Admin e-Learn Legacy IAS Digital

Jul 12, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 July 2024

CONTENTS Menstrual Leave Policies Importance of Census for Addressing Discrimination Draft Digital Competition Bill Study Reveals Microdroplets of Water Can Break Down Minerals into Nanoparticles Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme Shield-tail snake Hannibal Directive Menstrual Leave Policies Context: Recently, the Supreme Court has asked the Central Government to frame a model policy on menstrual leave for female employees. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is Menstrual leave? Arguments Against Menstrual Leave Global Menstrual Leave Policies Are attempts being made in India? What is Menstrual leave? Menstrual leave refers to all policies that allow employees or students to take time off when they are experiencing menstrual pain or discomfort. In the context of the workplace, it refers to policies that allow for both paid or unpaid leave, or time for rest. More than half of those who menstruate experience pain for a couple of days a month; for some it is debilitating enough to hamper daily activities and productivity. A 2017 survey of 32,748 women in the Netherlands published in the British Medical Journal found that 14% of them had taken time off from work or school during their periods. The researchers estimated that employees lost around 8.9 days’ worth of productivity every year due to menstrual-cycle related issues. State of Menstrual Leaves in India State Policies: Bihar: Introduced in 1992, offering two days of paid menstrual leave per month to women employees. Kerala (2023): Extended menstrual leave to female students across universities and institutions, and provides up to 60 days of maternity leave for female students above 18 years. Corporate Initiatives: Zomato: Introduced a policy in 2020 granting 10 days of paid period leave annually. Other Companies: Companies like Swiggy and Byjus have also implemented similar menstrual leave policies. Legislative Landscape: Current Status: There is no national law mandating menstrual leave, resulting in decentralized implementation across states and organizations. Past Attempts: Bills like the Menstruation Benefits Bill (2017) and the Women’s Sexual, Reproductive and Menstrual Rights Bill (2018) have been proposed in Parliament but not passed. Proposed Legislation: Right of Women to Menstrual Leave and Free Access to Menstrual Health Products Bill, 2022: Proposes three days of paid menstrual leave for women and transwomen. Cites research indicating significant school absenteeism (40% of girls) and impact on daily activities (65%) due to menstruation. Arguments Against Menstrual Leave: Not necessary: Some people argue that menstrual leave is not necessary as women can manage their menstrual pain with over-the-counter pain relief medication. Potential for discrimination: Others believe that menstrual leave may backfire and lead to employer discrimination against women. For example, employers may be less likely to hire women if they are required to grant menstrual leave, or may provide less opportunities for advancement to women who take menstrual leave. Policy implications: There is a policy dimension to menstrual leave. Compelling employers to grant menstrual leave may operate as a de facto disincentive for employers to engage women in their establishments. Global Menstrual Leave Policies: Spain: On February 16, 2021, Spain became the first European country to grant paid menstrual leave to workers. Workers now have the right to three days of menstrual leave, which can be expanded to five days, per month. Japan: Menstrual leave was introduced as part of Japan’s labour laws in 1947. Under Article 68, employers cannot ask women who experience difficult periods to work during that time. Indonesia: Indonesia introduced a menstrual leave policy in 1948, amended in 2003, which states that workers experiencing menstrual pain are not obliged to work on the first two days of their cycle. Philippines: In the Philippines, workers are permitted two days of menstrual leave per month. Zambia: Zambia introduced one day of leave per month without needing a reason or a medical certificate, calling it a “Mother’s Day.” -Source: The Hindu Importance of Census for Addressing Discrimination Context: Peter Drucker’s quote, “Only what gets measured gets managed,” underscores the need for collecting data on group identities to effectively tackle discrimination. This is crucial for informed policymaking and fostering inclusive development. For instance, the lack of racial data in Germany’s census puts Black communities at a disadvantage. In response, the Afrozensus survey initiated by Black people in 2020 exposed the extensive, institutional anti-Black racism in Germany. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About the Census Need for Caste Census Arguments Against Caste Census Case for OBC Inclusion in Census Way Forward About the Census The census provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of the country’s population. The first synchronous census in India was held in 1881, and since then, censuses have been undertaken uninterruptedly once every ten years. India’s last census was carried out in 2011 when the country’s population stood at 121 crores. The Census 2021 will be conducted in 18 languages out of the 22 scheduled languages (under 8th schedule) and English, and the option of “Other” under the gender category will be changed to “Third Gender”. For the first time data is proposed to be collected through a mobile app by enumerators and they will receive an additional payment as an incentive. The last caste-based census was conducted by the British in 1931. Arthashastra by ‘Kautilya’ written in the 3rd Century BC prescribed the collection of population statistics as a measure of state policy for taxation. In India, a census is conducted every decade and Census 2021 will be the 16th national census of the country. Key facts about India’s census In India, the census was first started under British Viceroy Lord Mayo in 1872 and the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881. It is being conducted at an interval of 10 years. The decennial Census is conducted by the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs. Census is conducted under the provisions of the Census Act, of 1948. The population census is a Union subject under Article 246 of the Indian Constitution. It is listed as serial number 69 of the seventh schedule of the constitution. Significance of census: Foundation of Statistical Analyses: A census generates primary and authentic data that forms the foundation for various statistical analyses. This data is crucial for planning, decision-making, and development initiatives across sectors like administration, economy, and social welfare. Planning and Development: Census data provides essential information for planning and development initiatives in various sectors. It helps policymakers, government agencies, and organizations to understand demographic patterns, population trends, and distribution of resources, enabling them to formulate effective strategies and allocate resources efficiently. Constituency Delimitation and Representation: Census data plays a vital role in demarcating constituencies and determining representation in government bodies. It helps in deciding the number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Parliament, State legislatures, local bodies, and government services. This ensures proportional representation and promotes inclusivity in the political and administrative systems. Business and Industry Planning: Census data is valuable for business houses and industries as it helps them strengthen and plan their operations, especially for expanding into areas that were previously underserved. The data provides insights into population characteristics, consumer demographics, and market potential, facilitating business decisions and market penetration strategies. Grants and Resource Allocation: The Finance Commission utilizes population figures from census data to provide grants to states. The allocation of resources, funding, and development assistance is often based on the population data available from the census. Need for Caste Census Importance of Caste Data Social Structure Significance: Caste remains a fundamental social structure in India, influencing various aspects like marriage patterns, residential segregation, and political representation. Only about 5% of marriages in India were inter-caste as of 2011-12, highlighting the persistence of caste divisions. Policy Implications: Constitutional provisions for social justice, including reservations, necessitate detailed caste data to ensure effective implementation. Despite the Constitution mentioning class, caste has been judicially recognized as crucial for defining backward classes and supporting reservation policies. Benefits of Detailed Caste Data: Helps rectify incorrect inclusions/exclusions in reservation categories. Prevents dominant castes within reserved categories from monopolizing benefits. Facilitates sub-categorization of castes and determines the creamy layer criterion. Control of Resources: Without comprehensive caste data, elites among upper castes and dominant OBCs may disproportionately control national assets, income, and political power. Arguments Against Caste Census Potential Social Division: Critics argue that a caste census could deepen social divides. However, historical census data on SCs and STs since 1951 has not led to conflicts among these groups. Administrative Feasibility: Some opponents claim that caste enumeration would be an administrative nightmare. Contrarily, enumerating caste is feasible and has precedent with successful enumeration of SCs and STs. Reservation Concerns: Opponents fear that caste data could fuel demands for increased reservations. In reality, detailed caste data could ensure fair and informed policymaking, curbing arbitrary reservation demands. Case for OBC Inclusion in Census Educational and Public Employment Reservations: OBCs are entitled to reservations in education and public employment under Articles 15(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution, akin to SCs and STs. The Mandal Commission recommendations led to OBC reservations in the Central government. Electoral Representation: Unlike SCs and STs, OBCs lack reservations in electoral constituencies for MPs and MLAs. The 73rd and 74th Amendments mandate reservations for SCs, STs, and OBCs in panchayats and municipalities. Judicial Requirements: Judicial interventions in states like Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra have demanded caste-wise data for upholding OBC reservations in local elections. Past Attempts and Challenges Failed Attempt in 2011: The Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC)-2011, conducted outside the Census Act, 1948, failed due to poor design and execution. The survey by Union Ministries lacked experience in sociological surveys and faced issues with questionnaire design and caste identification. Way Forward Amendment of Census Act, 1948: Amend the Census Act to mandate caste enumeration, removing executive discretion. Improved Survey Design: Incorporate caste-related questions into the regular Census questionnaire. Engage sociological and anthropological experts to compile and verify state-specific caste lists. Enhanced Data Collection Methods: Utilize internet-enabled devices for efficient and accurate data collection, ensuring inclusion of sub-castes and caste surnames. -Source: The Hindu Draft Digital Competition Bill Context: In February 2023, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) established the Committee on Digital Competition Law (CDCL) to consider the need for a specific law governing competition in digital markets. After extensive discussions, the CDCL determined that the existing Competition Act, 2002, which operates on an ex-post framework (addressing issues after they arise), should be complemented by an ex-ante framework (preventive measures to address issues before they occur). This type of regulation is rare, with the European Union being the only jurisdiction with a comprehensive ex-ante competition framework under the Digital Markets Act. Consequently, the draft Digital Competition Bill was developed, detailing the ex-ante framework aimed at improving the current regulatory system for digital markets. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Growing Need for an Ex-Ante Framework Digital Competition Bill 2024 Criticism of the Digital Competition Bill 2024 Growing Need for an Ex-Ante Framework Rationale for an Ex-Ante Framework Challenges of Digital Markets: Regulating digital markets ex-post (after harm occurs) is suboptimal due to rapid growth fueled by economies of scale and network effects. Digital enterprises benefit from economies of scale (cost reduction per unit) and scope (cost reduction across services), accelerating their expansion compared to traditional markets. Network Effects and Growth: Network effects amplify the utility of digital services with increasing user numbers, further driving growth and market dominance. Advocating for Ex-Ante Framework: A forward-looking, preventive law (ex-ante framework) anticipates potential harms from antitrust issues and prescribes pre-established prohibitions to safeguard fair competition. Digital Competition Bill 2024 Overview and Objectives Legislative Purpose: Introduced in March 2024, the Digital Competition Bill aims to regulate large digital enterprises to ensure fair competition and a level playing field in the digital sphere. Presumptive Norms and Provisions: Prohibits practices like self-preferencing and leveraging data across services within conglomerates. Similar to the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA), which aims to prevent tech giants from favoring their own services to the detriment of competitors. Penalties and Enforcement: Heavy penalties, potentially amounting to billions of dollars, for violations of the prescribed norms. Enforced by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) to ensure compliance and fair market practices. Key Proposals of the Draft Digital Competition Bill 2024 Designation of Systemically Significant Digital Enterprises (SSDEs): Criteria include financial strength tests and user base metrics to identify enterprises significantly impacting core digital services in India. Obligations on SSDEs: Prohibited from engaging in anti-competitive practices such as self-preferencing and restricting third-party applications. Non-compliance could lead to fines up to 10% of global turnover. Associate Digital Enterprises (ADEs): Entities associated with core digital services must adhere to similar obligations as SSDEs, depending on their role and data interactions within conglomerates. Comparison with EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA) Similarities: Mirrors DMA’s objectives to curb monopolistic practices among large tech firms like Google, Facebook, and Amazon. Differences: India’s bill leaves the determination of significant platforms to the Competition Commission of India (CCI), potentially impacting decision-making transparency and startup ecosystem dynamics. Criticism of the Digital Competition Bill 2024 Concerns Raised by Stakeholders Compliance Burden: Strict prescriptive norms could burden big tech companies, diverting resources from innovation to compliance. Impact on Innovation: Fears that stringent regulations may stifle innovation and research efforts among tech firms. Broad Definitions and Discretionary Powers: Unclear definitions of significant platforms and discretionary powers of the CCI could lead to arbitrary decision-making, impacting both established companies and startups. Operational Implications: Potential restrictions on data sharing and platform modifications could disproportionately affect smaller businesses reliant on digital platforms for market access. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Study Reveals Microdroplets of Water Can Break Down Minerals into Nanoparticles Context: A recent study published in the journal Science has revealed that microdroplets of water have the ability to break down minerals into nanoparticles. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Study What are Nanoparticles? Key Highlights of the Study Mineral Breakdown into Nanoparticles: The study demonstrated that microdroplets can rapidly break down minerals like silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) into nanoparticles. This process occurs within 10 milliseconds when a high voltage is applied to mineral microparticles suspended in water. Mechanisms Involved: Breakup of mineral microparticles into nanoparticles is attributed to: Protons penetrating crystal layers. Electric fields generated by charged surfaces. Surface tension of the microdroplets. Implications for Agriculture: Nanoparticles formed can enhance agricultural productivity by converting unproductive soil into fertile land, as plants absorb silica nanoparticles to promote growth. Relevance to Origins of Life: Microdroplets simulating proto-cells may have played a role in early biochemical reactions, indicating potential implications for understanding the origins of life. Atmospheric Processes: Future research may explore if water microdroplets naturally interact with minerals in atmospheric conditions, potentially forming nanoparticles through ‘microdroplet showers’. What are Nanoparticles? Definition and Dimensions: Nanoparticles (NPs) are nano-objects defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) with all external dimensions in the nanoscale. They typically range from 1 to 100 nm in size, with atom clusters preferred below 1 nm. Shapes and Structures: NPs can vary in shape and structure, including spherical, cylindrical, conical, tubular, and irregular forms. They can be crystalline or amorphous, single or multi-crystal solids, and can be either loose or agglomerated. Classification: Based on composition, NPs are categorized into organic, carbon-based, and inorganic types. Applications: NPs find applications across various fields such as medicine, pharmaceuticals, electronics, agriculture, and the food industry, owing to their unique properties and versatility. -Source: The Hindu Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme Context: DRDO sanctions seven new projects to the private sector under Technology Development Fund scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Technology Development Fund (TDF) Scheme: Empowering Indigenous Defence Technologies Initiative Overview: The Technology Development Fund (TDF) scheme is a flagship program led by the Ministry of Defence and executed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as part of the ‘Make in India’ initiative. Objectives: Grant in Aid: Provide financial support to Indian industries, including MSMEs and Start-ups, as well as academic and scientific institutions. Focus on the development of Defence and dual-use technologies currently unavailable in the Indian defence industry. Engagement with Private Industries: Cultivate a culture of Design & Development of Military Technology, especially in private industries, with a focus on MSMEs and Start-ups. Niche Technologies: Emphasize Research, Design & Development of niche technologies, particularly those being developed for the first time in the country. Collaborative Ecosystem: Create a collaborative platform involving the Armed Forces, research organizations, academia, qualifying/certifying agencies, and private sector entities. Prototype Development: Support futuristic technologies by providing funding for Proof of Concept, transforming them into prototypes. Funding Support: Grant Provision: Funding through grants to the industry. Consideration of project costs up to INR 10 Cr for funding, up to a maximum of 90% of the total project cost. Collaboration Dynamics: Industries allowed to collaborate with academia or research institutions. Academic involvement capped at 40% of the total project cost. Project Duration: Timeframe: Maximum development period set at two years. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Shield-Tail Snake Context: Recently, researchers have discovered a new species of a shield-tail snake in the Meghamalai-Munnar landscape of the Western Ghats. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Newly Discovered Shield-tail Snake: Uropeltis caudomaculata Naming and Identification Recently identified as Uropeltis caudomaculata, this shield-tail snake is named for the distinctive yellow spot located on each side of the base of its tail. It is characterized by an increased number of ventral scales and is uniquely distributed along the eastern escarpment of the Western Ghats, stretching from Meghamalai to approximately 15 km east of Munnar. Distribution Found exclusively in three specific locations: Meghamalai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu, Periyar Tiger Reserve, and Yellapetty near Munnar in Kerala. Key Characteristics of Shield-tail Snakes Venom These snakes are non-venomous, posing no threat to humans or other animals they encounter. Taxonomy Belonging to the Uropeltidae family, shield-tail snakes are primitive reptiles endemic to peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Physical Features They are distinguished by a prominent keratinous shield at the tail’s tip, a characteristic that gives them their name “shield-tailed snakes.” Natural Range Typically found in the Western Ghats and various parts of peninsular India. Habitat They inhabit hilly forests and are known to occupy tunnels within leaf litter, humus, rocks, and logs. These burrowing species can be found up to one foot below the soil surface. -Source: The Hindu Hannibal Directive Context: According to a recent report the Israeli military reportedly employed the Hannibal Directive during the October 7 attack by Hamas. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Overview of Hannibal Directive Operational Doctrine: Known as the Hannibal Directive, this operational policy, also referred to as the Hannibal Procedure or Hannibal Protocol, has been reportedly used by the Israel Defence Forces (IDF). It emphasizes the use of maximum force to prevent the capture of Israeli soldiers, even at the cost of risking their lives and those of civilians and military personnel, as revealed by a recent media investigation. Objective: The directive aims to preempt politically sensitive prisoner exchanges by advocating for immediate actions, including potentially lethal force, in the vicinity of a captured Israeli soldier. Secrecy: While widely discussed among soldiers and analysts, the full text of the Hannibal Directive has never been officially published. Historical Reference: It is believed that the directive draws its name from Hannibal, the Carthaginian general who, according to historical accounts, opted to end his life rather than face capture by the Romans in around 181 BCE. Origin and Response Formulation: The Hannibal Doctrine is said to have originated in response to the Jibril Agreement of 1985. This agreement involved the exchange of 1,150 Palestinian prisoners for three Israelis who had been seized in Lebanon by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC), a Syria-based militant group. Criticism Ethical Concerns: Legal experts have criticized the Hannibal Doctrine for its apparent disregard for human life, particularly in situations where the immediate elimination of surrounding individuals may endanger the captured soldier’s life. -Source: Indian Express

