status, and list of beneficiaries will be available on the Board’s website to ensure transparency

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 September 2024

Contents: The NCrF as a Framework for well-rounded education The Supreme Court’s Stance on Child Sexual Exploitation Online The Modi-U.S. Visit: Key Announcements and Challenges Ahead The NCrF as a Framework for well-rounded education Context: The National Credit Framework (NCrF) is a transformative initiative under India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aimed at modernizing the education system. It emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach, the flexibility of learning, and vocational training to equip students with the necessary skills for a rapidly evolving job market. This approach moves away from the conventional focus on academics alone, encouraging institutions to integrate knowledge production with skill development to meet contemporary challenges. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (Education and Policies) and GS Paper III (Economic Development and Employment) Mains Question: How does the National Credit Framework (NCrF) proposed under NEP 2020 aim to enhance flexibility in higher education? Discuss its potential to balance vocational training and knowledge generation. Flexibility in Education: The NCrF offers a unified accumulation and transfer of credits across disciplines, including school, vocational, and higher education, ensuring students benefit from a broad-based and flexible learning experience. Students can earn credits through a variety of activities such as: Classroom learning, Research projects, Internships, and Apprenticeships. This flexibility enables learners to engage in multidisciplinary fields, gain on-the-job training, and participate in experiential learning, bridging the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills. Vocational and Skill Training: The NCrF emphasizes vocational education along with traditional academic learning. This approach aims to enhance employability by focusing on fundamental research and innovation alongside vocational skills. Institutions are encouraged to integrate vocational training with knowledge production, ensuring that both areas are treated as essential for developing a dynamic workforce. This helps in addressing the skills mismatch in various industries. Adapting to Technological and Social Changes: The framework acknowledges the rapid changes in technology and the economy, urging Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to continually update their curricula to keep pace with evolving job requirements. Institutions must remain relevant by revising their syllabi and ensuring that students acquire the skills necessary for emerging sectors like artificial intelligence, data science, and biotechnology. Democratizing Education and Social Equity: The NCrF is a critical component of the broader NEP 2020, which seeks to democratize education and ensure that learning is accessible to students from all socio-economic backgrounds. By providing options for vocational education and skill-based training, it aims to reduce inequalities in higher education, making it possible for students to transition from education to self-employment or skilled jobs. Addressing Criticism: Critics who argue that vocational training undermines the intellectual pursuits of higher education are reminded that the modern world requires both knowledge creators and skilled professionals. The NCrF provides a dual approach, allowing students to pursue academic excellence while also acquiring employability skills. This balance is crucial for India’s economic growth and global competitiveness. Additional Data: Multidisciplinary Credit System: The NCrF ensures that students from all fields can earn and transfer credits across disciplines, enhancing their academic journey. NEP Vision: The NEP 2020 envisions a complete overhaul of India’s educational structure, aiming to align it with 21st-century demands. Conclusion: The National Credit Framework (NCrF) is a vital reform under the NEP 2020, designed to ensure that India’s education system produces well-rounded graduates equipped with both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The flexibility offered by the NCrF will allow students to adapt to changing job markets, enhance social mobility, and contribute meaningfully to the country’s economic development. The Supreme Court’s Stance on Child Sexual Exploitation Online Context: The Supreme Court of India has provided a comprehensive legal interpretation of the penal consequences concerning online content that depicts child sexual exploitation. This clarification aligns with the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and addresses the Information Technology Act, 2000, aiming to curb the proliferation of such heinous content in the digital space. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (Governance and Social Justice) and GS Paper III (Internal Security) Mains Question: Discuss the legal framework in India concerning the viewing, accessing, and distribution of child sexual exploitation material online. How does the Supreme Court’s clarification strengthen the protection of children under Indian law? Clarification under POCSO: The POCSO Act, enacted to protect children from sexual offenses, includes provisions to penalize those involved in creating, accessing, or storing child sexual exploitation content. The recent Supreme Court verdict broadens the scope of Section 15 of POCSO, which deals with the possession and sharing of Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material (CSEAM). The Court has clarified that viewing or displaying such content, even without physically possessing it, falls under the legal definition of constructive possession. Tackling the Definition: A significant part of the judgment advocates against the use of the term “child pornography” due to its tendency to trivialize the seriousness of the offense. Instead, the Court suggested the use of the term CSEAM, which better reflects the gravity of exploiting children for sexual content. This clarification removes ambiguity in the application of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and aligns it with POCSO to ensure that individuals who consume, even passively, such exploitative content are held accountable. Constructive Possession and Control: The Court also explained the doctrine of constructive possession, stating that any individual who views, controls, or displays such material, even without downloading or storing it, can be penalized. Section 67B of the IT Act has been referenced in the judgment to penalize various electronic forms of exploitation. This extends the liability beyond creators and distributors of the content to include those who intentionally fail to remove or report such content to authorities. Legal Precedent and Harmonization: The ruling also harmonizes discrepancies in High Court verdicts concerning child sexual abuse material. For instance, a Madras High Court decision that quashed a case of viewing child sexual content on the basis that only creators of such content could be penalized has now been set aside. By advocating comprehensive sex education and emphasizing legal and ethical responsibilities, the Supreme Court aims to enhance the broader legal and social mechanisms for protecting children from online exploitation. Platforms and Intermediary Liability: The Court has reiterated that online platforms and intermediaries have a duty to promptly remove exploitative content involving children and report it to law enforcement agencies. Failing to comply with these responsibilities could also bring legal consequences under the amended Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules. Additional Data: Section 67B of the IT Act: Provides penalties for the transmission of child sexual exploitation material online. POCSO Act, Section 15: Deals with punishment for storing or possessing child pornography content, with extensions for constructive possession. Conclusion: The Supreme Court’s detailed clarification of laws related to online child sexual exploitation strengthens India’s legal framework under POCSO and the Information Technology Act, 2000. It holds individuals accountable for viewing and disseminating such content, closes legal loopholes, and enhances the protection of children’s rights in the digital age. This landmark ruling provides critical legal backing to India’s efforts to combat cyber-crimes related to child sexual abuse, ensuring that perpetrators face legal consequences, even for the mere viewing or control of exploitative material. The Modi-U.S. Visit: Key Announcements and Challenges Ahead Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s three-day visit to the United States marked a significant moment in India-U.S. relations, featuring bilateral talks, Quad Summit deliberations, and meetings at the UN General Assembly. This visit, with its focus on strategic partnerships and geopolitical challenges, also set the stage for India’s upcoming Quad presidency. Relevance: GS Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss the strategic outcomes of Prime Minister Modi’s recent visit to the United States, focusing on India’s role in the Quad and bilateral progress with the U.S. How do these developments impact India’s geopolitical positioning? Key Focus Areas: PM Modi’s visit centered on three pivotal areas: Quad engagements with leaders from the U.S., Japan, and Australia, Bilateral meetings with President Joe Biden, UN meetings, where global issues such as the Ukraine conflict were discussed. Strategic Outcomes of the Quad Summit: Countering China: The Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission and Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI) were highlights, aimed at upholding the rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific. However, India’s caution in joining other Quad members in contested waters is a point of interest. Health and Technology: The commitment to a “Cancer Moonshot” and progress on the Quad Vaccine Initiative were crucial. Both reflect the Quad’s effort to address global challenges beyond security. India-U.S. Bilateral Progress: Semiconductor Manufacturing and Drone Acquisition: Agreements on semiconductors and Predator drones enhance the defense and technology partnership between India and the U.S. Challenges in the Bilateral Relationship: The visit was shadowed by tensions, particularly the Pannun case involving India’s National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, and a White House meeting with Sikh activists critical of India. This underscores the complexity of India-U.S. relations, where strategic cooperation exists alongside domestic and diaspora tensions. UN Diplomacy and Peace Talks: At the UN General Assembly, PM Modi’s bilateral interactions, particularly with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, were of interest. Modi reiterated India’s role as a “strong voice” of the Global South, advocating for the concerns of developing nations regarding the Ukraine conflict. Discussions included hints of India’s potential role in future peace initiatives, though without definitive announcements. India’s Role in the Quad and Global South: The Quad Presidency in 2025 will test India’s ability to navigate geopolitical tensions, especially with China. India’s reluctance to engage militarily in the Indo-Pacific waters could come under scrutiny, though the rules-based order and economic engagement remain central to its approach. Modi’s emphasis on India being a “strong voice” of the Global South highlights India’s leadership aspirations in multilateral fora, especially in peacebuilding and global development. Additional Data: Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission and MAITRI initiatives target China’s aggression in the South China Sea. U.S.-India semiconductor deal: Strengthening India’s role in the global technology supply chain. Conclusion: PM Modi’s visit to the U.S. yielded strategic advancements in areas like technology and defense, particularly regarding semiconductors and drones. However, challenges such as the Pannun case and Sikh activism have added layers of complexity to bilateral relations. India’s upcoming Quad presidency will be a crucial test of its ability to navigate these challenges while asserting its global role, both within the Indo-Pacific region and at multilateral platforms like the UN. India’s diplomatic balancing act, both within the Quad and on the global stage, will be crucial as it navigates the next phase of its international relations strategy.