Posts

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 February 2025

CONTENT: As M.P. readies new home for cheetahs, locals share woes of being neighbours to the big cats From brain drain to brain gain India’s opportunity at the AI Action Summit China contributes substantially to U.S.’ biggest imports What does the Budget offer Railways? How has the Budget allocated funds for urban development? As M.P. readies new home for cheetahs, locals share woes of being neighbours to the big cats Background & Context Cheetah Reintroduction: Project Cheetah aims to reintroduce cheetahs to India, after their extinction in 1952. Kuno National Park (KNP): First site of reintroduction in 2022, now hosting 26 cheetahs. Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary (MP): Identified as the second site, with 6–8 cheetahs from South Africa expected before summer 2025. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Preparations at Gandhi Sagar Quarantine Bomas (QBs): Each enclosure designed with mud mounds, bamboo roofs, water saucers, and electric fencing to mimic natural habitat. Dual-entry gates with remote operation for staff safety. Surveillance with 360-degree cameras and fiber-wrapped trees to prevent escape. Health Monitoring: Cheetahs to be quarantined for a minimum of one month before release into a 64 sq km larger enclosure. Health risks from new diseases under constant observation.  Historical & Geographical Significance Savanna-like Habitat: Rocky terrain, shallow soil, and exposed sheet rock create an environment similar to cheetahs’ native African habitat. Prehistoric Connection: Rock art at Chaturbhuj Nala (protected by ASI) believed to depict cheetahs, supporting the idea of historical presence. Local Displacement & Concerns Village Relocation: Karanpura village (280 families) relocated since it fell within the 64 sq km sanctuary. Process faced resistance; compensation issues persist. Livelihood Impact: Nearby villages (Gurjar, Banjara, Bhil communities) rely on dairy farming, but face water scarcity as fencing blocks Chambal river access. Milk production has halved in some areas due to poor grazing land and water availability. Key Challenges & Future Implications Human-Wildlife Conflict: Displacement of locals vs. long-term conservation goals. Ecological Balance: Ensuring sufficient prey population for cheetahs without impacting local biodiversity. Sustainable Development: Need for mitigation strategies to address local grievances and improve resource access. From brain drain to brain gain Current Scenario India has become the largest source of international students in the U.S. Record-breaking 3,31,602 Indian students enrolled in 2023-24. In 2022, Indian students spent ~$47 billion abroad; projected to reach $70 billion by 2025. Highlights both ambition and gaps in India’s higher education system. Relevance : GS 2(Education) Challenges in India’s Higher Education Financial Model Issues: Over-reliance on tuition fees (80% in private institutions, 90% government-funded). Unsustainable and limits scalability. Quality and Capacity Gaps: Need for new world-class universities. Existing institutions require infrastructure and R&D funding. Lack of Institutional Autonomy: Limited flexibility in curriculum, funding, and global collaborations. Multi-Pronged Strategy for Brain Gain Financial Diversification Reduce tuition dependency to 30-40%. Increase endowments (30-35% of revenue) via alumni, CSR, and tax incentives. Research collaborations to contribute 20-25%. Alternative revenue (IP commercialisation, executive education) to make up 10-15%. Enhancing Capacity & Quality Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure development. Industry-academia collaboration to boost research. Attracting global faculty and forging academic partnerships. Autonomy & Accountability NEP 2020 emphasis on institutional independence. Universities need flexibility in curriculum, funding, and governance. Accountability via audits and professional fund management. The Way Forward Shift towards zero-tuition models through research and endowments. Position India as a global education hub for both Indian and international students. Bold reforms needed to reverse brain drain and create a world-class education ecosystem. India’s opportunity at the AI Action Summit Background India accepted France’s invitation to co-chair the AI Action Summit on February 10-11, 2025, in Paris. The summit will focus on AI safety, innovation, public interest AI, future of work, and AI governance. Opportunity to amplify the Global South’s voice on AI issues, following previous summits in the UK and South Korea. India has been actively engaged in global AI safety discourse and is setting up an AI Safety Institute. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations), GS 3(Technology) India’s Strategic Priorities at the Summit Democratising Access to AI Resources Advocate for equitable access across the AI value chain (data sets, cloud computing, and application platforms). India’s domestic AI initiative (computing facility with 18,600 GPUs) sets an example for shared infrastructure. Support open-source AI models and push for more flexible cross-border transfer of AI technologies. Promote distributed computing and safety tools like watermarking technology. Identifying and Prioritising AI Use-Cases for the Global South Call for a framework to identify AI use-cases tailored to the unique needs of developing countries. Focus on AI applications for local needs: early disease detection, personalized learning platforms, and agricultural productivity tools. Propose establishing an AI use-case repository to guide the Global South in prioritising AI applications. Contextualising AI Risks and Safety Measures for the Global South Emphasize the need to address risks that disproportionately affect developing nations. Address cultural erosion due to AI models trained on “western data”. Call for evidence collection on AI-related harms specific to the Global South to inform risk mitigation strategies. Propose the creation of a repository of AI-related harms to guide future regulatory approaches. Long-Term Vision India’s leadership at the summit will position it as a bridge between AI superpowers and the developing world. By advancing Global South priorities, India could become an ideal candidate to host the next AI Action Summit. India’s efforts will solidify its role in shaping global AI governance with a focus on equity and inclusivity. China contributes substantially to U.S.’ biggest imports Background President Donald Trump announced additional tariffs on imports from China, Canada, and Mexico, citing a national emergency. China retaliated by imposing counter tariffs in response. The U.S. imported goods worth $17,000 billion between 2018 and 2023. Relevance: GS 2(International Relations) China’s Share in U.S. Imports (2018-2023) China’s Contribution: Accounted for 18% of U.S. imported services between 2018 and 2023, the highest among the countries. China contributed the highest share in 8 out of 15 top U.S. imports. Products with the highest Chinese share: Electrical Machinery and Equipment (15% of total U.S. imports) Nuclear Machinery and Appliances (9%) Iron or Steel (20-30%) Plastics (20-30%) Clothing (20-30%) Furniture (~40%) Toys (~80%) Other Key Imports from China: China was the second largest contributor to U.S. imports in measuring instruments, organic chemicals, and rubber. Other Key Contributors Mexico: Contributed the highest share in imported vehicles and measuring instruments. Also ranked among the top three exporters for several products, including electrical machinery, nuclear machinery, furniture, iron or steel, and rubber. Canada: Contributed nearly 50% of the mineral imports to the U.S. Also contributed significantly to U.S. imports of plastic, vehicles, and iron or steel. Conclusion China remains the largest contributor to the U.S. import basket, particularly in electrical machinery, nuclear machinery, and consumer goods like toys and furniture. The U.S. maintains significant import relations with Mexico and Canada, with each country playing a key role in specific sectors. The ongoing tariff wars could impact these trade dynamics, especially with China, given its substantial share in critical imports. What does the Budget offer Railways? Budget and Financial Overview Capital Expenditure (Capex): No significant increase in capex beyond the₹2.62 lakh crore from the past two years. Despite₹13 lakh crore spent on modernisation over the last decade, the returns remain underwhelming. IR’s operational costs are not covered by its own earnings, leading to government’s continued financial support. Key Announcements and Measures Infrastructure and Connectivity: Focus on enhancing infrastructure, station modernisation, train upgrades, and increasing connectivity. Commitment to accelerating the construction of new railway lines, doubling, gauge conversion, and adding new rolling stock. 150 km of new tracks laid annually since 2014, up from 113 km annually in the previous decade. Safety: Safety-related initiatives:₹1,16,514 crore allocated. Kavach Safety System: No expansion announced for 2025-26; only 1,465 km of Kavach system deployed so far. Safety work has focused on grade separation, but no significant increase in Kavach coverage. Electrification: IR has achieved an electrification rate of 294 Rkms/year (from 18 Rkms/year before 2014). India on track to become the world’s first fully electrified railway network, but concerns raised about underutilisation of diesel locomotives. Most IR electricity still comes from fossil-fuel-based power plants. Vande Bharat Trains: 200 new Vande Bharat trains to be introduced, but no clear timeline provided. Pending major projects such as the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor and Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail remain unaddressed. Concerns and Criticisms Station Redevelopment: Station redevelopment projects are stalled or slow, with visible progress only at a few locations like Gandhinagar and Ayodhya. New Delhi Station transformation remains stuck due to repeated re-tendering. EPC mode is now used after the failure of PPP projects, raising concerns about long-term maintenance. High-Speed Rail Network: A vision to build a 7,000 km high-speed rail network by 2047 was proclaimed, but lacks a clear strategy or timeline. Freight Growth: Declaration to become the world’s second-largest freight carrier (1.6 billion tonnes) lacks context and fails to address the decline in freight share. No clear plan to reclaim eroding freight traffic or to improve train speeds and passenger comfort. How has the Budget allocated funds for urban development? Budget Allocation Overview Total Allocation: ₹96,777crore for urban development, up from ₹82,576.57 crore last year. However, when adjusted for inflation, the allocation shows a real decline. Revised Estimate (RE) for FY 2024-25 suggests only ₹63,669.93 crore will be spent, reflecting a 22.9% underutilisation. A significant cut in the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY(U)) allocation: from ₹30,170.61 crore to ₹13,670 crore, signaling implementation gaps. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Focus on Capital-Intensive Projects The budget emphasizes capital-intensive infrastructure projects rather than employment generation and sustainable urban development. Metro Rail Expansion: Budget for metro and Mass Rapid Transit Systems increased by 46% for 2025-26, from ₹21,335.98 crore to ₹31,239.28 crore. Metro rail prioritisation over other urban mobility solutions raises concerns about inclusivity. Transfers to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) Direct transfers to ULBs show a decline: Previous year: ₹26,653 crore. This year: ₹26,158 crore. The reduction in transfers follows a revenue loss from the abolition of octroi and the introduction of GST, forcing ULBs to raise funds through additional local taxes. Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and Central Sector Schemes Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS): Programs like PMAY, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), AMRUT, and Smart Cities Mission face funding cuts. PMAY (CSS component) saw a 30% reduction in funding. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) funding remained steady, but spending fell short by 56%, with only ₹2,159 crore spent out of the allocated ₹5,000 crore. Central Sector Schemes: These are controlled by the Union Government and prioritize infrastructure, especially metro projects. Urban Challenge Fund and Redevelopment Programs New Urban Challenge Fund: ₹10,000 crore introduced for urban redevelopment. Ambitious target of ₹1 lakh crore set for redevelopment programs, with 50% of funding expected from private investments. However, private sector participation in Smart Cities Mission has been negligible, casting doubt on the feasibility of this goal. Concerns and Implications The focus on capital-intensive projects like metro expansion neglects more holistic urban development strategies such as employment generation, sustainable economic policies, and green jobs. Social and economic equity may be undermined, exacerbating disparities in urban development. The allocation for urban local bodies and key social programs remains insufficient, raising concerns about long-term urban growth and inclusivity.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 February 2025