Jul 11, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 July 2024

Contents International Maritime Organization PM GatiShakti International Maritime Organization Focus: GS II: International Relations Why in News? A high-level Indian delegation from India is set to participate in the 132nd session of the Council of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in London. International Maritime Organization (IMO): The IMO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for regulating global shipping and preventing marine pollution caused by ships. It was established in 1948 following a UN conference in Geneva and officially came into existence in 1958. Membership: The IMO has 175 Member States and three Associate Members, with its headquarters located in London, United Kingdom. India became a member of the IMO in 1959. Role: The primary role of the IMO is to create a fair and effective regulatory framework for the global shipping industry, with the goal of universal adoption and implementation. It addresses legal matters related to shipping, including issues of liability and compensation, and facilitates international maritime traffic. The organization celebrates World Maritime Day on the last Thursday of every September to emphasize the importance of shipping and maritime activities. Structure of IMO: IMO is governed by an assembly of members, which convenes every two years, and a council comprising 40 members, elected by the assembly for two-year terms. The Assembly serves as the highest governing body, while the IMO Council, acting as the executive organ, supervises the organization’s work, particularly in maritime safety and pollution prevention. IMO’s activities are carried out through five committees and several subcommittees responsible for developing and adopting international conventions, codes, resolutions, and guidelines. India’s Engagement with IMO: India holds Category B status in the IMO Council, reflecting its ongoing commitment to maritime affairs. India’s Vision 2030 aims to bolster its representation at the IMO by appointing permanent representatives at IMO London. The Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 outlines goals to enhance India’s global maritime presence, including establishing a dedicated IMO cell, designating a permanent representative at IMO headquarters, and implementing the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Master Plan. PM GatiShakti Focus: GS II- Welfare schemes Why in News? The 74th meeting of the Network Planning Group (NPG) under PM GatiShakti was convened in New Delhi. The meeting focused on evaluating five significant infrastructure projects from various Ministries. About PM Gati Shakti: It will incorporate the infrastructure schemes of various Ministries and State Governments like Bharatmala, Sagarmala, inland waterways, dry/land ports, UDAN etc. Economic Zones like textile clusters, pharmaceutical clusters, defence corridors, electronic parks, industrial corridors, fishing clusters, agri zones will be covered to improve connectivity & make Indian businesses more competitive. It will also leverage technology extensively including spatial planning tools with ISRO imagery developed by BiSAG-N (Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics). The multi-modal connectivity will provide integrated and seamless connectivity for movement of people, goods and services from one mode of transport to another. It will facilitate the last mile connectivity of infrastructure and also reduce travel time for people. PM GatiShakti will provide the public and business community information regarding the upcoming connectivity projects, other business hubs, industrial areas and surrounding environment. This will enable the investors to plan their businesses at suitable locations leading to enhanced synergies. It will create multiple employment opportunities and give a boost to the economy. It will improve the global competitiveness of local products by cutting down the logistics costs and improving the supply chains, and also ensure proper linkages for local industry & consumers. PM GatiShakti is based on six pillars: 1. Comprehensiveness: It will include all the existing and planned initiatives of various Ministries and Departments with one centralized portal. Each and every Department will now have visibility of each other’s activities providing critical data while planning & execution of projects in a comprehensive manner. 2. Prioritization: Through this, different Departments will be able to prioritize their projects through cross–sectoral interactions. 3. Optimization: The National Master Plan will assist different ministries in planning for projects after identification of critical gaps. For the transportation of the goods from one place to another, the plan will help in selecting the most optimum route in terms of time and cost. 4. Synchronization: Individual Ministries and Departments often work in silos. There is lack of coordination in planning and implementation of the project resulting in delays. PM GatiShakti will help in synchronizing the activities of each department, as well as of different layers of governance, in a holistic manner by ensuring coordination of work between them. 5. Analytical: The plan will provide the entire data at one place with GIS based spatial planning and analytical tools having 200+ layers, enabling better visibility to the executing agency. 6. Dynamic: All Ministries and Departments will now be able to visualize, review and monitor the progress of cross-sectoral projects, through the GIS platform, as the satellite imagery will give on-ground progress periodically and progress of the projects will be updated on a regular basis on the portal. It will help in identifying the vital interventions for enhancing and updating the master plan.

