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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 July 2024

CONTENTS Infrastructure Project on the Great Nicobar Island Create the Space for Governance with a Green Heart Infrastructure Project on the Great Nicobar Island Context: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs will examine the paperwork related to forest clearance for the ₹72,000-crore infrastructure project on Great Nicobar Island, a significant initiative under the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government, according to Tribal Affairs Minister Jual Oram. This marks an important decision in the government’s third term, highlighting the challenging decisions governments face in balancing infrastructure development, preserving pristine biodiversity, and respecting the rights of indigenous inhabitants and tribals. Relevance: GS3- Growth and Development Environmental Conservation Mains Question: What is the government’s rationale behind the Great Nicobar Project? What are the concerns associated with the project and how can the oath ahead ensure balancing infrastructure development while also preserving pristine biodiversity? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Great Nicobar Island: Great Nicobar Island is the largest and southernmost of the Nicobar Islands, spanning 910 square kilometers in the southeastern Bay of Bengal. It is predominantly covered by tropical rainforest and sparsely inhabited. Indira Point, situated on Great Nicobar Island, marks India’s southernmost tip and is approximately 90 nautical miles (less than 170 km) from Sabang at the northern tip of Sumatra, the largest island in the Indonesian archipelago. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands comprise 836 islands grouped into the Andaman Islands in the north and the Nicobar Islands in the south. They are separated by the 10° Channel, which spans 150 kilometers wide. Great Nicobar Island hosts two national parks, a biosphere reserve, and small communities of the Shompen, Onge, Andamanese, and Nicobarese tribal peoples, alongside a few thousand non-tribal settlers. The Great Nicobar Project: The Great Nicobar Island (GNI) project, initiated in 2021, is a large-scale endeavor planned for the southernmost region of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It aims to establish a trans-shipment port, an international airport, township infrastructure, and a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant on the island. The project was greenlit following a NITI Aayog report that highlighted the island’s strategic location, equidistant from Colombo in Sri Lanka to the southwest, and Port Klang (Malaysia) and Singapore to the southeast. Managed by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO), the ambitious infrastructure initiative includes an International Container Trans-shipment Terminal (ICTT) and a greenfield international airport. Positioned near the Malacca Strait, a vital route connecting the Indian Ocean with the Pacific, the ICTT is expected to integrate Great Nicobar into the regional and global maritime trade network as a key hub for cargo transshipment. The proposed site for the ICTT and power plant is Galathea Bay, located at the southeastern tip of Great Nicobar Island, an area devoid of human settlement. The Great Nicobar Project includes plans for a trans-shipment port, an international airport, township development, and a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant across an estimated 130 sq. km. of virgin forest. It has received stage-1 environmental clearance, a mandatory requirement from an expert committee. In August 2023, the government informed Parliament that approximately 9.6 lakh trees could be felled for the project, with compensatory afforestation planned in Haryana, thousands of kilometers away from the unique rainforest ecosystem of Great Nicobar. The Galathea Bay in the Nicobar Islands harbors numerous rare species such as the leatherback turtle, whose future is jeopardized by the project’s development plans. Rationale Behind the Project: The upgrade aims to enhance the capability to deploy additional military forces, larger warships, aircraft, missile batteries, and troops. Securing comprehensive surveillance of the archipelago and establishing a robust military deterrent at Great Nicobar Island are crucial for India’s national security strategy. Due to its proximity to the Malacca Strait, a critical route linking the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, Great Nicobar Island’s International Container Trans-shipment Terminal (ICTT) is expected to position it as a significant participant in regional and global maritime trade. The Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean regions hold immense strategic importance for India, primarily due to concerns over the increasing presence and influence of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) of China. India is particularly wary of China’s efforts to bolster its naval capabilities at strategic chokepoints in the Indo-Pacific, including the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok Straits. Additionally, China’s establishment of a military facility on the Coco Islands, situated just 55 km north of India’s Andaman & Nicobar Islands, underscores India’s concerns. The Andaman & Nicobar Islands play a pivotal role in India’s maritime security architecture in the region. The government argues that its intention is to utilize the strategic position of Great Nicobar Island, located just 90 km from the western end of the Malacca Strait, a crucial shipping route connecting the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. However, critics and some of the government’s policy advisors believe that promoting tourism is a significant underlying reason for the project. The Environment Ministry, responsible for environmental regulations, has chosen not to disclose details about the project. Information regarding the environmental clearance process and the assessment, typically public documents, has been withheld. Additionally, there appears to be urgency from the island administration to move forward while disregarding the consent rights of the local tribes, especially the Shompen. The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, a constitutional body, has demanded an explanation from the district administration on these issues. Associated Concerns: Impact on Indigenous Tribes: The Shompen and Nicobarese, identified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) of hunter-gatherers, have a population estimated in the hundreds. They reside within a tribal reserve on Great Nicobar Island. There are serious concerns that the proposed infrastructure upgrade could severely affect the Shompen tribe and their traditional lifestyle, closely intertwined with the island’s natural surroundings. Threat to Island Ecology: The project’s implementation is anticipated to significantly impact Great Nicobar Island’s ecology, involving the felling of nearly a million trees. There are fears that the construction of the port could devastate coral reefs, affecting the local marine ecosystem, and pose risks to terrestrial species like the Nicobar Megapode bird and leatherback turtles, which nest in the Galathea Bay area. This portion of land constitutes approximately 15% of Great Nicobar Island’s total area and represents one of India’s largest forest diversions in a globally and nationally unique rainforest ecosystem. Seismic Vulnerability: The proposed port site is situated in a region prone to seismic activity, which saw permanent subsidence of about 15 feet during the 2004 tsunami. This raises concerns about the safety and feasibility of constructing a large-scale infrastructure project in such a high-risk, disaster-prone area. Lack of Adequate Consultation: There are allegations that the local administration did not sufficiently consult the Tribal Council of Great and Little Nicobar Islands, as required by law. Conclusion: In April 2023, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) declined to intervene in the environmental and forest clearances granted to the project but ordered the formation of a high-power committee to review these clearances. The National Green Tribunal had appointed a committee, led by the Environment Ministry’s Secretary, to submit a report on the approval of forest clearances, yet this report remains undisclosed. Without transparency, the government would be imprudent to undertake such extensive changes to the islands. Given its fresh mandate, it should promptly reassess its approach. Create the Space for Governance with a Green Heart Context: As a new government term begins for the Lok Sabha, prioritizing environmental concerns should be paramount. Historically, no government has prioritized environmental issues, with the previous administration’s developmental agenda proving actively detrimental to the environment. To mitigate this, urgent adoption of green policies is crucial, even as the country pursues its middle-income economic goals. Relevance: GS3- Environmental Pollution and Degradation Mains Question: A conscious focus on green policies is crucial as environmental issues in India impact the survival and the health of millions. Discuss what should be the approach of the new government in this regard. (10 Marks, 150 Words). India’s Vulnerability to Climate Change: India’s vulnerability to climate change is pronounced, despite frequent mentions by leadership. Actions to reduce emissions remain inadequate, with insufficient focus on building resilience, ensuring food security, and securing essential resources. As floods, famines, heatwaves, wildfires, water shortages, and droughts become more frequent, there is an urgent need for contingency plans to safeguard vulnerable populations. Measures like updating building codes, preserving natural storm barriers such as mangrove forests, and establishing funds for evacuation and rehabilitation are critical but neglected responsibilities of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. India suffers from one of the world’s lowest green cover levels per capita, with only 28 trees per person compared to Canada’s 8953 and China’s 130. Qualitatively important forest cover has markedly declined in the last two decades, exacerbated by inadequate urban forestry management. The degradation of forests has been obscured by dubious accounting practices that include plantation forests and urban tree cover. Legislation like the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, hastily passed by the outgoing Parliament, needs reconsideration and replacement with robust new protections. India’s metropolitan areas, including Delhi, Mumbai, and numerous cities across the Gangetic belt, face severe air pollution issues that significantly diminish residents’ life expectancy. Cities like Bengaluru and Delhi are grappling with water scarcity, forcing the underprivileged to endure long queues for basic needs. Rivers like the Adyar in Chennai and the Yamuna in Delhi have turned into polluted waterways due to neglect. Urban green spaces and water bodies have been encroached upon, leading to the formation of heat islands. Smaller cities face similar challenges and require timely intervention to prevent reaching crisis levels akin to larger metros. The national sewage treatment system, treating only about 28% of generated sewage, urgently requires comprehensive reform. In summary, addressing these environmental challenges requires a profound shift towards green policies and stringent environmental protections at both national and local levels, essential for the well-being and survival of millions of Indians. Destruction in the Himalayas: Destruction in the Himalayas is a critical concern. Climate change has had disproportionately severe impacts on India’s mountain regions. Glaciers are rapidly shrinking, with some already vanished, and it’s projected that up to 80% of their volume could disappear by the end of this century. This shift in rainfall and temperature patterns threatens the water and food security not only of mountain dwellers but also of much of North India. Despite significant protests and fasting by thousands in Ladakh demanding governmental action, their pleas were ignored, possibly because their region lacks electoral sway. Similar neglect affects wetlands and other marginal landscapes crucial for biodiversity conservation. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA): Another issue is public participation. The Indian government’s longstanding disregard for stakeholders and affected communities lies at the heart of many environmental challenges. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) have been reduced to mere formalities, disregarding protests and criticisms. The absence of effective opposition has led to hasty and poorly considered decisions, exemplified by projects like the Char Dham Highway, rushed through with insufficient environmental scrutiny. This has resulted in irreparable damage to Uttarakhand’s river valleys, exacerbating risks such as the tunnel collapse in November 2023. Moreover, the integrity of the 2006 EIA Notification has been steadily undermined by numerous amendments over the past five years. To prevent further sabotage, EIA mechanisms should be legally mandated to ensure their effectiveness and impartiality. Greenwashing: Fifth, the issue of greenwashing is critical. Policies driven by commercial interests, such as green credits and compensatory afforestation, have supplanted genuine conservation efforts. True sustainable development requires actions that prioritize environmental benefits over mere profitability. There is a pressing need to strengthen enforcement mechanisms and regulatory bodies to uphold genuine environmental laws. Conclusion: These concerns are not trivial; they profoundly affect the well-being and survival of millions of people. It was deeply disappointing that these issues were absent from the election manifestos of major political parties. However, there is still an opportunity for the government to fulfill its role as a responsible steward by prioritizing the physical health of the nation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 July 2024

