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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 June 2024

CONTENTS Record High Cotton Consumption SEBI’s New Directives and Regulations Inclusion of Indian Government Bonds in JP Morgan Indices Call for Poverty Line Review Ethanol Motor Neuron Diseases Rhisotope Project Record High Cotton Consumption Context: The data recently released by the Ministry of Textiles shows that cotton consumption by the textile industry from October 2023 to September 2024 is one of the highest seen in this decade. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About Cotton Cultivation Issues in the Cotton Sector in India Way Forward Key Facts About Cotton Cultivation: Significance and Production: Cotton is a crucial commercial crop in India, representing about 25% of the global cotton production. Often referred to as “White-Gold” due to its economic value. Approximately 67% of India’s cotton is cultivated in rain-fed regions, while 33% is grown in irrigated areas. Climatic and Soil Requirements: Requires a hot and sunny climate with a long frost-free period. Thrives in warm and humid conditions. Grows well in various soil types: well-drained deep alluvial soils in the north, black clayey soils in the central region, and mixed black and red soils in the south. Sensitive to waterlogging despite some tolerance to salinity. Types of Cotton: Hybrid Cotton: Created by crossing two parent strains with different genetic traits, often occurring naturally through open-pollination. Bt Cotton: A genetically modified variety that is pest-resistant. Global and National Production: As of November 2023, India is the leading cotton producer globally, followed by China and the United States. The Central Zone (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh) is the largest producing region for 2022-23. Issues in the Cotton Sector in India: Pest Infestation: Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) has historically been a major pest, affecting yield and quality. Continuous cultivation of Bt hybrids has led to resistance in PBW populations. Agricultural Challenges: Unpredictable cotton production due to factors like limited irrigation, declining soil fertility, and erratic weather patterns. Predominantly small-scale farmers with limited access to modern farming technologies. Market constraints compel many farmers to sell their produce at low prices to intermediaries. Way Forward: Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Adoption of IPM strategies to reduce pesticide dependency through natural controls, trap crops, and beneficial insects. Enhancing Yield: Promoting best practices like High-Density Planting Systems (HDPS) through initiatives like the Large-Scale Demonstrations Project under NFSM. Modernization and Efficiency: Utilizing schemes like the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) and Mega Textile Parks (MITRA) to upgrade ginning, spinning, and weaving facilities. Financial Security: Implementing a revised MSP formula (1.5 times the cost of production) based on NITI Aayog recommendations to ensure fair returns for farmers. Market Improvements: Establishing robust procurement systems, price stabilization funds, and standardized cotton grading mechanisms to ensure better prices for farmers. Initiatives like “Kasturi Cotton” to create a distinct identity for Indian cotton, ensuring quality assurance and traceability to attract premium prices and build international trust. -Source: The Hindu SEBI’s New Directives and Regulations Context: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the market regulator, has instructed brokers and mutual funds to cease using unregulated financial influencers for marketing and advertising purposes. In its regulatory update, SEBI has also introduced a fixed price process for delisting frequently traded shares and established a delisting framework specifically for Investment and Holding Companies (IHC). Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: New Rules by SEBI What are Finfluencers? New Rules by SEBI Regulations on Financial Influencers: Brokers and mutual funds are now prohibited from employing unregulated financial influencers for marketing and advertising purposes. Financial influencers focused on investor education are exempt from these restrictions. Regulated entities must ensure that associated individuals comply with SEBI’s conduct rules, including avoiding assurances of guaranteed returns. Derivative Products Criteria: SEBI has introduced new criteria to determine eligible stocks for derivative products like futures and options. The total number of stocks eligible for derivative trading is expected to slightly increase. Changes to Delisting Rules: The regulator has eased delisting processes, making it simpler for companies to exit stock exchanges. Currently, delisting is done via reverse book-building, primarily used by companies wanting to delist their shares from a stock exchange. The aim is to find the exit price at which shareholders are willing to sell their shares back to the company or promoters. Companies can now offer shareholders fixed prices for shares as an alternative to reverse book-building. The fixed price must be at least 15% above a floor price set by the regulator. Financial disincentives for managing directors and chief technology officers of exchanges and other market infrastructure institutions (MIIs) will be removed in case of technical glitches. What are Finfluencers? Definition: Finfluencers are individuals with public social media platforms sharing advice and personal experiences about money and stock investments. Their content often includes budgeting, investing, property buying, cryptocurrency advice, and financial trend tracking. Popularity and Earnings: Finfluencers have large subscriber counts, often surpassing leading broking firms. Successful finfluencers can earn between Rs 15 lakh to Rs 30 lakh per month. The low entry barriers in this field expose it to potential bad actors and questionable advice. Rise of Unregistered Advisors: There’s been a significant increase in unregistered investment advisors giving unsolicited stock tips on social media. This rise is linked to India’s low financial literacy rate of 27% and the influx of new investors during the Covid-19 pandemic. The democratization of trading through new-age broking apps and affordable smartphones has driven first-time investors to seek guidance from finfluencers. A lack of financial education and insufficient market updates from business news channels have created a space filled by finfluencers. Concerns and Criticism: Reports indicate that some companies use social media platforms to boost share prices through finfluencers. Online claims suggest finfluencers receive Rs 7 to 9 lakh per endorsement to promote financial products. Key concerns include: The educational or professional qualifications of finfluencers to offer financial advice. The nature of monetary transactions between finfluencers and the entities they promote. Criticism: Critics argue that finfluencers provide advice under the Freedom of Expression guaranteed by the Constitution. Followers are not compelled to act on finfluencer recommendations. The practice of celebrities endorsing products without expertise, while accepting payment, is highlighted as a parallel. Critics believe regulating finfluencers would be improper in this context. -Source: Indian Express Inclusion of Indian Government Bonds in JP Morgan Indices Context: The inclusion of Indian Government Bonds (IGBs) in JP Morgan’s emerging markets bond indices will commence from Friday (June 28) and will be spread over 10 months until March 31, 2025. This move is estimated to bring nearly $20-25 billion into the country. While the inflow will aid in managing India’s external finances and bolster foreign exchange reserves and the rupee, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will need to deploy various measures to address potential inflationary pressures. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: JP Morgan’s Announcement Eligible Indian Government Bonds Expected Inflows to India Impact of Bond Inclusion Concerns for RBI Inclusion in Other Global Indexes JP Morgan’s Announcement Initial Announcement: In September of last year, JP Morgan announced that it would include Indian Government Bonds (IGBs) in its emerging markets bond index starting from June 2024. This decision followed the 2023 index governance review. India’s Weight in the Index Expected Weight: India is projected to attain a maximum weight of 10 percent in the GBI-EM Global Diversified Index (GBI-EM GD). This higher allocation is expected to attract global investors to allocate more funds towards Indian debt, with analysts predicting monthly inflows of $2-3 billion. Eligible Indian Government Bonds Eligibility Criteria: JP Morgan mentioned that 23 IGBs meet the index eligibility criteria, with a combined notional value of approximately Rs 27 lakh crore ($330 billion). Specific Route: Only IGBs designated under the Fully Accessible Route (FAR) are index-eligible. Introduced by the RBI in March 2020, the FAR allows non-residents to invest in specified Government of India securities. Criteria for Inclusion: Eligible instruments must have a notional outstanding amount above $1 billion and at least 2.5 years remaining maturity. Initially, only FAR-designated IGBs maturing after December 31, 2026, will be considered for eligibility. New FAR-designated IGBs issued during the phase-in period will also be included. Expected Inflows to India Projected Inflows: Economists estimate that India may receive $2 billion to $2.5 billion monthly during the 10-month inclusion period starting June 28, 2024. This would total between $20 billion and $25 billion. Current Inflows: An HSBC report noted that IGBs have already seen $10.4 billion in inflows since the announcement on September 21, 2023. A significant portion of inflows is expected to materialize with benchmark issues. Impact of Bond Inclusion Market Impact: According to Madhavi Arora, Lead Economist at Emkay Global Financial Services, this move could lead to fresh active flows in the debt market, which remains underpenetrated on external financing. Benefits: This inclusion is expected to lower risk premiums, aid in financing India’s fiscal and current account deficit (CAD), and enhance the liquidity and ownership base of government securities (G-secs). Current Account Balance: India’s current account balance recorded a surplus of $5.7 billion, or 0.6 percent of GDP, in the January-March 2024 quarter, compared to a current account deficit of $1.3 billion, or 0.2 percent of GDP, a year earlier. Rating Agency View: Fitch Ratings suggested that the inclusion of Indian sovereign bonds in key emerging-market bond indexes could diversify the investor base for Indian government securities, potentially lowering funding costs and fostering the development of domestic capital markets. Direct positive effects on India’s credit profile are expected to be marginal in the near term. Concerns for RBI Inflation Concerns: While higher inflows will strengthen the rupee, inflation could increase due to the RBI’s need to mop up dollars and release an equivalent amount in rupees. RBI’s Preparedness: RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das stated that the central bank has several instruments to manage flow surges, emphasizing that such situations have been effectively managed in the past. Inclusion in Other Global Indexes Bloomberg’s Announcement: Following JP Morgan’s announcement, Bloomberg reported in March that Indian government bonds would be included in the Bloomberg Emerging Market (EM) Local Currency Government Index and related indices starting January 31, 2025. Weight in Bloomberg Index: Indian FAR bonds will initially be included with a weight of 10 percent of their full market value on January 31, 2025. Scope for Inclusion: The indices include the Bloomberg EM Local Currency Government Index, the Bloomberg EM Local Currency Government Index 10% Country Capped Index, and all related sub-indices. -Source: Indian Express, Times of India Call for Poverty Line Review Context: Recently, PM’s Economic Advisory Council (PMEAC) chief Bibek Debroy pitched for a review of India’s official poverty line and suggested analyzing inequality at the state level. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is the Status of Poverty in India? What is the Status of Inequality in India? Way Forward What is the Status of Poverty in India? Definition and Global Benchmark: Poverty refers to a condition where people lack financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. In September 2022, the World Bank set the International Poverty line at USD 2.15 (using 2017 prices), considering anyone living on less than this amount as living in extreme poverty. Poverty Estimation in India: Tendulkar Committee (2005): Reassessed poverty estimation methods, reporting 41.8% rural, 25.7% urban, and 37.2% pan-India poverty rate for 2004-05. Rangarajan Committee (2012): Defined poverty as living on less than Rs 47/day in urban areas and Rs 32/day in rural areas. Estimated higher poverty levels (19% higher in rural areas and 41% higher in urban areas) compared to the Tendulkar Committee. Need for a New Official Poverty Line in India: The current poverty line is based on outdated data and methods from the Tendulkar Committee (2005). Inconsistencies: World Bank’s 2022 report: 56 million more poor in India in 2020 due to the pandemic. Pew Research Institute (2021): Indian poor increased by 75 million. India has not officially acknowledged the impact of the pandemic or economic shocks from demonetization (2016) and GST (2017). Accuracy Issues: Lack of comprehensive consumption and inflation data. Reliance on survey-based data rather than actual consumption metrics. Issues in India’s statistical system and ineffective communication by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). What is the Status of Inequality in India? Inequality Definition: Refers to the unequal distribution of income and opportunities among different groups in society. Measuring Inequality: Gini Coefficient: Measures income, wealth, or consumption inequality within a nation. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while 1 implies perfect inequality. According to the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2022-23, the Gini coefficient decreased from 0.283 to 0.266 in rural areas and from 0.363 to 0.314 in urban areas. Way Forward Develop a comprehensive communication plan to keep stakeholders and the public informed about MoSPI’s activities. Conduct periodic reviews of data collection methods to ensure relevance and accuracy. Expand data collection to include emerging issues like digital economy metrics, environmental statistics, and social welfare indicators. Form consultative committees with academia, industry, and civil society representatives for feedback on statistical methods. Implement mechanisms for public feedback on MoSPI’s publications and activities to ensure continuous improvement. -Source: The Hindu Ethanol Context: Recently, India has achieved higher ethanol production from grains, particularly maize, surpassing that from sugar-based feedstock. Relevance: GS-III: Environment and Ecology, GS-III: Industry and Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: What is Ethanol fuel? What is ethanol blending? Advantages of Ethanol Blending Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 What is Ethanol fuel? Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline. Ethanol is commonly made from biomass such as corn or sugarcane. Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that can be produced from agricultural feedstocks. It can be made from very common crops such as hemp, sugarcane, potato, cassava and corn. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol is in replacing gasoline. Concerns about its production and use relate to increased food prices due to the large amount of arable land required for crops, as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn. What is ethanol blending? Blending ethanol with petrol to burn less fossil fuel while running vehicles is called ethanol blending. Ethanol is an agricultural by-product which is mainly obtained from the processing of sugar from sugarcane, but also from other sources such as rice husk or maize. Currently, 10% of the petrol that powers your vehicle is ethanol. Though we have had an E10 — or 10% ethanol as policy for a while, it is only this year that we have achieved that proportion. India’s aim is to increase this ratio to 20% originally by 2030 but in 2021, when NITI Aayog put out the ethanol roadmap, that deadline was advanced to 2025. Ethanol blending will help bring down our share of oil imports (almost 85%) on which we spend a considerable amount of our precious foreign exchange. Secondly, more ethanol output would help increase farmers’ incomes. The NITI Aayog report of June 2021 says, “India’s net import of petroleum was 185 million tonnes at a cost of $55 billion in 2020-21,” and that a successful ethanol blending programme can save the country $4 billion per annum.  