Jul 11, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 July 2024

CONTENTS A Pathway for the Most Populous Nation A National Law on Gig Workers A Pathway for the Most Populous Nation Context: The world population is projected to reach 8.5 billion by the end of this decade. While Asia is expected to experience overpopulation, Europe is anticipated to be underpopulated. Due to decreasing fertility rates and increasing longevity, the future will likely see a larger proportion of older people. Consequently, there will be significant shifts in population distribution across regions and an uneven age structure. Relevance: GS1- Population and Associated Issues Human Resource Mains Question: The world’s most populous nation needs a robust and planned pathway to achieve its objectives of growth and development. In this context, analyse the emerging trends and issues in population studies and suggest a strategy to address them. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Global Population Trends: Urbanization: Today, the population is increasingly concentrated in urban areas. By 2030, it is estimated that two-thirds of the global population will reside in urban spaces, which will strain infrastructure and amenities and potentially compromise the quality of life for urban residents. Women’s Health and Rights: The theme of this World Population Day is ‘women’s sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights,’ commemorating the 30th anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). This milestone presents an opportunity to accelerate efforts to achieve the ICPD’s program of action. Although there has been notable progress over the past three decades—such as increased access to modern contraceptives for women and a significant reduction in maternal deaths since 2000—disparities persist across different regions. It is unacceptable that 800 women die daily from preventable pregnancy and childbirth-related causes, with a disproportionate number of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Reducing maternal mortality needs to be linked with lowering fertility rates, as lower fertility reduces the risk of maternity-related issues. However, declining fertility is also associated with delayed childbearing among women. World Population Day and India: World Population Day holds particular significance for India, the most populous country in the world with a median age of 28 years. India could potentially help balance regions with population deficits. Lower fertility levels and increasing longevity are changing the size and composition of households. This will lead to an uneven distribution of children and elderly within households, impacting inequality, which is a significant concern for India. For example, the Kerala Migration Survey 2023 shows that 42% of households have no elderly people, 37% have one elderly person, 20% have two, and 1% have three elderly people. The distribution of elderly people and children is uneven across rich and poor households, resulting in a lower dependency burden (the ratio of dependent young and old to the working-age population) in wealthier households compared to poorer ones. Additionally, the care burden within households, shaped by the presence of children and the elderly, typically falls on women due to societal stereotypes, leaving them with less time for paid work. Migration Trends: The future distribution of the population will continue to be influenced by migration. In recent decades, there has been increased mobility, often driven by poor development and infrastructure in certain regions. A study estimates that 600 million Indians migrate within the country annually, and 20 million migrate abroad. Given India’s potential for future urbanization, it is crucial to encourage the development of new cities to alleviate pressure on existing megacities. These new cities need to offer the same level of infrastructure and public amenities as the larger cities. While we often discuss smart cities, it raises the question: are Indian cities truly ‘smart‘? Cities are the engines of the global economy, with 600 urban centers currently driving 60% of the world’s GDP. The Global Cities Index by Oxford Economics ranked the top cities worldwide based on five categories: economics, human capital, quality of life, environment, and governance. This evaluation of urban quality of life is essential to understand the trends of rapid urbanization and growing migration. Unfortunately, no Indian city ranks in the top 50 of this index. Delhi, the highest-ranking Indian city, is 350th out of 1,000 cities globally. This poor performance is attributed to India’s environmental issues and low quality of life, which threaten the sustainability of its cities. To make India’s urban areas livable, these challenges must be addressed. It is also noteworthy that India, the most populous country in the world, does not have an accurate count of its population. Most population projections are based on outdated data. Until India conducts its census, we will only have estimates. Knowing the exact population count and demographic makeup is crucial for drafting effective policies. Conclusion: World Population Day is significant for India due to its global footprint. Despite more countries adopting stringent immigration policies, more Indians are expected to emigrate in the near future. At the same time, India needs to prepare its workforce for the global labor market. The statement that the 21st century belongs to India will only be validated if India prepares its workforce to meet evolving global needs. The world should be able to count on India as much as India counts on itself. A National Law on Gig Workers Context: For India’s gig workers, whose numbers are steadily increasing yet remain precariously positioned in the unregulated labor market, the Karnataka Platform-based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare) Bill, 2024, provides a much-needed respite, but still falls short of granting them the security associated with being employees. Relevance: GS3- Government Policies and Interventions Employment Growth and Development Industrial Growth Inclusive Growth Mains Question: Gig workers need a comprehensive national law on their employee status. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Gig Economy in India: The gig economy continues to expand in India. According to a NITI Aayog report, India had 7.7 million gig workers at the start of the decade, and by 2029-30, they are expected to comprise 4.1% of income and 6.7% of the non-agricultural workforce. App-based Gig Work: When app-based gig work first emerged a decade ago, with ride-sharing and food delivery apps, the absence of the term ’employee’ was initially seen as beneficial; it was believed to allow ‘partners’ to maintain their independence and earn substantial income without being bound by rigid contracts. However, this perception quickly faded as earnings plummeted and working hours extended, leaving workers vulnerable to the whims of aggregators and algorithms, without safety nets or government regulations. Challenges Faced by Gig Workers: Long Working Hours: Nearly one-third of app-based cab drivers work over 14 hours a day, with more than 83% working over 10 hours and 60% exceeding 12 hours. Social disparities worsen the situation, as over 60% of drivers from Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) work more than 14 hours a day. Low Pay: Over 43% of gig workers earn less than Rs 500 a day or Rs 15,000 a month after expenses. Additionally, 34% of app-based delivery workers earn less than Rs 10,000 a month, highlighting income disparities that contribute to social inequalities. Financial Strain: 72% of cab drivers and 76% of delivery workers struggle to manage expenses, with 68% of cab drivers spending more than they earn, potentially leading to debt. Unsatisfactory Compensation: Over 80% of app-based cab drivers and over 73% of app-based delivery workers are dissatisfied with the fares offered by their companies. The survey claims employers deduct between 31-40% of drivers’ commissions per ride, while companies officially claim a 20% deduction. Work Conditions: Demanding work hours leave drivers physically exhausted and at higher risk of road accidents, especially due to the ‘10-minute delivery at the doorstep’ policy of some e-commerce platforms. Many drivers and delivery workers find it difficult to take regular days off, with less than 37% of drivers being part of a union. Issues with Platforms: Workers face problems such as ID deactivation and customer misbehavior, which negatively impact their work. A significant majority of drivers and delivery workers report adverse effects from customer behavior. The Draft Bill: The draft Bill, designed as rights-based legislation, aims to prevent arbitrary dismissals, provide human grievance redress mechanisms, and increase transparency in the complex system of automated monitoring and algorithm-based payments. It marks an improvement over the Union government’s Code on Social Security, 2020. Karnataka’s law also offers social security through a welfare board and fund, with contributions from the government and the aggregator, either by deducting a portion from every transaction on the app or as a percentage of the platform’s turnover in the State. Recognizing that many companies running these platforms report minimal profits, workers’ unions have rightly demanded that the welfare fee be charged as a cess on each transaction. Skeptics point to the ineffectiveness of other unorganised sector welfare boards, but mandatory registration with such a board will make gig workers visible to the law. Karnataka’s government intends to enact the Bill during the monsoon session of the Assembly and must quickly establish rules and the welfare board to ensure the law is enforced by the end of the year. Way Forward: The report by the People’s Association in Grassroots Action and Movements suggests several regulations to safeguard gig workers from being underpaid or exploited. Minimum Wage: Ensuring platform workers receive a minimum wage to provide a stable income. ID Blocking: Practices of indefinitely blocking workers’ IDs should be prohibited. Income Insufficiency: Platforms must address workers’ concerns about inadequate income, possibly by reducing commission rates per transaction or covering workers’ fuel expenses, which rise with fuel prices. Social Security: The study advocates for stronger social security measures for app-based workers and government oversight to ensure fairness in the algorithms and mechanisms used by platforms to monitor workers. Conclusion: At the national level, comprehensive legislation is needed not only to set minimum wages, reasonable working hours and conditions, and robust social security but also to grant gig workers the desired status of ’employees’.