Content: Use of AI in agriculture Promotion of Organic Farming Use of AI in Agriculture The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Indian agriculture is a significant step toward improving productivity, mitigating risks, and ensuring better decision-making for farmers. The government’s initiatives, as mentioned in the Rajya Sabha, highlight the increasing role of AI-driven solutions in tackling sector-specific challenges such as pest control, climate resilience, and financial accessibility. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) 1. Kisan e-Mitra: AI-powered Chatbot for Farmer Assistance Objective: To provide real-time information to farmers, particularly regarding the PM Kisan Samman Nidhi scheme. Features: Supports multiple languages, ensuring accessibility for farmers across India. Currently focused on PM-KISAN queries but is expected to expand to cover other government schemes. Reduces dependence on physical government offices for information, improving efficiency. Impact: Helps farmers receive instant and accurate responses about financial assistance. Enhances government outreach to rural areas with minimal infrastructure. Reduces misinformation and bureaucratic delays in accessing benefits. 2. National Pest Surveillance System: AI for Climate-Resilient Agriculture Need for the System: Climate change has led to erratic weather patterns, increasing the risk of pest infestations. Traditional pest detection relies on physical inspections, which can be slow and inefficient. How AI is Used: AI and Machine Learning (ML) analyze historical data, satellite imagery, and real-time field data. Identifies early signs of pest infestations and alerts farmers and agricultural officers. Suggests targeted interventions to minimize crop losses. Impact: Enables proactive pest control, reducing dependency on excessive pesticide use. Prevents large-scale crop damage, ensuring food security and farmer income stability. Improves agricultural sustainability by promoting data-driven pest management. 3. AI-based Crop Health Monitoring & Yield Prediction Use of AI Analytics: AI analyzes field photographs to assess crop health, identifying stress factors like nutrient deficiencies, diseases, or water stress. Uses satellite data, weather patterns, and soil moisture levels to predict yields and detect anomalies. Application on Rice and Wheat Crops: These staple crops are crucial for India’s food security, and AI-driven insights help optimize productivity. Helps policymakers and farmers make informed decisions on irrigation, fertilization, and harvesting. Impact: Reduces crop loss due to undiagnosed diseases and poor soil conditions. Provides real–time advisories to farmers, improving productivity. Aids in crop insurance assessments by providing accurate yield predictions. Broader Implications of AI in Agriculture 1. Precision Farming & Resource Optimization AI helps optimize the use of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, reducing input costs and environmental damage. Precision agriculture improves yields and enhances soil health through targeted interventions. 2. Market Linkages & Price Forecasting AI-powered models analyze market trends and suggest optimal selling times for farmers. Reduces farmer dependency on middlemen, ensuring better price realization. 3. Financial Inclusion & Credit Access AI-driven risk assessment models help banks and financial institutions determine the creditworthiness of farmers. Enables quicker loan approvals and promotes financial security. Challenges & the Way Forward Challenges: Digital Divide: Many small and marginal farmers lack access to smartphones and the internet, limiting AI adoption. Data Gaps: AI models require large-scale datasets, which may not always be available or accurate. Lack of Awareness: Farmers may be reluctant to adopt AI-driven solutions due to unfamiliarity and trust issues. Infrastructure Limitations: Poor rural connectivity and electricity shortages hinder AI deployment. The Way Forward: Strengthening Digital Infrastructure: Expanding rural broadband connectivity and promoting smartphone adoption. AI Training for Farmers: Conducting awareness programs to familiarize farmers with AI-based tools. Public-Private Collaboration: Encouraging partnerships between the government, private tech firms, and agricultural institutions to scale AI solutions. Localized AI Solutions: Customizing AI models for regional languages and crop-specific challenges. Promotion of Organic Farming The Government of India is promoting organic farming to ensure sustainable agriculture, soil health conservation, and premium market access for farmers. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Two key schemes are driving this initiative: Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Scope: Implemented in all States & UTs (except the North-East). Objectives: Encourages cluster-based organic farming with end-to-end support. Provides financial aid for production, processing, certification, and marketing. Empowers farmers through training & capacity building. Financial Assistance: ₹31,500/ha for 3 years (₹15,000/ha for organic inputs through DBT). Additional support for value addition, marketing, and certification (₹4,500/ha, ₹3,000/ha, and ₹7,500/ha respectively). Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER) Scope: Exclusive to the North-East to develop organic value chains Objectives: Supports organic input production & certification. Encourages Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) to develop market linkages. Provides infrastructure for post-harvest management & processing. Financial Assistance: ₹46,500/ha for 3 years (₹32,500/ha for organic inputs, with ₹15,000 through DBT). ₹10,000/ha for training, certification, and capacity building. Organic Certification Mechanisms Third-Party Certification (NPOP – Ministry of Commerce & Industry) Ensures organic products meet export standards. Covers production, processing, trading, and export compliance. Participatory Guarantee System (PGS-India – Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare) Designed for domestic markets. Farmers collectively assess, verify, and certify each other’s produce. Market Support & Digital Initiatives States actively organize: Workshops, buyer-seller meets, organic trade fairs, & festivals. Direct marketing platforms such as farmer cooperatives & organic bazaars. Jaivik Kheti Portal Government-backed online organic market. 6.22 lakh registered farmers sell directly to consumers.  Total organic farming area in India: 59.74 lakh hectares (NPOP + PGS) Top States with highest organic area (NPOP + PGS combined): Madhya Pradesh: 12.23 lakh ha Maharashtra: 10.67 lakh ha Rajasthan: 7.28 lakh ha Gujarat: 6.90 lakh ha Uttarakhand: 2.42 lakh ha Conclusion The government’s organic farming initiatives reduce chemical dependency, improve soil fertility, and enhance farmers’ income by providing financial, technical, and market support. These efforts align with sustainable agricultural goals and bolster India’s global organic export potential.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 February 2025

Content: India’s Voice in Global AI Governance Technology and Equitable Education in Rural India Growth Over Inflation: RBI’s Focus Shift India’s voice must resonate in global AI conversations India must actively engage in global AI governance to safeguard its technological interests, shape ethical standards, and secure its strategic position in the evolving AI landscape. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Practice Question: I transcends national boundaries, necessitating collaborative governance mechanisms.” In this context, critically analyze India’s current position in global AI safety discussions and suggest measures to enhance its role in shaping international AI standards. (250 words) AI as a Global Phenomenon AI operates beyond national boundaries, with data, algorithms, and innovations flowing seamlessly across regions. Effective governance requires collaborative international mechanisms to regulate AI and ensure safety. The November 2024 incident with Google’s AI chatbot Gemini highlights ethical and psychological risks of unregulated AI deployment. India’s role in AI governance is critical, given its high adoption rate and widespread usage. India’s AI Landscape India is among the fastest adopters of AI, with an adoption rate of 30%, higher than the global average (26%) (Boston Consulting Group). India is the second-largest user base for ChatGPT globally, accounting for around 10% of users. AI is driving transformation in key sectors like healthcare, finance, agriculture, and logistics. Despite its growing AI footprint, India lacks a dedicated AI safety institution. Global AI Governance and India’s Absence The International Network of AI Safety Institutes, launched in November 2024, is shaping global AI safety standards. This network builds on the Seoul Statement of Intent (2024), fostering international cooperation in AI safety. India is absent from this key initiative, missing out on shaping global AI regulations that will directly impact its tech sector. Participating in such forums is imperative to safeguard national interests and ensure ethical, competitive AI development. AI, Geopolitics, and Strategic Considerations AI intersects with geopolitics, influencing trade, military applications, and cybersecurity. The U.S. is imposing export controls on AI technology, primarily targeting China but potentially affecting India. India risks indirect restrictions on access to cutting-edge AI tools and research. Proactive global engagement can help India advocate for balanced frameworks that address security concerns without stifling innovation. India’s Strengths in AI Development India has a robust IT sector and a deep talent pool capable of AI innovation. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) initiatives like Aadhaar and UPI have shown India’s expertise in scalable tech solutions. These experiences position India to lead global discussions on inclusive and ethical AI governance. Why India Must Take the Lead in AI Governance National security: Ensuring AI regulations do not disadvantage Indian firms. Economic growth: Aligning with global AI safety standards will boost investments and partnerships. Global leadership: Shaping AI safety frameworks instead of merely following them. Innovation ecosystem: Creating an AI safety institute will help nurture responsible AI development. Strategic positioning: Participation in global AI governance forums will help protect India’s interests and secure its digital future. Technology and the challenge of equitable education The rise of digital technologies in education, marked by increased smartphone penetration and the impact of COVID-19, presents both opportunities and challenges for equitable education in rural India, especially in terms of device access, digital literacy, and tailored educational content. Relevance : GS 2(Education), GS 3(Technology) Practice Question: Discuss the role of technology in enhancing equitable education in rural India. What are the challenges and potential solutions for ensuring that technological advancements benefit marginalized communities?(250 Words) Rise of Digital Technologies in Education Early 2000s Trends: While mass enrolment and infrastructure development were prioritized, learning outcomes remained stagnant, as reflected in ASER data. Smartphone Penetration: Rural smartphone ownership surged from 36% in 2018 to 84% in 2024, making devices more accessible for education. COVID-19 Impact: The pandemic accelerated digital learning tools, with smartphones becoming essential for remote education in rural areas. Challenges in Equity Access to Devices: Despite improvements in smartphone access, disparities remain, particularly in access to multiple devices in rural households. Availability of a second device will be a key to equity in education. Digital Literacy Gap: While digital tools are becoming ubiquitous, rural communities may struggle with understanding how to use them effectively without structured support. Potential of Digital Revolution in Education Educational Opportunities for Underprivileged Groups: Digital platforms present a unique opportunity to uplift marginalized populations, especially uneducated mothers. Educating mothers could significantly impact children’s educational outcomes. AI and Local Language Solutions: AI tools now enable access to education in local languages, removing previous barriers. Digital devices can also assist with teaching and learning in rural areas by facilitating personalized content and instructions. Infrastructure and Innovation Limitations Hardware Availability: While hardware (e.g., smartphones) is more accessible, the next stage of educational transformation will require more sophisticated devices, driven by AI and more complex educational applications. Profit vs. Philanthropy: Technology companies often prioritize profit-driven markets, potentially excluding underserved populations from technological benefits unless supported by philanthropic initiatives. Moving Forward: Developing a Roadmap Need for a National Education Technology Strategy: India needs a clear, structured roadmap for integrating technology in education that addresses the needs of underprivileged communities. This includes affordable devices, digital literacy training, and content tailored to rural contexts. The Role of Government and Philanthropy: To ensure that technological innovations reach those who need them most, collaboration between the government, private sector, and philanthropic organizations will be crucial. Language and Curriculum Barriers: Localization of Content: One of the significant advancements is the ability to write, dictate, and translate content in local languages. This ensures that technology becomes more inclusive, addressing the linguistic diversity of rural India. Community-driven Learning Village Learning Programs: A model of learning broadcasts and scheduled curriculum delivery in villages could improve collective education. This would help bridge gaps in access, especially for children who do not attend formal schools. Growth Over Inflation The RBI’s recent interest rate cut signals a shift in focus from controlling inflation to prioritizing economic growth amidst global uncertainties and a sluggish domestic economy. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Banking) Practice Question: Analyze the recent decision by the Reserve Bank of India to cut the repo rate in the context of the economic growth-inflation trade-off. Discuss the implications for monetary policy in the current global and domestic environment.(250 Words) RBI’s Decision to Cut Interest Rates The RBI has cut the benchmark repo rate from 6.50% to 6.25% for the first time in five years. The decision was made by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) despite inflation being above the RBI’s target (4%). The cut signals a shift in focus from inflation control to prioritizing economic growth. Inflation and Growth Outlook Inflation moderated to 5.2% in December but is still above the 4% target. Growth projections for 2024-25 have dropped to a four-year low of 6.4%. The RBI expects inflation to average 4.2% in 2025-26, assuming favorable factors like a normal monsoon and a bumper harvest. Global Economic Uncertainties RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra pointed out that global challenges, such as the stalling of disinflation and a stronger dollar, have affected emerging markets like India. These factors complicate policy choices, and supporting growth has become more crucial than combating inflation in this context. Impact of Fiscal Policy and Budget Measures The RBI’s policy stance appears aligned with the government’s fiscal policy, as the Budget focuses on stimulating growth. However, it remains uncertain whether the combined effect of fiscal stimulus and lower interest rates will effectively revive consumption, attract private investment, and stimulate growth. Policy Responsiveness to Real-Time Data The MPC’s timing could be more responsive if it incorporated real-time data, particularly considering the potential moderation of inflation in January. This would enable the RBI to adjust its stance in line with the latest economic trends and signals. Challenges and Risks Ahead Weak economic growth and inflationary pressures continue to pose challenges. External factors like global economic conditions and potential domestic supply-side shocks could impact both inflation and growth prospects.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 February 2025

Content: Growth Push: RBI Cuts Rate by 0.25% Surge of Dead Sea Turtles in the Sand Nine Submarines, 65 Ships Taking Part in TROPEX Exercise DR Congo Conflict Advances; UN Says Risk of Regional Escalation Has Never Been Higher Cabinet Nod to Rejig Skilling Initiatives with a Combined Scheme Centre Holds Consultation with States on Setting Up Biomanufacturing Facilities  Growth Push: RBI Cuts Rate by 0.25%   Context : Repo Rate Cut Decision: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has cut the repo rate by 25 basis points (bps), lowering it to 6.25%. This is the first rate cut in 57 months, signaling a shift in the RBI’s stance after a prolonged period of rate hikes since 2022. The decision comes after a long pause in rate cuts, last implemented in May 2020 at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Relevance : GS 3 (Indian Economy ) Economic Context: The repo rate reduction aims to support India’s growth amidst fading economic momentum and inflationary concerns. Inflation is expected to ease to 4.4% this quarter and further to 4.2% in the 2025-26 fiscal year, according to the RBI’s forecast. This policy shift is strategically aligned with the government’s Union Budget initiatives, which introduced ₹1 lakh crore in income tax breaks to boost urban demand and stimulate consumption. Impact on Loans: A reduced repo rate typically translates into lower borrowing costs for consumers and businesses, making loans cheaper. Consumers could benefit from lower interest rates on home loans, car loans, and personal loans, potentially increasing demand for such financial products. This could further stimulate domestic demand in the economy, especially in consumer-driven sectors like real estate and automobiles. Monetary Policy Stance: Despite the rate cut, the RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has maintained a neutral monetary policy stance. The MPC is wary of global economic uncertainties and inflationary pressures, including upside risks to inflation. The RBI’s focus remains on achieving a sustainable alignment of inflation with its target while ensuring that growth is supported. Global and Domestic Risk Factors: The RBI has cited global uncertainties as a key factor influencing its cautious stance on further rate cuts. These global factors include the ongoing geopolitical tensions and fluctuations in international commodity prices, which can have an impact on India’s inflation trajectory. Long-Term Implications: This rate cut could provide a boost to economic activity, particularly in urban sectors where consumer spending is crucial. If inflation continues to fall within the target range, it could open the door for further cuts in the future, providing continued stimulus for economic growth. However, any future cuts will depend on evolving global and domestic economic conditions, as well as inflationary trends. In conclusion, this rate cut marks a significant shift in RBI’s approach to monetary policy, reflecting a balancing act between controlling inflation and supporting growth in a challenging global and domestic environment. A surge of dead sea turtles in the sand Context : Unusual Surge in Turtle Deaths: Since the beginning of January 2025, a concerning increase in the number of dead Olive Ridley sea turtles has been observed in Chennai and Chengalpattu districts. The death count is three times higher than usual for this time of the year, with conservationists counting 1,200 dead turtles (compared to the typical 350). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Cultural and Ecological Significance: Olive Ridley turtles hold cultural significance for local fishermen, who view them as a symbol of a healthy ecosystem. The turtles also play a crucial ecological role by maintaining healthy seagrass levels, supporting fish populations, and controlling jellyfish numbers. The community refers to these turtles as “guests” and “god,” emphasizing their cultural importance. Primary Causes of Death: Bottom Trawling: A significant cause of turtle deaths is bottom trawling, where fishing boats encroach into restricted zones meant for artisanal fishermen. This causes entanglement of turtles in nets. Gill Nets: The widespread use of gill nets further increases the risk of turtle entanglement. Plastic Pollution: Increasing levels of plastic waste in the oceans also threaten the turtles’ survival. Nesting Site Destruction: The rise in hard structures like groynes along beaches has resulted in the destruction of turtle nesting habitats, forcing turtles to leave without nesting. Impacts on Turtle Population: Along the 34-km stretch of coastline, dead turtles were found with eggs in their bodies, indicating that many female turtles intended to nest but were killed before they could do so. Conservationists also reported a significant reduction in the number of nests this season (only two found compared to the usual 30). Government and Conservation Efforts: The Tamil Nadu government has formed a task force to address the issue, planning to strengthen fishing regulations, enforce the use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs), and reduce boat engine horsepower to mitigate turtle deaths. The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has been working with various authorities to increase joint patrols and monitor trawler violations. However, there are concerns from fishermen about TEDs affecting their catch, leading to tensions between conservation goals and local livelihoods. Wider Regional Impact: The turtle deaths are not confined to Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh also reported an increased number of turtle deaths (2,032 by January 26). The issue may be compounded by an unusually rough monsoon season and challenging oceanic conditions. Collaboration for Conservation: Conservationists call for a more unified approach involving fishermen, local communities, the Fisheries Department, and conservation organizations. Technology, such as apps to track turtle activity, could improve monitoring and compliance with regulations. A focus on turtle conservation needs to balance the ecological needs with the livelihoods of local fishermen, who face economic pressures due to declining fish resources. Call to Action: The surge in turtle deaths serves as a stark reminder of the fragile balance between human activities and the environment. It highlights the need for effective policy implementation, awareness, and collaboration to protect these vulnerable species and the ecosystems that depend on them. Nine submarines, 65 ships taking part in TROPEX exercise Context: TROPEX-25 is a biennial, large-scale military exercise held in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). The exercise involves the participation of around 65 Indian Navy ships, 9 submarines, and 80+ aircraft. This exercise serves as a capstone event for the Indian Navy, focusing on refining maritime operational strategies and validating their core warfighting capabilities. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Strategic Objective: The primary aim of TROPEX-25 is to validate and refine the Indian Navy’s Concept of Operations in complex, real-world maritime scenarios. The exercise is designed to test the Navy’s response to a wide range of threats, including: Conventional (traditional military threats), Asymmetric (non-traditional or irregular threats), Hybrid threats (a blend of conventional and unconventional tactics). Key Participants: In addition to the Indian Navy’s operational units, the Indian Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard assets are also involved. The multi-service participation ensures coordination among various arms of the military and enhances joint operational readiness. Training Focus: TROPEX-25 is aimed at ensuring a synchronised and integrated response from all services to protect and secure India’s maritime interests. It is an opportunity to test: Maritime security strategies, Fleet management under simulated combat scenarios, Interoperability between different forces (Navy, Army, Air Force, and Coast Guard). Operational Scenarios: The exercise includes complex maritime operational scenarios designed to challenge the participating units and simulate a range of threats. It provides a platform for refining combat readiness and strategic response to maintain national security in a contested maritime environment. Geopolitical Implications: The exercise underscores India’s growing commitment to securing the Indo-Pacific region amid rising global maritime tensions. The Indian Ocean Region is a critical area for global trade and energy routes, making maritime security a central concern for India’s national interests. TROPEX-25 is a display of India’s maritime power and its capability to engage in joint operations with allied nations in the region. Importance for National Security: The exercise plays a crucial role in upgrading the Navy’s warfighting skills and ensuring that the country’s naval forces are prepared to address evolving security challenges, such as: Hybrid warfare, Cyber threats in naval operations, Terrorism and piracy in the Indian Ocean. Conclusion: The biennial TROPEX exercise remains a vital mechanism for testing India’s maritime defense infrastructure and ensuring readiness to respond to any challenges DR Congo conflict advances; UN says risk of regional escalation has never been higher Conflict Escalation: The Rwanda-backed M23 armed group, alongside Rwandan troops, has seized control of the city of Goma, a major city in eastern DR Congo. M23 forces are now advancing towards South Kivu province, exacerbating the crisis in the region. This marks a significant escalation in the decades-long instability in eastern DR Congo, a region rich in minerals but plagued by armed group activity. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Humanitarian Impact: Thousands of lives have been lost, and a large number of people have been displaced as a result of the conflict. The region is witnessing the collapse of local governance, as Congolese forces and their allies are being routed by the M23 and Rwandan forces. Humanitarian conditions are worsening, with thousands fleeing their homes, particularly from the threatened town of Kavumu, which holds strategic importance. Strategic Importance of Kavumu: Kavumu is crucial for the logistical supply of Congolese troops, housing an important airport. M23’s advance toward Kavumu could pave the way for further incursions into South Kivu’s capital, Bukavu, located near the Rwandan border. The situation has led to a tense atmosphere, with residents fleeing and shops being closed or barricaded in fear of looting. Regional Tensions and Chaos: The risk of conflict spilling over into neighboring countries is at an all-time high, especially with Rwanda and DR Congo having a history of tensions. The situation at the Rwandan border is chaotic, with a surge of people attempting to cross into Rwanda, further destabilizing the region. This could trigger broader regional instability if not addressed by diplomatic intervention. UN and International Concern: The United Nations has raised alarms over the increasing risk of regional escalation. The UN stresses that the security situation has never been more precarious in terms of potential cross-border conflicts. International actors are deeply concerned about the humanitarian crisis and the destabilizing effects this conflict may have on neighboring countries in the Great Lakes region. Diplomatic Efforts: Rwandan President Paul Kagame and Congolese President Felix Tshisekedi are scheduled to meet at a summit in Tanzania to discuss the ongoing crisis and seek a resolution. The summit could be pivotal in determining the trajectory of the conflict, with regional powers attempting to broker peace to prevent further violence and instability. However, the deep-rooted issues between Rwanda and DR Congo complicate diplomatic negotiations. Possible Scenarios: If Kavumu falls, Bukavu could become the next target, increasing fears of a direct conflict between Rwanda and DR Congo. A breakdown of talks between Rwanda and DR Congo could lead to prolonged instability, with more regional states getting involved. On the other hand, successful diplomatic intervention could reduce the likelihood of escalation and pave the way for a ceasefire and peace talks. Cabinet nod to rejig skilling initiatives with a combined scheme Cabinet Approval: The Union Cabinet has approved the restructuring of skill development initiatives with a combined scheme called the Skill India Programme. The total outlay for this programme is ₹8,800 crore, covering a three-year period until 2025-26. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Integration of Existing Schemes: Three existing schemes will now be integrated into the Skill India Programme: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 (PMKVY 4.0): Focuses on structured skill development. Pradhan Mantri National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (PM-NAPS): Provides on-the-job training opportunities. Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) Scheme: Emphasizes community-based learning. Objective: The main goal is to ensure high-quality vocational education for a wide range of individuals, particularly targeting urban and rural populations and marginalized communities. The new scheme aims to provide structured skill development, on-the-job training, and community-based learning. The focus is on increasing accessibility and improving the quality of skills training across diverse sections of society. Target Beneficiaries: 2.27 crore beneficiaries have already gained from the three flagship schemes of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. The programme will be aimed at both urban and rural areas, addressing the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized communities. Data Alignment and Policy Integration: The programme will contribute directly to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) data, which helps track and align workforce development policies with the latest economic and industrial trends. Key Goals: The Skill India Programme aims to bridge the skill gap in India by offering access to relevant training opportunities. It is designed to improve employment prospects by providing individuals with skills that are in demand across industries. Significance: This restructuring and integration could enhance efficiency, coordination, and reach by combining three schemes with complementary objectives under a unified umbrella. It is expected to strengthen the Skilling ecosystem and contribute towards the goal of making India a global skill hub. Centre holds consultation with States on setting up biomanufacturing facilities Background of the BioE3 Policy: The consultation followed the approval of the Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment (BioE3) policy by the Union Cabinet in August 2024. The BioE3 policy focuses on leveraging biotechnology to drive economic growth, create employment opportunities, and address environmental challenges. Biomanufacturing Overview: Definition: Biomanufacturing involves the industrial production of bio-based chemicals, biopolymers, enzymes, smart proteins, functional foods, biotherapeutics, and solutions for climate-resilient agriculture. It emphasizes high-value products derived from biological processes rather than traditional chemical-based manufacturing. Role of the Consultation: The consultation aimed to discuss the establishment of biomanufacturing facilities across Indian states to enhance biotechnology production capabilities. The Department of Biotechnology, under the leadership of Rajesh Gokhale, facilitated the consultation. Key Points from the Consultation: State Engagement and Policy Gaps: Several states do not have dedicated biotechnology manufacturing policies. For states to foster biotech industries, a strong partnership with the Centre is crucial for policy development and infrastructure support. Strategic Measures for Biotech Growth: Establishing State-centric BioE3 cells to align state-level activities with the national biotech agenda. Developing State-centric BioE3 action plans to define specific goals and initiatives tailored to regional needs. Setting up Bio-AI hubs, foundries, and manufacturing hubs for biotech research, development, and industrial scaling. Challenges Highlighted by States: Despite local efforts, states expressed the need for significant central support in terms of funding and guidance. The states emphasized the difficulty of scaling up biotechnology manufacturing without clear national direction and resources. Industry Growth Potential: Union Science Minister Jitendra Singh underscored the long-term potential of biotechnology as a major sector for investment and profit. States that take proactive steps to establish a biotech infrastructure will have a competitive advantage in the future. Implications for the Future: Economic Benefits: A thriving biomanufacturing industry could significantly contribute to India’s economy by fostering innovation and creating high-quality employment. Environmental Impact: The focus on biomanufacturing products, such as climate-resilient agricultural solutions, highlights the role of biotechnology in addressing environmental challenges. State-Centre Collaboration: The consultation exemplifies the growing importance of state and central government collaboration in implementing successful biotechnology policies and scaling up production

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 February 2025

Content: Mangrove Conservation In Coastal Areas Shatavari – For Better Health Mangrove Conservation In Coastal Areas Context : Regulatory Measures for Mangrove Protection Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2019: Enacted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Restricts activities in ecologically sensitive coastal areas, including mangroves. Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972: Protects mangrove ecosystems that fall within designated wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. Indian Forest Act, 1927: Regulates forest conservation, including mangrove forests categorized as Reserved or Protected Forests. Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Recognizes mangroves as biodiversity hotspots and ensures their protection through conservation strategies. Promotional Initiatives for Mangrove Conservation Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI): Launched on 5th June 2023 by the Government of India. Aims to restore and promote mangrove forests across 9 coastal States and 4 Union Territories. Focuses on afforestation of 540 km² of degraded mangrove land. Implemented through convergence approach with financial aid from CAMPA (National Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority). Financial Support for Restoration (2024-25): ₹17.96 crore allocated to Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Odisha, West Bengal, and Puducherry. Targeted restoration of degraded mangrove areas to enhance biodiversity and coastal resilience. India’s Mangrove Cover – Status & Trends Total Mangrove Cover: 4,991.68 km² (0.15% of India’s total geographical area) – ISFR 2023. State-wise Distribution: West Bengal: 42.45% (highest, includes Sundarbans). Gujarat: 23.66% (significant increase due to conservation efforts). Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 12.39%. Increase in Gujarat’s Mangrove Cover (2001-2023): Growth of 253.06 km², attributed to: Large-scale afforestation initiatives. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models. Community involvement in mangrove conservation. Strict regulatory enforcement for protection. Significance of Mangrove Conservation Ecological Importance: Acts as natural coastal barriers, preventing coastal erosion and storm surges. Supports rich biodiversity, including endangered species. Carbon sequestration – vital for climate change mitigation. Socio-Economic Benefits: Enhances fisheries and livelihood for coastal communities. Strengthens eco-tourism potential. Generates sustainable employment through conservation programs. Challenges in Mangrove Conservation Anthropogenic Threats: Coastal encroachment for urbanization and industrial projects. Illegal aquaculture (shrimp farming leads to deforestation). Climate Change Impacts: Sea-level rise, increased salinity, and extreme weather events. Lack of Awareness & Community Engagement: Need for sustained participation of local communities in conservation efforts. Way Forward Strengthening Policy & Regulation: Strict enforcement of CRZ norms and forest protection laws. Expanding eco-sensitive zones around mangroves. Scaling Up Restoration Efforts: Expansion of MISHTI to more vulnerable coastal areas. Focus on nature-based solutions for climate resilience. Enhancing Public-Private Partnerships: Encouraging corporate investments in afforestation. Promoting sustainable tourism & community-led initiatives. Scientific Monitoring & Research: Satellite-based tracking for real-time mangrove cover assessment. Studying the impact of climate change on mangrove ecosystems. Conclusion India has made significant strides in mangrove conservation through regulatory frameworks and initiatives like MISHTI. However, challenges remain in ensuring long-term sustainability, enforcement, and community participation. Shatavari – For Better Health Introduction The Ministry of Ayush has launched a nationwide species-specific campaign, “Shatavari – For Better Health,” to promote awareness of the medicinal benefits of the plant Shatavari. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Objectives of the Campaign Enhancing Awareness: Educate the public about the medicinal properties of Shatavari, especially for women’s health and immunity. Aligning with the Panch Pran Goal: Contributing to the vision of a Developed India by 2047, as outlined by PM Narendra Modi in his Independence Day speech (August 15, 2022). Promoting Traditional Medicine: Strengthening the use of Ayurvedic medicinal plants under the Ayush sector. Supporting Agro-Economic Growth: Encouraging sustainable cultivation and economic benefits for farmers engaged in medicinal plant cultivation. Significance of Shatavari in Ayurveda & Public Health Women’s Health: Recognized for its benefits in reproductive health, hormonal balance, and lactation support. Immunity Booster: Strengthens the immune system and enhances overall vitality. Adaptogenic Properties: Helps the body adapt to stress and improve resilience. Gastrointestinal Health: Aids in digestion and acts as a natural remedy for ulcers and inflammation. Government’s Approach & Implementation Previous Campaign Success: NMPB has earlier launched awareness campaigns on other medicinal plants like Amla, Moringa, Giloe, and Ashwagandha. These initiatives have led to increased public acceptance and adoption of traditional medicinal plants. Financial Assistance: ₹18.9 Lakhs will be allocated to eligible organizations to support this campaign. The funds aim to enhance outreach and encourage the adoption of Shatavari-based products. Central Sector Scheme for Medicinal Plants: Ensures the conservation, development, and sustainable management of medicinal plants, including Shatavari. Promotes large-scale cultivation and research on Ayurvedic plants. Potential Impact of the Campaign Public Health Benefits: Increased use of Shatavari can contribute to better maternal and child health, improved immunity, and stress reduction. Economic and Agricultural Growth: Encourages cultivation among farmers, creating economic opportunities in rural areas. Supports Ayurveda-based industries and MSMEs involved in herbal medicine production. Global Ayurveda Promotion: Strengthens India’s position as a global leader in Ayurveda and herbal medicine. Expands the export potential of Indian medicinal herbs. Conclusion The launch of the “Shatavari – For Better Health” campaign is a strategic initiative to integrate Ayurveda, public health, and economic development.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 February 2025