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 September 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Ruling Strengthens POCSO Act Enforcement Union Government Releases 2022 Atrocities Report PM Modi Speaks at UN Summit on Multilateral Solutions National Green Tribunal International Big Cat Alliance Fjords Barak Bhuban wildlife sanctuary Supreme Court Ruling Strengthens POCSO Act Enforcement Context: The Supreme Court of India has recently strengthened the enforcement of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, by ruling that watching or possessing sexually explicit material involving minors is illegal, irrespective of whether it is shared or transmitted. This decision overrides a previous judgment from the Madras High Court, which had concluded that private viewing of child pornography did not constitute an offence if there was no further distribution. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court Ruling on Child Pornography: About Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 Contention/Criticisms around implementation of POCSO About POCSO Amendment Act 2019 Supreme Court Ruling on Child Pornography: Terminology Change: The Supreme Court has urged the Union government to replace the term “child pornography” with “child sexual exploitative and abuse material” (CSEAM), to better reflect the nature of abuse and exploitation. Importance of the Change: The term pornography often implies consensual adult activities, which is not accurate in cases of child abuse and exploitation. Expansion of Section 15 of the POCSO Act, 2012: Stricter Interpretation: The SC provided a stricter interpretation of the “storage of child pornography” under Section 15 of the POCSO Act, which previously focused on storage for commercial purposes. The new interpretation outlines three key offences under this section. Offences Under Section 15: Section 15(1): Individuals who store or possess child pornography must delete, destroy, or report it. Failure to do so is punishable. Section 15(2): Possession with the intent to transmit or display (except for reporting) is a chargeable offence. Section 15(3): Storing child pornography for commercial purposes incurs the most severe penalties. Inchoate Offences: The court classified these actions as inchoate offences, which are preparatory steps toward committing a further crime. Broader Definition of Possession: Constructive Possession: The definition of possession now includes constructive possession, where an individual may not physically hold the material but still has control and knowledge over it. Example: Watching child pornography online without downloading it is still considered possession. Accountability for Links: If a person receives a link to child pornography but does not report it, they can still be held accountable, even if they did not retain the material. Comprehensive Sex Education: Court’s Call for Action: The SC urged the government to promote comprehensive sex education in schools and society to dispel misconceptions and reduce the stigma surrounding sexual health. Focus Areas: This education should include themes such as consent, healthy relationships, gender equality, and diversity. Awareness of the POCSO Act, 2012: Sections 43 and 44: The court emphasized the need for the central and state governments, along with the NCPCR, to promote widespread awareness of the POCSO Act. Health and Sex Education: An expert committee should develop comprehensive programs to enhance awareness about health, sex education, and the POCSO Act among children. Support Systems for Victims: Psychological and Educational Support: The ruling stressed the need for psychological counseling, therapeutic interventions, and educational support for victims of CSEAM. Offender Rehabilitation: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) could be used to address the cognitive distortions that lead to abusive behavior. About Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 was enacted to provide a robust legal framework for the protection of children from offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography, while safeguarding the interest of the child at every stage of the judicial process. The framing of the Act seeks to put children first by making it easy to use by including mechanisms for child-friendly reporting, recording of evidence, investigation and speedy trial of offences through designated Special Courts. The Act provides for a variety of offences under which an accused can be punished. It recognises forms of penetration other than penile-vaginal penetration and criminalises acts of immodesty against children too. Offences under the act include: Penetrative Sexual Assault: Insertion of penis/object/another body part in child’s vagina/urethra/anus/mouth, or asking the child to do so with them or some other person Sexual Assault: When a person touches the child, or makes the child touch them or someone else Sexual Harassment: passing sexually coloured remark, sexual gesture/noise, repeatedly following, flashing, etc. Child Pornography Aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault/ Aggravated Sexual Assault Salient features of the Act The act is gender-neutral for both children and for the accused. With respect to pornography, the Act criminalises even watching or collection of pornographic content involving children. The Act makes abetment of child sexual abuse an offence. Defines a child as any person below eighteen years of age Provides for mandatory reporting of sexual offences, keeping with the best international child protection standards. Police cast in the role of child protectors during the investigative process: The police personnel receiving a report of sexual abuse of a child are given the responsibility of making urgent arrangements for the care and protection of the child. Provisions for the medical examination of the child in a manner designed to cause as little distress as possible Provision of Special Courts: that conduct the trial in-camera and without revealing the identity of the child, in a child-friendly manner. Timely disposal of cases: A case of child sexual abuse must be disposed of within one year from the date the offence is reported. Recognition to a wide range of form of sexual abuse against children: as punishable offences. People who traffic children for sexual purposes are also punishable under the provisions relating to abetment in the Act. The Act prescribes stringent punishment graded as per the gravity of the offence, with a maximum term of rigorous imprisonment for life, and fine. Child-friendly process: It also provides for various procedural reforms, making the tiring process of trial in India considerably easier for children. The Act has been criticised as its provisions seem to criminalise consensual sexual intercourse between two people below the age of 18. Contention/Criticisms around implementation of POCSO Criticism in Definition of child The Act defines a child as a person under the age of 18 years. However, this definition is a purely biological one, and doesn’t take into account people who live with intellectual and psycho-social disability. A recent case in SC has been filed where a women of biological age 38yrs but mental age 6yrs was raped. The victim’s advocate argues that “failure to consider the mental age will be an attack on the very purpose of act.” SC has reserved the case for judgement and is determined to interpret whether the 2012 act encompasses the mental age or whether only biological age is inclusive in the definition. Issue with the Mandatory Reporting feature According to the Act, every crime of child sexual abuse should be reported. If a person who has information of any abuse fails to report, they may face imprisonment up to six months or may be fined or both. Many child rights and women rights organisation has criticised this provision. According to experts, this provision takes away agency of choice from children. There may be many survivors who do not want to go through the trauma of criminal justice system, but this provision does not differentiate. Furthermore, mandatory reporting may also hinder access to medical aid, and psycho-social intervention. It contradicts the right to confidentiality for access to medical, and psychological care. Contradiction with the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 The POCSO Act was passed to strengthen legal provisions for the protection of children below 18 years of age from sexual abuse and exploitation. Under this Act, if any girl under 18 is seeking abortion the service provider is compelled to register a complaint of sexual assault with the police. However, under the MTP Act, it is not mandatory to report the identity of the person seeking an abortion. Consequently, service providers are hesitant to provide abortion services to girls under 18. Issue with Legal Aid Section 40 of the Act allows victims to access legal aid. However, that is subject to Code of Criminal Procedure. In other words, the lawyer representing a child can only assist the Public Prosecutor, and file written final arguments if the judge permits. Thus, the interest of the victim often go unrepresented. Issue with Consent The law presumes all sexual act with children under the age of 18 is sexual offence. Therefore, two adolescent who engage in consensual sexual act will also be punished under this law. This is especially a concern where adolescent is in relationship with someone from different caste, or religion. Parents have filed cases under this Act to ‘punish’ relationships they do not approve of. About POCSO Amendment Act 2019 Increases the minimum punishment (including death penalty) for penetrative sexual assault, aggravated penetrative sexual assault. The earlier amendment allowed the death penalty only in cases of sexual assault of girls below 12 years but now it will be applicable to boys also. Adds assault resulting in death of child, and assault committed during a natural calamity, or in any similar situations of violence into Aggravated penetrative sexual assault. Tightened the provisions to counter child pornography. While the earlier Act had punishment for storing child pornography for commercial purposes, the amendment includes punishment for possessing pornographic material in any form involving a child, even if the accused persons have failed to delete or destroy or report the same with an intention to share it. The Act defines child pornography as any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a child including photograph, video, digital or computer-generated image indistinguishable from an actual child. -Source: The Hindu Union Government Releases 2022 Atrocities Report Context: The union government has published a new report detailing the state of atrocities against Scheduled Castes in the year 2022 under the framework of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Report on Atrocities Against SCs and STs Reasons for Crime Against SC and ST Communities Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Key Findings of the Report on Atrocities Against SCs and STs: Case Statistics: In 2022, there were 51,656 cases of atrocities against Scheduled Castes (SCs) and 9,735 cases against Scheduled Tribes (STs). 97.7% of SC cases and 98.91% of ST cases were concentrated in 13 states. States with the Highest Incidents: For SCs (Six states accounted for nearly 81% of the cases): Uttar Pradesh: 12,287 cases (23.78%) Rajasthan: 8,651 cases (16.75%) Madhya Pradesh: 7,732 cases (14.97%) Bihar: 6,799 cases (13.16%) Odisha: 3,576 cases (6.93%) Maharashtra: 2,706 cases (5.24%) For STs: Madhya Pradesh: 2,979 cases (30.61%) Rajasthan: 2,498 cases (25.66%) Odisha: 773 cases (7.94%) Maharashtra: 691 cases (7.10%) Andhra Pradesh: 499 cases (5.13%) Charge Sheets and Investigations: SC-related Cases: Charge sheets were filed in 60.38% of cases, while 14.78% were concluded with final reports due to false claims or lack of evidence. ST-related Cases: Charge sheets were filed in 63.32% of cases, while 14.71% were concluded with final reports. By the end of 2022, 17,166 cases involving SCs and 2,702 cases involving STs were still under investigation. Conviction Rates: The conviction rate under the Act has dropped from 39.2% in 2020 to 32.4% in 2022, reflecting a concerning decline in judicial outcomes. Infrastructure Deficiencies: Out of 498 districts across 14 states, only 194 districts have established special courts to expedite trials for atrocities against SCs and STs. Some states, including Uttar Pradesh, have not adequately identified atrocity-prone areas, despite having high numbers of cases. Protection Cells: SC/ST protection cells have been set up in several states and union territories, including Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and others, along with Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry. Reasons for Crime Against SC and ST Communities: Caste Hierarchies: Deep-rooted caste systems perpetuate discriminatory practices, leading to social exclusion and violence against SC/ST communities based on their caste identity. Land Ownership Conflicts: SC/ST communities, historically deprived of land ownership, often face conflicts over land access with dominant castes. Limited Access to Resources: Restricted access to education, employment, and economic resources makes SC/ST groups more vulnerable to exploitation and violence. Disproportionate Influence: Dominant castes often wield political and social power, enabling them to enforce discriminatory practices without fear of legal consequences. Weak Law Enforcement: Although laws like the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act exist, weak enforcement, along with police and bureaucratic bias, often limits justice for victims of caste-based violence. Political Exploitation: Caste tensions are sometimes worsened by political actors who exploit these divides for electoral gains, leading to polarization and conflict within communities. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: The Act was enacted to protect Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes from caste-based discrimination and violence, reinforcing the provisions of Articles 15 and 17 of the Indian Constitution. The legislation builds upon earlier laws like the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, aimed at abolishing untouchability and discrimination based on caste. Key Provisions of the Act: Defined Offenses: The Act categorizes acts of physical violence, harassment, and social discrimination against SC/ST individuals as “atrocities,” subject to stringent legal penalties. Legal Framework: The Central Government crafts the implementing rules, while State Governments and Union Territories provide local enforcement. Special courts and SC/ST Protection Cells, led by senior police officers, are established for efficient case handling and trials. Investigations must be led by officers at least at the Deputy Superintendent level and completed swiftly within a set timeframe. Legal Protections and Bail Conditions: Anticipatory Bail Restrictions: Section 18 bars the application of anticipatory bail for accused under this Act, as outlined in Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act includes provisions for the relief and rehabilitation of victims, offering financial compensation, legal aid, and other support services. Recent Amendments to Enhance Protections: 2015 Amendment: Introduced tougher provisions and broadened the definition of offenses to include actions like garlanding with footwear, forced manual scavenging, social or economic boycotts, and other forms of ostracism. Offenses Added: Sexual exploitation and unauthorized physical contact with SC/ST women. Outlawing traditional practices such as dedicating SC/ST women as devadasis. Public Accountability: Imposes penalties on public servants who fail to perform their duties in protecting SC/ST rights. 2018 Amendment: Simplified the arrest process by removing the requirement for Senior Superintendent approval before detaining an accused. Scope Limitation: Intra-community Offenses: The Act does not address offenses committed within the SC/ST communities against each other. Challenges associated with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: Resource Limitations: These courts often struggle with insufficient resources and infrastructure, affecting their functionality and efficiency. There is a notable backlog and slow processing of atrocity cases, which can extend beyond the intended scope of the SC/ST Act. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act provides limited and unclear details on the rehabilitation of victims, primarily focusing on social and economic support without concrete measures. Victims often encounter physical, psychological, and social challenges. There is a crucial need for more detailed and comprehensive rehabilitation strategies to aid victims towards economic self-sufficiency. Awareness and Training: Both beneficiaries, including victims and law enforcement personnel, frequently lack sufficient understanding of the Act’s specific provisions. Legal and Misuse Concerns: The Act includes provisions for warrantless arrests and non-bailable offenses, which have occasionally led to misuse. The broad and stringent nature of the law has led to concerns about false accusations and harassment, particularly impacting individuals from non-SC/ST backgrounds. Coverage of Offenses: Certain crimes that lead to atrocities, such as blackmailing among SC/ST communities, are not explicitly addressed within the Act. The current definition of atrocities may not fully cover all forms of abuse experienced by SCs and STs, suggesting a need for legislative amendments to include a broader array of crimes. -Source: The Hindu PM Modi Speaks at UN Summit on Multilateral Solutions Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently addressed the ‘Summit of the Future’ at the United Nations General Assembly in New York, focusing on the theme ‘Multilateral Solutions for a Better Tomorrow’. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of PM Modi’s Speech United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Summit of the Future Key Highlights of PM Modi’s Speech: Collective Strength: PM Modi stressed that humanity’s success depends on collective strength rather than conflict on the battlefield. He called for reforms in global institutions to ensure global peace and sustainable development, promoting a human-centric approach to address global challenges. New Conflict Arenas: PM Modi highlighted emerging conflict zones, including cyber, maritime, and space, in addition to traditional threats like terrorism. He advocated for global digital governance to protect national sovereignty and integrity. He also emphasized the need for balanced global regulations to ensure the safe and responsible use of technology. India’s Development Success: PM Modi reflected on India’s achievement of lifting 250 million people out of poverty and its success in sustainable development. He expressed India’s readiness to share its experience with the Global South. He reaffirmed India’s commitment to the idea of “One Earth, One Family, One Future”, emphasizing initiatives like One Earth, One Health and One Sun, One World, One Grid. Reforming Global Institutions: PM Modi stressed the need to reform international institutions like the UN Security Council, aligning with India’s aspiration for permanent membership. He referred to the inclusion of the African Union in the G20 during India’s presidency as an example of efforts to make global governance more inclusive. Global Digital Infrastructure: PM Modi promoted India’s digital public infrastructure as a tool for global good, offering it to the world. He emphasized that global action must match global ambition in areas such as cyber, maritime, and space security. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA): Establishment: Founded in 1945 under the UN Charter and headquartered in New York City. It is one of the six principal organs of the UN and serves as the primary policy-making body of the organization. Role: Provides a platform for multilateral discussions on a wide range of international issues. Every member state of the UN has an equal vote in the General Assembly. Key Decisions: Appointing the Secretary-General based on the Security Council’s recommendation. Electing non-permanent members to the Security Council. Approving the UN budget. Important Achievements: Adoption of the Millennium Declaration in 2000. 2005 World Summit Outcome Document. Formulation of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015. Annual General Debate: The UNGA holds an annual debate where member states express their views on major global issues. The UN Secretary-General presents a report on the work of the organization at the opening of the debate. 79th UN General Assembly: Details: The 79th session was held from 10th to 30th September 2024, focusing on accelerating progress toward the SDGs. Global leaders addressed interconnected global challenges and adopted the Pact for the Future, which includes the Global Digital Compact with a focus on gender equality. The session is chaired by Cameroonian President Philemon Yong. Theme: “Leaving no one behind: acting together for the advancement of peace, sustainable development, and human dignity for present and future generations”. Summit of the Future: Details: Held on 22-23 September 2024 at the UN Headquarters in New York, the summit addressed global governance challenges revealed by recent crises. Aimed to reaffirm commitments to the SDGs, strengthen global cooperation, and build a foundation for an improved multilateral system. Focus: International cooperation on critical global issues such as climate change, poverty, inequality, ongoing conflicts, and health crises. Theme: “Multilateral solutions for a better tomorrow”. Expected Outcome: The summit is expected to produce the Pact for the Future, along with key documents like the Global Digital Compact and the Declaration on Future Generations. -Source: The Hindu National Green Tribunal Context: Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) ordered classifying Nainital town into prohibited, regulated, and development zones. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Points from the National Green Tribunal (NGT) Order Regarding Nainital: National Green Tribunal (NGT) Key Points from the National Green Tribunal (NGT) Order Regarding Nainital: Zoning of Nainital: The NGT has ordered classifying Nainital town into prohibited, regulated, and development zones to manage growth responsibly. Objective: This zoning aims to curb the environmental impact caused by unchecked urbanisation and ensure responsible development management. Carrying Capacity: The NGT emphasized the idea of “carrying capacity”, which refers to the maximum population and development limit that Nainital can support without causing environmental degradation. Environmental Concerns: The felling of oak and deodar trees for parking facilities near hotels has led to ecological damage in Nainital’s catchment area, affecting the recharge of Nainital Lake. Nainital Lake: Nainital Lake is a lunar-shaped freshwater lake, formed due to tectonic movements. It is located in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Role of the NGT: The NGT is a statutory body established under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 to ensure the quick resolution of cases related to environmental protection and forest conservation. National Green Tribunal (NGT) The NGT was established on October 18, 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010, passed by the Central Government. National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of India which enables creation of a special tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal of the cases pertaining to environmental issues. NGT Act draws inspiration from the India’s constitutional provision of (Constitution of India/Part III) Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty, which assures the citizens of India the right to a healthy environment. The stated objective of the Central Government was to provide a specialized forum for effective and speedy disposal of cases pertaining to environment protection, conservation of forests and for seeking compensation for damages caused to people or property due to violation of environmental laws or conditions specified while granting permissions. Structure of National Green Tribunal Following the enactment of the said law, the Principal Bench of the NGT has been established in the National Capital – New Delhi, with regional benches in Pune (Western Zone Bench), Bhopal (Central Zone Bench), Chennai (Southern Bench) and Kolkata (Eastern Bench). Each Bench has a specified geographical jurisdiction covering several States in a region. The Chairperson of the NGT is a retired Judge of the Supreme Court, Head Quartered in Delhi. Other Judicial members are retired Judges of High Courts. Each bench of the NGT will comprise of at least one Judicial Member and one Expert Member. Expert members should have a professional qualification and a minimum of 15 years’ experience in the field of environment/forest conservation and related subjects. Powers of NGT The NGT has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues and questions that are linked to the implementation of laws listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act. These include the following: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This means that any violations pertaining ONLY to these laws, or any order / decision taken by the Government under these laws can be challenged before the NGT. Importantly, the NGT has NOT been vested with powers to hear any matter relating to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and various laws enacted by States relating to forests, tree preservation etc. -Source: Indian Express International Big Cat Alliance Context: Recently, India has officially joined the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), which was launched by the Prime Minister in 2023. IBCA aims to protect big cats and their habitats. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About International Big Cat Alliance About International Big Cat Alliance: Aim: It aims to strengthen global cooperation and efforts for conservation of seven big cat species and their habitats. Objective: IBCA aims for mutual cooperation among countries for mutual benefit in furthering the conservation agenda. IBCA would have a multipronged approach in broad basing and establishing linkages manifold in several areas and help in knowledge sharing, capacity building, networking, advocacy, finance and resources support, research and technical support, education and awareness. Members: The International Big Cat Alliance has been conceived as a multi-country, multi-agency coalition of 96 big cat range countries, Non-range countries interested in big cat conservation Conservation partners and scientific organizations working in the field of big cat conservation Business groups and corporates willing to contribute to the cause of big cats Seven big cats include Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar and the Cheetah out of these five big cats viz. Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard and Cheetah are found in India. -Source: Indian Express Fjords Context: A diesel fuel spill from a ship that sank recently spreads to the Greenland fjord. Relevance: GS I: Geography Formation and Picturesque Nature of Fjords Formation of Fjords: Fjords are steep, U-shaped valleys that have been submerged under seawater. Their formation involves a series of geological processes: Glacial Action: During ice ages, glaciers move down valleys, carving deep U-shaped troughs with their immense weight and abrasive action. Submersion: As glaciers retreat or melt, the valleys they’ve carved are invaded by the sea. The subsequent rise in sea level, or land subsidence, fills these valleys with seawater, creating fjords. Picturesque Nature of Fjords: Dramatic Landscapes: Fjords are characterized by steep, towering cliffs that abruptly plunge into deep, serene waters. The contrast creates a visually stunning panorama. Water Reflections: The often-calm waters of fjords mirror the surrounding landscapes, doubling the scenic beauty. Biodiversity: The unique mix of freshwater from rivers and saltwater from oceans in fjords leads to rich marine life, enhancing their natural appeal. Varied Climate Impact: Fjords, especially in regions like Norway, can showcase snow-capped peaks while having temperate rainforests in the lower areas, providing a diverse array of scenic elements within a compact region. Seclusion: Many fjords are located in remote areas, ensuring unspoiled landscapes, clear waters, and a serene atmosphere, away from urban disturbances. In essence, the combination of dramatic geological formations with the pristine beauty of nature makes fjords among the most picturesque landscapes in the world. -Source: Indian Express Barak Bhuban wildlife sanctuary Context: Recently, the National Green Tribunal’s (NGT) eastern bench in Kolkata has ordered a stay on road construction work inside the Barak Bhuban wildlife sanctuary in Assam’s Cachar district. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Barak Bhuban Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: Found within Assam’s Barak Valley, which also includes the Borail Wildlife Sanctuary. Nestled between the Barak and Sonai rivers. Named after the Barak River, the second-largest river in Northeast India. Spans across Cachar, Hailakandi, and Karimganj districts. Fauna: Acts as a vital habitat for a variety of wildlife species. Home to eight species of primates, including the slow loris, rhesus macaque, and hoolock gibbon. The sanctuary also provides refuge for the king cobra. Key Information about Barak Valley: Geographical Location: Situated in the southern region of Assam. Named after the Barak River, the largest river of the valley and second largest in Northeast India. Borders: The valley shares borders with several states: Meghalaya to the north. Manipur to the east. Tripura and Mizoram to the south. Additionally, it is bordered by Bangladesh to the south. Biodiversity Hotspot: The valley is part of the Indo-Myanmar biodiversity hotspot. Land Usage: Approximately 4.8% of the valley’s geographical area is covered by tea plantations. Many hill areas are used for home gardens or designated as reserve forests. Vegetation: The valley is characterized by tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, and tropical deciduous forests. Rainforests are found in the northern and southeastern parts of the valley. Climate: The region experiences a subtropical, warm, and humid climate. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 September 2024

CONTENTS Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan Goa Maritime Symposium 2024 Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet approved Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan (PMJUGA) for improving the socio-economic condition of tribal communities.  Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About the PMJUGA Innovative Schemes to Promote Tribal Livelihood under PMJUGA Key Facts About the PMJUGA: Centrally Sponsored Scheme: Aimed at the welfare of tribal families in tribal-majority villages and aspirational districts. Coverage: Will be implemented across 549 districts and 2,740 blocks in tribal-majority villages. Encompasses 30 States/UTs and approximately 63,000 villages, benefitting over 5 crore tribal people. 2011 Census Data: India’s Scheduled Tribe (ST) population stands at 10.42 crore (8.6% of the total population), comprising over 705 tribal communities. Objective: Focuses on addressing gaps in social infrastructure like health, education, and livelihoods through various government schemes by integrating and converging efforts. Goals of the Mission: Interventions: 25 interventions will be implemented by 17 ministries under the Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribes (DAPST) over the next 5 years. Developing Enabling Infrastructure: Housing & Amenities: ST households will receive pucca housing under PMAY (Rural), along with tapped water (Jal Jeevan Mission) and electricity. Ayushman Bharat cards (PMJAY) will ensure health coverage. Road and Digital Connectivity: ST-majority villages will receive all-weather road connectivity (PMGSY), mobile access (Bharat Net), and internet services. Health, Education, and Nutrition: Infrastructure will improve under schemes like the National Health Mission, Samagra Shiksha, and Poshan Abhiyan. Skill Development & Livelihood: Programs for skill development, entrepreneurship, and self-employment will be implemented. Marketing support for tribal products through Tribal Multipurpose Marketing Centres (TMMCs) and assistance in agriculture, animal husbandry, and fisheries for Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA) patta holders. Education: Efforts to increase the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) and provide affordable education for ST students through the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan. Tribal hostels will be set up at district/block levels. Health Initiatives: Aim to meet national standards in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and improve immunization coverage through Mobile Medical Units. Mapping & Monitoring: The tribal villages will be mapped under the PM Gati Shakti portal to identify gaps and award the best-performing districts. Innovative Schemes to Promote Tribal Livelihood under PMJUGA: Tribal Home Stay: To encourage tourism and alternative livelihoods, 1,000 homestays will be promoted under the Swadesh Darshan scheme. Funding will be provided for 5-10 homestays, including Rs 5 lakh for new rooms, Rs 3 lakh for renovation, and Rs 5 lakh for community needs. Sustainable Livelihood for Forest Rights Holders: Focus on 22 lakh FRA patta holders, recognizing forest rights and providing livelihoods through various government schemes. Improving School & Hostel Infrastructure: Upgrading the infrastructure of tribal residential schools, hostels, and ashram schools to improve enrollment and retain students. Sickle Cell Disease Diagnosis: Centers of Competence (CoC) for prenatal diagnosis will be set up in AIIMS and premier institutes in states with a high prevalence of sickle cell disease, with a budget of Rs 6 crore per CoC. Tribal Multipurpose Marketing Centres (TMMCs): 100 TMMCs will be established to market tribal products, improve marketing infrastructure, and enhance packaging, branding, and transportation. Goa Maritime Symposium 2024 Context: The Indian Navy is hosting the fifth edition of the Goa Maritime Symposium at Naval War College, Goa. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Goa Maritime Symposium 2024: Purpose: The symposium serves as a platform for fostering collaborative thinking, cooperation, and mutual understanding between India and key maritime nations within the Indian Ocean Region. Theme for 2024: The theme is Common Maritime Security Challenges in the Indian Ocean Region: Addressing issues like illegal and unregulated fishing and other illegal maritime activities by progressing collective efforts. Participation: Representatives from 12 Indian Ocean Littoral countries will participate, including: Bangladesh, Comoros, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Myanmar, Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Observers will also attend from Kenya and Tanzania. Goa Maritime Symposium (GMS): History: Conceptualized and initiated by the Indian Navy in 2016. Objective: A platform for fostering cooperation and enhancing mutual understanding between India and key maritime nations of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Frequency: The symposium is conducted biennially by the Naval War College (NWC) in Goa.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 September 2024

Contents: Weighing in on with business as usual with China India’s Defence Exports and Humanitarian Law The Maldives Model: Implications for India’s South Asia Policy in Sri Lanka Weighing In On With Business As Usual With China Context: Recent discussions have centered around India’s potential rethinking of its economic ties with China, particularly in the area of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), despite the unresolved border disputes. As tensions with China persist, especially along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), the debate focuses on how India should navigate its strategic security while weighing the importance of economic decoupling and future cooperation with its largest trading partner. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Economy and Security) Mains Question: How should India balance its security concerns and economic relations with China in light of unresolved border disputes? Discuss the implications of economic decoupling. India-China Relations Post-Galwan: India’s relations with China have been strained since the Galwan clashes in 2020, which resulted in casualties on both sides. This led to growing calls for economic decoupling, especially in the technology and telecommunications sectors, where Chinese companies had a significant presence. Despite disengagement in some areas, as noted by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, the border issues in Ladakh remain unresolved. India has emphasized that relations with China cannot be normalized until the status quo along the LAC is restored. China’s Economic Demands: Recent talks between Indian and Chinese officials indicate that China is pushing for more market access in India, including: Level playing field for Chinese companies. Resumption of direct flights. Facilitation of visas for Chinese personnel. Allowing Chinese journalists to operate in India. These demands highlight China’s insistence on a return to economic normalcy, even as border issues remain a point of contention. India’s Strategic Considerations: From a strategic perspective, India has expressed reluctance to resume business as usual without concrete movement on the border issue. The unresolved tensions along the LAC are not just about territory but have broader implications for India’s national security. National Security Advisor (NSA) Ajit Doval has reiterated that any economic engagement must be secondary to security concerns, urging China to address the root cause of the border militarization. Economic Implications of Decoupling: India’s imports from China touched $104 billion in 2022, while exports to China were $16 billion, reflecting a huge trade deficit. This imbalance has been a source of frustration for Indian policymakers. Economic decoupling would pose challenges for sectors like electronics, solar equipment, and pharmaceuticals, which are heavily dependent on Chinese imports. However, India has already taken steps to diversify supply chains, shifting imports to other Asian countries like Vietnam and Indonesia. FDI from China has been restricted, particularly in sensitive sectors such as technology, which is part of India’s broader strategy to reduce dependence on Chinese investments. The Future of India-China Economic Engagement: India’s economic strategy with China will likely remain cautious. FDI rules might be eased selectively in non-strategic sectors, but the broader emphasis will be on self-reliance and diversification of trade partners. Furthermore, India is likely to continue focusing on multilateral frameworks like BRICS and SCO, where it engages with China on issues like climate change and global governance, while keeping a firm stance on bilateral tensions. Additional Data: Trade Deficit: India’s trade deficit with China stood at $64 billion in 2022. FDI Restrictions: India has limited Chinese FDI in critical sectors such as telecommunications and technology. Conclusion: India’s strategy of balancing its security concerns with economic pragmatism in relation to China is delicate. While economic integration with China has benefits, border security and national sovereignty remain paramount. Moving forward, India will likely pursue a selective engagement strategy with China, fostering economic ties only in non-sensitive sectors while continuing to decouple strategically in areas critical to national security. India’s Defence Exports and Humanitarian Law Context: The Supreme Court of India recently dismissed a PIL requesting the government to halt defence exports to Israel, citing possible violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in Gaza. While the court’s decision was based on the foreign policy domain, it raised pertinent questions about India’s position as an emerging defence exporter and the need to align its policies with international legal frameworks. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss India’s legal framework regarding defence exports. How can India align its defence export policies with International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to strengthen its global standing? India’s Defence Export Aspirations: India has positioned itself as a growing defence exporter with ambitions to expand its market globally. Defence equipment exports to countries like Israel, which are involved in regional conflicts, have raised ethical concerns about compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). Countries like the Netherlands and UK have blocked exports of military equipment to conflict zones like Gaza, citing risks of violating IHL. The European Union (EU) has regulations that prohibit defence exports to countries if there’s evidence the weapons might be used to violate human rights. India’s Domestic Legal Framework: India’s Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 (FTA) and the Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act, 2005 empower the Indian government to regulate the export of designated goods, including defence equipment. However, Indian law does not explicitly assess IHL compliance of countries receiving Indian defence exports. In contrast to EU or UK laws, India’s regulations do not impose an obligation on the government to ensure that defence exports are not used to commit violations of IHL. Legal Gaps and the Need for Reform: India’s current legislation lacks a legal requirement to assess the compliance of importing countries with IHL. The absence of such provisions creates a legal gap, as seen in the Supreme Court’s dismissal of the PIL concerning defence exports to Israel. To align with international standards, India needs to amend its laws to include IHL compliance as a criterion for defence exports. This would enhance India’s credibility as a responsible arms exporter and ensure that Indian-made weapons are not used in violation of humanitarian laws. International Law and the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT): The Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), which regulates the international trade in conventional arms, prohibits the export of weapons if there is knowledge that they will be used for violations of IHL. India is not a signatory to the ATT, but many provisions of the treaty reflect customary international law, which is binding on all states, including India. Under Geneva Conventions, India has an obligation not to supply weapons if there is a significant risk they would be used to violate humanitarian law. Strengthening India’s Defence Export Policies: Amending Indian laws to incorporate IHL compliance for defence exports would be a significant step towards responsible arms trade. This can be achieved by revising the WMDA and FTA acts to include provisions that assess the IHL track record of the importing country. By doing so, India will project itself as a credible global player in defence exports, ensuring that its military equipment is not used in conflicts that violate humanitarian norms. Additional Data: Defence Exports: India’s defence exports to Israel and other conflict regions have raised concerns about compliance with international law. International Obligations: India is bound by the Geneva Conventions to avoid exporting weapons that could be used in violations of IHL. Conclusion: India’s rise as a defence exporter necessitates a stronger alignment with international humanitarian law (IHL). Amending domestic laws to assess IHL compliance of countries receiving Indian defence equipment will not only strengthen India’s global standing but also ensure that its exports do not contribute to human rights violations. The Maldives Model: Implications for India’s South Asia Policy in Sri Lanka Context: The recent election results in Sri Lanka serve as a crucial moment for India’s Neighbourhood First Policy. With the region experiencing political instability, particularly in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, India needs to revise its South Asia policy to address emerging geopolitical shifts. The Maldives model, which has guided India’s engagement in the Maldives, offers valuable lessons that can be adapted to Sri Lanka‘s current political scenario. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss the implications of the recent political shifts in Sri Lanka for India’s foreign policy. How can India adapt its “Maldives model” to address its evolving relations with Sri Lanka? Political Turmoil in Sri Lanka: The recent presidential elections in Sri Lanka saw the victory of Anura Kumara Dissanayake, marking a shift away from the pro-Indian policies of the previous government. The People’s Front Party (NPP), which led this victory, has strong nationalistic tendencies, often harboring anti-India sentiments. Dissanayake has expressed intentions to renegotiate economic terms with India, especially concerning investment projects like the solar power plant and container port in Colombo. This presents a challenge for India’s economic and strategic interests in the island nation. The Maldives Model: The Maldives model refers to India’s proactive engagement in domestic politics and economic development in the Maldives, underpinned by economic packages and diplomatic support. India helped stabilize the Maldives by offering financial aid and strategic guidance, allowing it to counter China’s growing influence in the region. A similar approach could be adopted in Sri Lanka, where India needs to maintain its strategic foothold while navigating the rising tide of anti-India nationalism. India should extend economic assistance, while remaining open to revising investment agreements in a way that protects its strategic interests. South Asian Geopolitics and India’s Challenges: Bangladesh is undergoing significant political shifts with Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina facing increasing opposition. If the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), with its anti-India stance, gains power, India could face similar challenges as in Sri Lanka. Pakistan continues to pose cross-border security threats and has resumed its policy of escalating tensions with India. At the same time, there is instability in the North-East of India, with insurgency concerns rising in Manipur and the Northeast frontier. Against this backdrop, maintaining stable ties with Sri Lanka becomes even more critical for India’s regional security. India’s Strategic Options in Sri Lanka: Diplomatic Engagement: India must engage with the new government of Dissanayake, emphasizing the importance of bilateral cooperation while diplomatically navigating the nationalist rhetoric. Economic Leverage: India has significant economic investments in Sri Lanka, which provides leverage to negotiate favorable terms. By offering a financial package similar to the Maldives model, India could help stabilize Sri Lanka’s economy, reducing its reliance on Chinese investments. Security Cooperation: Given the strategic maritime position of Sri Lanka, India should continue strengthening naval cooperation, ensuring that the island nation remains a part of India’s security architecture in the Indian Ocean Region. Broader Implications for South Asia Policy: The political developments in Sri Lanka, along with turbulence in other neighboring countries, signal the need for a revised South Asia policy that accounts for the growing influence of nationalistic movements. India must craft a nuanced foreign policy that balances strategic interests with the internal politics of neighboring countries. Adopting the Maldives model in Sri Lanka could serve as a template for similar engagements in Bangladesh and Nepal, where political uncertainty could threaten India’s regional interests. Additional Data: Indian Investment in Sri Lanka: India has invested in several major projects, including the Colombo port and solar power projects, which are now under scrutiny by the new Sri Lankan government. Economic Interdependence: Sri Lanka is reliant on Indian imports and investments, providing India with leverage in ongoing negotiations. Conclusion: India’s engagement with Sri Lanka needs to be recalibrated to address the new political realities. Drawing on the successful Maldives model, India can engage with the Dissanayake government through economic support and strategic cooperation. By adapting its South Asia policy to the emerging political landscape, India can ensure that its geopolitical interests remain secure.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 September 2024