Jul 11, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 July 2024

Contents: BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ Retreat Secular remedy for Divorced Muslim women: SC The problem of Food Inflation Need for bolstering MSMEs Floral Waste is boosting circularity in economy National Gopal Ratna Award 2024 BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers’ Retreat Context: The 2nd Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Foreign Ministers’ Retreat will begin today in New Delhi. The event will provide an opportunity for the grouping’s members to broaden and deepen cooperation across sectors including in the fields of security, connectivity, trade and investment in the Bay of Bengal region and littoral areas. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (Foreign Policies affecting India’s Interests, Important International groupings), Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About BIMSTEC History of Formation of the BIMSTEC Significance of BIMSTEC About BIMSTEC The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation of seven nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia: Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Sri Lanka Myanmar (South-east Asia) Thailand (South-east Asia) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are the member states dependent on the Bay of Bengal. Its members lie in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity. BIMSTEC not only connects South and Southeast Asia, but also the ecologies of the Great Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Fourteen priority sectors of cooperation have been identified and several BIMSTEC centres have been established to focus on those sectors. The permanent secretariat of the BIMSTEC is in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The BIMSTEC uses the alphabetical order for the Chairmanship which has been taken in rotation commencing with Bangladesh (1997–1999). History of Formation of the BIMSTEC In 1997, a new sub-regional grouping was formed in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997 during a special Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, the Group was renamed ‘BIMST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). In 2004, at the first Summit the grouping was renamed as BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation. Significance of BIMSTEC BIMSTEC acts as a platform for intra-regional cooperation between SAARC and ASEAN members. Around one-fourth of the world’s traded goods cross the Bay of Bengal every year. Important Connectivity Projects related to BIMSTEC Kaladan Multimodal Project – links India and Myanmar. Asian Trilateral Highway – connecting India and Thailand through Myanmar. Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement – for seamless flow of passenger and cargo traffic. Strategic Significance for India BIMSTEC Enables India to pursue three core policies: Neighbourhood First- primacy to the country’s immediate periphery; Act East- connect India with Southeast Asia; and Economic development of India’s North Eastern states- by linking them to the Bay of Bengal region via Bangladesh and Myanmar. India has moved from Look East Policy to Act East Policy and Indo Pacific cooperation through its diaspora, culture and connectivity. This has led to India’s goodwill in the region. Allows India to counter China’s creeping influence in countries around the Bay of Bengal due to the spread of its Belt and Road Initiative. Physical connectivity with BIMSTEC would also help India integrate itself with ASEAN’s Master Plan of Connectivity 2025. A new platform for India to engage with its neighbours with South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) becoming dysfunctional because of differences between India and Pakistan. BIMSTEC suddenly received special attention as New Delhi chose to treat it as a more practical instrument for regional cooperation over a faltering SAARC. -Source: The Hindu, AIR Secular remedy for Divorced Muslim women: SC Context: The Supreme Court of India recently held that divorced Muslim women are entitled to maintenance under the “secular” Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The court noted that a remedy under the secular statutory provision of Section 125 of the Cr.PC cannot be foreclosed for divorced Muslim women by virtue of enactment of a personal law remedy under the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986. Hence, a divorced Muslim woman is entitled to all rights of maintenance available to other equally situated women in the country. Relevance: GS Paper 2: Historical underpinnings & evolution; Features, amendments, significant provisions, basic structure; Comparison of Indian constitutional scheme with other countries’ Dimensions of the Article: What are Alimony and Maintenance? Laws related to Alimony and Maintenance in India. Issues related to Alimony and Maintenance in India. The Supreme Court’s guidelines regarding alimony way forward What are the Alimony and Maintenance? Alimony and maintenance both connote the existence of a duty on the part of one person to provide for the needs of another person or persons who are dependent on them. Interim maintenance: While the legal proceedings are still underway, a husband is required to pay maintenance for the wife, along with the expenses of the proceedings. The interim maintenance is payable from the date the petition is filed, till the time the final order is passed. Permanent maintenance: When a decree of dissolution of marriage or judicial separation is obtained by the wife, the court may order that the husband shall pay the wife any particular amount fixed by the court, either periodically. Laws related to Alimony and Maintenance in India: Our country comprises different communities, and each community has its own personal laws derived from religious scriptures, customs and traditions. Hindu woman can seek divorce and alimony may not be the same for every other community. The Hindu community is governed by The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, which grant the right to women to claim maintenance. Under Hindu laws, the quantum of maintenance amount is based on several factors like husband’s financial income, assets, liabilities, wife’s employment and earning status etc. Under Muslim personal law, the wife can claim compensation through Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986. Divorced Christian women can claim maintenance under the Indian Divorce Act, 1869. The Act prescribes one-fifth of the husband’s income as the maximum maintenance amount. The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 provides the right of a wife to claim maintenance from her husband as one of the rights of wife after divorce in India, while in the case of inter-caste marriage it is governed by Special Marriage Act, 1954. Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which applies to all communities lays down the provision for maintenance of wives, children, and parents if they do not earn enough and reasonable means to maintain themselves, or suffer from any physical or mental incapacity. Under this section, even a wife who has not divorced her husband has the right to get maintenance from her husband. Issues related to Alimony and Maintenance in India: Maintenance and alimony is the only source of livelihood hence discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth is a direct attack on the right to life, liberty and dignity, guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. The discriminatory maintenance and alimony reinforce patriarchal and stereotypical notions about women and thus any provision that perpetrates or reinforces discriminatory stereotypes against women is manifestly arbitrary. All the women don’t have equal rights related to alimony in India which violate their right to equality as a fundamental rights under Indian constitution. In India, the women are much vulnerable due to patriarchal attitude of society towards women therefore, there should be clarity regarding alimony so that women can live dignified life. Most of the girls in India get marry at early age and if they get divorce then proper alimony is needed to sustain their life. In India, judicial proceedings take long time and require enough money therefore interim maintenance is needed. Even after 73 years of Independence and 70 years of India becoming a socialist secular democratic republic, laws relating to maintenance and alimony are not only complex and cumbersome but also against the constitutional mandate of being equal, rational and just. The discriminatory grounds of maintenance and alimony are violative of Articles 14, 15, 21 of the Constitution. The Supreme Court’s guidelines regarding alimony Article 15(3), which states ‘nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children’, read together with Article 39, which directs state policy towards equal pay and opportunities for both men and women, and protecting the health of women and children, are two key constitutional safeguards. The Supreme Court leaned on these two Articles, and a host of other laws, and set down comprehensive guidelines on alimony. The right to claim maintenance under all enactments, including those under Section 125 of the CrPC, must date back to filing of the application. “Financial constraints of a dependent spouse hamper their capacity to be effectively represented before the court. In order to prevent a dependant from being reduced to destitution, it is necessary that maintenance is awarded from the date on which the application for maintenance is led before the court concerned,” a Bench headed by Justice Indu Malhotra said. The delay in adjudication is not only against human rights, but also against the basic embodiment of dignity of an individual. While women can make a claim for alimony under different laws, including the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 and Section 125 of the CrPC, or under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, it “would be inequitable to direct the husband to pay maintenance under each of the proceedings”, urging civil and family courts to take note of previous settlements. -Source: The Hindu The problem of Food Inflation Context: India has been witnessing a continued growth in the GDP, but the core inflation seems set on a downward trajectory. The food inflation has stayed stubbornly elevated, restricting the fall in the consumer price index (CPI). Food commands nearly 40 per cent weight in the CPI basket. Major factors that lead to food inflation is uncertain monsoon, weather shocks such as heatwaves and unseasonal rains. Further, the climate change has further increased the frequency of such shocks. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Calculation of Food Inflation in India Factors Contributing to India’s Elevated Food Inflation Strategies to Address Food Inflation Effectively About the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) Calculation of Food Inflation in India: Consumer Price Index (CPI) for Food and Beverages: Food inflation in India is primarily measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for Food and Beverages. CPI tracks changes in the prices paid by typical consumers for a basket of goods and services over time. Weightage in CPI: Food has a weight of 45.9% in the consumer price index. However, its contribution to overall inflation has increased significantly, from 48% in April 2022 to 67% in November 2023. Household Consumption Survey: The government’s Household Consumption Survey revealed that food’s share of the rural consumption basket fell below 50% for the first time to 46% and to 39% for urban consumers. Factors Influencing Food Inflation: About 90% of food inflation is determined by non-cyclical factors such as weather conditions, supply conditions, international prices, and availability. However, demand factors also play a role, contributing to about 10% of food inflation with significant time variation. Factors Contributing to India’s Elevated Food Inflation: Temperature and Weather Challenges: Adverse weather conditions, including predictions of a weak monsoon and heatwaves, have affected crop yields, particularly for cereals, pulses, and sugar, which require significant water for growth. This has led to supply shortages and higher domestic prices, with cereal and pulse inflation showing double-digit increases in April 2024. The MPC, with a 4-2 majority vote, emphasized its focus on withdrawing accommodation to align inflation progressively to the 4% target, noting the difficulty in achieving this amid increasing climate-related supply shocks. The CMIE attributed the rise in fruit and vegetable prices to last month’s heatwaves. Fuel Prices: Fuel prices, a critical input in agriculture, have significantly increased in recent years. A 1% increase in fuel inflation results in a 0.13% rise in food inflation, with the impact gradually diminishing over the next 12 months. Supply Chain Disruptions: Disruptions in the supply chain, due to transportation constraints, labor shortages, and logistical challenges, have reduced the availability of food products, leading to price hikes. Vegetables have continued to experience double-digit inflation for six consecutive months, reaching 27.8%, exacerbated by the lack of efficient storage facilities, which leads to the wastage of perishable items. Global Effects: Despite a decrease in global food prices, India’s food prices remain high due to limited transmission of international prices to domestic markets. The Russia-Ukraine war has acted as a deterrent, affecting imports. India heavily depends on imports for edible oils (60% of consumption) and pulses, while for most other agricultural commodities like cereals, sugar, dairy, fruits, and vegetables, it is an exporter. Food inflation, measured by the Consumer Food Price Index, rose to a provisional 8.7% in April from 8.52% in March. Other Factors Contributing to Inflation: The MPC is acutely aware that, beyond the threat from rising food costs—which are vulnerable to the low water storage levels in the country’s reservoirs and the ongoing exceptionally hot summer—escalating prices of industrial metals could disrupt the deflationary trend in core inflation. Additionally, the uncertain outlook for crude oil prices, due to tensions in West Asia and output cuts by OPEC+ nations, adds to the uncertainty of the inflation path. Strategies to Address Food Inflation Effectively: Investment in Agricultural Infrastructure and Technology: Improving agricultural infrastructure, adopting advanced technology, and investing in research can enhance crop yields and reduce production costs, boosting supply and stabilizing prices. Enhancing Logistics and Storage Facilities: Improving logistics, storage facilities, and distribution networks can reduce wastage and ensure a steady supply of food items to the market, mitigating price fluctuations. Promoting Crop Diversification: Encouraging the cultivation of a variety of crops and supporting alternative farming practices can reduce reliance on a few commodities, thereby balancing market dynamics and reducing price volatility. Regular Monitoring and Price Regulation: Regular monitoring of food prices and implementing effective price regulation mechanisms can prevent price manipulation and ensure fair pricing for consumers and producers. Addressing Climate Change Challenges: Implementing sustainable farming practices, efficient water management strategies, and promoting crop diversification can help mitigate the impact of climate change on agriculture, reducing production risks and enhancing long-term food security. About the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI): Definition: The Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) measures the change in retail prices of food items consumed by the population. Purpose: It is a specific measure of inflation focusing solely on the price changes of food items in a consumer’s basket of goods and services. Usage: The CFPI is a sub-component of the broader Consumer Price Index (CPI) and is utilized by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to monitor inflation. Release: The Central Statistics Office (CSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI), began releasing CFPI data for three categories—rural, urban, and combined—separately on an all-India basis from May 2014. Methodology: Similar to the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the CFPI is calculated monthly using the same methodology. The current base year used is 2012. The CSO revised the base year for CPI and CFPI from 2010 to 2012 in January 2015. -Source: Indian Express Need for bolstering MSMEs Context: Recently, Union Minister for MSMEs said six pillars were identified as focus areas for the growth of the MSME sector namely Formalisation and access to credit, Increased access to market and e-commerce adoption, Higher productivity through modern technology, Enhanced skill levels and digitalisation in the service sector Support to Khadi, Village and Coir industry to globalise them Empowerment of women and artisans through enterprise creation Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Growth and Development of Indian Economy, Mobilization of Resources) Dimensions of the Article: Understanding MSMEs in India Measures that can give some hope to the MSME sector Understanding MSMEs in India MSME stands for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises which are small sized entities, defined in terms of their size of investment in plant and machinery/equipment along with THE NEW CRITERION OF ANNUAL TURNOVER. As per the revised definition, any firm with investment up to Rs 1 crore and turnover under Rs 5 crore will be classified as “micro”. A company with investment up to Rs 10 crore and turnover up to Rs 50 crore will be classified as “small”. A firm with investment up to Rs 50 crore and turnover under Rs 250 crore will be classified as “medium”. Pointers about MSMEs in India According to the Annual Report of the Department of MSMEs (2018-19), there are more than 6 crore MSMEs in the country. MSMEs are the growth accelerators of the Indian economy, contributing about 30% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). 99.5% of all MSMEs fall in the micro category. Small and medium MSMEs are predominantly present in urban India whereas, micro enterprises are equally distributed over rural and urban India. Around 51% of MSMEs are situated in rural India and 49% of them are situated in urban India. Both rural and urban MSMEs together employ over 11 crore people but 55% of the employment happens in the urban MSMEs. The gender ratio among employees is largely consistent across the board at roughly 80% male and 20% female. In terms of exports, MSMEs are an integral part of the supply chain and contribute about 48% of the overall exports. MSMEs also play an important role in employment generation, as they employ about 110 million people across the country. Measures that can give some hope to the MSME sector Why assemble in India, when we can Make-in-India?: Now could be the right time for the Government to roll out sops to MSMEs that manufacture locally. The Government eMarketplace (GeM) could be of great use to suppliers looking for purchasers and vice versa. Investing in online infrastructure while also encouraging small businesses to source locally could help improve manufacturing while also cutting on our import costs. Delay MSME loan repayments or extend tenures: As the RBI pumps in more cash into the banking sector, deferring or relieving the MSMEs of loan repayments could come as a welcome move. Most businesses are looking for financial support from the government and doing this can help them cope with cash flow problems. Relaxing bad loan norms could also be a saving move for this sector. Inventory management for exporters: Businesses that are into exports could use some help with inventory management. In the Union Budget 2020, Sitharaman proposed building warehouses at block/taluk level. If the government could allot subsidised warehousing to exporters while figuring out the supply chain side of things, it could potentially help support the economy. -Source: The Hindu Floral Waste is boosting circularity in economy Context: The floral waste sector in India is experiencing new growth, marked by its multifaceted benefits. Relevance: GS II: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Waste to Wealth Highlighted Initiatives in Waste Management Waste to Wealth: As a significant move towards sustainability and a circular economy, the focus on waste to wealth is the way to be. The floral waste sector in India is experiencing new growth, marked by its multifaceted benefits. Not only is it providing meaningful employment opportunities for women, but is also effectively diverting waste from dumpsites, contributing to environmental preservation. What is the issue? Floral waste, collected from the spiritual sites mostly biodegradable, often ends up in landfills or water bodies, causing health hazards and harming aquatic life. According to a UN Climate Change report, the river Ganga alone absorbs over 8 million MT of flower waste annually. Measures to be undertaken: Implementing composting pits in temples and involving Temple trusts and SHGs in recycling efforts can create significant employment opportunities. Social entrepreneurs are stepping in to recycle flowers into valuable products like organic compost, soaps, candles, and incense sticks. Outreach programs to educate priests and devotees about not dumping floral waste in rivers can help encourage waste reduction. The “Green Temples” concept can be integrated into policies to transform temples into eco-friendly spaces. Promoting digital offerings or biodegradable materials instead of traditional flowers can also help reduce floral waste. The National Horticulture Board can be involved in tracking and managing floral waste in green spaces like parks etc. The Swachh Bharat Mission is spearheading a transformative journey towards sustainability, where the ethos of circular economy and waste-to-wealth reign supreme. Highlighted Initiatives in Waste Management: Swachh Bharat Mission for Solid Waste Management: Central assistance provided for solid waste management, including plastic waste management in urban and rural areas. Launch of Swachh Bharat Mission Urban 2.0 in 2021 with the goal of creating “Garbage Free Cities.” Focus on door-to-door collection, source segregation, and scientific processing of municipal solid waste. Emphasis on source segregation, reducing single-use plastic, managing construction-and-demolition waste, and bio-remediation of waste dump sites. Swachh Bharat Mission – Grameen Phase II includes solid waste management activities at the village level. Waste Management Rules and Guidelines: Implementation of various waste management rules and guidelines under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Includes Solid Waste Management Rules (2016), Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016), Bio-medical Waste Management Rules (2016), Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules (2016), Hazardous and other wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules (2016), E-waste Management Rules (2022), and Battery Waste Management Rules (2022). Guidelines issued for environmentally sound waste management. Development of guidelines for the levy of environmental damages/environmental compensation charges based on the polluter pays principle for hazardous waste, E-waste, and plastic waste. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Mechanism: EPR is a policy approach that holds producers accountable for the entire lifecycle of their products. Producers are responsible for product collection, recycling, and disposal. Aims to reduce environmental impact by shifting waste management responsibility to producers. In 2022, EPR initiatives were implemented for plastic packaging, E-waste, battery waste, and used oil. Utilization of market mechanisms expected to stimulate growth in the waste management sector. Waste Processing Capacity: Approximately 76% of the 1.5 lakh metric tons per day (MT/D) of urban waste is processed. Notable increase in waste processing capacity since 2014. Capacity expansion for solid waste, hazardous waste, bio-medical waste, E-waste, plastic waste, and construction and demolition waste. Solid waste processing capacity increased by around 1.05 lakh MT/D under the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). -Source: PIB National Gopal Ratna Award 2024 Context: The Nominations for the National Gopal Ratna Award for the year 2024 will be opened from the 15th of July. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions, Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About National Gopal Ratna Award 2024 About the Rashtriya Gokul Mission About National Gopal Ratna Award 2024: The National Gopal Ratna Award is conferred every year to encourage the milk producing farmers, dairy cooperative societies, Milk producer Companies, Dairy Farmer Producer Organizations, and Artificial Insemination Technicians. The awards will be conferred on the occasion of National Milk Day which will be celebrated on 26th November. The National Gopal Ratna Award will be conferred in different categories. The award consists of a certificate of merit, a memento, and monetary prize ranging from two lakh to five lakh rupees. The award is being conferred under the Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM) since 2001 by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying. About the Rashtriya Gokul Mission: The Rashtriya Gokul Mission was launched in December 2014. It has been extended as part of the Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana from 2021 to 2026. Mission Objectives: Enhancing Productivity: The mission aims to boost the productivity of indigenous bovine breeds while ensuring sustainability. It leverages advanced technologies for this purpose. Increased Milk Production: One of its goals is to facilitate a significant increase in milk production through efficient bovine management practices. High-Quality Breeding: The mission advocates the use of high genetic merit bulls for breeding, contributing to the improvement of cattle genetics. Widening Insemination Coverage: Strengthening the breeding network and making artificial insemination services easily accessible to farmers is a key objective. Holistic Conservation: The mission is dedicated to the scientific and comprehensive conservation of indigenous cattle and buffalo breeds. -Source: PIB, The Hindu