CONTENTS 52nd Anniversary of the Simla Agreement Bombay High Court Decision on College Dress Code Examination Controversies and Education Debate UK Teenager Becomes First to Receive Brain Implant for Epilepsy Control Syntrichia Caninervis Nouka Baich Boat Race SEBEX 2 52nd Anniversary of the Simla Agreement Context: Recently, the 52nd anniversary of the Simla Agreement, signed on 2nd July 1972 by the then Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan, was observed. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Origins and Context of the Simla Agreement Major Provisions of the Simla Agreement Evolution of India-Pakistan Relations Current Dynamics (2023-2024) Origins and Context of the Simla Agreement Post-1971 War Dynamics: The Simla Agreement emerged as a direct result of the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, which culminated in the creation of Bangladesh (previously East Pakistan). India’s military involvement was pivotal, significantly reshaping the geopolitical landscape of South Asia. Principal Negotiators: Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, President of Pakistan Primary Objective: To establish peace and normalize relations between India and Pakistan after the intense conflict. Goals of the Simla Agreement Kashmir Dispute: India sought a bilateral approach to resolve the Kashmir issue, aiming to prevent Pakistan from taking it to international forums. Enhanced Relations: Hoped to improve relations with Pakistan by leveraging the new regional power dynamics. Ceasefire Line: India opted not to push for converting the ceasefire line into a permanent boundary to avoid fueling further resentment and potential backlash from Pakistan. Major Provisions of the Simla Agreement Peaceful Negotiations: Emphasized resolving all disputes between India and Pakistan through peaceful means, primarily bilateral discussions. Line of Control (LoC): Established the LoC in Kashmir, which both countries agreed to respect without altering its status unilaterally. Military Withdrawal: Mandated the withdrawal of military forces to their respective sides of the international border, marking a significant step towards de-escalation. Future Dialogue: Set the stage for future meetings between the leaders of both countries to establish durable peace, normalize relations, and address humanitarian issues, including the repatriation of prisoners of war. Importance of the Simla Agreement Ongoing Relevance: Remains pertinent today as the Kashmir issue and broader Indo-Pak relations continue to be contentious in South Asian geopolitics. Framework for Dialogue: Provides a legal foundation for future discussions and negotiations between India and Pakistan. Criticisms of the Simla Agreement Unmet Goals: Did not achieve its intended objectives of fostering lasting peace and cooperation. Deep-seated mistrust and historical grievances persist. Nuclear Deterrence: Both nations’ nuclear tests post-1998 altered the strategic dynamics, diminishing the agreement’s relevance. Peace Process: Failed to establish a sustained peace process or normalization of relations. International Perspective: The global community generally respects the bilateral approach of the Simla Agreement, often citing it to discourage international intervention in Kashmir. Evolution of India-Pakistan Relations Partition and Independence (1947): The partition of British India into India and Pakistan led to the creation of two separate nations: India, a secular state, and Pakistan, a theocratic state. The Maharaja of Kashmir initially sought independence but later acceded to India following Pakistan’s attack on Kashmir, leading to the first Indo-Pak War (1947-48). Conflicts and Agreements: 1965 and 1971 Wars: The 1965 conflict began with border skirmishes and escalated into a full-scale war, ending with a UN-mediated ceasefire. In 1971, India’s intervention in East Pakistan’s struggle for independence resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. Simla Agreement (1972): Signed after the 1971 war, it established the LoC in Kashmir. Kashmir Insurgency (1989): Pakistan supported a militant insurgency in Kashmir, leading to widespread violence and human rights abuses. Kargil Conflict (1999): Pakistani forces infiltrated Indian-controlled Kargil, leading to a conflict that ended with an Indian victory but strained relations further. Mumbai Attacks (2008): Coordinated attacks by Pakistan-based militants in Mumbai, killing 166 people, severely strained bilateral relations. Current Dynamics (2023-2024) Political Instability: Ongoing political instability in Pakistan, coupled with militant activities and cross-border tensions, perpetuates the cycle of violence and mistrust between the two nations. Geopolitical Influence: China’s increasing influence in the region, including its strategic partnership with Pakistan and territorial disputes with India, adds another layer of complexity to the Indo-Pakistani relationship. Additional Contextual Notes Geopolitical Implications: The strategic importance of South Asia continues to be influenced by the dynamics between India, Pakistan, and their neighboring countries. Global powers, including the United States and China, play significant roles in shaping the regional geopolitical landscape. Humanitarian Concerns: The ongoing conflict and tensions have significant humanitarian implications, affecting millions of lives in the region. Efforts towards peace and stability are crucial for the well-being of the affected populations. Future Prospects: The resolution of long-standing issues requires sustained dialogue, mutual trust, and international support. Addressing economic, social, and political grievances is essential for lasting peace and development in the region. -Source: Live Mint Bombay High Court Decision on College Dress Code Context: Recently, the Bombay High Court rejected a plea by 9 students contesting the college’s new dress code that prohibited hijabs, burqas, niqabs, and other religious identifiers on campus. The court concluded that the dress code was implemented in the “larger academic interest” of the students. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Arguments and Court’s Ruling Bombay High Court’s Ruling Previous Court Rulings on Hijab Way Forward Key Arguments and Court’s Ruling Students’ Arguments: Students asserted that the college dress code violates their religious freedom and right to education, arguing that the college lacks the authority to enforce such restrictions, especially since it obstructs educational access for minority communities. They claimed these restrictions contravene specific constitutional articles: Article 19(1)(a) (Right to Freedom of Expression) and Article 25 (Right to Freedom of Religion). Additionally, they contended the decision breached the University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2012, which aim to enhance educational access for SC, ST, OBC, and minority communities. College Administration’s Arguments: The college administration countered that the dress code applied uniformly to all students, regardless of religious or community backgrounds, with the objective of avoiding the revelation of students’ religion. They referenced the 2022 Karnataka High Court judgement, which declared that wearing the hijab or niqab was “not an essential religious practice” for Muslim women. The administration maintained that the dress code was an internal matter essential for maintaining discipline, and prescribed “any Indian/western non-revealing dress” for girls, applicable to all students. Bombay High Court’s Ruling: The Bombay High Court rejected the students’ claim that wearing the hijab is an “essential religious practice,” emphasizing that the dress code uniformly applied to all students, regardless of “caste, creed, religion, or language,” and did not violate UGC regulations promoting equity in higher education. The court held that between the competing rights of a student’s dress choice and the institution’s right to maintain discipline, the institution’s “larger rights” must prevail, as students are expected to attend the institution for academic advancement. The court fully agreed with the 2022 Karnataka High Court judgement in Resham v. State of Karnataka, 2022, which validated the state government’s ban on hijabs in government colleges. Supreme Court Challenge: The Karnataka High Court judgement on the hijab ban is currently under challenge in the Supreme Court, with a 2-judge bench delivering a split verdict in October 2022. The case has been referred to a larger bench. The Bombay High Court verdict is also likely to be contested in the Supreme Court. Previous Court Rulings on Hijab Bombay High Court, 2003: In Fathema Hussain Sayed v Bharat Education Society, the court ruled that the Quran does not mandate wearing a headscarf, and a girl student not wearing one does not violate Islamic injunctions. 2015 Kerala High Court Cases: Two petitions challenged the dress code for the All India Pre-Medical Entrance, which required light clothes with half sleeves and slippers instead of shoes. The Central Board of School Education (CBSE) argued the dress code prevented unfair practices. The Kerala High Court directed CBSE to implement additional measures for students wishing to wear religious attire. Amna Bint Basheer v CBSE, 2016: The Kerala High Court ruled that wearing a hijab is an essential religious practice but upheld the CBSE dress code, allowing additional measures and safeguards. Kerala High Court, 2018: In Fathima Thasneem v State of Kerala, the court upheld a Christian missionary school’s decision to deny permission to wear headscarves, stating the “collective rights” of the school take precedence over individual student rights. Way Forward: Aligning High Court judgements may indicate an emerging judicial trend. The Supreme Court’s verdict will be crucial for establishing a clear legal framework. The challenge lies in balancing individual religious freedom with institutional autonomy to implement dress codes, requiring careful consideration in each educational context. The lack of national-level dress code guidelines necessitates clear policies from the UGC to ensure uniformity and protect fundamental rights. Formulating dress codes through a consultative process involving all stakeholders is essential to foster inclusivity and address concerns regarding diverse religious practices. -Source: The Hindu Examination Controversies and Education Debate Context: The NEET-UG exam has been marred by controversies including issues with grace marks, paper leaks, and other irregularities. The UGC-NET exam was cancelled after it was conducted, and the CSIR-NET and NEET-PG exams have been postponed. In light of these issues, there is ongoing debate about transferring education back to the state list. Relevance: GS II: Education Dimensions of the Article: Status of Education– Historical Background Prevailing International Practices Arguments for ‘Education’ in the Concurrent List Arguments for Restoring ‘Education’ to the State List Way Forward Status of Education– Historical Background Pre-Independence: Government of India Act, 1935: Established a federal structure, dividing legislative subjects between the federal legislature (Union) and provinces (States). Provincial List: Education was categorized under the provincial list, recognizing it as an important public good. Post-Independence: Continuation of 1935 Act Trends: Education remained on the State list in the distribution of powers. Emergency Period: The Congress party formed the Swaran Singh Committee to suggest constitutional amendments, including placing ‘education’ in the concurrent list for unified national policies. 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976): Shifted ‘education’ from the State list to the concurrent list without providing a detailed rationale. Subsequent Developments: 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978): The Janata Party government, led by Morarji Desai, aimed to reverse changes made by the 42nd amendment. An attempt to revert education to the State list was passed in the Lok Sabha but not in the Rajya Sabha. Consequently, education remains in the concurrent list. Prevailing International Practices United States: State and local governments set educational standards and standardized tests; federal oversight focuses on financial aid and key policies. Canada: Education is entirely managed by the provinces. Germany: Legislative authority over education resides with its states (Länder). South Africa: National departments oversee school and higher education, with provincial implementation of national policies. Arguments for ‘Education’ in the Concurrent List Unified Approach: Advocates support a standardized education system across the country to enhance quality and consistency. Central Coordination: Seen as beneficial for aligning national goals with state-level implementation. Criticisms: Concerns about inefficiencies and ethical issues in state-level education management. Arguments for Restoring ‘Education’ to the State List Governance Efficacy: Centralized control does not eliminate issues, as highlighted by NEET controversies. Autonomy for Local Needs: States can better tailor educational policies to local requirements, particularly in syllabus, testing, and professional course admissions. Diversity Consideration: A uniform approach is not feasible or desirable given the country’s diversity. Expenditure: A significant portion of educational spending is borne by states, indicating a need for discussions on moving education back to the State list. 2022 Report: Out of ₹6.25 lakh crore spent by education departments in 2020-21, the Centre contributed 15%, and the States 85%. Including all other departments’ spending, the Centre’s contribution is 24% and the States’ 76%. Way Forward Central Oversight: Maintain central regulatory frameworks for areas like medical and technical education while allowing states policymaking autonomy. Productive Dialogue: Emphasize collaboration between central and state authorities to achieve balanced educational reforms and efficient resource allocation. -Source: The Hindu UK Teenager Becomes First to Receive Brain Implant for Epilepsy Control Context: A UK-based teenager, Oran Knowlson, has become the first person in the world to receive a brain implant to help control his epileptic seizures using a deep brain stimulation (DBS) device. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: About Deep Brain Stimulation Device What is Epilepsy? About Deep Brain Stimulation Device Overview: The Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) device is used for treating movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease and various neurological conditions. Working: Neurostimulation: Delivers constant electrical impulses to the brain to disrupt abnormal seizure-causing signals. Implantation: Surgically implanted as a 3.5 cm square, 0.6 cm thick device in the skull, anchored with screws. Electrodes: Two electrodes are inserted deep into the brain, targeting the thalamus—a relay station for motor and sensory information. These electrodes connect to the neurostimulator. Activation: The device is activated after recovery from surgery and can be recharged wirelessly. What is Epilepsy? Definition: Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures, which can manifest as jerking of arms and legs, temporary confusion, staring spells, or stiff muscles. It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Causes: Idiopathic Cases: Nearly 50% of epilepsy cases have no identifiable cause. Common Reasons: Include head trauma, brain tumors, certain infections like meningitis, and genetic factors. Impact: Risk Factors: Epilepsy increases the risk of accidents, drownings, and falls due to sudden seizures. -Source: The Hindu Syntrichia Caninervis Context: Scientists have identified a species of desert moss called ‘Syntrichia caninervis’ that could significantly impact future space exploration and colonization efforts. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Syntrichia caninervis Overview: Syntrichia caninervis is among the most abundant desert moss species globally, known for its resilience to extreme environmental conditions. Environmental Tolerance: Desiccation Tolerance: Capable of recovering within seconds after losing more than 98% of its water content. Freezing Tolerance: Exhibits extraordinary resilience, surviving temperatures as low as -196°C. Radiation Resistance: Shows high resistance to gamma radiation, with a half-lethal dose estimated at 5,000 Gy. Distribution: Global Spread: Found across diverse regions globally. Dryland Regions: Predominantly inhabits dryland areas such as the Gurbantunggut and Tengger Deserts in China, Mojave Desert in the United States. Mountainous Areas: Also found in mountainous regions including the Pamir, Tibet, Middle East, Antarctica, and circumpolar regions. Unique Adaptation: Water Collection Mechanism: Uses tiny hairs (awns) at the end of each leaf to collect water, supplementing water gathered by the leaves themselves. -Source: The Hindu Nouka Baich Boat Race Context: With the south-west monsoon gradually setting in, nouka baich boat races will soon begin in several rural pockets of West Bengal. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Nouka Baich Boat Race Overview: Nouka Baich is a traditional boat race celebrated in West Bengal, India. Timing: The races take place during September in riverine Bengal, coinciding with swollen river waters in the final weeks of the monsoon season. Some races extend into October and occasionally November in certain locations. Gender Participation: Historically dominated by men, recent years have seen increasing participation of women in these boat races. Cultural Significance: These boat races are closely associated with the worship of Manasa, the Hindu goddess of snakes. Manasa is a prominent local deity worshipped primarily by agrarian communities in rural south Bengal. Types of Boats: The races feature four to five different types of traditional boats. Commonly used boats include Chhip, Kaile Bachhhari, Chande Bachhari, Chitoi, and Sorpi. A notable boat type, the Sorengi, approximately 90 feet in length, is also seen in these races, designed to mimic natural elements. -Source: Indian Express SEBEX 2 Context: India has successfully developed and certified SEBEX 2, a new explosive that is 2.01 times more lethal than standard Trinitrotoluene (TNT). Relevance: Facts for Prelims About SEBEX 2 Overview: SEBEX 2 is considered one of the most powerful non-nuclear explosives globally. Composition: It utilizes a high-melting explosive (HMX) composition, enhancing its lethality in various munitions such as warheads, bombs, and shells. Performance: SEBEX 2 is 2.01 times more potent than standard TNT (Trinitrotoluene). TNT equivalence is a measure of explosive power, where SEBEX 2’s higher value indicates significantly greater lethality. For comparison, the Brahmos warhead, currently the most powerful conventional explosive in India, has a TNT equivalence of about 1.50. Globally, most conventional warheads range from 1.25 to 1.30 TNT equivalence. Manufacture and Initiative: Manufactured by Economic Explosives Limited (EEL) in Nagpur, a subsidiary of Solar Industries, as part of India’s Make in India initiative. Certification: SEBEX 2 has been rigorously evaluated, tested, and certified by the Indian Navy under its Defence Export Promotion Scheme. -Source: Times of India

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 July 2024

CONTENTS European Council Project-76 European Council Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India congratulated H.E António Costa on being elected as next President of the European Council. Relevance: GS II: International Relations About the European Council: Role and Purpose: The European Council is the institution of the European Union that sets the general political direction and priorities of the EU. Establishment: Formed in 1974 as an informal forum for discussion among heads of state or government of the EU member states. Gained formal status and role under the Treaty of Maastricht to provide political impetus and guidelines for the EU. Headquarters: Located in Brussels, Belgium. Membership: Composed of the heads of state or government of the 27 EU member states, the President of the European Council, and the President of the European Commission. Meetings: Typically convenes four times a year, with the President able to call additional meetings to tackle urgent matters. Decision-Making: Decisions are generally made by consensus, but in some cases, unanimity or qualified majority voting is used. Only heads of state or government have voting rights. Functions: Sets the EU’s overall political direction and priorities but does not pass laws. Handles complex or sensitive issues that cannot be resolved through lower levels of intergovernmental cooperation. Establishes the EU’s common foreign and security policy, considering strategic interests and defense implications. Nominates and appoints candidates for significant EU roles, such as positions in the European Central Bank (ECB) and the European Commission. Project-76 Context: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has taken up a preliminary study on the design and development of an indigenous conventional submarine under Project-76. Relevance: GS III: Defence About Project-76: Objective: Project 76, initiated by the Warship Design Bureau of the Indian Navy, aims to design and develop India’s first indigenously built conventional diesel-electric submarine. Scope: The plan includes constructing 12 submarines under Project 76. Design Features: These submarines will incorporate air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems and are expected to have a submerged displacement of 3,000 tons, surpassing the capabilities of their foreign-designed predecessors from Projects 751 and 75. They will succeed the Sindhughosh (Kilo) class, maintaining a robust 3,000-ton class. Technological Advancements: Expected features include advanced indigenous weapon control systems and lithium-ion batteries. Significance: Represents a crucial milestone in India’s pursuit of maritime dominance. Combines cutting-edge French technology from Project 75 with German and Spanish expertise from Project 751. Aims to start prototype construction by 2028. Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s submarine-building capabilities. Reduces dependence on foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) for submarine design.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 02 July 2024

CONTENTS India’s Solar Industry is a Goldmine for Investors India Needs the Anchor of a National Security Strategy India’s Solar Industry is a Goldmine for Investors Context: India’s solar energy sector is experiencing unprecedented growth, emerging as a lucrative opportunity for investors and entrepreneurs. Valued at $38 billion in 2021, the market is projected to expand significantly, reaching $238 billion by 2032, driven by a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 40 percent. Relevance: GS3- Solar Energy Renewable Energy Infrastructure GS2- Government Policies and Interventions Mains Question: The surge in global demand for renewable energy has placed solar power at the centre stage, particularly in India. In this context, examine the potential of the solar energy market in India as a lucrative spot for investors and entrepreneurs. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Factors that have led to this Feat: The surge in global demand for renewable energy has positioned solar power at the forefront, particularly in India, supported by favorable government policies, technological advancements, and a growing emphasis on sustainability. Technological innovations are pivotal to the sector’s success. Commercial solar panels have become more efficient in converting sunlight into electricity, maximizing power generation per square foot. The transition from polycrystalline to advanced bifacial solar panels, capable of generating electricity from both sides, underscores the industry’s focus on enhancing efficiency. In India, while PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) technology has dominated the solar panel market, there is a gradual shift towards more advanced technologies like TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) and HJT (Heterojunction Technology), driven by their superior efficiency in mass production. Government policies have played a crucial role in transforming India’s solar energy landscape. The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, with significant financial allocations (PLI-I with Rs. 4,500 crores and PLI-II with Rs. 19,500 crores), aim to boost domestic manufacturing of solar components. Supporting the “Make in India” initiative, the reinstatement of the Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM) from April 1, 2024, ensures quality control and promotes the use of domestically manufactured modules. Initiatives by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), such as the CPSU Scheme Phase-II, PM-KUSUM Component B, and the Grid-connected Rooftop Solar Programme Phase-II, mandate the use of Domestic Content Requirement (DCR) solar panels, offering subsidies to encourage solar energy adoption and support local manufacturing. In 2023, India surpassed Japan in solar power production, generating 113 billion units (BU) compared to Japan’s 110 BU. China retains its position as the top global producer of solar power, generating 584 BU in 2024, exceeding the combined output of the next four countries: the United States, Japan, Germany, and India. India currently ranks fifth globally in installed solar power capacity, boasting 73 gigawatts (GW) of capacity. The global solar generation expanded more than sixfold from 2015, whereas India’s solar generation increased by a factor of 17 during the same period. Solar power now constitutes 18% of India’s total installed electricity capacity, although it accounts for only 6.66% of the actual electricity produced, highlighting a gap between installed capacity and effective output. Environmental Impact: The solar sector in India goes beyond meeting energy needs; it also contributes positively to the environment. By increasing the use of solar power and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, the industry helps mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar power is crucial for India’s climate objectives and ensuring a sustainable future. Recent years have seen a significant decrease in the cost of solar energy, making it increasingly economical as a source of energy. Solar energy systems are becoming more reliable and durable, requiring minimal maintenance over their lifespan. Solar energy can be utilized for a wide range of applications, including electricity generation, heating, and lighting. Solar energy systems can be implemented on a small scale, allowing for local energy generation and reducing reliance on centralized energy sources. Market Potential and Investment Opportunities: India’s solar energy market offers abundant opportunities for investors and entrepreneurs alike. The sector’s rapid expansion and growing acceptance of solar power for both commercial and residential applications highlight its vast potential. With government backing and ongoing technological advancements, entry barriers are lowering, making it an attractive prospect for new ventures. Moreover, advancements in technology are enhancing efficiency and driving down costs, which in turn boosts profitability. Entrepreneurs have the opportunity to explore various segments within the industry. Recently, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private sector lending arm of the World Bank, has committed USD 105 million to partially finance a 550 Megawatt peak (MWp) solar power project in Rajasthan. MWp denotes the maximum power output capacity of a solar or wind project, which varies based on factors like sunlight intensity and wind speed. The investment aims to facilitate affordable solar electricity prices for businesses and industries throughout India via long-term energy contracts, thereby supporting the country’s goals to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Conclusion: On a broader scale, the global shift towards sustainability ensures a consistent demand for solar energy solutions, offering businesses a promising path for long-term growth. Combined with India’s robust market potential, government support, and technological innovation, the solar industry presents compelling opportunities for those seeking to invest or establish ventures in renewable energy. India Needs the Anchor of a National Security Strategy Context: The newly elected government faces persistent challenges in national security. It must decide whether to build another aircraft carrier, how to implement theaterisation, manage strategic relations with the United States, and navigate competition with China. Given the coalition’s competing demands on resources and attention, its best approach is to consider national security comprehensively from first principles. Relevance: GS3- Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas Various Security Forces & Agencies and Their Mandate Mains Question: A National Security Strategy would provide the essential intellectual framework for India to emerge as one of the world’s leading powers. Comment. (15 Marks, 250 Words). A Systemic National Security Strategy (NSS): A National Security Strategy (NSS) document outlines the country’s security objectives and the methods to achieve them. An NSS should address both traditional threats (affecting only the state) and non-traditional threats (affecting the state, individuals, and humanity as a whole). Additionally, it must operate within the framework of India’s Constitution and democratic principles. The strategy typically includes assessments of potential threats, resource allocation, diplomatic and military actions, and policies related to intelligence, defense, and other security-related areas. Most major powers have a national security strategy, but India does not. As a result, investment decisions in capabilities are often determined by negotiations among military services, leading to plans and priorities becoming stagnant and seldom reassessed systematically. Grand strategic vision remains in the hands of a few top officials, often obscured from public view or overshadowed by other political agendas. India cannot afford to remain reactive. The world is presenting numerous strategic risks, from climate change to pandemics, which demand decades of coordinated policy effort. China, in particular, poses a unique array of interconnected challenges, including a rapid naval build-up, significant geoeconomic influence in South Asia, and control over global supply chains. Even distant conflicts, such as those in Ukraine and Gaza, are introducing new technologies and tactics of war that will inevitably affect India’s neighborhood. India needs a systematic process to understand and plan for these upheavals. Benefits of a National Security Strategy: A well-crafted National Security Strategy (NSS) would provide India with five crucial benefits it currently lacks. First and foremost, it would compel the government to conduct a comprehensive strategic assessment—a review of the country’s threats and opportunities, along with an