What are first generation and second generation ethanols? With an aim to augment ethanol supplies, the government has allowed procurement of ethanol produced from other sources besides molasses — which is first generation ethanol or 1G. Other than molasses, ethanol can be extracted from materials such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn cobs, corn stover, bagasse, bamboo and woody biomass, which are second generation ethanol sources or 2G. Advantages of Ethanol Blending Use of ethanol-blended petrol decreases emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The unregulated carbonyl emissions, such as acetaldehyde emission were, however, higher with E10 and E20 compared to normal petrol. However, these emissions were relatively lower. Increased use of ethanol can help reduce the oil import bill. India’s net import cost stands at USD 551 billion in 2020-21. The E20 program can save the country USD 4 billion (Rs 30,000 crore) per annum. The oil companies procure ethanol from farmers that benefits the sugarcane farmers. Further, the government plans to encourage use of water-saving crops, such as maize, to produce ethanol, and production of ethanol from non-food feedstock. Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in 2003- and this initiative is pursued aggressively in the last 4 to 5 years to reduce import dependence of crude oil as well as mitigate environmental pollution. The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) seeks to achieve blending of Ethanol with motor sprit with a view to reducing pollution, conserve foreign exchange and increase value addition in the sugar industry enabling them to clear cane price arrears of farmers. Although the Government of India decided to launch EBP programme in 2003 for supply of 5% ethanol blended Petrol, it later scaled up blending targets from 5% to 10% under the Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP). The Government of India has also advanced the target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. Currently, 8.5% of ethanol is blended with petrol in India. Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 The central government has released an expert committee report on the Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 that proposes a gradual rollout of ethanol-blended fuel to achieve E10 fuel supply by April 2022 and phased rollout of E20 from April 2023 to April 2025. The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) had instituted an Expert Group to study the issues such as pricing of ethanol, matching pace of the automobile industry to manufacture vehicles with new engines with the supply of ethanol, pricing of such vehicles, fuel efficiency of different engines etc. How have other countries fared? Though the U.S., China, Canada and Brazil all have ethanol blending programmes, as a developing country, Brazil stands out.  It had legislated that the ethanol content in petrol should be in the 18-27.5% range, and it finally touched the 27% target in 2021. -Source: Live Mint Motor Neuron Diseases Context: The annual conference on MND ‘Awareness, Care, and Management’ held at Nimhans, Bengaluru, stated that symptomatic and supportive treatments help manage the condition better. Relevance: GS II: Health Motor Neuron Diseases (MNDs): Definition: MNDs are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy motor neurons, the cells that control skeletal muscle activity such as walking, breathing, speaking, and swallowing. Motor neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord and they help control muscle movements. Age of Onset: MND can appear at any age, but symptoms usually appear after the age of 50 years. Symptoms: Early signs include weakness and slurred speech, eventually leading to paralysis. It affects more males than females. Causes: The exact cause is unknown. It is believed to be caused by a combination of environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Most cases develop without an obvious cause. Around 1 in 10 cases is ‘familial’, meaning the condition is inherited due to a genetic mutation or an error in the gene. Types of Diseases Included: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Progressive bulbar palsy Primary lateral sclerosis Progressive muscular atrophy Spinal muscular atrophy Kennedy’s disease Post-polio syndrome Most Common Type: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Affects both upper and lower motor neurons. Impacts muscles of the arms, legs, mouth, and respiratory system. On average, people with ALS live for 3–5 years after diagnosis, but with supportive care, some live for 10 years or longer. Treatment: There is no cure or standard treatment for MNDs. Symptomatic and supportive treatment can help people be more comfortable while maintaining their quality of life. -Source: The Hindu Rhisotope Project Context: Recently, South African scientists injected radioactive material into live rhinoceros horns under the Rhisotope Project to curb poaching. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Rhisotope Project: Initiation and Location: Launched in 2021 in South Africa. Objective: To enhance the detectability of rhinoceros horns at border posts and make them unusable for human consumption. Methodology: Insertion of two small radioactive chips into the horns of 20 rhinos. Use of low-dose radioactive material designed to be detectable by radiation sensors at international borders, ensuring no harm to the animals or the environment. Spraying of 11,000 microdots on each treated horn for further identification. Effectiveness: The radioactive material is expected to last for five years, providing a more cost-effective solution compared to dehorning every 18 months. Scientists will conduct follow-up blood samples to ensure the rhinoceroses are adequately protected. Context: South Africa hosts the majority of the world’s rhinos and is facing a severe poaching crisis fueled by demand from Asia, where rhino horns are used in traditional medicine. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 June 2024

CONTENTS India Africa Postal Leaders Meet Exercise HOPEX India Africa Postal Leaders Meet Context: Recently, with the aim of strengthening ties among the administrations of African countries and India in the postal sector, the ‘India Africa Postal Leaders Meet’ was organised in India. Relevance: GS II: International Relations India Africa Postal Leaders Meet Objective: Aimed at enhancing cooperation and strengthening ties between the postal administrations of African countries and India. Initiative: Part of the “South-South and Triangular Cooperation” program of the Universal Postal Union. Organized with the support of India Post and the United States Postal Service. Key Theme: Focus on capacity building through study visits. Activities: India Post showcased its services including: E-commerce parcel delivery. Dak Niryat Kendras. Financial services by India Post Payments Bank. Aadhaar enabled services. Passport services. Digital Life Certificate. Significance: The meet aligns with India’s farsighted initiatives such as: Voice of Global South Summit. India-Africa Forum. Inclusion of the African Union in the G20 during India’s Presidency in 2023. Participation: Attended by 42 heads of postal administrations and senior management personnel from the postal organizations of 22 African countries in the Global South. Exercise HOPEX Context: Exercise HOPEX is the fourth joint exercise of IAF (Indian Air Force) and EAF (Egyptian Air Force) which was held in Egypt from 21 to 26 June. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Exercise HOPEX Nature of Exercise: The fourth joint exercise between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Egyptian Air Force (EAF). Held in Egypt from 21 to 26 June. Objectives: Aimed at enhancing bilateral and regional cooperation. Symbolizes the long-standing relations between India and Egypt. Participants: Indian Air Force’s Rafale fighter jets. C-17 Globemaster and IL-78 tankers. India and Egypt Relationship Historical Background: Diplomatic relations established on 18 August 1947 at the ambassadorial level. Both nations are founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement and have cooperated closely in multilateral forums. Milestone: Celebrated the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2022, highlighting the depth and strength of their bilateral ties.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 June 2024

CONTENTS It is Time for India to Reclaim its Voice on Tibet Venture Capital and Private Equity Drive Growth Globally It is Time for India to Reclaim its Voice on Tibet Context: The visit of a delegation of U.S. lawmakers to Dharamshala clearly signaled its purpose. This delegation arrived just days after the ‘Promoting a Resolution to the Tibet-China Dispute Act’ passed in both Houses of the U.S. Congress and awaited President Joe Biden’s signature. The delegation included both Democrat and Republican co-authors of the Bill, invited by the Central Tibetan Administration, which oversees the affairs of the global Tibetan diaspora, for a special facilitation. Relevance: GS2- India and its Neighborhood- Relations Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests Mains Question: India must avoid ceding the centre stage in its own region on foreign policy and on Tibet issues. Discuss in the context of the recent visit of a delegation of U.S. lawmakers to Dharamshala. (10 Marks, 150 Words). New Delhi’s Stand: Under these circumstances, New Delhi was undoubtedly aware of the speeches they would deliver, condemning China for its repression of the Tibetan people, advocating for the resumption of talks between the Dalai Lama’s representatives and Beijing that were halted in 2010, and calling for a Free Tibet. Former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi stated, “This bill sends a message to the Chinese government that we are clear in our stance on this issue, for the freedom of Tibet. [The Dalai Lama’s] legacy will endure forever, but you, the President of China, will eventually be forgotten and credited for nothing.” Weakness, not Strength: While the sharp tone of these comments and the presence of U.S. officials and lawmakers in Dharamshala are not unprecedented, this marks the first public rally of its kind held in India in recent years. India’s External Affairs Minister hosted the delegation for a late dinner on the same evening as the rally, and the Prime Minister met with them the following day, suggesting that New Delhi’s decision was carefully considered. Some view this as a significant message from New Delhi to Beijing amid ongoing tensions, especially concerning efforts to resolve the military standoff along the Line of Actual Control since the deadly 2020 Galwan clash. However, New Delhi’s choice to allow American politicians to prominently address the Tibetan refugee community in India to promote a U.S. law and advocate U.S. policy does not demonstrate strength; rather, it could be perceived as a sign of weakness. It also poses the risk of losing control over a meticulously crafted foreign policy narrative concerning Tibet. India has refrained from publicly expressing concerns about the treatment of Tibetans, contrasting with its actions since 1959—providing refuge to the Dalai Lama and allowing Tibetan refugees  to settle in India, actions that speak volumes. Even today, Tibetans continue to cross the Himalayas seeking sanctuary in India. Often, parents send only their children, fearing the future implications of Tibet’s educational curriculum being aligned more closely with mainland China’s system, enforced rigorously by the Chinese Communist Party. Given India’s own sensitivities regarding sovereignty and territorial integrity, New Delhi has developed its own approach to the Tibet issue and its relations with China. Since 1954, India has “recognized” the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) as part of the People’s Republic of China. Since 2010, India has refrained from articulating a ‘One China’ policy or discussing Tibet in official statements due to China’s actions, including its disregard for India’s territorial integrity by renaming places in Arunachal Pradesh and issuing stapled visas to residents of Jammu and Kashmir. Despite China’s accusations labeling the Dalai Lama as a “separatist” or “splittist,” India maintains that he is a revered spiritual leader. Additionally, India does not officially recognize the Tibetan Government in Exile or the Parliament in Exile as more than organizational bodies for the Tibetan community, both within India and abroad. Although the Indian Prime Minister invited the Tibetan Sikyong (elected leader) to his swearing-in ceremony in 2014, he did not extend the same invitation in 2019 or this year. In 2018, a government circular reminded officials of India’s policy, advising them not to attend events commemorating the 60th year since the Dalai Lama’s flight to India. New Delhi has become more sensitive to such issues, as evidenced by its objections to U.S. Ambassadors visiting Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and the platform given to political or extremist Khalistani separatist rallies and referendums in the U.S., U.K., Canada, and Australia. Moving out of the Picture: If the government intends to adopt a more strident position on Tibet similar to that of the U.S., then Indian officials and leaders should have made the statements addressed to Tibetans in Dharamshala, where U.S. lawmakers spoke and were met with waving U.S. flags (with far fewer Indian flags in sight). The redundancy of allowing the U.S. delegation to speak is underscored by the fact that the Dalai Lama traveled to the U.S. for medical treatment just days after their visit, meaning the U.S. lawmakers could have met him in Washington, DC instead. The main issue with allowing U.S. leaders to direct messages at Beijing from India, and then having Beijing respond directly, is that India is being sidelined in a matter where it has historically been the most significant external player. This situation is similar to India’s challenges in other parts of South Asia, including the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and the Indian Ocean islands, where its influence is being eroded by growing U.S.-China rivalries. Conclusion: With the U.S. giving the Karmapa a home and accepting more Tibetan refugees, and China tightening its control over Tibetan Buddhist monasteries  in the TAR, India must reconsider the future of its own policy, particularly regarding the Dalai Lama’s succession. New Delhi must act decisively to reclaim its voice and control over its policy narrative, avoiding being overshadowed by other nations. Venture Capital and Private Equity Drive Growth Globally Context: In recent years, venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) have become significant drivers of global innovation and economic growth. This trend marks a crucial transformation in the financial sector, reshaping industries and promoting entrepreneurship in unprecedented ways. Relevance: GS3- Growth and Development Mains Question: Venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) reshape industries and foster entrepreneurship, marking a pragmatic shift in the global financial landscape. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). About Venture Capital and Private Equity: Venture capital and private equity are distinct forms of financial support utilized by companies at different stages of development. Private equity involves substantial investments in established companies, whereas venture capital typically involves smaller investments in early-stage companies led by new entrepreneurs who are pursuing innovative ideas and face high risks. Venture capital refers to funding provided by individuals or investors to startups or small companies aiming to introduce new concepts and led by fresh entrepreneurs. These companies often cannot secure funding through public means and rely on venture capital instead. Despite the high risk involved, venture capital firms support businesses in their initial stages before potential public offerings. This funding method is popular for raising capital beyond traditional options such as bank loans or debt instruments, with investors known as venture capitalists providing equity capital. On the other hand, private equity entails investments made by companies or investors into privately held firms that are not listed on stock exchanges. High-net-worth firms or individuals typically make these investments, often acquiring shares of private companies or taking public companies private to delist them from stock exchanges. Private equity firms focus on acquiring existing companies and helping them grow and expand, making this sector an integral part of financial services and an attractive funding avenue. Venture capital, which specializes in funding early-stage startups with high growth potential, has seen significant growth fueled by technological progress and changing consumer preferences. Startups utilizing technologies like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, fintech, and sustainable energy are now prime investment targets. Significance of these Funds: These funds not only provide essential capital for research, development, and market expansion but also help entrepreneurs rapidly scale their innovations and disrupt traditional industries. At the same time, private equity has expanded its focus beyond traditional areas to include sectors such as healthcare, education, consumer goods, and infrastructure. PE firms generally invest in established companies seeking growth opportunities or undergoing strategic transformations. By injecting capital, enhancing operational efficiencies, and offering strategic guidance, PE firms play a crucial role in improving competitiveness, increasing market reach, and driving sustainable value creation. Several key factors have contributed to the robust growth of VC and PE investments: Advancements in Technology: Advances in technologies like cloud computing, big data analytics, and blockchain have fundamentally transformed business models and accelerated cycles of innovation. These breakthroughs have reduced entry barriers for startups and empowered established firms to thrive in a digital-centric economy, making them appealing targets for PE investments aimed at optimizing operations and boosting profitability. Globalization and Market Reach: Increasing interconnectedness has facilitated cross-border investments, enabling VC and PE firms to diversify their investment portfolios and access emerging markets with significant growth potential. This global expansion not only expands investment opportunities but also introduces companies to new markets, customers, and strategic alliances, fueling scalability and growth. Shift in Consumer Preferences: Changing consumer preferences towards sustainability, digital solutions, and personalized experiences have driven demand for inventive products and services. VC-backed startups are leading the charge in meeting these evolving demands, disrupting traditional sectors and creating fresh market opportunities. Supportive Regulatory Environment: Favorable regulatory frameworks and government policies aimed at promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, and capital formation have played a pivotal role in facilitating VC and PE investments. These policies incentivize investors, reduce regulatory hurdles, and create an environment conducive to the success of startups and growth-stage enterprises. Institutional Investor Engagement: Increasing interest from institutional investors such as pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, and endowments has significantly bolstered VC and PE markets. These investors seek portfolio diversification, higher returns, and exposure to innovative sectors, leading to substantial capital inflows into VC-backed startups and PE-funded ventures. Conclusion: Despite the promising prospects offered by the surge in VC and PE activities, challenges remain. Market volatility, valuation pressures, regulatory complexities, and geopolitical uncertainties present risks that necessitate vigilant risk management strategies. Moreover, upholding ethical standards, practicing sustainable methodologies, and aligning with stakeholders are crucial for ensuring long-term success and value creation within the VC and PE ecosystem.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 June 2024

CONTENTS India’s Rooftop Solar Growth and Future Potential Prime Minister Pays Tribute to Resisters of 1975 National Emergency Indus Waters Treaty Kozhikode Recognized as ‘City of Literature’ by UNESCO Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems South India’s First and Largest Leopard Safari Star Clusters  India’s Rooftop Solar Growth and Future Potential Context: Rooftop solar (RTS) has the potential to revolutionise India’s energy landscape by offering a sustainable, decentralised, and affordable solution to meet the country’s growing electricity needs and making consumers self-reliant. The country’s installed RTS capacity increased by 2.99 GW in 2023-2024, marking the highest growth reported in a single year. As of March 31 this year, the total installed RTS capacity in India was 11.87 GW, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: What is the RTS Programme? How are the States Faring? Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana How Can We Ensure RTS Growth? What is the RTS Programme? Initiation: The Indian government initiated the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in January 2010 to promote solar energy growth. The initial target was to produce 20 GW of solar energy (including RTS) across three phases: 2010-2013, 2013-2017, and 2017-2022. Revised Target: In 2015, the goal was updated to 100 GW by 2022, with a 40 GW component for RTS, and yearly targets set for each State and Union Territory. As of December 2022, India had installed about 7.5 GW of RTS, extending the 40 GW target deadline to 2026. Drivers of Improvement: The growth in RTS installations has been spurred by initiatives like the Sustainable Partnership for RTS Acceleration in Bharat (SUPRABHA) and SRISTI schemes, along with financial incentives, technological advancements, awareness campaigns, and training programs. Potential: India’s overall RTS potential is approximately 796 GW, with several States yet to fully harness their capacities. To meet the 2030 target of 500 GW of renewable energy (280 GW from solar) and net-zero goals by 2070, RTS must contribute about 100 GW by 2030. How are the States Faring? Gujarat: With an RTS capacity of 3,456 MW, driven by proactive policies, efficient approval processes, numerous RTS installers, and high consumer awareness. Modhera, India’s first solar-powered village, houses 1,300 RTS systems of 1 kW each. Maharashtra: Achieved 2,072 MW of RTS, supported by robust solar policies and a conducive regulatory environment. Rajasthan: Boasts the highest RTS potential with a capacity of 1,154 MW, facilitated by streamlined approvals, financial incentives, and public–private partnerships. Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka: Achieved capacities of 675 MW, 599 MW, and 594 MW, respectively. Challenges in Other States: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand face bureaucratic hurdles, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of public awareness. Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Objective: The ‘Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana’ aims to fit 1 crore households with RTS systems, providing up to 300 units of free electricity per month. An average system size of 2 kW will add 20 GW to RTS capacity. Financial Outlay: Rs 75,021 crore, including Rs 65,700 crore for consumer assistance, Rs 4,950 crore for distribution company incentives, and funds for local bodies, model solar villages, innovative projects, payment security, capacity building, awareness, and outreach. Capacity Building: Rs 657 crore set aside to create a skilled workforce capable of installing, operating, and maintaining RTS systems, promoting advanced solar technologies, energy storage solutions, and smart grid infrastructure. Awareness and Outreach: Rs 657 crore allocated for targeting rural and urban areas, prioritizing regions with limited electricity access, high solar potential, and vulnerable communities. How Can We Ensure RTS Growth? Awareness Campaigns: Distribution companies and local bodies should lead grassroots-level campaigns, including door-to-door promotion, strategically planned for long-term implementation. Economic Viability: Government subsidies and multiple low-cost financing options, such as easy access to RTS loans, should make RTS economically viable for households. R&D Promotion: Investment in solar technology, energy storage, and smart-grid infrastructure to reduce costs, improve performance, and enhance RTS reliability. Utilizing technology like drone and satellite imagery for feasibility assessments and optimal RTS design. Training and Skill Development: Accelerate training programs like ‘Suryamitra’ to build a skilled workforce for RTS infrastructure. Policy and Regulation Review: Update RTS policies including net-metering regulations, grid-integration standards, and building codes to address emerging challenges and facilitate smooth implementation. Fast-track virtual net-metering and group net-metering for consumers with inadequate roof space. -Source: The Hindu Prime Minister Pays Tribute to Resisters of 1975 National Emergency Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India paid homage to the men and women who resisted the National Emergency of 1975. 25th June 2024 marked the 49th anniversary of the declaration of the national emergency in India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is an Emergency? Types of Emergency in the Indian Constitution How Many Times Emergency was Imposed in India? Impacts of Imposing National Emergency in 1975 Lessons and Consequences Evolving Role of Judicial Activism Changes in Political Parties’ Attitude What is an Emergency? Definition: An emergency refers to legal provisions within a nation’s constitution or laws that allow the government to act swiftly in response to extraordinary circumstances like war, rebellion, or crises threatening the nation’s stability, security, sovereignty, or democracy. Articles: These provisions are detailed in Articles 352 to 360 under Part XVIII of the Constitution. Inspiration: The emergency clauses in the Indian Constitution are influenced by the Weimar Constitution of Germany. Significance: These provisions grant the executive branch temporary powers to bypass standard legislative procedures, restrict certain rights and freedoms, and implement policies that would usually be outside its jurisdiction under normal circumstances. Types of Emergency in the Indian Constitution National Emergency (Article 352): Conditions: Under Article 352, the President can declare a state of emergency if the nation’s security is threatened by war, external aggression (External Emergency), or armed rebellion (Internal Emergency). The term ‘armed rebellion’ was introduced by the 44th amendment, replacing ‘internal disturbance’. Powers: The declaration allows the executive to suspend fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and 21) and take necessary actions to manage the crisis. Approval: The proclamation must be approved by both houses of Parliament within one month. If issued when the Lok Sabha is dissolved, it survives until 30 days after the first sitting of the reconstituted Lok Sabha, with Rajya Sabha’s approval. Duration: Once approved, the emergency can last for six months and be extended indefinitely with six-monthly parliamentary approvals by a special majority. Revocation: The President can revoke the emergency without parliamentary approval, but it must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority. Scope: The proclamation can apply to the entire country or a specific part, as allowed by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. State Emergency or President Rule (Article 356): Imposition Examples: Maharashtra (2019): Imposed for a short period due to political uncertainty post-assembly elections. Uttarakhand (2020): Imposed briefly due to a political crisis involving a floor test. Uttar Pradesh (1991-1992): Following the assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and ensuing instability. Punjab (1987-1992): Due to heightened militancy and internal disturbances. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court, in cases like S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) and Rameshwar Prasad vs Union of India (2006), has set guidelines for the use of Article 356, establishing that imposing President’s Rule is subject to judicial review. The President’s satisfaction must be based on relevant material, and the State Legislative Assembly should only be dissolved after Parliament’s approval. Financial Emergency (Article 360): Conditions: The President can declare a financial emergency if the financial stability or credit of India or any part is threatened. Powers: During such an emergency, the President can reduce the salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons in civil services, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The central government also gains control over state financial resources. Approval: The proclamation must be approved by both houses of Parliament within two months. If not approved, it ceases to have effect. The President can revoke or vary the proclamation at any time. History: Unlike national and state emergencies, a financial emergency has never been proclaimed in India. How Many Times Emergency was Imposed in India? Occurrences: National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India: Indo-China War (1962): Declared due to “external aggression” during the Sino-Indian War. Indo-Pak War (1971): Imposed on grounds of “external aggression” during the Indo-Pakistani War. 1975-1977: The most controversial, declared due to “internal disturbance” amidst political unrest, leading to significant suspension of civil liberties. Impacts of Imposing National Emergency in 1975: Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: Enacted in response to the Allahabad High Court’s ruling declaring PM Indira Gandhi’s election void. Placed disputes involving the president, Vice President, prime minister, and Speaker beyond the judiciary’s scope and included certain Central Acts in the Ninth Schedule. Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976: Increased central government and Prime Minister’s office power by allowing the deployment of forces in states and overriding state laws during emergencies, limiting judicial review, extending Parliament and state assemblies’ terms, and allowing laws overriding fundamental rights in anti-national activities. Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978: Sought to rectify the imbalances created by the 42nd Amendment, restoring the primacy of fundamental rights. Key changes included limiting the suspension of rights under Article 21, reinforcing the Supreme Court’s power to review presidential proclamations, and requiring the President to act on the cabinet’s written recommendation before declaring a national emergency under Article 352. Lessons and Consequences: Democratic Integrity: The emergency period serves as a reminder of the importance of democracy and the dangers of unrestrained executive authority. Media Control: Strict media control stifled dissent and limited access to information, leading to grassroots movements and underground press challenging the government’s narrative. Navnirman Andolan in Gujarat: Advocated for democratic rights and social justice. Jayaprakash Narayan Movement in Bihar: Called for social and political reforms. George Fernandes-led Railway Strike: Demonstrated worker solidarity and dissent against government policies. Evolving Role of Judicial Activism: Judicial Review: The Emergency highlighted fluctuating judicial activism, with cases like ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla, 1976 upholding the suspension of fundamental rights, but subsequent judgments reaffirming a commitment to uphold fundamental rights. Habeas Corpus Petitions: Filed by detained individuals during the Emergency, challenging the government’s actions. State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain, 1975: Supreme Court ruled PM Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractices, highlighting judicial independence. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India 1978: SC overruled ADM Jabalpur, re-establishing the primacy of fundamental rights, limiting the power to suspend them during emergencies, and giving a new dimension to Article 21. Changes in Political Parties’ Attitude: United Opposition: The Emergency united previously disparate opposition parties, underscoring the importance of a strong opposition in a democracy and valuing democratic processes, making political parties wary of similar measures in the future. -Source: Economic Times Indus Waters Treaty Context: Recently, a five-member Pakistani delegation was flown to Jammu’s Kishtwar to inspect power projects set up on the rivers covered under the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) of 1960. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (India and its Neighborhood, International Treaties, Policies and Agreements affecting India’s Interests) Dimensions of the Article: About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Indus River Basin About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank, to use the water available in the Indus River and its tributaries. The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi in 1960. The Treaty gives control over the waters of the three “eastern rivers” — the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej to India, while control over the waters of the three “western rivers” — the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum to Pakistan. India was allocated about 16% of the total water carried by the Indus system while Pakistan was allocated the remainder. The treaty allows India to use the Western River waters (the ones in Pakistan’s control) for limited irrigation use and unlimited non-consumptive use for such applications as power generation, navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. It lays down detailed regulations for India in building projects over the western rivers. The preamble of the treaty recognises the rights and obligations of each country in the optimum use of water from the Indus system in a spirit of goodwill, friendship and cooperation. Indus River Basin The Indus River (also called the SindhÅ«) is one of the longest rivers in Asia and the longest river of Pakistan. It flows through China (western Tibet), India (Ladakh) and Pakistan. Its estimated annual flow is estimated to be twice that of the Nile River making it one of the largest rivers in the world in terms of annual flow. The Zanskar river is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries, namely, the Chenab, Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej. Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, and the Kurram. -Source: The Hindu Kozhikode Recognized as ‘City of Literature’ by UNESCO Context: Recently, UNESCO recognized Kozhikode as the ‘City of Literature’ under the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN). Relevance: GS I: Culture What is UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network (UCCN)? Overview: The UCCN was established in 2004 to foster collaboration among cities that see creativity as a key element for sustainable urban development. Currently, it encompasses 350 cities across more than 100 countries. The network aims to advance UNESCO’s objectives of cultural diversity and enhance resilience to challenges like climate change, increasing inequality, and rapid urbanization. Purpose: The network leverages the creative, social, and economic potential of cultural industries. It promotes a culture of creativity in urban planning and solutions to urban issues. Benefits to Member Cities: Recognizes creativity as vital for urban development through partnerships with public and private sectors and civil society. Develops hubs of creativity and innovation, expanding opportunities for creators and cultural professionals. Aligns with the UN agenda of sustainable development. Implementation: Objectives are realized at both local and international levels by sharing experiences, knowledge, and best practices. Includes professional and artistic exchange programs, research, and evaluations on the experiences of creative cities. The Annual Conference of Network Cities Purpose: A major event is the annual conference of mayors and stakeholders from network cities. It strengthens ties among creative cities globally. Past conferences were held in Santos, Brazil, and Istanbul. The next will be in July 2024 in Braga, Portugal. Membership Monitoring: Every four years, cities submit a Membership Monitoring Report. This report demonstrates commitment to the UCCN Mission Statement. Includes an action plan for the next four years, highlighting achievements, lessons learned, and the impact of the designation. Indian Cities in the Network Notable Cities: Besides Kozhikode and Gwalior, cities like Varanasi (music), Srinagar (crafts and folk arts), and Chennai (music) are part of the network. -Source: The Hindu Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems Context: Ahead of the implementation of the new criminal laws, at least 23 modifications have been made to the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network Systems (CCTNS). Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: About Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems (CCTNS): About National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) About Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems (CCTNS): Concept and Implementation: CCTNS was envisioned by the Ministry of Home Affairs under India’s National e-Governance Plan and has been executed as a “Mission Mode Project (MMP)” since 2009. Purpose: This project aims to create a comprehensive and integrated system to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of policing at police stations nationwide. Integration Goal: It seeks to interlink all police stations through a unified application software for investigation, data analytics, research, policymaking, and Citizen Services like complaint reporting and tracking, and requests for antecedent verifications by police. Accessibility: Crime and criminal records available at one police station will be accessible to any other police office. Objectives: Make police operations more citizen-friendly and transparent by automating police station functions. Improve delivery of citizen-centric services through effective use of ICT. Equip Investigating Officers of the Civil Police with tools, technology, and information to facilitate crime investigation and criminal detection. Enhance police functionality in areas like Law and Order, Traffic Management, etc. Enable interaction and information sharing among Police Stations, Districts, State/UT Headquarters, and other Police Agencies. Support senior Police Officers in better managing the Police Force. Track case progress, including court proceedings. Minimize manual and redundant record-keeping. Collaboration: The project is implemented through close cooperation between States and the Union Government. Management: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) is the central nodal agency overseeing CCTNS. About National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB): Establishment: Founded in 1986 to serve as a repository of information on crime and criminals. Affiliation: Operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. Foundation: Based on recommendations from the Tandon Committee, the National Police Commission (1977-1981), and the Home Ministry’s Task Force. Responsibilities: Collects and analyzes crime data and acts as a repository to aid investigators in tracing crimes and criminals. Headquarters: Located in New Delhi. Central Finger Print Bureau: Acts as a national repository for all fingerprints in the country. Publications: Compiles and publishes National Crime Statistics, including Crime in India, Accidental Deaths & Suicides, and Prison Statistics. Capacity Building: Assists various States in capacity building in IT, CCTNS, Fingerprints, Network security, and Digital Forensics. -Source: The Hindu South India’s First and Largest Leopard Safari Context: South India’s first and the country’s largest leopard safari was recently inaugurated at the Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP). Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP): Origin and Establishment: BBP evolved as a distinct entity from Bannerghatta National Park in 2002. Purpose: Aimed at catering to the increasing need for eco-recreation, eco-tourism, and conservation, initially comprising 545.00 hectares from the National Park and later expanding to 731.88 hectares. Location: Situated approximately 22 kilometers south of Bengaluru city, Karnataka. Units: Comprises a Zoo, Safari, Butterfly Park, and Rescue Centre for the conservation of captive animals. Notable Feature: The first biological park in India with a fenced, forested elephant sanctuary. Key Facts about Bannerghatta National Park: Location: Positioned near Bangalore, Karnataka, within the Anekal range. Establishment: Declared a National Park in 1974. Significant Development: In 2006, the park inaugurated India’s first butterfly enclosure. Water Source: The Suvarnamukhi stream flows through the center, serving as the main water source for the park’s fauna. Vegetation Types: Encompasses Dry Deciduous Scrub Forests, Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests, and Southern Tropical Moist Mixed Forests. Flora: Includes species like Narcissus latifolia, Schleichera oleosa, Sandalwood, Neem, Tamarind, Bamboo, and Eucalyptus. Fauna: Hosts various species, including the endangered Asian Elephant, Indian gaur, Tiger, Sambar deer, Spotted deer, Leopard, Wild dog, Wild pig, Sloth bear, Common mongoose, Pangolin, Slender loris, and Black-naped hare. -Source: The Hindu Star Clusters Context: Astronomers recently discovered five young star clusters, and possibly the oldest star clusters ever, born from the time when the Universe was an infant. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Star Clusters: Definition: A star cluster consists of stellar groups held together by the mutual gravitational attraction of its members, which share a common origin. Importance: Star clusters are vital for astronomers to study and model stellar evolution and ages. Categories: There are two main types of stellar clusters: open clusters (also known as galactic clusters) and globular clusters. Open (Galactic) Clusters: Characteristics: Named because their individual component stars are easily resolved through a telescope. Often located on the dusty spiral arms of spiral galaxies. Stars in an open cluster originate from the same initial giant molecular cloud. They contain from a dozen to many hundreds of stars, usually arranged unsymmetrically. Globular Clusters: Characteristics: Comprise several thousand to one million stars in a spherical, gravitationally-bound system. Mostly located in the halo surrounding the galactic plane, containing the oldest stars in the galaxy. There is little free dust or gas, so no new star formation occurs. Stellar densities within the inner regions are very high compared to regions around the Sun. Associations: Definition: Groups made up of a few dozen to hundreds of stars of similar type and common origin, with a density in space lower than that of the surrounding field, are also recognized as associations. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 June 2024

CONTENTS Chhatrapati Shivaji  Jal Jeevan Mission  Chhatrapati Shivaji  Context: Recently, the exhibition depicting 115 oil paintings of Shivaji Maharaj was organised by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) and the National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA) to mark the 350th anniversary of the coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji . Relevance: GS I- History Dimensions of the Article: About Chhatrapati Shivaji  Shivaji and the Mughals About Chhatrapati Shivaji  Born on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri Fort in Pune. He was born to Shahaji Bhonsle, a Maratha general who ruled the Bijapur Sultanate’s jagirs of Pune and Supe.  Shivaji’s mother was Jijabai, a devout woman who had a strong religious influence on him. Shivaji’s name was derived from the name of a provincial deity, Goddess Shivai. He created the Maratha Empire by carving out an enclave from the crumbling Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur. He was formally crowned Chhatrapati (Monarch) of his dominion in Raigad in 1674. Religious tolerance and functional integration of the Brahmans, Marathas, and Prabhus ensured the kingdom’s security. With the support of a disciplined military and well-structured administrative organisations, he constructed a competent and progressive civil rule. He had a ministerial council (Asht Pradhan) to advise him on state problems, but he was not bound by it. He had the authority to appoint or fire them. He pioneered non-conventional methods (guerrilla warfare) and used strategic elements such as terrain, speed, and surprise to innovate military tactics. To defeat his larger and more powerful opponents, he concentrated on pinpoint attacks. Although the courageous warrior died in 1680, he is remembered for his bravery and intelligence. Shivaji and the Mughals Shivaji’s meteoric rise posed challenges to the suzerainty of the Mughals. His first direct encounter with the Mughals was during Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns of the 1650s. As Aurangzeb went North to fight for the Mughal throne, Shivaji was able to seize further territory. His tactics against the Mughals were adapted to the specific nature of his force and the flabby Mughal armies. Using swift cavalry attacks, he would raid and pillage Mughal strongholds. While on the rare occasion he would engage in battle to actually capture and hold Mughal positions, most often, he would simply cause much menace, raid the treasury, and leave with the Mughals in terror and disarray. Famously, in 1664, he attacked the port of Surat (now in Gujarat) and plundered one of the richest and busiest commercial towns of Mughal India while the local governor hid in a nearby fort. As the legend of Shivaji and the physical sphere of his influence grew, Aurangzeb sent a 100,000-strong, well-equipped army under Raja Jai Singh I to subdue him in 1665. After putting up a valiant fight, Shivaji was besieged in the Purandar hill fort. Jal Jeevan Mission Context: The Central Government is conceiving a “new project” to ensure that rural households, which were provided taps under the ambitious Jal Jeevan Mission but had not yet been able to avail water, would soon be provided potable water. Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions About Jal Jeevan Mission: Nodal: Ministry of Jal Shakti Jal Jeevan Mission, a central government initiative under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, aims to ensure access of piped water for every household in India. National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) was restructured and subsumed into Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) – to provide Functional Household Tap Water (FHTC) to every rural household with service level at the rate of 55 lpcd i.e., Har Ghar Nal Se Jal (HGNSJ) by 2024. Implications  Supply of water to all households is a basic necessity Reduction in water borne diseases which was due to due to consumption of substandard water Challenges Critical situation of Decrease in ground water table. Water demand and supply is a miss match Contamination of local ground level sources of water like, ponds lakes and wells. Sustaining the provision of water to all households is a challenge, not just starting it

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 27 June 2024

CONTENTS How Well is India Tapping its Rooftop Solar Potential? India’s Diverse Geological Landscape How Well is India Tapping its Rooftop Solar Potential? Context: India’s installed rooftop solar (RTS) capacity surged by 2.99 GW in 2023-2024, marking the highest growth in a single year. By March 31, the total RTS capacity reached 11.87 GW, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. To meet rising energy demands, India must intensify its efforts to enhance RTS potential. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies and Interventions GS3- Mineral and Energy Resources Mains Question: How equipped are the states in India in tackling rooftop solar capabilities? How can more awareness and efficiency be promoted in this regard? What is the RTS Programme? India launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in January 2010, aiming to produce 20 GW of solar energy (including RTS) across three phases: 2010-2013, 2013-2017, and 2017-2022. In 2015, the government revised this target to 100 GW by 2022, with a 40-GW RTS component, and set yearly targets for each State and Union Territory. By December 2022, India had an installed RTS capacity of 7.5 GW and extended the 40-GW target deadline to 2026. Despite financial incentives, technological advances, increased awareness, and training boosting RTS installations, much work remains. India’s overall RTS potential is about 796 GW. To achieve the target of 500 GW renewable energy capacity, including 280 GW of solar energy by 2030, RTS needs to contribute around 100 GW by 2030. How Are States Faring? As of March 31, 2024, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan have made significant progress in RTS capacity, while others lag behind. Gujarat, with an installed RTS capacity of 3,456 MW, has benefited from quick approval processes, a large number of RTS installers, and high consumer awareness. Maharashtra, boasting 2,072 MW, excels due to robust solar policies and a conducive regulatory environment. Rajasthan, with the highest RTS potential at 1,154 MW, has seen growth due to streamlined approvals, financial incentives, and promotion of RTS through public-private partnerships. Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, with capacities of 675, 599, and 594 MW respectively, have performed reasonably well. However, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand, among others, have yet to fully explore their RTS potential, facing challenges such as bureaucratic hurdles, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of public awareness. Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana: The ‘Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana‘ is a flagship initiative aimed at equipping one crore households with rooftop solar (RTS) systems, providing them with up to 300 units of free electricity each month. With an average system size of 2 kW per household, the total RTS capacity will increase by 20 GW. The scheme has a financial outlay of ₹75,021 crore, which covers financial assistance for consumers (₹65,700 crore), incentives for distribution companies (₹4,950 crore), incentives for local bodies and model solar villages in each district, payment security mechanisms, capacity building (₹657 crore), and awareness and outreach (₹657 crore). Additionally, the scheme promotes the adoption of advanced solar technologies, energy storage solutions, and smart grid infrastructure. How can we Ensure RTS Growth? Creating awareness is crucial for getting consumers to adopt RTS. Additionally, RTS must be economically viable for households. Although government subsidies help, multiple low-cost financing options are necessary. Recently, more banks and non-bank financial companies have begun offering RTS loans. Access to these low-cost loans should be as straightforward as obtaining a bike or car loan. Promoting research and development in solar technology, energy storage solutions, and smart-grid infrastructure can reduce costs, enhance performance, and improve the reliability of RTS systems. Investments in training programs, such as the ‘Suryamitra’ solar PV technician program launched in 2015, along with vocational courses and skill development initiatives, will help build a skilled workforce. Conclusion: As the scheme’s implementation progresses, net-metering regulations, grid-integration standards, and building codes should be reviewed and updated to address emerging challenges and ensure smooth implementation. India’s Diverse Geological Landscape Context: India’s landscape, ranging from the world’s highest peaks to low-lying coastal plains, showcases a diverse morphology that has evolved over billions of years. Across various regions, we find an array of rocks, minerals, and unique fossil assemblages. These geological features and landscapes reveal the spectacular ‘origin’ stories rooted in scientific interpretations rather than mythology. Relevance: GS1- Indian Culture – Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. Changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes. Mains Question: Discuss the initiatives taken by the Indian government in the area of geo-conservatism. How efficient have been these steps and what are the associated challenges? (15 Marks, 250 Words). India’s Geological Past: India’s turbulent geological past is recorded in its rocks and terrains, representing a significant part of our non-cultural heritage. The country offers numerous examples of such geo-heritage sites, which serve as educational spaces where people can gain essential geological literacy. This is crucial given India’s generally poor regard for this legacy. Limited Progress in Geo-Conservation: Geological conservation aims to preserve the best examples of India’s geological features and events so that current and future generations can appreciate some of the world’s best natural laboratories. Despite international advancements in this field, geo-conservation has not gained much traction in India. The extent of these activities is significant, with stone-mining operations covering more than 10% of India’s total area. These geological features provide insights into the formation of the land we are familiar with and are part of an evolutionary history that has shaped the Indian terrain. Ironically, while we reach out to Mars in search of evidence for early life, we simultaneously destroy precious proof that exists in our own backyard. How many of us are aware of the little-known Dhala meteoritic impact crater in Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh? This crater, dating back between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion years, is evidence of a celestial collision during the early stages of life. The more famous Lonar crater in Buldhana district, Maharashtra, was initially dated to be around 50,000 years old, but recent studies suggest it originated around 576,000 years ago. Recognizing the Importance of Shared Geological Heritage: The significance of our planet’s shared geological heritage was first acknowledged in 1991 at a UNESCO-sponsored event, the ‘First International Symposium on the Conservation of our Geological Heritage’. Delegates at this event in Digne, France, endorsed the idea of a shared legacy: “Man and the Earth share a common heritage, of which we and our governments are but the custodians”. This declaration anticipated the creation of geo-parks to commemorate unique geological features and landscapes within their territories and to educate the public about geological importance. Development of Geo-Heritage Sites Worldwide: Many countries, including Canada, China, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom, have developed geo-heritage sites as national parks. UNESCO has also provided guidelines for the development of geo-parks. Numerous countries have enacted legislation to build, protect, and designate geo-parks. Europe celebrates its geological heritage across 73 zones, and Japan offers another exemplary model of such conservation. Today, there are 169 Global Geoparks across 44 countries. Thailand and Vietnam have also implemented laws to conserve their geological and natural heritage. Although India is a signatory to such initiatives, it lacks legislation or policy for geo-heritage conservation. Need for Sustainable Conservation Approaches in India: This situation calls for sustainable conservation approaches similar to those formulated for biodiversity protection. The Biological Diversity Act was implemented in 2002, resulting in 18 notified biosphere reserves in India. A recent incident involving a cliff in Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, illustrates this issue. The cliff, composed of rocks deposited millions of years ago and declared a geological heritage site by the GSI, had part of it demolished by the district administration to save unauthorized structures, citing landslide hazards. Many such features across the country face similar threats to their survival. Half-Hearted Measures: The Government of India has made some attempts to address these concerns, though not with full commitment. In 2009, a National Commission for Heritage Sites Bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha but was only half-heartedly pursued. Despite being referred to the Standing Committee, the government ultimately withdrew the Bill for unspecified reasons. More recently, in 2022, the Ministry of Mines drafted a Bill for the preservation and maintenance of geoheritage sites, but there has been no further progress. According to the annexure to the Draft Geoheritage Sites and Geo-relics (Preservation and Maintenance) Bill, 2022, “In sharp contrast to the well-laid-out protection and conservation measures for archaeological and historical monuments and cultural heritage sites, India does not have any specific and specialized policy or law to conserve and preserve geoheritage sites and geo-relics for future generations.” Conclusion: India urgently needs to take the following steps: first, create an inventory of all potential geo-sites in the country (in addition to the 34 sites identified by the GSI); second, develop geo-conservation legislation similar to the Biological Diversity Act 2002; and third, establish a ‘National Geo-Conservation Authority’ akin to the National Biodiversity Authority, with independent observers. This authority should avoid creating excessive bureaucracy and should not encroach on the autonomy of researchers and academically-inclined private collectors.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 June 2024

CONTENTS Tragic Incident in Tamil Nadu Study on Representation and Forest Conservation in Scheduled Areas New Leave Policy for Government Employees Opting for Surrogacy Public Examinations (Prevention Of Unfair Means) Act 2024 African swine fever Indian Painted Frog Indian Army’s Skin Bank Tragic Incident in Tamil Nadu Context: Recently, approximately 34 people lost their lives, and around 100 others were hospitalized after consuming illicit or spurious liquor in the Kallakurichi district of Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Hooch Key Facts About Methanol and its Consumption Understanding Hooch Definition: Hooch refers to low-quality alcohol, originally named after the Hoochinoo, an indigenous Alaskan tribe known for making potent liquor. Production Conditions: It is typically made in unregulated and unhygienic environments, posing significant health risks. Quality Control: Due to the lack of quality control, consumers cannot accurately determine the alcohol content or detect potential contaminants. Production Process of Hooch Starting Ingredients: The production begins with a sugary substance such as fruits, grains, or sugarcane. Fermentation: Yeast is added to ferment the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Potency: Unlike beer or wine, hooch often has a higher alcohol content. Distillation is used to increase this by heating the fermented mixture. Evaporation and Condensation: Alcohol evaporates at a lower boiling point; the vapor is then condensed back into liquid, resulting in higher alcohol concentration. Alcohol Content in Liquor Ethanol: The primary alcohol in beverages, responsible for intoxication. Chemical Composition: Ethanol (C2H5OH) consists of two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and one hydroxyl group (OH-). Alcohol Content: The alcohol content in beverages varies, with beer containing about 5% and distilled spirits like vodka and whiskey containing up to 40%. Metabolism: In the body, ethanol is processed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes into acetaldehyde, which is then converted to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes. Spurious Liquor Definition: Fake or counterfeit alcohol, often produced domestically. Addition of Methanol: Methanol may be added to increase the alcohol’s potency or volume, which is dangerous if consumed in large quantities. Risks: The production of hooch poses risks due to the presence of toxic methanol alongside consumable ethanol. Regulation Standards: The Food Safety and Standards (Alcoholic Beverages) Regulations 2018 outline the permissible limits of methanol in various liquors. Permissible Limits: These limits vary, with some products like coconut fenny having no permissible methanol, while country liquor can contain up to 50 grams per 100 liters, and pot-distilled spirits can have up to 300 grams per 100 liters. Key Facts About Methanol and its Consumption Chemical Nature: Methanol, denoted as CH3OH, is a simple alcohol composed of one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms, and one hydroxyl group (OH). Regulation: In India, methanol is classified under Schedule I of the Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989. Quality Standards: Indian Standard IS 517 outlines the quality standards for methanol. Industrial Production Process: Methanol is mainly produced by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen with copper and zinc oxide catalysts at pressures between 50-100 atm and temperatures around 250°C. Historical Production: Historically, methanol was obtained through the destructive distillation of wood, a method known since ancient times, including ancient Egypt. Uses Applications: Methanol is a crucial precursor in producing acetic acid, formaldehyde, and various aromatic hydrocarbons. It is widely used as a solvent, antifreeze, and in various industrial processes. Effects on the Human Body Metabolism: When ingested, methanol is broken down into toxic byproducts, mainly formic acid. This disrupts the body’s pH balance, leading to metabolic acidosis, a condition where excess acid cannot be eliminated by the kidneys. Blood Acidity: The presence of formic acid makes the blood more acidic, impairing its function. Enzyme Interference: Formic acid interferes with the enzyme cytochrome oxidase, essential for cellular respiration. This disrupts oxygen utilization by cells, leading to lactic acid buildup and further acidosis. Optic Nerve Damage: Methanol can damage the optic nerve and retina, causing methanol-induced optic neuropathy, which can result in permanent vision loss or blindness. Severe Health Risks: It can cause cerebral edema (fluid accumulation in the brain) and hemorrhage (bleeding), potentially leading to coma and death. -Source: The Hindu Study on Representation and Forest Conservation in Scheduled Areas Context: A recent study has explored the relationship between representation and forest conservation in India’s Scheduled Areas. Findings indicate that empowering tribal populations with political representation and decision-making authority, as facilitated by acts like PESA, has significantly contributed to forest conservation efforts.\ Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Study About PESA Act Key Findings of the Study Study Context: The authors conducted a comprehensive data-driven study focusing on the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA), which ensures political representation for Scheduled Tribes (STs). Methodology: The research compared villages with mandatory ST representation in local governance to those without it. Additionally, it compared villages that adopted PESA early to those that did later, assessing deforestation and afforestation rates. The study employed a “difference-in-differences” framework to isolate the impact of PESA on forest cover. Satellite data was utilized to analyze forestation changes globally from 2001 to 2017, differing from traditional small-scale community fieldwork. Key Findings Political Representation: PESA has provided STs with greater political representation, giving them a significant role in forest management decisions. Resistance to Commercial Activities: PESA has bolstered STs’ capacity to resist large-scale commercial activities like mining, resulting in a more substantial reduction in deforestation in PESA villages near mines. Conflict Incidence: The implementation of PESA has also led to an increase in conflicts surrounding mining activities. Forest Cover: The PESA Act contributed to an average annual increase in tree canopy by 3% and a decrease in deforestation rates. Economic Incentives: PESA has enhanced economic incentives for ST communities to protect forests, especially for non-timber forest products like medicinal plants and fruits, thereby improving food security. Comparison with Forest Rights Act, 2006: The study found that the Forest Rights Act, 2006 did not have additional conservation impacts beyond those achieved by PESA. Institutional Recommendation: The study advocates for a single institution capable of balancing conservation and development objectives, which would help navigate the complexities of aligning local economic interests with sustainable conservation practices. About PESA Act: The provisions of Part IX of the constitution relating to the Panchayats are not applicable to the Fifth Schedule areas. The Parliament may extend these provisions to such areas, subject to such exceptions and modifications as it may specify. Under this provision, the Parliament has enacted the “Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act”, 1996, popularly known as the PESA Act or the Extension Act.  At present, ten states have Fifth Schedule Areas. These are: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan. All the ten states have enacted requisite compliance legislations by amending the respective Panchayati Raj Acts. Objectives of the Act To extend the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution relating to the panchayats to the scheduled areas with certain modifications To provide self-rule for the bulk of the tribal population To have village governance with participatory democracy and to make the gram sabha a nucleus of all activities To evolve a suitable administrative framework consistent with traditional practices To safeguard and to preserve the traditions and customs of tribal communities To empower panchayats at the appropriate levels with specific powers conducive to tribal requirements To prevent panchayats at the higher level from assuming the powers and authority of panchayats at the lower level of the gram sabha Why are rules under PESA important? PESA rules enable the residents of scheduled areas to strengthen their village-level bodies by transferring power from the government to the gram sabha, a body of all the registered voters of the village. The powers of gram sabhas include maintenance of cultural identity and tradition, control over schemes affecting the tribals, and control over natural resources within the area of a village. The PESA Act thus enables gram sabhas to maintain a safety net over their rights and surroundings against external or internal conflicts. Without proper rules, its implementation is not possible as it is an exercise in decentralising the power from institutionalised structures, back to the village residents. The laws, once formed, will give gram sabhas the power to take decisions not only over their customs and traditionally managed resources, but also on the minerals being excavated from their areas. The rules state that the gram sabha will have to be kept informed by any and all agencies working in their village, and that the gram sabha has the power to approve or stop the work being done within the village limits. The rules also give power to the gram sabhas over: Management of resources over jal, jangal, zameen (water, forest and land), the three major demands of tribals; Management of minor forest produce; Management of mines and minerals; Management of markets; Management of markets human resources; Monitoring and prohibition of the manufacturing, transport, sale and consumption of intoxicants within their village limits; Maintenance of peace and resolving conflicts arising in the village; Protecting tribal customs and traditions; Encouraging customs like ghotul. -Source: The Hindu New Leave Policy for Government Employees Opting for Surrogacy Context: Recently, the Government has notified an amendment to Central Civil Services (Leave) Rules, 1972 to grant maternity leave and other benefits to government employees in case of children born through surrogacy. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Provisions of Notified Amended Rules About Surrogacy About Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 National and State Surrogacy Boards Provisions of Notified Amended Rules Maternity Leave: Female government employees who have children through surrogacy are entitled to 180 days of maternity leave. This provision applies to both the surrogate mother and the commissioning mother (the intended mother), provided they have fewer than two surviving children. Paternity Leave: The rules grant 15 days of paternity leave to the “commissioning father” (the intended father) who is a male government servant with fewer than two surviving children. This leave can be utilized within six months from the child’s birth. Childcare Leave: The commissioning mother with fewer than two surviving children is eligible for childcare leave as per the Central Civil Services (Leave) Rules. About Surrogacy Definition: Surrogacy involves a woman giving birth to a child intended for another couple, with the intention of handing the child over to them after birth. Permitted Purposes: Surrogacy is allowed only for altruistic purposes or for couples with proven infertility or disease. Prohibited Purposes: Commercial surrogacy, including practices like sale, prostitution, or other forms of exploitation, is strictly prohibited. Child Status: A child born via surrogacy is legally considered the biological child of the intended couple. Abortion: Abortion of a fetus conceived through surrogacy is permitted only with the surrogate mother’s consent and according to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 2021. About Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 The Act prohibits commercial surrogacy, but allows altruistic surrogacy.   In altruistic surrogacy, the surrogate mother receives no monetary remuneration other than medical bills and insurance coverage during the pregnancy. Commercial surrogacy refers to surrogacy or associated treatments that are performed for a monetary gain or reward (in cash or kind) that exceeds the cost of basic medical care and insurance coverage. Surrogacy is permitted when it is: For intending couples who suffer from proven infertility; Altruistic Not for commercial purposes Not for producing children for sale, prostitution or other forms of exploitation For any condition or disease specified through regulations. Eligibility criteria for intending couple The intending couple should have a‘certificate of essentiality’ and a ‘certificate of eligibility’ issued by the appropriate authority. A certificate of essentiality will be issued upon fulfilment of the following conditions: A certificate of proven infertility of one or both members of the intending couple from a District Medical Board; An order of parentage and custody of the surrogate child passed by a Magistrate’s court; and Insurance coverage for a period of 16 months covering postpartum delivery complications for the surrogate. The certificate of eligibility to the intending couple is issued upon fulfilment of the following conditions: The couple being Indian citizens and married for at least five years; Between 23 to 50 years old (wife) and 26 to 55 years old (husband); They do not have any surviving child (biological, adopted or surrogate); this would not include a child who is mentally or physically challenged or suffers from life threatening disorder or fatal illness; Other conditions that may be specified by regulations. Eligibility criteria for surrogate mother To obtain a certificate of eligibility from the appropriate authority, the surrogate mother has to be: A close relative of the intending couple; A married woman having a child of her own; 25 to 35 years old; A surrogate only once in her lifetime; Possess a certificate of medical and psychological fitness for surrogacy. Further, the surrogate mother cannot provide her own gametes for surrogacy. National and State Surrogacy Boards The central and the state governments shall constitute the National Surrogacy Board (NSB) and the State Surrogacy Boards (SSB), respectively. Functions of the NSB include,  Advising the central government on policy matters relating to surrogacy; Laying down the code of conduct of surrogacy clinics; Supervising the functioning of SSBs. Parentage and abortion of surrogate child A child born out of a surrogacy procedure will be deemed to be the biological child of the intending couple.  An abortion of the surrogate child requires the written consent of the surrogate mother and the authorisation of the appropriate authority. This authorisation must be compliant with the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.   Further, the surrogate mother will have an option to withdraw from surrogacy before the embryo is implanted in her womb. Offences and penalties The offences under the Act include: Undertaking or advertising commercial surrogacy; Exploiting the surrogate mother; Abandoning, exploiting or disowning a surrogate child; and Selling or importing human embryo or gametes for surrogacy. The penalty for such offences is imprisonment up to 10 years and a fine up to 10 lakh rupees. -Source: The Hindu Public Examinations (Prevention Of Unfair Means) Act 2024 Context: Public Examinations (Prevention Of Unfair Means) Act aims to prevent unfair means in the public examinations system. Relevance: GS II: Education Dimensions of the Article: Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act Public Examination Use of Unfair Means Rationale for the Law Penalties Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act Computer-Based Test (CBT) Parameters: The rules lay down full parameters of Computer Based Tests (CBT) — from the registration of candidates, allocation of centres, and issue of admit cards to the opening and distribution of question papers, evaluation of answers, and the final recommendations. Question Papers: The opening and distribution of question papers involve downloading the question paper from the main server to the local server in the public examination centre, and then uploading and digitally transferring the question papers to individual computers authorised for the candidates. National Recruitment Agency: The central government’s National Recruitment Agency will prepare the norms, standards, and guidelines for CBTs in consultation with stakeholders. Once finalized, these norms will be notified by the Centre. Norms and Standards: The norms, standards, and guidelines will cover both physical and digital infrastructure and activities, including the standard operating procedure (SOP) for registration of public examination centres; space requirements at CBT centres and layout of seating; specifications and layout of computer nodes, server and network infrastructure, and the electronic platform; candidate check-in, biometric registration, security and screening; setting and loading of question papers; invigilation; and all post-examination activities. Centre Coordinator Appointment: The rules provide for the appointment of a Centre Coordinator for Public Examinations, who may be “serving or retired employees of the Central Government, State Government, Public Sector Undertakings, Public Sector Banks, Government Universities, autonomous bodies, and other Government Organizations.” Responsibilities: The Centre Coordinator will represent the public examination authority for coordination of activities of the various service providers and the examination authority, and for overseeing the compliance of all norms, standards, and guidelines for the exam. Definition of Service Provider: The rules also define the term “service provider” for the purposes of the Act. Public Examination Which Exams Are Covered by the Law? Definition: Section 2(k) of The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 defines a “public examination” as “any examination conducted by the public examination authority” listed in the Schedule of the Act, or any “such other authority as may be notified by the Central Government”. Authorities Listed: Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), which conducts the Civil Services Examination, Combined Defence Services Examinations, Combined Medical Services Examination, Engineering Services Examination, etc. Staff Selection Commission (SSC), which recruits for Group C (non-technical) and Group B (non-gazetted) jobs in the central government. Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs), which recruit Groups C and D staff in the Indian Railways. Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS), which hires at all levels for nationalised banks and regional rural banks (RRBs). National Testing Agency (NTA), which conducts the JEE (Main), NEET-UG, UGC-NET, the Common University Entrance Test (CUET), etc. Additional Authorities: The central government can add new authorities in the Schedule through a notification as and when required. Definition of Candidate: The law defines a “candidate” in these exams as “a person who has been granted permission by the public examination authority to appear in public examination” as well as “a person authorized to act as a scribe on his behalf in the public examination”. Use of Unfair Means What Constitutes the Use of Unfair Means for the Purposes of the Act? Unfair Means Listed: Section 3 of the Act lists 15 actions that amount to using unfair means in public examinations “for monetary or wrongful gain”. Leakage of question paper or answer key or part thereof and colluding in such leakage. Accessing or taking possession of question paper or an Optical Mark Recognition response sheet without authority. Tampering with answer sheets including Optical Mark Recognition response sheets. Providing solutions to one or more questions by any unauthorised person during a public examination. Directly or indirectly assisting the candidate in a public examination. Tampering with any document necessary for short-listing of candidates or finalising the merit or rank of a candidate. Tampering with the computer network or a computer resource or a computer system. Creation of fake website and conduct of fake examination, issuance of fake admit cards or offer letters to cheat or for monetary gain. Reporting Incidents: The rules provide a detailed framework and format for reporting incidents of use of unfair means. Venue In-Charge Responsibilities: If any incident of unfair means or offense occurs, the venue in-charge shall prepare a report along with his findings in Form 1 and send it to the Regional Officer through the Centre Coordinator. If a prima facie case is made out for filing a First Information Report, the venue in-charge shall take necessary action. Management Responsibilities: If persons below the level of Management or Board of Directors of the service provider resort to unfair means or fail to report the incident, the Centre Coordinator shall report the matter to the Regional Officer in Form 2. The Regional Officer shall enquire and, if satisfied, direct the Centre Coordinator to file the First Information Report. Definition of Venue In-Charge: A “person nominated by the examination conducting service provider to supervise, coordinate and manage the activities of different service providers and to ensure that the norms or standards and the guidelines notified for conduct of public examination are complied with”. Rationale for the Law Justification: The ongoing controversy over alleged paper leaks provides an obvious justification for such an Act. Future incidents of the use of unfair means in examinations will be prosecuted under the provisions of the law. Investigation Findings: An investigation by The Indian Express found at least 48 instances of paper leaks in 16 states over the last five years, disrupting the hiring process for government jobs and affecting at least 1.51 crore applicants for about 1.2 lakh posts. Statement of Objects and Reasons: Malpractices in public examinations lead to delays and cancellation of examinations, adversely impacting the prospects of millions of youth. At present, there is no specific substantive law to deal with unfair means adopted or offences committed. Comprehensive Central legislation is imperative to identify and effectively deal with vulnerabilities in the examination system. Objective: The Bill aims to bring greater transparency, fairness, and credibility to the public examination systems and reassure the youth that their sincere and genuine efforts will be fairly rewarded and their future is safe. Penalties Fines and Imprisonment: The new law provides for fines of Rs 1 crore and up to 10 years in prison. It is also expected to serve as a “model draft for States to adopt at their discretion”. -Source: Indian Express African Swine Fever Context: The death toll of pigs following the outbreak of the African Swine Fever (ASF) disease in Mizoram since February has crossed 3,350, officials said recently. Relevance: Focus: GS-III Science and Technology  Dimensions of this Article: What is African Swine Fever? What are the symptoms of African swine fever? What is African Swine Fever? African Swine Fever (ASF) does not affect humans but can be catastrophic for pigs. In 2019, the outbreak of the disease swept through pig populations in China — which is the largest exporter and consumer of pork — leading to large-scale cullings. ASF is a severe viral disease that affects wild and domestic pigs typically resulting in an acute haemorrhagic fever. The disease has a case fatality rate (CFR) of almost 100 per cent. Its routes of transmission include direct contact with an infected or wild pig (alive or dead), indirect contact through ingestion of contaminated material such as food waste, feed or garbage, or through biological vectors such as ticks. Any country with a pig sector is at risk of the spread of the disease and its spread is most likely via meat arriving aboard ships and planes, which is incorrectly disposed of and by meat carried by individual travellers. What are the symptoms of African swine fever? High Fever Weakness and Difficulty Standing Vomiting Diarrhea Red or blue blotches on the skin (Particularly around ears and snout) Coughing or labored breathing -Source: The Hindu Indian Painted Frog Context: A rare Indian Painted Frog was recently sighted at Telangana’s Kawal Tiger Reserve, marking a significant find outside its usual habitats. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: About Indian Painted Frog Key Facts about Kawal Tiger Reserve About Indian Painted Frog: Species Overview: The Indian Painted Frog, belonging to the Microhylidae family, is known scientifically as Uperodon taprobanicus. It inhabits regions of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, southern and eastern India, and Nepal, at elevations up to approximately 1300 meters. In India, this species is prevalent in states like West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh, with a higher concentration in the southern Western and Eastern Ghats. Physical Characteristics: Adult frogs can reach lengths of up to 75 millimetres (7.5 cm) from snout to vent, with females generally being larger than males. The species is distinguished by its smooth, rounded body and vibrant coloration, typically brown with bright patches of orange or yellow. Conservation Status: According to the IUCN Red List, the Indian Painted Frog is classified as Least Concern. Key Facts about Kawal Tiger Reserve: Location: Situated in the northeastern part of Telangana (Old Adilabad district), bordered by the Godavari River on one side and Maharashtra on the other. Geographical and Ecological Features: It is part of the Deccan peninsula-central highlands. The reserve includes catchments for the Godavari and Kadam rivers, which flow southward. It forms a corridor connecting the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra to the north and the Indravati Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh to the northeast. Habitat and Vegetation: The reserve boasts a variety of habitats including dense forests, grasslands, open areas, rivers, streams, and water bodies. Predominantly consists of Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest. Flora: Notably includes extensive teak forests along with bamboo. Houses around 673 recorded plant species, including significant ones like Anogeissus latifolia, Mitragyna parviflora, Terminalia crenulata, Terminalia arjuna, and Boswellia serrata. Fauna: Features a diverse range of wildlife typical of the Deccan Plateau. Major animals include nilgai, chousinga, chinkara, black buck, sambar, spotted deer, wild dog, wolf, jackal, fox, tiger, leopard, and jungle cat. -Source: The Hindu Indian Army’s Skin Bank Context: The Indian Army has recently launched a skin bank facility. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Indian Army’s Skin Bank: Purpose: Launched to assist in the treatment of severe skin burn injuries and other skin-related conditions for service members and their families. Facility Details: The first-of-its-kind in the Armed Forces Medical Services, staffed by trained medical professionals, including plastic surgeons, tissue engineers, and specialized technicians. It functions as a centralized hub for the collection, processing, storage, and distribution of skin grafts, serving military medical centers nationwide. What is a Skin Bank? A skin bank is a facility where skin from an eligible donor is taken, processed, and stored under appropriate temperatures for up to five years. Skin from a deceased person can be donated within six hours post-mortem. Anyone can donate skin, regardless of sex and blood group, provided they are at least 18 years old. Skin from individuals with conditions like AIDS, Hepatitis B & C, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Skin Cancer, Active skin Disease, and Septicemia is considered unsuitable for donation. Donated skin is collected and processed over five to six weeks and then frozen until required. Typically preserved in 85% glycerol solution, stored between 4-5 degrees Celsius for up to five years. When a burn victim needs skin, a procedure called skin grafting is performed. What is Skin Grafting? A procedure where healthy skin is transplanted to an area where the skin is damaged or missing. There are two main types of skin grafts: Autograft: Skin taken from another part of the patient’s own body. Allograft: Skin taken from a donor, often sourced from a skin bank. Any skin can be used on any patient, and within two to three weeks post-grafting, doctors can assess if the patient is accepting the graft. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 June 2024

CONTENTS Post Office Act 2023 Sant Kabir Das  Post Office Act 2023 Context: The Post Office Act of 2023 has recently been enacted, replacing the Indian Post Office Act of 1898. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Features of the Post Office Act 2023 Indian Post Office Act, 1898 Issues with the Post Office Act 2023 Key Features of the Post Office Act 2023 Section 9: This section permits the central government to authorize any officer to intercept or detain postal items for reasons related to national security, foreign relations, etc. Items suspected of containing banned goods or those liable for customs duty can be handed over to customs officials. Section 10: Provides immunity to the Post Office and its officials from liability for loss, misdelivery, delay, or damage while providing services, except as specifically outlined. It abolishes all penalties and offenses detailed in the 1898 Act, including those concerning misconduct, fraud, and theft by postal workers. It also includes provisions for recovering unpaid service charges as arrears of land revenue. Section 7: Mandates that any person using a service provided by the Post Office must pay the applicable charges. Elimination of Exclusive Privilege: The new Act revokes the Centre’s exclusive right to convey letters, a privilege that had become obsolete with the rise of private courier services in the 1980s. It brings private courier services under its regulatory scope, acknowledging the loss of government exclusivity and extending the authority to intercept and detain any postal item, not just letters. Regulatory Authority: Grants the Director General of Postal Services the power to establish regulations for various additional services as prescribed by the central government and to set charges for these services. It removes the requirement for parliamentary approval when revising charges for services provided by post offices. Section 5(1): States that “The Central Government may prescribe standards for addressing on the items, address identifiers and usage of postcodes.” This provision is forward-thinking and will replace physical addresses with digital codes based on geographical coordinates for precise identification of premises. Indian Post Office Act, 1898 Enacted on July 1, 1898, with the objective to consolidate and amend laws related to Post Offices in India. Provides for the regulation of postal services offered by the central government. Grants the Central government the exclusive privilege of conveying letters and establishes a government monopoly over this service. Issues with the Post Office Act 2023 Consumer Protection Act, 2019: The Consumer Protection Act does not apply to services by India Post but does apply to private courier services. The Post Office Act of 2023 retains provisions from the 1898 Act that are being replaced. Lack of Procedural Safeguards: The Bill does not specify procedural safeguards against the interception of postal articles, potentially violating the right to privacy and freedom of speech and expression. Supreme Court Ruling: In the case of telecommunications interception, the Supreme Court in People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) vs. Union of India, 1996, ruled that a just and fair procedure for regulating the power of interception must exist to protect citizens’ rights under Article 19(1)(a) and Article 21. Emergency Definition: Like the 1898 Act, the present Act does not explicitly define an emergency. Framework Differences: The Act’s framework differs from railway laws, which address service complaints like loss, damage, non-delivery of goods, and fare refunds through the Railway Claims Tribunal Act of 1987. Removal of Penalties: Under the 1898 Act, postal officers and others could be jailed or fined for illegally opening mail, but the 2023 Act removes these penalties, potentially compromising privacy rights. Sant Kabir Das Context: On 22nd June 2024, the Prime Minister commemorated the 647th birth anniversary of Sant Kabir Das. Relevance: GS I: History Kabir’s Life and Teachings Renowned Disciple: Kabir is widely recognized as the most notable disciple of Ramananda. Upbringing: He was raised by a Muslim couple who worked as weavers. Intellectual Curiosity: Kabir had an inquisitive mind and learned extensively about Hinduism in Benares. Mission of Unity: His primary goal was to foster unity and harmony between Hindus and Muslims. Mystic Saint: Kabir is considered one of the greatest mystic saints. Followers: His followers are known as Kabirpanthis. Bhakti Movement: During the 14th and 15th centuries, Ramananda, Kabir, and Nanak were prominent figures of the Bhakti movement. Combating Superstitions: They helped common people overcome long-standing superstitions and achieve salvation through pure devotion (Bhakti). Idol Worship Critic: Kabir criticized all forms of idol worship. Belief in God: He believed in the omnipresence of God. True Devotion: Kabir emphasized that true devotion involves realizing one’s inner self and the supreme power called God. Material World: He did not support asceticism, arguing that one can find God without renouncing worldly responsibilities. Religious Equality: Kabir viewed all religions equally and saw them as different paths leading to the same God. Criticism of Division: He strongly opposed those who divided society based on religion and caste. Universal Wisdom: Kabir integrated valuable aspects from all religions, rejecting orthodox practices and meaningless rituals. Foundation of Bhakti Cult: His teachings formed the foundation of the Bhakti cult, followed by notable figures like Mira Bai, Raidas, and Bihari.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 June 2024

CONTENTS Navigating the Complexities of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking Call for Consensus in the Parliament Navigating the Complexities of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking Context: Observed annually on June 26, the International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1987 to combat drug abuse globally. The day highlights the challenges posed by drug abuse and illicit trafficking and emphasizes the need for international cooperation. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies and Interventions Health Mains Question: In the context of rampant drug abuse in India and the world, discuss the impact that drug abuse can have. Suggest an effective strategy to deal with this menace. (10 Marks, 150 Words). The 2024 campaign: The 2024 campaign, titled “The evidence is clear: invest in prevention,” focuses on raising awareness about the importance of providing assistance and treatment to individuals struggling with substance use. It advocates for a compassionate approach, emphasizing empathy and care over punitive measures, with the aim of fostering understanding of the negative impacts of drugs on personal, social, and spiritual well-being. The campaign also promotes treating people who use drugs with respect and without judgment, seeking to shift societal attitudes. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) stresses the need to eliminate stigma and adopt a human rights-centered approach based on evidence-based practices to effectively address global drug abuse. The campaign’s primary objective is to tackle the complex issues of drug abuse and trafficking by increasing public awareness, promoting prevention measures, and advocating for robust policies and programs. Drug Abuse: Drug abuse involves the improper or excessive use of illegal drugs or prescription medications for non-therapeutic purposes. It significantly affects physical health, leading to conditions such as cardiovascular issues from chronic cocaine or methamphetamine abuse, lung cancer from smoking crack cocaine, and increased HIV risk from intravenous drug use. Other risks include nasal damage, liver and kidney disease, oral cancer, and severe weight loss among stimulant addicts. Mental health issues associated with drug abuse include depression, anxiety, memory and learning problems, insomnia, violent behavior, delusions, paranoia, confusion, extreme mood swings, and substance dependence. The links between drug-related crime, environmental crimes, and convergent crime are intricate and evolving, particularly evident in drug cultivation, trafficking, and environmental impacts in the Amazon Basin. The ‘UNODC World Drug Report 2023’ underscores social and economic inequalities that drive drug problems, along with environmental and human rights impacts. Treatment coverage remains low globally, with only a fraction of affected individuals receiving help, and some regions lacking adequate services. In India, alarming statistics reveal significant psychiatric disorders and substance use rates, with inadequate psychiatric and de-addiction care facilities exacerbating the situation. Way Forward: Moving forward, educating communities about the severe dangers of drug abuse and fostering international cooperation are crucial. The 2024 theme emphasizes investing in evidence-based prevention programs to safeguard individuals and communities, disrupt illicit economies, and prioritize rehabilitation, education, and harm reduction. Secretary-General António Guterres highlights the need for early prevention efforts and comprehensive strategies to address the global drug crisis effectively. Conclusion: Addressing drug abuse involves tailored treatment plans including detoxification, counseling, and medication as necessary. Lifestyle adjustments and supportive environments are essential for recovery, emphasizing the importance of proactive engagement and expert guidance in overcoming substance abuse challenges. Call for Consensus in the Parliament Context: The Prime Minister of India has vowed to govern through consensus as the 18th Lok Sabha commenced its first session. Both the ruling and the opposition parties have reiterated their commitment to protecting the Constitution, a key theme in the 2024 general election campaign. Despite their claims of seeking consensus and loyalty to the Constitution, there has been no sign of agreement on any major issues of governance or politics. Relevance: GS2- Structure, Organization and Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government. Mains Question: Parliament should give room for extended debates and disagreements. Discuss in the context of the recently constituted 18th Lok Sabha. (10 Marks, 150 Words). The First Session: The first session was marked by hostility from the campaign, with both sides clashing over the selection of the pro tem Speaker and preparing to face off over the Speaker’s post. The Opposition has shown willingness to support the NDA’s candidate in exchange for the Deputy Speaker position, a role traditionally given to an Opposition member. In the 17th Lok Sabha, the position remained vacant, an unprecedented occurrence in Indian Parliament history. Speaker Pro Tem: The Speaker Pro Tem is appointed by the President under Article 95(1) of the Constitution to temporarily perform the duties of the Speaker until a Speaker is elected. “Pro-tem” derives from Latin, meaning “for the time being.” The pro-tem speaker oversees the initial sittings of the newly elected house, typically being the most senior member. Once a new Speaker is elected by the House, the role of Speaker Pro Tem ceases. The duties of the pro tem speaker include presiding over the first session of the Lok Sabha, administering the oath of office to newly elected MPs, conducting the election for the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, and overseeing floor tests. Deputy Speaker: The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha serves as the second-in-command presiding officer of the lower house of the Indian Parliament. In the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker assumes the role of presiding over the Lok Sabha, responsible for maintaining order, conducting business, and ensuring the smooth functioning of legislative processes. The Deputy Speaker is elected by the Lok Sabha from among its members, but only after the Speaker has been elected. The date of the Deputy Speaker’s election is determined by the Speaker. Upon assuming office, the Deputy Speaker does not take a separate oath or affirmation beyond their oath as a Member of Parliament. The tenure of the Deputy Speaker lasts throughout the term of the Lok Sabha. However, they must vacate office if they cease to be a Lok Sabha member, resign by submitting a letter to the Speaker, or are removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all current Lok Sabha members. When the office of the Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, a new member is elected by the Lok Sabha to fill the position. Removal of the Deputy Speaker requires a resolution passed by an Effective Majority of the Lok Sabha membership, following a motion with a 14-day advance notice to the Speaker. The roles and functions of the Deputy Speaker include performing the Speaker’s duties during vacancies, presiding over Lok Sabha sessions in the Speaker’s absence, and overseeing joint sittings of Parliament when the Speaker is not available Call for Consensus: Prime Minister’s call for consensus and parliamentary debates can signify a healthy democracy, but this promise must be backed by concrete actions. Union Minister Rajnath Singh, the government’s key interlocutor, has reached out to Opposition leaders, and such engagements should become more frequent. While consensus may be unachievable or unnecessary in some cases, demonstrating a commitment to power-sharing within the ruling alliance and with the Opposition could enhance the government’s political authority and legitimacy. Beyond the immediate concern of government stability, where the BJP is 32 seats short of a majority, coalition-building should be seen as essential for India’s progress and prosperity. The first session of the new Lok Sabha should set a precedent for extended debates, allowing for disagreements and seeking common ground across parties. Conclusion: During the last two terms, the proceedings of the House and Committees lacked the above mentioned qualities. As the leader of the ruling coalition, the BJP should reaffirm its commitment to parliamentary norms and substance, and the Opposition should respond constructively.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 June 2024