Jul 10, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 July 2024

Contents: 22nd India-Russia Annual Summit Defence Cooperation Committee meeting between India & UAE 22nd India-Russia Annual Summit Focus: GS2- International Relations Why in News? Recently, the Prime Minister of India paid an official visit to Russia for the 22nd India – Russia Annual Summit. Indo- Russia Relations: Historical Context: The longstanding relationship between India and Russia has been defined by the “Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership,” signed in October 2000. Since then, the ties have evolved significantly, encompassing various areas such as political, security, defense, trade, economy, science and technology, and culture. During the Cold War, India and the Soviet Union maintained a robust strategic, military, economic, and diplomatic alliance. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia inherited this close association with India, leading to the development of a Special Strategic Relationship between the two nations. Political Relations: In 2019, President Putin awarded PM Narendra Modi Russia’s highest state decoration – The Order of St Andrew the Apostle – recognizing his distinguished contribution to the development of the privileged strategic partnership between Russia and India. Two Inter-Governmental Commissions – one on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC), and another on Military-Technical Cooperation (IRIGC-MTC) – convene annually. Trade Relations: Both nations aspire to increase bilateral investment to US$50 billion and bilateral trade to US$30 billion by 2025. In FY 2020, bilateral trade amounted to USD 8.1 billion. After a decline from 2013 to 2016, trade between the two countries showed a consistent increase from 2017 onwards, continuing through 2018 and 2019. Defence and Security Relations: India-Russia military-technical cooperation has progressed from a buyer-seller framework to joint research, development, and production of advanced defense technologies and systems. Regular Tri-Services exercises, such as ‘INDRA,’ are conducted. Joint military programs include the BrahMos cruise missile program, 5th generation fighter jet program, Sukhoi Su-30MKI program, Ilyushin/HAL Tactical Transport Aircraft, KA-226T twin-engine utility helicopters, and certain frigates. India has acquired military hardware from Russia, including the S-400 Triumf, Kamov Ka-226 under the Make in India initiative, T-90S Bhishma, INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier, and various submarines. Russia plays a crucial role in supporting India’s submarine programs, and a significant portion of India’s conventional submarines is of Russian origin. Significance of the Recent Meet: The Leaders noted the continued strengthening and deepening of the Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership between India and Russia. The meeting stressed the need to increase Indian exports to Russia through strengthening industrial cooperation, forging new technological and investment partnerships, especially in advanced high-technology areas and finding new avenues and forms of cooperation. To accelerate and sustain the growth in bilateral trade, bilateral trade target of USD 100 billion by 2030 was set. The Sides confirmed their interest in expanding cooperation in the field of communication technologies, including telecommunications, satellite communications, digitalization of public administration and the urban environment, mobile communications, information security, etc. Both Sides will continue joint efforts to intensify the use of INSTC route in order to reduce the time and cost of cargo transportation and to promote connectivity. The Sides support cooperation in developing shipping between Russia and India via the Northern Sea Route. The Prime Minister of India was conferred Russia’s highest civilian honour the “Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle”. The award was conferred for his distinguished contribution to the development of Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership between India and Russia and friendly ties between the peoples of the two countries. Defence Cooperation Committee meeting between India & UAE Focus: GS Paper 2: Important Bilateral Agreements Why in News? The 12th edition of the Joint Defence Cooperation Committee (JDCC) meeting between India and UAE was held in Abu Dhabi recently. 12th Joint Defence Cooperation Committee: India and UAE stressed the need to further strengthen defence and security cooperation between the two countries. Both countries deliberated on the regional security situation, including maritime security, and underscored the need to enhance collaboration to tackle the security challenges. The 12th meeting provided an opportunity to further augment India’s defence and security relations with the UAE, strengthening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between the two countries. India-UAE Relations Diplomatic relations established in 1972; UAE opened its Embassy in Delhi in 1972, and India opened its Embassy in Abu Dhabi in 1973. The India-UAE JDCC was established in 2006. Since then, 11 rounds have been held. Other Defence collaboration between India and UAE: Earlier this year, Indian Navy ships, INS Visakhapatnam, and INS Trikand, participated in the bilateral exercise ‘Zayed Talwar’ to enhance interoperability and synergy between the two navies. The Joint Military Exercise ‘Desert Cyclone 2024’ between India and UAE was recently concluded in Rajasthan.

Jul 10, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 July 2024

CONTENTS Shifting Trend in the Violence in Jammu India- US Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) Cooperation Shifting Trend in the Violence in Jammu Context: On Monday, five Indian Army personnel were killed when terrorists ambushed an Army convoy in Badnota village, located 124 kilometers from Kathua town in Jammu. This marks the fourth terror incident in the state within 48 hours, and it is part of a recent surge in attacks, particularly in the Jammu region. This trend indicates a shift in terrorism towards the Rajouri-Poonch area. Relevance: GS3- Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas Mains Question: Recent incidents showcase terrorist groups increasingly using modern technology to find new ways to sustain the insurgency in Jammu region. Discuss the role of technology in propagating terrorism and suggest a way forward strategy to deal with it. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Similar Incidents: On June 9, terrorists attacked a bus in Reasi district, killing nine pilgrims and injuring 33, coinciding with the Prime Minister’s swearing-in for a third term. This attack on pilgrims was a new low for a region that had been quiet for over two decades, following a period of intense insurgency in the late 1990s and early 2000s, which was brought under control by Operation Sarp Vinash in 2003, with substantial support from the local Gujjar-Bakerwal community. Recurring ambushes on security forces have resulted in unacceptable casualties for a highly trained and professional force like the Indian Army. This situation demands stricter adherence to standard operating procedures and enhanced operational strategies. While the ceasefire along the Line of Control (LoC) is largely holding, the increase in terror incidents is concerning, particularly due to the shift in the nature of the violence. The Line of Control (LoC) originated from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the United Nations after the Kashmir War. It was officially named the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between India and Pakistan. The LoC extends up to the Siachen Glacier (Point NJ9842), the highest battlefield in the world. It is marked on a map signed by the Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) of both armies and holds the international legitimacy of a legal agreement. Points of Contention: Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan: Pakistan is in illegal and forcible occupation of about 78,000 sq. km of Indian territory in Jammu and Kashmir. Furthermore, under the Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement of 1963, Pakistan illegally ceded 5,180 sq. km of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir to China. Siachen Glacier: Located in the eastern Karakorams in the Himalayas, just east of the Actual Ground Position Line between India and Pakistan, the entire Siachen Glacier, including all major passes, has been under Indian administration since 1984 through Operation Meghdoot. Saltoro Ridge: The Saltoro Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram Heights or Saltoro Ridge, are situated in the heart of the Karakoram on the southwest side of the Siachen Glacier. Claimed by India as part of the Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory and by Pakistan as part of Gilgit-Baltistan, India took military control of the main peaks and passes of the range in 1984, pushing Pakistani forces into the glacial valleys to the west. Sir Creek: Sir Creek is a 96 km long strip of water in the Rann of Kutch marshlands, disputed between India and Pakistan. Pakistan claims the line follows the eastern shore of the estuary, while India claims it follows the centerline, based on differing interpretations of paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914, signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch. The International Boundary in the Sir Creek area and the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) between India and Pakistan have yet to be demarcated. Shift in the Nature of Violence: One significant factor is the vacuum created on the ground due to a large number of troops being redeployed to the Line of Actual Control in Eastern Ladakh following the 2020 standoff with China. This redeployment has resulted in a gap in local intelligence. Moreover, terrorist groups are increasingly using modern and easily accessible technology to find new ways to sustain the insurgency. Mishandled security operations have further eroded trust between the local population and the state. There has been a noticeable shift from foreign terrorists crossing the LoC to lead attacks, to now pushing local militants to the forefront, giving the insurgency a more home-grown appearance as international pressure mounts on Pakistan. New terror groups have also emerged, claiming responsibility for various attacks, adding to the complexity of the situation. Conclusion: These developments present new challenges that require a multilayered strategy beyond merely increasing troop levels. Quick and decisive action at the highest levels of government, involving all stakeholders, is crucial to address this evolving threat effectively. India- US Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) Cooperation Context: Despite the seemingly successful talks in June between the Indian National Security Adviser and his U.S. counterpart to advance the bilateral Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET), structural challenges persist in its implementation. Currently, the defense component of the iCET focuses on manufacturing General Electric GE F-414INS6 afterburning turbofan engines in India for the Tejas Mk-II light combat aircraft and assembling 31 armed MQ-9 Reaper/Predator-B UAVs for all three services, a project valued at approximately $3 billion. Relevance: GS2- Bilateral Groupings and Agreements Mains Question: What are the factors impending the progress of the India- US Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) initiative? What can be done to ensure a speedy and effective implementation of Icet? (10 Marks, 150 Words). Existing Obstacles: Local industry officials and military analysts point out that these obstacles primarily involve the autonomy of U.S. defense companies in transferring technology. These technologies have been developed at significant cost under Washington’s direction, with many companies fiercely protecting their intellectual property rights. Additionally, the U.S.’s stringent export control laws, managed by its defense industrial complex, are reluctant to share military technologies through joint ventures, even when such collaborations align with Washington’s broader strategic interests. Limitations: Official sources indicated that negotiations concluded with GE agreeing to transfer around 80% of the technology to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for the production of F-414 engines. However, critical knowledge regarding the forging metallurgy discs for the turbines was not included. Technology transfer from General Atomics Aeronautical Systems to assemble the MQ-9s is reportedly around 10-15%, and includes the establishment of a domestic maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) facility for the UAVs. Additionally, negotiations are ongoing under iCET to directly acquire, license-build, and co-develop the General Dynamics Land Systems Stryker Infantry Combat Vehicle for the Indian Army. However, inherent limitations persist in all these ventures. Military analyst Abhijit Singh noted that the U.S. government does not act on behalf of its defense companies, which own the IPRs for their products. U.S. defense vendors are accountable to their shareholders, whose motivations are largely commercially driven, potentially affecting the extent of technology they are willing to transfer. These commercial considerations, along with bureaucratic hurdles, previously led to the failure of the 2012 Defense Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI) between India and the U.S. The iCET, launched in June 2023 with a more ambitious scope, emerged from the shortcomings of the DTTI. The iCET is supported by a range of organizations, including INDUS-X (India-U.S. Defense Acceleration Ecosystem), Joint IMPACT (INDUS-X Mutual Promotion Advanced Collaborative Technologies) 1.0, IMPACT 2.0, and ADDD (Advanced Domains Defense Dialogue). Exercising ‘Jugaad’: Meanwhile, some domestic defense industry officials suggested that one strategy to ensure the success of iCET and related projects involves the U.S. allowing the Indian military to apply the innovative practice of ‘jugaad’ to its U.S. platforms, such as attack and heavy-lift helicopters, heavy transport aircraft, and naval surveillance aircraft. This resourceful approach has historically provided India’s military with flexibility, enabling imported platforms to remain serviceable in extreme climates and varied terrains. Over decades of trial and error, the services have elevated ‘jugaad’ to sophisticated levels, ensuring that foreign weapon systems performed beyond their stated potential. For example, ‘jugaad’ allowed the fleet of Chetaks and Cheetahs (primarily French-origin Alouette III and SA-315B Lama helicopters) to operate at heights over 14,000 feet in the Siachen glacier region, a capability never anticipated by their original manufacturers. However, the complex set of ‘enabling’ protocols that India had negotiated with the U.S. before acquiring these assets essentially ruled out the possibility of using ‘jugaad.’ Additionally, most of these acquisitions, made through the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) route, were under the stricter ‘Golden Sentry’ end-use monitoring program, which completely disallows ‘jugaad.’ The iCET also seems to align with the U.S.’s broader policy, as highlighted in a recent Senate Foreign Relations Committee report. Conclusion: There is a concern that the iCET could fall victim to “Augustine’s Laws,”. One of these laws states that the more time both sides spend discussing their actions, the less time they have to actually perform those actions. This could lead to a scenario where they end up spending more and more time talking about less and less, ultimately spending all their time talking about nothing.