evaluation of global security trends. Such a periodic review would highlight evolving challenges, like the growth of the Chinese navy, even if they do not pose an immediate lethal threat. Without an NSS, long-term threats may be ignored until they become immediate and severe, making them much more difficult to address. Second, an NSS would offer a cohesive framework for long-term planning. Strategic competition requires extensive peacetime efforts to conceptualize how best to secure India’s expanding interests, deter its adversaries, and develop the necessary military capabilities and international partnerships. A rigorously developed NSS would provide the government with a strategic blueprint to make decisions, such as whether to prioritize the Indian Navy’s request for a new aircraft carrier or the Indian Army’s need for a new infantry division. Without such a process, scarce resources might be squandered on projects with limited strategic value, leaving the military to address capability gaps through emergency procurements. Third, an NSS would serve as a tool for signaling to both allies and adversaries. It would clarify India’s strategic intentions, such as its commitment to being a net security provider in the Indian Ocean and its readiness to counter armed coercion against smaller nations. An NSS would also elucidate India’s policy for its partners, highlighting areas of mutual interest and explaining the limitations of cooperation to avoid mismatched expectations. Fourth, an NSS would create a mechanism to synchronize the efforts of various government branches. Within the military, an NSS would give the Integrated Defence Staff and future joint organizations a clear top-down mandate to align the activities of the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Navy. Beyond the military, an NSS would set common goals and plans, enabling national security agencies—including the Ministries of Defence, External Affairs, and Home Affairs, and the intelligence agencies—to coordinate more effectively on a daily basis, rather than sporadically at the Cabinet level. Issue of Accountability: Finally, an NSS would introduce a new accountability tool, ensuring that the bureaucracy aligns with the political leadership’s intentions and that government policies are as transparent as possible to Parliament and the public. Indian citizens have a legitimate need to know how their government plans to safeguard national security and how effectively it is doing so. Conclusion: Some national security strategies are more effective than others. An effective strategy should be a public document endorsed by the Prime Minister, aimed at synchronizing efforts across the government and credibly signaling the government’s political intent domestically and internationally. While a strong NSS would not automatically resolve conflicts between various government branches, it would at least highlight trade-offs and opportunity costs, enabling political leaders to make rational decisions for long-term growth. Thus, an NSS would provide the essential intellectual framework for India to emerge as one of the world’s leading powers.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 July 2024

CONTENTS US Congress Passes Resolve Tibet Act UNODC Releases World Drug Report 2024 Implementation of the New Criminal Law Regime International Seabed Authority Celebrates 30th Anniversary Santhal Tribal Community Snowblind Malware US Congress Passes Resolve Tibet Act Context: Recently, the US Congress passed the Promoting a Resolution to Tibet-China Dispute Act, also known as the Resolve Tibet Act. This legislation aims to promote a peaceful resolution to the Tibet-China dispute. It adheres to international law and the United Nations (UN) Charter, advocating for peaceful dialogue without preconditions. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is the Resolve Tibet Act 2024? How is India’s Relation with Tibet? The China-Tibet Issue: Historical Overview Tibet and the Dalai Lama’s Impact on India-China Relations What is the Global Stand on China-Tibet Issue? What is the Resolve Tibet Act 2024? Legislation: Passed by the United States Congress in June 2024. Third significant act by the US on Tibet, following the Tibetan Policy Act (2002) and the Tibetan Policy & Support Act (2020). Objectives: Strengthen the US position on Tibet and pressure China into resuming negotiations with the Dalai Lama. Enhance US support for Tibet and empower US State Department officials to counter Chinese disinformation on Tibet. Push for negotiations “without preconditions” between the Chinese government and the Dalai Lama or his representatives. Emphasize the Tibetan people’s right to self-determination and human rights. Recognize and address the distinct historical, cultural, religious, and linguistic identity of the Tibetan people. Empower the international community to stand up for justice and peace in Tibet. Key Differences from Previous Acts: Unlike the 2002 act, which recognized China’s claim over Tibet, the Resolve Tibet Act challenges this claim directly. Encourages dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his democratically elected representatives without preconditions. Aims to “resolve differences” between the parties, going further than the Tibetan Policy & Support Act of 2020. How is India’s Relation with Tibet? Historical Context: The Younghusband Mission (1903-1904): British expedition to Tibet led by Colonel Younghusband aimed to establish a British presence and counter Russian influence, resulting in the Lhasa Convention of 1904. Anglo-Russian Convention (1907): Settled colonial disputes between Britain and Russia, stipulating that neither would negotiate with Tibet except through Chinese mediation. Cultural and Religious Ties: Despite the Sino-Russian treaty, India maintained close ties with Tibet through the influence of Buddhism. The spread of Buddhism from India to Tibet and the presence of influential Buddhist monasteries fostered strong cultural and religious connections. Border Disputes: The Sino-Indian border dispute, particularly in the Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh regions, remains a major point of contention between India and China. The status of Tibet and its historical relationship with India are central to this dispute, with both countries claiming sovereignty over the disputed territories. India’s Stand on Tibet: Since 2003, India has recognized the Tibet Autonomous Region as part of the People’s Republic of China, following the signing of the Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation between India and China. In 1959, India granted asylum to the Dalai Lama after a failed uprising. The China-Tibet Issue: Historical Overview Tibet’s Quest for Independence: Tibet is a vast region in Asia, covering about 2.4 million square kilometers, roughly a quarter of China’s territory. It serves as the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people and other ethnic groups. Tibet is renowned for its high elevation, with an average of 4,900 meters, including Mount Everest, Earth’s highest peak. Tibet declared de facto independence under the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, in 1913, a move not recognized by China. Chinese Occupation and the Seventeen Point Agreement: From 1912 until the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Tibet was not governed by any Chinese authority, and the Dalai Lama’s government administered the region. In 1951, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) entered Tibet, leading to a forced treaty known as the “Seventeen Point Agreement.” This agreement claims to guarantee Tibetan autonomy and religious freedom but permits the establishment of Chinese offices in Lhasa, Tibet’s capital. The treaty is widely regarded as invalid by Tibetans and third-party observers, often termed a “cultural genocide.” 1959 Tibetan Uprising: Escalating tensions between Tibet and China reached a climax in 1959 when the Dalai Lama and his supporters sought asylum in India. Aftermath of the 1959 Tibetan Uprising: Since 1959, China has increasingly tightened its control over Tibet, resulting in a lack of freedom of speech, religion, and press. Tibetans have faced forced abortion, sterilization, and an influx of low-income Han Chinese residents, which threatens Tibetan culture. Although China has improved infrastructure in Tibet, such as Lhasa, it has also encouraged a demographic shift by relocating Han Chinese citizens to the region. Tibet and the Dalai Lama’s Impact on India-China Relations Historical Neighbors: Tibet historically shared its boundaries with India, and the Line of Actual Control (LAC) stretches for 3,500 kilometers in the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The 1914 Simla Convention, which delineated boundaries, was signed by Tibetan representatives alongside Chinese officials and British India. However, China’s full annexation of Tibet in 1950 led to a repudiation of the Simla Convention and the McMahon Line, which separated the two countries. Recognition of Tibet: In 1954, India signed an agreement recognizing Tibet as a “Tibet region of China,” reflecting the changing dynamics of the region. The presence of the Dalai Lama in India remains a persistent issue in India-China relations, as China views him as a separatist figure. Tibet’s Geopolitical Significance: The Tibetan plateau holds strategic importance in terms of water resources and geopolitical considerations, further complicating India-China-Tibet relations. What is the Global Stand on China-Tibet Issue? China’s Claim: China asserts that Tibet has been part of its territory since the 13th century and implements policies aimed at developing the region. China considers Tibet an autonomous region with significant rights and accuses the Dalai Lama of seeking independence. Concerns Over Dalai Lama’s Successor: China is apprehensive about the future selection of the Dalai Lama, fearing that a successor chosen by the Tibetan community might challenge its authority in Tibet. Support from Western Countries: Some Western nations, such as the US and Canada, have expressed support for Tibetan autonomy and human rights. Central Tibetan Administration (CTA): The CTA, the Tibetan government-in-exile led by the Dalai Lama, is not recognized by the international community, including India. Neutral Stance by Many Countries: Numerous countries, especially those with strong ties to China, maintain a neutral stance and prioritize diplomatic and economic cooperation with China. Cautious Approach by Neighbouring Countries: Neighboring countries like Nepal and Bhutan adopt a cautious approach to avoid escalating tensions with China. Concerns by International Organizations: International organizations, including the United Nations (UN), have raised concerns about human rights abuses in Tibet, highlighting restrictions on religious freedom and cultural suppression. -Source: The Hindu UNODC Releases World Drug Report 2024 Context: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) recently released its World Drug Report 2024. This report highlights escalating concerns in the international drug landscape, drawing global attention to the issue. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What are the Highlights of the Report? Who are the Major Drug-Producing Regions in the World? What are the Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse in India? What are the Various Challenges for India in Drug Trafficking? What are the Highlights of the Report? Global Drug Usage: In 2022, the number of drug users worldwide reached 292 million, showing a 20% increase over the past decade. Popular Drugs: Cannabis is the most popular drug, with 228 million users, followed by opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy. New Synthetic Opioids: The report highlights nitazenes, a new class of synthetic opioids more potent than fentanyl, linked to an increase in overdose deaths, especially in high-income countries. Treatment Gap: Out of 64 million people suffering from drug use disorders, only one in 11 receive treatment. Significant gender gap in treatment access, with only one in 18 women receiving treatment compared to one in seven men. Indian States with Highest FIRs: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Punjab have the highest number of FIRs registered under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS Act) in the past three years. Who are the Major Drug-Producing Regions in the World? The Golden Crescent: Comprises Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, a major hub for opium production and distribution. Affects Indian states like Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. The Golden Triangle: Located at the intersection of Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand, notorious for heroin production (Myanmar produces 80% of global heroin). Trafficking routes pass through Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and India. What are the Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse in India? Economic and Social Factors: Individuals in lower-income groups use cheap, readily available drugs to temporarily escape harsh realities like poverty, unemployment, and poor living conditions. A slum rehabilitation program in Chennai reported that 70% of adult drug users cited poverty-related stress as a key factor. Youth and Social Influence: Teenagers experiment with drugs at parties to fit in or appear cool, influenced by celebrities and social media portraying drug use as fashionable. Organized Crime: Organized crime syndicates exploit legal system loopholes, such as weak border controls, to smuggle drugs. In 2023, a cybercrime unit uncovered a network using Instagram to advertise pharma parties in Goa, reaching over 100,000 potential attendees. The Border Security Force reported a 35% increase in drug seizures along the India-Pakistan border in 2023. What are the Various Challenges for India in Drug Trafficking? Geopolitical and Security Challenges: The India-Myanmar border, characterized by rough terrain and dense forests, presents security challenges. Illicit drug flows through India threaten both national security and public health. Socioeconomic Issues: Poverty, unemployment, and illiteracy in the North Eastern regions contribute to local involvement in drug-related criminal activities. Some local tribes and residents may participate out of economic necessity or misplaced sympathy. Proximity to Major Drug-Producing Regions: The Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle regions collectively meet about 90% of the world’s drug demand. India’s proximity to these areas increases its exposure to drug trafficking. Technological Challenges: Recent incidents in Punjab have revealed the use of drones for cross-border drug and weapon smuggling. Emerging Cocaine Market: India has become a popular destination for cocaine, controlled by South American cartels. These cartels have established complex networks involving Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) in countries like Canada, Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and various European nations, as well as local drug dealers and gangsters in India. -Source: Down To Earth Implementation of the New Criminal Law Regime Context: Three new criminal laws – Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) – came into effect across the country on July 1. They brought widespread changes in India’s criminal justice system and ended colonial-era laws – the Indian Penal Code (1860), Code of Criminal Procedure (1973) and the Indian Evidence Act (1872). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Detailed Analysis of the Three New Criminal Codes: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Pros and Cons of the New Legislation Government’s Steps for Enforcing the New Codes Detailed Analysis of the Three New Criminal Codes: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Introduction of Fresh Offences: Clause 69: Punishes sexual intercourse obtained through “deceitful means” with up to 10 years imprisonment and a fine. Includes false promises of employment, promotion, inducement, or marriage after concealing identity. Critics suggest this could criminalise consensual relationships and support the “love jihad” narrative. Clause 103: Identifies murder on the basis of race, caste, or community as a distinct offence. Addresses lynching with legal recognition following a 2018 Supreme Court directive. Organised Crime and Terrorism: Section 111(1) is largely inspired by the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). Includes kidnapping, robbery, vehicle theft, extortion, land grabbing, contract killing, economic crimes, cyber-crimes, etc. Clause 304(1): Defines snatching as a new and distinct offence from theft. Community Service as Punishment: Introduced for minor theft, defamation, and suicide attempts to hinder a public official. Not explicitly defined, left to the judge’s discretion. Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) Increase in Police Custody Duration: Extends detention from 15 days to up to 90 days. Focus on Victim Rights: Requires victims to be heard before the withdrawal of cases with punishments of seven years or more. In Absentia Trials: Permits trials and convictions without the accused present. Criticised for potentially inadequate efforts to locate the accused. Abolition of Statutory Bail: Removes automatic bail provisions if an accused faces multiple charges. Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) Redefined “Document”: Includes electronic and digital records as primary evidence. Grants digital records the same legal status as physical documents. Broadened Scope of Secondary Evidence: Adds oral admissions, written submissions, etc. Changes in Confessional Admissions: Deems confessions by accused individuals irrelevant in criminal proceedings. Pros and Cons of the New Legislation Advantages: Minor Wife Sexual Intercourse: Classified as rape. Recognition of Mob-Lynching: Legislative acknowledgment of such hate crimes. Exclusion of Section 377: Omits the controversial clause criminalising “carnal intercourse against the order of nature.” Promotion of Video-Trials: Aims to expedite justice delivery through video-conferencing and defined trial timelines. Concerns: Consultation and Passage Issues: The consultation process during the pandemic and rapid passage through Parliament have raised concerns. Overhaul of Existing Laws: Legal experts believe the new laws do not thoroughly reform existing ones. Broadened Sedition Definition: The new laws introduce a wider definition of sedition. Gender-Specific Rape Laws: No provisions for male victims of sexual assault. Government’s Steps for Enforcing the New Codes Training and Education: Bar Council of India requires new laws to be included in university courses from the 2024-25 academic year. Awareness and Public Information: Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) coordinates a public awareness campaign with the Inter-Ministerial Group. Technological Improvements: NCRB made 23 enhancements to the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) for tech compatibility. NIC developed applications like eSakshya, NyayShruti, and eSummon for crime scene videography, judicial hearings, and court summons delivery. Building Capacity: BPR&D created 13 training modules for police, prisons, prosecutors, judicial officers, forensic experts, and central police organisations. -Source: Indian Express International Seabed Authority Celebrates 30th Anniversary Context: The International Seabed Authority (ISA), an agency under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), recently celebrated its 30th anniversary. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: International Seabed Authority (ISA) India and the ISA International Seabed Authority (ISA) Overview: The ISA is an independent global organization formed under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 1994 Agreement for implementing Part XI of UNCLOS. Headquarters: Located in Kingston, Jamaica. Membership: Comprises 168 Member States, including India, along with the European Union. Jurisdiction: Oversees approximately 54% of the world’s ocean areas. Core Responsibilities: Regulation: Supervises all exploration and exploitation activities related to deep-sea minerals. Environmental Protection: Ensures the safeguarding of the marine environment from adverse impacts of deep-seabed activities. Scientific Research: Promotes marine scientific studies and research. India and the ISA Recent Developments: On 18th January 2024, India submitted applications for exploration in the international seabed area of the Indian Ocean, targeting: Polymetallic sulphides in the Indian Ocean Ridge (Carlsberg Ridge). Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts on the Afanasy-Nikitin Seamount in the Central Indian Ocean. Current Contracts: India holds two existing contracts for exploration in the Indian Ocean: Polymetallic nodules and sulphides in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and Ridge. -Source: The Hindu Santhal Tribal Community Context: The Prime Minister recently paid tribute to the sacrifices and bravery of the Santhal tribal community. Relevance: GS I: History About Santhal Tribal Community: Demographics: Santhals are the third largest scheduled tribe in India, following Gonds and Bhils. Predominantly found in Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Orissa in eastern India. Language: They speak Santhali, a Kherwari dialect from the Munda (Austroasiatic) language family. Santhali, written in the Ol-Chiki script, is listed as a scheduled language in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. History and Settlement: Initially nomadic, the Santhals settled on the Chotanagpur plateau. By the late 18th century, they concentrated in the Santhal Parganas of Jharkhand (previously part of Bihar) and later moved to Odisha and West Bengal. Religion: Santhals are nature worshippers, often seen paying respects at Jaher (sacred groves) within their villages. Traditional Dress: Men typically wear dhoti and gamuchha. Women wear short-check sarees, usually blue and green, and often adorn themselves with tattoos. Marriage Customs: Santhal society accepts various forms of marriage, including elopement, widow remarriage, levirate, forced (rare), and compensatory marriage for impregnation. Divorce is not taboo, and either partner can initiate it. Occupations: Primarily agriculturists, they rely on farming and forest resources. Seasonal forest collection is a significant source of supplementary income. Cultural Practices: Dance (enej) and music (sereng) are essential aspects of Santhal culture. Their homes, known as Olah, feature a unique three-color pattern: black soil at the bottom, white in the middle, and red at the top. Historical Significance: The Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) was a notable uprising against British rule, marking India’s first significant peasant revolt. The rebellion, led by Sido and Kanhu, was driven by the grievances arising from the Permanent Land Settlement of 1793, impacting regions of Bihar. -Source: Times of India Snowblind Malware Context: A new banking malware called ‘Snowblind’ is targeting Android users to steal banking credentials. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Snowblind Malware: Nature of Malware: Snowblind is a new type of Android malware designed to exploit a built-in Android security feature to bypass anti-tamper mechanisms and steal banking credentials. Mechanism: Exploitation of Security Features: It leverages an Android security feature to bypass tamper protection in applications handling sensitive data. Repacking Apps: The malware repacks applications, making it impossible to detect accessibility features used to extract sensitive information like login credentials, and gain remote access to the app. Seccomp Feature: Snowblind exploits a feature called ‘seccomp’ (secure computing), which is part of the underlying Linux kernel and the Android operating system, used to check applications for tampering. Infection Process: Injection of Code: The malware injects a piece of code that loads before seccomp initializes anti-tampering measures. This allows the malware to bypass security mechanisms and use accessibility services to view the victim’s screen remotely. Disabling Security Features: Snowblind can disable biometric and two-factor authentication, common security features in banking apps to prevent unauthorized access. Source of Infection: Like typical Android malware, Snowblind infects users who download and install apps from untrusted sources. Geographic Impact: While the exact number of affected devices is unknown, Snowblind is reported to be most active in Southeast Asia. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 July 2024

CONTENTS National Statistics Day Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise National Statistics Day Context: National Statistics Day is celebrated in India on June 29 every year. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About National Statistics Day Who is Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis? About National Statistics Day: Purpose and Recognition: Celebrated to honor the significant contributions of Professor (late) Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in statistics and economic planning. Aims to raise public awareness, especially among the youth, about the importance of statistics in socio-economic planning and policy formulation for the country’s development. History and Themes: Inception: Since 2007, celebrated annually with a theme of contemporary national importance. 2024 Theme: “Use of data for decision-making”. Emphasizes the importance of data-driven decision-making for informed decisions and better understanding of statistical information for evidence-based policymaking. Who is Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis? Birth and Legacy: Born on 29 June 1893. Known as the father of Indian statistics, an influential Indian scientist and statistician. His contributions to India’s post-independence economic planning are significant. Achievements: Founder: Established the Indian Statistical Institute in 1931, a premier institution for statistical research and training. Awards: Received the Padma Vibhushan, one of India’s highest civilian awards, for his contributions to science. Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise Context: Indian multi-role stealth frigate INS Shivalik, mission deployed in South China Sea and North Pacific Ocean, has reached Pearl Harbour in Hawaii to take part in the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise: Overview: The world’s largest international maritime exercise, conducted in Hawaii. Aims to enhance interoperability and build trust among the navies of friendly nations. Theme and Duration: Held under the theme “Partners: Integrated and Prepared”, running until August 1. Led by the US Navy with participation from approximately 29 countries. Exercise Phases: Harbour Phase (June 27 to July 7, 2024): Involves multiple symposiums, exercise planning discussions, sports competitions, and reciprocal deck visits. Sea Phase: Divided into three sub-phases, featuring ships undertaking basic and advanced integration exercises. Key Participants and Activities: Aircraft Carrier Battle Group, submarines, maritime reconnaissance aircraft. Unmanned aerial vehicles, remotely piloted surface ships. Amphibious force landing operations, including joint operations with special forces of multinational navies. Purpose and Benefits: Provides a unique training opportunity. Fosters and sustains cooperative relationships among participants. Ensures the safety of sea lanes and security of the world’s oceans.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 July 2024

CONTENTS Navigating Farmer Discontent Amid Unfulfilled Promises India will be a True Welfare State when Discrimination is Eliminated Navigating Farmer Discontent Amid Unfulfilled Promises Context: Agriculture has long been a fundamental part of India’s economy and societal framework. Despite its importance, the sector has experienced a strained relationship with the central Government in recent years. Approximately 65 percent of India’s population resides in rural areas, with 47 percent dependent on agriculture. Relevance: GS3- Different Sectors of the Economy Cropping Patterns Food Security Mains Question: As the government embarks on its third tenure, winning back the trust of the farming community will require genuine and substantial reforms that prioritise farmers’ welfare. Analyse. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Growth of the Agriculture Sector in India: Despite India’s rapid economic expansion, agricultural income has remained stagnant, averaging around Rs 10,000 per month in 2019, with half of the families in debt and lacking access to traditional financing. Public investment in agriculture has decreased over the past decade, and necessary reforms have not been implemented. As a result, the agriculture sector, which employs nearly half of India’s workforce, contributes less than one-fifth to the GDP. The Government’s pledge to double farmers’ income by 2022 has not been fulfilled. Farmer’s Reaction to Policies Aiming to Transform Agriculture: The ambitious promises and policies from the Union Government intended to transform agriculture have often been met with skepticism and frustration from the farming community. This dissatisfaction was clearly evident in the recent general election results in States like Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. Persistent issues in the sector, such as the controversial farming laws and the unfulfilled demand for a legal guarantee of the Minimum Support Price (MSP), continue to provoke farmers’ distress and anger. During the government’s first term beginning in 2014, there was a significant emphasis on agriculture with a pledge to double farmers’ income. However, these promises were marred by controversies and policies seen as anti-farmer. The discontent among farmers peaked in 2020-21, leading to nationwide protests against farm laws intended to liberalize crop sales, pricing, and storage regulations. The protests concluded after the government agreed to repeal these laws. Farmers demanded a legally guaranteed Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 23 crops, set at 50 percent above production costs as recommended by scientist MS Swaminathan. Although the Government sets MSPs for 22 crops, it mainly purchases wheat and rice for welfare programs, and private buyers are not legally required to pay MSP. The farm laws, intended to liberalize agriculture, were perceived by many farmers as a threat to their livelihoods. The ensuing prolonged protests resulted in the withdrawal of these laws, but the underlying dissatisfaction remained. This ongoing frustration was reflected in the recent Lok Sabha elections, where the ruling party suffered notable losses in key agricultural regions. Way Forward: Looking ahead, newly appointed Agriculture Minister will need to leverage his expertise in transforming Madhya Pradesh’s agricultural landscape on a national scale to tackle these challenges. One of the critical demands from the farming community is the legal guarantee of the Minimum Support Price (MSP).  