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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 February 2025

Content: Budgeting for a gender-inclusive ‘Viksit Bharat’ Averting Engels’ pause  Budgeting for a gender-inclusive ‘Viksit Bharat’ Context: The Union Budget 2025-26 underscores inclusive development, prioritizing the poor, youth, farmers, and women. The explicit focus on women aligns with the government’s commitment to women-led development. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Practice Question: Gender-responsive budgeting is essential for achieving inclusive economic growth. Discuss the key provisions in the Union Budget 2025-26 aimed at enhancing women’s participation in economic activities. What challenges remain, and how can they be addressed? (250 words) Gender Budget Allocation – Highest in Two Decades Gender budget increased to 8.8% of total Budget (₹4.49 lakh crore), up from 6.8% in the previous year. 49 Union Ministries and departments now have gender budget components. 12 additional Ministries from non-traditional sectors (e.g., Railways, Ports, Land Resources, Pharmaceuticals) have integrated gender budgeting. A whole-of-government approach reflects enhanced gender mainstreaming in policies. Boosting Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) FLFPR (usual status) increased to ~42% in 2023-24 (from 33% in 2021-22), nearing the global average of 47%. However, a 37-percentage point gap exists compared to men’s FLFPR (79%). Achieving the 70% target by 2047 requires: Investment in skilling, employment, and entrepreneurship Access to productive resources and social security Key Budget Allocations for Women in Economic Activities: Skill India Programme, ESDP, National Skill Training Institutes, DAY-NRLM, MGNREGS, PM Employment Generation Programme, PM Vishwakarma, Krishonnati Yojana Combined allocation increased from ₹1.19 lakh crore to ₹1.24 lakh crore, with 52% of funds directed towards women and girls. New schemes: PM Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana First-time entrepreneurs’ scheme Sustainable livelihood for urban workers Centres of Excellence for ‘Make in India’ Formalizing Women in the Gig Economy 90% of India’s working women are in the informal sector. Budget proposes: Identity cards for gig workers Registration on the e-Shram portal Potential benefits: Formal identity and recognition Access to social security and financial inclusion Challenges in the gig economy: Low wages, job insecurity, lack of employment rights Need for comprehensive social security measures, including maternity benefits Labour code enforcement and progressive parental entitlements are crucial for economic security. AI & Digital Skilling for Women Centre of Excellence on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the education sector introduced. ₹600 crore allocated under India AI Mission for gender-focused AI initiatives. Importance of AI and digital skilling: Bridging the digital divide Enhancing women’s employability in high-growth sectors Strengthening Women’s Financial Inclusion & Entrepreneurship Women play key roles in agriculture, entrepreneurship, and employment, requiring better financial support mechanisms. Key Budget Provisions: Simplifying loan documentation (e.g., delinking Kisan Credit Cards from land ownership). Gender-disaggregated tracking of financial access to enhance efficiency. Supporting women entrepreneurs via collateral-free loans, alternative credit scoring, and financial literacy programs. Potential impact: Women-owned MSMEs (20.5% of total MSMEs) employ ~27 million people. 30 million additional women-led businesses could generate 150-170 million jobs by 2030. Gender-Responsive Budgeting – Key to Inclusive Growth Budget 2025-26 lays a strong foundation for women’s economic participation. Key measures for realizing Viksit Bharat: Sustained policy implementation Infrastructure development Transforming social norms Gender-responsive budgeting ensures: Strengthened social protection An inclusive labour market for both women and men Women as key drivers of national growth Conclusion: Achieving 70% women’s participation in economic activities by 2047 requires sustained investment, social security, and structural reforms. Gender-sensitive policies and financial inclusion will be crucial for women-led economic transformation in India’s journey towards Viksit Bharat. Averting Engels’ pause AI Governance and Global Commitments Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the need for AI governance, standards, and trust-building at the AI Action Summit in Paris (Feb 11, 2025). India, along with over 50 countries, committed to principles of trust, safety, and universal access in AI development. The focus on mitigating AI risks while advancing technology aligns with India’s long-term AI strategy. Relevance : GS 3(Technology), GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : Discuss the concept of Engels’ Pause in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven economic transformations. How can India mitigate the risks associated with job losses and wage stagnation while ensuring sustainable AI adoption? (250 words) Labour Market Challenges and Engels’ Pause Engels’ Pause: A phase where technological advances benefit firms, but real wages stagnate before eventual trickle-down effects. Historical perspective: PM Modi highlighted how past technological revolutions created new employment opportunities. The Economic Survey acknowledges concerns that AI-driven productivity gains could initially disrupt labour markets. India’s IT and services sector contributes significantly to GDP but employs a smaller workforce—AI efficiency gains could reduce job creation and stagnate wages. Proactive policy responses are essential to ensure AI adoption does not exacerbate job losses. Energy Sustainability and AI’s Rising Power Demand AI’s energy footprint is increasing due to high computational power required for model training and deployment. The U.S. produces over twice India’s electricity with a quarter of its population—data centres are becoming major consumers. India must focus on renewable energy-driven AI expansion to ensure sustainability. India’s AI Strategy and Future Path Unlike Western AI firms pursuing a high-investment, low-return model, India must focus on cost-effective AI tailored to national needs. The IndiaAI Mission promotes AI research through: Subsidised GPU clusters for AI model training. Funding for promising AI projects to foster innovation. Skilling and education: Scaling up AI training programs to ensure a strong domestic talent pool. Addressing the brain drain by ensuring India retains top AI expertise. Way Forward AI’s impact on labour markets and wages must be monitored and managed through policy interventions. Energy-efficient AI adoption is critical for India’s sustainability goals. Developing indigenous AI capabilities will ensure economic competitiveness and reduced dependence on foreign technologies. A balanced AI strategy can help India avert Engels’ Pause and harness AI for inclusive economic growth.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 February 2025

Content: IMEC project gains traction as PM holds talks with Macron AI dangerous tool, be it in Chinese or American hands, says Delhi HC Implications of the AI Diffusion Framework A 11-year high of 55% urban residents report stagnant income in 2025 Should convicted persons contest elections? Centre’s new Immigration Bill likely to have provisions denying entry to foreigners Illegal coal mining continues in Meghalaya: report IMEC project gains traction as PM holds talks with Macron Project Overview: The India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC) aims to connect India to Europe through both sea and land routes. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) , GS 3( Infrastructure) Key Stakeholders: India and France reaffirmed their commitment to advancing the IMEC project during PM Modi’s two-day visit to France. Discussion Focus: PM Modi held talks with French President Emmanuel Macron, emphasizing the importance of the project and strengthening bilateral ties. Previous Milestone: IMEC was first launched during the G-20 Summit in Delhi in September 2023. Objective: Both nations agreed to collaborate closely on the implementation of the IMEC, enhancing connectivity and economic cooperation. Broader Vision: The corridor is expected to bolster trade, infrastructure, and diplomatic relations between India, the Middle East, and Europe. India-Middle East-Europe Corridor (IMEC) Project Objective: To connect India to Europe via the Middle East using sea and land routes, enhancing trade, economic ties, and regional connectivity. Key Stakeholders: India, France, Middle Eastern countries, European Union. Launched: First announced at the G-20 Summit in September 2023; reaffirmed by PM Modi and President Macron in February 2025. Strategic Components: Sea Routes: Connecting Indian and Middle Eastern ports to Europe. Land Routes: Rail networks linking the Middle East to Europe. Digital Integration: AI and tech for optimized trade flow. Benefits: Economic growth, job creation, improved regional stability, and energy/resource transport. Challenges: Geopolitical tensions, high infrastructure costs, multi-nation coordination. Future Outlook: Strong backing from India and France, with momentum expected in the coming years. AI dangerous tool, be it in Chinese or American hands, says Delhi HC Court’s Observation: The Delhi High Court stated that artificial intelligence (AI) is a “dangerous tool” in anyone’s hands, whether Chinese or American. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Context: The observation came during a petition urging the Centre to block access to DeepSeek, a Chinese AI chatbot available in India. AI’s Risks: The court emphasized the potential dangers of AI, highlighting its misuse regardless of the origin (China or the U.S.). Centre’s Response: The Centre’s counsel acknowledged the issue and sought more time to get instructions, with the matter scheduled for hearing on February 20. Petitioner’s Concerns: The petition raised issues with DeepSeek’s privacy and security practices, claiming it poses a threat to India’s sovereignty, integrity, data security, and public order. Privacy Issues: The petition cited that DeepSeek’s terms of use and privacy policies fail to protect Indian citizens’ right to privacy and do not comply with IT Rules, 2011 and Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Global Concern: Other countries have also raised concerns regarding DeepSeek’s data handling practices. Implications of the AI Diffusion Framework Overview of the AI Diffusion Framework Announced in the final week of the Biden-Harris administration. Aims to: Maintain U.S. dominance in AI technology. Balance innovation with national security. Prevent adversaries (China, Russia, North Korea, Iran) from leveraging AI for strategic gains. Reflects U.S. strategy of using AI for economic and military advancements. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Technology) Mechanism of the Framework Extends export controls to all aspects of AI technology: AI chips and chip-making tools. Closed AI model weights (key to AI decision-making). Three-tier classification of countries: First tier: Key allies (e.g., Austria, Israel) — unrestricted AI access. Second tier: Includes India — limited AI access with restrictions on compute capacity and model exports. Third tier: U.S. adversaries (China, Russia, North Korea, Iran) — full export controls to block AI advancements. Short-term effects: No major disruptions in global AI trade. Restrictions on closed AI model weights impact only future advanced AI systems. Long-term Strategic Implications U.S. seeks to concentrate AI technological capabilities within its own borders and closest allies. American AI companies face barriers in setting up frontier AI facilities abroad. Concerns for U.S. allies: Sets a precedent for unilateral U.S. restrictions. Allies may diversify supply chains to reduce dependence on the U.S. Potential risk of fragmenting the global AI ecosystem, reducing U.S. dominance over time. Impact on India India placed in the second tier, limiting its AI technology access. Could discourage AI investments in India from leading U.S. tech companies. May lead to brain drain, with top Indian AI talent moving abroad. Risks slowing knowledge transfer and innovation in India’s AI sector. Contradicts India-U.S. strategic cooperation in sectors like semiconductors and Indo-Pacific security. Could strain bilateral ties, pushing India to seek alternative AI partnerships. Takeaways The framework aims to secure U.S. AI leadership but may alienate strategic partners like India. India may hedge against over-reliance on the U.S. by strengthening domestic AI capabilities and forging new tech alliances. The policy mirrors past U.S. technology restrictions (e.g., post-1998 nuclear sanctions), raising concerns over long-term trust in India-U.S. tech cooperation. A 11-year high of 55% urban residents report stagnant income in 2025 Context : Stagnant Income Levels 55% of urban consumers reported unchanged income in January 2025, the highest in 11 years. Decline in the share of respondents who reported an increase in income. Relevance :GS 3(Indian Economy) Employment Concerns 42.7% of respondents observed a decline in job opportunities compared to the previous year. Employment optimism, which had improved post-pandemic, started reversing in mid-2024. Inflation Trends Retail inflation eased to 4.31% in January, a five-month low. 93% of respondents still felt that prices increased, but this was the lowest since July 2024. Consumer Spending Perception Essential Items: 87.6% reported increased spending, the lowest since September 2024. Non-Essential Items: A slight increase in those reporting unchanged spending, with a marginal decline in those saying spending increased. Economic Sentiment 43% of urban consumers felt the overall economic situation worsened in January 2025, the highest in at least a year. Pessimism about income and job prospects overshadowed optimism from lower inflation. Implications Consumer Confidence: A weak employment market and stagnant incomes may dampen economic sentiment, affecting consumer spending and business investments. Policy Challenges: The government may need targeted interventions, such as employment generation schemes or wage support, to boost purchasing power. Growth Prospects: Reduced consumer spending, especially on discretionary items, could slow down overall economic growth. Long-term Impact: If income stagnation persists, it may widen income inequality and hinder aspirations of upward mobility among urban households. Should convicted persons contest elections? Context: Legal Provisions under the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act, 1951) Section 8(3): Disqualifies a person convicted of a criminal offense with imprisonment of at least two years. The disqualification extends for six years post-release. Section 8(1): Includes disqualification for heinous crimes like rape, untouchability (PCR Act), unlawful association (UAPA), and corruption (Prevention of Corruption Act), irrespective of sentence duration. Section 8(4): Previously allowed sitting legislators to continue post-conviction if they appealed. Struck down in the Lily Thomas case (2013). Section 11: Election Commission (EC) can reduce or remove disqualification. Used in 2019 to shorten Prem Singh Tamang’s disqualification period. Relevance : GS 2(Elections) Key Supreme Court Judgments Supporting Decriminalization of Politics ADR Case (2002): Mandated candidates to disclose criminal records. CEC vs. Jan Chaukidar (2013): Held that undertrial prisoners cannot contest elections, but Parliament later overturned this through an amendment. Lily Thomas Case (2013): Invalidated Section 8(4), ensuring immediate disqualification of convicted legislators. Current Petition for a Lifetime Ban Petition seeks a permanent ban on convicted persons from contesting elections. Argument: If convicted individuals are barred from government jobs, they should not become lawmakers. Government’s stance (2020): MPs and MLAs are not subject to service conditions like government employees, and the existing six-year disqualification is adequate. Criminalization of Politics: The Data ADR Report (2024): 46% (251 out of 543) elected MPs have criminal cases. 31% (171 MPs) face serious charges like rape, murder, and kidnapping. Candidates with a criminal background had a 15.4% winning chance, while clean-background candidates had only 4.4%. Recommendations and Challenges Law Commission (1999, 2014) and EC: Recommended disqualification of candidates facing charges for crimes punishable with more than five years. However, concerns remain about misuse of politically motivated cases. Way Forward: Possible lifetime disqualification for heinous crimes and corruption-related offenses. Review of EC’s power to reduce disqualification periods. Need for political consensus on stricter norms to curb criminalization. Centre’s new Immigration Bill likely to have provisions denying entry to foreigners Context : Key Provisions of the Centre’s new Immigration Bill Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Denial of Entry on Security Grounds: First-time introduction of threat to national security and sovereignty as explicit grounds to deny entry or stay to foreign nationals. May also bar entry based on relations with a foreign state. Immigration Officer’s Authority: The Bill could make the Immigration Officer’s decision final and binding regarding entry denial. Previously, entry was denied, but there was no explicit legal provision mentioning such authority. Repeal of Existing Laws: The Bill is likely to replace four Acts: Foreigners Act, 1946 Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939 Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000 These laws were enacted around World War I and II and had overlapping provisions. Avoiding Legal Overlaps: The new law aims to streamline regulations related to passports, visas, registration, and exit procedures. Seeks to remove inconsistencies between multiple laws. New Definitions and Institutional Responsibilities Immigration Officers: The Bill may define their functions and grant them legal backing under the Bureau of Immigration. Responsibilities of Educational and Medical Institutions: Universities and medical institutions admitting foreigners may have new obligations under the law. Foreigners may bear the burden of proof to establish their nationality. Penalties for Violations Illegal Entry: Punishable with up to five years’ imprisonment or fines up to ₹5 lakh or both. Fraudulent Travel Documents: Usage or distribution may lead to 2-7 years’ imprisonment. Fines may range from ₹1 lakh to ₹10 lakh. Implications & Concerns Strengthening of national security measures by legally empowering immigration authorities. Concerns over broad executive powers and potential misuse in denying entry based on vague security concerns. Impact on foreign students, medical tourists, and businesses due to increased scrutiny. Clarity on appeal mechanisms needed, as the Immigration Officer’s decision may be final and binding. Illegal coal mining continues in Meghalaya: report Context: Key Findings of the Report Illegal mining persists in six coal-rich districts despite government action. Drone videography and volumetric assessment provided fresh evidence of unauthorized mining. Seized coal data discrepancies suggest large-scale illegal extraction and potential underreporting. Relevance : GS 3(Minerals , Mining) Coal Seizure and Discrepancies 2022 Report (State Government Data): 92,268.43 MT seized in East Jaintia Hills, South Garo Hills, and West Khasi Hills (May-Aug 2022). Private firm recorded an additional 41,477.54 MT in these districts. 2025 Report (State Mining & Geology Department Data): Total seized coal now 4,10,796.44 MT across six districts: New additions: West Jaintia Hills, East Garo Hills, and South West Khasi Hills. Increase of 1,69,602.35 MT in three newly reported districts compared to 2022 figures. Mismatch in coal figures across districts raises concerns of illicit mining operations. Challenges and Recommendations Difficult terrain hinders conventional surveillance. Drone monitoring suggested for better enforcement. Regular patrolling needed to curb ongoing illegal mining activities. Implications Environmental concerns: Unregulated rat-hole mining leads to severe ecological damage. Regulatory failure: Discrepancies in coal seizure data indicate possible collusion or inefficiency in enforcement. Need for stronger action: More robust monitoring mechanisms and legal interventions required.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 February 2025

Content: Digital Agriculture Mission Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Digital Agriculture Mission Introduction Approved by the Government on 2nd September 2024 with an outlay of ₹2817 crore. ₹54.972 crore allocated for FY 2025-26; funds released based on state proposals. Aims to create a robust digital ecosystem for agriculture, improving access to farmer-centric digital solutions and real-time crop-related data. Components of the Mission A. Digital Public Infrastructure for Agriculture (DPIA) Encompasses various IT-driven initiatives by Central and State Governments. Includes Agristack, Krishi Decision Support System, Comprehensive Soil Fertility & Profile Map, and other digital innovations. B. Agristack: Core Digital Initiative Aims to establish a structured agricultural database for improved decision-making. Comprises three foundational registries: Farmers’ Registry – Digital database of farmers’ demographic details. Geo-referenced Village Maps – Mapping of agricultural land parcels. Crop Sown Registry – Real-time data on crops sown across various regions. Maintained by State Governments/UTs with central administrative and technical support. C. Benefits of Agristack Farmer Authentication: Helps farmers digitally verify their identities for accessing government benefits. Access to Credit & Insurance: Facilitates loans, insurance, and procurement services. Market Linkages: Supports online transactions for purchase and sale of inputs and produce in a trust-based digital environment. Integration with National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) e-NAM is a virtual platform integrating physical wholesale markets (mandis) across India. Enables transparent price discovery and ensures better prices for farmers. As of December 31, 2024: 1410 mandis integrated across 23 States and 4 UTs. Facilitates online agricultural commodity trading at a national scale. Challenges and Way Forward A. Challenges Data Privacy Concerns: Ensuring farmer data security and preventing misuse. Digital Divide: Limited access to smartphones and internet in rural areas. Interoperability Issues: Need for seamless integration between different state and central digital platforms. Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Connectivity issues, especially in remote agricultural regions. B. Potential Solutions Strengthening Cybersecurity: Implement robust data protection mechanisms. Digital Literacy Programs: Train farmers on using digital platforms effectively. Enhancing Rural Connectivity: Expand broadband access in agricultural belts. Harmonizing Data Standards: Ensure uniformity across state and central databases. Conclusion The Digital Agriculture Mission is a transformative step toward modernizing India’s agriculture sector. Agristack and e-NAM are key enablers for data-driven decision-making, financial inclusion, and market accessibility for farmers. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Overview Nature of the Disease: Highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals like cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, and pigs. Causes fever, blisters on the mouth and feet, and can lead to severe economic losses. Although it has low mortality in adults, it severely affects productivity (milk yield, growth rate, and fertility). Relevance : GS 3( Economic and Agricultural Impact: Reduces milk production and meat quality, leading to financial losses for farmers. Affects trade due to restrictions on livestock exports from infected areas. Requires intensive control measures, including mass vaccination and surveillance. National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP) (2019) Objective: To control and eradicate FMD through vaccination and animal tracking. Funding: 100% central assistance to States/UTs for FMD vaccination. Integration: Included under Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme (LHDCP) since 2021. Components of NADCP: Vaccination Strategy: Quality vaccines procured and distributed centrally. Ear-tagging of vaccinated animals for tracking. Financial support for vaccination accessories and cold chain infrastructure. Monitoring and Data Management: Livestock registration and vaccination data uploaded on Bharat Pashudhan portal. Seromonitoring & serosurveillance conducted to track vaccine efficacy. Capacity Building & Awareness: Financial aid to research institutions (ICAR-NIFMD, ICAR-IVRI, NIVEDI, etc.). Awareness programs for farmers and stakeholders. FMD-Free Zone Approach Concept: Creating disease-free zones to improve control measures. Current Focus States (9 states): Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttarakhand. Expansion based on state-specific requirements. Progress & Achievements under NADCP Mass Vaccination Drive Total FMD vaccinations under NADCP (Till Jan 2025): 107.34 crore Reduction in Disease Incidence Over 60% reduction in FMD outbreaks since NADCP launch. Outbreaks are now sporadic, with fewer animals affected. Effectiveness of Vaccination Programme Seromonitoring Results: Indicate increasing protective immunity. Serosurveillance: Shows a decreasing trend of infection risk. Review Mechanism & Policy Coordination National & Regional Reviews: Regular meetings to assess vaccination and control measures. 17th August 2024: National review meeting for “FMD-Mukt Bharat”. Regional reviews conducted twice a year. State-specific Action Plans: Address local challenges in vaccination and monitoring. Challenges in FMD Eradication Vaccine Coverage & Logistics: Ensuring full vaccine coverage across rural and remote areas. Maintaining cold chain infrastructure for vaccine potency. Disease Surveillance: Need for real-time monitoring and rapid response to outbreaks. Improving coordination among veterinary health workers. Farmer Awareness & Participation: Addressing vaccine hesitancy and misinformation. Increasing participation in tracking and reporting livestock health. Future Directions Strengthening Surveillance Mechanisms: AI-based disease tracking via Bharat Pashudhan portal. Expanding seromonitoring for vaccine efficacy evaluation. Expanding FMD-Free Zones: Gradual inclusion of more states under the special focus category. Strengthening cross-border surveillance to prevent re-introduction. Boosting Research & Development: Development of more effective vaccines. Collaborative research on new diagnostic techniques for early detection. Conclusion NADCP has significantly reduced FMD outbreaks, demonstrating the success of mass vaccination, monitoring, and policy interventions. Continued efforts in disease surveillance, awareness, and research are essential for achieving FMD-Mukt Bharat.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 February 2025

Conten: A role for India in South-South climate cooperation A legal ‘remedy’ that perpetuates survivor trauma A role for India in South-South climate cooperation Article 6 of Paris Agreement (PA): Focuses on cooperative approaches for emission reductions. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question :Discuss the significance of Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement in facilitating climate finance and emissions trading. How can India leverage it to strengthen South-South climate cooperation? (150 words) Importance of Article 6.2 Role in Climate Finance: Enables Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) between host (developing) and partner (developed) countries. Operationalization at COP29 (Baku, Azerbaijan): Enhanced focus on market mechanisms for carbon-neutral transition. Potential Benefits: Promotes emissions reductions in host countries. Facilitates financial & technical support from developed nations. Helps meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). India’s Position on Article 6.2 Third Largest GHG Emitter (absolute terms only). Climate-Development Balance: Struggles with financial and technical constraints in achieving NDC targets. Call for Climate Finance: India demands $1 trillion annually from developed nations for climate action. Domestic Efforts: Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) (2023): India’s domestic emission trading scheme (ETS) for carbon credits. Prior Market Experience: CDM, VCM, ESCerts, RECs—strong foundation for international carbon trading. India’s Strategic Engagement with Article 6.2 14 Key Activities Identified for International Collaboration, including: Renewable Energy (RE) Energy Storage Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Green Hydrogen & Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Key International Partnerships: South Korea, EU, Japan. ITMO Benefits for India: Funds climate-resilient projects. Enhances clean energy adoption. Creates green jobs & co-benefits (e.g., reduced health risks). South-South Cooperation: Potential leader in ITMO exchange with developing nations. Strengthening RE deployment & climate technology in Africa. India’s Role in Global Climate Finance Unlocking Large-Scale Finance: Countries with stringent NDCs can buy ITMOs from India. Boosts green technology and sustainability investments. Example: India’s RE sector attracted $10 billion FDI (2022)—ITMO transactions could expand such inflows. New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG): Recognizes South-South climate finance contributions. India can lead voluntary financial & technical cooperation among developing countries. India-Africa Climate Partnership Rationale: Africa’s vulnerability to climate change (agriculture, water resources). India’s 10 Principles for India-Africa Engagement include economic cooperation & climate action. Mutual Benefits: India (partner) funds RE & climate projects in Africa (host). African nations gain sustainable infrastructure & energy solutions. India benefits from additional carbon credit opportunities. ITMO Transfer Challenges & Risks Risk of Carbon Offshoring: Developed countries might rely on low-cost Indian ITMOs instead of domestic decarbonization. India might lose critical carbon reductions needed for its own NDCs. Transparency & Governance Issues: Weak oversight can cause inefficiencies, inequities. Over-reliance on ITMOs may hinder India’s domestic green tech growth. Mitigation Strategies: Equitable benefit-sharing: Ensure partner contributions align with India’s sustainability goals. Transparency & Safeguards: Implement Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)-like governance for fair carbon credit allocation. Self-Sufficiency Focus: Prioritize domestic sustainability while engaging in ITMO transfers. India’s Leadership Potential in Global Carbon Markets Transparent & Equitable Market Engagement: Promoting inclusive ITMO agreements. Ensuring fair cost-benefit distribution between India and partner nations. Strengthening Institutional Capacity: Scaling up carbon finance mechanisms (CCTS, ITMOs). Expanding public-private partnerships in climate innovation. Positioning as a Climate Leader: Driving South-South cooperation in emissions trading. Championing low-carbon transition strategies globally. Conclusion India’s strategic engagement with Article 6.2 presents an opportunity to unlock climate finance, enhance sustainability, and emerge as a global leader in emissions trading. However, ensuring fair, transparent, and equitable ITMO agreements remains critical to balancing economic growth and climate commitments. A legal ‘remedy’ that perpetuates survivor trauma A legal remedy should serve justice, not perpetuate survivor trauma. The practice of granting bail on the condition of marriage undermines constitutional safeguards, compromises gender justice, and weakens deterrence against sexual crimes. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Judiciary) Practice Question: How does granting bail on the condition of marriage violate legal and constitutional principles? (150 words) Legal Concerns Violation of Supreme Court Guidelines: Contradicts Aparna Bhat vs State of Madhya Pradesh (2021), which prohibits any contact between the accused and survivor. Arbitrariness in Bail Conditions: Kunal Kumar Tiwari vs State of Bihar (2017) emphasized that bail conditions must not be arbitrary or extend beyond the scope of justice. Breach of Legal Safeguards: Goes against Section 437(3)(c) of CrPC, which limits bail conditions to non-arbitrary measures in the interest of justice.  Gender Justice and Survivor Autonomy Perpetuation of Patriarchal Notions: Reinforces the regressive idea that a woman’s dignity is tied to marriage. Violation of Consent and Autonomy: Forcing marriage undermines the survivor’s choice and coerces her into a legal relationship with the accused. Potential for Continued Abuse: Marriage as a legal safeguard for the accused increases the risk of intimate partner violence under legal protection. Impact on Criminal Justice System Compromising Trial Integrity: Marriage between the survivor and accused during trial affects the survivor’s ability to testify freely. Conflict of Interest in Sentencing: Courts may hesitate to convict an accused who has legally married the survivor, affecting the administration of justice. Legitimization of Crime through Matrimony: Sets a dangerous precedent where perpetrators can escape punishment by marrying their victims. State’s Responsibility and Welfare Obligations Neglect of State’s Role: In Re: Right to Privacy of Adolescents (2024), the Court held that the state must provide rehabilitation, financial aid, and counselling to survivors. Forced Dependence on Perpetrator: Lack of support forces survivors into financial and social dependence on their abusers. Violation of Article 21 (Right to Dignity): Forcing a survivor into marriage with the accused undermines her right to live with dignity. Societal Implications and Future Risks Normalization of Rape-Marriage Nexus: Encourages societal perception that rape can be ‘remedied’ by marriage. Undermining Women’s Rights Movements: Reverses decades of progress in gender justice by reinstating outdated beliefs. Weakening Deterrence Against Sexual Crimes: Allows accused individuals to evade accountability, reducing the deterrent effect of rape laws. Conclusion The practice of granting bail on the condition of marriage fundamentally undermines justice, perpetuates survivor trauma, and shifts the burden of rehabilitation from the state to the judiciary. A legal remedy should restore dignity and autonomy, not reinforce coercion and injustice. A re-evaluation of such judicial practices is imperative to align them with constitutional and human rights principles.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 February 2025