Content: The saga of regulating India’s thermal power emissions Should India build a sovereign, foundational AI model? The saga of regulating India’s thermal power emissions Background On December 30, 2024, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) amended the Environment Protection Rules, extending the deadline for compliance with SO₂ emission norms for thermal power plants by three years. This decision affects approximately 20 GW of thermal power capacity located in densely populated areas. The delay is part of a long-standing trend of extending emission compliance deadlines, dating back to the first notification in 2015. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Environment) Practice Question : Discuss the role of environmental governance in addressing frequent extensions of SO2emission deadlines for thermal power plants and also Highlight challenges and implications of these extensions. (250 Words) Evolution of Emission Norms In December 2015, the MoEFCC introduced stringent norms for thermal power plants, including limits on particulate matter (PM), SO₂, and other emissions. Initially, compliance was required by December 2017, but multiple extensions have followed. The norms were designed to align with international standards (e.g., China, Australia, the US). Challenges and Delays Debate on Implementation Strategies: Indian coal has lower sulphur content, which should have made compliance easier. However, the debate shifted towards the high cost and logistical challenges of Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) systems, even though FGDs were never explicitly mandated. Government Agencies’ Conflicting Views: The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) (2020, 2021) questioned uniform SO₂ norms and proposed a phased approach till 2035. IIT Delhi (2022) study found that while FGDs improve air quality, concerns about high costs, supply chain issues, and increased coal consumption were raised. CSIR-NEERI (2024) study, commissioned by NITI Aayog, argued that SO₂ norms are less critical for air quality improvement compared to PM emissions. Multiple Deadline Extensions: The December 2024 amendment is the fourth extension. Compliance deadlines now vary by location, emission type, and plant category. Despite SO₂ deadlines being pushed to 2027, deadlines for PM and other emissions were set for December 2024. Financial and Environmental Consequences Consumer Cost Burden: Many power plants have already tendered FGDs, with costs being passed to consumers via electricity tariff adjustments. Even if FGDs are installed, plants may not use them to avoid increasing power generation costs, leading to economic inefficiencies. Health and Environmental Impact: Prolonged SO₂ emissions contribute to acid rain, respiratory illnesses, and secondary aerosol formation. The extension means people living near thermal plants will continue to suffer from air pollution. Regulatory Gaps: Pollution control boards’ enforcement of existing norms remains unclear. There is no publicly available data to verify compliance. Conclusion There is growing urgency in addressing SO2 emission along with other air pollutants , extending deadlines may not address the issue sustainably . Situation to be analysed comprehensively before taking further steps . Should India build a sovereign, foundational AI model? Introduction The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to global discussions on the importance of foundational AI models. Foundational models, like those powering ChatGPT and DeepSeek, require significant investment in computing power, talent, and infrastructure. India is at a crossroads in deciding whether to build its own sovereign AI model or rely on existing open-source and proprietary alternatives. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Practice Question: Should India develop a sovereign foundational AI model, or should it focus on leveraging existing open-source models? Analyze in the context of technological sovereignty, economic feasibility, and strategic investment. (250 words) Arguments for a Sovereign AI Model Technological Sovereignty and National Security AI is a strategic asset, and reliance on foreign models poses risks of sanctions, access restrictions, and data sovereignty issues. The U.S. has imposed restrictions on semiconductor exports, impacting AI development in several nations. Developing indigenous AI capabilities can ensure long-term self-reliance and mitigate geopolitical vulnerabilities. Indigenous Innovation and Economic Growth AI is projected to add $500 billion to India’s economy by 2025. A sovereign AI model can stimulate local research, foster startups, and strengthen India’s AI ecosystem. India has a strong IT sector that can leverage AI for economic expansion. Cultural and Linguistic Relevance Existing AI models are predominantly trained on Western datasets and may not accurately understand India’s linguistic diversity and socio-cultural nuances. A localized AI model can enhance digital inclusion by catering to India’s 22 official languages and diverse dialects. Challenges in Building a Foundational AI Model High Cost and Resource Constraints Training a foundational AI model requires billions of dollars. For instance, DeepSeek V3 cost $5.6 million for training, and major tech firms invest over $80 billion annually in AI infrastructure. India lacks access to high-performance semiconductor manufacturing, as companies like Taiwan’s TSMC dominate chip production. Infrastructure and Talent Gaps India needs extensive GPU clusters for AI training, but local availability is limited. AI talent is concentrated in top firms abroad, and India must enhance domestic AI education and research institutions. Limited Market Size for Enterprise AI Adoption The primary market for AI services remains the U.S., where businesses have higher purchasing power. Indian enterprises may not yet be ready to invest heavily in AI solutions, limiting potential financial returns. The Middle Path: Strategic Investments in AI Rather than building a single large-scale foundational model, India can adopt a strategic approach: Public-Private Collaboration Encouraging firms like Infosys, TCS, and startups to co-develop AI models with state support. Partnerships with academia to drive innovation in AI research. Focused AI Development for Key Sectors Investment in AI models tailored for governance, healthcare, agriculture, and local language processing. Programs like AI for Bharat, which focus on Indic language processing, should receive increased support. Government Infrastructure and Policy Support The IndiaAI Mission’s GPU cluster initiative should be expanded to provide affordable computing power to startups and researchers. Clear AI regulations should be established to balance innovation with ethical AI deployment. Conclusion While India should aspire to develop foundational AI capabilities, a cautious and strategic approach is necessary. Given theamay not be feasible. Instead, India should prioritize investments in applied AI, indigenous AI innovation, and collaborations to ensure a robust and sustainable AI ecosystem.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 February 2025

Content: Appointment of Ad-hoc Judges to High Courts: Supreme Court’s Order (January 30, 2024) ₹10,147-Crore Worth Contracts Signed for Pinaka Ammunition U.S. Doubles Down on Deportations Amid Outrage Over Shackled Indian Immigrants Returned on Military Plane International Big Cat Alliance Comes into Force as a Treaty-Based Inter-Governmental International Organisation Pigeon Pea Farmers in Dilemma as Centre Extends Duty-Free Import Period for Arhar Dal by Another Year On the appointment of ad-hoc judges to High Courts Context : Supreme Court’s Order (January 30, 2024) Allowed High Courts to appoint retired judges on an ad-hoc basis to hear only criminal appeals. The ad-hoc judges must function as part of a Bench led by a sitting judge. Relaxed the Lok Prahari (2021) rule, which restricted such appointments to High Courts with judicial vacancies exceeding 20%. Capped the number of ad-hoc judges at 10% of a High Court’s sanctioned strength (i.e., 2 to 5 per High Court). Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Previous Instances of Ad-hoc Judicial Appointments 1972 – Justice Suraj Bhan appointed to Madhya Pradesh High Court (election petitions). 1982 – Justice P. Venugopal appointed to Madras High Court. 2007 – Justice O.P. Srivastava appointed to Allahabad High Court (Ayodhya title suits). Lok Prahari Judgment (2021) – Rule & Conditions Rule Set: Ad-hoc appointments allowed only when judicial vacancies exceed 20% of the sanctioned strength. Conditions Identified for Appointment: High Court vacancies exceed 20%. Cases in a category pending for more than 5 years. More than 10% of total cases pending for over 5 years. Case clearance rate lower than the rate of new case filing. Court recommended each Chief Justice form a panel of retired judges for potential ad-hoc appointments. Article 224-A: Constitutional Provision for Ad-hoc Judges Introduced via 15th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1963. Mandates: Allows retired judges to be appointed to High Courts on an ad-hoc basis. Requires consent of both the retired judge and the President of India. Ad-hoc judges enjoy the same powers, privileges, and jurisdiction as sitting High Court judges. Remuneration and allowances are determined by a Presidential order. Procedure for Appointment: Outlined in the 1998 Memorandum of Procedure (MoP). Latest Order & Justification 62 lakh pending cases in High Courts (as of January 25, 2024). 18.2 lakh criminal cases and 44 lakh civil cases. Supreme Court removed the 20% vacancy requirement to allow flexibility in appointing ad-hoc judges. New restriction: Ad-hoc judges can only hear criminal appeals to ensure faster disposal of cases. ₹10,147-crore worth contracts signed for Pinaka ammunition Contract Signing: The Defence Ministry signed contracts worth ₹10,147 crore for advanced ammunition for the Pinaka Multiple Rocket Launch System (MRLS). Deals were signed with Economic Explosives Limited (EEL) and Munitions India Limited (MIL). Relevance : GS 3(Technology ) Types of Ammunition Procured: Area Denial Munition (ADM) Type-1 – Used to disperse sub-munitions over a large area, targeting mechanized forces, vehicles, and personnel. High Explosive Pre-Fragmented (HEPF)-Mk-1 (enhanced) rockets – Improved lethality for the Pinaka MRLS. Strategic Significance: Enhances the range and firepower of the Pinaka MRLS. Upgraded Pinaka to be the mainstay of India’s long-range rocket artillery. Technological Advancements: Last November, DRDO successfully tested guided Pinaka rockets with a range of 75 km. Ongoing efforts to extend range to 120 km and further to 300 km. A Pinaka battery (214-mm MRLS) can launch 72 rockets within 44 seconds Software Upgrade: A separate contract was signed with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for Shakti software upgrades, likely enhancing fire control and operational efficiency. Implications: Boosts India’s indigenous defence manufacturing under Atmanirbhar Bharat. Strengthens artillery capabilities against enemy forces along contested borders. Enhances India’s deterrence posture with improved precision-strike capabilities. Supports self-reliance in defence production by involving domestic firms. This procurement marks a significant step in modernizing India’s artillery capabilities with enhanced range, precision, and operational flexibility. U.S. doubles down on deportations amid outrage over shackled Indian immigrants returned on military plane Use of Military Plane for Deportation For the first time, a U.S. military C-17 aircraft was used to deport Indian nationals. The move was expressly ordered by former U.S. President Donald Trump as part of a crackdown on illegal immigration. The transport method included shackling and handcuffing deportees, sparking outrage in India. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) U.S. Justification and Official Statements U.S. Embassy spokesperson Chris Elms defended the move, calling it “critically important” for national security and public safety. U.S. Border Patrol chief Michael W. Banks released a 24-second video showcasing the deportation process, reinforcing a deterrent message against illegal migration. Global Implications and Criticism Other countries, including Guatemala, Peru, Honduras, Ecuador, and Colombia, have also witnessed deportations via military planes. Colombian President Gustavo Pedro criticized the practice, calling it “undignified.” Policy Context and Military Involvement The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) primarily handles deportations using chartered and commercial flights. However, the U.S. military’s involvement in deportations marks a significant shift, expediting removals under Trump’s immigration policies. The cost-effectiveness of military aircraft over other methods remains unclear. Statistics on Indian Deportees 24,974 Indian nationals are currently detained by ICE for criminal or immigration violations. An estimated 7,25,000 undocumented Indians live in the U.S., the third-largest such group after Mexico and El Salvador. The timeline for future deportation flights to India remains undisclosed. Implications Diplomatic Strain: The treatment of Indian deportees, including the use of military aircraft and shackling, may strain India-U.S. diplomatic relations, especially in human rights discussions. U.S. Immigration Crackdown: The move aligns with Trump-era hardline immigration policies, signaling a tough stance on illegal migration. Potential Precedent: If normalized, military-assisted deportations could become a global trend, influencing other countries’ migration policies. Impact on Indian Diaspora: The fear of deportation may rise among undocumented Indian immigrants, pushing them to seek legal status or return voluntarily. Legal & Human Rights Concerns: The method of deportation could violate international human rights norms, leading to legal challenges and diplomatic negotiations in the future. International Big Cat Alliance comes into force as a treaty-based inter-governmental international organization Key Developments: IBCA officially comes into force on January 23, 2025 as a treaty-based inter-governmental international organization. Ratification: Five countries — Nicaragua, Eswatini, India, Somalia, and Liberia — have ratified the Framework Agreement under Article VIII (1). Membership: 27 countries, including India, have consented to join IBCA. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Objectives & Significance: Global conservation platform for collaboration among big cat range and non-range countries, conservation organizations, and international stakeholders. Aims to reverse the decline of seven major big cat species and restore their habitats. Ensures long-term survival of big cats and contributes to global ecological balance. Big Cats Covered by IBCA: Tiger (Panthera tigris) Lion (Panthera leo) Jaguar (Panthera onca) Leopard (Panthera pardus) Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Puma (Puma concolor) Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) Scientific Classification & Roaring Ability: Panthera genus includes Tiger, Lion, Jaguar, Leopard, and Snow Leopard (capable of roaring). Puma and Cheetah are not part of Panthera but are often listed as big cats. Lion’s roar is the loudest (audible up to 8-10 km). India’s Role in Big Cat Conservation: Historically home to Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Lion, Indian Leopard, Indian/Asiatic Cheetah, and Snow Leopard. Indian Cheetah declared extinct in 1952. Cheetah reintroduction project (2022): Government of India introduced African Cheetahs in Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh. Conclusion: IBCA marks a significant global step in big cat conservation. India’s leadership in this initiative reinforces its commitment to wildlife protection and ecological balance. Pigeon pea farmers in dilemma as Centre extends duty-free import period for arhar dal by another year Decision: The central government has extended the duty-free import period for arhar (tur) dal until March 31, 2026 (DGFT notification, January 20, 2025). Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Farmers’ Concerns: Farmers in Maharashtra and Karnataka are selling their produce below Minimum Support Price (MSP) due to cheaper imports. Market price for arhar has dropped to ₹7,000 per quintal, compared to ₹12,000 per quintal last year. Fear of declining profitability may discourage farmers from cultivating arhar in future seasons. Economic and Policy Impact: Self-Sufficiency at Risk: India has been promoting self-reliance in pulses, yet heavy reliance on imports continues. Experts warn that falling MSP realization will reduce domestic production, increasing import dependency in the long run. Trader & Industry Concerns: Dal mill associations demand reversal of the decision and an increase in MSP to ₹9,000 per quintal. Traders are hesitant to purchase local produce, waiting for cheaper imported pulses. Import Trends: India imports pulses mainly from Myanmar, Australia, Africa, and Canada. Arhar and urad primarily come from Africa and Myanmar, while chana, peas, and masoor come from Australia, Russia, and Canada. Wider Implications: Impact on Other Pulses: Duty-free import continues for arhar, urad, masoor, chana, and yellow peas (moong excluded). Prices of all pulses, including chana and masoor, have fallen below MSP. Example: Chana MSP is ₹5,650 per quintal, but mandi prices are lower. Contradiction with Government Goals: Despite multiple budget speeches advocating self-sufficiency in pulses, India continues to depend on imports. The policy shift could be counterproductive to domestic pulse production targets. Conclusion: Short-Term Benefit: Ensures stable prices for consumers due to increased supply. Long-Term Risk: Could disincentivize domestic farmers, leading to greater import dependency and loss of agricultural income.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 February 2025

Content: Nuclear Mission Watershed Yatra Nuclear Mission The Nuclear Mission, announced in the Union Budget 2025-26, marks a transformative shift in India’s energy landscape by prioritizing nuclear power as a key source of energy. This initiative aims to bolster India’s energy security, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and promote clean energy solutions. Relevance :GS 3(Energy Security ) Highlights of the Nuclear Mission ₹20,000 crore allocated for R&D in Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) Objective: Develop at least five indigenously designed operational SMRs by 2033. Significance: SMRs offer scalable, cost-effective, and safer nuclear solutions for decentralized energy needs. Target of 100 GW nuclear power capacity by 2047 Current Capacity: 8,180 MW Planned Expansion: 22,480 MW by 2031-32 Long-Term Goal: Achieve a 100 GW nuclear power capacity as part of the net-zero emissions strategy by 2070. Opening of India’s Nuclear Energy Sector to Private Participation Historic Move: Ending decades of state monopoly in the nuclear sector. Expected Benefits: Increased investments and technological innovations. Faster execution of nuclear projects. Greater efficiency through public-private partnerships. Parallel with Space Sector: Similar to the success of private participation in India’s space industry post-ISRO’s reforms. Expansion of Nuclear Power Infrastructure Ongoing Projects:10 reactors under construction across Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.10 more reactors planned, including the 6 × 1208 MW Kovvada project (Andhra Pradesh) in collaboration with the USA. Recent Achievement:Rajasthan Atomic Power Project (RAPP-7) reached criticality on September 19, 2024, marking a major step in nuclear energy expansion. Strategic Role of Nuclear Energy in India’s Energy Security India’s High Dependence on Petroleum Imports: Nuclear energy offers an alternative for reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Aligning with COP26 Commitments: Nuclear power is part of India’s plan to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based energy by 2030. PM Modi’s Vision for Net-Zero by 2070: Strengthening nuclear energy aligns with the broader Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment). Significance of the Nuclear Mission Energy Security and Economic Growth Reliable and Stable Energy Source: Unlike solar and wind power, nuclear energy provides continuous, base-load power. Reduces Import Dependency: Strengthens self-reliance in energy generation, supporting the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Multiplier Effect on Economy: More nuclear plants mean industrial growth, job creation, and advanced technological capabilities. Technological and Strategic Advancements Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) as Game Changers: Cost-efficient: Can be deployed in remote areas. Safer Designs: Minimized risk of catastrophic failures. Boost for Indigenous Nuclear Technology: Strengthening India’s domestic nuclear expertise will enhance global competitiveness. Civil Nuclear Cooperation with Global Players: Collaboration with the USA on Kovvada plant indicates strategic partnerships in the nuclear sector. Environmental and Sustainable Development Impact Reduction in Carbon Footprint: Transitioning to nuclear power significantly lowers greenhouse gas emissions. Less Land Usage Compared to Renewables: Nuclear plants require less space than solar or wind farms for the same energy output. Long-Term Sustainability: Nuclear waste management strategies and advanced reactor designs improve the eco-friendliness of nuclear energy. Challenges and Concerns High Capital Investment and Long Gestation Period Nuclear projects require huge upfront investments and take years to become operational. Solution: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can reduce financial burdens and accelerate project execution. Nuclear Waste Management Issue: Safe disposal of radioactive waste remains a challenge. Solution: Advancements in closed fuel cycles, reprocessing, and deep geological repositories. Public Perception and Safety Concerns Nuclear accidents (Chernobyl, Fukushima) have heightened fears. Solution: Greater transparency, safety protocols, and public awareness campaigns. Geopolitical and Regulatory Challenges Global nuclear supply chain dependencies can affect fuel availability. Solution: Strengthen domestic uranium mining and explore thorium-based reactors (India has abundant thorium reserves). Conclusion The Nuclear Mission in Union Budget 2025-26 represents a bold and strategic shift in India’s energy policy. By expanding nuclear capacity, integrating private sector participation, and investing in advanced nuclear technologies like SMRs, India aims to position itself as a global leader in clean and sustainable energy. Watershed Yatra The “Watershed Yatra,” marks a significant step in India’s efforts towards sustainable water and soil conservation. As part of the Watershed Development Component of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (WDC-PMKSY 2.0), this national-level mass outreach campaign aims to foster community-driven water resource management and enhance agricultural productivity through participatory watershed development. Relevance : GS 3(Environment-Sustainability) Objectives of Watershed Yatra Community Participation: The initiative emphasizes grassroots-level involvement to ensure the long-term success of watershed projects. Activities like “Watershed ki Panchayat”, Shramdaan (voluntary labor), and Watershed Margdarshak recognitions encourage people’s ownership of conservation efforts. Awareness & Behavioral Change: With 800 Gram Panchayats and over one lakh participants, the Yatra seeks to transform public perception about water conservation and soil health. Scaling up WDC-PMKSY Implementation: By galvanizing field-level implementation machinery, the campaign aims to enhance execution efficiency across 6673 Gram Panchayats (13,587 villages) in 26 states & 2 UTs. Public-Private-People Partnership (4Ps): A novel approach ensuring multi-stakeholder involvement in watershed management. Announcements & Features Watershed – Janbhagidari Pratiyogita (2025-2026) A performance-based reward system to incentivize community-led watershed management: ₹20 lakh reward per project for outstanding efforts. ₹70.80 crore allocated annually, benefiting 177 projects per year. State-level evaluations to ensure accountability and best practices. Use of Technology & Digital Platforms Learning Management System (LMS) on watershed development linked to the MY Bharat portal for engaging youth. Certification for youth participants to promote active involvement. Mobile vans for outreach, ensuring mass awareness in rural areas. Significance in the Broader Policy Framework Contribution to National Water Security Alignment with Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Complements India’s broader water conservation efforts, focusing on rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, and efficient irrigation. Climate Resilience & Sustainable Agriculture: Watershed-based interventions help in drought-proofing and reducing dependence on erratic monsoons.  Employment Generation & Rural Development Labor-intensive projects create jobs, boosting rural employment under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Youth & Skill Development through capacity-building programs and LMS integration. Strengthening Cooperative Federalism State & UT participation ensures decentralized governance, making the initiative more regionally relevant. Local Panchayat involvement reinforces the role of Gram Sabhas in natural resource management. Challenges & Potential Bottlenecks Implementation Hurdles Ensuring consistent participation across all 6673 Gram Panchayats. Addressing bureaucratic delays & fund utilization inefficiencies in watershed projects. Sustainability of Water Conservation Efforts Preventing post-project neglect by ensuring long-term community ownership. Institutionalizing maintenance beyond government-driven campaigns. Measuring Impact & Accountability Need for real-time monitoring using GIS-based tracking. Establishing transparent evaluation mechanisms for the Watershed – Janbhagidari Pratiyogita competition. Conclusion: The Watershed Yatra is a milestone initiative in India’s rural water governance framework. By integrating technology, community engagement, and performance-based incentives, the program has the potential to revitalize India’s water-stressed regions and enhance agricultural sustainability.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 06 February 2025