The Government’s failure to meet this demand has been a major source of frustration. Farmers argue that a legally guaranteed MSP would protect them against market fluctuations and exploitation by middlemen. Despite multiple assurances, the administration has not enacted legislation to this effect, leading to a perception that farmers’ interests are being overlooked. Experts suggest that legally guaranteeing MSP could result in fiscal burdens and potential inflationary effects, though opinions differ on the extent of this impact. Some argue that controlling cultivation costs could mitigate inflation concerns. The cost of implementing MSP for all crops is uncertain, varying with market prices, Government procurement quantities, and duration. Estimates range from CRISIL Market Intelligence & Analytics’ 210 billion rupees to other analysts’ 10 trillion rupees annually. A more effective approach might involve direct income support linked to farmland investment, alongside revamping the current procurement process. Farmers could also benefit from a price stabilization fund to cover the difference when market prices fall below MSP levels. This combination of strategies could better support farmers without causing significant fiscal or inflationary issues. Conclusion: In response to the ongoing challenges in the agricultural sector, the Government plans to introduce several initiatives to appease the agrarian community. Among these, the Krishi Sakhi Convergence Program (KSCP) stands out as a significant and ambitious effort. The Government’s focus on agriculture, highlighted by programs like the KSCP, reflects a recognition of the critical role farming plays in India. India will be a True Welfare State when Discrimination is Eliminated Context: In India’s vibrant democratic fabric, the concept of a welfare state has been fundamental since its inception. Rooted in the Constitution, the commitment to justice, equality, and the advancement of general welfare defines India’s core values. Yet, within this noble vision lies a stark reality often overlooked—the profound challenges confronting individuals with disabilities. Relevance: GS2- Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes Mains Question: India’s genuine progress will be reflected in its dedication to inclusivity, especially in upholding the dignity of individuals with disabilities. Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Disability in India: Despite the presence of legal frameworks such as the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, and international commitments like the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the everyday realities faced by people with disabilities present a contrasting narrative. In India, disability represents more than a physical or mental condition; it embodies a multifaceted barrier that obstructs access to fundamental rights and opportunities. From systemic discrimination to inadequate infrastructure, individuals with disabilities encounter hurdles in all aspects of life. Essential areas like education, employment, and healthcare—foundations of a welfare state—often remain distant aspirations for them. Education as a Tool of Empowerment: Education is frequently touted as crucial for progress and empowerment. However, many disabled students in India face significant barriers to accessing quality education. Despite the existence of the National Education Policy and the Right to Education Act, educational institutions often lack the necessary support systems and infrastructure to accommodate diverse needs. There is a stark disparity in enrollment rates between disabled and non-disabled students, with the national average for non-disabled students at 28.4% compared to less than 2% for disabled students, according to government data from UDISE+. Moreover, dropout rates exceed 75% among students with disabilities in higher education. Employment Landscape: Likewise, the employment landscape for persons with disabilities remains grim. Despite efforts to promote inclusivity, the private sector often shows reluctance, citing concerns about productivity, costs, and a perceived shortage of skilled resources. Consequently, unemployment rates among the disabled population are disproportionately high, exacerbating their economic vulnerability and dependence on social welfare programs. Access to Healthcare: Healthcare, another critical pillar of a welfare state, poses unique challenges for persons with disabilities. Limited access to specialized care, the high costs associated with assistive devices, and stigma within healthcare facilities all contribute to their marginalized status. Amid these challenges, India’s identity as a welfare state often fails to meet the needs of millions of disabled citizens. Way Forward: Firstly, disability should be seen not as a limitation but as a form of diversity that enriches society. Secondly, substantial investments are required in creating accessible infrastructure and services across all sectors. This includes constructing barrier-free buildings and implementing inclusive technology to foster equal participation. Proactive measures such as affirmative action policies, vocational training programs, and initiatives to sensitize employers are essential steps forward. Achieving a genuinely inclusive society demands coordinated efforts on multiple fronts. India’s path towards fulfilling its role as a welfare state must prioritize the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. Disability inclusion should be integrated into every aspect of policy and decision-making, rather than being an afterthought. Conclusion: The true essence of a welfare state isn’t solely about lofty ideals or legislative frameworks, but about real and measurable improvements in the lives of its most vulnerable members. It is crucial for the government, civil society, and the private sector to translate rhetoric into action and ensure the inclusion and empowerment of persons with disabilities.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 July 2024

CONTENTS First Coal Shipment from Russia to India via INSTC NTA Under Scrutiny for Examination Irregularities Patent Filing Error by Bharat Biotech for Covaxin Proposal to Use Enemy Agents Ordinance in Jammu and Kashmir Saubhagya Scheme Interest Equalisation Scheme First Coal Shipment from Russia to India via INSTC Context: Recently, Russia has sent two trains carrying coal to India through the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) for the first time. The consignment will travel over 7,200 km from St. Petersburg, Russia to Mumbai port via Bandar Abbas port of Iran. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)? Significance of INSTC for India Challenges Related to Full Utilization of INSTC What is the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)? Overview: The INSTC is a 7,200-kilometer multimodal transit route that links the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran and extends to northern Europe through St. Petersburg in Russia. Connections: It integrates shipping, rail, and road networks to facilitate cargo movement between India, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Central Asia, and Europe. Inception: Initiated on September 12, 2000, in St. Petersburg, the corridor was established by a trilateral agreement among Iran, Russia, and India during the Euro-Asian Conference on Transport in 2000 to enhance transportation cooperation. Membership Expansion: Initially consisting of three countries, the INSTC has expanded to include ten more members, totaling 13: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Syria, Belarus, and Oman. Modes of Transport in INSTC Central Corridor: This route starts at the Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai, connecting to the Bandar Abbas port in Iran on the Strait of Hormuz. It traverses Iranian territory via Nowshahr, Amirabad, and Bandar-e-Anzali, running along the Caspian Sea to reach the Olya and Astrakhan Ports in Russia. Western Corridor: This pathway links the railway networks of Azerbaijan and Iran through the cross-border nodal points of Astara (Azerbaijan) and Astara (Iran), extending to the Jawaharlal Nehru port in India via sea. Eastern Corridor: This route connects Russia to India through the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Significance of INSTC for India Trade Security: The corridor allows India to bypass chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea (Suez Canal route), enhancing trade security. Alternative Routes: The Israel-Hamas conflict and the Houthi attacks on ships in the southern Red Sea underscore the importance of alternative trade routes. Bypassing Pakistan and Afghanistan: INSTC enables India to circumvent Pakistan and unstable Afghanistan to access Central Asia. Market Connectivity: It connects India to markets in Russia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, facilitating trade, energy cooperation, defense, counterterrorism, and cultural exchanges with Central Asian Republics through initiatives like “Connect Central Asia.” Efficiency: The corridor reduces transit time by 20 days and freight costs by 30% compared to the Suez Canal route. Energy Access: INSTC facilitates India’s access to energy resources in Russia and Central Asia, reducing reliance on the Middle East. Increased Imports: Post the Russia-Ukraine war, imports of metallurgical coal from Russia have tripled, with expectations of further growth amid declining imports from Australia. Strategic Investments: India’s investment in the Chabahar Port in Iran’s Sistan-Balochistan province aims to facilitate trade with Central Asian countries. This port is critical for India, Iran, and Afghanistan, offering direct sea access and trade opportunities in the region. Challenges Related to Full Utilization of INSTC Financial Funding: Unlike China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which has dedicated funding institutions, INSTC lacks significant financial backing from major institutions like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. Sanctions on Iran: The US’s withdrawal from the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) in 2018 led to harsh sanctions on Iran, causing many global companies to pull out from infrastructure projects in the country. Security Threats: The presence of terrorist organizations like the Islamic State (IS) in Central Asia poses a significant security threat along the corridor, deterring investment and smooth operation. Regulatory Disparities: Differences in customs regulations and tariff structures across member states create complexities and delays for cargo movement. Infrastructure Development: The corridor’s various transport modes (ship, rail, road) face uneven infrastructure development, particularly the underdeveloped rail networks in Iran, which create bottlenecks and hinder the seamless movement of goods. Lack of Coordination: There is an absence of a joint work plan for developing the corridor and its business ecosystem. -Source: Economic Times NTA Under Scrutiny for Examination Irregularities Context: With widespread allegations of cheating, paper leaks, and other irregularities impacting flagship examinations such as the NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test), the National Testing Agency (NTA) has come under intense fire. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: The National Testing Agency (NTA) Issues Faced by the NTA Recommendations for Reforming India’s Examination Process NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) The National Testing Agency (NTA) Background: In 2010, a committee of IIT directors proposed creating an autonomous and transparent testing body, inspired by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) of the US. Before the NTA, entities like the UGC, CBSE, and central universities such as Delhi University and JNU conducted their own entrance exams. About NTA: Established in 2017, it operates as a specialist, self-sustaining, and autonomous organization under the Union Ministry of Education. Registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860 and subject to the Right to Information (RTI) Act. Objectives: Address challenges in assessing candidates’ competence, adhering to international standards, ensuring efficiency, transparency, and error-free delivery. Conduct efficient and transparent tests, research and development, and expert collaboration information dissemination. Functions: Conducting Exams: Administering entrance examinations for higher educational institutions. Creating Question Banks: Developing a question bank using modern techniques. Research and Development: Establishing a strong research and development culture. Collaborations: Working with international organizations like ETS (Educational Testing Services). Other Exams: Undertaking any other examination entrusted by the Ministries or Departments of Government of India/State Governments. Examinations Conducted: JEE (Main), NEET-UG, Common Management Admission Test (CMAT), Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT), and University Grants Commission-National Eligibility Test (UGC-NET). The National Education Policy 2020 recommended a broader role for the NTA, suggesting it conduct entrance or aptitude tests for all universities across the country. Currently, the NTA oversees more than 20 examinations. Administration: The director general and governing body are appointed by the Union government. The core team includes test item writers, researchers, psychometricians, and education specialists. Operates six verticals, each focusing on different examinations, employing about six researchers per vertical, including internationally recognized experts. Issues Faced by the NTA Computer-Based Tests: Ensures high volume processing within a short period. Due to the National Informatics Centre’s (NIC) lack of capacity, third-party technical partners are engaged, which can lead to accountability issues and exploitation by unscrupulous players. Outsourced Functions: Initially set up with only 25 permanent staff positions, relying heavily on outsourced technical partners. This setup can lead to potential malpractice at various stages, including question paper setting and encryption, selection of printing presses and exam centers, transportation, storage, distribution, and answer sheet collection and evaluation. Incidents and Criticisms: Faced criticism for awarding grace marks to 1,563 NEET candidates due to delays, leading to accusations of inflated marks and 67 candidates sharing the top rank. Integrity issues in NEET-UG and UGC-NET exams due to alleged leaks and breaches. Recommendations for Reforming India’s Examination Process K. Radhakrishnan Committee: Formed to recommend reforms in the examination process, improve data security protocols, and overhaul the NTA’s functioning. Equipping for Pen-and-Paper Examinations: Necessary for equitable access, particularly for students in rural and remote areas with limited technology access. Decentralized Structures: Needed to address the vastly differing needs of institutions. Radical Reform of the Assessment System: Includes periodic assessments of knowledge, concept-based understanding, and incorporating aptitude tests in the final years of school as a precursor to the admission process. NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test): Purpose: NEET is an entrance examination for students aspiring to pursue undergraduate medical courses (MBBS/BDS) and postgraduate courses (MD/MS) in government or private medical colleges. Objective: To standardize the admission process for medical and dental courses across India, ensuring a uniform evaluation of candidates’ eligibility. Conducted by: The NTA conducts NEET on behalf of the Ministry of Education. -Source: The Hindu Patent Filing Error by Bharat Biotech for Covaxin Context: Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL), the creator of the Indian coronavirus vaccine Covaxin, admitted to an unintended mistake in its patent filings. These filings aim to protect the vaccine’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Despite being one of India’s top biotechnology companies, BBIL forgot to list the scientists from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) as co-inventors in the patent documents for Covaxin. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Controversy Surrounding the Covaxin IPR Roles of BBIL and ICMR What are Patents and IPR? Conclusion Controversy Surrounding the Covaxin IPR Patent Explanation: BBIL patented the vaccine-making process using virus strains from ICMR-NIV (National Institute of Virology). ICMR-NIV focuses on extracting, identifying, and testing viruses from blood samples. Vaccine Development: Industrial-scale vaccine production requires specialized facilities. Covaxin, developed by BBIL, is an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the body to produce protective antibodies, with an added adjuvant to boost effectiveness. Vaccine manufacturers use unique methods to combine these steps, maintaining a competitive edge and preventing process copying to secure temporary monopolies and profits. Patent Process: Companies can apply for patents in multiple countries, but approval requires proving novelty or inventiveness. Bharat Biotech has not yet received these patents. Roles of BBIL and ICMR Collaboration: BBIL and ICMR-NIV collaborated on every step of Covaxin’s development, with an agreement detailing each organization’s responsibilities. The agreement was made public due to ICMR being a public entity and the COVID crisis scale, partially revealed in the Rajya Sabha in July 2021. Beyond providing virus strains, ICMR tested the vaccine on animals and humans to ensure efficacy. ICMR funded clinical trials with ₹35 crore, incurring development costs, and was to receive 5% of royalties from Covaxin sales. Intellectual Property Rights: Initially, it was believed both entities would share intellectual property rights. BBIL initially claimed a distinction between rights to make the vaccine and rights to clinical trial data, excluding ICMR from patent applications due to its lack of investment in production. Following scrutiny, BBIL acknowledged an error and plans to file new applications listing ICMR personnel as co-inventors. What are Patents and IPR? Definition: A patent is a significant Intellectual Property Right (IPR) granting an exclusive monopoly by the government to an inventor for a limited, pre-defined period. It provides a legal right to prevent others from replicating the invention. Types of Patents: Product Patent: Protects the rights to the final product, preventing anyone other than the patent holder from manufacturing it during a specified period. Process Patent: Allows others to manufacture the patented product by altering certain processes in the production exercise. History in India: Initially, India adopted process patenting in the 1970s, which enabled the country to become a significant producer of generic drugs on a global scale. Due to obligations under the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement, product patenting is now also permitted in India. TRIPS is an international legal agreement among all member nations of the World Trade Organization. Conclusion Complexity of IPR: IPR is intricate and encompasses all facets of product invention. Pharmaceutical Development: Creating pharmaceutical products necessitates diverse expertise, making it challenging for individual firms to manage everything independently. Licensing Agreements: Companies frequently enter into multiple licensing agreements, similar to BBIL’s collaboration with Virovax for an adjuvant. Collaboration and Inventorship: When multiple entities collaborate on a single product, being listed as an inventor influences the distribution of IPR, royalties, and product usage. Common Disputes: Disputes over IPR are prevalent in all fields. In patent filings, particularly in the U.S., failing to list all inventors can lead to the rejection of patent applications. -Source: The Hindu Proposal to Use Enemy Agents Ordinance in Jammu and Kashmir Context: Recently, Jammu and Kashmir’s Director General of Police (DGP) proposed using the Enemy Agents Ordinance of 2005. This ordinance includes penalties such as life imprisonment or the death penalty. The proposal aims to prosecute militant supporters under this ordinance instead of the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is the Enemy Agent Ordinance? The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 Issues with UAPA What is the Enemy Agent Ordinance? Introduction and History: Introduced in 1917 by the Dogra Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). The term ‘ordinance’ reflects the legal terminology of the Dogra era. Re-enacted in 1948 by the Maharaja using his legislative powers under Section 5 of the Constitution Act of Kashmir, 1939. Incorporated into the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution of 1957, specifically under Section 157. Post-Abrogation of Article 370: Key security legislations such as the Enemy Agents Ordinance and Public Safety Act were retained. Certain laws like the Ranbir Penal Code were replaced by the Indian Penal Code. Key Provisions of the Enemy Agent Ordinance: Definition of Enemy Agent: Targets agents or friends of the enemy rather than the enemy itself. Defines the enemy in the context of the 1947 tribal invasion of Kashmir. Anyone conspiring with another to aid the enemy is considered an enemy agent. Punishment: Enemy agents may face death, life imprisonment, or rigorous imprisonment up to 10 years, along with potential fines. Judicial Validation and Trial: In the Rehman Shagoo vs State of Jammu and Kashmir Case, 1959, the Supreme Court upheld the ordinance. Trials are conducted by a special government-appointed judge in consultation with the High Court. Accused individuals cannot engage a lawyer unless permitted by the court and there is no provision for appeal against the verdict. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) of 1967 is an upgrade on the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act TADA (which lapsed in 1995) and the Prevention of Terrorism Act – POTA (which was repealed in 2004). Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. The National Integration Council appointed a Committee on National Integration and Regionalisation to look into, the aspect of putting reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India. The agenda of the NIC limited itself to communalism, casteism and regionalism and not terrorism. However, the provisions of the UAPA Act contravenes the requirements of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Unlawful Activities Prevention Amendment Bill, 2019 The original Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967, dealt with “unlawful” acts related to secession; anti-terror provisions were introduced in 2004. It provides special procedures to deal with terrorist activities, among other things. Key Provisions of the Amendment The Bill amends the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA) and additionally empowers the government to designate individuals as terrorists on the same grounds. Under the Act, the central government may designate an organisation as a terrorist organisation if it: commits or participates in acts of terrorism prepares for terrorism promotes terrorism is otherwise involved in terrorism The word “terror” or “terrorist” is not defined. However, a “terrorist act” is defined as any act committed with the intent – to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security, economic security, or sovereignty of India to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country The central government may designate an individual as a terrorist through a notification in the official gazette. The Bill empowers the officers of the National Investigation Agency (NIA), of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases. Under the Act, an investigating officer can seize properties that may be connected with terrorism with prior approval of the Director General of Police. Issues with UAPA UAPA gives the state authority vague powers to detain and arrest individuals who it believes to be indulged in terrorist activities. Thus, the state gives itself more powers vis-a-vis individual liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. UAPA empowers the ruling government, under the garb of curbing terrorism, to impose indirect restriction on right of dissent which is detrimental for a developing democratic society. The right of dissent is a part and parcel of fundamental right to free speech and expression and therefore, cannot be abridged in any circumstances except for mentioned in Article 19 (2). UAPA can also be thought of to go against the federal structure since it neglects the authority of state police in terrorism cases, given that ‘Police’ is a state subject under 7th schedule of Indian Constitution. -Source: The Hindu Saubhagya Scheme Context: The Meghalaya Lokayukta recently issued notifications to the former chief secretary and other former officials of the Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited (MeECL) for their alleged irregularities in the implementation of the Saubhagya scheme in the state. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Saubhagya Scheme: Launch: The Government of India initiated the Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA) in October 2017. Objective: Achieving universal household electrification by providing electricity connections to all un-electrified households in rural areas and all poor households in urban areas. Provisions: Under the Saubhagya scheme, LED bulbs, wire, holders, switches, etc., are provided to BPL families free of cost. Salient Features: Last-mile connectivity and electricity connections to all un-electrified households in rural areas. Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV)-based standalone systems for un-electrified households in remote and inaccessible villages where grid extension is not feasible or cost-effective. Last mile connectivity and electricity connections to all remaining economically poor un-electrified households in urban areas (excluding non-poor urban households). Cost and Implementation: In rural areas, families other than BPL families must pay Rs. 500 for the electricity connection, payable in 10 equal installments of Rs. 50. BPL families in urban areas will receive free power connections. Families in rural areas, where grid supply is not possible, will receive electricity through solar energy. Nodal Agency: The Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) is designated as the nodal agency for the Saubhagya scheme. Beneficiaries Identification: Beneficiaries for free electricity connections are identified using the Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011 data. -Source: Hindustan Times Interest Equalisation Scheme Context: The Department of Commerce has extended the Interest Equalisation Scheme for pre- and post-shipment rupee export credit for Micro, Small and Medium-scale (MSME) exporters till August 31. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Interest Equalisation Scheme: Implementation Date: The scheme was first implemented on 1st April 2015 to provide pre- and post-shipment export credit to exporters in rupees. Validity: Initially valid for 5 years up to 31st March 2020. It has been continued thereafter, including extensions during the COVID-19 pandemic and further fund allocations. Implementing Agency: The scheme is implemented by the RBI through various public and non-public sector banks that provide pre- and post-shipment credit to exporters. Monitoring: Jointly monitored by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) and the RBI through a consultative mechanism. Objective: The scheme aims to help identified export sectors be internationally competitive and achieve a high level of export performance. Features: Eligibility Certification: An eligible exporter must submit certification from an external auditor to the concerned bank to claim this benefit. IES Benefits: Banks provide IES benefits to eligible exporters and claim reimbursement from the RBI based on the external auditor certification provided by the exporter. Interest Equalisation Benefit: The scheme offers an interest equalisation benefit at a rate of 2% on pre- and post-shipment rupee export credit to merchant and manufacturer exporters of 410 identified tariff lines at the 4-digit level, and 3% to all MSME manufacturer exporters. Fund Limitation: The scheme is now fund-limited, with the benefit to individual exporters capped at Rs 10 Crore per annum per IEC (Import Export Code). Bank Rate Cap: Banks lending to exporters at an average rate of more than Repo + 4% are debarred under the scheme. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 June 2024

CONTENTS DRDO Transfers MR-MOCR to Indian Navy Bhuvan Panchayat geoportal 4.0  DRDO Transfers MR-MOCR to Indian Navy Context: Recently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) handed over the Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket (MR-MOCR) to the Indian Navy at a ceremony held in New Delhi. Relevance: About Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket: Development: Developed by DRDO’s Defence Laboratory in Jodhpur, India. Purpose: The MOC technology aims to obscure radar signals by creating a microwave shield around platforms and assets, thus reducing radar detection. Mechanism: Utilizes special fibres with a diameter of a few micrometers and unique microwave obscuration properties. When fired, the rocket forms a microwave obscurant cloud in space that spreads over a sufficient area with adequate persistence time, creating an effective shield against hostile threats with Radio Frequency seekers. Variants: DRDO has developed three variants: Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR), Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR), and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR). Testing Phases: Phase-I Trials: Successfully conducted from Indian Navy ships, demonstrating the blooming and persistence of the MOC cloud in space. Phase-II Trials: Demonstrated and cleared by the Indian Navy, achieving a Radar Cross Section (RCS) reduction of an aerial target by 90 per cent. Bhuvan Panchayat geoportal 4.0 Context: The Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology will launch two Geoportals, Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0) and the National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM Ver. 5.0), on 28th June in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Bhuvan Panchayat Geoportal 4.0: Purpose: An online platform for geospatial data and services to support the integration of space-based information into governance and research initiatives, extending to Gram Panchayat level planning. Development: Developed by the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) under ISRO. Features: Enables visualization, analysis, and sharing of web map service (WMS) services for all thematic data products generated at a 1:10,000 scale under the Space-based Information Support for Decentralized Planning (SISDP) project. What is the National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM) Portal? Purpose: Provides a comprehensive, uniform, structured, multi-scale geospatial database for situational assessment and effective decision-making during disasters or emergency situations. Functionality: Acts as a national-level geo-portal to offer space-based information amalgamated with DSS tools and services of disaster forecasting organizations. Facilitates value addition by addressing all natural disasters in all phases for effective Disaster Risk Reduction in the country. Will serve as a Disaster Recovery and Data Provider node for the Integrated Control Room for Emergency Response (ICR-ER) being established by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), New Delhi.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 June 2024

CONTENTS Are Heatwaves Natural Disasters? Empowering India’s Electronic Vehicle Sector Are Heatwaves Natural Disasters? Context: North India has currently experienced the longest heatwave in the past 15 years. According to data from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, at least 100 people have died from heat-related illnesses between March 1 and June 18 across India, although this number is likely underreported. The significant death toll has reignited the debate about classifying heatwaves as natural disasters. Relevance: GS3- Disaster Management Mains Question: Indian states have appealed to the Finance Commission to expand the scope of natural calamities eligible for disaster funds to include heatwaves. In this context, discuss the rationale behind classification of heatwaves as natural disasters and scrutinise the mechanisms in place to deal with heatwaves. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Responding to Natural Disasters: The National Disaster Management Act (NDMA) is the principal legislation that outlines the responsibilities of the central and state governments in responding to natural disasters. The Ministry of Home Affairs oversees the implementation of this act. Various disaster management authorities derive their powers from this legislation, which also specifies the natural calamities eligible for state-backed compensation. Additionally, the NDMA has established special funds at both the state and central levels for disaster response. Currently, the Guidelines on Constitution and Administration of the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) and National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) recognize 12 types of disasters: cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorm, landslide, avalanche, cloudburst, pest attack, frost, and cold waves. Inclusion of Heatwaves: Heatwaves are not included, a decision influenced by a government body not affiliated with the NDMA. States have appealed to the Finance Commission to expand the scope of natural calamities eligible for disaster funds to include heatwaves. The 15th Finance Commission, the constitutional body responsible for deciding the revenue sharing between the Centre and States, had noted in its report that the current list of notified disasters eligible for funding from the SDRF and NDRF largely meets the needs of the States. As a result, it did not support expanding the list. States have appealed to the Finance Commission to include more natural calamities, such as heatwaves, in the list to become eligible for additional funds. According to the existing guidelines, a State Government can allocate up to 10% of the annual SDRF funds, under certain conditions, for immediate relief to victims of natural disasters that are not among the 12 listed but are considered disasters in the local context. Consequently, compensation for heatwave victims, as confirmed by State authorities, is drawn from this allocation. The 16th Finance Commission, led by economist Arvind Panagariya, may review new requests from States. Are Heatwave Deaths Rising in India? According to the National Crime Records Bureau, heatwave-related deaths in India have decreased from 1,127 in 2017 to 374 in 2021, with these deaths classified as ‘accidental.’ In 2022, 33 deaths were reported, none in 2023, and at least 100 confirmed this year.  Despite fewer deaths compared to the 1,100 deaths in Andhra Pradesh in 2016, longer heatwave spells are becoming more frequent. State health departments are responsible for providing information to the Centre on heatwave-related illnesses and deaths. Classifying heatwave deaths is challenging as they often occur due to the combined impact of high temperatures and pre-existing conditions like cardiovascular disease or hypertension. Additionally, definitions of a heatwave vary. While temperatures above 45 degrees Celsius are typically considered heatwave conditions, it can also mean temperatures 4.5 degrees or more above normal for a location. For example, Himalayan States reporting mid-30s temperatures may consider these heatwaves as they are significantly above normal, though no official heat-related deaths have been reported in these areas.  Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana, Gujarat, and Rajasthan usually report the most casualties from heat each year. Although there are medical guidelines to help doctors confirm or rule out heatwave illnesses, their application is often inconsistent. Conclusion: It is important to recognize that heatwaves are complex phenomena influenced by multiple factors. Their occurrence and intensity can vary between regions due to the interplay of these contributing elements. With the increasing frequency of heatwaves, State, district, and city authorities have developed heat action plans (HAPs).  The NDMA and the India Meteorological Department are collaborating with 23 States to create HAPs, which provide a snapshot of a region’s heat profile, including past heatwave events, trends in summer maximum temperatures, land surface temperatures, and vulnerability assessments. These assessments identify regions needing immediate attention and outline a response plan. Empowering India’s Electronic Vehicle Sector Context: The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in India is still in its early stages. Research from S&P Global Ratings indicates that the EV penetration rate in India was only 1.1% in 2022, compared to the Asian average of 17.3%. The EV ecosystem needs additional support in its early stages, and the government has a vital role to play. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies & Interventions GS3- Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology Mobilization of Resources Mains Question: Why does India need to accelerate its EV adoption? What are the challenges in this regard and what can be done to overcome them? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Rationale for Accelerating EV Adoption: Transport emissions in Indian cities are rapidly increasing, with road transport accounting for about 87% of the total emissions. Coupled with the aggressive shift towards renewable power generation, EVs can substantially reduce transport-related pollution at both local and national levels. Additionally, transportation is the third-largest energy consumer and the largest consumer of oil fuels, responsible for 70% of diesel and 99.6% of petrol consumption. With India importing about 80% of its oil, and crude oil prices being highly susceptible to global geopolitical tensions, decarbonizing transportation can mitigate risks to the country’s energy security. The EV Market in India: The Indian EV market is experiencing swift expansion, with EV sales increasing by more than 45% in 2024 despite regulatory changes. Total EV registrations exceeded 1.5 million units by the end of 2023, a notable rise from just over 1 million the previous year. This growth in registrations has boosted India’s overall EV market penetration to 6.3%, showing considerable progress in EV adoption. Indian automakers are making significant investments in electrification, motivated by the government’s plan to gradually phase out subsidies. Challenges for EVs: High Initial Cost: The upfront cost of purchasing an electric vehicle is higher compared to conventional vehicles, making them less affordable for many potential buyers and limiting the demand for EVs. This cost disparity is mainly due to the expensive battery technology used in EVs. Limited Charging Infrastructure: In India, charging infrastructure is still in its early development stages and is mostly concentrated in major cities. The lack of a widespread and robust charging network makes it inconvenient for EV owners, especially those living in apartments or without dedicated parking spaces. Range Anxiety: Range anxiety, the fear of running out of battery charge while driving, is a significant challenge for EV adoption. Despite improvements in EV ranges, there is still a perception that EVs may not provide sufficient range for long-distance travel, particularly in a country with vast distances like India. Additionally, EV batteries degrade over time, which can reduce their range. Battery Technology and Supply Chain: Producing lithium-ion batteries, a key component of EVs, requires specific minerals and rare earth elements. India currently relies heavily on imports for battery manufacturing, leading to supply chain challenges. Moreover, the charging time for EVs is longer than the refueling time for conventional vehicles, affecting their convenience and usability. Limited Model Options: The availability of electric vehicle models in India is relatively limited compared to conventional vehicles. The market needs more options across various segments, including affordable EVs, to cater to diverse consumer preferences and requirements. Way Forward: Role of Governments in this Regard: Governments play a crucial role in promoting the mainstream adoption of EV technology in the motor vehicle sector. Over time, the competitiveness of new technologies compared to existing ones increases due to established supply chains, economies of scale, consumer preference, and improved performance and maturity. However, relying solely on market forces to transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to EVs is unrealistic. Localizing Production: Electrification also offers India a chance to enhance its position in the global automotive value chain. By localizing production for domestic EV consumption and developing cost-effective solutions in niche areas for outsourcing, India can strategically develop its EV sector and seize this unique opportunity. The Indian government has supported transport electrification through several initiatives, including the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME) schemes (I and II) , reducing the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on EVs to 5%, and offering an income tax exemption of up to INR 150,000 on interest payments for EV loans. Additionally, the new Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024, with a budget of Rs 500 crore, provides subsidies for adopting and manufacturing e-2-wheelers and e-3-wheelers. Further support includes various guidelines and notifications on EV charging standards, delicensing EV charging services, capping EV tariffs for charging infrastructure, model Development Control Regulations (DCR) and building codes for EV charging, and green license plates for EVs. The early success of e-mobility in India is largely due to a supportive policy environment at both the national and state levels. Out of 36 states and Union Territories, 26 have released EV policies in the last five years, with 16 of them being released between 2020 and 2022. Here are seven policy recommendations and subsidies needed in the EV MSME sector: Reduced Taxation & Duties: To make EV manufacturing more competitive, it’s crucial to implement tax breaks or reduced import duties on raw materials, components, and EV-specific parts imported by MSMEs. Infrastructure Development Support: Provide subsidies or tax incentives to MSMEs involved in setting up EV charging infrastructure. This could encourage more investment in charging stations, particularly in remote or underserved areas. Production-Linked Incentives: Introduce production-linked incentives (PLI) for EV MSMEs. These incentives could be based on achieving specific production milestones, thereby encouraging scale and efficiency. Promote Research and Development: Encourage MSMEs in the EV sector to engage in research and development by offering grants, subsidies, or tax incentives for innovative projects and technologies aimed at improving EV components, systems, and manufacturing processes. Facilitate Access to Finance: Establish dedicated funds or financial institutions to provide low-interest loans, venture capital, or grants specifically tailored for EV MSMEs to invest in infrastructure, technology adoption, and capacity expansion. Export Promotion: Offer incentives and support programs to help EV MSMEs tap into international markets. This could include assistance with export promotion, market research, participation in trade fairs, and overcoming trade barriers. Collaborative Initiatives with OEMs: Encourage partnerships and collaborations between EV MSMEs and established Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Provide incentives for OEMs to source components from MSMEs. Conclusion: Decisive and urgent action is necessary to achieve the target of 30% electric vehicles by 2030 in India. Formulating and notifying an EV policy is just one piece of a larger puzzle.

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