CONTENTS Srinagar Recognized as a ‘World Craft City’ Managed Care Organizations ISRO Completes Final Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Experiment Didymocarpus janakiae Declining Flamingo Population at Lake Natron Priority Sector Lending  Srinagar Recognized as a ‘World Craft City’ Context: Srinagar has been designated as a ‘World Craft City’ by the World Craft Council (WCC). This follows its recognition as part of the UNESCO Creative City Network (UCCN) for crafts and folk arts three years ago. Jaipur, Malappuram, and Mysore are the other Indian cities previously recognized as World Craft Cities. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: What is World Craft Council (WCC)? Significance of World Craft City Recognition What is UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network (UCCN)? What is World Craft Council (WCC)? Overview: The World Craft Council (WCC) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization associated with UNESCO. Founded in 1964, the WCC aims to promote the preservation, protection, and development of traditional crafts, fostering economic development through these crafts. World Craft City recognition by the WCC is a prestigious designation awarded to cities that excel in promoting and developing traditional crafts and artisanship. This recognition highlights a city’s dedication to preserving and promoting its unique craft heritage and supporting local artisans. Significance of World Craft City Recognition Global Status: Recognition enhances the city’s status on a global platform, establishing it as a center of excellence for crafts. Economic Boost: The designation can stimulate the local economy by attracting tourists, investors, and buyers interested in authentic crafts, thus expanding market opportunities for artisans. Cultural Preservation: It underscores the city’s commitment to preserving traditional crafts, ensuring these cultural practices are transmitted to future generations. Support for Artisans: Often leads to increased support for local artisans, including funding, training, and opportunities for international collaboration and exchange. Innovation and Sustainability: Encourages innovation within the craft sector by combining traditional techniques with modern designs, fostering creativity and sustainability. Visibility: The city and its crafts gain greater visibility through international media coverage, exhibitions, and events associated with the WCC. Criteria for Recognition Requirements: To be recognized as a World Craft City, a city typically needs to demonstrate: A rich tradition of crafts and a significant population of skilled artisans. Active promotion and development of craft traditions. Commitment to preserving cultural heritage and supporting sustainable practices. Evidence of innovation and creativity in craft practices. Strong community involvement and support for the craft sector. What is UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network (UCCN)? Overview: The UCCN was established in 2004 to foster collaboration among cities that see creativity as a key element for sustainable urban development. Currently, it encompasses 350 cities across more than 100 countries. The network aims to advance UNESCO’s objectives of cultural diversity and enhance resilience to challenges like climate change, increasing inequality, and rapid urbanization. Purpose: The network leverages the creative, social, and economic potential of cultural industries. It promotes a culture of creativity in urban planning and solutions to urban issues. Benefits to Member Cities: Recognizes creativity as vital for urban development through partnerships with public and private sectors and civil society. Develops hubs of creativity and innovation, expanding opportunities for creators and cultural professionals. Aligns with the UN agenda of sustainable development. Implementation: Objectives are realized at both local and international levels by sharing experiences, knowledge, and best practices. Includes professional and artistic exchange programs, research, and evaluations on the experiences of creative cities. The Annual Conference of Network Cities Purpose: A major event is the annual conference of mayors and stakeholders from network cities. It strengthens ties among creative cities globally. Past conferences were held in Santos, Brazil, and Istanbul. The next will be in July 2024 in Braga, Portugal. Membership Monitoring: Every four years, cities submit a Membership Monitoring Report. This report demonstrates commitment to the UCCN Mission Statement. Includes an action plan for the next four years, highlighting achievements, lessons learned, and the impact of the designation. Indian Cities in the Network Notable Cities: Besides Kozhikode and Gwalior, cities like Varanasi (music), Srinagar (crafts and folk arts), and Chennai (music) are part of the network. -Source: The Hindu Managed Care Organizations Context: A leading healthcare chain in South India has announced its foray into comprehensive health insurance. This new venture will integrate insurance and healthcare provision functions under one roof, emulating a managed care organisation (MCO) model. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Managed Care Organizations (MCOs): Background and Development Challenges to MCOs in India Steps to Develop MCOs in India Conclusion Managed Care Organizations (MCOs): Background and Development Definition: An MCO is a healthcare provider aiming to offer appropriate, cost-effective medical treatment. Historical Context: Origin: MCOs in the US originated from early 20th-century prepaid healthcare practices. Mainstreaming in the 1970s: The integration of insurance and service functions to manage costs focused on prevention, early management, and cost control with fixed premiums. Evolution: MCOs have diversified and penetrated deeply into the health insurance space, primarily reducing costly hospitalizations and associated expenses. Development in India: 1980s Onwards: India’s health insurance has primarily focused on indemnity insurance and covering hospitalization costs, overlooking the vast market for outpatient consultations. Challenges to MCOs in India Urban-Centric Targeting: MCOs primarily target affluent, urban populations, neglecting rural demographics and hindering Universal Health Coverage (UHC) efforts. Informal Outpatient Settings: Significant healthcare occurs in informal settings, lacking standardization and regulation, making integration and management challenging. Inconsistent Clinical Protocols: The absence of widely accepted clinical protocols creates inconsistency and reduces quality control. High Operational Costs: High costs and unaffordable premiums discourage participation and hinder long-term viability. Lack of Consumer-Driven Cost Control: The current health insurance model does not foster consumer-driven cost control, a core principle of MCOs. Steps to Develop MCOs in India Government Partnerships: Collaborate with initiatives like Ayushman Bharat to expand coverage and leverage rural healthcare infrastructure, aligning with the National Health Policy 2017. Standardize Clinical Protocols: Advocate for developing and implementing standardized protocols across outpatient settings, working with the National Health Authority (NHA) for accreditation and quality control. Utilize Technology: Streamline processes, reduce administrative costs, and offer telemedicine services to bridge the rural-urban gap, aligning with the Committee on Affordable Healthcare for All recommendations. Value-Based Pricing Models: Implement models that reward quality care and efficient service delivery, incentivizing cost control in line with NITI Aayog’s suggestions. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Leverage government resources and private sector expertise for broader reach and improved infrastructure. Data Collection and Analysis: Encourage data collection to track healthcare trends, identify cost-effective treatment options, and improve service delivery across MCO networks, aligning with the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM). Conclusion Achieving universal health coverage is a complex challenge requiring multifaceted solutions. Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) can significantly contribute to India’s healthcare landscape by fostering public support and gradually implementing MCOs, alongside adopting comprehensive financial strategies. These steps can help India make substantial progress toward achieving universal healthcare. -Source: The Hindu ISRO Completes Final Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Experiment Context: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully completed the third and final Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Experiment (RLV LEX-03) for the Pushpak vehicle. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: RLV LEX-03 Mission Overview Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) RLV LEX-03 Mission Overview Mission Summary: Deployment and Release: The Pushpak vehicle was launched from an Indian Air Force Chinook helicopter at an altitude of 4.5 kilometers. Autonomous Landing: The vehicle autonomously executed cross-range corrections, approached the runway, and made a precise horizontal landing at the centerline. Controlled Descent: The high-speed descent, exceeding 320 km/h, was successfully reduced to around 100 km/h using the vehicle’s brake parachute and landing gear brakes. Technologies and Capabilities Demonstrated: Multisensor Guidance: LEX-03 employed multisensor fusion for controlled landing guidance. Self-Landing Capability: The Pushpak vehicle showcased its capability to land autonomously, including course corrections during its descent. Component Reuse: The mission reused key components from a previous flight, emphasizing the cost-saving potential of reusable launch vehicles (RLVs). Significance: Simulated Conditions: This mission simulated the approach and landing conditions, as well as high-speed descent scenarios, for a vehicle returning from space. Algorithm Validation: It validated ISRO’s advanced guidance algorithms for longitudinal and lateral error corrections, essential for future orbital re-entry missions. Technological Progress: By testing technologies such as autonomous landing and reusable parts, this mission paves the way for fully reusable launch vehicles, potentially reducing launch costs and increasing space mission efficiency. Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) Definition: Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) are rockets designed for multiple uses in space missions, unlike traditional expendable rockets where each stage is discarded after use. Operational Mechanics: Multi-Stage Rockets: In a typical multi-stage rocket, the first stage is jettisoned after fuel consumption to lighten the load, while the remaining stages continue to propel the payload into orbit. Recovery and Reuse: RLVs recover and reuse the first stage, which uses engines or parachutes to descend and land back on Earth. This stage can be refurbished for future launches, significantly cutting costs. Current Usage: SpaceX (USA): Falcon 9, with over 220 launches, 178 landings, and 155 re-flights as of May 2023. Blue Origin (USA): New Shepard conducts suborbital flights and lands vertically. JAXA (Japan) and ESA (Europe): Engaged in research on reusable launch systems to lower space access costs. ISRO (India): Developed the Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstration (RLV-TD) and successfully conducted a landing. -Source: The Hindu Didymocarpus Janakiae Context: A new plant species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh has been named Didymocarpus janakiae. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About Didymocarpus janakiae New Species Discovery: Didymocarpus janakiae is a newly identified plant species found in the sub-tropical forests of West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, at an altitude of 2,300 meters above sea level. Naming and Honor: This species is named in honor of Dr. E. K. Janaki Ammal, a pioneering Indian botanist known for her significant contributions to botany, especially in plant breeding, genetics, and cytology. In 1931, she became the first Indian woman to be awarded a doctorate in botany in the US (University of Michigan), breaking gender and caste barriers. Taxonomy and Genus: Didymocarpus janakiae belongs to the plant genus Didymocarpus, commonly referred to as stone flower, which is part of the African Violet family (Gesneriaceae). The genus comprises 111 species, 27 of which are found in India, including the newly described D. janakiae. These plants thrive in pristine, undisturbed habitats like moss-covered rocks, reflecting the quality of their ecosystem. Population and Threats: With a known population of fewer than 20 individuals located near Bomdila in West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, D. janakiae faces severe threats due to habitat degradation. -Source: The Hindu Declining Flamingo Population at Lake Natron Context: Experts have reported a steady decline in the population of flamingos at Lake Natron. The decrease is attributed to extreme weather conditions and encroachment, resulting in fewer birds returning to the lake each year. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: About Lake Natron Key Facts about the Great Rift Valley About Lake Natron: Location and Composition: Lake Natron is a salt lake situated on the border between Tanzania and Kenya, part of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley. It is designated as a Ramsar site and is known for its unique combination of warm waters, salt, caustic soda, and magnesite deposits, which create ideal conditions for flamingos. Hydrology and Features: The lake is primarily fed by the Ewaso Ng’iro River, originating from central Kenya. Notably, Lake Natron has a striking red color, primarily due to its extreme alkalinity. Environmental Threats: The lake’s ecosystem is threatened by various factors, including agriculture, pollution, and climate change, which jeopardize its unique beauty. Key Facts about the Great Rift Valley: Geographical Significance: The Great Rift Valley is one of the most extensive rifts on Earth’s surface, stretching across a large part of East Africa. It is part of the East African Rift System (EARS). It extends from Jordan in southwestern Asia to the coast of the Indian Ocean in central Mozambique. Countries Spanned: The rift runs through multiple countries, including Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique. -Source: Down To Earth Priority Sector Lending Context: The RBI recently revised its priority sector guidelines to encourage banks to provide small loans in economically disadvantaged districts with low average loan sizes. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Priority Sector Lending (PSL): Overview: PSL is a lending mandate overseen by the RBI, requiring banks to allocate a specific portion of their loans to sectors crucial for development or those facing challenges in obtaining loans. The RBI regularly updates the eligible sectors for priority sector lending and adjusts loan limits. Institutions required to provide these loans are identified through regulations. Priority Sectors: Agriculture Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Export Credit Education Housing Social Infrastructure Renewable Energy Others Targets Under PSL: Domestic SCBs and foreign banks with 20+ branches: 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit Equivalent of Off-Balance Sheet Exposure (CEOBE), whichever is higher. Foreign banks with fewer than 20 branches: 40% of ANBC or CEOBE, with up to 32% for exports and a minimum of 8% for any other priority sector. Regional Rural Banks and Small Finance Banks: 75% of ANBC or CEOBE, whichever is higher. Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs): 40% of ANBC or CEOBE, rising to 75% from FY2025-26. Meeting PSL Obligations: Banks can meet PSL targets by extending loans, providing credit facilities, and offering financial products to priority sectors. They can also invest in eligible instruments, such as bonds issued by entities involved in priority sector activities. If targets are not met, banks must deposit the shortfall into the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) with NABARD or other designated funds. Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs): PSLCs are certificates issued against priority sector loans, allowing banks to meet their targets by purchasing these instruments. PSLCs help banks guard against shortfalls and encourage surplus lending to priority sectors. Revised RBI Guidelines: New norms discourage lending in districts with high average loan sizes. From FY25, more weight (125%) will be given to new priority sector loans in districts with low loan availability (less than Rs 9,000 per person). In districts with high loan availability (more than Rs 42,000 per person), loans will have a weight of 90%. All other districts will maintain the current importance level of 100%, except for outlier districts with low credit availability or high loan sizes. -Source: The Hindu

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