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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 October 2024

CONTENTS Global Hunger Index 2024 Base Year Revision for India’s GDP Groundwater Recovery in Northern India Through Crop Rotation Enhanced Disaster Monitoring in Wayanad with X-band Radar Installation Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 Murine Typhus Global Hunger Index 2024 Context: India’s struggle with hunger and malnutrition has been underscored by its ranking in the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), where it stands 105th out of 127 countries with a score of 27.3, categorising it in the ‘serious’ range. Relevance: GS-II: Social Justice and Governance (Issues related to Hunger and Poverty, Government Policies and Interventions) Dimensions of the Article: About Global Hunger Index (GHI) Key Insights from the 19th Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2024 Addressing Hunger and Malnutrition in India About Global Hunger Index (GHI) The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is a tool that measures and tracks hunger globally as well as by region and by country. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) prepared by European NGOs of Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe. The GHI combines 4 component indicators: Undernourishment: the share of the population with insufficient caloric intake (data are from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization) Child stunting: the share of children under age five who have low height for their age (data are from UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and the Demographic and Health Surveys Program) Child wasting: the share of children under age five who have low weight for their height (data are from UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and the Demographic and Health Surveys Program) Child mortality: the mortality rate of children under age five (data are from the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation). Countries are divided into five categories of hunger on the basis of their score, which are ‘low’, ‘moderate’, ‘serious’, ‘alarming’ and ‘extremely alarming’. The GHI is calculated annually, and its results appear in a report issued in October each year. Besides presenting GHI scores, each year the GHI report includes an essay addressing one particular aspect of hunger. The aim of the Global Hunger Index is to raise awareness and act against hunger to reduce hunger around the world. Key Insights from the 19th Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2024 Overview and Theme Theme for 2024: “How gender justice can advance climate resilience and zero hunger.” Global Hunger Statistics: A slight improvement noted with a current GHI score of 18.3, down from 18.8 in 2016. Vulnerable Populations: Around 2.8 billion people globally cannot afford a healthy diet, underlining the widespread nature of food insecurity. Regional Disparities Sub-Saharan Africa: Faces the highest rates of malnutrition and child mortality, exacerbated by ongoing conflicts in regions like Somalia and Sudan. South Asia: Countries including Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan are grappling with significant hunger challenges. Core Issues and Successes Stagnation in SDG 2 (Zero Hunger by 2030): 42 countries are still facing alarming or serious levels of hunger, indicating a stall in progress towards this crucial global goal. Gender Disparity: Women’s access to resources is heavily impacted by discriminatory norms and violence, making them disproportionately vulnerable to food insecurity. Climate Change and Conflicts: These factors significantly disrupt food systems and agriculture, adding to the challenges in lower-income countries that also face heavy debt burdens. Progress in Crisis: Notably, countries like Mozambique and Nepal have shown significant improvements in their GHI scores since 2016, providing hope that advancements are possible. Call to Action The GHI 2024 emphasizes the urgent need for global coordination to tackle the combined challenges of climate change, armed conflict, gender inequality, and economic instability. It highlights the crucial role of supporting vulnerable populations, especially women, in combating hunger. India-Specific Findings from the GHI 2024 Child Malnutrition and Mortality Child Malnutrition: Alarmingly high rates with approximately 35.5% of children under five being stunted and 18.7% wasted. Child Mortality: Despite some progress, about 2.9% of children still die before their fifth birthday, with malnutrition being a significant contributing factor. India’s Performance Trends Minimal Improvement: India’s GHI score moved from 29.3 in 2016 to 27.3 in 2024, showing minimal progress with persistent challenges in reducing overall hunger. Regional Comparison: India’s performance is notably poorer than neighboring countries like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh, which have fewer economic resources but better GHI scores. Addressing Hunger and Malnutrition in India Need of All Rounded Solutions Economically Insufficient: India’s earnest battle with hunger reveals that only economic growth is not a panacea to hunger. Need for Wider View: Solutions to the challenges of malnutrition are not in one sector alone and all must be involved. Appropriate Strategies for Policy Implementation Food Security: Persistent vigilance is needed to make certain that all, especially women and children, access adequate and nutritious food. Access to Health Services: More investment in health care infrastructure is largely necessary for effective maternal and child health and nutrition service delivery. Maternal and Child Nutrition Program: Nutrition of women and children works clearly to provide targeted upturn within the vicious circle of nutritional deficiency. Major Programs: Initiatives such as the National Food security Act (NFSA) and PM POSHAN Scheme helps in gaps related to access and quality of food safety in India. -Source: The Hindu Base Year Revision for India’s GDP Context: Recently, MoSPI pulled together a team of economists and forecasters to deliberate on the issue of revising the base year for estimating GDP for India. This is in fact a demonstration of the firm commitment of MoSPI to broad-based consultation—a necessary expectation, given the controversies generated in the past by revisions of the base year. The last revision, in 2015, to change the base year from 2004-05 to 2011-12, came under methodological attack. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Controversies Surrounding Base Year Revisions in GDP Calculation Understanding the Base Year Concept Reasons for the Update of the Base Year, Methods, and Stages of the Work Conclusion Controversies Surrounding Base Year Revisions in GDP Calculation Shift in Methodology The previous base year revision involved a significant methodological change where the computation of GDP for the private corporate sector (PCS) was directly sourced from the audited balance sheets from the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). This method was primarily used for estimating the manufacturing sector’s Gross Value Added (GVA). This revision process also phased out the use of traditional data sources like the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) and the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI). Issues with the Deflator Critics have raised concerns about the use of a single deflator for converting nominal GDP growth into real GDP growth. This approach diverges from the double deflation method recognized internationally, which accounts for price changes in both outputs and inputs. The single deflator method typically adjusts the nominal value-added in each sector by broad price indices such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Discrepancies in GDP Measurement Despite robust reported GDP growth, signs of weak consumption suggest serious measurement discrepancies. This weakness in consumption might point to underreported economic activities and could reflect issues in the calculation of inflation within GDP metrics. A noted discrepancy exists between the production and expenditure methods of calculating GDP, highlighting potential inconsistencies in data. Transparency and Coverage Concerns The rapid increase in registered companies, especially in the finance sector, over the past three decades has not transparently translated into measurable domestic output. Many of these entities do not file their audited balance sheets with the Registrar of Companies (RoC), obscuring their economic contributions. The 2015 revision faced backlash for utilizing balance sheets from the unorganized sector to compute GDP, which generally lacked detailed value-added data from production units. This led to reduced data coverage of informal sector producers, who are often not registered as formal companies. Methodological Limitations The practice of averaging data from production and expenditure sides, while standard in advanced economies, poses challenges in developing contexts like India, where these two aspects of GDP are not independently measured. The data quality on the expenditure side, which includes consumption metrics, is considered to be suboptimal. Understanding the Base Year Concept Definition of a Base Year A base year serves as a specific reference point used to calculate Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures for both subsequent and previous years. It acts as a stable benchmark for assessing economic performance, enabling consistent comparisons over time. The chosen base year should be typical, free from atypical events like pandemics or natural disasters, and not be too far removed from the present. Reasons to Revise the Base Year GDP indicators are subject to change due to shifts in consumer behaviors, economic structures, and the types of commodities in use. Updates in data compilation methods and the integration of new classification systems necessitate periodic revisions to ensure GDP figures accurately mirror the current economic reality. Revisions can affect a wide range of economic indicators and lead to adjustments in recorded GDP levels. Revision Frequency The United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 recommends revising computation practices periodically. Ideally, the base year should be updated every 5 to 10 years to align national accounts with the most current data. Since 1956, India has revised its base year seven times, with the latest shift from FY 2005 to FY 2012. Reasons for the Update of the Base Year, Methods, and Stages of the Work Setting Up the Advisory Committee In June 2024, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) constituted a 26-member advisory committee on national accounts statistics (ACNAS), chaired by Biswanath Goldar. This committee shall determine how GDP measurement will be correlated with measurement of other economic indicators such as Wholesale Price Index (WPI), Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Industrial Production Index (IIP). Selection of the New Base Year The committee is assuming 2022-23 as the new base year for viewing GDP calculations and also considering 2023-24 as an option. Such years, which have not been normal for measuring economy; such as 2016 (Demonetization), years 2017-18 (GST exercise – implementation effects) and years 2019-21 (COVID-19 pandemic) are all ruled out. Incorporating New Data Sources A debate is also underway on the applicability of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenue streams for the GDP computation to provide a better outlook of the economy. Other potential modifications include incorporating the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) and the double deflation technique to improve the reliability of GDP figures. Conclusion MoSPI’s proactive stance in establishing an advisory committee to oversee the revisions is a reflection of the need for transparency and methodological precision in the computation of GDP. It is expected that these aspects, including bringing in new data sources and improving the calculations, will enhance the quality and credibility of the estimates of GDP of India. -Source: Business Times Groundwater Recovery in Northern India Through Crop Rotation Context: Research out of Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar estimates that if about 40% of the area under rice is replaced by other crops that require less water, then between 60 and 100 cubic kilometers of groundwater depleted in northern India since the year 2000 can be recovered. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Highlights What are the Difficulties Encountered in Practicing Sustainable Agriculture in India? Highlights: Today’s agriculture especially growing of rice has a high dependency on ground water as source of irrigation. Continuous rise of temperatures globally will expound the existing ground water depletion- estimated to be about between 13 to 43 cubic km of water loss. Continued sequence of these and similar types of cropping systems will place severe strain on the already tapped and overexploited resources of groundwater which will worsen the issue of water security further. Because of the obesity the agriculture practice causes to the depletion of ground water, overhauling methods of farming is potent and all stakeholders should heed to the call. Effect of Climate Change: Considering IPCC scenarios whereby the global average atmospheric temperature is expected to rise by 1.5 to 3 degrees Celsius the regions of Tropics are likely to maintain the current land use practices cropping patterns resulting in an increased degree of groundwater deficit recovery loss in the estimates of The 2018 report on Global Warming of 1.5°C from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected that within the year 2050 to 2030, there will be a likelihood of temperature increase of 1.5°C due to global warming as more factors will have contributed to the warming with a possibility of reaching 3°C warming by 2100. Observations: The report points out that there is an immediate need to modify cropping systems in particular Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, so that the aquifers are not depleted, while the farmers’ profit is not adversely affected. It recommends rice cultivation in Uttar Pradesh, oilseed in West Bengal while suggesting rice intercrops in both the states. These recommendations are critical in policy context as they present suitable cropping systems in terms of groundwater preservation that also considers the farmers’ income in irrigated areas of north India. What are the Difficulties Encountered in Practicing Sustainable Agriculture in India? The agricultural sector’s excessive focus on water consuming crops and ineffective irrigation practices has led to depletion of groundwater reserves and scarcity of water. Climate change challenges such as erratic rainfall, increasing temperatures and the prevalence of extreme climatic conditions such as floods and droughts decrease crop productivity and pose risks to agricultural sustainability. The presence of small and scattered farms inhibits the adoption of sustainable agriculture, mechanization, and the efficient use of resources. Environmental concerns and the negative impact on agricultural productivity in the long run have arisen from the widespread use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, which has increased water and soil pollution. The lack of adequate government policies and support mechanisms promoting the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices provides a major setback for ecological undertakings in agriculture. -Source: Economic Times Enhanced Disaster Monitoring in Wayanad with X-band Radar Installation Context: Following catastrophic floods and landslides that resulted in over 200 fatalities in Kerala’s Wayanad district in July 2024, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences has approved the installation of an X-band radar in the district. This decision was prompted by a severe landslide above Punchirimattom, near the Mundakkai region, where a torrential downpour led to significant debris flow, exacerbating the disaster’s impact. The deployment of the X-band radar is aimed at improving the region’s weather forecasting and monitoring capabilities to better anticipate and manage such natural disasters. Relevance: GS III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: How do radars work? What is an X-band radar? How many radars does India have? What is NISAR? How do radars work? Radar is short for ‘radio detection and ranging’. The device uses radio waves to determine the distance, velocity, and physical characteristics of objects around the device. A transmitter emits a signal aimed at an object whose characteristics are to be ascertained (in meteorology, this could be a cloud). A part of the emitted signal is echoed by the object back to the device, where a receiver tracks and analyses it. Weather radar, also known as a Doppler radar, is a common application of this device. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of sound waves as their source moves towards and away from a listener. In meteorology, Doppler radars can reveal how fast a cloud is moving and in which direction based on how the cloud’s relative motion changes the frequency of the radiation striking it. A pulse-Doppler radar can measure the intensity of, say, rainfall by emitting radiation in pulses and tracking how often they’re reflected to the receiver. This way, modern Doppler radars can monitor weather conditions and anticipate new wind patterns, the formation of storms, etc. What is an X-band radar? Doppler radar relies on Rayleigh scattering, when the scatterer is much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. A radar trying to ‘see’ smaller particles like rain droplets or fog will need to use radiation of lower wavelengths, like in the X-band. An X-band radar is radar that emits radiation in the X-band of the electromagnetic spectrum: 8-12 GHz, corresponding to wavelengths of around 2-4 cm (this is in the microwave part of the spectrum.) The smaller wavelengths allow the radar to produce images of higher resolution. However, the greater the frequency of some radiation, the faster it will be attenuated. So X-band radars have a relatively shorter range. In Wayanad, the new radar is expected to be able to monitor the movements of particles, such as soil, to inform landslide warnings. The device will also perform high temporal sampling, that is, rapidly sample its environs, allowing it to spot particle movements happening in shorter spans of time. How many radars does India have? The India Meteorological Department (IMD) started using radar for weather applications in the early 1950s. The first indigenously designed and manufactured X-band storm detection radar was installed in 1970 in New Delhi. In 1996, IMD replaced 10 outdated X-band radars with digital X-band radars. In its X-band radar network, India has both wind-finding and storm-detecting radars, and some with dual capabilities. The country also uses S-band radars (2-4 GHz) for long-range detection. The first S-band cyclone detection radar was installed in Visakhapatnam in 1970 and the first locally made variant was commissioned in Mumbai in 1980. In September 2024, the Ministry of Earth Sciences said India is set to have 56 additional Doppler radars in a few years. Recently, the Union Cabinet cleared the ₹2,000-crore ‘Mission Mausam’ to upgrade meteorological infrastructure in the country. This includes installing up to 60 meteorological radars until 2026 under the Mission’s first phase. Minister of State for Earth Sciences Jitendra Pradhan said in August in Parliament that the government has started the process to procure and install 10 X-band Doppler radars to improve weather forecasting in the northeast States and in Himachal Pradesh’s Lahaul and Spiti district. The initiative to install an X-band radar in Wayanad included installing a C-band radar (4-8 GHz) with an observational range of 250 km in Mangaluru. What is NISAR? NASA and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) are currently developing a satellite called NISAR, short for ‘NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar’. It will use radar imaging to produce a high-resolution map of the earth’s landmasses. Its payload consists of an L-band radar (1.25 GHz, 24 cm) built by NASA and an S-band radar (3.2 GHz, 9.3 cm) built by ISRO. Together they will track and record changes in the earth’s various natural processes. It is currently expected to be launched onboard an ISRO GSLV Mk II rocket in 2025, at a total cost of $1.5 billion, the bulk of it borne by NASA. -Source: The Hindu Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 Context: Recently, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024 was awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. One half of the prize is given to David Baker for computational protein design while the other half is given jointly to Demis Hassabis and John M. Jumper for protein structure prediction. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: What are the Contributions of David Baker? What Are the Contributions of Demis Hassabis and John Jumper? What are the Contributions of David Baker? Baker’s research has envisaged a revolutionising in protein engineering; the group has designed proteins from the molecular level with the aid of computation, which changes the scope of protein engineering. His team developed proteins that have never existed in nature by combining the 20 unique amino acids that make up proteins in previously unseen ways. Implications in Medicine and Engineering: These constructed proteins are extremely useful scope wise mainly in the field of drugs, vaccines, nanomaterials and biosensors development. David Baker has achieved protein design beyond existing capabilities, for instance, designing sylvaneth that can break down plastics or do functions not even natural proteins can do. First Breakthrough in 2003: The first major milestone for Baker came in 2003 when his group was able to produce a protein which was not found in nature before. What Are the Contributions of Demis Hassabis and John Jumper? Protein Folding Problem: Since the 1970s the problem of how any string of amino acids curls into pre defined three dimensional shapes has been of challenge to scientists. Structural biology is critical given the fact that the structure of a protein dictates its function. In these fields, particularly in drug design and development, treatment of diseases and biotechnology, understanding these structures is very important. Solution with AlphaFold2: In 2020, Jumper and Hassabis presented AlphaFold2 which is an artificial intelligence system for predicting protein structures that set a new standard. Given this, the model managed to resolve the structure of about 200 million proteins which is more than 97% of the known proteins predicted by the model. This accomplishment achieved so far rendered inconsequential several issues that had persisted for half a century in the structural biology discipline. Normal methods of resolving the protein cover including x-ray crystallography are very inefficient, tedious and long. Widespread Use and Impact: AlphaFold2 has been used by over two million researchers worldwide, enabling breakthroughs in numerous fields.   For example, it has been instrumental in understanding antibiotic resistance and creating enzymes capable of breaking down plastics.  -Source: Indian Express Murine Typhus Context: A 75-year-old man from Kerala who recently travelled to Vietnam and Cambodia was diagnosed with the bacterial disease murine typhus. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Murine Typhus Overview: Murine typhus is an infectious disease caused by the flea-borne bacterium, Rickettsia typhi. Transmission: It is a common occurrence that infected fleas bite a human thus causing transmission. Other causes of this condition include endemic typhus as well as flea-borne spotted fever. Common rats, house mice, and simply mongooses are known hosts for this illness. The fleas infesting the disease-causing rodents may also infest other small mammals including household pets like cats and dogs. Once an infected flea bites a host, the infested flea can transmit R typhii for the rest of its lifespan. For instance, mucous membranes may also become infected with rickettsiae through contacting infected flea excreta. When contaminated excreta are introduced into any skin cuts, the disease is transmitted. Murine typhus is not contagious between persons nor does it pass from man to fleas. Afflicted countries report that the disease mostly occurs in coastal and insular tropics and subtropics where there are many rats. In the country of India, there are some incidences of murine typhus in the northeastern region, Madhya Pradesh as well as in Kashmir region. Symptoms Symptoms typically develop within seven to 14 days post-exposure, and include a fever, headaches, aches in the body, pains in the joints, nausea and vomiting, and stomach pains. Later on, some may develop epidermal lesions. Treatment There is no vaccine currently available against the disease.  Doxycycline is usually offered for treatment, but the word treatment implies that the diagnosis is made early. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 October 2024

Contents: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana 150th Anniversary of Universal Postal Union Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana Focus: GS II- Government policies and Interventions Why in News? Cabinet approves continuation of supply of free Fortified Rice under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) till December, 2028 About Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana: It is considered as world’s largest food security scheme, aims at ensuring sufficient food for the poor and needy during the coronavirus crisis. It was announced as part of the first relief package during the COVID-19 pandemic. Part of the scheme, the food needs to be provided to all the beneficiaries under public distribution system (TPDS) for Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and priority household (PHH) ration cardholders. As per updates, the eligible beneficiaries will receive 5kg of foodgrains and 1 kg Gram per month. Eligibility  Families belonging to the Below Poverty Line – Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Priority Households (PHH) categories will be eligible for the scheme. PHH are to be identified by State Governments/Union Territory Administrations as per criteria evolved by them. AAY families are to be identified by States/UTs as per the criteria prescribed by the Central Government: Households headed by widows or terminally ill persons or disabled persons or persons aged 60 years or more with no assured means of subsistence or societal support. Widows or terminally ill persons or disabled persons or persons aged 60 years or more or single women or single men with no family or societal support or assured means of subsistence. All primitive tribal households. Landless agriculture labourers, marginal farmers, rural artisans/craftsmen such as potters, tanners, weavers, blacksmiths, carpenters, slum dwellers, and persons earning their livelihood on daily basis in the informal sector like porters, coolies, rickshaw pullers, hand cart pullers, fruit and flower sellers, snake charmers, rag pickers, cobblers, destitutes  and other similar categories in both rural and urban areas. All eligible Below Poverty Line families of HIV positive persons. 150th Anniversary of Universal Postal Union Focus: Facts for Prelims Why in News? On the occasion of World Post Day, the Department of Posts, Government of India, unveiled a special set of commemorative postage stamps celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Universal Postal Union (UPU) India joined the UPU in 1876. The UPU established by the Treaty of Bern of 1874 is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to the worldwide postal system. The UPU’s headquarters are located in Bern, Switzerland. The UPU contains four bodies consisting of the Congress, the Council of Administration (CA), the Postal Operations Council (POC) and the International Bureau (IB). It also oversees the Telematics and Express Mail Service (EMS) cooperatives. Each member agrees to the same terms for conducting international postal duties.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 October 2024

Contents 1. Sunset for the U.K.’s coal-fired power, lessons for India Sunset for the U.K.’s coal-fired power, lessons for India Context: The closure of Britain’s last coal power plant in Nottinghamshire is a significant achievement in the transition towards clean energy by Britain. It indicates the increasing demand for a transition to sustainable energy sources. This achievement is celebrated across the globe and ignites calls for replication of the same model in other countries, especially in developing countries like India. Though Britain’s feat is commendable, energy transitions must be adapted to local conditions and socio-economic demands. Direct replication could lead to significant frictions and challenges. Relevance: GS3 ( Environment) India’s coal story: Raniganj Coalfield was the first coal mine established by the British East India Company in 1774. Hyderabad Nizam established Hussain Sagar Thermal Power Station in 1920 to provide power for the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. 12 years is considered the average age of coal mines in India before it’s decommissioned. India has around 253 coal power plants located across the country. India has around 350 operational mines, along with 120 more in the planning stage. India depends on coal power plants for 70% of its energy generation. The coal industry is one of the major sources of employment in India, providing approximately 4,00,000 jobs according to a Council on Energy, Environment, and Water (CEEW) study. India is the 2nd largest coal producer in the world after China. India produced nearly 1 billion metric tonnes of coal, most of it is lignite, with a lower carbon concentration and high ash content. India is the 3rd largest importer of coal in the world. Carbon Emission Profiles: India vs. the UK. Total emissions:  India emits 2.9 Giga tonnes annually of CO2 and is considered the 3rd largest emitter.  UK: approximately 0.35 Giga tonnes annually. Per capita emissions: India stands at 2.07 metric tons. Relatively low compared to global average. The UK stands at 5.5 metric tonnes, which is higher than India’s. Cumulative emissions: India has contributed only 4% of global cumulative emissions from 1850-2019, despite having around 17% of the population. The UK has contributed to 3% of cumulative emissions, having only a population 20 times less than India. Carbon Brief Survey estimates the UK has emitted 10.4 billion metric tonnes of historical emissions and stands at 4th rank globally. Commitments of net zero : India aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. The UK aims for net zero emissions by 2050. India’s transition strategy: Net Zero Target: India has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. Renewable Energy Goals: India aims to meet 50% of its energy needs from renewable sources by 2030. Emission Reduction: At the Glasgow COP26 conference in 2021, India announced a target to reduce total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes from 2021 levels by 2030. Energy Transition: India aims to increase its non-fossil fuel-based capacity to 500 GW by 2030. Learnings for India from the UK’s experience. Holistic transition approach: The transition not only involved the energy sector but also with the regions and communities dependent on coal power plants. Retraining programs : Focused on sectors in which skills required similar to coal power plants i.e.,  heavy machinery operation, engineering, etc. Result: helped workers transition to new jobs with less friction. Support for workers: Financial support: Early retirements and redundancy payments helped workers.  Education and apprenticeship: aimed at providing new skills for workers for future job markets. Community and regional development: To encourage new industries in coal-powered plant places. Promotion of renewable energy: Development of offshore wind farms, particularly near coal-producing regions like the North Sea of Yorkshire Promotion of grid infrastructure. Repurposing old power plants : The Drax power plant for example transitioned to biomass energy. Conclusion: India has aimed to become net zero by 2070 and have a sufficient time of 45 years. Though India is advancing towards renewable energy, concerns rise over the planning of new coal mines and the promotion of coal production. India should aim for a holistic, just, and transparent transition by addressing concerns of the workforce, region, and communities dependent on coal power plants. Through this, India can achieve a just transition, focusing on environmental and socio-economic concerns.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 October 2024

Contents: NCBC recommends inclusion of 7 castes and sub-castes in OBC list Malabar exercise 2024 RBI keeps benchmark interest rate unchanged PM to visit Laos for ASEAN-India summit WWF: Global wildlife numbers declined by 73% Human-leopard conflict NCBC recommends inclusion of 7 castes and sub-castes in OBC list Context: The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) Wednesday recommended the inclusion of seven castes and sub-castes from the Maharashtra state in the Central list of Other Backward Classes (OBC). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Other Backward Class (OBC) About National Commission for Backward Classes About Other Backward Class (OBC): OBC refers to socially and educationally backward classes of citizens. The Supreme Court has ruled that the creamy layer, i.e., socially and economically advanced individuals within the OBC category, should be excluded from reservations. Role of National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC): NCBC is a statutory body responsible for reviewing requests for caste inclusion in the Central OBC list. The commission forms a Bench to examine proposals and forwards its decisions to the Union government. Once approved by the cabinet, legislation is enacted, and the President notifies the changes. Constitutional Provisions: Article 15(4) empowers the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, including OBCs. These provisions include reservation of seats in educational institutions, financial assistance, scholarships, and housing. Article 16(4) allows the state to enact laws for the reservation of appointments or posts in favor of OBCs. Achievements of the Union Government: Since 2014, the government has added 16 communities to the Central OBC list in Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir. The 105th Amendment to the Constitution affirms states’ rights to maintain their own OBC lists, preserving the benefits for 671 State OBC communities. About National Commission for Backward Classes 102nd Constitution Amendment Act, 2018 provides constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC). It has the power to look into welfare claims and programmes for socially and academically disadvantaged groups. Prior to this, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment was responsible for the NCBC as a statutory organisation. Background of NCBC Two Backward Class Commissions were appointed in 1950s and 1970s under Kaka Kalelkar and B.P. Mandal respectively. Kaka Kalelkar commission is also known as the First Backward Classes Commission. The Supreme Court ordered the government to establish a permanent committee to consider, investigate, and recommend the inclusion and exclusion of various Backward Classes for the purpose of benefits and protection in the Indra Sawhney case of 1992. The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, passed by parliament in 1993 in accordance with these directives, established the NCBC. The 123rd Constitution Amendment bill of 2017 was presented in Parliament in order to better protect the interests of underprivileged groups. The National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993, was repealed by a different law that was approved by Parliament, making the 1993 Act obsolete. The bill got the President assent in August 2018 and provided the constitutional status to NCBC. Composition: The Commission consists of: Chairperson Vice-Chairperson Three other Members in the rank and pay of Secretary to the Govt of India. Their condition of service and tenure of office has been notified by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. NCBC is headquartered in Delhi. Constitutional Provisions Article 340 deals with the need to, inter alia, identify those “socially and educationally backward classes”, understand the conditions of their backwardness, and make recommendations to remove the difficulties they face. 102nd Constitution Amendment Act inserted new Articles 338 B and 342 A. The amendment also brings about changes in Article 366.  will be required if the list of backward classes is to be amended. NCBC- Powers and Functions The commission investigates and monitors all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the socially and educationally backward classes under the Constitution or under any other law to evaluate the working of such safeguards. It participates and advises on the socio-economic development of the socially and educationally backward classes and to evaluate the progress of their development under the Union and any State. It presents to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards. The President laid such reports before each House of Parliament. Where any such report or any part thereof, relates to any matter with which any State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be forwarded to the State Government. NCBC has to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and development and advancement of the socially and educationally backward classes as the President may, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify. It has all the powers of a civil court while trying a suit. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Malabar exercise 2024 Context: Vice Admiral Rajesh Pendharkar recently observed that the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and the Indo-Pacific Region (IPR) are becoming increasingly vital for global security and economic stability. He made the above statement while addressing representatives of the three friendly navies of the U.S., Japan and Australia before the commencement of the Harbour Phase of Malabar-2024. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Malabar naval exercise The Malabar naval exercise is a bilateral naval exercise between India and the US Navy that started in 1992. The exercise was expanded into a trilateral format with the inclusion of Japan in 2015. In 2020, the Australian Navy joined the Malabar Exercise, making it a quadrilateral naval exercise. The first Malabar Exercise in the Bay of Bengal took place in 2007. The aim of the Malabar Exercise of India, the US, Japan and Australia is to coordinate for a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific. The exercise takes place annually in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans alternatively. The Malabar Exercise includes a diverse range of activities such as fighter combat operations and maritime interdiction operations. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        RBI keeps benchmark interest rate unchanged Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintained its repo rate at 6.50% for the tenth successive monetary policy review since April 2023. Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Details What is the repo rate? Why is the repo rate such a crucial monetary tool? How does the repo rate work? What impact can a repo rate change have on inflation? Recent Monetary Policy and RBI Decisions Instruments of Monetary Policy About Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) Details: Following the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting, RBI Governor announced the decision to keep the policy repo rate steady at 6.5% for the tenth time in a row. Other key rates also remained unchanged, with the standing deposit facility (SDF) rate at 6.25% and both the marginal standing facility (MSF) rate and the bank rate at 6.75%. The MPC has decided to change the stance of monetary policy to neutral while remaining unambiguously focused on a durable alignment of inflation with the target, alongside supporting growth. What is the repo rate? The repo rate is one of several direct and indirect instruments that are used by the RBI for implementing monetary policy. Specifically, the RBI defines the repo rate as the fixed interest rate at which it provides overnight liquidity to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF). In other words, when banks have short-term requirements for funds, they can place government securities that they hold with the central bank and borrow money against these securities at the repo rate. Since this is the rate of interest that the RBI charges commercial banks such as State Bank of India and ICICI Bank when it lends them money, it serves as a key benchmark for the lenders to in turn price the loans they offer to their borrowers. Why is the repo rate such a crucial monetary tool? According to Investopedia, when government central banks repurchase securities from commercial lenders, they do so at a discounted rate that is known as the repo rate. The repo rate system allows central banks to control the money supply within economies by increasing or decreasing the availability of funds. How does the repo rate work? Besides the direct loan pricing relationship, the repo rate also functions as a monetary tool by helping to regulate the availability of liquidity or funds in the banking system. For instance, When the repo rate is decreased, Banks may find an incentive to sell securities back to the government in return for cash. This increases the money supply available to the general economy. When the repo rate is increased, Lenders would end up thinking twice before borrowing from the central bank at the repo window thus, reducing the availability of money supply in the economy. Since inflation is, in large measure, caused by more money chasing the same quantity of goods and services available in an economy, central banks tend to target regulation of money supply as a means to slow inflation. What impact can a repo rate change have on inflation? Inflation can broadly be: mainly demand driven price gains, or a result of supply side factors that in turn push up the costs of inputs used by producers of goods and providers of services, thus spurring inflation, or most often caused by a combination of both demand and supply side pressures. Changes to the repo rate to influence interest rates and the availability of money supply primarily work only on the demand side by making credit more expensive and savings more attractive and therefore dissuading consumption. However, they do little to address the supply side factors, be it the high price of commodities such as crude oil or metals or imported food items such as edible oils. Instruments of Monetary Policy There are several direct and indirect instruments that are used for implementing monetary policy. Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank provides overnight liquidity to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF). Reverse Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank absorbs liquidity, on an overnight basis, from banks against the collateral of eligible government securities under the LAF. Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF): The LAF consists of overnight as well as term repo auctions. Progressively, the Reserve Bank has increased the proportion of liquidity injected under fine-tuning variable rate repo auctions of range of tenors. The aim of term repo is to help develop the inter-bank term money market, which in turn can set market based benchmarks for pricing of loans and deposits, and hence improve transmission of monetary policy. The Reserve Bank also conducts variable interest rate reverse repo auctions, as necessitated under the market conditions. Marginal Standing Facility (MSF): A facility under which scheduled commercial banks can borrow additional amount of overnight money from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) portfolio up to a limit at a penal rate of interest. This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system. Corridor: The MSF rate and reverse repo rate determine the corridor for the daily movement in the weighted average call money rate. Bank Rate: It is the rate at which the Reserve Bank is ready to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers. The Bank Rate is published under Section 49 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. This rate has been aligned to the MSF rate and, therefore, changes automatically as and when the MSF rate changes alongside policy repo rate changes. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The average daily balance that a bank is required to maintain with the Reserve Bank as a share of such per cent of its Net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) that the Reserve Bank may notify from time to time in the Gazette of India. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): The share of NDTL that a bank is required to maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as, unencumbered government securities, cash and gold. Changes in SLR often influence the availability of resources in the banking system for lending to the private sector. Open Market Operations (OMOs): These include both, outright purchase and sale of government securities, for injection and absorption of durable liquidity, respectively. Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS): This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004. Surplus liquidity of a more enduring nature arising from large capital inflows is absorbed through sale of short-dated government securities and treasury bills. The cash so mobilised is held in a separate government account with the Reserve Bank. About Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is the body of the RBI, headed by the Governor, responsible for taking the important monetary policy decisions about setting the repo rate. Repo rate is ‘the policy instrument’ in monetary policy that helps to realize the set inflation target by the RBI (at present 4%). Membership of the MPC The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is formed under the RBI with six members. Three of the members are from the RBI while the other three members are appointed by the government. Members from the RBI are the Governor who is the chairman of the MPC, a Deputy Governor and one officer of the RBI. The government members are appointed by the Centre on the recommendations of a search-cum-selection committee which is to be headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Objectives of the MPC Monetary Policy was implemented with an initiative to provide reasonable price stability, high employment, and a faster economic growth rate. The major four objectives of the Monetary Policy are mentioned below: To stabilize the business cycle. To provide reasonable price stability. To provide faster economic growth. Exchange Rate Stability. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        PM to visit Laos for ASEAN-India summit Context: The prime Minister of India will visit Laos on October 10-11 to attend the 21st ASEAN-India and the 19th East Asia Summits that are being hosted by Laos. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: About Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) East Asia Summit (EAS) India and its Role in the East Asia Summit (EAS) About Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising Ten Countries in Southeast Asia. Members of ASEAN Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Brunei Vietnam Laos Myanmar Cambodia ASEAN’s Objectives: To promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in Asia. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional organisations. To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations. A major partner of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances and dialogue partners and is considered by many as the central union for cooperation in Asia-Pacific. The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”. ASEAN is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia. 8th August is observed as ASEAN Day. In 1967 ASEAN was established with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by its founding fathers: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Chairmanship of ASEAN rotates annually, based on the alphabetical order of the English names of Member States. ASEAN is the 3rd largest market in the world – larger than EU and North American markets. ASEAN Plus Three ASEAN Plus Three is a forum that functions as a coordinator of co-operation between the ASEAN and the three East Asian nations of China, South Korea, and Japan. ASEAN Plus Six further integration to improve existing ties of Southeast Asia was done by the larger East Asia Summit (EAS), which included ASEAN Plus Three as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. The group became ASEAN Plus Six with Australia, New Zealand, and India, and stands as the linchpin of Asia Pacific’s economic, political, security, socio-cultural architecture, as well as the global economy. This group acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community which was supposedly patterned after the European Community (now transformed into the European Union). ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) The ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement was signed and entered into force in 2010. Under the Agreement, ASEAN Member States and India have agreed to open their respective markets by progressively reducing and eliminating duties on more than 75% coverage of goods. ASEAN-India Trade in Services Agreement (AITISA) The ASEAN-India Trade in Services Agreement was signed in 2014. It contains provisions on transparency, domestic regulations, recognition, market access, national treatment and dispute settlement. ASEAN-India Investment Agreement (AIIA) The ASEAN-India Investment Agreement was signed in 2014. The Investment Agreement stipulates protection of investment to ensure fair and equitable treatment for investors, non-discriminatory treatment in expropriation or nationalisation as well as fair compensation. ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) The ASEAN–India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) is a free trade area among the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and India. The free trade area came into effect in 2010. The ASEAN–India Free Area emerged from a mutual interest of both parties to expand their economic ties in the Asia-Pacific region. India’s Look East policy was reciprocated by similar interests of many ASEAN countries to expand their interactions westward. The signing of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement paves the way for the creation of one of the world’s largest FTAs – a market of almost 1.8 billion people with a combined GDP of US $ 2.8 trillion. The AIFTA will see tariff liberalisation of over 90% of products traded between the two dynamic regions, including the so-called “special products,” such as palm oil (crude and refined), coffee, black tea and pepper. East Asia Summit (EAS) The East Asia Summit (EAS) was established in 2005 as an initiative led by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It serves as a leader-led forum in the Indo-Pacific region, bringing together key partners to address strategic political, security, and economic issues. Principles and Values: The EAS operates based on the principles of openness, inclusiveness, respect for international law, and the centrality of ASEAN as the driving force behind the forum. Proposal and First Summit: The idea of an East Asia Grouping was first proposed by then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in 1991. The first EAS summit was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 14 December 2005. Membership: The EAS comprises 18 members, including the 10 ASEAN countries and eight dialogue partners. ASEAN countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Dialogue partners: Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russia, and the United States. Summit Timing and Supportive Meetings: The EAS is typically held alongside ASEAN Leaders’ meetings in the fourth quarter of each year. It is supported by various ministerial and senior officials’ meetings, addressing various sectors like foreign affairs, economy, defense, and education. Priority Areas of Cooperation: The EAS focuses on six priority areas of cooperation: environment and energy, education, finance, global health issues and pandemic diseases, natural disaster management, and ASEAN connectivity. Broad Range of Topics: In addition to the priority areas, the EAS also covers other topics of common interest and concern, such as trade and investment, regional architecture, maritime security, non-proliferation, counterterrorism, and cyber security. India and its Role in the East Asia Summit (EAS) Founding Member and Active Participant: India has been a founding member of the East Asia Summit since its establishment in 2005. It has consistently participated in all EAS meetings and activities, showcasing its commitment to regional cooperation. Enhancing Act East Policy: India sees the EAS as a crucial platform to strengthen its Act East Policy, which aims to deepen engagement and foster stronger ties with East and Southeast Asian nations. Through the EAS, India seeks to enhance economic, political, and strategic partnerships with ASEAN and other countries in the region. Unveiling Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI): During the EAS in Bangkok in November 2019, India unveiled the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). The IPOI is a strategic initiative aimed at forging partnerships to create a secure and stable maritime domain in the Indo-Pacific region. Contributions to EAS Cooperation: India actively contributes to various fields of cooperation within the EAS framework. Its contributions encompass areas like disaster management, renewable energy, education, health, connectivity, maritime security, and counterterrorism. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        WWF: Global wildlife numbers declined by 73% Context: According to the World Wide Fund (WWF) for Nature’s Living Planet Report (LPR) 2024, there has been a 73% decline in the average size of monitored wildlife populations from 1970-2020. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key findings of the Report What is the Living Planet Index? About WWF Key findings of the report: The Nature’s Living Planet Report (LPR) 2024 says that there is a decline in the average size of ‘monitored wildlife populations’ in just 50 years (1970-2020). The report also noted the decline in population of three vulture species in India between 1992 and 2002. It noted strongest decline in freshwater populations (85 per cent) followed by terrestrial (69 per cent) and marine populations (56 per cent) among the 34,836 monitored wildlife populations of 5,495 vertebrate species of amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles. The report finds that habitat loss and degradation and overharvesting, driven primarily by our global food system are the dominant threats to wildlife populations around the world, followed by invasive species, disease and climate change. Significant declines in wildlife populations negatively impact the health and resilience of our environment and push nature closer to disastrous tipping points– critical thresholds resulting in substantial and potentially irreversible change. What is the Living Planet Index? It works as an indicator of biodiversity health. It measures the state of the world’s biological diversity based on the population trends of vertebrate species. UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has adopted LPI as the indicator of progress towards the convention’s 2011-12 target to take actions to halt biodiversity loss. Institute of Zoology (ZSL) manages the Living Planet Index. What does the Living Planet Index not monitor? The numbers of species lost or extinct Percentage of species declining Percentage of populations or individuals lost About WWF: It is an international non-governmental organization It is the world’s largest conservation organization Founded in 1961 Headquarter — Gland (Switzerland). Aim : Wilderness preservation & the reduction of human impact on the environment Objectives: Conserving the world’s biological diversity Ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable Promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption -Source: The Hindu, The Times of India        Human-leopard conflict Context: A 40 year old women was killed in leopard attack in Junnar forest of Pune district. This incident marks the seventh death from human-leopard conflict in the Junnar forest division since March and the second in this village. Relevance: GS3- Biodiversity and Conservation Dimensions of the Article: Rising Human-Wildlife Interactions in India About the Indian Leopard Way Forwards to prevent Man – Animal Conflicts Rising Human-Wildlife Interactions in India: In India, the increasing occurrence of human-wildlife interactions is undeniable. Given the inevitability of conflicts with wildlife, it’s crucial to seek better solutions beyond reactive capture and relocation, which have often proven unsustainable or even harmful to the animals involved. About the Indian Leopard: Scientific Name: Panthera pardus Overview: Leopards, characterized by their elusive and nocturnal nature, exhibit variations in size and color influenced by their habitat. Known for their adept climbing skills, they often seek refuge in trees to conceal their prey and avoid competition. Geographical Distribution: Belonging to the cat family, leopards inhabit a diverse range of regions, including Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Russia, and the Indian subcontinent. The Indian leopard, scientifically identified as Panthera pardus fusca, is prominently found across the Indian subcontinent. Habitat: Leopards showcase notable adaptability in terms of their habitat preferences and dietary needs. They are commonly spotted in agro-pastoral landscapes, plantations, and in close proximity to human settlements, encompassing both rural and urban areas. Conservation Status: Leopards are classified as ‘Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List and are listed under Appendix I of CITES. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 designates them under Schedule I, acknowledging their need for stringent protection measures. Population in India: According to the ‘Status of Leopards in India, 2018’ report released by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), there was a remarkable “60% increase in the population count of leopards in India compared to the 2014 estimates.” The ‘Status of Leopards in India, 2022’ report, published by the Union Environment Ministry on February 29, reveals an approximate leopard count of 13,874 in India, marking an increase from the 2018 figure of 12,852. Associated Concerns: Man-Animal Conflict: Leopards in India inhabit a variety of landscapes, ranging from dense forests to urban areas. However, their proximity to human settlements often results in conflicts, as leopards enter villages in search of food or territory, leading to attacks on livestock and occasionally on humans. Such encounters pose significant threats to both leopard populations and human communities. Poaching: Moreover, poaching remains a profitable enterprise, with influential individuals anonymously employing locals; it is crucial to identify and hold them accountable. Climate Change and other Issues: Climate change exacerbates these challenges by modifying natural habitats and prey availability. Additionally, forest fragmentation, biodiversity loss, and other changes contribute to the stress on leopard populations. Way Forwards to prevent Man – Animal Conflicts Surveillance- Increased vigilance and protection of identified locations using hi-tech surveillance tools like sensors can help in tracking the movement of animals and warn the local population. Improvement of habitat- In-situ and ex-situ habitat conservation measures will help in securing animals their survival. Re-locating of animal habitats away from residential and commercial centres will serve to minimize animal-man conflict for illegal and self-interested motives Awareness Programmes- To create awareness among people and sensitize them about the Do’s and Don’ts in the forest areas to minimize the conflicts between man and animal. Training programs– Training to the police offices and local people should be provided for this purpose forest department should frame guidelines. Boundary walls- The construction of boundary walls and solar fences around the sensitive areas to prevent the wild animal attacks. Technical and financial support- For the development of necessary infrastructure and support facilities for immobilization of problematic animals through tranquilization, their translocation. Part of CSR- Safeguarding Tiger corridors, building eco-bridges and such conservation measures can be part of corporate social responsibility.  -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express       

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 October 2024

Contents: Mental health in India’s material world  Science in the machine Mental Health in India’s Material World The theme of World Mental Health Day 2024 is “Prioritising mental health in the workplace”, indicating a growing mental health crisis both globally and in India. Millions of Indians are facing issues with anxiety, depression, and work pressure every single day. Undermined Mental health by relentless productivity, making the situation worse. The issue demands urgent attention and collective efforts. Relevance: GS1 Society and GS2 Social Justice. Mains Question: Discuss the impacts of rising mental health issues in India, focusing on socio-economics. Suggest effective measures to address the growing crisis considering the role of workplace stress and urbanisation. (250 words ) Statistics: Over 197 million people in India suffer from mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety,  etc. (The Lancet Psychiatry Commission). Aspects associated with the article: Economic growth : It has opened new opportunities at the same time contributed to societal pressure, especially in urban areas. Material success is not delivering true well-being. Philosophy : Existential questions like “Who am I ??” “What is the purpose of my life ?” ignored over material, productivity pursuit. Eudaimonia: Aristotle’s philosophy explains how the state of well-being is achieved through living a virtuous life.   Urbanisation: Societal pressure, severe competition, and financial instability cause mental health crises.Isolation, social comparison and inadequacy of material wealth, escalating mental issues.   Ex: The National Mental Health Survey (2015-16) found that the prevalence of mental health disorders is higher in urban areas (14.5%) compared to rural areas (10.8%). Distorted work-life balance : For example, the Karnataka Shops and Commercial Establishments (amendment) Bill 2024 permits employees to work more than 12 hours a day. Collective action, and community as solutions: According to studies Strong social connections, supportive communities and meaningful work are key to mental health   Ex: In Brazil, Community gardens have helped residents to achieve a sense of belongingness and shared responsibilities. Consumer choice and mental health : Many people believe in the ability to buy more things as success. This notion of material wealth over deeper values like equality and mindfulness creates trouble in the long run.   When happiness is associated with buying power, feeling of inadequacy brings mental health issues like stress and anxiety. Other factors responsible for rising mental health issues in India : Stress at the workplace : A survey by the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) found that 42.5% of employees in the private sector suffer from depression or general anxiety disorder. Lack of Awareness: The stigma around mental health remains a significant barrier. Live Love Laugh Foundation study found that 47% of Indians believe that people with mental health disorders should be avoided. Key initiatives for the promotion of mental health:   National mental health policy, to address mental illness and promote recovery, to destigmatize mental issues   Tele-Manas to provide 24*7 remote access to mental health care   Mental Health Care Act,2017 to ensure the right to access mental health care and treatments. Addressing mental health issues in India is the need of the hour. Policy interventions, community coordination, and individual efforts must work hand in hand. Efforts should also extend beyond viewing success solely as a material pursuit and consumerism.  Science in the machine This year, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton for their path-breaking work in artificial intelligence (AI), specifically in machine learning with artificial neural networks.   Their research has greatly improved data processing and the use of AI in healthcare, showcasing AI’s huge potential. However, this recognition also highlights the need for ethical considerations and implications of AI and emerging technologies.   Relevance: GS3( Technology), GS4 (Ethics). Mains question: Discuss the enabling and disruptive potentials of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Evaluate the ethical implications associated with its widespread adoption and suggest measures for responsible management of AI technologies (250 words ) Recognition of AI in Physics Nobel awardees acknowledge the contribution of AI in physics and other sciences, marking interdisciplinary contributions. Potential and Challenges of AI : Transformative Potential: Geoffrey Hinton compares AI to the Industrial Revolution, appreciating its transformative power. Just like the Industrial Revolution, AI has the potential to significantly enhance productivity across various fields. Productivity Boost:  AI can analyse large amounts of data quickly and improve decision-making processes, which leads to increased efficiency and innovation in fields like healthcare, finance, and transportation. For example, AI applications in healthcare can improve diagnostic accuracy. Ethical Concerns: Unintended Consequences: Both John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton have expressed concerns about the unintended consequences of AI. Dual Nature of Technology:  While AI can bring about remarkable advantages, such as improved medical diagnoses and personalised treatments, it also poses threats. Ex: job displacement due to automation, privacy issues, etc.   For instance, the World Economic Forum estimates that AI could displace 85 million jobs by 2025, while also creating 97 million new ones (Dual nature ).   Responsible Management: Involves creating ethical guidelines, ensuring transparency, and promoting public awareness about the implications of AI. Ex: The European Union’s AI Act.   Economic Impact: The global AI market is expected to grow from $93.5 billion in 2021 to $997.8 billion by 2028, denoting AI’s potential. Healthcare Applications: AI in healthcare is projected to reach $45.2 billion by 2026, due to its ability to enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment plan Hopfield and Hinton bring attention to both the enabling and disruptive possibilities of AI, stressing the importance of considering ethical implications. It is crucial to promote accountable, responsible, and ethical AI to maximise benefits and minimize potential threats.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 October 2024

Contents: World Mental Health Day 2024 Atal Pension Yojana (APY) World Mental Health Day 2024 Focus: GS-II: Social Justice Why in News? The World Mental Health Day is observed annually on October 10. About World Mental Health Day: World Mental Health Day was first initiated in 1992 by the World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH), a global organisation dedicated to promoting mental health worldwide.. This global observance aims to raise awareness about mental health issues and mobilize efforts in support of mental health care worldwide. The importance of World Mental Health Day is underscored by the growing recognition of the profound impact mental health has on individuals, families, and communities. The theme for 2024, Mental Health at Work, highlights the critical connection between mental health and the workplace. Understanding Mental illnesses Mental illnesses include anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, personality disorders and eating disorders. The majority of suicides in the world are related to psychiatric problems or to the illnesses listed above. Death by suicide is a complex phenomenon and not fully reported. Mental health may not be the primary concern in developing economies like India as there may be other communicable and non-communicable diseases which may be more prevalent. Importance of mental health: Emotional and mental health is important because it’s a vital part of your life and impacts your thoughts, behaviors and emotions. Being healthy emotionally can promote productivity and effectiveness in activities like work, school or caregiving. It plays an important part in the health of your relationships, and allows you to adapt to changes in your life and cope with adversity. Our mental health encompasses our psychological, emotional and social well-being. This means it impacts how we feel, think and behave each day. Our mental health also contributes to our decision making process, how we cope with stress and how we relate to others in our lives. Global burden of mental health will be well beyond the treatment capacities of developed and developing countries. The social and economic costs associated with growing burden of mental ill health focused the possibilities for promoting mental health as well as preventing and treating mental illness. Atal Pension Yojana (APY)  Focus: GS-II Social Justice Why in News? The total gross enrolments under the Atal Pension Yojana (APY) have crossed 7 crore, with an enrolment of over 56 lakh in the current Financial Year 2024-25. About Atal Pension Yojana (APY) APY was launched on 9th May 2015 with an objective of delivering old age income security, particularly to the workers in the unorganised sector. APY envisages Government providing guarantee of minimum pension after 60 years of age. The scheme even after garnering 2.23 crores workers under the ambit of pension, still remains unequivocally relevant for addressing the challenges of rapidly increasing aging population of India. The scheme has been implemented comprehensively across the country covering all states and Union Territories with male to female subscription ratio of 57:43. APY can be subscribed by Any Indian citizen in the age group of 18-40 years having a bank account and its uniqueness is attributable to three distinctive benefits. It provides a minimum guaranteed pension ranging from Rs 1000 to Rs 5000 on attaining 60 years of age. The amount of pension is guaranteed for lifetime to spouse on death of the subscriber and lastly, in the event of death of both the subscriber and the spouse, entire pension corpus is paid to the nominee. Future of APY Going forward there is still the humongous task of increasing the pension coverage, as only five per cent of the eligible population has been covered under APY till date.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 October 2024

Contents: India contributes for Centre of Excellence for Traditional Medicine Asia’s Largest and World’s Highest Imaging Cherenkov Observatory inaugrated India eliminates Trachoma: WHO AI compute procurement norms relaxed by MeitY Government ensures universal supply of fortified rice Concerns of Maoist influx to Odisha India contributes for Centre of Excellence for Traditional Medicine Context: India, the sixth largest global contributor of core funding to the World Health Organisation (WHO), has now committed to give more than $300 million for the organisation’s core programme of work from 2025 to 2028. The biggest chunk of $250 million will be spent on the Centre of Excellence for Traditional Medicine. Relevance: GS II- Health Dimensions of the Article: What is traditional medicine? Why has the WHO felt the need to advance knowledge of traditional medicine? What is traditional medicine? The WHO describes traditional medicine as the total sum of the “knowledge, skills and practices indigenous and different cultures have used over time to maintain health and prevent, diagnose and treat physical and mental illness”. “Its reach encompasses ancient practices such as acupuncture, ayurvedic medicine and herbal mixtures as well as modern medicines,” Traditional medicine in India is often defined as including practices and therapies — such as yoga, Ayurveda, Siddha — that have been part of Indian tradition historically, as well as others — such as homeopathy — that became part of Indian tradition over the years. Ayurveda and yoga are practised widely across the country; the Siddha system is followed predominantly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala; the Sowa-Rigpa system is practised mainly in Leh-Ladakh and Himalayan regions such as Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Darjeeling, Lahaul & Spiti. Why has the WHO felt the need to advance knowledge of traditional medicine? The WHO says 170 of its 194 WHO Member States have reported the use of traditional medicine, and these member states have asked for its support in creating a body of “reliable evidence and data on traditional medicine practices and products”. It says the Jamnagar centre will serve as the hub, and focus on building a “solid evidence base” for policies and “help countries integrate it as appropriate into their health systems”. The WHO has flagged many challenges faced by traditional medicine: For instance, national health systems and strategies do not yet fully integrate traditional medicine workers, accredited courses and health facilities. Second, the WHO has stressed the need to conserve biodiversity and sustainability as about 40% of approved pharmaceutical products today derive from natural substances. For example, the discovery of aspirin drew on traditional medicine formulations using the bark of the willow tree, the contraceptive pill was developed from the roots of wild yam plants and child cancer treatments have been based on the rosy periwinkle. Third, the WHO has referred to modernisation of the ways traditional medicine is being studied. Artificial intelligence is now used to map evidence and trends in traditional medicine. “Functional magnetic resonance imaging is used to study brain activity and the relaxation response that is part of some traditional medicine therapies such as meditation and yoga, which are increasingly drawn on for mental health and well-being in stressful times,” Fourth, the WHO has said traditional medicine is also being extensively updated by mobile phone apps, online classes, and other technologies. The GCTM will serve as a hub for other countries, and build standards on traditional medicine practices and products. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Asia’s Largest and World’s Highest Imaging Cherenkov Observatory inaugrated Context: The Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment (MACE) Observatory has been inaugurated at Hanle, Ladakh. Relevance: GS-3 Science and Technology, Space Technology About MACE: MACE is the largest imaging Cherenkov telescope in Asia. It is located at an altitude of ~4,300 m and is also the highest of its kind in the world. The telescope is indigenously built by BARC with support from ECIL and other Indian industry partners. The inaugural of MACE Observatory was a part of the Platinum Jubilee year celebrations of the DAE. Significance: The telescope will place India in the forefront of cosmic-ray research globally. It will allow us to study high-energy gamma rays, paving the way for deeper understanding of the universe’s most energetic events. The MACE project plays not only in advancing scientific research but also in supporting the socio-economic development of Ladakh. Students were encouraged to explore careers in astronomy and astrophysics. -Source: PIB India eliminates Trachoma: WHO Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) has now recognised that India has successfully eliminated trachoma. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Details About Trachoma What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)? Government’s efforts regarding NTD Details: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognised India has successfully eliminated trachoma, a bacterial infection that affects the eyes, as a public health problem. India received a citation from World Health Organization South-East Asia at the 77th Regional Conference for eliminating Trachoma. India is the third country in South-East Asia Region to reach this important public health milestone. About Trachoma: Trachoma is a devastating eye disease caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Repeated infections in childhood lead to scarring of the inner side of the upper eyelids, resulting in inward turning of the eyelid margin, with the eyelashes touching the eyeball. This is a painful condition known as trachomatous trichiasis – if left untreated, it can result in visual impairment and blindness. Spread: The infection spreads from person to person through contaminated fingers, fomites and flies that have come into contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person. Environmental risk factors for trachoma transmission include poor hygiene, overcrowded households, and inadequate access to water, and sanitation facilities. Elimination: To eliminate trachoma, WHO recommends the SAFE strategy [1] to achieve elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. Progress against trachoma and other neglected tropical diseases is alleviating the human and economic burden that they impose on the world’s most disadvantaged communities. The 2021–2030 neglected tropical disease road map targets the prevention, control, elimination and eradication of 21 diseases and disease groups by 2030. What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD)? Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)– a diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries – affect more than one billion people and cost developing economies billions of dollars every year. Populations living in poverty, without adequate sanitation and in close contact with infectious vectors and domestic animals and livestock are those worst affected. Seven of the most common NTDs can be found in a number of countries—primarily in low- and middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Controlling the vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, black flies) that transmit these diseases and improving basic water, sanitation, and hygiene are highly effective strategies against these NTDs. The NTD Crisis NTDs such as dengue, lymphatic filariasis and visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) afflict 1 billion people worldwide, and yet, are not prioritised in the public health narrative in many parts of the world. India bears the largest burden of NTDs in the world, accounting for 40 per cent of the global lymphatic filariasis disease burden and almost a quarter of the world’s visceral leishmaniasis cases. Government’s efforts regarding NTD In recent years, the government has made concerted efforts to address the nation’s NTD burden, especially visceral leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis which were slated to be eliminated by 2020 and 2021 respectively. India has already eliminated several other NTDs, including guinea worm, trachoma, and yaws. Measures taken include Mass Drug Administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis prevention in endemic districts and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) to control the breeding of sandflies that transmit visceral leishmaniasis. The Accelerated Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (APELF) was launched in 2018, as part of intensifying efforts towards the elimination of NTDs. A WHO-supported regional alliance established by the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal in 2005 to expedite early diagnosis and treatment of the most vulnerable populations and improve disease surveillance and control of sandfly populations (Kala-azar). -Source: The Hindu AI compute procurement norms relaxed by MeitY Context: The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) has relaxed some provisions in its norms to procure computing capacity for artificial intelligence (AI) solutions. The relaxations was on account of a reduction in the annual turnover requirement for companies looking to set up such data centres, and on the computing capacity itself.  The decision is part of the Rs 10,370 crore IndiaAI Mission. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: IndiaAI Mission Key Highlights of India’s Artificial Intelligence Market Challenges Anticipated for IndiaAI Mission IndiaAI Mission Overview: The IndiaAI Mission is a major initiative aimed at building a robust artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure in India. It focuses on enhancing the nation’s capabilities in AI technology, improving data quality, and supporting indigenous AI development. The mission seeks to create an environment conducive to AI innovation and ethical practices while fostering collaboration between industry, academia, and startups. Key Objectives: Establish AI Computing Infrastructure: Build a high-end AI computing ecosystem with over 10,000 Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Procure 300 to 500 GPUs initially to kickstart the project. Provide essential computing power to Indian startups and researchers. Development of Indigenous AI Technologies: Create Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) and foundational models with over 100 billion parameters. Focus on priority sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, and governance. Develop datasets covering major Indian languages. Enhance Data Quality: Develop a unified platform to provide seamless access to quality non-personal datasets. Support startups and researchers with high-quality data resources. Support AI Startups and Research: Provide streamlined funding access for deep-tech AI startups with approximately Rs 2,000 crore allocated. Foster industry collaboration and support impactful AI startups. Expand AI education with undergraduate, master’s, and Ph.D. programs, and establish Data and AI Labs in smaller cities. Promote Ethical AI Practices: Develop guidelines and frameworks to ensure responsible AI practices. Include indigenous tools for project assessment and ethical evaluation. Create an AI Marketplace: Establish an AI marketplace to facilitate resource sharing and collaboration among AI stakeholders. Financials: The Union Cabinet approved the mission with a budget of Rs 10,372 crore. Close to Rs 2,000 crore has been earmarked specifically for developing foundational models and AI infrastructure. Significance: GPU Utilization: GPUs are crucial for training large-scale AI models and are essential for advanced applications such as machine learning, modeling, media analytics, and cloud gaming. Socio-Economic Impact: The mission aims to address critical challenges in various sectors and drive large-scale socio-economic transformation through AI. Talent and Innovation: By attracting top talent and fostering industry collaboration, the mission seeks to position India as a global leader in AI technology. Key Highlights of India’s Artificial Intelligence Market Growing AI Adoption: Government Initiatives: The National AI Strategy and the National AI Portal, along with programs like AI for All by NASSCOM, are accelerating AI adoption across sectors. Sector Integration: Key sectors such as healthcare, finance, retail, manufacturing, and agriculture are increasingly integrating AI technologies. Significance of Data: Data as a Resource: Clive Humby’s assertion that “data is the new oil” highlights the importance of AI-driven data analytics. Enhanced Insights: Companies leverage AI for valuable insights, operational improvements, and innovation. Supporting Initiatives: Digital India and Make in India: Initiatives like these, along with Smart Cities Mission and GI Cloud (MeghRaj), are driving AI adoption. Global IndiaAI Summit: Hosted by India, this summit promotes AI advancements and collaboration. Active Research Community: Institutional Contributions: Institutions like IITs, ISI, and IISc are actively involved in AI research and development, contributing to the global knowledge base. Emerging AI Clusters: Major Cities: AI clusters are forming in cities like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Chennai, Pune, and the National Capital Region (NCR). Bengaluru’s Role: Known as the “Silicon Valley of India,” Bengaluru has a thriving ecosystem with over 2,000 active startups, significant IT exports, and strong AI research, including over 400 patents annually. Investment Opportunities: Agriculture: AI-powered precision farming and crop monitoring offer significant productivity gains. Finance: AI-driven fraud detection, risk assessment, and customer service automation are in high demand. Healthcare: AI presents opportunities in predictive diagnostics, personalized treatment, and drug discovery. Retail: Technologies like recommendation engines and chatbots are transforming the retail sector. Challenges Anticipated for IndiaAI Mission Ambitious GPU Objectives: Procurement and Deployment: Building a computing capacity of 10,000 GPUs is ambitious. Timely procurement and deployment are crucial. High Costs and Availability: Cost Barriers: High costs of GPUs, such as Nvidia’s A100 chip costing up to USD 10,000, pose barriers for smaller businesses. Availability Issues: Accelerating the acquisition and integration of GPUs is essential. Dataset Limitations: Diverse Data Needs: Effective AI model training, especially for Indic languages, requires diverse and adequate datasets. Skilled Workforce Shortage: Talent Gap: There is a shortage of skilled AI professionals, and efforts are needed to bridge this gap. High Deployment Costs: Infrastructure Investments: The cost of deploying AI solutions, particularly in manufacturing, involves significant capital investments, which may hinder widespread adoption. Infrastructure Needs: Cloud Computing: Advanced cloud computing infrastructure is necessary for scaling AI applications. Current efforts like AIRAWAT are steps in the right direction, but comprehensive facilities are still lacking. Ethical and Security Concerns: Bias and Ethics: Ensuring ethical use and avoiding biases in AI models are critical. Data Security: Handling sensitive personal data raises concerns related to data security and privacy. Environmental Impact: Energy Consumption: AI and data centers significantly increase global energy consumption. Data centers currently account for 1% to 1.3% of global electricity demand, projected to rise to 1.5% to 3% by 2026. Cooling Needs: Increased data processing generates more heat, requiring powerful cooling systems. Water Usage: The demand for water resources for cooling data centers adds to environmental concerns. Geopolitical and Technological Restrictions: Export Controls: Geopolitical tensions and export control regulations can restrict access to essential AI technologies and components. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Government ensures universal supply of fortified rice Context: The Government recently approved the continuation of the universal supply of fortified rice under all central schemes, including Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) in its present form till 2028. Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy, Public distribution system Dimensions of the Article: What is rice fortification? Need of rice fortification What are the standards for fortification? Advantages Issues with fortified food About Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana What is rice fortification? The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) defines fortification as “deliberately increasing the content of essential micronutrients in a food so as to improve the nutritional quality of food and to provide public health benefit with minimal risk to health”. The cooking of fortified rice does not require any special procedure. After cooking, fortified rice retains the same physical properties and micronutrient levels as it had before cooking. Fortified rice will be packed in jute bags with the logo (‘+F’) and the line “Fortified with Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12”. Various technologies are available to add micronutrients to regular rice, such as coating, dusting, and ‘extrusion’. The last mentioned involves the production of fortified rice kernels (FRKs) from a mixture using an ‘extruder’ machine. It is considered to be the best technology for India. The fortified rice kernels are blended with regular rice to produce fortified rice. Need of rice fortification India has very high levels of malnutrition among women and children. According to the Food Ministry, every second woman in the country is anaemic and every third child is stunted. Fortification of food is considered to be one of the most suitable methods to combat malnutrition. Rice is one of India’s staple foods, consumed by about two-thirds of the population. Per capita rice consumption in India is 6.8 kg per month. Therefore, fortifying rice with micronutrients is an option to supplement the diet of the poor. What are the standards for fortification? Under the Ministry’s guidelines, 10 g of FRK must be blended with 1 kg of regular rice. According to FSSAI norms, 1 kg of fortified rice will contain the following: iron (28 mg-42.5 mg), folic acid (75-125 microgram), and vitamin B-12 (0.75-1.25 microgram). Rice may also be fortified with zinc (10 mg-15 mg), vitamin A (500-750 microgram RE), vitamin B-1 (1 mg-1.5 mg), vitamin B-2 (1.25 mg-1.75 mg), vitamin B-3 (12.5 mg-20 mg) and vitamin B-6 (1.5 mg-2.5 mg) per kg. Advantages Fortified staple foods will contain natural or near-natural levels of micro-nutrients, which may not necessarily be the case with supplements.  It provides nutrition without any change in the characteristics of food or the course of our meals.  If consumed on a regular and frequent basis, fortified foods will maintain body stores of nutrients more efficiently and more effectively than will intermittently supplement.  The overall costs of fortification are extremely low; the price increase is approximately 1 to 2 percent of the total food value.  It upholds everyone’s right to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger Issues with fortified food Fortification and enrichment upset nature’s packaging. Our body does not absorb individual nutrients added to processed foods as efficiently compared to nutrients naturally occurring. Supplements added to foods are less bioavailable. Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a nutrient your body is able to absorb and use. They lack immune-boosting substances. Fortified foods and supplements can pose specific risks for people who are taking prescription medications, including decreased absorption of other micro-nutrients, treatment failure, and increased mortality risk. About Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana: It is considered as world’s largest food security scheme, aims at ensuring sufficient food for the poor and needy during the coronavirus crisis. It was announced as part of the first relief package during the COVID-19 pandemic. Part of the scheme, the food needs to be provided to all the beneficiaries under public distribution system (TPDS) for Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and priority household (PHH) ration cardholders. As per updates, the eligible beneficiaries will receive 5kg of foodgrains and 1 kg Gram per month. Eligibility  Families belonging to the Below Poverty Line – Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Priority Households (PHH) categories will be eligible for the scheme. PHH are to be identified by State Governments/Union Territory Administrations as per criteria evolved by them. AAY families are to be identified by States/UTs as per the criteria prescribed by the Central Government: Households headed by widows or terminally ill persons or disabled persons or persons aged 60 years or more with no assured means of subsistence or societal support. Widows or terminally ill persons or disabled persons or persons aged 60 years or more or single women or single men with no family or societal support or assured means of subsistence. All primitive tribal households. Landless agriculture labourers, marginal farmers, rural artisans/craftsmen such as potters, tanners, weavers, blacksmiths, carpenters, slum dwellers, and persons earning their livelihood on daily basis in the informal sector like porters, coolies, rickshaw pullers, hand cart pullers, fruit and flower sellers, snake charmers, rag pickers, cobblers, destitutes  and other similar categories in both rural and urban areas. All eligible Below Poverty Line families of HIV positive persons. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Concerns of Maoist influx to Odisha Context: Anti-Naxal operations in neighbouring Chhattisgarh has raised concerns of Maoist influx from Chhattisgarh to Odisha. The Odisha government has also raised three battalions of the Odisha Special Striking Force (OSSF), comprising ex-servicemen, to engage in anti-Maoist operation. Relevance: GS3- Internal Security- Left Wing Extremism Dimensions of the Article: Trend in Maoist / Naxalite insurrection Radicalization Types of Radicalisation Left Wing Extremism (LWE) What is Naxalism in India? Causes of Naxalism in India: Government Initiatives to fight LWE Way Forward Trend in Maoist / Naxalite insurrection The Maoist insurrection which began first as the Naxalite movement in the 1970s and then intensified since 2004, following the merger of two prominent insurgent groups, remains a mindless guerrilla-driven militant movement that has failed to gain adherents beyond those living in remote tribal areas either untouched by welfare or are discontents due to state repression. The Maoists are now considerably weaker than a decade ago, with several senior leaders either dead or incarcerated, but their core insurgent force in south Bastar remains intact. The recourse to violence is now little more than a ploy to invite state repression which furthers their aim of gaining new adherents. While the Indian state has long since realised that there cannot only be a military end to the conflict, the Chhattisgarh government’s inability to reach out to those living in the Maoist strongholds remains a major hurdle, which has resulted in a protracted but violent stalemate in the area. Radicalization Radicalization is a process by which an individual or group comes to adopt increasingly extreme political, social, or religious ideals and aspirations that reject or undermine the status quo or contemporary ideas and expressions of the nation. The outcomes of radicalization are shaped by the ideas of the society at large; for example, radicalism can originate from a broad social consensus against progressive changes in society or from a broad desire for change in society. Radicalization can be both violent and nonviolent, although most academic literature focuses on radicalization into violent extremism (RVE). There are multiple pathways that constitute the process of radicalization, which can be independent but are usually mutually reinforcing. Radicalization that occurs across multiple reinforcing pathways greatly increases a group’s resilience and lethality. Furthermore, by compromising its ability to blend in with non-radical society and participate in a modern, national economy, radicalization serves as a kind of sociological trap that gives individuals no other place to go to satisfy their material and spiritual needs Types of Radicalisation Right-Wing Extremism – It is characterized by the violent defence of a racial, ethnic or pseudo-national identity, and is also associated with radical hostility towards state authorities, minorities, immigrants and/or left-wing political groups. Politico-Religious Extremism – It results from political interpretation of religion and the defence, by violent means, of a religious identity perceived to be under attack (via international conflicts, foreign policy, social debates, etc.). Any religion may spawn this type of violent radicalization. Left-Wing Extremism – It focuses primarily on anti-capitalist demands and calls for the transformation of political systems considered responsible for producing social inequalities, and that may ultimately employ violent means to further its cause. It includes anarchist, maoist, Trotskyist and marxist–leninist groups that use violence to advocate for their cause. Left Wing Extremism (LWE) Left Wing Extremism (LWE) organizations are the groups that try to bring change through violent revolution. They are against democratic institutions and use violence to subvert the democratic processes at ground level. These groups prevent the developmental processes in the least developed regions of the country and try to misguide the people by keeping them ignorant of current happenings. Left Wing Extremists are popularly known as Maoists worldwide and as Naxalites in India. What is Naxalism in India? A Naxal or Naxalite is a member of any political organisation that claims the legacy of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist), founded in Calcutta in 1969. The term Naxal derives from the name of the village Naxalbari in West Bengal, where the Naxalite peasant revolt took place in 1967. It creates conditions for non-functioning of the government and actively seeks disruption of development activities as a means to achieve its objective of ‘wresting control’. It spreads fear among the law-abiding citizens. Naxalism is considered to be one of the biggest internal security threats India faces. The conflict is concentrated the Eastern part of the country, particularly an area known as the Red Corridor spread across the states of Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. o Some districts of Kerala, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh etc are impacted by Naxalism. Naxal violence is related to the intensity of the feeling of people of their deprivation and their commitment to take revenge against those who are believed to be responsible for such denial. Currently, the main supporters of the movement are marginalized groups of India including Dalits and Adivasis, who believe they have been neglected by the government. Further, Naxals support Maoist political sentiments and ideology. Causes of Naxalism in India: Mismanagement of Forests: It is one of the main reasons for the spread of Naxalism. It started with the British government. The monopolization of the forest started with the enactment of various forest laws. The integration with the wider world led to an influx of a new class like moneylenders. The administrative machinery became more exploitative and extortionate at functional level. Tribal policies not implemented well: Even during the post-Independence era, the government was not able to stop the process of the tribal alienation and their displacement caused by large projects. Even the issues of food security were not fully sorted out. Consequently, Naxalism made inroads in Orissa and other states. The Growing inter and intra-regional disparities: Naxalism attract people who have poor livelihood like fishermen, farmers, daily labourers and bamboo cutters. The government policies have failed to stem the growing inter and intra-regional disparities. The poor people think that Naxalism can provide solutions to their problems. Absence of proper Industrialization and lack of land reforms: The half-hearted implementation of land reforms by the government has yielded negative results. The agrarian set up has not been defined in the absence of proper implementation of survey and settlement. This further damaged the agriculture production and the rural economy. Absence of proper industrialization has failed to generate employment for rural people leading to dissatisfaction with the government. It is also one of the causes behind Naxalism. Geographical Terrain: Naxalism thrives in areas covered with forests. It helps them fight against the police and the army by waging Guerrilla warfare. Middle Class Youth: The educated youths have been the largest supporters of the Naxalist movement as the maximum of the youths involved in the movement are medical and engineering graduates. Universities have turned up to be a pitch for the creation of radical ideologies. Government Initiatives to fight LWE Greyhounds was raised in 1989 as an elite anti-naxal force. Operation Green Hunt was started in 2009-10 and massive deployment of security forces was done in the naxal-affected areas. It decreased Naxal affected areas from 223 to 90 districts in 9 years. LWE Mobile Tower Project envisioned to improve mobile connectivity in the LWE areas, the Government in 2014, approved installation of mobile towers in LWE affected States. Aspirational Districts Programme was launched in 2018, it aims to rapidly transform the districts that have shown relatively lesser progress in key social areas. Police Modernization Scheme plus fortification of police station in areas affected by Naxal movements. Assistance in training of State Police through the Ministry of Defence. National Policy and Action Plan 2015 is a multi-pronged strategy in the areas of security, development, ensuring rights & entitlement of local communities etc Special Infrastructure Scheme for funds to the States of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha to raise Special Task Force to combat LWE. Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme: Under this the central Govt. reimburses security related expenditure to the LWE affected state Governments. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 has been amended to strengthen the punitive measures. SAMADHAN Doctrine SAMADHAN doctrine is the one-stop solution for the LWE problem. It encompasses the entire strategy of government from short-term policy to long-term policy formulated at different levels. S- Smart Leadership, Aggressive Strategy, M- Motivation and Training, Actionable Intelligence, D- Dashboard Based KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and KRAs (Key Result Areas), H- Harnessing Technology, Action plan for each Theatre, and N- No access to Financing. Way Forward Good governance – Analyzing the loopholes in the present strategy and developing a coherent national strategy to end the menace. Dialogue – Between the Naxal leaders, and the government officials can be a way to work out a solution. Generate more employment and increase wages – insecure livelihood and unemployment in the areas have left the people with little option but to join the Naxals. Ending the political marginalization of weaker sections – Weaker sections of the society, the schedule castes and schedule tribes still face discrimination from the upper class making them a soft target for the Naxals. Remove disparity – Economic disparity and the growing distance between rich and the poor is one of the main problems that has contributed to the growth of Naxalism. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express       

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 October 2024

Contents: India-UAE Bilateral Investment Treaty entered into force Voter turnout in Haryana Assembly elections higher than Lok Sabha voting India-UAE Bilateral Investment Treaty entered into force Focus: GS2- International Relations Why in News? The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) signed on 13th February, 2024 at Abu Dhabi entered into force with effect from 31st August, 2024. The enforcement of this new BIT with UAE gives continuity of investment protection to investors of both the countries The Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) between India and UAE signed in December 2013 expired on 12th September, 2024. India-UAE Relations: India and the UAE established diplomatic ties in 1972, with a significant enhancement in bilateral relations occurring during the visit of India’s Prime Minister to the UAE in August 2015, initiating a new strategic partnership. This partnership was further strengthened when the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi visited India in January 2017, leading to the upgrade of bilateral relations to a comprehensive strategic partnership. This development spurred negotiations for an India-UAE comprehensive economic partnership agreement. Economic Ties: In terms of economic relations, bilateral trade between India and the UAE reached USD 85 billion in 2022-23, making the UAE India’s third-largest trading partner and second-largest export destination. The goal is to elevate bilateral merchandise trade to over USD 100 billion and services trade to USD 15 billion within five years. Numerous Indian companies have established manufacturing units, either through joint ventures or in Special Economic Zones (SEZs), across various sectors in the UAE. Under India’s revamped Free Trade Agreement (FTA) strategy, the UAE holds a prominent position as the top priority for an early harvest deal, alongside other key countries/regions such as the UK, the EU, Australia, Canada, Israel, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The UAE has also expressed its intent to pursue bilateral economic agreements with India and seven other countries. Voter turnout in Haryana Assembly elections higher than Lok Sabha voting Focus: GS II: Polity and Governance Why in News? A voter turnout of 67.9% has been recorded across the 90 Assembly Constituencies (ACs) in the Haryana Assembly Elections 2024. These figures are significantly higher voter response compared to last Lok Sabha elections which recorded 64.8% voting in the state.  Voting Stats: India has a large and diverse population, and the voter demographics can vary significantly between states. However, some general statistics about Indian voters include: Gender: As of 2021, there are around 500 million female voters and 400 million male voters in India. However, the gender gap in voter turnout has been narrowing in recent elections. Age: Around 60% of Indian voters are below the age of 35. Literacy: The literacy rate among Indian voters is around 74%. Voter turnout: Voter turnout in India has been around 66% in recent national elections. However, voter turnout can vary significantly between states, with some states having voter turnout of over 80% and others having voter turnout of less than 60%. Voter registration: As of 2021, the number of registered voters in India is around 900 million. Rural and Urban: Around 70% of Indian voters live in rural areas. It’s worth noting that the above information is based on the knowledge cut off of 2020 and the latest updates of assembly seats allocation may differ.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 October 2024