CONTENTS Centenary of the Indus Valley Civilization Discovery PM E-DRIVE Scheme India Joins IPEF Agreements on a Clean and Fair Economy Quality Assurance from AR Dairy Amid Tirupati Laddu Controversy Koodiyattom Project 200 Greater One-Horned Rhino Centenary of the Indus Valley Civilization Discovery Context: On September 20th, 2024, we commemorate the centenary of the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization, initially announced by archaeologist Sir John Marshall on the same date in 1924. The civilization is noted for its extensive spread across 1.5 million square kilometers in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, encompassing over 2,000 archaeological sites. Relevance: GS I: Culture Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Harappan Civilization Key Features of Harappan Civilization Overview of Harappan Civilization Also Known As: Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) Flourished: Around 2500 BCE along the Indus River Global Significance: Largest of the four major ancient urban civilizations, alongside Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China Technology: Known as a Bronze Age civilization due to the discovery of copper-based alloy artifacts Key Archaeological Discoveries First Excavations: Harappa: Excavated by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921-22 Mohenjo-daro: Excavated by Rakhal Das Banerji in 1922 Notable Contributor: Sir John Marshall, Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), oversaw the excavations that revealed these sites Phases of Harappan Civilization Early Phase (3200 BCE to 2600 BCE): Associated with the Hakra Phase, located in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley Earliest evidence of Indus script dates to around 3000 BCE Mature Period (2600 BCE to 1900 BCE): Marked the peak of urbanization with significant growth in cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro (in present-day Pakistan), as well as Lothal (in present-day India) Late Phase (1900 BCE to 1500 BCE): The civilization experienced a decline, leading to its eventual collapse Key Features of Harappan Civilization Town Planning: Advanced Town Layout: Harappan cities were designed using a grid-like structure, reflecting highly organized urban planning. Citadel or Acropolis: Harappa and Mohenjodaro featured elevated citadels likely for the ruling elite. Lower Towns: Below the citadels, there were brick houses for common people. Granaries: Large granaries were used to store grains, with the use of burnt bricks, different from the dried bricks used in Egypt. Drainage System: Mohenjodaro had an advanced drainage system, with almost every house having courtyards and bathrooms. Private Wells: In Kalibangan, many homes had private wells. Fortified Settlements: Sites like Dholavira and Lothal in Gujarat were fortified, with sections divided by walls. Agriculture: Highly Productive Villages: Located near floodplains, they produced wheat, barley, peas, sesame, lentils, chickpeas, rai, and mustard. Cotton Production: The Harappans were among the first to grow cotton, called “Sindon” by the Greeks. Animal Husbandry: This practice was widespread, along with crop cultivation. Economy: Trade Significance: Trade was essential, facilitated by seals, a uniform script, and standardized weights and measures. Major Items Traded: Included stone, metal, and shell. Barter System: Used for trade, as no metal currency existed. Navigation and Trade Routes: Navigation was practiced along the Arabian Sea, and a trading colony in northern Afghanistan facilitated Central Asian commerce. Mesopotamian Trade: Engaged in trade with Mesopotamia and long-distance trade in lapis lazuli. Crafts: Bronze Manufacturing: Harappans used copper from Rajasthan (Khetri mines) and tin from Afghanistan. Textile and Weaving: Impressions suggest knowledge of weaving. Key Crafts: Included boat-making, bead-making, seal-making, terracotta, and pottery. Jewelry: Goldsmiths crafted jewelry from gold, silver, and precious stones. Religion: Fertility Worship: Numerous terracotta figurines suggest worship of a fertility goddess. Pashupati Seal: A male deity, Pashupati Mahadeva, is depicted surrounded by animals like elephants, tigers, and buffalo. Animal and Tree Worship: Symbols like the unicorn (possibly a rhinoceros) and humped bull were significant. Possible Reasons for Decline: Invasion Theory: Some scholars propose Indo-European tribes, like the Aryans, invaded and overthrew the civilization, although cultural continuity challenges this idea. Environmental Changes: Earthquakes may have altered rivers, and monsoon pattern shifts could have impacted agriculture, leading to food shortages and eventual decline. -Source: The Hindu PM E-DRIVE Scheme Context: The PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme strategically omits direct subsidies for electric cars. Instead, the government opts to support the electric vehicle sector through fiscal measures, such as reduced Goods and Services Tax (GST) rates on electric cars. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: What is the PM E-DRIVE Scheme? Key Facts About the Promotion of Electric Cars About FAME-II What is the PM E-DRIVE Scheme? Objective: Promotes electric mobility in India with a financial outlay of Rs 10,900 crore over two years. Replaces FAME II: This scheme has been launched to replace the FAME II initiative. Fiscal Incentives: Supports approximately 25 lakh electric two-wheelers, 3 lakh electric three-wheelers, and 14,000 electric buses through demand-based incentives. Automakers can claim reimbursements for eligible electric vehicle (EV) sales, continuing the provisions of the FAME-II scheme. Exclusion of Electric Cars: Notably, electric cars are excluded from the subsidy. Charging Infrastructure: Provisions for the installation of Electric Vehicle Public Charging Stations (EVPCS) in selected cities and highways. Technology Modernization: Test agencies will be updated to handle new and emerging green mobility technologies. Key Facts About the Promotion of Electric Cars: Impact of Exclusion from Subsidies: Following the exclusion of electric cars from the PM E-DRIVE scheme, electric car sales dropped by 9% between April and August 2024, compared to earlier months when FAME-II was active. Inadequate Charging Infrastructure: India has approximately 25,000 public charging stations for 46 lakh registered EVs. The current ratio of 184 EVs per charging station is higher than in other nations promoting electric mobility. Measures Beyond Subsidies: Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: The government provides support for auto components and advanced cell chemistry (ACC) batteries. These PLI schemes help lower production costs by fostering economies of scale, especially within the EV supply chain. Tax Benefits: Electric cars still benefit from a lower Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate of 5%, compared to 28% on hybrid/CNG vehicles and 49% on internal combustion engine vehicles. About FAME-II FAME India is a part of the National Electric Mobility Mission (NEMM) Plan. Main thrust of FAME is to encourage electric vehicles by providing subsidies. NEMM intends to allow hybrid and electric vehicles to become the first choice for the purchasers so that these vehicles can replace the conventional vehicles and thus reduce liquid fuel consumption in the country from the automobile sector. The scheme covers Hybrid & Electric technologies like Mild Hybrid, Strong Hybrid, Plug in Hybrid & Battery Electric Vehicles. Monitoring Authority: Department of Heavy Industries, the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. Under this scheme, demand incentives will be availed by buyers (end users/consumers) upfront at the point of purchase and the same shall be reimbursed by the manufacturers from Department of Heavy Industries, on a monthly basis. Fame India Scheme has four focus areas: Technology development Demand Creation Pilot Projects Charging Infrastructure -Source: The Hindu India Joins IPEF Agreements on a Clean and Fair Economy Context: India has officially signed onto the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), led by the US and comprising 14 members, aimed at promoting a clean and fair economy. The signing took place during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent visit to the US. The agreements under the IPEF focus on enhancing the development, access, and deployment of clean energy and climate-friendly technologies. Additionally, these agreements emphasize strengthening anti-corruption efforts and advancing tax transparency among the member countries, marking a significant step towards sustainable economic collaboration in the Indo-Pacific region. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Overview of IPEF Agreements Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) Overview of IPEF Agreements: Significance: India signed groundbreaking agreements focused on promoting the Clean Economy and Fair Economy under the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). Additionally, an Overarching Agreement was signed to oversee the effective implementation of these agreements. IPEF Clean Economy Agreement (Pillar-III): Objective: Aims to promote cooperation in clean energy and climate technologies to enhance energy security, climate resilience, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Areas of Focus: Technical cooperation, workforce development, capacity building, and collaborative research. Facilitates investment, project financing, and joint ventures, particularly supporting MSMEs and integrating Indian companies into global value chains in the Indo-Pacific region. Initiatives: Joint efforts will be supported through Cooperative Work Programmes, the IPEF Catalytic Capital Fund, and the IPEF Accelerator. IPEF Fair Economy Agreement (Pillar-IV): Objective: Aims to create a more transparent and predictable trade and investment environment by enhancing anti-corruption measures, including preventing bribery and improving tax transparency. Key Actions: Focus on information sharing, facilitating asset recovery, and strengthening cross-border investigations and prosecutions. Supports India’s efforts in combating corruption, money laundering, and terror financing. Collaboration: Partners will work together on Technical Assistance and Capacity Building (TACB) initiatives to improve tax administration efficiency and implement anti-corruption measures. Overarching IPEF Agreement: Oversight Mechanism: Establishes a high-level Ministerial oversight mechanism to monitor the implementation of the various IPEF agreements. Goals: Provides political oversight and ensures long-term stability of the IPEF partnership. Aims to facilitate the effective implementation of agreements under Pillars II-IV, enhancing India’s productive capacity, supply chain integration, and innovation in alignment with the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF): Inception: First proposed by US President Joe Biden during the October 2021 East Asia Summit. Aimed at developing an Indo-Pacific economic framework in partnership with countries in the region. Focus Areas: Trade facilitation, digital economy and technology standards, supply chain resiliency, decarbonization, clean energy, infrastructure, and worker standards. No Market Access: It does not include traditional market access commitments, such as tariff reductions. Instead, it functions more as an administrative arrangement. Overview of IPEF: Launch: Officially launched in Tokyo, May 2023 to strengthen economic ties and promote growth, peace, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific. Non-Traditional Agreement: Unlike traditional trade agreements, the IPEF is structured into different modules or pillars addressing various economic aspects. Four Pillars of IPEF: Pillar I: Fair and Resilient Trade. Pillar II: Supply Chain Resilience. Pillar III: Clean Economy (infrastructure and decarbonization). Pillar IV: Fair Economy (tax and anti-corruption). Participation: Countries are required to sign up for all the components within a pillar but are not obliged to participate in every module. IPEF Members: Total Members: 14 countries, including Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the United States. Significance of IPEF: Economic Impact: The IPEF bloc represents approximately 40% of global GDP and 28% of the world’s trade in goods and services. Geopolitical Strategy: Viewed as a US-backed strategy to counter China’s economic influence in the Indo-Pacific region. India’s Involvement in IPEF: India’s Participation: In September 2022, India joined three of the four pillars: Supply Chain, Clean Economy, and Fair Economy. Exclusion from Trade Pillar: India opted out of the Trade Pillar but maintains observer status during negotiations in this area. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Quality Assurance from AR Dairy Amid Tirupati Laddu Controversy Context: Amid a growing controversy over the quality of the Tirupati Laddu, AR Dairy, the supplier of ghee to the renowned Lord Balaji temple, has come forward to defend the integrity of its products. The company recently announced that samples of their ghee have been officially cleared by relevant authorities, affirming their commitment to maintaining high-quality standards. This statement aims to reassure devotees and consumers about the purity and safety of the offerings used in one of the most famous religious treats in India. Relevance: GS I: History About Tirupati Balaji Temple: Location: The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, commonly known as Tirupati Balaji Temple, is a Hindu temple situated in Tirumala, near Tirupati in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Elevation: The temple is located at an altitude of 853 meters on Venkata Hill, one of the seven hills (Saptagiri) of the Tirumala Hills. Deity: The temple is dedicated to Lord Sri Venkateswara, an incarnation of Vishnu. Scriptural Mentions: The temple is mentioned in several holy scriptures, including the Garuda Purana, Brahma Purana, and others. Historical Background: Pallava Dynasty: The temple’s origins trace back to the Pallava dynasty during the 9th century, which played a significant role in the region. Chola Dynasty: The Chola dynasty further developed and supported the temple. Vijayanagara Empire: During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, the temple received generous contributions, establishing it as a significant religious center in South India. Revival by Ramanuja: In the 12th century, the renowned saint Ramanuja revitalized the temple’s rituals and traditions, leaving a lasting impact. Religious and Cultural Significance: Richest Temple: It is one of the richest temples globally in terms of wealth and donations. Devotional Practices: A notable practice at the temple is the donation of hair by devotees, along with offerings of riches to seek divine blessings. Tirupati Laddu: The famous Tirupati Laddu, distributed as prasad, holds a Geographical Indication (GI) tag. Architecture: Dravidian Architecture: The temple is built in Dravidian architectural style, with construction dating back to 300 AD. Entrances: The temple has three entrances leading to the sanctum sanctorum, with the first entrance called Mahadwaram. Gopuram: The temple’s gopuram (gateway) stands at a height of 50 feet, situated in front of the entrance. Circumambulation Paths: The temple features two parikrama (circumambulation) paths. Main Shrine: The central shrine has a gold-plated tower known as Ananda Nilayam, and the deity is housed inside the tower. Sculptures and Courtyards: The temple’s courtyards, pillars, and halls are decorated with intricate sculptures, reflecting the spiritual essence of Hinduism. -Source: The Hindu Koodiyattom Context: Cholliyattom is an informal platform for the younger generation of Koodiyattom artists in Kerala following different styles to collaborate and to keep alive various Koodiyattom traditions and styles. Relevance: GS I: Culture About Koodiyattom: Koodiyattom is one of the oldest traditional theatre forms from Kerala, rooted in Sanskrit theatre traditions. Etymology: The prefix “kuti” in Malayalam means “combined” or “together,” while “attam” means “acting.” Thus, “Koodiyattom” translates to “combined acting”. Key Characters: Chakyaar (actor), Naambiyaar (instrumentalists), and Naangyaar, who perform female roles. Theatrical Language: The art form uses a highly stylized and codified language, with key features being neta abhinaya (expressions through the eyes) and hasta abhinaya (gestural language). Pakarnattam: A unique aspect of Koodiyattom where actors portray both male and female roles, switching between genders and multiple characters simultaneously—considered a challenging and skilled performance. Temple Theatres (Kuttambalams): These are permanent theatre structures found in major temples of Kerala, where performances are traditionally held. Performance Style: Koodiyattom treats individual acts from Sanskrit plays as full-fledged performances rather than staging the entire play. UNESCO Recognition: It was designated as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2001. -Source: The Hindu Project 200 Context: Bengaluru-based space startup Bellatrix Aerospace recently unveiled Project 200 on the inaugural day of the Bengaluru Space Expo 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Project 200: Innovative Satellite: Designed to function in an Ultra-Low Earth Orbit (180 km – 250 km). Developed by: Bellatrix Aerospace, a Bengaluru-based space technology startup. Traditional Satellite Altitudes: Satellites have typically been deployed at altitudes above 450 km, primarily to avoid atmospheric interference. Challenges at Lower Orbits: While a satellite’s performance improves at lower altitudes like 200 km, limitations in propulsion technology have previously prevented satellites from sustaining such orbits. Technology Demonstration: Project 200 is a mission to demonstrate a new satellite powered by an innovative propulsion system developed by Bellatrix Aerospace. This propulsion system allows the satellite to maintain a 200 km orbit for years, as opposed to deorbiting within days. Enhanced Capabilities: At 200 km, satellites experience significantly lower communication latency (reduced by half) and better image resolution (improved by three times). Cost-Effectiveness: Satellites operating at this lower altitude also have a lower cost compared to those placed in 450 km orbits. -Source: The Hindu Greater One-Horned Rhino Context: Kaziranga and other protected habitats of the one-horned rhinoceros in Assam recorded an 86% drop in poaching of the herbivore since 2016, Chief Minister said recently. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About the Greater One-Horned Rhino: Common Name: Also known as the Indian rhinoceros, it is the largest of the three Asian rhino species and one of the largest rhino species worldwide, alongside the African white rhinos. Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornis Distribution: Found in India and Nepal, particularly in the Himalayan foothills. Historically, they roamed freely in the floodplains and forests near the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Indus River valleys. The Kaziranga National Park in Assam, India, holds the largest population with 2,401 rhinos. Habitat: Semi-Aquatic: They often reside in swamps, forests, riversides, and areas near mineral licks that are rich in nutrients. Physical Features: The largest of the Asian rhinos, male Indian rhinos weigh about 2,200 kg (approx. 4,840 pounds), with a height ranging from 170 to 186 cm (67 to 73 inches) and a length of 368 to 380 cm (145 to 150 inches). Distinguished by a single black horn that measures between 8-25 inches, and a grey-brown skin with folds that give it an armor-plated appearance. Solitary Nature: They are generally solitary animals, except for females with calves. Males maintain loosely defended territories. Diet: Primarily grazers, they consume grasses, but also eat leaves, branches, fruit, and aquatic plants. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: The species is classified as Vulnerable. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 September 2024

CONTENTS FATF Releases Mutual Evaluation Report on India Food Import Rejection Alert Portal  FATF Releases Mutual Evaluation Report on India Context: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recently published its Mutual Evaluation Report on India, recognizing the country’s substantial progress in combating illicit finance and strengthening its financial system. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Key Highlights: Partial Compliance: India was found partially compliant in three areas. Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs): Vulnerabilities related to NPOs registered as charitable organizations and benefiting from tax exemptions. These could potentially be used for terror funding. Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs): The report highlights ambiguities regarding the source of wealth, funds, and beneficial ownership for domestic PEPs. Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions (DNFBPs): There are gaps in regulation and supervision, especially regarding money laundering and terror financing. Illegal Activities: The primary sources of money laundering risks include fraud, cyber fraud, corruption, and drug trafficking. Precious Metals and Stones (PMS): Used for moving large amounts of funds without ownership trace, contributing to vulnerabilities. Terrorism Threats: Significant risks are posed by ISIL, Al-Qaeda, and regional insurgencies. Recommendations: Expediting Money Laundering Trials: The report suggests expediting trials and improving the handling of crimes like human trafficking and drug-related offences. Improving the Freezing of Funds: Enhancements in the framework are needed to ensure timely freezing of funds and assets. Domestic PEPs: India needs to define domestic PEPs under its anti-money laundering laws and implement risk-based enhanced measures. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) The Financial Action Task Force (on Money Laundering) (FATF) is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering. In 2001, its mandate was expanded to include terrorism financing. FATF is a “policy-making body” that works to generate the necessary political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas. FATF monitors progress in implementing its Recommendations through “peer reviews” (“mutual evaluations”) of member countries. Since 2000, FATF has maintained the FATF blacklist (formally called the “Call for action”) and the FATF greylist (formally called the “Other monitored jurisdictions”). The objectives of FATF are to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system. FATF Greylists FATF greylist is officially referred to as Jurisdictions Under Increased Monitoring. FATF grey list represent a much higher risk of money laundering and terrorism financing but have formally committed to working with the FATF to develop action plans that will address their AML/CFT deficiencies. The countries on the grey list are subject to increased monitoring by the FATF, which either assesses them directly or uses FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs) to report on the progress they are making towards their AML/CFT goals. While grey-list classification is not as negative as the blacklist, countries on the list may still face economic sanctions from institutions like the IMF and the World Bank and experience adverse effects on trade. Unlike the next level “blacklist”, greylisting carries no legal sanctions, but it attracts economic strictures and restricts a country’s access to international loans FATF Blacklists FATF Blacklists is Officially known as High-Risk Jurisdictions subject to a Call for Action. FATF blacklist sets out the countries that are considered deficient in their anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regulatory regimes. The list is intended to serve not only as a way of negatively highlighting these countries on the world stage, but as a warning of the high money laundering and terror financing risk that they present. It is extremely likely that blacklisted countries will be subject to economic sanctions and other prohibitive measures by FATF member states and other international organizations. Food Import Rejection Alert Portal Context: Recently, the Food Import Rejection Alerts (FIRA)- portal was launched during the second edition of the Global Food Regulators Summit 2024 hosted by FSSAI at Bharat Mandapam. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Food Import Rejection Alert Portal Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Food Import Rejection Alert Portal Purpose: An online portal for notifying food import rejections at Indian borders. Developer: Created by the Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). Objective: To inform the public and relevant food safety authorities about rejected food imports. Key Features Information Exchange: Facilitates rapid communication among global authorities regarding food safety and health risks from rejected food. Preventive Actions: Enables food authorities to take immediate action to prevent and control risks before they cause harm. Interactive Interface: Offers an online platform for quick information dissemination, enhancing traceability and transparency. Database Functionality: Acts as a valuable resource for tracking rejected food products and strengthening risk management systems. Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Background Establishment: An autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, established by the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. Purpose: Consolidates food safety regulations in India. Mission Standards Setting: Establish globally benchmarked food safety standards. Compliance Promotion: Encourage food businesses to adhere to these standards and adopt good manufacturing and hygiene practices. Public Health: Enable citizens to access safe and healthy food. Functions Public Health Protection: Regulates and supervises food safety to protect and promote public health. Standards and Guidelines: Lays down standards for food articles and provides licensing, registration, and accreditation for food business operators. Licensing Requirement: All food sellers and importers in India must obtain a food license from FSSAI. Import Controls: FSSAI officers oversee food import controls to ensure safety and compliance, including the accreditation of food testing laboratories across India.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 September 2024

Contents: Quad’s Light Touch In Our Defenece India Needs a ‘National Security Strategy’ for Comprehensive Defence Quad’s Light Touch Context: The Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) comprising India, the US, Japan, and Australia recently held its latest summit, where leaders discussed a variety of issues, from cybersecurity cooperation to port development in the Indo-Pacific region. Despite its increasing activity, the Quad has managed to avoid being labelled as an “Asian NATO,” focusing on public goods rather than overt military alliances. The summit reinforced the Quad’s role as a key player in regional cooperation without directly targeting any nation, particularly China. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the Quad in the context of Indo-Pacific security and regional cooperation. How has the Quad avoided being branded as an “Asian NATO”? Quad’s Strategic Role in the Indo-Pacific: The Quad is a platform for strategic dialogue between India, Japan, Australia, and the United States aimed at ensuring a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific. The grouping focuses on fostering regional cooperation on non-military issues, such as climate change, cybersecurity, maritime infrastructure, and technology. The recent summit, hosted in Wilmington, Delaware, saw agreements ranging from the creation of an Indo-Pacific logistics network to advancements in biotechnology and quantum computing. These initiatives emphasize the Quad’s role in providing public goods rather than engaging in military alliances. Avoiding the “Asian NATO” Label: Despite the Quad’s growing influence, it has taken care to avoid being perceived as a military alliance akin to NATO. This strategy is crucial in maintaining the ASEAN region’s trust, as many ASEAN countries have historically been wary of any US-led security alliances directed against China. By focusing on non-military initiatives, the Quad has cultivated a cooperative relationship with ASEAN, positioning itself as a non-threatening entity that is concerned with regional development and cooperation rather than militarization. Challenges and China’s Influence: Although the Quad insists that it is not directed at China, its growing emphasis on Indo-Pacific security has undoubtedly been influenced by China’s assertive behavior in the region, particularly in the South China Sea. The US, through its parallel initiatives such as AUKUS (Australia-UK-US alliance), continues to maintain military deterrence in the region. For India, which remains the only “non-ally” of the US in the Quad, balancing its non-alignment policy while participating in the Quad’s security-focused discussions is delicate. India’s involvement is seen as part of its broader efforts to secure its maritime interests in the Indo-Pacific without overtly provoking China. Diplomatic Openings and Global Cooperation: As the Quad expands its agenda beyond the Indo-Pacific, its leaders also emphasized the importance of engaging diplomatically with China. At the Wilmington summit, President Biden signaled his intention to meet Chinese President Xi Jinping to ensure that diplomatic channels remain open despite growing tensions in the region. The Quad’s engagements continue to expand through other global platforms like G20, BRICS, and the East Asia Summit, ensuring that its cooperative agenda is seen as inclusive rather than exclusive to military concerns. Additional Data: Quad Summit: Held six times in the past four years, signaling increased cooperation. Indo-Pacific Initiatives: Covering areas from cybersecurity to quantum computing. Conclusion: The Quad has carefully balanced its light-touch diplomacy with strategic goals in the Indo-Pacific, avoiding the label of an “Asian NATO” while reinforcing regional cooperation. By focusing on public goods, cybersecurity, and infrastructure, the Quad has emerged as a key player in fostering stability and development in the Indo-Pacific. However, as China’s presence in the region continues to grow, the Quad will need to maintain its diplomatic focus while navigating geopolitical challenges. In Our Defence Context: India’s Defence Minister Rajnath Singh recently chaired the Joint Commanders’ Conference (JCC), which brought together senior military commanders to discuss matters of national security and military readiness. This conference highlights the need for continuous reforms and modernization in the Indian military to meet evolving global and regional challenges. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper III (Security and Defence) Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the Joint Commanders’ Conference in shaping India’s military strategy. How does a comprehensive review of the military help in ensuring national security? The Joint Commanders’ Conference (JCC): The JCC serves as a critical forum for India’s top military leaders to engage in discussions about national security, military reforms, and operational readiness. The recent JCC, chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, underscores India’s commitment to remaining prepared for conflict to maintain peace. The conference structure has evolved since 2014, with a visible degree of political coherence under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Earlier, the conference was held as a single session, but now it has been transformed into a more elaborate forum addressing strategic and global issues. Key Defence Reforms Since 2014: Several major reforms have been undertaken in the last decade, notably the appointment of a Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). The creation of the CDS position has improved inter-service coordination, but it has also raised questions about the precedent of appointing a retired three-star officer to a four-star position. Other critical initiatives include the restructuring of defence PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings), the implementation of the One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme, and efforts to modernize military equipment through private-sector engagement. Comprehensive Military Review and Modernization Needs: The last major review of India’s military occurred in 2018 when the Standing Committee on Defence reported that a third of India’s equipment fell into the vintage category, another third was categorized as current, and only 33% was state-of-the-art. This review highlighted the urgent need for modernization, particularly in light of India’s ageing military equipment. The Indian Air Force (IAF), for instance, is operating with only 42 fighter squadrons, a number that is expected to decline further to 32. Similarly, the Indian Navy faces a shortage of platforms, and its fleet of aircraft carriers is aging. Challenges in Defence Modernization: Modernizing the Indian military faces several financial and logistical challenges. The Standing Committee on Defence emphasized that India’s defence budget, though increasing, has not kept pace with the needs of military modernization. Additionally, the capital expenditure on defence has remained low in comparison to the US and other advanced militaries. The defence manufacturing sector in India has been undergoing reforms to encourage private sector participation. However, more needs to be done to strengthen India’s military-industrial complex to meet both domestic needs and export potential. Looking Ahead: Policy and Strategy: Going forward, India’s military strategy needs to address the evolving nature of threats from China, Pakistan, and other regional actors. The focus should remain on modernizing military capabilities, particularly in cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and space warfare. The next JCC and other military forums will be critical in shaping India’s response to these challenges, ensuring that the country is not only ready to defend its borders but also capable of projecting power in the region. Additional Data: Military Equipment: 33% vintage, 33% current, 33% state-of-the-art (as per the 2018 Standing Committee on Defence). Air Force Squadrons: The IAF currently operates with 42 squadrons, which could drop to 32 due to aging aircraft. Conclusion: The Joint Commanders’ Conference is a key step in ensuring that India’s military remains prepared for future conflicts and challenges. By conducting regular comprehensive reviews of military capabilities, the Indian armed forces can modernize and reform to meet the demands of national security in an evolving geopolitical landscape. However, this will require continued investments in equipment modernization, personnel training, and defence reforms. India Needs a ‘National Security Strategy’ for Comprehensive Defence Context: India’s rising geopolitical challenges and economic aspirations necessitate a National Security Strategy (NSS) that balances security with developmental goals. With regional tensions growing and new global alignments forming, it is essential for India to clearly articulate its priorities regarding defence, economy, and strategic partnerships. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Internal Security) Mains Question: Why does India need a National Security Strategy (NSS)? Discuss the elements that should be included to ensure comprehensive national security. The Need for a National Security Strategy: Evolving Geopolitical Landscape: With the emergence of new conflicts in regions like Ukraine and Gaza, and growing tensions with neighbours such as China and Pakistan, India faces increasing external and internal threats. The NSS would guide the nation’s defence policies, international alliances, and resource allocation. Economic Aspirations: India’s goal of becoming a $4 trillion economy also calls for a stronger defence framework to protect its assets and resources. Economic stability is tied closely to national security, as a strong economy underpins sovereignty in international affairs. Interpreting ‘National Security’ for India: Global Examples: Different nations define national security according to their specific needs. For example, the United States frames it around defending “values” and global leadership, while France focuses on European unity and global interests. For India, the term should encompass not just defence from external threats, but also economic stability, technological advancements, energy security, and cybersecurity. Components of India’s National Security Strategy: Defence Modernization: India’s current defence equipment is outdated, with one-third of its military assets in the vintage category. The NSS should prioritize modernizing military capabilities to meet future threats. Multi-Alignment Policy: India is increasingly positioning itself as a multi-aligned player in global politics, engaging with entities like BRICS, QUAD, and Russia while maintaining strong ties with the West. An NSS will need to incorporate this complex balancing act, ensuring that India maintains strategic autonomy without over-relying on any single power bloc. Public-Private Partnerships: The strategy should promote defence-industry partnerships and encourage the private sector to participate in developing cutting-edge defence technology. This aligns with Make in India goals for defence manufacturing. Challenges in Formulating the Strategy: Budgetary Constraints: Developing a coherent strategy requires resources, and India’s defence budget allocation is often criticized for being insufficient, particularly in relation to the nation’s geopolitical ambitions. Transparency in Objectives: A well-crafted NSS must balance transparency and top-secret operations. For example, while Pakistan’s defence budget is notoriously opaque, India needs to maintain a degree of clarity to avoid ambiguity in defence allocations and objectives. Coordination Across Ministries: The development of an NSS will require collaboration between various ministries, from Defence to Health, ensuring a comprehensive approach that integrates economic stability, national resilience, and military preparedness. The Path Forward: A Comprehensive Review: A National Security Advisor should oversee the formulation of an NSS, providing direction to various ministries. This strategy would encompass internal threats (terrorism, insurgencies) as well as external challenges (border security, maritime security). Moreover, the strategy must address non-traditional security threats such as climate change, energy security, and cyber warfare. Integrating these elements will ensure that India’s NSS is well-rounded and future-proof. Conclusion: India’s National Security Strategy is no longer a luxury, but a necessity in a world marked by shifting alliances, economic competition, and evolving threats. A comprehensive NSS will align India’s defence priorities with its economic and geopolitical ambitions, ensuring that the country remains secure and poised for growth in the decades to come. Additional Data: Global Strategy Examples: The US NSS emphasizes values and leadership, while France focuses on European unity and defence. India’s Military Equipment: As per reports, one-third of India’s military equipment is in the vintage category, highlighting the need for modernization.

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