Jul 10, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 July 2024

Contents: Geospatial View on Tribal Maternal Healthcare Home Ministry extends ban on pro-Khalistan group SFJ Reduction of tariffs on smartphone components India to ratify High Seas Treaty Finance Commission constitutes Advisory Council The Kuki Inpi Manipur (KIM) tribal group protests against the arrest of its members Geospatial View on Tribal Maternal Healthcare Context: Recently, a paper by Vijay Kumar and Tulika Tripathi -‘Timely Access to Public Health Facilities for Pregnancy Care in Tribal Gujarat: A Geospatial Analysis’ examines access to maternal healthcare facilities from a geospatial perspective. Relevance: GS-I: Role of Women and Women’s Organization, Population and Associated Issues, Poverty and Developmental issues, Urbanization, their problems and their remedies. GS-II: Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes; Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies constituted for the Protection and Betterment of these Vulnerable Sections. Dimensions of the Article: UN report 2023 Why there is need for timely access to healthcare during pregnancy? Report on Timely Access to Public Health Facilities for Pregnancy Care in Tribal Gujarat: Steps taken to address Maternal Health Benefits and other issues UN report 2023: The report highlighted that India accounted for over 17% of global maternal deaths in 2020. This number is the highest share among the 10 countries responsible for 60% of global maternal deaths, stillbirths, and newborn deaths. Significance: The report emphasised the critical need to focus on maternal healthcare to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at improving maternal and child health outcomes and ensuring access to quality healthcare services. Why there is need for timely access to healthcare during pregnancy? Timely access to healthcare during pregnancy ensures: Healthy delivery To prevent maternal and infant mortality To provide proper care for both mother and infant after birth. Despite multiple healthcare that exists within a state, it is crucial to assess whether these facilities are concentrated in specific regions or distributed equitably across all areas. This ensures accessibility to all people, particularly those on the social and spatial peripheries of society. Report on Timely Access to Public Health Facilities for Pregnancy Care in Tribal Gujarat: The study focuses on Gujarat’s tribal population, constituting 14.8% of the total population, scattered across 14 districts. The study used GIS data, data from the National Family Health Survey and geocoded health facilities spread across districts with higher concentrations of tribal population. Highlights of the report: Healthcare disparities: Many rural and tribal residents experience inadequate access to healthcare facilities, as resources are concentrated in urban areas to manage the growing population in smaller urban clusters. This disparity disproportionately disadvantages women, who are already hindered by limited resources and transportation access when seeking healthcare services. Transportation constraints: Key aspects considered in the analysis are about road connectivity and vehicle ownership. Social norms and limited resources often prevent women, especially in rural areas, from using motorcycles, and there is limited public transportation available. Time and Distance: Ensuring that public healthcare is easily accessible is crucial, especially for socially and economically disadvantaged populations who often face geographical barriers as well. For tribal communities, travelling long distances to private hospitals and bearing high transportation costs are not feasible options. Steps taken to address Maternal Health Benefits and other issues Maternity Benefit Act, 2017 – Doubled the duration of paid maternity leaves and proposed the concept of work from home with the consent of the employer. Creche facilities were made mandatory for Organizations with 50 or more employees under the Maternity Benefit Act, 2017 and National Creche Scheme was introduced. Anganwadi Centers have helped train women in addressing various issues pre and post pregnancy along with the issue of childcare. National Food Security Act, 2013 has accorded pregnant and lactating mothers benefit of Rs. 6000. Several States such as Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh have tried to bridge the gap between the various incentives provided by Centre and the States. -Source: The Hindu Home Ministry extends ban on pro-Khalistan group SFJ Context: The Ministry of Home Affairs recently extended the ban on designated terrorist Gurpatwant Singh Pannun founded pro-Khalistan group Sikhs For Justice (SFJ) for five years for its anti-India activities. The group continues to be involved in anti-national and subversive activities in Punjab and elsewhere disrupting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) of 1967 is an upgrade on the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act TADA (which lapsed in 1995) and the Prevention of Terrorism Act – POTA (which was repealed in 2004). Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. The National Integration Council appointed a Committee on National Integration and Regionalisation to look into, the aspect of putting reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India. The agenda of the NIC limited itself to communalism, casteism and regionalism and not terrorism. However, the provisions of the UAPA Act contravenes the requirements of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Unlawful Activities Prevention Amendment Bill, 2019 The original Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967, dealt with “unlawful” acts related to secession; anti-terror provisions were introduced in 2004. It provides special procedures to deal with terrorist activities, among other things. Key Provisions of the Amendment The Bill amends the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA) and additionally empowers the government to designate individuals as terrorists on the same grounds. Under the Act, the central government may designate an organisation as a terrorist organisation if it: commits or participates in acts of terrorism prepares for terrorism promotes terrorism is otherwise involved in terrorism The word “terror” or “terrorist” is not defined. However, a “terrorist act” is defined as any act committed with the intent – to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security, economic security, or sovereignty of India to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country The central government may designate an individual as a terrorist through a notification in the official gazette. The Bill empowers the officers of the National Investigation Agency (NIA), of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases. Under the Act, an investigating officer can seize properties that may be connected with terrorism with prior approval of the Director General of Police. Issues with UAPA UAPA gives the state authority vague powers to detain and arrest individuals who it believes to be indulged in terrorist activities. Thus, the state gives itself more powers vis-a-vis individual liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. UAPA empowers the ruling government, under the garb of curbing terrorism, to impose indirect restriction on right of dissent which is detrimental for a developing democratic society. The right of dissent is a part and parcel of fundamental right to free speech and expression and therefore, cannot be abridged in any circumstances except for mentioned in Article 19 (2). UAPA can also be thought of to go against the federal structure since it neglects the authority of state police in terrorism cases, given that ‘Police’ is a state subject under 7th schedule of Indian Constitution. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express Reduction of tariffs on smartphone components Context: The Indian Cellular and Electronics Association (ICEA), an industry body representing mobile and other electronics assembly and manufacturing units, has called for a reduction of tariffs on certain components for smartphones. Reducing input costs for smartphone assembly units is the main reason for these demands. Smartphones were the fifth largest classifiable commodity exported in the financial year 2022–23, compared to 2015–16, when the rank was 178. Now the domestic demand is fulfilled, and hence the need for high component tariffs has dimmed. Cutting tariffs would force domestic component makers to cut their prices and relieve operating expense pressure for assembly units. To increase exports, smartphones have to be competitive vis a vis China and Vietnam. This would require reducing tariffs and most importantly maintaining a stability in the tariff regime. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About Semiconductor industry What are the changes to India’s chip-making scheme? What are the challenges? About Semiconductor industry Semiconductors are the thumbnail-sized building blocks of almost every modern electronic device from smartphones to connected devices in the Internet of Things (IoT). They help give computational power to devices. The global semiconductor industry is currently valued at $500-$600 billion. The basic component of a semiconductor chip is a sliver of silicon, which is etched with billions of microscopic transistors, forming patterns to control the flow of current while following different computational instructions. Chip-making industry The chip-making process is complex and highly exact, having multiple other steps in the supply chain such as designing software for chips and patenting them through core Intellectual Property (IP) rights. It also involves making chip-fabrication machines; setting up fabs or factories; and ATMP (assembly, testing, marking and packaging). The chip-making industry is a highly-concentrated one, with the big players being Taiwan, South Korea and the U.S. among others. Therefore, the global chip shortage, U.S.-China tensions over Taiwan, and the supply chain blockages owing to the Russia-Ukraine conflict have led major economies to enter the chip-making sector with a renewed push. For example, the U.S. announcement of $52.7 billion in government funding for the CHIPS and Science Act and the EU’s Chips Act that will mobilise €43 billion for public and private investments. What are the changes to India’s chip-making scheme? In December 2021, India announced its roughly $10 billion dollar production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme to encourage semiconductor and display manufacturing in the country. It also announced fiscal support for a design-linked initiative (DLI) scheme to drive global and domestic investment related to design software, IP rights etc. According to the Electronics and IT Ministry, semiconductor demand in India would increase to $70-$80 billion by 2026 with the growing demand for digital devices and electronic products. The new changes announced recently to harmonise government incentives for all technology nodes of semiconductors, according to the Minister of State for Electronics. In the previous version of the scheme, the Centre was offering to fund 30% of the project cost for 45nm to 65nm chip production, 40% for 28nm to 45nm, and 50% or half of the funding for chips 28nm or below. The modified scheme provides uniform 50% fiscal support for all nodes. Besides, it will provide 50% of capital expenditure for other steps of the process as well (chip design and ATMP). The modified scheme also emphasised the production of the 45nm chip, which is fairly less time-consuming and economical in terms of production. What are the challenges? Chip production is a resource-intensive and expensive process: While the new scheme provides equal funding for all steps of the process, the outlay of the scheme remains $10 billion. Notably, just the setting up of one semiconductor fab requires an investment of anywhere between $3 and $7 billion. Design and R&D: Analysts, while positive, are concerned that not much of the current scheme outlay would be left to support other elements including display fabs, packaging and testing facilities, and chip design centres. They also argue that the initial funding should focus on areas like design and R&D, for which India already has an established talent pool. Gallons of ultrapure water: Chip-making also requires gallons of ultrapure water in a single day, which experts say, could be a task for the government to provide to factories, compounded also by the drought conditions which often prevail in large parts of the country. Drive up consumer demand: Another task for the government is to drive up consumer demand in the semiconductor and linked electronics industry to not end up in a situation where these ventures remain successful only till taxpayers are forced to fund required subsidies. -Source: The Hindu India to ratify High Seas Treaty Context: The Indian Government recently announced that it would soon sign and ratify the High Seas Treaty, a new international legal architecture for maintaining the ecological health of the oceans. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About UN High Seas Treaty What are High Seas? About UN High Seas Treaty: The UN High Seas Treaty is the first-ever treaty to protect the world’s oceans outside national boundaries. It is also referred to as the ‘Paris Agreement for the Ocean’. The treaty is legally binding and aims to protect marine life in international waters. Its goal is to establish protected areas covering 30% of the seas by 2030, a pledge made by countries at the UN biodiversity conference in 2022. The treaty provides a legal framework for creating marine protected areas (MPAs) to safeguard wildlife and share genetic resources of the high seas. It covers environmental assessments to evaluate potential damage from commercial activities, like deep-sea mining. The treaty establishes a conference of the parties (CoP) that meets periodically to hold member states accountable for governance and biodiversity issues. Signatories of the treaty pledge to share ocean resources. The UN High Seas Treaty is built on the legacy of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the last international agreement on ocean protection signed in 1982. UNCLOS established an area called the high seas. What are High Seas? High seas refer to the areas of the oceans that are beyond the national jurisdiction of any country. Here are some key points to note: The high seas begin at the border of countries’ exclusive economic zones beyond 370 km (200 nautical miles) from a country’s coastline and extend up to the outer limits of the continental shelf. All countries have the right to use the high seas for shipping, fishing, and scientific research. The high seas comprise more than 60% of the world’s oceans by surface area. Due to a lack of regulation and monitoring, activities on the high seas are often vulnerable to exploitation, making it important to protect them through international treaties and agreements. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express Finance Commission constitutes Advisory Council Context: The 16th Finance Commission has constituted an Advisory Council whose role will also be to assist the Commission in the preparation of papers/ research studies and to monitor or assess studies commissioned by the Finance Commission Relevance: GS2- Governance Issues and Challenges Pertaining to the Federal Structure Devolution of Powers and Finances up to Local Levels and Challenges Therein GS3- Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment. Dimensions of the Article: About the Finance Commission About the Finance Commission: The Finance Commission (FC) is constituted by the President of India every fifth year under Article 280 of the Constitution. Finance Commission is a constitutional body. It was formed to define the financial relations between the central government of India and the individual state governments. FC determines the method and formula for distributing the tax proceeds between the Centre and states, and among the states. The Finance Commission also decides the share of taxes and grants to be given to the local bodies in states. This part of tax proceeds is called Finance Commission Grants, which is a part of the Union budget. The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951 additionally defines the terms of qualification, appointment and disqualification, the term, eligibility and powers of the Finance Commission. The Finance Commission consists of a chairman and four other members, who are appointed by the President of India. The Union government has established the 16th Finance Commission, chaired by Dr. Arvind Panagariya, tasked with making recommendations for the period from 2026 to 2031. -Source: Livemint, PIB The Kuki Inpi Manipur (KIM) tribal group protests against the arrest of its members Context: The Kuki Inpi Manipur (KIM), an apex group of the Kuki tribes, recently called for a 12-hour shutdown in all the areas inhabited by the Kuki-Zo to protest the arrest of three members from their community. The arrest was carried out by a combined team of personnel from the CRPF and Assam Rifles in Kangpokpi district. Relevance: GS II- Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Who are the Kukis? What led to the Kuki insurgencies in Manipur? Who are the Kukis? The Kukis are an ethnic group including multiple tribes originally inhabiting the North-Eastern states of India such as Manipur, Mizoram and Assam; parts of Burma (now Myanmar), and Sylhet district and Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh. While Kuki is not a term coined by the ethnic group itself, the tribes associated with it came to be generically called Kuki under colonial rule. In Manipur, the various Kuki tribes, living mainly in the hills, currently make up 30% of the total 28.5 lakh population of the State. While Churachandpur is their main stronghold, they also have a sizable population in Chandel, Kangpokpi, Tengnoupal and Senapati districts. The rest of the population of Manipur is made up mainly of two other ethnic groups — the Meiteis or non-tribal, Vaishnavite Hindus who live in the valley region of Manipur, and the Naga tribes, historically at loggerheads with the Kukis, also living in the hilly areas of the State. Of the 60 seats in the Manipur Assembly, 40 are held by Meiteis and the rest 20 seats are held by Kukis and Nagas. What led to the Kuki insurgencies in Manipur? The Kuki insurgent groups have been under Suspension of Operation (SoO) since 2005, when they signed an agreement for the same with the Indian Army. Later, in 2008, the groups entered a tripartite agreement with the State government of Manipur and the UPA led Central government under former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, to temporarily suspend their operations and give political dialogue a chance. Manipur, formerly a princely state including parts of Burma, made the accession into India after Independence, but was only made a full-fledged State in 1972. The resentment over the “forceful” inclusion into India and delay in granting statehood led to the rise of various insurgent movements. The problem was intensified after Manipur was declared a ‘distubed area’ in 1980, under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), which gives sweeping powers to the military and has led to excesses. Roots of Kuki militancy The roots of Kuki militancy lie in conflicts of ethnic identity. The demand for self-determination solely for groups belonging to their ethnic fabric, meaning the dream to form a Kukiland which includes Kuki inhabited regions of Myanmar, Manipur, Assam and Mizoram. The inter-community conflicts between the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur. The Kuki insurgency in Manipur grew in real terms in the 1980s and after the Kuki-Naga conflicts of the 1990s. This is when the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and its armed wing Kuki National Army (KNA) were formed. The community could not shed internal differences between tribes and take a single line of action. While some militant Kuki outfits demanded Kukiland, including parts which are not in India, some demanded Kukiland within India. Present Situation The demand has come to the formulation of an independent district—Kukiland Territorial Council within the purview of the Indian constitution, modelling the Bodoland Territorial Council, which was formed under the sixth schedule of the Constitution, after insurgent groups in Assam signed an agreement with their State government. The Kuki-Naga conflict was started over securing identity and land as some Kuki inhabited areas coincided with Naga inhabited areas. Wanting to dominate trade and cultural activities in those areas the two communities often engaged in violent standoffs, with villages being torched, civilians killed and so on. Even though clashes have reduced in recent decades, tensions between the two ethnic groups still exist. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express

Jul 9, 2024 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 July 2024

CONTENTS Project PARI Project PARI Context: The Ministry of Culture, Government of India, on the occasion of the 46th Session of the World Heritage Committee Meeting, which is being held in New Delhi from 21st-31st July 2024, has initiated Project PARI (Public Art of India). Relevance: GS I: Culture About Project PARI Project PARI (Public Art of India) initiated by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, in collaboration with Lalit Kala Akademi and the National Gallery of Modern Art, is a landmark endeavor aimed at transforming Delhi’s urban spaces through public art installations. Here are the key highlights and significance of Project PARI: Objective and Scope: Enhancing Aesthetic and Cultural Outlook: Project PARI aims to uplift Delhi’s aesthetic appeal while enriching its cultural heritage. Celebrating India’s Artistic Legacy: Over 150 visual artists from across India have been invited to create installations that blend traditional art forms with modern themes and techniques. Artistic Diversity and Representation: Inclusive Representation: The project features a diverse array of art forms including Phad paintings, Thangka painting, Gond art, Tanjore paintings, Kalamkari, and many more from different regions of India. Sculptures and Installations: Artists are creating sculptures and installations inspired by themes such as nature, ancient knowledge, Gandhi ji, and World Heritage Sites like Bimbetka and others. Public Engagement and Accessibility: Democratizing Art: By integrating art into public spaces like streets, parks, and transit hubs, Project PARI makes artistic experiences accessible to all citizens. Cultural Dialogue and Inspiration: The initiative aims to stimulate dialogue, reflection, and inspiration among the public, fostering a deeper connection with Indian art and heritage. Women Empowerment in Art: Women artists play a significant role in Project PARI, underscoring the empowerment of women (Nari Shakti) in the field of art. World Heritage Committee Meeting: Aligned with the 46th session of the World Heritage Committee Meeting hosted in Delhi, some artworks draw inspiration from India’s World Heritage Sites, highlighting their cultural significance. Cultural Renaissance and Legacy: Project PARI stands as a monumental effort to infuse Delhi with India’s rich artistic traditions while embracing contemporary expressions. It not only beautifies the city but also enriches its cultural fabric, promoting a shared cultural identity among its residents.

Jul 9, 2024 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 July 2024

CONTENTS Transforming Healthcare with Digital Technologies Paving the Way for India’s Own Green Silicon Valley Transforming Healthcare with Digital Technologies Context: Digital technologies are expected to deliver rapid and personalized clinical services to patients through their handheld devices. Modern technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), mobile tech, cloud computing, Big Data, and 5G are becoming crucial tools in the domain of “Smart Health.” This concept refers to an interconnected healthcare system that leverages these technologies for clinical analysis, treatment, medical setups, and hospital management. Relevance: GS2- Health Mains Question: The health-tech sector in India is poised for exponential growth, reshaping the future of healthcare for all its citizens. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Smart Healthcare Systems: Examples of Smart Healthcare systems include surgical robots, RFID-based supply chains, and integrated health management platforms or Health-stacks. These systems provide real-time connectivity to doctors, reduce treatment costs, and offer predictive, personalized information to patients. For instance, IoT-based wearable smart devices can monitor patients’ progress, assist in managing medical emergencies, and promptly notify healthcare providers. Initiatives Taken: India’s National Health Policy 2017 aims for “Universal Health Coverage for all citizens,” progressively shifting from fragmented healthcare systems to a comprehensive approach using digital technologies. The Ayushman Bharat scheme, introduced in September 2018, is a major nationwide public health insurance program providing health coverage of up to 5 lakh rupees per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization through the ‘Abha-ID’ for each patient. Additionally, the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM), launched on August 15, 2020, aims to establish an integrated healthcare system that digitally connects practitioners and patients, allowing real-time access to health records. Expansion of the Health-tech Sector in India: Fueled by these national initiatives, the growth of health startups, increased healthcare spending, and rising demand for high-quality healthcare services, the health-tech sector in India is rapidly expanding. Recent reports indicate that the health-tech industry in India is projected to reach $6.5 billion by 2024 and $78.4 billion by 2033, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.67% during this period. India has already launched initiatives like the National Health Portal and the Health Management Information System (HMIS), along with various state-level programs. Notable programs include the CoWIN Vaccine Platform, the Aarogya Setu contact tracing app, and the eSanjeevini National Telemedicine Service Platform. Post-COVID-19, private equity firms have been increasingly investing in health tech companies. The health startup ecosystem in India comprises six main segments: telemedicine, pharmacy, fitness, wellness, IT healthcare, and home healthcare. Associated Challenges: Legal and Regulatory Framework: The health-tech domain lacks a cohesive and robust legal and regulatory framework. Security: Smart healthcare systems are vulnerable to attacks or infiltration by hackers or malicious individuals. Access and Adaptability: Healthcare specialists face challenges with limited access to and adaptability to digital technologies. Logistical and Workforce Issues: These challenges are compounded by inadequate logistical support, a shortage of skilled personnel, and resistance to technology among various stakeholders. Way Forward: Data Privacy: Patients’ sensitive health data requires additional protection beyond what is currently provided by India’s Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act. Interoperability and Connectivity: Ensuring seamless exchange of health data through data interoperability and digital connectivity is crucial. The emerging 5G network in India can help bridge this gap, but technological constraints currently hinder the widespread adoption of in-home health monitoring services. Digital Public Infrastructure: Inspired by the success of the Unified Payment Interface (UPI), a digital public infrastructure (DPI) for healthcare should be made universally accessible. Support for Anganwadi Workers: Special attention should be given to supporting anganwadi workers with additional tech-savvy staff. Capacity Building: It is essential to prioritize capacity building for healthcare providers and ensure their access to digital devices and connectivity through common service centers (CSCs) and Public Health Centers (PHCs). Conclusion: In addition to the above steps, India should expand the scope of its Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, to include specific provisions for managing sensitive health data. With these measures, every Indian will have easy access to and trust in the “Digital Doctor in their pocket.” Paving the Way for India’s Own Green Silicon Valley Context: Growth, employment, and climate change—these three modern economic challenges—have reignited policymakers’ interest in bringing industrial policy back to the forefront of discussions. Alarming estimates suggest that climate change could significantly harm growth and employment, potentially reducing GDP by 18% and resulting in a loss of productivity equivalent to 72 million jobs. Relevance: GS3- Environmental Conservation Industry and Infrastructure Mains Question: Climate change offers an opportunity to create an international market for green products, capital and goods through cooperation and collaboration. Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Green Industrial Policy: This renewed focus has led to the development of Green Industrial Policy, which involves a series of government interventions—such as subsidies, regulations, incentives, and standards—that aim to achieve economic development while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Leading nations are combining various elements of Green Industrial Policy to build national competitive advantages, stimulate economic growth, increase skilled employment, and promote climate action: Japan: The country has introduced five policy tools, including grant funding, tax incentives, guidance policies on transition finance, regulatory reforms, and international collaboration. These measures target over 18 trillion yen for fourteen green growth sectors such as wind power, nuclear power, and mobility & battery technologies. United States: The US is focusing on manufacturing, strengthening national security through supply chain resilience, and accelerating the energy transition with approximately $400 billion in supply and demand-side spending and tax cuts. This initiative aims to create around 1.5 million jobs. India: India has made significant strides toward a green future by focusing on domestic market formation and localizing component production. The country’s Long Term-Low Emission Development Strategy, submitted at COP27, outlines seven transitions to low-carbon development, including transformations in electricity systems, transport systems, and sustainable urbanization. About Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy: The 2015 Paris Agreement mandates that all parties develop long-term low greenhouse gas emissions development strategies (LT-LEDS) based on their respective responsibilities and capabilities, considering their national circumstances. At COP26 in Glasgow (November 2021), parties that had not yet submitted their LT-LEDS were required to do so by COP27. India’s LT-LEDS was formulated through extensive consultations with government entities, state governments, research institutes, and civil society organizations. Key Pillars of India’s Strategy: Low-Carbon Electricity Systems: Aligning with developmental goals. Efficient, Inclusive Low-Carbon Transport Systems: Integrating and improving transportation. Energy and Material Efficiency in Buildings: Enhancing efficiency. Decoupling Growth from Emissions: Developing a low-emission industrial system. CO2 Removal and Engineering Solutions: Implementing innovative solutions. Enhancing Forest Cover: Considering socioeconomic and ecological factors. Increasing Climate Resilience: Focusing on poverty eradication and employment creation. Salient Features of India’s LT-LEDS: Forest Cover: India has successfully increased forest and tree cover over the past three decades, even amid significant economic growth. Forest fire incidents are below global levels, and forest and tree cover absorbed 15% of CO2 emissions in 2016. India is on track to meet its NDC commitment of an additional 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon sequestration in forest and tree cover by 2030. Transition from Fossil Fuels: The transition will be conducted in a just, smooth, sustainable, and inclusive manner. Transportation Sector: The low-carbon development of transportation will be driven by increased biofuel use (especially ethanol blending in petrol), electric vehicle penetration, and green hydrogen fuel use. Sustainable Urbanization: Future urban development will be driven by smart city initiatives, integrated city planning, effective green building codes, and advancements in solid and liquid waste management. Industrial Sector: Under the ‘Atma Nirbhar Bharat’ and ‘Make in India’ initiatives, the industrial sector will focus on energy efficiency (e.g., Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme), electrification, material efficiency, and recycling to promote a circular economy. Transition to Low-Carbon Development: This transition will incur costs for developing new technologies, infrastructure, and other transactions. Climate finance from developed countries will be crucial to support these efforts. Way Forward: These examples illustrate how different countries are integrating Green Industrial Policy to address the intertwined challenges of growth, employment, and climate change, aiming for a sustainable and prosperous future. Production-linked incentive schemes in the renewable energy equipment sector and technology-focused national missions on hydrogen and energy storage are promising steps toward a broader green industrialization policy for India. Such a comprehensive green industrialization policy, by catalyzing investments in the manufacturing of decarbonization technologies, can initiate the Schumpeterian process of innovation and discovery. This would drive high-carbon growth and employment in the medium term. Emphasizing clean energy entrepreneurship through industrial policy and a green R&D policy can foster groundbreaking innovations and patents, leading to new solutions that can be monetized. Japan and Korea have recognized the potential of startups as sources of open innovation and have implemented industrial policies that encourage partnerships between startups and larger conglomerates. This approach enhances the overall innovativeness of their economies and helps them compete with European, Chinese, and American counterparts. Green startups, with their agility, and conglomerates, with their market power and experience, could create an Indian equivalent of Silicon Valley for green technology. Conclusion: Climate change presents an opportunity to establish an international market for green products, capital, and goods through global cooperation and collaboration. These initiatives can spark a virtuous cycle of growth, employment, and carbon neutrality.

Jul 9, 2024 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 July 2024

CONTENTS Tragic Stampede in Hathras District Highlights Need for Improved Safety Cabinet Committees Digital Bharat Nidhi Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Dam Samayapuram temple Copernicus Climate Centre Service Tragic Stampede in Hathras District Highlights Need for Improved Safety Context: Recently, a tragic stampede in Uttar Pradesh’s Hathras district claimed over 100 lives. This devastating incident adds to a long list of similar tragedies that have occurred during religious gatherings and festivals across India over the past two decades. These events underscore the ongoing challenges of managing large crowds in confined spaces and highlight the urgent need for improved safety measures. Relevance: GS III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Stampedes India’s Initiatives to Control Stampedes Improving Stampede Prevention National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Disaster Management Act, 2005 Understanding Stampedes A stampede refers to a sudden, chaotic movement of a crowd, often resulting in injuries and fatalities. It typically occurs due to perceived danger, overcrowding, or a collective pursuit of something desirable. Types of Stampedes Unidirectional Stampedes: Occur when a crowd moving in one direction encounters a sudden obstruction, such as a barrier collapse or abrupt stop. Turbulent Stampedes: Happen in uncontrolled crowds or panic-induced situations where movements merge from multiple directions. Fatalities and Causes Stampedes can lead to fatalities through traumatic asphyxia, heart attacks, and direct injuries due to crowd pressure and panic-induced behaviors. Factors like lack of lighting, poor crowd flow management, and structural failures amplify stampede risks. Impact of Stampedes Survivors often experience long-term psychological trauma such as PTSD. Economically disadvantaged individuals are disproportionately affected, impacting families and community cohesion. The aftermath involves significant medical costs, legal issues, and damage to infrastructure. India’s Initiatives to Control Stampedes The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has implemented guidelines for safe crowd management during festivals: Regulating traffic flow, using barricades, and displaying route maps. Enhancing surveillance with CCTV and police presence to deter crimes. Ensuring medical readiness with ambulances and clear signage to nearby hospitals. Educating attendees on exit routes and maintaining calm during gatherings. NDMA advocates for precautions like safe electrical installations, monitoring of hazardous materials, and fire prevention measures. Support for international conferences on disaster resilience underscores India’s commitment to collective safety and disaster preparedness. Improving Stampede Prevention Deploy advanced sensor networks (thermal, LiDAR) to monitor crowd density in real-time and predict surges using AI-driven models. Introduce RFID tags in tickets for tracking crowd movement, identifying congested areas, and enabling targeted communication through displays. Utilize drones equipped with cameras and thermal imaging for crowd surveillance, anomaly detection, and emergency announcements. Implement crowd-responsive lighting and bioluminescent pathways to guide movement and reduce panic in emergencies. Install interactive displays providing real-time information on wait times, evacuation routes, and safety protocols in multiple languages. Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate attendees on crowd safety, proper behavior during emergencies, and the importance of following event guidelines. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) National Disaster Management Authority, abbreviated as NDMA, is an apex Body of Government of India, with a mandate to lay down policies for disaster management. NDMA was established through the Disaster Management Act enacted by the Government of India in 2005. Hence, NDMA is a Statutory body. The vision of NDMA is “To build a safe and disaster resilient India by developing a holistic, proactive, multi-disaster oriented and technology - driven strategy through a culture of prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response”. NDMA is responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines and best-practices for coordinating with the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management. It is headed by the Prime Minister of India and can have up to nine other members. Since 2014, there have been four other members. The tenure of the members of the NDMA shall be five years. The phrase disaster management is to be understood to mean ‘a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures, which are necessary or expedient for prevention of danger or threat of any disaster, mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or severity of its consequences, capacity building, preparedness to deal with any disaster, prompt response, assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster, evacuation, rescue, relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction’. Disaster Management Act, 2005 The Disaster Management Act, 2005, (23 December 2005) received the assent of The President of India on 9 January 2006. The Act extends to the whole of India. The Act provides for “the effective management of disasters and for matters connected there with or incidental thereto.” The Act calls for the establishment of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The Act enjoins the Central Government to Constitute a National Executive Committee (NEC). All State Governments are mandated under the act to establish a State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA). The Chairperson of District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) will be the Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner of the district. The Act provides for constituting a National Disaster Response Force “for the purpose of specialist response to a threatening disaster situation or disaster” under a Director General to be appointed by the Central Government. Definition of a “disaster” in the DM Act states that a disaster means a “catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes. The objective of the Act is to manage disasters, including preparation of mitigation strategies, capacity-building and more. The Act contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as the creation of funds for emergency response, National Disaster Response Fund and similar funds at the state and district levels. The Act also devotes several sections various civil and criminal liabilities resulting from violation of provisions of the act. -Source: The Hindu Cabinet Committees Context: Recently, the Union government constituted eight Cabinet committees, with the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) getting three new faces and the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) and Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) remaining unchanged. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Cabinet Committees Features of Cabinet Committees Recent Changes Challenges of the Cabinet Committees Understanding Cabinet Committees About Cabinet Committees Cabinet Committees are subsets of the Union Cabinet, comprising selected Union Ministers. They streamline decision-making by delegating responsibilities among groups specializing in economic affairs, security, parliamentary affairs, and political matters. These committees ensure detailed consideration and efficient handling of complex issues before final approval by the full Cabinet. They operate based on principles of division of labor and effective delegation. Types of Cabinet Committees Standing Committees: Permanent in nature, tasked with ongoing responsibilities. Ad hoc Committees: Temporary formations to address specific, time-sensitive issues. Features of Cabinet Committees Extra-Constitutional Nature and Establishment Cabinet Committees operate outside the constitutional framework and are established as per the Rules of Business. These rules are derived from Article 77(3) of the Indian Constitution, empowering the President to formulate rules for efficient governance and task allocation among Ministers. Membership Cabinet Committees are formed by the Prime Minister based on current needs and situational demands. Membership typically ranges from three to eight members, predominantly comprising Cabinet Ministers. Non-Cabinet Ministers may also be included. Committees encompass Ministers responsible for relevant subjects and often involve other senior Ministers. Role and Functionality If the Prime Minister is part of a committee, he assumes the role of its chairperson. Committees not only address and prepare proposals for Cabinet consideration but also make decisions. However, their decisions are subject to review by the full Cabinet. List of Cabinet Committees Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) Cabinet Committee on Accommodation Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs (referred to as Super-Cabinet) Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth Cabinet Committee on Skill, Employment and Livelihood Recent Changes The Home Minister is a member of all Cabinet Committees. The Prime Minister chairs six committees, excluding the Committee on Accommodation and Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs. The Appointments Committee remains chaired by the Prime Minister with the Home Minister as the sole member, unchanged. Challenges of the Cabinet Committees Delays, Inefficiency, and Conflict Cabinet Committees often face challenges such as delays, inefficiencies, and internal conflicts as different committees vie for control, resulting in stalled proposals and slow decision-making processes. Lack of Expertise Committees may lack domain experts, such as medical professionals in a healthcare policy committee, leading to decisions that are not well-informed and could have unintended long-term consequences. Isolation and Lack of Collaboration Operating in silos, committees may fail to share information or collaborate effectively. This isolation creates blind spots, fosters duplication of effort, misses opportunities for synergy, and results in decisions based on incomplete information. Short-term Political Considerations Political pressures often prioritize short-term gains over long-term strategic planning within committees. This can lead to reactive measures instead of proactive solutions, impacting policy effectiveness. Secrecy and Lack of Transparency Secrecy surrounding committee decisions can erode trust and accountability. Without transparency about activities and decisions, it becomes challenging for the legislature and public to hold committees accountable for their actions. Centralized Decision-making Concentration of decision-making authority within a few committees or individuals can exclude valuable perspectives and lead to unbalanced decisions. This exclusion may overlook innovative solutions and breed discontent among affected parties. -Source: The Hindu Digital Bharat Nidhi Context: In a fresh attempt at increasing telecom connectivity in rural areas, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has released draft rules to operationalise the Digital Bharat Nidhi. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) Underutilization of USOF What is the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)? Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) About The Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) was established under the Telecommunications Act of 2023. It replaces the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), which was previously responsible for promoting universal access to telecommunication services. Features of Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) Revenue Collection and Allocation Telecom companies’ contributions to DBN are initially credited to the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI), which encompasses all government revenues and expenses. The Centre periodically transfers these funds from CFI to DBN for specific utilization. Utilization of Funds DBN funds are allocated for various purposes: Promoting telecommunication services in underserved rural, remote, and urban areas. Funding research and development in telecom services, technologies, and products. Supporting pilot projects and providing consultancy to enhance connectivity. Introducing new telecom services, technologies, and products. Targeted Access DBN aims to provide targeted telecommunication access to underserved groups such as women, persons with disabilities, and economically weaker sections. Administrative Mechanism As per draft rules by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), an administrator appointed by the Centre selects DBN implementers through bidding or applications. The administrator decides funding mechanisms (full, partial, or co-funding) and may provide market risk mitigation and risk capital. Operational Guidelines DBN implementers receiving funding must share telecom networks and services openly and non-discriminatorily, adhering to the administrator’s directives. Project Criteria Projects funded by DBN must meet specific criteria such as introducing next-generation telecom technologies, improving service affordability, fostering innovation, commercializing indigenous technologies, setting relevant standards, and supporting telecom start-ups. Underutilization of USOF Historical Context USOF, established in 2003, has been criticized for underutilization. Between 2017 and 2022, the government collected Rs 41,740 crore from telecom companies for USOF but utilized only Rs 30,213 crore (about 72%). Notably, in 2019-20, out of Rs 7,962 crore collected, only Rs 2,926 crore was utilized. In FY23, expenditure estimates were revised to Rs 3,010 crore, significantly lower than the budgeted Rs 9,000 crore. Reasons for Underutilization Under-spending on projects like BharatNet, aimed at village fiber connectivity, has been a major contributor to USOF underutilization. What is the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)? The Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) was established with the primary objective of providing access to ‘Basic’ telecom services to people in the remote and rural areas at reasonable and affordable prices. USOF ensures that there is universal non-discriminatory access to quality ICT (Information and Communications Technology) services at economically efficient prices to people in rural and remote areas. It was created under the Ministry of Communications in 2002. It is a non-lapsable fund, i.e., the unspent amount under a targeted financial year does not lapse and is accrued for next years’ spending. All credits to this fund require parliamentary approval and it has statutory support under Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act, 2003. Universal Service stands for universal, interdependent and intercommunicating, affording the opportunity for any subscriber to any exchange to communicate with any other subscriber of any other exchange. Subsequently, the scope was widened to provide subsidy support for enabling access to all types of telegraph services including mobile services, broadband connectivity, and creation of infrastructure like Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) in rural and remote areas. With access to affordable telecom services in remote and rural areas, the USOF is the right step towards stemming urban migration. This would ensure to generate employment opportunities in the rural areas which would help generate more income. The USOF proposes to meet its social, economic, political and constitutional objectives which are as follows: To extend the telecommunication network. To stimulate the uptake of Internet and Communication Technologies (ICT) services. To bring the underserved and unserved areas of the country into the telecom spectrum and narrow down the access gap. To use the pooled USO levy for an equitable distribution through target subsidies. Who are the partners of USOF? As per the Department of Telecommunications, there are 24 partners of USOF. It includes: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Tata Tele Services Limited Reliance Communications Limited Vodafone Bharti Airtel Limited, etc -Source: Hindustan Times Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Dam Context: The water level in the Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) across the Cauvery recently breached the 100-ft mark as against its capacity of 124.80 feet owing to heavy rain in the catchment area of the river. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Dam Key Facts about Kaveri River Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Dam Type: Gravity dam Location: Located below the confluence of the Kaveri River with its tributaries Hemavati and Lakshmana Tirtha, in Mandya district, Karnataka. Usage: Provides irrigation water to Mysore and Mandya districts. Main source of drinking water for Mysore, Mandya, and Bengaluru. Supplies water to the Shivanasamudra hydroelectric power station. Releases water to Tamil Nadu, stored in the Mettur dam in Salem district. History: Constructed during the rule of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV of Mysore. Construction began in 1911 and completed in 1931. Designed by Sir M. Visvesvaraya, renowned Indian engineer. Features: Built using surki mortar and limestone. Length: 2,621 meters (8,600 ft), Height: 40 meters (130 ft). Features 177 iron sluices, some with automatic doors. Reservoir area spans about 130 sq km, once the largest in Asia. Adjacent to Brindavan Gardens, known for its ornamental beauty. Key Facts about Kaveri River Origin: Brahmagiri Hill in southwestern Karnataka. Course: Flows southeast for 765 km through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, descending the Eastern Ghats with notable falls. Drainage: Basin covers Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Puducherry. Outflow: Empties into the Bay of Bengal at Poompuhar, Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu. Major Left Bank Tributaries: Harangi, Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavati. Major Right Bank Tributaries: Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Suvarnavati, Bhavani, Noyil, Amaravati. -Source: The Hindu Samayapuram Temple Context: The Hindu Group of Publications has recently unveiled a coffee-table book titled ‘Samayapuram – The Sacred Seat of Shakti,’ authored by Vrinda Ramanan. This book delves into the rich history and cultural significance of the Samayapuram temple, dedicated to Goddess Mariamman, located in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS I: History About Samayapuram temple Historical Significance: The Samayapuram temple, over 1,200 years old, venerates Goddess Mariamman, believed to embody Goddess Durga, Mahakali, Adi Shakti, or Nishumbha Sudhini. Though lacking a precise construction date, it is believed to have origins dating back to the Chola period, underscoring its ancient roots. Temple Complex: The present temple complex was constructed during the 18th century by Vijayanagara King Vijayaraya Chakkaravarthi. Renowned as one of Tamil Nadu’s wealthiest temples, it stands as a testament to architectural splendor and cultural patronage. Annual Festival: A highlight of the temple’s cultural calendar is the Chithirai Ther Thiruvizha, a grand Chariot Festival spanning 13 days. This festival commences annually on the 1st Tuesday of the Tamil month Chithirai (April), drawing devotees from far and wide to participate in vibrant celebrations. -Source: The Hindu Copernicus Climate Centre Service Context: Recently, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) said that the world witnessed its warmest-ever June last month with the average temperature being 0.67°C above the 1991-2020 average. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Key Facts about the Copernicus Programme Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): Thematic Service: C3S is one of the six thematic information services under the Copernicus Earth Observation Programme. Operational Programme: It builds upon existing research infrastructures and knowledge to provide continuous and reliable climate information. Objectives: Provides authoritative information on past, present, and future climate conditions across Europe and globally. Supports European climate policies and actions aimed at increasing resilience to human-induced climate change. Scientific Foundation: Relies on climate research conducted within the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Addresses user requirements defined by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Implementation: Managed and implemented by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) on behalf of the European Commission. Key Facts about the Copernicus Programme: European Union Initiative: Established as the EU’s Earth Observation Programme. Data Collection: Utilizes data from earth observation satellites, ground stations, airborne sensors, and sea-borne sensors. Processes diverse data sets to provide comprehensive information through its thematic services. Thematic Areas: Covers six thematic areas: land, marine, atmosphere, climate change, emergency management, and security. Each area supports different societal needs, from environmental monitoring to disaster response and climate adaptation. -Source: The Hindu

Posts