Content: Don’t erase or reload EVM data, says SC IIT Madras develops indigenous Shakti semiconductor chip Addressing the growing threat of forest fires Economy on speedy rebound, India to remain fastest growing nation: FM Products developed in-house by service innovators catch eyeballs India, 57 countries call for inclusive and sustainable AI Don’t erase or reload EVM data, says SC Supreme Court ruling on EVM verification: The Court provided clarity on the process of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) verification, emphasizing that it should focus only on ensuring the microcontroller has not been tampered with. The ruling made it clear that the process should not involve any action that could alter the data stored in the machines, such as erasing or reloading it, ensuring the integrity of the machines remains intact. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Elections) Key instruction for verification process: The Court directed that engineers should verify the microchips in the EVMs, confirming no tampering has occurred. This verification process must be carried out in the presence of the petitioners (candidates), which adds a layer of transparency to the procedure. The role of engineers is to certify that the microcontrollers are intact and have not been tampered with during the election process. Petitioners’ concerns: The petitioners, represented by senior advocates Devadutt Kamat and Prashant Bhushan, raised concerns that the EVM verification process was more of a “mock poll” than an actual tampering check. They argued that the manner in which checks were being conducted did not provide the level of transparency and thoroughness they expected in verifying the EVMs’ integrity. Election Commission’s defense: Senior advocate Maninder Singh, representing the Election Commission (EC), contested the maintainability of the petitions, suggesting that the issue had already been adjudicated in the past. Singh pointed out that some petitioners were revisiting the same issue after multiple rounds of litigation, including a judgment that upheld the use of EVMs, which the EC believes should settle the matter. This highlights the repetitive nature of the litigation around EVM verification and the EC’s position that the matter had already been addressed legally. Next steps in the legal process: The Court has scheduled the next hearing for the week of March 3, 2025, to discuss the matter further. The EC has been instructed to file a short affidavit, providing its response to the petitioners’ concerns. This will likely lead to a more detailed examination of the verification procedures and whether there are any procedural improvements that could address the petitioners’ concerns. Broader implications: The case reinforces ongoing public debates about the transparency and security of the electoral process, particularly the use of EVMs in elections. The Supreme Court’s ruling ensures that any verification of EVMs is conducted with transparency, but it also maintains that the fundamental integrity of the machines should be preserved, avoiding any manipulation of the data. This case could further influence future electoral reforms and the procedures for ensuring the credibility of voting systems in India. IIT Madras develops indigenous Shakti semiconductor chip Indigenous Shakti semiconductor chip: IIT Madras, in collaboration with ISRO, has developed an indigenous aerospace-quality Shakti-based semiconductor chip. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Backing and support: The development is supported by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) under its Digital India RISC-V initiative (DIRV). The initiative aims to boost the indigenous development of microprocessor-based products with enhanced security and visibility for users adopting RISC-V technology. Key features and applications: The chip is built on the Shakti processor baseline, with a specific focus on space applications, making it suitable for use in aerospace and other strategic sectors. The semiconductor chip has potential applications across diverse fields, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and computer systems, addressing both commercial and strategic needs. Strategic importance for ISRO: The development of this chip is part of ISRO’s broader effort to indigenize semiconductors, supporting its goal of self-reliance in space technologies. ISRO aims to reduce dependence on foreign technologies by developing domestic alternatives that can be integrated into space missions. Make in India and self-reliance: ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan highlighted the chip’s role as a significant milestone in the Make in India initiative, focusing on semiconductor design and fabrication within India. This indigenous chip represents a step forward in India’s ambition to become a leader in semiconductor technology and enhance its capabilities in both defense and space sectors. Broader implications: The development of the Shakti-based chip signals India’s growing capabilities in semiconductor design and fabrication, vital for future advancements in electronics, defense, and space technology. The successful creation of this chip may inspire further investments in semiconductor innovation and production, contributing to India’s technological independence. Addressing the growing threat of forest fires Growing threat of forest fires: Forest fires are a global and national concern, often receiving attention only after significant incidents, such as the recent wildfires in Los Angeles. In India, 36% of forest cover is prone to fire, with incidents increasing tenfold in the last two decades, exacerbated by climate change and human activities. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Human-induced causes of forest fires: 90% of forest fires are caused by human activities: land clearing, slash-and-burn agriculture, and unattended campfires. Rising temperatures and extended dry spells further amplify the risk and intensity of forest fires. Consequences of forest fires: Environmental impact: Loss of biodiversity, wildlife, and trees; disruption to soil fertility, water cycles, and human-wildlife conflicts. Economic losses: Forest fires emit 69 million tonnes of CO2 annually, contributing to climate change. Forest degradation costs India ₹1.74 lakh crore annually. Social impact: Communities dependent on forests lose access to timber and non-timber forest products, affecting their livelihoods. Existing policies and schemes: India has the National Action Plan on Forest Fires and the Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FFPMS) to enhance fire management. However, funding for these schemes has been inconsistent, underscoring the need for more stable financial backing. Challenges in forest fire management: The Forest Fire Alert System is unable to differentiate between forest and other fires, delaying responses. Limited technological tools, such as predictive modelling and real-time monitoring, hinder efficient fire management. Technological solutions and advancements: Advanced predictive modelling can help identify high–risk areas for forest fires based on climate and geographic data. Drones with thermal imaging could monitor fire-prone areas, assess damage, and guide firefighting efforts, with successful pilot projects in Tamil Nadu and Odisha. Data integration from the Forest Survey of India, IMD, and ISRO could enhance fire predictions and management. Empowering local communities: Local communities in fire–prone areas should be trained to collect and share real-time fire data via mobile apps, SMS-based systems, and toll-free helplines. Community initiatives, like those in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, can be expanded across India, where self-help groups collect pine needles to reduce fire risks. Empowering women and youth as ‘forest fire scouts’ and combining local knowledge with modern tools like fire risk mapping can strengthen community-driven fire prevention. Need for a holistic approach: Addressing forest fires requires collaboration among policymakers, scientists, civil society groups, and local communities. A multi–dimensional approach, involving infrastructure improvement, consistent funding, technology adoption, community empowerment, and policy intervention, is essential for effective forest fire management. Economy on speedy rebound, India to remain fastest growing nation: FM India’s economic rebound: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman asserts that India’s economy is undergoing a “speedy rebound” after a brief moderation in the second quarter of 2024-25. The Union Budget 2025-26 is designed to address the immediate challenges posed by global uncertainties while focusing on spurring growth and private sector investments. Relevance :GS 3( Indian Economy) Economic growth performance: India has experienced an average growth rate of 8% in the three years prior to 2024-25. Only two of the last 12 quarters saw growth rates below 5.4%, highlighting the resilience of the economy. Sitharaman stresses that India will remain the fastest growing major economy, with strong foundations supporting the ongoing rebound. Focus on rural demand: Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) is projected to grow by 7.3% in 2024-25, with rural demand playing a significant role. PFCE is expected to account for 61.8% of nominal GDP, marking the highest level since 2002-03. Global economic uncertainties: Sitharaman acknowledges the impact of global issues like persistent conflicts, stagnation in global GDP, and inflation in emerging markets on India’s economy. These global uncertainties are influencing India’s budget, but the government aims to balance national priorities with fiscal responsibility. Capital expenditure: Responding to concerns about capital expenditure, Sitharaman clarifies that capital expenditure outlays have actually increased, not decreased. The effective capital expenditure for 2025-26 is pegged at 4.3% of GDP, slightly lower than the fiscal deficit of 4.4% of GDP. The government is prioritizing capital expenditure over revenue or other commitments, with borrowed funds being directed towards creating capital assets rather than covering routine expenses. Government’s fiscal strategy: Sitharaman emphasizes that nearly all borrowed resources are being used for financing capital expenditure, indicating the government’s focus on long-term investments to boost economic growth. Products developed in-house by service innovators catch eyeballs AI Weapon System Development: The Ten AI Weapon System (TAIWS) has been developed in-house by Army personnel, including Colonel Ashish Dogra and Lieutenant Colonel Prashanth Agrawal, with collaboration from IIT Bombay and MIET Jammu students. TAIWS has completed successful field trials and is expected to enhance border surveillance, particularly for preventing terrorist infiltration along the Line of Control (LoC). Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Secondary Vision Technology: The system uses secondary vision technology to track terrorist movement in difficult terrains, such as the bushy and jungle areas of Kashmir, which are hard to monitor. The technology is integrated with a medium machine gun with a killing range of 2 km, already in use by the Army. The gun can also be swapped out if needed. Innovation and Efficiency: These innovations are developed based on operational needs, aimed at improving efficiency and addressing the unique challenges faced by the Army. The Army Design Bureau has emphasized the role of “service innovators” in creating these solutions. Additional Innovations: A 50-meter footbridge has been developed that can be quickly laid across water bodies in less than an hour. A 9mm sub-machine gun, developed by a serving Army officer, has already seen the induction of around 550 units. Intellectual Property and Projects: The Army Design Bureau has filed for 75 intellectual property rights (IPRs), with 12 already granted. The Bureau is currently funding 100 projects, with 75 of them in their final stages. India, 57 countries call for inclusive and sustainable AI Inclusive and Sustainable AI Joint Statement: Fifty-eight countries, including India, China, Brazil, France, and Australia, signed a joint statement on “Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet” at the AI Action Summit in Paris. The statement promotes the accessibility of AI and emphasizes trust and safety in its deployment. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Key Goals of the Statement: Focus on enabling conditions for AI development while avoiding market concentration and promoting industrial recovery. Aims to foster AI in a way that positively shapes the future of work and labor markets. Emphasizes the need for AI to be human rights-based, ethical, safe, secure, and trustworthy. Highlights the importance of narrowing inequalities and assisting developing countries in building AI capacities. U.S. and U.K. Stance: The U.S. and the U.K. did not sign the statement. U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance expressed concerns about excessive regulation in the AI sector, advocating for pro-growth AI policies. He warned that excessive regulation could harm the AI industry at its critical stage of development. Previous International Statements: This is the third such international statement on AI, following similar ones issued after summits in the U.K. and South Korea. India and France’s Role: India and France are co-chairing the AI Action Summit, emphasizing global collaboration on AI development and regulation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 February 2025

Content: PM-VIKAS SCHEME SASCI Scheme PM-VIKAS SCHEME Introduction : Full Name: Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan (PM VIKAS). Ministry: Ministry of Minority Affairs. Objective: Socio-economic upliftment of six notified minority communities through skill development, education, entrepreneurship, and leadership initiatives. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) Convergence of Schemes: Merges five pre-existing schemes: Seekho Aur Kamao – Skill development program. Nai Manzil – Educational support for school dropouts. Nai Roshni – Leadership training for minority women. Hamari Dharohar – Preservation of cultural heritage. USTTAD – Skill development & market linkage for traditional artisans. Focus Areas Skill Development & Entrepreneurship Enhancing employability through vocational training. Support for artisans and craftsmen, especially in traditional sectors. Leadership Development for Minority Women Training and mentorship programs to promote empowerment. Educational Assistance Bridge courses and financial aid for school dropouts to continue education. Credit Linkages & Financial Support Facilitation of loans through the National Minorities Development & Finance Corporation (NMDFC). Market Linkages Beneficiaries will be connected to the Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH) for better livelihood opportunities. Implementation & Challenges Status: Yet to be implemented. Challenges Expected: Effective coordination among different merged schemes. Ensuring outreach to all eligible minority beneficiaries. Strengthening financial literacy to maximize credit linkage benefits. Efficient tracking and monitoring of training outcomes. Socio-Economic Impact For Beneficiaries: Skill enhancement leading to higher employability. Economic self-sufficiency through entrepreneurship. Empowerment of minority women as community leaders. For Economy: Strengthening of traditional handicrafts and artisanal sectors. Increased participation of minority communities in the workforce. Contribution to the MSME and export sector via improved market linkages. Conclusion PM VIKAS is a holistic and integrated scheme aimed at the socio-economic upliftment of minorities. By converging multiple schemes, it streamlines resources, avoids duplication, and enhances efficiency. Effective implementation and strong monitoring mechanisms will be key to achieving its objectives. SASCI Scheme Context : Government of India sanctioned 40 projects in 23 States for ₹3295.76 Crore in Financial Year 2024-25 under ‘Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment (SASCI) Relevance : GS 2(Schemes), GS 3(Tourism ) Objective: Comprehensive development of iconic tourist centers in India. Enhancement of branding and marketing of these centers at a global scale. Key Features: End-to-End Tourist Experience: Ensuring the entire tourist journey is well-managed, from arrival to departure, with a focus on seamless services and experiences. Responsible Tourism Practices: Adoption of eco-friendly and sustainable tourism practices, promoting environmental conservation and local community engagement. Challenge Mode Funding: Projects are supported through a competitive process, encouraging innovation and the best proposals. Tourist Value Chain Strengthening: Focus on improving all aspects of the tourist journey, including infrastructure, services, and attractions. Expertise in Design and Development: Bringing in specialized skills to design and develop high-quality tourism infrastructure and experiences. Sustainability: Emphasis on the long-term operations and maintenance of tourism projects to ensure they remain viable and environmentally friendly. Sanctioned Projects (FY 2024-25): A total of 40 projects across 23 states were sanctioned, with a total funding of ₹3295.76 crore. Projects in Chhattisgarh: Development of Chitrotpala Film City: Cost: ₹95.79 crore Focuses on creating a film city that will boost tourism through film-related attractions, events, and entertainment infrastructure. Development of Tribal & Cultural Convention Centre: Cost: ₹51.87 crore Aims to promote the tribal culture and heritage of Chhattisgarh through a dedicated space for cultural events, festivals, and conventions. Broader Implications: This scheme is part of the government’s broader vision to elevate India’s tourism sector and make it a major player on the global tourism map. It also aims to generate economic growth in local areas through enhanced infrastructure and tourism-related employment. The initiative is aligned with sustainable development goals by integrating responsible tourism practices, which would help preserve India’s cultural and natural heritage. Strategic Focus: The SASCI scheme places significant emphasis on the tourism ecosystem, meaning it is not just about improving one landmark but enhancing the entire value chain of tourism. This could provide long-term benefits by fostering more holistic, well-rounded tourism destinations that can attract global tourists and foster sustainable development in these areas.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 February 2025

Content: Gaza and Trump’s ‘expanding the canvas’ strategy India as a bridge between the Global North and South Troubled waters Gaza and Trump’s ‘expanding the canvas’ strategy Context :Trump’s ‘Expanding the Canvas’ Strategy A negotiation tactic where an initial extreme proposal is made to force stakeholders into a counter-offer. Trump’s proposal (February 4, 2025) suggested depopulating Gaza and converting it into a global tourist hub. Praised by Netanyahu, with implications for Saudi Arabia potentially joining the Abraham Accords. Saudi Arabia (MbS) rejected Israeli ties without a Palestinian state, shifting the geopolitical discourse. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Analyze the implications of Trump’s ‘Expanding the Canvas’ strategy in the context of West Asia’s geopolitical, security, and economic landscape. (250 words) Geopolitical Reconfiguration in West Asia Post-October 7, 2023, the region has undergone intense turmoil, with new power dynamics emerging. Israel’s perceived invincibility weakened; Iran’s strategic outreach disrupted. The Axis of Resistance (Iran, Hezbollah, Hamas) temporarily subdued but remains a latent threat. Heightened instability in the region due to the interplay of military actions and diplomatic maneuvering. Political and Security Challenges Political Realignments: The Gaza war solidified the centrality of the Palestinian issue in regional negotiations. U.S. aims to expand the Abraham Accords but faces resistance due to ongoing conflicts. Ultra-religious Jewish factions and the Syrian militant group HTS gaining influence. Security Dynamics: Iranian nuclear ambitions remain a significant issue. Kurdish aspirations for autonomy continue to be a destabilizing factor. The Yemeni crisis remains unresolved despite Saudi Arabia’s partial disengagement. Economic Challenges in West Asia War-Induced Economic Strains: Gaza’s reconstruction estimated at $50 billion; Lebanon ($8.5 billion); Syria (~$500 billion). Western sanctions further hinder economic recovery in war-torn regions. Structural Economic Issues: Heavy dependence on hydrocarbons, which face long-term decline due to global energy shifts. Trump’s energy policies (exit from Paris Agreement, “Drill, baby, drill”) disrupt oil markets. Potential oil price volatility threatens both U.S. shale industry and West Asian oil-dependent economies. Trump’s Tariff and Currency Policies: Sanctions and tariffs disrupt trade flows, affecting West Asian economic diversification. A strong U.S. dollar reduces regional competitiveness, exacerbating economic stagnation. Saudi Arabia’s Role as a Regional Power Economic Powerhouse: GDP of $1.07 trillion; Saudi Public Investment Fund assets of ~$930 billion. Aramco market cap of ~$1.79 trillion, making it a key player in global energy markets. Strategic Maneuvering by MbS: Balanced relations with U.S., China, and Russia without alienating any. Exit from Yemen conflict and diplomatic normalization with Iran and Qatar. Played a key role in moderating OPEC+ decisions amid global energy market shifts. Challenges in U.S.-Saudi Relations: MbS seeks security guarantees and nuclear technology in exchange for normalizing ties with Israel. Gaza war has hardened Saudi Arabia’s stance on Palestinian statehood. U.S.-Saudi cooperation crucial for post-war reconstruction, but political divergences persist.  The Path Ahead: U.S.-Saudi-Israel Dynamics Trump’s impulsive diplomacy could either expedite or derail regional settlements. Saudi Arabia may fund regional reconstruction but demands meaningful Israeli concessions. Israeli leadership remains resistant to a two-state solution, complicating negotiations. Trump-MbS partnership could be pivotal in reshaping West Asia’s future but remains uncertain. India as a bridge between the Global North and South Introduction India has positioned itself as a key advocate for the Global South while simultaneously engaging with the Global North. This shift is evident in India’s leadership at forums like the Voice of Global South Summit and its role in G20 reforms (e.g., inclusion of the African Union). The approach differs from the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) and aims for a balanced, strategic presence in global affairs.   Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) Practice Question : Discuss India’s evolving role as a bridge between the Global North and Global South. What challenges does it face in maintaining this position, and what steps can be taken to strengthen its role? (250 words) Factors Influencing India’s Renewed Engagement Strategic Autonomy & Multipolarity Unlike NAM, India is not anti-Western but seeks cooperation with all blocs while maintaining independence. Strengthening ties with the U.S., EU, and new partners like Poland while championing the interests of developing nations. China Factor India and China compete for influence in Africa, Asia, and Latin America via investments and trade partnerships. India’s approach: Alternative development model (not debt-driven like China’s Belt & Road Initiative). Indo-Pacific Strategy (Quad with the U.S., Japan, and Australia counters China’s regional dominance). Economic & Developmental Cooperation India’s focus on sustainable, demand-driven assistance, not conditional aid like the West. Global Development Compact and ITEC program offer a human-centric, skills-based model for growth. Challenges & Steps Needed for India’s Success Redefining Development Cooperation Shift from India-first approach to mutual learning and collaboration with the Global South. Avoid perception as a dominant power imposing policies—instead, promote equal partnerships. Human-Centric & Capacity Building Approach Expand beyond Mission LiFE (low consumption lifestyle) to economic empowerment models. Focus on Skill India, MSME cooperation, women entrepreneurship, and sustainability challenges. Strengthening Global Governance Role Beyond pushing for institutional reforms (e.g., UNSC, WTO, IMF), India must build domestic capacity for global leadership. Trilateral partnerships with experienced nations (e.g., Germany, France) for development programs. Long-term goal: Establish India-led global initiatives, creating an independent international cooperation framework. Conclusion India must balance assertiveness with receptiveness—being the ‘Voice’ of the Global South requires listening. A collaborative and inclusive approach will enhance India’s credibility as a bridge between the Global North and South. Troubled Waters Context : Frequent Arrests & Detentions On February 8, 2024, the Sri Lankan Navy arrested 14 Indian fishermen from Tamil Nadu’s Ramanathapuram district for alleged poaching. Total arrests in 2024 have crossed 500 (528) for the first time in a decade; in 2014, it was 787. Courts in Sri Lanka have started imposing heavier fines and convictions, making release more difficult. Relevance: GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Critically examine the causes and implications of the India-Sri Lanka fisheries dispute in the Palk Bay region. Suggest policy measures to address the issue. (250 words) Use of Bottom Trawling: Tamil Nadu fishermen employ bottom trawling, which damages marine biodiversity and depletes fish stocks. Sri Lanka’s Northern Province fishermen oppose this method, as they are still recovering from the civil war and rely on sustainable fishing. International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) Violations: Indian fishermen frequently cross the IMBL into Sri Lankan waters, triggering diplomatic tensions. Unlike past instances where detained fishermen were quickly released, recent trends show increasing convictions. Policy & Diplomatic Considerations Need for Bilateral Talks: The last formal talks between Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen were in November 2016. India raised the issue in the Joint Working Group meeting in October 2023, but Sri Lanka remains reluctant to engage in negotiations. Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister has urged the Indian government to secure the release of 97 fishermen and 216 boats. Comparative Perspective: The number of fishermen arrested in Sri Lanka is significantly higher than those detained in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, or Qatar. This highlights a more systemic conflict rather than isolated incidents of maritime border violations. Way Forward Short-Term Measures: Immediate discussions between Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen to explore interim solutions. Faster legal and diplomatic interventions to secure the release of detained fishermen. Stricter enforcement of IMBL regulations to prevent unauthorized fishing. Long-Term Solutions: Incentivizing Indian fishermen to move away from bottom trawling through subsidies and alternative fishing techniques. Promoting deep-sea fishing programs to reduce dependence on Palk Bay waters. Enhancing cooperation in marine resource management to ensure sustainable fishing practices.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 February 2025

Content: The problem of regulating live-in relationships Centre’s allocations for justice-related schemes fluctuate What Has the Budget Offered Scientists? Modi arrives in France for AI summit, talks with Macron Hamas to stop release of prisoners, accuses Israel of ceasefire violations Is global warming accelerating? Cross-blood transplant performed on a patient with Bombay blood The problem of regulating live-in relationships Mandatory Registration: Opposite-sex live-in relationships must be registered within one month. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Criminalisation: Failure to register a live-in relationship or refusal to do so after notice is punishable by imprisonment or fines. Legitimacy of Children: Children born in live-in relationships are deemed legitimate. Maintenance Rights: Provides maintenance rights in case of desertion but not upon voluntary termination. State Surveillance: All registered live-in relationships must be reported to the local police. Potential Issues and Criticism Legal and Social Mismatch Undefined ‘Desertion’: While maintenance is granted in cases of desertion, the term remains legally vague. No Maintenance for Termination: A partner (especially a woman) left without financial support if the relationship ends voluntarily. Ambiguous Definition of Live-in Relationships: Drawn from domestic violence law, assumes they are ‘marriage-like’, which does not reflect reality. Fluid Nature of Relationships Overlooked: Many live-in relationships do not have a clear starting point, making mandatory registration impractical. Violation of Sexual Autonomy and Privacy State and Parental Control Over Adults: If a partner is under 21, their parents/guardians are informed—violating privacy and increasing risks of honour-based violence. Contradicts Shakti Vahini v. Union of India (2018), where the Supreme Court upheld an adult’s right to sexual autonomy. Police Surveillance: Conceptualises live-in relationships as potential law-and-order problems. Creates undue state interference in personal lives. Exclusion and Discrimination Same-Sex Relationships Ignored: UCC mandates registration only for opposite-sex live-in relationships, leaving same-sex couples without legal protections. Moral Policing?: Unlike global laws that extend marital benefits to cohabiting couples, Uttarakhand’s UCC treats live-in relationships as a problem to regulate rather than protect. Conclusion The UCC’s approach prioritises control over protection, undermining individual rights. Instead of ensuring welfare and legal safeguards, the law increases state and social surveillance. Centre’s allocations for justice-related schemes fluctuate Context : Findings from the India Justice Report 2025-26 Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ) Declining Budget Allocations: The Central government has consistently reduced funds for justice-related schemes since 2019. Only a fraction of the allocated budget is actually utilized. Modernisation Fund for State Police Forces: Created to upgrade State police infrastructure and Crime and Criminal Tracking Systems. Budget Estimates (BE) have declined from ₹900 crore (FY19) to ₹587.97 crore (FY26). Revised Estimates (RE) show drastic reductions—e.g., ₹780 crore (BE) in FY21 was revised to ₹106 crore. Actual spending is even lower; in FY23, only ₹34.7 crore (6% of the allocation) was spent. Modernisation of Forensic Capacities: Aims to strengthen forensic testing infrastructure and increase the number of forensic scientists. Funding has fluctuated significantly over the past few years. Modernisation of Prisons Fund: Established over two decades ago to improve prison infrastructure. Peak allocation: ₹400 crore (FY23), reduced to ₹300 crore (FY25 & FY26). Utilization fell sharply after FY23 (only 44% of funds were used). Judiciary-Related Schemes: National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): Allocations have increased over the years, ranging from ₹150-200 crore. 100% utilization from FY19 to FY24. Infrastructure Development for Judiciary: A centrally sponsored scheme for State judicial resources. High utilization rates but reduced allocation from ₹1,123.40 crore (FY25) to ₹998 crore (FY26). Key Issues & Implications Severe Underutilization of Allocations: Police modernisation and forensic capacity schemes see low spending despite budgetary provisions. Focus on Judiciary Efficiency: Judiciary-related schemes show high utilization rates, contrasting with law enforcement funding gaps. Security and Justice System Disparities: The declining trend in police modernization funds may impact law enforcement effectiveness. What Has the Budget Offered Scientists? Overall Budget Trends ₹20,000 crore dedicated fund for private sector R&D, part of the ₹1 lakh crore corpus from the July 2024 Budget. Focus on strategic autonomy in deeptech and sunrise sectors. Increased funding for biotechnology and applied sciences, while basic science funding stagnates. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Science) Sector-Wise Analysis Department of Science & Technology (DST): ₹20,000 crore allocated to boost innovation through public-private partnerships. ₹100 crore for National Geospatial Mission to enhance geospatial infrastructure. Department of Biotechnology (DBT): ₹3,446.64 crore allocation (51.45% increase). ‘Bio-RIDE’ scheme launched to promote biomanufacturing and bio-entrepreneurship. Focus on gene-editing, personalised medicine, and sustainable agriculture. New missions on high-yielding seeds, minor oil seeds, and genetic resource characterisation. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR): Supports Agri-Districts Initiative, Millets Mission, and Cotton Mission for self-reliance. Focus on Green Hydrogen Mission and Indigenous Manufacturing. Jigyasa Programme for STEM education and Seaweed Mission for women entrepreneurs. Nuclear Energy and Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Aim to increase nuclear power capacity to 100 GWe by 2047. Private sector participation introduced in nuclear energy. Concerns over Nuclear Liability and Damage Act 2010 amendments. Challenges & Criticism Basic Science Funding Declining: IISc and IISERs saw funding cuts, while education spending remains at only 2.54% of GDP (far below the NEP-2020 target of 6%). Curiosity-Driven Science Overlooked: Focus is on mission-mode projects like AI and nuclear energy, leaving fundamental research underfunded. Rigid Bureaucracy in Research Grants: Hinders efficient fund allocation and scientific progress. Modi arrives in France for AI summit, talks with Macron Context: AI Action Summit: Modi co-chaired the AI Action Summit with French President Emmanuel Macron. Focus areas: innovation, AI governance, future of work, and public interest. India represents the Global South in AI discussions. Part of a global AI dialogue following the UK (2023) and South Korea (2024) summits. Relevance :GS 2(International Relations),  GS 3(Technology) Bilateral Engagements with France: Economic Cooperation: Interaction with the India-France CEOs Forum. Strategic Partnership: Reviewing the 2047 Horizon Roadmap for India-France ties. New Indian Consulate: To be opened in Marseille, strengthening diplomatic outreach. Nuclear & Energy Collaboration: Visit to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. ITER is a major global initiative for nuclear energy research. Tribute to Indian Soldiers: Modi to visit Mazargues War Cemetery to honor Indian soldiers who died in World War I & II. Geopolitical & Strategic Significance AI & Digital Cooperation: Strengthening India’s position in global AI governance. Strengthening Ties with the West: Engagements in France & the U.S. boost India’s global influence. Economic & Technological Advancements: Collaboration in nuclear research, AI, and industrial sectors. Next Stop: United States Modi will visit Washington, D.C. after France. Plans to meet Donald Trump to strengthen India-U.S. ties in diverse sectors. Emphasis on continuity in India-U.S. relations from Trump’s first term. Hamas to stop release of prisoners, accuses Israel of ceasefire violations Context : Hamas’ Announcement: Stopped releasing Israeli hostages over alleged Israeli ceasefire violations. Conditions for Resumption: Compliance with the ceasefire and compensation for past violations. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Accusations Against Israel: Delaying Palestinian return to northern Gaza. Israeli shelling & gunfire targeting Palestinians. Blocking humanitarian aid from entering Gaza. Ceasefire Status: Began on January 19, largely holding despite stray violent incidents. Some Palestinians have been killed by Israeli forces during this period. Aid agencies report an increase in humanitarian aid since the ceasefire. Israeli Response: Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz called Hamas’ move a violation of the ceasefire deal. Ordered military readiness in Gaza and to defend Israeli communities. Hostage Release Status: 16 out of 33 Israeli hostages expected in the first phase have been released. Five Thai hostages were returned in an unscheduled release. Implications Ceasefire Fragility: The breakdown of trust increases the risk of renewed hostilities. Humanitarian Concerns: Delayed aid and restrictions on movement worsen conditions in Gaza. Geopolitical Impact: International pressure on both sides to uphold the agreement may intensify. Is global warming accelerating? Context:Record-Breaking January 2025: January 2025 was 0.09°C warmer than January 2024, making it the hottest January on record. It was 1.75°C warmer than pre-industrial times. 18 of the last 19 months hit or surpassed the 1.5°C threshold. Relevance : GS 3(Environment ,Climate Change) Scientific Debate on Acceleration: James Hansen (Former NASA Scientist) claims global warming is accelerating, with the past 15 years warming twice as fast as the previous 40 years. University of Michigan’s Overpeck agrees, saying climate change impacts are getting worse. Skepticism from Other Scientists: Gabe Vecchi (Princeton): Not enough data; could be random variation. Michael Mann (University of Pennsylvania): Warming is within climate model predictions. Natural Climate Factors & Their Impact: El Niño (2023-24): Caused temperature spikes, but ended in June 2024. La Niña (2025 Onset): Expected to cool global temperatures, but January still broke records. Sulphur Pollution Reduction: New shipping regulations reduced sulphur aerosols, which previously reflected sunlight and mitigated warming. Uncertainty About 2025: Earlier predictions suggested 2025 would be cooler than 2024 due to La Niña. Hansen contradicts this, arguing 2025 may surpass 2024’s record. Implications: Climate Thresholds & Paris Agreement: 1.5°C threshold is being exceeded frequently but not permanently yet. Scientists won’t declare the Paris Agreement limit breached until global temperatures stay above it for 20 years. Policy & Global Response: Need for urgent emission reductions from fossil fuels. Climate policies may need adjustments if acceleration is confirmed. Scientific Uncertainty & Debate: Conflicting views highlight the complexity of climate science. More long-term data needed to confirm if warming is truly accelerating. Cross-blood transplant performed on a patient with Bombay blood Context : First-Ever Cross-Blood Kidney Transplant for Bombay Blood Group A 30-year-old patient with the extremely rare Bombay blood group received a kidney transplant from his mother, who had a different blood type. Relevance : GS 2(health) ,G S 3(Science) Challenges of the Bombay Blood Group in Transplantation The Bombay blood group (HH group) lacks the H antigen, making it impossible to receive blood or organs from any ABO group. Only 0.0004% of the global population has this blood type, making donor matches exceedingly rare. Even type O blood, considered the universal donor, is incompatible with Bombay blood group patients. Breakthrough Medical Innovation Doctors applied principles from ABO cross-blood transplants, using a Japanese technique called Double Filtration Plasmapheresis (DFPP). The process involved: Measuring anti-H antibodies to determine safe transplantation levels. Administering monoclonal antibodies to deplete B cells producing these antibodies. Performing plasmapheresis to further reduce antibody levels. Using immunosuppressive IVIG therapy to prevent organ rejection. No prior medical literature existed on managing anti-H antibodies in transplantation, so doctors had to make assumptions about safe antibody levels. Successful Surgery & Post-Operative Recovery The patient did not require blood transfusion during surgery. No signs of organ rejection were observed in the critical first two weeks post-transplant. Six months later, the patient has returned to his normal activities. Implications & Future Prospects New Hope for Bombay Blood Group Patients The success of this case opens doors for similar transplants worldwide. If further studies confirm its viability, Bombay blood group patients may no longer be restricted to only matching blood group donors. Medical & Research Breakthrough A major advancement in transplant medicine, proving that cross-blood transplantation is possible even in ultra-rare cases. Sets a precedent for future medical interventions in rare blood group transplants. Challenges & Further Research Needed The lack of prior data means long-term outcomes remain uncertain. Future research is needed to refine safe antibody threshold levels for similar procedures.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 February 2025

Content: Before March 31, 2026, we will eliminate Naxalism from the country PM YUVA 2.0 Before March 31, 2026, we will eliminate Naxalism from the country Context : Union Home Minister Shri Amit Shah announced the commitment to eliminate Naxalism before March 31, 2026. The announcement was made in the backdrop of a major anti-Naxal operation in Bijapur, Chhattisgarh. 31 Naxalites were killed in the operation by security forces, with a large quantity of weapons and explosives recovered. The operation also resulted in the loss of two security personnel, to whom the nation remains indebted. Relevance : GS 3(internal Security) Significance of the Operation A major step in counter-insurgency efforts against Left-Wing Extremism (LWE). Reduces the operational capacity of Naxal groups in Chhattisgarh, a stronghold of Naxal activities. Strengthens the morale of security forces in combating insurgency. Signals the government’s strong resolve to make India Naxal-free. Government’s Counter-Naxal Strategy Security Operations: Intensified counter-insurgency measures with proactive combing operations. Infrastructure Development: Expansion of roads, bridges, and communication networks in Naxal-affected regions. Welfare Measures: Focus on education, healthcare, and employment to reduce youth recruitment into Naxal ranks. Surrender and Rehabilitation: Programs to reintegrate former Naxalites into mainstream society. Intelligence Strengthening: Use of technology, drones, and local intelligence networks to track Naxal movements. Challenges in Eliminating Naxalism Geographical Challenges: Dense forests and difficult terrain favor Naxal hideouts and mobility. Local Support: Some tribal populations have historically provided passive support to Naxalites due to grievances. Inter-State Coordination: Naxal movement across state borders complicates containment efforts. Human Rights Concerns: Ensuring that counter-insurgency operations do not lead to civilian casualties or alienation of local populations. Implications of the Deadline Political and Administrative Will: Ensures continued focus on counter-Naxal operations. Increased Budget Allocation: Likely to see enhanced funding for security and development in affected regions. Public Perception: Instills confidence among citizens and boosts morale of security forces. Way Forward Sustained Security Operations: Continuous vigilance required to prevent resurgence. Economic and Social Inclusion: Long-term success depends on addressing socio-economic grievances. International Lessons: Learning from global counter-insurgency efforts (e.g., Colombia’s fight against FARC insurgents). PM YUVA 2.0 Context :Shri Dharmendra Pradhan launches 41 books under PM YUVA 2.0 at NDWBF 2025 PM YUVA 2.0: A scheme aimed at mentoring and promoting young authors in India. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes, Education) Significance: Encourages youth to engage in writing, contributing to intellectual discourse. Nurtures a new generation of storytellers highlighting Indian culture, history, and literature. Helps bring forth narratives of unsung heroes from India’s past, including the freedom struggle. Transformational Impact: Books from young authors serve as ambassadors of Indian heritage, literature, and languages globally. Promoting Books in Indian Languages as a National Mission Key Initiatives: Bharatiya Bhasha Pustak Scheme: Announced in the 2025 budget to further encourage publishing in regional languages. NBT’s Role: Acknowledged as a key institution in ensuring literary accessibility. Collaboration with Global Publishers: Encouragement for partnerships to take Indian literature to a global audience. Literary Translations for Cultural and Historical Preservation Hindi Translation of The Saga of Kudopali: The Unsung Story of 1857 Highlights an overlooked chapter of India’s First War of Independence. Planned release in 12 Indian languages and 2 foreign languages for wider accessibility. Malayalam Translation of 14th-Century Mathematician Sri Madhava’s Works Recognition of ancient Indian contributions to mathematics and astronomy. Promotes the study of Indian scientific heritage through linguistic inclusivity. National Book Trust’s Role & Future Directions NBT as a Key Driver: Responsible for making books and literature accessible in Indian languages. Encouraged to embrace technology for wider reach and collaborate with international publishers. New Delhi World Book Fair (NDWBF) 2025: Described as a “Gyan-Kumbh”—a melting pot of literature, knowledge, and culture. Recognized as one of the largest book fairs globally, serving as an important intellectual platform. Implications for India’s Literary and Knowledge Landscape Strengthening Intellectual Ecosystem: Young authors contribute fresh perspectives to history, society, and governance. Encourages discussions on unsung historical figures and indigenous knowledge. Linguistic and Cultural Revival: Expanding translations fosters regional linguistic pride and intellectual inclusivity. Bridges historical knowledge with contemporary readership across different linguistic communities. Integration with Digital & Global Publishing Trends: Encouragement to integrate technology in book distribution and outreach. Potential for e-books, audiobooks, and international collaborations for Indian literature.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 February 2025

Content: Keeping a watch on the growing arc of violence An aerospace expo to further India’s global presence A gift horse’s teeth Keeping a watch on the growing arc of violence Context of Rising Violence The world is experiencing an unpredictable period with escalating conflicts in multiple regions. Post-1945 world order has effectively collapsed, with international institutions failing to mitigate violence. The prolonged Ukraine war and civilian casualties in Gaza highlight the ineffectiveness of the UN Security Council and the International Court of Justice. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) Practice Question : Recent global trends indicate a resurgence of terrorism, particularly in digital and decentralized forms.” Discuss the evolving nature of terrorism and the challenges it presents to global security. (250 words) West Asia: Pyrrhic Victories and Future Instability Israel’s actions in Gaza and Lebanon, alongside U.S. strategies, aim to weaken Iran’s influence. However, these efforts provide only temporary advantages, as subterranean activities indicate potential future conflicts. The belief in a stable West Asia is misleading; radical movements and extremist networks continue to thrive. Evolution of Islamist Terrorism Despite the weakening of al-Qaeda and ISIS, terrorism remains a formidable global threat. Terrorism 3.0 is decentralized, digitally advanced, and continuously adapting to new environments. Radicalization is now primarily online, facilitating extremist recruitment and lone–wolf attacks. Revival of Terror Networks Al-Qaeda has re-established training camps in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan. ISIS-K (Islamic State in Khorasan Province) is expanding beyond Afghanistan and Pakistan. Recent terrorist activities have been observed in Moscow, Iran, Türkiye, and South Asian nations like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. These attacks, though sporadic, suggest a possible resurgence of global terrorism. Rising Threats in Western Nations Small-scale attacks in the West signal the re-emergence of radical terror. Two high-profile incidents in the U.S. have raised security concerns: A cyber-truck explosion in Las Vegas outside a hotel where Donald Trump was staying. A vehicle-ramming attack in New Orleans, killing 14 people and injuring 35. Both attackers had a military background, suggesting new recruitment patterns within terror groups. Technological Advancements in Terrorism AI-driven radicalization and recruitment efforts by IS and al-Qaeda raise alarms. Advanced propaganda and communication methods are making extremist narratives more accessible. Intelligence agencies emphasize that counter-terrorism measures must evolve rapidly to counter digital extremism. Counter-Terrorism Measures: Need for Proactive Strategies Warnings from intelligence agencies indicate the early stages of a possible new wave of global terror. Western nations and global security agencies must take early action to prevent another period of sustained extremist violence. Ignoring these warnings could lead to a resurgence of large-scale terror attacks. An aerospace expo to further India’s global presence Introduction Aero India 2025 (February 10-14) at Yelahanka Air Force Station, Bengaluru, is a premier aerospace and defence exhibition. The 15th edition aims to enhance India’s global standing in aerospace innovation and self-reliance in defence production. Theme: “The Runway to a Billion Opportunities”, highlighting India’s commitment to fostering innovation and international collaboration. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (International Relations & Diplomacy) Practice Question : Aero India 2025 is seen  as a catalyst for India’s self-reliance in defence and aerospace manufacturing. Discuss its significance in strengthening India’s global standing in the defence sector. (250 words) Evolution of Aero India: From 1996 to 2025 Started in 1996 as a small aviation exposition; now a globally recognized aerospace and defence event. Attracts leading defence manufacturers, policymakers, and industry leaders. 2025 edition to surpass previous milestones in defence production and technological advancements. Participation & Key Exhibitors Global Presence: 106 Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), including 55 foreign OEMs from 19 countries (Brazil, France, Israel, Japan, Russia, UK, USA, etc.). 16 Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) showcasing indigenous capabilities. Indian Industry Participation: 35 Indian OEMs, including major players like Larsen & Toubro, Adani Defence, Mahindra Defence, BrahMos Aerospace, BHEL, ECIL, etc. Reflects strong public-private collaboration in defence manufacturing. Key Highlights of Aero India 2025 Showcasing Advanced Fighter Jets: Russian Su-57: A next-generation stealth fighter known for agility and stealth. American F-35: A technologically advanced multi-role combat aircraft. First time both aircraft will be showcased together, enhancing India’s position in global defence diplomacy. Indigenous Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft – AMCA: Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) with 75% indigenous content. Marks India’s entry into the elite group of nations with fifth-generation aircraft development capability. ‘Manthan’ & iDEX Pavilion: Focus on start-ups and innovation in aerospace and defence. Showcases indigenous solutions under ‘Make in India’ and ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiatives. Strategic Importance of Aero India 2025 Strengthening India’s Defence & Aerospace Industry: Encourages collaboration between domestic and foreign firms. Boosts indigenous defence manufacturing under ‘Make in India’ and ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’. Diplomatic & Economic Significance: Enhances India’s position as a global aerospace hub. Strengthens defence ties with major global players. Innovation & Self-Reliance: Promotes domestic R&D and high-tech manufacturing capabilities. Bridges technological gaps through strategic partnerships. A gift horse’s teeth Context : Budgetary Allocations and R&D Spending Trends The Union Budget 2025-26 has made significant provisions for scientific research and development. Key announcements: ₹20,000 crore for the development of small modular reactors, with a target of five reactors by 2033. Introduction of the Research, Development, and Innovation Fund under the Department of Science and Technology (DST). The DST budget allocation now stands at₹28,000 crore, over three times last year’s allocation and seven times the actual expenditure of 2023-24. Despite such massive increases, concerns remain regarding the effective absorption and utilization of these funds. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Research) Practice Question :  Despite higher budgetary allocations for research and development (R&D), India struggles with innovation. Analyze the structural challenges in India’s R&D ecosystem and suggest measures to enhance private sector participation. (250 words) Structural Challenges in India’s R&D Ecosystem Low private sector participation in R&D: The private sector contributes only 36% to India’s total R&D expenditure. Overall R&D spending in India was just 0.64% of GDP in 2020, the lowest since 1995. In comparison, business enterprises account for around 40% of government R&D spending. Public sector R&D units allocate only 0.30% of sales turnover to research, while the private sector allocates 1.46% (2020-21, DST estimates). Core Issues Affecting R&D Growth Despite strong technology-driven industries like fuel, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, textiles, IT, and biotechnology, core R&D returns remain insufficient. Government efforts in quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and other cutting-edge technologies lack supporting infrastructure. Major gaps in India’s innovation ecosystem: Lack of chipsets and semiconductor fabs. Shortage of a skilled engineering workforce. Absence of a strong private sector-driven innovation ecosystem. Way Forward: A Strategic R&D Transformation Clear roadmap for fund allocation: Define how private entities can access R&D funding and ensure transparency in disbursal. Incentivizing private investment: Introduce tax benefits, grants, and subsidies to attract corporate R&D participation. Building foundational infrastructure: Developing semiconductor fabs and advanced chip manufacturing units. Expanding AI and quantum computing research hubs. Establishing world-class engineering and research institutions. Ensuring long-term industry engagement: Strengthening academia-industry partnerships. Encouraging startup participation in R&D innovation. Creating regulatory frameworks that facilitate smoother technology transfers. Public accountability: The government must quantify expected outcomes and track the impact of the increased funding.

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