Contents: Regulation Role: The Impact of microRNA on Gene Expression and Disease A Re-Balancing of India’s Great Power Relations Unpacking the Centre’s Affidavit on Marital Rape Regulation Role: The Impact of microRNA on Gene Expression and Disease Context: The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their discovery of microRNAs. These small RNA molecules have revolutionized our understanding of gene regulation by playing a critical role in the control of gene expression at the post-transcriptional stage. This discovery has opened new avenues for research in understanding cellular functions and the pathogenesis of diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and more. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Science and Technology) Mains Question: Discuss the role of microRNAs in gene regulation and their potential applications in medical research. How does this discovery contribute to our understanding of disease mechanisms? (250 words) Understanding Gene Regulation Before microRNAs: Before the discovery of microRNAs, gene regulation was thought to be controlled primarily by transcription factors — specialized proteins that bind to specific DNA regions to determine which genes are expressed as mRNAs. This understanding limited the scope of gene regulation to the transcriptional level. The Discovery and its Significance: The Nobel Prize-winning discovery in 1993 used a 1 mm long mutant roundworm, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), to identify microRNAs as small RNA molecules capable of regulating gene expression post-transcription. This was a breakthrough, demonstrating that gene regulation can occur after mRNA is produced, influencing which proteins are synthesized. Role of microRNAs in Gene Regulation: MicroRNAs bind to target mRNAs, inhibiting their translation or promoting their degradation. This process fine-tunes protein production, ensuring that genes are expressed at the right time, place, and level within a cell. The human genome alone codes for over 1,000 microRNAs, highlighting their broad regulatory role across various biological processes. Implications for Disease Research: Cancer: Dysregulation of microRNAs has been linked to various types of cancer. Abnormal transcription, amplification, or deletion of microRNA genes can alter cell signalling pathways, enabling cancer cells to sustain proliferation, evade apoptosis, and metastasize. Autoimmune Diseases: Dysregulated microRNAs contribute to autoimmune pathogenesis by influencing immune responses. For example, specific microRNAs have been associated with conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets: MicroRNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Some microRNA-based diagnostic tools have been developed and clinically used, though they are yet to be widely commercialized. Current Research and Clinical Applications: Researchers are developing therapies that target specific microRNAs to either inhibit their function (when overexpressed) or restore their normal levels (when underexpressed). Early clinical trials are underway for using these strategies in cancer treatment. Ethical Considerations: The manipulation of microRNAs involves ethical questions regarding gene therapy, potential side effects, and the long-term impact on human genetics. Ensuring ethical compliance and patient safety is crucial for translating this research into effective therapies. Latest Data and Numbers: Number of Human microRNAs Identified: Over 1,000. Potential for Clinical Applications: Several microRNA-based diagnostics are in development, with ongoing clinical trials targeting microRNAs in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Conclusion: The discovery of microRNAs has fundamentally changed our understanding of gene regulation and its role in health and disease. As research progresses, microRNAs hold great promise for developing innovative diagnostic tools and therapies for complex diseases. However, translating these findings into clinical applications will require addressing both scientific and ethical challenges. By unravelling the complexities of gene expression, the discovery of microRNAs opens up new frontiers in medical science, paving the way for precision medicine and targeted therapies that could revolutionize treatment outcomes for a range of diseases. A Re-Balancing of India’s Great Power Relations Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s participation in the sixth Quad Leaders’ Summit in the U.S., along with the National Security Adviser Ajit Doval’s recent visit to Russia, reflect India’s nuanced approach to balancing its relationships with global powers. India’s foreign policy is currently navigating a complex landscape shaped by tensions in the Indo-Pacific, Russia’s war in Ukraine, and China’s assertive stance along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations) Mains Question: Critically evaluate India’s approach to balancing its relations with major global powers in light of recent geopolitical developments. How does India’s foreign policy aim to maintain strategic autonomy? (250 words) Current Geopolitical Context: India’s diplomatic engagements are shaped by its strategic goals in the Indo-Pacific and its response to China’s increasing assertiveness along the LAC. The Russia-Ukraine war has added complexity to India’s relations with Russia, while the Quad’s (U.S., Australia, Japan, India) activities aim to ensure a rules-based order in the region. India-Russia Relations and the Impact of the Ukraine War: Russia has traditionally been one of India’s closest strategic partners, supplying military hardware and supporting India in international forums. However, the deepening ties between Russia and China, exacerbated by the war in Ukraine, pose a challenge for India’s independent foreign policy. India’s purchase of discounted Russian oil and its neutral stance on the conflict have been pragmatic, aimed at preserving its energy security. Yet, maintaining this delicate balance will be increasingly difficult as the Russia-China partnership grows stronger. India’s Engagement with the Quad and the U.S.: India’s alignment with the Quad is aimed at countering China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific. The grouping seeks to uphold a rules-based order and support regional stability. However, India is cautious about being perceived as part of an anti-China bloc, given its need to manage complex border issues with China and its economic dependencies. Strategic Autonomy and Non-Aligned Stance: India’s foreign policy is rooted in maintaining strategic autonomy — balancing partnerships without being drawn into bloc politics. This is reflected in its diverse diplomatic engagements, such as strengthening ties with the U.S., preserving historical ties with Russia, and engaging in regional mechanisms like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Challenges of Rebalancing Great Power Relations: Managing Relations with Russia: India must navigate its ties with a Russia that is increasingly dependent on China. Moscow’s waning influence and deepening alignment with Beijing could reduce its strategic utility for India. Avoiding Over-Dependence on the U.S.: While India’s partnership with the U.S. is crucial for defense and economic ties, excessive alignment could lead to constraints on India’s strategic choices, particularly regarding regional issues like Iran and Afghanistan. Handling China’s Rise: India’s border tensions with China and its economic ties complicate its foreign policy. China’s assertiveness along the LAC and in the Indo-Pacific remain major security concerns. Role of India as a Peace Maker: The recent Doval-Putin meeting, during which India offered to mediate in the Ukraine conflict, illustrates India’s desire to play a larger diplomatic role on the global stage. This move is consistent with India’s traditional stance of supporting peace and stability, but the success of such an initiative depends on its ability to gain trust from both conflicting parties and international stakeholders. Future Trajectory: India’s foreign policy will need to be agile and adaptable, especially as the global order undergoes significant shifts. Engaging with regional partners, expanding defense capabilities, and promoting economic resilience will be essential for maintaining India’s strategic autonomy. Conclusion: India’s current foreign policy is a careful balancing act, aimed at preserving strategic autonomy while navigating complex relationships with major global powers. As the geopolitical landscape continues to evolve, India must remain nimble, leveraging its partnerships to secure its national interests without compromising its independence. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s Trade with the U.S.: India is among the top five trading partners of the U.S. Defense Ties with Russia: Russia accounts for nearly 60% of India’s total arms imports. Quad Cooperation Areas: Maritime security, counter-terrorism, and technological collaboration. By carefully balancing its relationships with Russia, the U.S., and China, India seeks to establish itself as a responsible global actor, capable of navigating an increasingly multipolar world order while safeguarding its strategic interests. Unpacking the Centre’s Affidavit on Marital Rape Context: The Centre recently filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court, defending the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) as outlined in Section 63, Exception 2 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Section 375, Exception 2 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860). The MRE states that ‘sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under eighteen years of age, is not rape’. This provision is currently under legal scrutiny for potentially violating constitutional rights such as equality and dignity. Relevance to GS Subject: General Studies Paper 2 (Governance) Mains Question: Critically examine the legal and constitutional arguments surrounding the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) in India. Does the exception violate fundamental rights, and how should the judiciary approach this issue? (250 words) The Legal Basis of Marital Rape Exception: The Marital Rape Exception (MRE) provides immunity to a husband for engaging in non-consensual intercourse with his wife, provided she is not a minor. The Centre argues that this distinction between married and unmarried women is valid, citing the ‘expectation’ of sexual relations within marriage. However, this raises critical legal and ethical questions. Issue of ‘Expectation’ in Marriage: The Centre’s affidavit argues that marriage creates a “continuing expectation” of reasonable sexual access, thereby justifying the exclusion of married women from the protection against rape. This argument, however, is vague and subjective. Who defines ‘reasonable sexual access’? Does this encompass consent, frequency, or the nature of sexual acts? Such ambiguities complicate the legal interpretation and enforcement. Argument on Constitutional Rights: Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees the right to equality, while Article 21 ensures the right to life and personal liberty. The exclusion of married women from protection against rape may violate both these rights, as it denies them bodily autonomy and the right to consent. It creates a discriminatory distinction between married and unmarried women, treating marriage as an implicit license for sexual coercion. Jurisdiction of the Court: The Centre contends that MRE is a “social issue” and not a “legal issue,” arguing that the decision on what constitutes a criminal offence lies within the legislative domain. However, the judiciary is empowered to assess the constitutionality of laws. Thus, determining whether the MRE violates fundamental rights is very much within the judiciary’s jurisdiction. ‘Institution’ and ‘Misuse’ Arguments: The Centre also claims that recognizing marital rape would undermine the sanctity of marriage and lead to misuse by wives filing false allegations. However, this argument lacks empirical support. No conclusive evidence shows that criminalizing marital rape destabilizes marriages or increases false accusations. Instead, the argument reflects patriarchal notions that prioritize the preservation of the institution of marriage over the dignity and rights of women. The International Perspective: India is one of the few democracies that still does not recognize marital rape as a crime. Countries like the U.K., Canada, and South Africa have already criminalized marital rape, recognizing it as a violation of human rights. The United Nations has also repeatedly urged India to align its laws with international human rights standards. Implications for Women’s Rights in India: The continued existence of the MRE undermines efforts to ensure gender justice and equal rights for women. It contradicts India’s commitments to international conventions such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Latest Data and Numbers: Global Prevalence of Marital Rape Criminalization: Over 150 countries have criminalized marital rape. Women’s Rights Violations in India: According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), over 30% of women have experienced domestic violence, highlighting the urgent need for legal reforms. Conclusion: The Marital Rape Exception is a relic of outdated legal norms that fail to protect the autonomy and dignity of married women. It is essential that the judiciary takes a proactive stance in evaluating the constitutionality of the MRE and considers its impact on women’s rights and equality. A nuanced approach that balances individual rights with social realities is needed to ensure that Indian laws reflect the principles of justice and gender equality. By acknowledging marital rape as a violation of fundamental rights, India can move closer to achieving gender justice and safeguarding the dignity of women, both within and outside the institution of marriage.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 October 2024

Contents: Marburg virus strains Rwanda’s healthcare system Red Panda Conservation Program Antimicrobial resistance ‘Free to Think 2024’ report Maldives signs currency swap agreement with India Rise in Population of wild asses Marburg virus strains Rwanda’s healthcare system Context: At least 46 individuals have been infected and 12 Marburg deaths reported have been reported due to the deadly Marburg virus in Rwanda. The deadly Marburg virus could overwhelm Rwanda’s fragile healthcare system as about 80% of infections are among medical workers. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Marburg virus disease: History Marburg virus and the disease Symptoms of Marburg virus disease What are the hosts for the Marburg virus? What are the challenges with Marburg virus disease? Marburg virus disease: History Marburg was discovered in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, as well as Belgrade, Serbia — cases that were linked to African green monkeys imported from Uganda. According to the World Health Organization, additional cases have since been discovered in Angola, Congo, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda. The cases reported in Ghana last month were the country’s first. Marburg virus and the disease The pathogen that causes Marburg virus disease in humans is the Marburg virus. According to medical experts, there are no vaccines or antiviral treatments for the disease, but hydrating patients and treating their specific symptoms can improve their chances of survival. According to WHO, the disease is clinically similar to Ebola in its spread, symptoms, and progression, despite being caused by a different virus. In the case of Marburg, fruit bats are thought to be the virus’s hosts, though researchers claim the virus does not cause illness in them. Symptoms of Marburg virus disease Marburg can cause severe viral hemorrhagic fever, which impairs the ability of the blood to clot. According to WHO, the incubation period ranges from two to 21 days, and symptoms begin abruptly with high fever, severe headache, and severe malaise. Other symptoms may include muscle aches, diarrhoea, nausea, lethargy, and bleeding from the mouth, faeces, or other parts of the body. According to the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Marburg is not contagious during the incubation period. According to WHO, severely ill patients frequently die eight or nine days after the onset of symptoms. “Mortality is extremely high.” And there is no such thing as asymptomatic Marburg According to health organisations, a patient’s condition can be confirmed as Marburg by using antibody, antigen, and polymerase chain reaction tests. What are the hosts for the Marburg virus? Rousettus fruit bats are thought to be the virus’s natural host. According to WHO, the first human infection was caused by African green monkeys imported from Uganda. It was discovered in 1967, following simultaneous outbreaks in Marburg, Germany, and Belgrade, Serbia. The disease has a 50 percent fatality rate on average. According to the WHO, it can be as low as 24 percent or as high as 88 percent, depending on the virus strain and case management. What are the challenges with Marburg virus disease? Clinically, MVD is difficult to distinguish from diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever, and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. However, lab testing of samples confirms it, which, like Coronavirus and Ebola, are extreme biohazard risks. There is currently no approved antiviral treatment or vaccine for MVD. It is treatable with supportive care. Rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids, as well as treatment of specific symptoms, can help prevent death, according to the WHO. -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Red Panda Conservation Program Context: The Red Panda Program of Darjeeling’s Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park has been selected as a finalist for the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) Conservation Award 2024. Relevance: GS III- Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Details About WAZA Awards About Red Panda Details: Darjeeling’s Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park has undertaken several habitat restoration initiatives in collaboration with various institutions and the government of India. Between 2022 and 2024, nine captive-bred red pandas (seven females and two males) were released into Singalila National Park in West Bengal. The zoo’s conservation efforts are strengthened by its Biobanking and Genetic Resource Facility, wherein gametes, tissues, and DNA of Red Pandas and other endangered species will be preserved for future use. This effort of the Zoo has led to its entry into the final list for the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) Conservation Award 2024. About WAZA Awards: The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) is the global alliance of regional associations, national federations, zoos and aquariums, dedicated to the care and conservation of animals and their habitats around the world. In 2016, WAZA established its highest award for institutional commitment towards conservation, named the WAZA Conservation Award. This award is granted to an institution for an outstanding, comprehensive specific conservation programme that has clear objectives and excellent conservation outcomes. About Red Panda The Giant Panda and the Red Panda are the only two distinct panda species found in the world. It serves as Sikkim’s official animal as well. Red pandas are timid, lonely, arboreal creatures that are used as indicators of ecological change. Both (sub)species are found in India. Himalayan red panda (Ailurus fulgens) Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani) The two phylogenetic species are split by the Siang River in Arunachal Pradesh. It can be discovered in the jungles of India, Nepal, Bhutan, as well as the northern mountains of Myanmar and the southern provinces of China. Protection Status: Red Pandas: IUCN Red List: Endangered CITES: Appendix I Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule I Giant Pandas: IUCN Red List: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix I -Source: The Hindu, The Indian Express        Antimicrobial resistance Contect: Telangana has become the Seventh state in India to launch action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Relevance: GS-3 Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Concerns regarding Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) Way forward What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites to remain unaffected or survive antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials. AMR occurs when microorganisms exposed to antimicrobial drugs develop antimicrobial resistance resulting in standard treatments becoming ineffective leading to persistence of infections and spreading of infections. Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”. The misuse of antimicrobials in medicine and inappropriate use in agriculture is one of the major causes of spread of Antimicrobial Resistance. Contamination around pharmaceutical manufacturing sites where untreated waste releases large amounts of active antimicrobials into the environment also leads to spread of AMR. Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance Some bacteria due to the presence of resistance genes are intrinsically resistant and therefore survive on being exposed to antibiotics. Bacteria can also acquire resistance by sharing and transferring resistance genes present in the rest of the population, or by genetic mutations that help the bacteria survive antibiotic exposure. Multi drug resistance Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multi-resistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to multiple antimicrobial drugs. The types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites (resistant to multiple antifungals, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs of a wide chemical variety). Recognizing different degrees of MDR, the terms extensively drug resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) have been introduced. Concerns regarding Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) Medical procedures such as organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, diabetes management and major surgery (for example, caesarean sections or hip replacements) become very risky due to AMR. AMR increases the cost of healthcare with lengthier stays in hospitals, additional tests and use of more expensive drugs. No new classes of antibiotics have made it to the market in the last three decades, largely on account of inadequate incentives for their development and production. Without urgent action, we are heading towards a future without antibiotics and with bacteria becoming completely resistant to treatment and when common infections and minor injuries could once again kill (referred to as antibiotic apocalypse). It is putting the gains of the Millennium Development Goals at risk and endangers achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Concerns regarding AMR in India India, with its combination of large population, rising incomes that facilitate purchase of antibiotics, high burden of infectious diseases and easy over-the-counter access to antibiotics, is an important locus for the generation of resistance genes. The multi-drug resistance determinant, New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1), emerged from this region to spread globally – Africa, Europe and other parts of Asia have also been affected by multi-drug resistant typhoid originating from South Asia. In India, over 56,000 newborn deaths each year due to sepsis are caused by organisms that are resistant to first line antibiotics. Way forward  The use of antibiotics unrelated to treating human disease, such as in food and animal production, must be “optimised”. Greater action need to be taken to monitor and control infections, globally, nationally and within individual hospitals. Access to vaccines, clean water and sanitation ought to be expanded. And finally should be “more thoughtful” about our use of antimicrobial treatments —expanding access to lifesaving antibiotics where needed, minimising use where they are not necessary to improve human health and acting according to WHO’s recommendations on the same. Increasing funding for developing new antimicrobials and targeting priority pathogens such as K. pneumoniae and E. Coli and ensuring that they are affordable and accessible to most of the world. -Source: The Hindu ‘Free to Think 2024’ report Context: As per the “Free to Think 2024” annual report, India has slipped on academic freedom index. Relevance: GS2- Education Dimensions of the Article: Details Universities and Free Thought Academic Institutions and Democracy Diminishing Academic Freedom Way forward Details: According to the “Free to Think 2024” annual report published by the Scholars at Risk (SAR) Academic Freedom Monitoring Project, the decline in academic freedom is evident in India’s position. The report has looked extensively at India, Afghanistan, China, Colombia, Germany, Hong Kong, Iran, Israel, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Russia, Turkiye, Sudan, Ukraine, the U.K. and the U.S. It has documented around 391 attacks on higher education communities in 51 countries between July 1, 2023 and June 30, 2024. The report notes that India’s academic freedom slipped from 0.6 points to 0.2 points from 2013 to 2023. The report states that the most pressing threats to the academic freedom of students and scholars included the efforts to exert political control and impose a Hindu nationalist agenda on universities and university policies limiting student protest. According to the Academic Freedom Index, India now ranks as “completely restricted”, its lowest score since the mid-1940s. Universities and Free Thought: As the government’s insistence on educational institutions serving as platforms for its political agenda becomes more pronounced, the idea of universities as advocates for free thought is gradually being undermined. In the past year, there were numerous instances that sought to constrain academic freedom. The Indian Institute of Science (IISc), the nation’s top-ranking institute, had to cancel a discussion on the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). In March, the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) administration initially imposed fines amounting to ₹20,000 for campus protests, a decision later rescinded. Recently, two prominent scholars resigned from Ashoka University following the publication of a paper analyzing the disproportionate share of seats won by the ruling party in the 2019 Lok Sabha polls. Academic Institutions and Democracy: Academic institutions serve as crucial platforms for such discussions, which are vital for a functioning democracy, irrespective of ideological differences. Imposing restrictions on expressing opinions or ideas can have detrimental effects on academic work and harm the overall research environment. The decline in academic freedom is evident in India’s position on the indices by the V-Dem Institute of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. India’s academic freedom index is in the bottom 30% among 179 countries, with a score of 0.38 on a scale of 0 (low) to 1 (high). Diminishing Academic Freedom: The diminishing academic freedom is also evident in the gradual erosion of institutional autonomy, including the selection of Vice-Chancellors and heads of academic institutes. The UGC Act of 1956 explicitly states that its core function is to monitor standards in universities “in consultation with universities.” However, it has been noted that the UGC has accumulated power and tends to function as an instrument of the ministry. University appointments are now often made based on political considerations rather than merit at both the central and state government levels. Way forward: It is suggested that global institutions can contribute by incorporating “Academic Freedom” as an indicator in university rankings. It is essential for universities to establish system-wide protections against impinging on academic autonomy and freedom of expression. Taking inspiration from the Education Act of New Zealand, where academic freedom is defined as the freedom of academic staff and students to question received wisdom, propose new ideas, and express controversial or unpopular opinions within the bounds of the law. -Source: The Hindu Maldives signs currency swap agreement with India Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), has entered into a Currency Swap Agreement with the Maldives under the SAARC Currency Swap Framework 2024-27. India is extending financial support to Maldives amounting to $400 million under the US Dollar/ Euro Swap Window and ₹30 billion or $357 million under the INR Swap Window Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (India’s Neighbors, Foreign Policies and Developments affecting India’s Interests), GS-III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is a Currency Swap? How is this going to help? An Overview of the Relation Between India and Maldives What is a Currency Swap? A currency swap is an agreement in which two parties exchange the principal amount of a loan and the interest in one currency for the principal and interest in another currency. At the inception of the swap, the equivalent principal amounts are exchanged at the spot rate. Unlike an interest rate swap, the principal is not a notional amount, but it is exchanged along with interest obligations. In a currency swap, the parties exchange interest and principal payments on debt denominated in different currencies. Currency swaps can take place between countries. The purpose of a currency swap is to hedge exposure to exchange rate risk or reduce the cost of borrowing a foreign currency. How is this going to help? It will help RBI in its efforts to fight market volatility. The currency swap will provide liquidity to the foreign exchange market. An Overview of the Relation Between India and Maldives: Security Partnership: Collaboration in defense encompasses Joint Exercises such as “Ekuverin,” “Dosti,” “Ekatha,” and “Operation Shield” (commenced in 2021). India plays a crucial role in meeting approximately 70% of the Maldivian National Defence Force’s (MNDF) defense training needs. Additionally, India and the Maldives have signed a contract for the Addu reclamation and shore protection project, including the construction of a drug detoxification and rehabilitation center in Addu, supported by India. This center is part of India’s 20 high-impact community development projects covering healthcare, education, fisheries, tourism, sports, and culture. Economic Cooperation: India supports the Maldivian economy, primarily driven by tourism. Afcons, an Indian company, signed a contract for the Greater Male Connectivity Project (GMCP) in August 2021, the largest infrastructure project in the Maldives. In 2021, India became the third-largest trade partner for the Maldives. The RBI and Maldives Monetary Authority signed a Bilateral USD Currency Swap Agreement in July 2019. However, the India-Maldives relationship faced challenges with the Maldives’ Free-Trade Agreement (FTA) with China in 2017. Infrastructure Projects: Under an Indian credit line, the Hanimaadhoo International Airport Development project is adding a new terminal to accommodate 1.3 million passengers annually. The National College for Policing and Law Enforcement (NCPLE), inaugurated in 2022, is India’s largest grant project in the Maldives. Greater Male Connectivity Project: This project involves a 6.74 km-long bridge and causeway link between Male and nearby islands, funded by a USD 100 million grant and a USD 400 million Line of Credit (LOC) from India. It represents the most significant infrastructure undertaking in the Maldives. Different Operations in Maldives: Historically, India has engaged in operations to assist Maldives, including Operation Cactus in 1988, Operation Neer in 2014 addressing a drinking water crisis, and Operation Sanjeevani in response to COVID-19. The Strained Relationship Between India and Maldives: Current Government’s Relation with India: Despite the immediate fallout, the underlying reasons for the strained relationship go beyond the tweets and could have a broader impact on India-Maldives relations and the regional dynamics, stemming from the change in government in Male. President Muizzu ascended to power through the PPM’s “India Out” campaign. Despite India’s disappointment with the victory of ‘anti-Indian forces,’ the Indian government sent a Minister to Muizzu’s swearing-in, and there was a Modi-Muizzu meeting at the COP28. However, Muizzu’s choice of Turkey as his first bilateral destination and his current visit to China mark a departure from the tradition of making India the first priority. Even President Yameen, who initiated the “India Out” movement and strengthened ties with Beijing, visited Delhi first in 2014. Muizzu continues to press India on the withdrawal of its military personnel, despite India’s clarifications regarding their role. Chinese Infrastructure Investments: Maldives has received substantial Chinese infrastructure investments as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), including ports, airports, bridges, and critical infrastructure under the “String of Pearls” initiative. Shift in Alliances: China’s influence in Maldives, marked by significant investments, has led to a departure from its traditional alignment with India, raising concerns in India about China’s expanding presence in the region. India’s Concerns: India is apprehensive about China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean, considering the development of Chinese-controlled ports and military facilities in countries like Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Maldives as potential challenges to regional security. -Source: Livemint        Rise in Population of wild asses Context: As per the latest report by the Gujarat government, there is a rise in the population of wild asses in Gujarat. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Details: About Wild Ass Sanctuary in Gujarat, India About Indian Wild Ass: Details: As per the 10th Wild Ass Population Estimation (WAPE) conducted by the Gujarat government, the population of wild asses in Gujarat has been estimated at 7,672. This is a rise of 26.14% in its population. In the last WAPE, done in 2020, the population was estimated at 6,082. About Wild Ass Sanctuary in Gujarat, India Location: The sanctuary is located in the Little Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, India. It is the only place where the Indian wild ass, known as Khacchar locally, can be found. The sanctuary is also home to a sizeable population of Rabari and Bharwad tribes. Topology: The sanctuary can be considered a large ecotone, a transitional area between marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It is a continuum of a dry area of dark silt with salt encrustation. It is dotted with about 74 elevated plateaus or islands, locally called ‘bets’. During the monsoon, large parts are flooded to depths of up to 2 meters. Flora: The sanctuary is full of dry thorny scrub, and there are no large trees except on the fringes and bets. Some of the plants and trees found in this sanctuary are Morad, Unt morad, Theg, Dolari, Khijdo, Kerdo, Mithi jar, Kheri pilu, Akado, etc. Fauna: Besides Indian Wild Ass, the other mammals found here include Blackbuck, Nilgai, Bluebull, Hare, Wolf, Foxes, Desert Cat, Indian fox, Jackal, Hyena, Wild boar, etc. There is rich birdlife, including the Houbara bustard, Sandgrouse, Pale harrier, Black-shouldered kite, Pelican, etc. About Indian Wild Ass: Distribution and Habitat: The Indian Wild Ass, a sub-species of the Asian Wild Ass, is found only in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, India. Its habitat includes desert and grassland ecosystems. Characteristics: The Indian Wild Ass is characterized by distinctive white markings on the anterior part of the rump and on the posterior part of the shoulder and a stripe down the back that is bordered by white. Scientific name: Equus hemionus khur. Conservation Status: The Indian Wild Ass is listed as “Near Threatened” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed under Appendix II of CITES. In India, the Indian Wild Ass is protected under Schedule-I of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972). Source: Indian Express

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