Content: Not worth the risk A Budget that is mostly good but with one wrong move A green signal for India to assert its health leadership Not worth the risk Context and Concerns The U.S. has intensified Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) operations, leading to a sharp rise in deportations. In 2024 alone, over 1,60,000 individuals were deported globally, with India among the key affected nations. The use of military flights for deportation under Donald Trump’s presidency underscores a no-compromise stance. With an estimated 7,25,000 undocumented Indians in the U.S., India must brace for a surge in returnees. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: The recent increase in deportations of illegal Indian immigrants from the U.S. highlights the need for a balanced approach to migration. Discuss the causes of illegal emigration from India, its impact, and the steps the government can take to address this issue. (250 words) Why is Illegal Emigration a Growing Problem? Economic Push Factors: High unemployment rates, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat, push youth to seek better opportunities abroad. Agrarian distress and limited industrial growth reduce viable employment prospects. Social Aspirations: Migration is often seen as a status symbol, with families investing heavily in illegal routes via agents. The perception that illegal work in the U.S. or Canada is still lucrative, despite risks, fuels emigration. Organized Human Smuggling Networks: Many Indians take dangerous routes via Mexico and Canada, facilitated by illegal agents. These networks exploit legal loopholes and use fake documentation to facilitate illegal entry. Inadequate Awareness and Policy Gaps: Lack of awareness about the dangers of illegal migration, including detention and deportation. Limited access to legal migration pathways for semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Implications for India Diplomatic and Bilateral Strains: Mass deportations could become a friction point in India-U.S. relations. Prime Minister Modi’s upcoming U.S. visit will likely involve discussions on migration policies. Humanitarian and Socioeconomic Challenges: Returnees face difficulties reintegrating into society due to stigma and lack of employment. The government must support rehabilitation efforts to prevent repeat attempts at illegal migration. Security and Law Enforcement Concerns: Stronger border controls and tighter scrutiny of illegal immigration networks are needed. Crackdowns on fraudulent visa agents and smuggling rackets must be prioritized. Way Forward: A Multi-Pronged Approach Awareness and Prevention Large-scale awareness campaigns in high-migration states. Promotion of legal migration routes and overseas job opportunities. Strengthening Domestic Employment Opportunities Skill development programs aligned with global job markets. Boosting economic growth in states with high illegal emigration rates. Diplomatic Engagement Negotiations with the U.S. for more work visas under H-1B and other categories. Enhanced cooperation with Mexico and Canada to curb illegal transit. Strict Crackdown on Illegal Networks Identifying and dismantling human smuggling operations. Stringent penalties for agents involved in visa fraud and illegal migration. A Budget that is mostly good but with one wrong move Context :The Union Budget 2025-26 focuses on growth and fiscal prudence but weakens transparency by shifting from fiscal deficit targets to ambiguous debt-GDP scenarios. Relevance : GS 2(Governance), GS 3(Economy) Practice Question :The Union Budget 2025-26 takes several positive steps towards economic growth but falters in fiscal transparency. Critically analyze. (250 words) Positive Aspects of the Budget Realistic Economic Projections Nominal GDP growth for 2025–26 is projected at 10.1%, which aligns with the Economic Survey’s real GDP growth range of 6.3%-6.8%. Provides a buffer for potential economic upturns. Capital Expenditure Focus Increased by ₹1.03 lakh crore over 2024-25 (RE), totaling ₹11.2 lakh crore. Share of capital expenditure in total government spending has improved significantly over the last five years, indicating an emphasis on infrastructure-driven growth. Direct Taxation Shift The share of direct taxes in gross tax revenues (GTR) has risen from 52% in 2021-22 to 59% in 2025-26 (BE). Personal income tax (PIT) growth, though declining, remains robust. Tax Relief for Middle-Class Concessions in personal income tax provide relief, though their demand-side impact depends on the marginal propensity to consume of beneficiaries. Improvement in Revenue Assumptions Government revenue growth appears realistic, with GTR expected to grow at 10.8% in 2025-26 (BE). Non-tax revenues, primarily from RBI and PSU dividends, have increased by ₹35,715 crore over revised estimates. Investment in Emerging Technologies Recognition of AI as a crucial domain; however, the Budget does not match the large-scale investments seen in China or the US. Suggestion to incentivize private-sector R&D through tax concessions is notable. The Major Flaw Move Away from Fiscal Deficit as the Key Indicator Previous Glide Path: The Medium-Term Fiscal Policy Strategy aimed to reduce fiscal deficit to below 4.5% by 2025-26. New Approach: Shift towards focusing on the debt-to-GDP ratio with different scenarios, rather than a fixed deficit reduction path. Why is this a Concern? Transparency is reduced as fiscal deficit is a clear, measurable indicator, while debt-GDP ratios under multiple scenarios introduce ambiguity. Investors and rating agencies rely on fiscal deficit trends to assess macroeconomic stability. A higher government claim on investible resources may crowd out private sector investment. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act Implications The FRBM targets for fiscal deficit reduction now lack specific timelines, making it unclear when fiscal prudence goals will be met. Adopting vague fiscal consolidation paths weakens fiscal discipline. A green signal for India to assert its health leadership Introduction : The Union Budget 2025-26 has laid a strong foundation for India’s leadership in global healthcare by focusing on medical infrastructure, workforce expansion, and cutting-edge technology. With a ₹90,958 crore healthcare allocation and initiatives such as ‘Heal in India’ and ‘Heal by India,’ the country is set to become a hub for medical tourism and global healthcare support. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Practice Question : The Union Budget 2025-26 has laid the foundation for India to assert its leadership in global healthcare. Critically examine the key initiatives and their impact on India’s healthcare sector. (250 words) Important Budgetary Allocations and Their Significance Strengthening Medical Education The addition of 75,000 medical seats over five years, with 10,000 seats in FY26, aims to address India’s doctor-patient ratio and support global demand for healthcare professionals. Expansion in medical education aligns with the ‘Heal by India’ initiative, facilitating the deployment of Indian medical talent abroad. Boosting Medical Infrastructure 200 day-care cancer centres in district hospitals will provide early diagnosis and specialized treatment, critical for tackling rising non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Investment in public-private partnerships (PPP) enhances accessibility and affordability of quality healthcare. Reducing Healthcare Costs Customs duty exemptions on 36 life-saving drugs (cancer, rare diseases, chronic illnesses) will make treatments more affordable. 13 new patient assistance programs improve access to critical medications for chronic conditions. India’s Global Healthcare Leadership ‘Heal in India’ – Medical Tourism Expansion Streamlined visa processes, improved hospital infrastructure, and a skilled workforce position India as a top destination for international patients. Facilities such as Proton Therapy for advanced cancer care at Apollo Hospitals attract patients from developed nations like the UK and Australia. ‘Heal by India’ – Addressing the Global Healthcare Workforce Shortage India is exporting trained doctors, nurses, and paramedics to countries facing a healthcare workforce crisis. Strengthening India’s role in global healthcare diplomacy by filling critical skill gaps abroad. Technological Advancements in Healthcare Artificial Intelligence & Digital Health Establishment of National Centres of Excellence for AI-driven diagnostics, research, and treatment innovation. Digital healthcare solutions will enhance efficiency, accessibility, and precision in medical care. Leveraging India’s Strength in Innovation Private sector contribution, including hospitals like Apollo, has played a key role in introducing cutting-edge treatments and attracting international patients. The integration of telemedicine and digital consultations further expands India’s healthcare reach. Challenges and the Way Forward Challenges: Infrastructure Gaps: While initiatives are robust, rural areas still lack adequate healthcare infrastructure. Affordability Concerns: Even with customs exemptions, out-of-pocket healthcare expenses remain high. Implementation Hurdles: Effective execution of AI-based healthcare and medical tourism policies will require strong regulatory frameworks. Way Forward: Expanding insurance coverage and public healthcare spending. Strengthening the last-mile delivery of quality medical services in rural India. Promoting R&D in pharmaceuticals and medical devices to reduce dependence on imports.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 February 2025

Content: 100 Indians deported from U.S. for illegal entry arrive in Amritsar on military transport plane New life-sized mechanical elephant to assist Kerala temple in ceremonies Govt. warns officials against using AI tools due to security risks The rise and rise of UPI digital payments What is the SC directive on sacred groves? Western Ghats: a living archive of culture, memory, and resilience At least 2,900 dead during M23’s capture of east DRC’s Goma: UN 100 Indians deported from U.S. for illegal entry arrive in Amritsar on military transport plane Overview of the Deportation Incident A U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster aircraft landed in Amritsar on Wednesday, carrying around 100 Indian nationals suspected of entering the U.S. illegally. Initial estimates suggested over 200 individuals, but later reports confirmed a smaller number, in line with large-scale deportation flight norms. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ,Governance) Unprecedented Use of Military Aircraft The deportation drew attention due to the use of a military transport plane instead of regular commercial repatriation flights. This is the first time such deportations were conducted using one of the U.S.’s largest cargo aircraft. It highlights the U.S.’s strict stance on illegal immigration and possible bilateral coordination with India on such issues. Handling of Deportees in India The Punjab Police took charge of the deportees upon arrival. Authorities facilitated their return to home states (Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat) via commercial taxis, airlines, and special flights to Delhi and Gujarat. Most deportees from Punjab belonged to districts like Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Jalandhar, and Kapurthala, indicating a regional pattern of migration attempts. Immigration Concerns & Broader Implications The event reflects the ongoing crackdown by the U.S. on illegal immigration. Many Indians attempt irregular migration through Latin American routes, often falling prey to human trafficking networks. The use of military resources signals greater enforcement measures by the U.S. and potentially stricter future deportation protocols. India may need to intensify awareness campaigns and strengthen measures against illegal migration networks to prevent exploitation of its citizens. Future Outlook This incident could prompt more coordinated repatriation policies between India and the U.S. India may tighten its own migration control policies to reduce illegal entries and potential diplomatic strains. New life-sized mechanical elephant to assist Kerala temple in ceremonies Context and Significance The introduction of a mechanical elephant in temple rituals marks a progressive shift in Kerala’s traditional religious practices. It aligns with animal welfare efforts and reduces the reliance on live elephants, often subjected to harsh conditions. The move reflects a growing awareness of ethical treatment of animals in religious and cultural spaces. Relevance : GS 1(Culture), GS 3(Environment), GS 4(Ethics) Features of Kombara Kannan Dimensions: 3 metres tall, weighing 800 kg. Purpose: To assist in temple ceremonies without harming animals. Unveiling Ceremony: Conducted by Satish Vimalan, followed by a Panchari melam (traditional percussion ensemble). Ethical and Cultural Implications Alternative to Captive Elephants: Reduces exploitation and stress experienced by real elephants. Promotes their preservation in natural habitats. Religious Acceptance: The Kombara Sreekrishna Swami Temple welcomes the mechanical elephant, setting a precedent for other temples. Impact on Devotees: Mechanical elephants ensure tradition is maintained without ethical concerns. Enthusiastic response from children and devotees indicates cultural adaptability. Broader Implications Animal Rights Advocacy: Encourages PETA-led campaigns against captive elephants. Legal and Policy Influence: May push for stricter regulations on elephant ownership. Future Adoption: Potentially influences other temples and festivals across India. Govt. warns officials against using AI tools due to security risks Background of Circular On January 29, the Ministry of Finance, through the Department of Expenditure (DoE), issued a circular advising government officials to avoid using artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT and DeepSeek, on official devices due to concerns about data confidentiality. The circular emphasized that such AI tools pose a significant risk to the security of government data and documents. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) AI Tools in Focus The warning specifically targets ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI (whose CEO, Sam Altman, is currently visiting India), and DeepSeek, an AI tool developed in China and launched in January. The circular highlights the security risks posed by these AI tools, with the key concern being that they might access or expose sensitive government data. Official Advisory Explicit instructions that the use of these AI applications on office devices should be strictly avoided. The Finance Secretary approved the decision, ensuring that the order holds official status across government departments. Potential Threats to Confidentiality AI tools like ChatGPT and DeepSeek process large amounts of data, raising concerns over the potential breach of confidential government information. There is fear that sensitive information entered into these AI models could be misused or accessed by unauthorized parties, leading to significant security and privacy risks. Government’s Countermeasures In response to concerns over DeepSeek, Ashwini Vaishnaw, the Union Minister for Information Technology, indicated that DeepSeek would be hosted on Indian servers soon. This would allow the government to better control data privacy and security parameters associated with the tool. The Indian government has previously hosted other open-source models, such as Llama, on local servers to ensure data protection. Previous Training Initiatives In contrast, in October 2024, the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) organized a training session for officials, including those at the Joint Secretary level, on using ChatGPT-4 Plus. The training was intended to familiarize officials with AI tools but did not appear to address the security risks that have now prompted the recent circular. Future of AI in Government The current stance on AI tools reflects a cautious approach, as the government evaluates the benefits of AI alongside data privacy and security risks. There is likely to be a balance between harnessing AI’s potential for improving governance while mitigating any threats to national and governmental security. Public and Institutional Reactions The debate surrounding AI’s role in government work raises critical questions about data sovereignty and cybersecurity. There is potential for broader discussions on how to manage the integration of AI technology while maintaining robust privacy protections. The rise and rise of UPI digital payments Context: Rapid Growth in Digital Payments: Digital payments in India have surged dramatically, growing more than 3.5 times in value from ₹772 lakh crore (2013) to ₹2,758 lakh crore (2024). The volume of digital payments has increased even more significantly, from 222 crore in 2013 to over 20,787 crore in 2024. Between 2019 and 2024, digital payments grew by 1.6 times in value and 6.7 times in volume, as per the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Payment System Report. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Banking) UPI Dominance in Digital Payments: The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has emerged as the key driver of this growth, consolidating multiple bank accounts into a single mobile interface for seamless transactions. UPI’s volume share in the digital payments landscape surged from 34% in 2019 to 83% in 2024, illustrating its growing prominence. Impressive Growth in UPI Transactions: UPI transaction volumes increased by an astonishing 46 times from 375 crore in 2018 to 17,221 crore in 2024. In contrast, other payment methods only saw a doubling of transaction volumes during this period, indicating the outsized role of UPI in the growth of digital payments. Surge in UPI Transaction Values: UPI transaction values surged from ₹18.37 lakh crore in 2019 to ₹246.83 lakh crore in 2024, reflecting the increased adoption and value of UPI-based transactions. Person-to-Person (P2P) vs. Person-to-Merchant (P2M) Transactions: UPI transactions in the P2M category (business payments) grew faster than P2P (personal transfers) transactions in terms of volume. This shift towards P2M transactions highlights the growing role of UPI in facilitating business payments, particularly in the retail and services sectors. Comparative Share of Digital Payment Methods in 2024: In terms of transaction volume, UPI dominates, accounting for over 80% of all digital payments. However, when it comes to transaction value, UPI’s share is lower, constituting about 30%, suggesting that larger value transactions still rely on other payment methods. Key Data Points and Insights: UPI Growth in Volume (2019-2024): From 1,078.75 crore in 2019 to 17,220.80 crore in 2024. UPI Growth in Value (2019-2024): From ₹18.37 lakh crore in 2019 to ₹246.83 lakh crore in 2024. Other Payment Methods: While other digital payment methods like IMPS, credit/debit cards, and mobile wallets have grown, UPI continues to outpace them, both in volume and overall adoption. Conclusion: The rise of UPI has been a pivotal factor in India’s digital payment revolution, reshaping the landscape by providing a simple, cost-effective, and secure way for users to transfer funds across multiple platforms. What is the SC directive on sacred groves? Context : The Supreme Court’s December 18, 2024 directive mandates the Rajasthan Forest Department to map and classify sacred groves as ‘forests’ and ‘community reserves’ under the Wildlife Protection Act, shifting control from community-based management to government oversight, conflicting with the Forest Rights Act. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) December 18, 2024 SC Order: Mapping and Classification: The Rajasthan Forest Department is mandated to map sacred groves, both on the ground and through satellite, regardless of size, based on their ecological and cultural importance to local communities. Transfer to Forest Department: Sacred groves will be classified as ‘forests’ and designated as ‘community reserves’ under the Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA) 1972. This move shifts the management from community-driven conservation to Forest Department oversight. Implications of the Order: Control Shift: The order transfers sacred groves from traditional community management to government control, disrupting the grassroots conservation models that have existed for centuries. Conflict with Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006: The move undermines the FRA, which grants communities the rights to manage forest resources, including sacred groves. The FRA designates communities as statutory authorities for conservation, contrasting with the centralization envisioned by the SC order. T.N. Godavarman Case (1997): Definition of ‘Forest Land’: The case expanded the definition of ‘forest land’ to include not just forested areas but any land recorded as a forest, irrespective of ownership. This laid the groundwork for classifying sacred groves as forest land, leading to their inclusion under WLPA. Impact on Sacred Groves: The order places sacred groves under the same category as other forests, potentially altering how these groves are managed and conserved. Traditional Community Conservation: Cultural and Ecological Significance: Sacred groves are traditionally managed by communities, governed by customary laws and taboos, preserving biodiversity and natural resources. Conservation Practices: Communities maintain sacred groves as sacred spaces, with limited or no resource extraction, ensuring their long-term preservation. These groves play an integral role in ecological health, serving as biodiversity hotspots, flood and soil erosion buffers, and sources of medicinal plants. Sacred Groves in India: India is home to 1-10 lakh sacred groves, the highest concentration globally. These groves have different regional names and serve as cultural hubs, often linked to temples, shrines, and burial grounds, alongside being vital ecological sites. Community Reserves under WLPA 2002: Legal Framework: The WLPA introduced the concept of community reserves, areas of community or private land voluntarily protected by locals. These areas are managed by a reserve committee, often including local representatives, with strict penalties for violations. Management Changes: The SC’s directive requires the establishment of a management committee to oversee conservation efforts in sacred groves, adding a layer of bureaucratic control. Potential Clashes with FRA: FRA’s Role: Sacred groves, if classified under FRA, would fall under ‘community forest resources’, empowering local communities to protect and manage these areas according to their customs and needs. Conflict with Forest Department Control: Under FRA, community forest resources are managed by gram sabhas (village councils), but the SC’s directive places sacred groves under the control of the Forest Department, potentially eroding the traditional rights and governance systems. Concerns Over Customary Rights: Sacred groves are deeply embedded in local culture and governance, with communities having historical and spiritual ties to them. The shift to Forest Department management could threaten these traditions and diminish the community’s role in forest conservation. Western Ghats: a living archive of culture, memory, and resilience Geographical Importance: The Western Ghats (Sahyadri) stretch across six Indian states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Known for rich biodiversity, the Ghats host a variety of flora and fauna, earning their designation as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Current Threats: Climate Change & Deforestation: The region faces environmental degradation due to deforestation, climate change, and the decline of traditional livelihoods. Land Encroachment & Displacement: Tribal communities, historically living in harmony with the land, are being displaced due to industrialization and urbanization. Exploitation of Natural Resources: Activities such as quarrying, illegal mining, and poorly planned construction projects exacerbate ecological instability. Cultural and Spiritual Connection to Nature: Traditional Livelihoods: The people of the Western Ghats, especially tribal communities, rely on the land for sustenance and spiritual practices, with rituals tied to agricultural cycles. Cultural Legacy: The land holds cultural and spiritual significance, with deities associated with natural elements. These cultural connections are being increasingly threatened by modern development. Ecological Devastation: Flood and Fury: Ecological Devastation in the Western Ghats (B. Viju): Critiques the historical and contemporary exploitation of the Western Ghats, linking it to increased environmental disasters like landslides and floods. “The Nilgiri Hills: A Kaleidoscope of People, Culture, and Nature” (Paul Hockings): Discusses the interconnection between culture, nature, and the ecological degradation of the Western Ghats, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices. Resistance and Resilience: Tribal communities has shown resistance to land encroachment while also exploring personal growth, social dynamics, and the strength of cultural resilience in the face of modernity. Call for Conservation and Cultural Preservation: The destruction of the ecosystem is tied to the erasure of cultural identity, making conservation efforts critical not only for ecological reasons but for the survival of traditions and communities. Policy Failure: Despite the ecological importance of the Ghats, government policies and corporate actions often fail to protect the region’s fragile environment and its indigenous peoples. The future of the Western Ghats hinges on respecting both the natural landscape and the lives intertwined with it. Preservation requires a collective effort to combat exploitation and protect this precious ecosystem for future generations. At least 2,900 dead during M23’s capture of east DRC’s Goma: UN Context : At least 2,900 people have died in recent clashes in Goma, with 2,000 bodies found on the streets and 900 in local hospitals. This highlights the devastating toll on civilians amidst the ongoing conflict. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) The city of Goma, a major urban center, has been heavily impacted, adding to the suffering of an already displaced population in the mineral–rich region of eastern DRC. M23 and Rwandan Forces’ Role: The M23 armed group, with backing from Rwandan forces, has escalated its military offensive, capturing the town of Nyabibwe in South Kivu province, about 100 km from Bukavu. This advances the group’s territorial control and poses further risks to the safety of civilians. Despite declaring a unilateral ceasefire, the M23 broke it shortly after, continuing its offensive, proving that ceasefire agreements in the region have repeatedly failed. Political and Military Dynamics: The M23’s strategic advances, particularly towards Bukavu, signal that the ceasefire was a temporary measure, with no real intent for peace. This reflects the complexity of the conflict, where ceasefires are routinely broken, undermining efforts for a peaceful resolution. Congolese government officials have criticized the ceasefire as a “ploy” by the M23, emphasizing the unreliability of past agreements in ending hostilities. Military reinforcements are being mobilized by both Congolese and M23 forces, indicating the intensification of the conflict and further military escalation. International Attention and Accountability: The International Criminal Court (ICC) has expressed concern over the grave escalation of violence, particularly given the region’s history of conflict and human rights violations. This indicates a potential for international scrutiny and accountability regarding the actions of the M23 and their Rwandan backers. The ongoing violence in the DRC, particularly with the involvement of neighboring Rwanda, continues to destabilize the Great Lakes region, drawing attention to regional security and humanitarian crises. Long-term Consequences: The capture of Goma marks a significant escalation in the decades-long conflict in the DRC, a region already fraught with armed group activities, and exacerbates the humanitarian situation with thousands of displaced individuals. The continuous breakdown of ceasefire agreements and military escalations complicate peace efforts, prolonging the suffering of the Congolese population and leading to further instability in the region. Geopolitical Implications: The involvement of Rwanda in supporting the M23, and the ongoing military confrontations, raises concerns about regional dynamics and international diplomacy. The conflict places pressure on the upcoming summit between the Presidents of Rwanda and the DRC, which is intended to address the crisis but faces challenges due to the volatile situation on the ground.

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress