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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 September 2024

CONTENTS Centenary of the Indus Valley Civilization Discovery PM E-DRIVE Scheme India Joins IPEF Agreements on a Clean and Fair Economy Quality Assurance from AR Dairy Amid Tirupati Laddu Controversy Koodiyattom Project 200 Greater One-Horned Rhino Centenary of the Indus Valley Civilization Discovery Context: On September 20th, 2024, we commemorate the centenary of the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization, initially announced by archaeologist Sir John Marshall on the same date in 1924. The civilization is noted for its extensive spread across 1.5 million square kilometers in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, encompassing over 2,000 archaeological sites. Relevance: GS I: Culture Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Harappan Civilization Key Features of Harappan Civilization Overview of Harappan Civilization Also Known As: Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) Flourished: Around 2500 BCE along the Indus River Global Significance: Largest of the four major ancient urban civilizations, alongside Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China Technology: Known as a Bronze Age civilization due to the discovery of copper-based alloy artifacts Key Archaeological Discoveries First Excavations: Harappa: Excavated by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921-22 Mohenjo-daro: Excavated by Rakhal Das Banerji in 1922 Notable Contributor: Sir John Marshall, Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), oversaw the excavations that revealed these sites Phases of Harappan Civilization Early Phase (3200 BCE to 2600 BCE): Associated with the Hakra Phase, located in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley Earliest evidence of Indus script dates to around 3000 BCE Mature Period (2600 BCE to 1900 BCE): Marked the peak of urbanization with significant growth in cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro (in present-day Pakistan), as well as Lothal (in present-day India) Late Phase (1900 BCE to 1500 BCE): The civilization experienced a decline, leading to its eventual collapse Key Features of Harappan Civilization Town Planning: Advanced Town Layout: Harappan cities were designed using a grid-like structure, reflecting highly organized urban planning. Citadel or Acropolis: Harappa and Mohenjodaro featured elevated citadels likely for the ruling elite. Lower Towns: Below the citadels, there were brick houses for common people. Granaries: Large granaries were used to store grains, with the use of burnt bricks, different from the dried bricks used in Egypt. Drainage System: Mohenjodaro had an advanced drainage system, with almost every house having courtyards and bathrooms. Private Wells: In Kalibangan, many homes had private wells. Fortified Settlements: Sites like Dholavira and Lothal in Gujarat were fortified, with sections divided by walls. Agriculture: Highly Productive Villages: Located near floodplains, they produced wheat, barley, peas, sesame, lentils, chickpeas, rai, and mustard. Cotton Production: The Harappans were among the first to grow cotton, called “Sindon” by the Greeks. Animal Husbandry: This practice was widespread, along with crop cultivation. Economy: Trade Significance: Trade was essential, facilitated by seals, a uniform script, and standardized weights and measures. Major Items Traded: Included stone, metal, and shell. Barter System: Used for trade, as no metal currency existed. Navigation and Trade Routes: Navigation was practiced along the Arabian Sea, and a trading colony in northern Afghanistan facilitated Central Asian commerce. Mesopotamian Trade: Engaged in trade with Mesopotamia and long-distance trade in lapis lazuli. Crafts: Bronze Manufacturing: Harappans used copper from Rajasthan (Khetri mines) and tin from Afghanistan. Textile and Weaving: Impressions suggest knowledge of weaving. Key Crafts: Included boat-making, bead-making, seal-making, terracotta, and pottery. Jewelry: Goldsmiths crafted jewelry from gold, silver, and precious stones. Religion: Fertility Worship: Numerous terracotta figurines suggest worship of a fertility goddess. Pashupati Seal: A male deity, Pashupati Mahadeva, is depicted surrounded by animals like elephants, tigers, and buffalo. Animal and Tree Worship: Symbols like the unicorn (possibly a rhinoceros) and humped bull were significant. Possible Reasons for Decline: Invasion Theory: Some scholars propose Indo-European tribes, like the Aryans, invaded and overthrew the civilization, although cultural continuity challenges this idea. Environmental Changes: Earthquakes may have altered rivers, and monsoon pattern shifts could have impacted agriculture, leading to food shortages and eventual decline. -Source: The Hindu PM E-DRIVE Scheme Context: The PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme strategically omits direct subsidies for electric cars. Instead, the government opts to support the electric vehicle sector through fiscal measures, such as reduced Goods and Services Tax (GST) rates on electric cars. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: What is the PM E-DRIVE Scheme? Key Facts About the Promotion of Electric Cars About FAME-II What is the PM E-DRIVE Scheme? Objective: Promotes electric mobility in India with a financial outlay of Rs 10,900 crore over two years. Replaces FAME II: This scheme has been launched to replace the FAME II initiative. Fiscal Incentives: Supports approximately 25 lakh electric two-wheelers, 3 lakh electric three-wheelers, and 14,000 electric buses through demand-based incentives. Automakers can claim reimbursements for eligible electric vehicle (EV) sales, continuing the provisions of the FAME-II scheme. Exclusion of Electric Cars: Notably, electric cars are excluded from the subsidy. Charging Infrastructure: Provisions for the installation of Electric Vehicle Public Charging Stations (EVPCS) in selected cities and highways. Technology Modernization: Test agencies will be updated to handle new and emerging green mobility technologies. Key Facts About the Promotion of Electric Cars: Impact of Exclusion from Subsidies: Following the exclusion of electric cars from the PM E-DRIVE scheme, electric car sales dropped by 9% between April and August 2024, compared to earlier months when FAME-II was active. Inadequate Charging Infrastructure: India has approximately 25,000 public charging stations for 46 lakh registered EVs. The current ratio of 184 EVs per charging station is higher than in other nations promoting electric mobility. Measures Beyond Subsidies: Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: The government provides support for auto components and advanced cell chemistry (ACC) batteries. These PLI schemes help lower production costs by fostering economies of scale, especially within the EV supply chain. Tax Benefits: Electric cars still benefit from a lower Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate of 5%, compared to 28% on hybrid/CNG vehicles and 49% on internal combustion engine vehicles. About FAME-II FAME India is a part of the National Electric Mobility Mission (NEMM) Plan. Main thrust of FAME is to encourage electric vehicles by providing subsidies. NEMM intends to allow hybrid and electric vehicles to become the first choice for the purchasers so that these vehicles can replace the conventional vehicles and thus reduce liquid fuel consumption in the country from the automobile sector. The scheme covers Hybrid & Electric technologies like Mild Hybrid, Strong Hybrid, Plug in Hybrid & Battery Electric Vehicles. Monitoring Authority: Department of Heavy Industries, the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. Under this scheme, demand incentives will be availed by buyers (end users/consumers) upfront at the point of purchase and the same shall be reimbursed by the manufacturers from Department of Heavy Industries, on a monthly basis. Fame India Scheme has four focus areas: Technology development Demand Creation Pilot Projects Charging Infrastructure -Source: The Hindu India Joins IPEF Agreements on a Clean and Fair Economy Context: India has officially signed onto the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), led by the US and comprising 14 members, aimed at promoting a clean and fair economy. The signing took place during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent visit to the US. The agreements under the IPEF focus on enhancing the development, access, and deployment of clean energy and climate-friendly technologies. Additionally, these agreements emphasize strengthening anti-corruption efforts and advancing tax transparency among the member countries, marking a significant step towards sustainable economic collaboration in the Indo-Pacific region. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Overview of IPEF Agreements Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) Overview of IPEF Agreements: Significance: India signed groundbreaking agreements focused on promoting the Clean Economy and Fair Economy under the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). Additionally, an Overarching Agreement was signed to oversee the effective implementation of these agreements. IPEF Clean Economy Agreement (Pillar-III): Objective: Aims to promote cooperation in clean energy and climate technologies to enhance energy security, climate resilience, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Areas of Focus: Technical cooperation, workforce development, capacity building, and collaborative research. Facilitates investment, project financing, and joint ventures, particularly supporting MSMEs and integrating Indian companies into global value chains in the Indo-Pacific region. Initiatives: Joint efforts will be supported through Cooperative Work Programmes, the IPEF Catalytic Capital Fund, and the IPEF Accelerator. IPEF Fair Economy Agreement (Pillar-IV): Objective: Aims to create a more transparent and predictable trade and investment environment by enhancing anti-corruption measures, including preventing bribery and improving tax transparency. Key Actions: Focus on information sharing, facilitating asset recovery, and strengthening cross-border investigations and prosecutions. Supports India’s efforts in combating corruption, money laundering, and terror financing. Collaboration: Partners will work together on Technical Assistance and Capacity Building (TACB) initiatives to improve tax administration efficiency and implement anti-corruption measures. Overarching IPEF Agreement: Oversight Mechanism: Establishes a high-level Ministerial oversight mechanism to monitor the implementation of the various IPEF agreements. Goals: Provides political oversight and ensures long-term stability of the IPEF partnership. Aims to facilitate the effective implementation of agreements under Pillars II-IV, enhancing India’s productive capacity, supply chain integration, and innovation in alignment with the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF): Inception: First proposed by US President Joe Biden during the October 2021 East Asia Summit. Aimed at developing an Indo-Pacific economic framework in partnership with countries in the region. Focus Areas: Trade facilitation, digital economy and technology standards, supply chain resiliency, decarbonization, clean energy, infrastructure, and worker standards. No Market Access: It does not include traditional market access commitments, such as tariff reductions. Instead, it functions more as an administrative arrangement. Overview of IPEF: Launch: Officially launched in Tokyo, May 2023 to strengthen economic ties and promote growth, peace, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific. Non-Traditional Agreement: Unlike traditional trade agreements, the IPEF is structured into different modules or pillars addressing various economic aspects. Four Pillars of IPEF: Pillar I: Fair and Resilient Trade. Pillar II: Supply Chain Resilience. Pillar III: Clean Economy (infrastructure and decarbonization). Pillar IV: Fair Economy (tax and anti-corruption). Participation: Countries are required to sign up for all the components within a pillar but are not obliged to participate in every module. IPEF Members: Total Members: 14 countries, including Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the United States. Significance of IPEF: Economic Impact: The IPEF bloc represents approximately 40% of global GDP and 28% of the world’s trade in goods and services. Geopolitical Strategy: Viewed as a US-backed strategy to counter China’s economic influence in the Indo-Pacific region. India’s Involvement in IPEF: India’s Participation: In September 2022, India joined three of the four pillars: Supply Chain, Clean Economy, and Fair Economy. Exclusion from Trade Pillar: India opted out of the Trade Pillar but maintains observer status during negotiations in this area. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Quality Assurance from AR Dairy Amid Tirupati Laddu Controversy Context: Amid a growing controversy over the quality of the Tirupati Laddu, AR Dairy, the supplier of ghee to the renowned Lord Balaji temple, has come forward to defend the integrity of its products. The company recently announced that samples of their ghee have been officially cleared by relevant authorities, affirming their commitment to maintaining high-quality standards. This statement aims to reassure devotees and consumers about the purity and safety of the offerings used in one of the most famous religious treats in India. Relevance: GS I: History About Tirupati Balaji Temple: Location: The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, commonly known as Tirupati Balaji Temple, is a Hindu temple situated in Tirumala, near Tirupati in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Elevation: The temple is located at an altitude of 853 meters on Venkata Hill, one of the seven hills (Saptagiri) of the Tirumala Hills. Deity: The temple is dedicated to Lord Sri Venkateswara, an incarnation of Vishnu. Scriptural Mentions: The temple is mentioned in several holy scriptures, including the Garuda Purana, Brahma Purana, and others. Historical Background: Pallava Dynasty: The temple’s origins trace back to the Pallava dynasty during the 9th century, which played a significant role in the region. Chola Dynasty: The Chola dynasty further developed and supported the temple. Vijayanagara Empire: During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, the temple received generous contributions, establishing it as a significant religious center in South India. Revival by Ramanuja: In the 12th century, the renowned saint Ramanuja revitalized the temple’s rituals and traditions, leaving a lasting impact. Religious and Cultural Significance: Richest Temple: It is one of the richest temples globally in terms of wealth and donations. Devotional Practices: A notable practice at the temple is the donation of hair by devotees, along with offerings of riches to seek divine blessings. Tirupati Laddu: The famous Tirupati Laddu, distributed as prasad, holds a Geographical Indication (GI) tag. Architecture: Dravidian Architecture: The temple is built in Dravidian architectural style, with construction dating back to 300 AD. Entrances: The temple has three entrances leading to the sanctum sanctorum, with the first entrance called Mahadwaram. Gopuram: The temple’s gopuram (gateway) stands at a height of 50 feet, situated in front of the entrance. Circumambulation Paths: The temple features two parikrama (circumambulation) paths. Main Shrine: The central shrine has a gold-plated tower known as Ananda Nilayam, and the deity is housed inside the tower. Sculptures and Courtyards: The temple’s courtyards, pillars, and halls are decorated with intricate sculptures, reflecting the spiritual essence of Hinduism. -Source: The Hindu Koodiyattom Context: Cholliyattom is an informal platform for the younger generation of Koodiyattom artists in Kerala following different styles to collaborate and to keep alive various Koodiyattom traditions and styles. Relevance: GS I: Culture About Koodiyattom: Koodiyattom is one of the oldest traditional theatre forms from Kerala, rooted in Sanskrit theatre traditions. Etymology: The prefix “kuti” in Malayalam means “combined” or “together,” while “attam” means “acting.” Thus, “Koodiyattom” translates to “combined acting”. Key Characters: Chakyaar (actor), Naambiyaar (instrumentalists), and Naangyaar, who perform female roles. Theatrical Language: The art form uses a highly stylized and codified language, with key features being neta abhinaya (expressions through the eyes) and hasta abhinaya (gestural language). Pakarnattam: A unique aspect of Koodiyattom where actors portray both male and female roles, switching between genders and multiple characters simultaneously—considered a challenging and skilled performance. Temple Theatres (Kuttambalams): These are permanent theatre structures found in major temples of Kerala, where performances are traditionally held. Performance Style: Koodiyattom treats individual acts from Sanskrit plays as full-fledged performances rather than staging the entire play. UNESCO Recognition: It was designated as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2001. -Source: The Hindu Project 200 Context: Bengaluru-based space startup Bellatrix Aerospace recently unveiled Project 200 on the inaugural day of the Bengaluru Space Expo 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Project 200: Innovative Satellite: Designed to function in an Ultra-Low Earth Orbit (180 km – 250 km). Developed by: Bellatrix Aerospace, a Bengaluru-based space technology startup. Traditional Satellite Altitudes: Satellites have typically been deployed at altitudes above 450 km, primarily to avoid atmospheric interference. Challenges at Lower Orbits: While a satellite’s performance improves at lower altitudes like 200 km, limitations in propulsion technology have previously prevented satellites from sustaining such orbits. Technology Demonstration: Project 200 is a mission to demonstrate a new satellite powered by an innovative propulsion system developed by Bellatrix Aerospace. This propulsion system allows the satellite to maintain a 200 km orbit for years, as opposed to deorbiting within days. Enhanced Capabilities: At 200 km, satellites experience significantly lower communication latency (reduced by half) and better image resolution (improved by three times). Cost-Effectiveness: Satellites operating at this lower altitude also have a lower cost compared to those placed in 450 km orbits. -Source: The Hindu Greater One-Horned Rhino Context: Kaziranga and other protected habitats of the one-horned rhinoceros in Assam recorded an 86% drop in poaching of the herbivore since 2016, Chief Minister said recently. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About the Greater One-Horned Rhino: Common Name: Also known as the Indian rhinoceros, it is the largest of the three Asian rhino species and one of the largest rhino species worldwide, alongside the African white rhinos. Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornis Distribution: Found in India and Nepal, particularly in the Himalayan foothills. Historically, they roamed freely in the floodplains and forests near the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Indus River valleys. The Kaziranga National Park in Assam, India, holds the largest population with 2,401 rhinos. Habitat: Semi-Aquatic: They often reside in swamps, forests, riversides, and areas near mineral licks that are rich in nutrients. Physical Features: The largest of the Asian rhinos, male Indian rhinos weigh about 2,200 kg (approx. 4,840 pounds), with a height ranging from 170 to 186 cm (67 to 73 inches) and a length of 368 to 380 cm (145 to 150 inches). Distinguished by a single black horn that measures between 8-25 inches, and a grey-brown skin with folds that give it an armor-plated appearance. Solitary Nature: They are generally solitary animals, except for females with calves. Males maintain loosely defended territories. Diet: Primarily grazers, they consume grasses, but also eat leaves, branches, fruit, and aquatic plants. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: The species is classified as Vulnerable. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 September 2024

CONTENTS FATF Releases Mutual Evaluation Report on India Food Import Rejection Alert Portal  FATF Releases Mutual Evaluation Report on India Context: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recently published its Mutual Evaluation Report on India, recognizing the country’s substantial progress in combating illicit finance and strengthening its financial system. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Key Highlights: Partial Compliance: India was found partially compliant in three areas. Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs): Vulnerabilities related to NPOs registered as charitable organizations and benefiting from tax exemptions. These could potentially be used for terror funding. Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs): The report highlights ambiguities regarding the source of wealth, funds, and beneficial ownership for domestic PEPs. Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions (DNFBPs): There are gaps in regulation and supervision, especially regarding money laundering and terror financing. Illegal Activities: The primary sources of money laundering risks include fraud, cyber fraud, corruption, and drug trafficking. Precious Metals and Stones (PMS): Used for moving large amounts of funds without ownership trace, contributing to vulnerabilities. Terrorism Threats: Significant risks are posed by ISIL, Al-Qaeda, and regional insurgencies. Recommendations: Expediting Money Laundering Trials: The report suggests expediting trials and improving the handling of crimes like human trafficking and drug-related offences. Improving the Freezing of Funds: Enhancements in the framework are needed to ensure timely freezing of funds and assets. Domestic PEPs: India needs to define domestic PEPs under its anti-money laundering laws and implement risk-based enhanced measures. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) The Financial Action Task Force (on Money Laundering) (FATF) is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering. In 2001, its mandate was expanded to include terrorism financing. FATF is a “policy-making body” that works to generate the necessary political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas. FATF monitors progress in implementing its Recommendations through “peer reviews” (“mutual evaluations”) of member countries. Since 2000, FATF has maintained the FATF blacklist (formally called the “Call for action”) and the FATF greylist (formally called the “Other monitored jurisdictions”). The objectives of FATF are to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system. FATF Greylists FATF greylist is officially referred to as Jurisdictions Under Increased Monitoring. FATF grey list represent a much higher risk of money laundering and terrorism financing but have formally committed to working with the FATF to develop action plans that will address their AML/CFT deficiencies. The countries on the grey list are subject to increased monitoring by the FATF, which either assesses them directly or uses FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs) to report on the progress they are making towards their AML/CFT goals. While grey-list classification is not as negative as the blacklist, countries on the list may still face economic sanctions from institutions like the IMF and the World Bank and experience adverse effects on trade. Unlike the next level “blacklist”, greylisting carries no legal sanctions, but it attracts economic strictures and restricts a country’s access to international loans FATF Blacklists FATF Blacklists is Officially known as High-Risk Jurisdictions subject to a Call for Action. FATF blacklist sets out the countries that are considered deficient in their anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regulatory regimes. The list is intended to serve not only as a way of negatively highlighting these countries on the world stage, but as a warning of the high money laundering and terror financing risk that they present. It is extremely likely that blacklisted countries will be subject to economic sanctions and other prohibitive measures by FATF member states and other international organizations. Food Import Rejection Alert Portal Context: Recently, the Food Import Rejection Alerts (FIRA)- portal was launched during the second edition of the Global Food Regulators Summit 2024 hosted by FSSAI at Bharat Mandapam. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Food Import Rejection Alert Portal Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Food Import Rejection Alert Portal Purpose: An online portal for notifying food import rejections at Indian borders. Developer: Created by the Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). Objective: To inform the public and relevant food safety authorities about rejected food imports. Key Features Information Exchange: Facilitates rapid communication among global authorities regarding food safety and health risks from rejected food. Preventive Actions: Enables food authorities to take immediate action to prevent and control risks before they cause harm. Interactive Interface: Offers an online platform for quick information dissemination, enhancing traceability and transparency. Database Functionality: Acts as a valuable resource for tracking rejected food products and strengthening risk management systems. Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Background Establishment: An autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, established by the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. Purpose: Consolidates food safety regulations in India. Mission Standards Setting: Establish globally benchmarked food safety standards. Compliance Promotion: Encourage food businesses to adhere to these standards and adopt good manufacturing and hygiene practices. Public Health: Enable citizens to access safe and healthy food. Functions Public Health Protection: Regulates and supervises food safety to protect and promote public health. Standards and Guidelines: Lays down standards for food articles and provides licensing, registration, and accreditation for food business operators. Licensing Requirement: All food sellers and importers in India must obtain a food license from FSSAI. Import Controls: FSSAI officers oversee food import controls to ensure safety and compliance, including the accreditation of food testing laboratories across India.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 September 2024

Contents: Quad’s Light Touch In Our Defenece India Needs a ‘National Security Strategy’ for Comprehensive Defence Quad’s Light Touch Context: The Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) comprising India, the US, Japan, and Australia recently held its latest summit, where leaders discussed a variety of issues, from cybersecurity cooperation to port development in the Indo-Pacific region. Despite its increasing activity, the Quad has managed to avoid being labelled as an “Asian NATO,” focusing on public goods rather than overt military alliances. The summit reinforced the Quad’s role as a key player in regional cooperation without directly targeting any nation, particularly China. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the Quad in the context of Indo-Pacific security and regional cooperation. How has the Quad avoided being branded as an “Asian NATO”? Quad’s Strategic Role in the Indo-Pacific: The Quad is a platform for strategic dialogue between India, Japan, Australia, and the United States aimed at ensuring a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific. The grouping focuses on fostering regional cooperation on non-military issues, such as climate change, cybersecurity, maritime infrastructure, and technology. The recent summit, hosted in Wilmington, Delaware, saw agreements ranging from the creation of an Indo-Pacific logistics network to advancements in biotechnology and quantum computing. These initiatives emphasize the Quad’s role in providing public goods rather than engaging in military alliances. Avoiding the “Asian NATO” Label: Despite the Quad’s growing influence, it has taken care to avoid being perceived as a military alliance akin to NATO. This strategy is crucial in maintaining the ASEAN region’s trust, as many ASEAN countries have historically been wary of any US-led security alliances directed against China. By focusing on non-military initiatives, the Quad has cultivated a cooperative relationship with ASEAN, positioning itself as a non-threatening entity that is concerned with regional development and cooperation rather than militarization. Challenges and China’s Influence: Although the Quad insists that it is not directed at China, its growing emphasis on Indo-Pacific security has undoubtedly been influenced by China’s assertive behavior in the region, particularly in the South China Sea. The US, through its parallel initiatives such as AUKUS (Australia-UK-US alliance), continues to maintain military deterrence in the region. For India, which remains the only “non-ally” of the US in the Quad, balancing its non-alignment policy while participating in the Quad’s security-focused discussions is delicate. India’s involvement is seen as part of its broader efforts to secure its maritime interests in the Indo-Pacific without overtly provoking China. Diplomatic Openings and Global Cooperation: As the Quad expands its agenda beyond the Indo-Pacific, its leaders also emphasized the importance of engaging diplomatically with China. At the Wilmington summit, President Biden signaled his intention to meet Chinese President Xi Jinping to ensure that diplomatic channels remain open despite growing tensions in the region. The Quad’s engagements continue to expand through other global platforms like G20, BRICS, and the East Asia Summit, ensuring that its cooperative agenda is seen as inclusive rather than exclusive to military concerns. Additional Data: Quad Summit: Held six times in the past four years, signaling increased cooperation. Indo-Pacific Initiatives: Covering areas from cybersecurity to quantum computing. Conclusion: The Quad has carefully balanced its light-touch diplomacy with strategic goals in the Indo-Pacific, avoiding the label of an “Asian NATO” while reinforcing regional cooperation. By focusing on public goods, cybersecurity, and infrastructure, the Quad has emerged as a key player in fostering stability and development in the Indo-Pacific. However, as China’s presence in the region continues to grow, the Quad will need to maintain its diplomatic focus while navigating geopolitical challenges. In Our Defence Context: India’s Defence Minister Rajnath Singh recently chaired the Joint Commanders’ Conference (JCC), which brought together senior military commanders to discuss matters of national security and military readiness. This conference highlights the need for continuous reforms and modernization in the Indian military to meet evolving global and regional challenges. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper III (Security and Defence) Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the Joint Commanders’ Conference in shaping India’s military strategy. How does a comprehensive review of the military help in ensuring national security? The Joint Commanders’ Conference (JCC): The JCC serves as a critical forum for India’s top military leaders to engage in discussions about national security, military reforms, and operational readiness. The recent JCC, chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, underscores India’s commitment to remaining prepared for conflict to maintain peace. The conference structure has evolved since 2014, with a visible degree of political coherence under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Earlier, the conference was held as a single session, but now it has been transformed into a more elaborate forum addressing strategic and global issues. Key Defence Reforms Since 2014: Several major reforms have been undertaken in the last decade, notably the appointment of a Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). The creation of the CDS position has improved inter-service coordination, but it has also raised questions about the precedent of appointing a retired three-star officer to a four-star position. Other critical initiatives include the restructuring of defence PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings), the implementation of the One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme, and efforts to modernize military equipment through private-sector engagement. Comprehensive Military Review and Modernization Needs: The last major review of India’s military occurred in 2018 when the Standing Committee on Defence reported that a third of India’s equipment fell into the vintage category, another third was categorized as current, and only 33% was state-of-the-art. This review highlighted the urgent need for modernization, particularly in light of India’s ageing military equipment. The Indian Air Force (IAF), for instance, is operating with only 42 fighter squadrons, a number that is expected to decline further to 32. Similarly, the Indian Navy faces a shortage of platforms, and its fleet of aircraft carriers is aging. Challenges in Defence Modernization: Modernizing the Indian military faces several financial and logistical challenges. The Standing Committee on Defence emphasized that India’s defence budget, though increasing, has not kept pace with the needs of military modernization. Additionally, the capital expenditure on defence has remained low in comparison to the US and other advanced militaries. The defence manufacturing sector in India has been undergoing reforms to encourage private sector participation. However, more needs to be done to strengthen India’s military-industrial complex to meet both domestic needs and export potential. Looking Ahead: Policy and Strategy: Going forward, India’s military strategy needs to address the evolving nature of threats from China, Pakistan, and other regional actors. The focus should remain on modernizing military capabilities, particularly in cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and space warfare. The next JCC and other military forums will be critical in shaping India’s response to these challenges, ensuring that the country is not only ready to defend its borders but also capable of projecting power in the region. Additional Data: Military Equipment: 33% vintage, 33% current, 33% state-of-the-art (as per the 2018 Standing Committee on Defence). Air Force Squadrons: The IAF currently operates with 42 squadrons, which could drop to 32 due to aging aircraft. Conclusion: The Joint Commanders’ Conference is a key step in ensuring that India’s military remains prepared for future conflicts and challenges. By conducting regular comprehensive reviews of military capabilities, the Indian armed forces can modernize and reform to meet the demands of national security in an evolving geopolitical landscape. However, this will require continued investments in equipment modernization, personnel training, and defence reforms. India Needs a ‘National Security Strategy’ for Comprehensive Defence Context: India’s rising geopolitical challenges and economic aspirations necessitate a National Security Strategy (NSS) that balances security with developmental goals. With regional tensions growing and new global alignments forming, it is essential for India to clearly articulate its priorities regarding defence, economy, and strategic partnerships. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Internal Security) Mains Question: Why does India need a National Security Strategy (NSS)? Discuss the elements that should be included to ensure comprehensive national security. The Need for a National Security Strategy: Evolving Geopolitical Landscape: With the emergence of new conflicts in regions like Ukraine and Gaza, and growing tensions with neighbours such as China and Pakistan, India faces increasing external and internal threats. The NSS would guide the nation’s defence policies, international alliances, and resource allocation. Economic Aspirations: India’s goal of becoming a $4 trillion economy also calls for a stronger defence framework to protect its assets and resources. Economic stability is tied closely to national security, as a strong economy underpins sovereignty in international affairs. Interpreting ‘National Security’ for India: Global Examples: Different nations define national security according to their specific needs. For example, the United States frames it around defending “values” and global leadership, while France focuses on European unity and global interests. For India, the term should encompass not just defence from external threats, but also economic stability, technological advancements, energy security, and cybersecurity. Components of India’s National Security Strategy: Defence Modernization: India’s current defence equipment is outdated, with one-third of its military assets in the vintage category. The NSS should prioritize modernizing military capabilities to meet future threats. Multi-Alignment Policy: India is increasingly positioning itself as a multi-aligned player in global politics, engaging with entities like BRICS, QUAD, and Russia while maintaining strong ties with the West. An NSS will need to incorporate this complex balancing act, ensuring that India maintains strategic autonomy without over-relying on any single power bloc. Public-Private Partnerships: The strategy should promote defence-industry partnerships and encourage the private sector to participate in developing cutting-edge defence technology. This aligns with Make in India goals for defence manufacturing. Challenges in Formulating the Strategy: Budgetary Constraints: Developing a coherent strategy requires resources, and India’s defence budget allocation is often criticized for being insufficient, particularly in relation to the nation’s geopolitical ambitions. Transparency in Objectives: A well-crafted NSS must balance transparency and top-secret operations. For example, while Pakistan’s defence budget is notoriously opaque, India needs to maintain a degree of clarity to avoid ambiguity in defence allocations and objectives. Coordination Across Ministries: The development of an NSS will require collaboration between various ministries, from Defence to Health, ensuring a comprehensive approach that integrates economic stability, national resilience, and military preparedness. The Path Forward: A Comprehensive Review: A National Security Advisor should oversee the formulation of an NSS, providing direction to various ministries. This strategy would encompass internal threats (terrorism, insurgencies) as well as external challenges (border security, maritime security). Moreover, the strategy must address non-traditional security threats such as climate change, energy security, and cyber warfare. Integrating these elements will ensure that India’s NSS is well-rounded and future-proof. Conclusion: India’s National Security Strategy is no longer a luxury, but a necessity in a world marked by shifting alliances, economic competition, and evolving threats. A comprehensive NSS will align India’s defence priorities with its economic and geopolitical ambitions, ensuring that the country remains secure and poised for growth in the decades to come. Additional Data: Global Strategy Examples: The US NSS emphasizes values and leadership, while France focuses on European unity and defence. India’s Military Equipment: As per reports, one-third of India’s military equipment is in the vintage category, highlighting the need for modernization.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 September 2024

CONTENTS Indian Goods Exports Lose Momentum Amid Rising Trade Deficit Explosions in Lebanon Linked to Modified Devices Used by Hezbollah Government Announces “White Revolution 2.0” to Boost Dairy Sector Sixth Quad Leaders Summit Green Climate Fund Global Cybersecurity Index Advocate-on-Record  Indian Goods Exports Lose Momentum Amid Rising Trade Deficit Context: Following a strong start in the first quarter of 2024-25, India’s goods exports have experienced a slowdown, with a 1.5% decline in July reaching an eight-month low, and a further 9.3% contraction in August. This decline coincided with a record import bill of $64.4 billion in August, resulting in a merchandise trade deficit of $29.7 billion, the second highest after October 2023’s record gap of $29.9 billion. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Factors Behind the Widening Trade Deficit Risks Associated with Widening Trade Deficits Challenges Ahead Factors Behind the Widening Trade Deficit Overview of Trade Deficit Growth Recent Trends: Exports have decreased over the past two months. Imports rose by 7.5% in July and 3.3% in August. Resulted in a trade deficit reaching a nine-month high of $23.5 billion in July. The deficit further widened by approximately $6.2 billion in August. Export Performance Sector Growth: 18 out of 30 major segments saw growth in exports in July. 19 segments showed growth in August. Notable Declines: Key sectors like petroleum and gems and jewellery faced significant downturns. Oil exports fell by 22.2% in July and 37.6% in August. Jewellery exports dropped over 20% in both months. Slowing Growth in Other Sectors: Notable slowdowns in drugs, pharmaceuticals, and electronics. Declines in certain segments like stone, plaster, cement, and iron ore due to a slowing Chinese economy. Oil Import Trends Impact of Oil Prices: Despite a $6 decrease in oil prices per barrel in August, India’s oil import bill decreased nearly one-third to $11 billion. This brought the petroleum deficit to its lowest in three years. Contributions to Trade Deficit Key Contributors: The rise in the merchandise trade deficit was primarily due to declines in gems and jewellery exports, with minor contributions from miscellaneous and electronic items. Gems and Jewellery Exports: Exports fell below $2 billion. Gold imports surged to a record $10.1 billion in August, more than doubling from previous months. This surge contrasts with a 10.7% decrease in gold imports in July. Reasons for Increased Gold Imports Factors Influencing Gold Imports: Reduction of gold import duty from 15% to 6%, as per the Budget announcement. Recent rise in gold prices. Domestic jewellery manufacturers stocking up for the festive season. Future Outlook Expectations: Economists anticipate that the full effects of the duty cuts on gold and other items will continue to impact the import bill in the coming months. Risks Associated with Widening Trade Deficits Current Economic Outlook No Immediate Risk: Commerce Secretary Sunil Barthwal reassures that the trade deficit poses no significant risk to the economy. India’s growth rate exceeds that of the global economy, leading to higher demand for imports than the world’s demand for Indian exports. Barthwal asserts that for a developing economy with high growth, the trade deficit should not be a concern, provided there are no foreign exchange issues. Foreign Capital and Reserves Positive Capital Inflows: Foreign capital inflows have remained positive in recent months. Foreign Exchange Reserves: As of August 2, India’s foreign exchange reserves reached a record $675 billion. The Finance Ministry notes this is sufficient to cover 11.6 months of imports. Coverage may decrease if imports exceed $60 billion in the near future. Growth in Services Exports: Services exports are estimated to have increased by over 10% from April to August, providing some reassurance. Global Trade Environment Expected Growth: Global trade is projected to grow faster in 2024 compared to 2023, though current demand is weak in developed markets. Geopolitical Risks: Ongoing geopolitical tensions and conflicts, along with the upcoming U.S. elections and tariff hikes on Chinese goods, complicate the trade landscape. China’s declining demand for imports may lead to increased dumping of goods in non-U.S. markets at lower prices. Oil Prices and Exports: Low oil prices, driven by global demand pressures, may negatively impact India’s oil export prospects. Challenges Ahead Long-Term Export Goals: The Indian government aims to increase services and goods exports to $1 trillion each by 2030. Hurdles to Growth: Chief Economic Adviser V. Anantha Nageswaran highlights challenges such as: Slowing global economy. Increased tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Adoption of “active industrial policies” by various countries post-pandemic. New trade regulations, including the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and Deforestation Rules. Outlook: While there may be opportunities to boost exports in the next year or two, the overall forecast for trade growth remains challenging. -Source: The Hindu Explosions in Lebanon Linked to Modified Devices Used by Hezbollah Context: Recent explosions in Lebanon, involving hand-held radios such as walkie-talkies and pagers used by Hezbollah, resulted in several fatalities and hundreds of injuries across multiple locations. The devices were covertly modified with Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) to avoid detection via cell phones. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Walkie-Talkies Pagers Hezbollah Lebanon Walkie-Talkies: Definition: Handheld, two-way radio devices that allow for voice communication over radio waves. They consist of a transmitter-receiver unit, a microphone, a speaker, and a push-to-talk button. History: First used by the military in the 1930s. Invented by Don Hings in 1937, initially for pilots, and were known as wireless sets, pack sets, and two-way field radios. How They Work: Operate on specific frequency bands. Users press the push-to-talk button to transmit their voice, which is converted into radio waves. The receiving walkie-talkie picks up these waves and converts them back into sound. Applications: Extensively used in emergency services, security, military operations, and industries like construction and hospitality. Valuable in areas with poor mobile network reception due to their independence from cellular networks. Modern Features: Modern walkie-talkies include features like flashlights, hands-free technology, SOS signals, and weather alerts. Common Issues: Coverage can be lost due to battery depletion. Background noise and static during transmission. Privacy concerns as transmissions can sometimes be intercepted. Pagers: Definition: Also known as beepers, pagers are wireless devices that receive and display messages. They are particularly reliable in areas with weak cellular signals. History and Usage: Widely used in the 1980s and still relied upon in specific fields like healthcare and emergency services. How They Work: Operate using radio signals transmitted by towers. Can penetrate areas where cellular signals are weak, making them reliable for critical communication. Types of Pagers: One-way Pagers: Receive messages but cannot send replies. They alert users through beeps or vibrations. Two-way Pagers: Allow sending and receiving messages but have fewer functions compared to smartphones. Applications in Covert Operations: No GPS or Internet Connectivity: This reduces the risk of location tracking. Difficult to Monitor: Radio frequencies are harder to monitor than cellular or internet-based communications. Modified Uses: Pagers can be used to trigger remote signals or alerts discreetly. Use in RCIEDs: Pagers and other electronics have been modified for use in Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIEDs), making them effective in covert operations. Comparison: Walkie-Talkies: Ideal for real-time two-way voice communication, especially in environments where direct and immediate conversation is necessary. Pagers: Best for receiving text-based alerts or messages, especially in low-signal environments and when real-time conversation is not required. Hezbollah: Definition: Hezbollah, meaning “Party of God,” is a Shia militia and political party based in Lebanon. It is considered one of the most heavily armed non-state actors in the world. Formation and Background: It emerged during the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) in response to Israeli invasions of southern Lebanon in 1978 and 1982. Inspired by Iran’s 1979 Islamic revolution, Hezbollah has received significant support from Iran, particularly the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Designation as a Terrorist Organization: The United States, Israel, and several other countries have designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organization due to its militant activities, involvement in attacks, and its role in regional conflicts. Lebanon: Location: Lebanon is a country in the Levant region of West Asia, situated along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Borders: It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. The island of Cyprus lies to the west, across the Mediterranean. Capital: The capital and largest city is Beirut. -Source: Hindustan Times Government Announces “White Revolution 2.0” to Boost Dairy Sector Context: Building on the success of Operation Flood, which initiated the White Revolution in 1970 and transformed India’s dairy sector, the government has announced plans for “White Revolution 2.0” to further enhance the sector’s growth and productivity. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: White Revolution 2.0: Key Objectives and Initiatives Status of Dairy Cooperatives in India Milk Scenario in India: Overview and Key Insights Challenges and Future Prospects Conclusion White Revolution 2.0: Key Objectives and Initiatives Boosting Milk Procurement: The initiative aims to increase milk procurement by dairy cooperatives from 660 lakh kg per day in 2023-24 to 1,007 lakh kg per day by 2028-29. This represents a 50% increase over the next five years, enhancing market access for dairy farmers and generating employment opportunities, especially empowering women in rural areas. Expanding Cooperative Reach: Focuses on expanding the reach of dairy cooperatives to new, uncovered areas, thus increasing their share in the organized dairy sector. This will build on the legacy of Operation Flood, which revolutionized milk production and distribution in India. Establishing New Dairy Cooperative Societies (DCSs): The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) plans to establish 56,000 new multipurpose DCSs over the next five years and strengthen 46,000 existing ones. Key states identified for new DCSs include Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh. These societies will be equipped with advanced milk procurement and testing infrastructure to ensure quality and efficiency. Funding and Support: The National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) 2.0 will provide the majority of the funding for White Revolution 2.0. Financial aid will be provided for setting up milk procurement systems, chilling facilities, and capacity-building programs at the village level. An additional grant of Rs 40,000 will be provided to 1,000 Multipurpose Primary Agricultural Credit Cooperative Societies (MPACSs) to support the infrastructure of dairy cooperatives. Pilot Project Success: In February 2023, NDDB launched a Rs 3.8 crore pilot project to establish dairy cooperatives in uncovered gram panchayats in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka. As a result, 79 new DCSs were set up, now procuring 15,000 liters of milk daily from around 2,500 farmers. Status of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Current Coverage: Dairy cooperatives currently cover around 70% of India’s districts, with approximately 1.7 lakh cooperative societies operating in 2 lakh villages. This accounts for 30% of the total villages in the country. Contribution to Milk Procurement: These cooperative societies procure about 10% of the country’s total milk production and 16% of the marketable surplus. Regional Disparities: States like Gujarat, Kerala, and Sikkim have higher coverage of dairy cooperatives. In contrast, states such as West Bengal and regions like the Northeast have less than 10% coverage, indicating significant regional disparities. The government aims to bridge these gaps by expanding the dairy cooperative networks across all regions in India. Impact and Future Goals: Market Empowerment: White Revolution 2.0 aims to provide better market access and support to dairy farmers in less covered and uncovered areas, boosting their income and ensuring better price realization for their produce. Employment and Women’s Empowerment: The initiative is expected to generate substantial employment opportunities in rural areas and empower women by providing them with a reliable source of income. Dairy Sector Growth: By increasing the share of dairy cooperatives in the organized sector, White Revolution 2.0 aims to ensure a more structured and efficient dairy supply chain, contributing to the overall growth of India’s dairy industry. Milk Scenario in India: Overview and Key Insights Global Leadership in Milk Production: India is the world’s largest milk producer, achieving a production volume of 230.58 million tonnes during the 2022-23 period. There has been a notable increase in milk production, rising from 187.75 million tonnes in 2018-19 to 230.58 million tonnes in 2022-23. Despite this growth, the annual growth rate of production has declined, falling from 6.47% to 3.83% over the same period. Marketable Surplus and Consumption: Approximately 63% of the total milk production reaches the market for sale, while the remaining portion is retained by producers for self-consumption. Of the milk entering the market, about two-thirds are handled by the unorganized sector, indicating a significant role of small-scale vendors and local markets. Organized Sector and Cooperatives: In the organized sector, dairy cooperatives hold a significant share, contributing to structured marketing and distribution networks. Efforts like the White Revolution 2.0 aim to increase the participation of dairy cooperatives, especially in underserved regions. Average Yield of Dairy Animals: The average milk yield for exotic/crossbred animals stands at 8.55 kg per animal per day, while for indigenous/nondescript animals, it is only 3.44 kg per animal per day. There are significant regional disparities, with yields as high as 13.49 kg per animal per day in Punjab for exotic/crossbreed animals, compared to just 6.30 kg per animal per day in West Bengal. Per Capita Milk Availability: The national per capita availability of milk in India is 459 grams per day, which is notably higher than the global average of 323 grams per day. However, this availability varies significantly across states, ranging from 329 grams per day in Maharashtra to 1,283 grams per day in Punjab. Leading Milk Producing States: The top five milk-producing states in India are: Uttar Pradesh (15.72%) Rajasthan (14.44%) Madhya Pradesh (8.73%) Gujarat (7.49%) Andhra Pradesh (6.70%) Together, these states contribute over 53% of the country’s total milk production. Economic Contribution of the Dairy Sector: The milk group, which includes milk consumed or sold in liquid form, ghee, butter, and lassi produced by households, accounted for almost 40% (Rs 11.16 lakh crore) of the total value of output from the agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing sector in 2022-23. This contribution is significantly higher than that of cereals, highlighting the economic importance of the dairy sector. Livelihood and Employment: The dairy sector is a major source of livelihood in India, providing direct or indirect employment to more than 8.5 crore people. A significant proportion of those involved in dairy activities are women, emphasizing the sector’s role in rural women’s economic empowerment. Challenges and Future Prospects: Addressing Regional Disparities: Efforts like White Revolution 2.0 aim to bridge the gaps in dairy cooperative coverage, particularly in underserved regions like West Bengal and the Northeast. Improving Yield and Productivity: Enhancing the yield of dairy animals through better breeding, feed, and healthcare practices is essential for sustaining growth in milk production. Organized Sector Expansion: Increasing the share of the organized sector, especially through cooperatives, will help in ensuring better price realization for farmers and quality assurance for consumers. Conclusion: The Indian dairy sector has made significant strides in becoming the world leader in milk production. However, there are still challenges to be addressed, such as improving productivity, reducing regional disparities, and expanding the organized sector’s reach. Initiatives like White Revolution 2.0 aim to tackle these issues and ensure sustainable growth and development of the dairy industry in India. -Source: The Hindu, Indian Express Sixth Quad Leaders Summit Context: PM Modi participated in the sixth Quad Leaders’ Summit in Wilmington, Delaware (USA). This year’s summit was hosted by US. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Outcomes of Quad Summit 2024: About QUAD Key Outcomes of Quad Summit 2024: Quad Wilmington Declaration: Adopted to advance the Quad agenda, outlining the group’s strategic direction and collaborative initiatives. Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative: Objective: Aims to reduce the burden of cancer in the Indo-Pacific region, focusing initially on cervical cancer. Approach: Builds on prior collaboration in COVID-19 efforts, leveraging investments, scientific expertise, and contributions from the private and non-profit sectors. Future Scope: The initiative aims to address other forms of cancer over time. Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI): Purpose: Supports regional partners in effectively utilizing tools from the Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) and other Quad initiatives. Components: Enhances maritime monitoring, security, law enforcement, and deters illegal activities in regional waters. India to host the inaugural MAITRI workshop in 2025. Introduction of a maritime legal dialogue to uphold a rules-based maritime order in the Indo-Pacific. Upgrades to IPMDA capabilities with new technology and data over the next year. Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission: Launch: First-ever mission planned for 2025. Participants: US, Japan, Australia, and Indian Coast Guards. Goal: Enhance maritime safety and interoperability among Quad nations. Quad Indo-Pacific Logistics Network Pilot Project: Function: Share airlift capacity and leverage collective logistics strengths. Benefit: Enables faster and more efficient civilian responses to natural disasters across the Indo-Pacific. Sustainable Port Infrastructure Development: Focus: Support sustainable and resilient port infrastructure development in the Indo-Pacific. Objective: Utilize Quad’s expertise for infrastructure support. Semiconductor Supply Chains Contingency Network Memorandum of Cooperation: Aim: Enhance the resilience of Quad’s semiconductor supply chains, ensuring stability and security in technology supply. Other Announcements: Energy Efficiency: Collective effort to boost energy efficiency, including the deployment and manufacturing of high-efficiency affordable cooling systems in the Indo-Pacific. Space-Based Web Portal: India to establish a space-based web portal for Mauritius, supporting open science for monitoring extreme weather events and climate impact. Quad STEM Fellowship: New sub-category under the Quad STEM Fellowship for students from the Indo-Pacific to pursue a 4-year bachelor’s engineering program at a Government of India-funded technical institute. Future Summits: Quad Leaders’ Summit 2025: India will host the next Quad Leaders’ Summit in 2025, continuing the dialogue and collaboration among Quad nations. About QUAD The Quad is an informal strategic forum comprising four nations, namely –India, United States of America, Australia and Japan. One of the primary objectives of the Quad is, to work for a free, open, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. The group for the first time met in 2007 on the side lines of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is considered an alliance of maritime democracies. The forum is maintained through meetings, semi-regular summits, information exchanges, and military drills of all the member countries. The motive behind the Quad is, to keep the strategic sea routes in the Indo-Pacific, free of any military or political influence. The core objective of the Quad is, to secure a rules-based global order, freedom of navigation and, a liberal trading system. The coalition also aims to offer, alternative debt financing for nations in the Indo-Pacific region. Purpose of Quad: Recently the U.S. has clarified that Quad is not a security or military partnership. Its purpose is to advance cooperation on key priorities in specific sectors that is consistent with international law It promotes shared values of its members and underpins peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. A U.S. State Department spokesperson said that “We work to support the rule of law, freedom of navigation and overflight, peaceful resolution of disputes, democratic values, and territorial integrity through open dialogue and information sharing on a diverse set of issue areas, including Maritime Security”. Significance of Quad: Quad is becoming a powerful mechanism and its significance is given below: Helping to vaccinate a big part of the world and getting a lot of vaccines out there, Strengthening maritime security to push back against aggression and coercion in the Indo-Pacific region, Working together on emerging technologies and making sure that they can be used in positive ways and an increasingly broad and deep agenda. It also supports many activities/platforms as part of its shared approach to the Indo-Pacific. -Source: The Hindu Green Climate Fund Context: Recently, the Chief of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) committed to ensuring that vulnerable nations receive the necessary financial support to address climate challenges. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Green Climate Fund (GCF): Overview: Establishment: The GCF was established at COP 16 in Cancun, 2010, as a key initiative under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Purpose: The GCF aims to support developing countries in their efforts to combat climate change by funding projects and programs that promote low-emission and climate-resilient development. Structure: It operates as a legally independent institution with a fully independent secretariat, led by an Executive Secretary. The Secretariat is based in Songdo, South Korea, and began its operations in December 2013. Function and Approach: Partnership Approach: The GCF uses a country-owned approach to accelerate transformative climate action in developing countries. This involves collaborating with national entities and leveraging flexible financing solutions. Expertise: The GCF provides climate investment expertise and supports projects that integrate both mitigation and adaptation measures. -Source: The Hindu Global Cybersecurity Index Context: India has marked a significant milestone in its cybersecurity efforts by achieving top Tier i.e. Tier 1 status in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) Purpose: A trusted reference for assessing and raising awareness of countries’ commitment to cybersecurity at a global level. Publisher: International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Assessment Criteria: Countries are evaluated based on their development and engagement across five pillars: Legal Measures Technical Measures Organizational Measures Capacity Development Cooperation Scoring: Each country’s performance in these pillars is aggregated into an overall score. Key Highlights of GCI 2024 Top Performers: 46 countries are placed in Tier 1, representing the highest commitment to cybersecurity across all five pillars. India scored 98.49 out of 100, positioning it among the top ‘role-modelling’ countries demonstrating strong global cybersecurity practices. General Trends: Most countries fall into either Tier 3 (“establishing”) or Tier 4 (“evolving”) in terms of cybersecurity development. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Specialized agency of the United Nations for information and communication technologies. Coordinates between governments and private sector bodies for global telecommunication and ICT services. Established in 1865 as International Telegraph Union. Became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1947. Headquarters located in Geneva, Switzerland. Membership: ITU has a membership of 193 countries and nearly 800 private sector entities and academic institutions. Functions of International Telecommunication Union (ITU): Allocation of global radio spectrum and satellite orbits. Coordination and setting of technical standards related to telecommunication/ICT. Striving to improve access to ICTs in underserved communities worldwide. India’s association with ITU: India has been an active member of the ITU since 1869. India has been a regular member of the ITU Council since 1952. ITU Area office and Innovation Centre: India has fully funded the ITU Area Office, which is located on the second floor of the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DoT) building in Mehrauli, New Delhi. The office will serve countries in the region including India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Afghanistan, and Iran. The office aims to improve coordination among nations in the region and foster mutually beneficial economic cooperation. -Source: The Hindu Advocate-on-Record Context: The Supreme Court (SC) recently said that advocates-on-record (AoR) in a given case must mark the appearance of only those lawyers who are authorized to appear and argue that case on the particular day Relevance: Facts for Prelims Advocate-on-Record (AoR) Introduced by the Supreme Court (SC) of India under the powers granted by Article 145(1) of the Indian Constitution. Purpose: Regulates the practices and procedures of the SC by designating a specific category of advocates. Role and Responsibilities Exclusive Rights: An AoR is the only advocate authorized to represent clients and file cases in the SC. They have the exclusive right to file and conduct cases in the SC. Procedural Duties: Responsible for completing all procedural formalities, such as drafting and filing petitions, applications, and other legal documents. An AoR is assisted by a registered clerk for these tasks. Communication: All notices, orders, or correspondences from the SC are sent to the AoR, making them the primary point of contact between the court and the client. Specialization: AoRs specialize in the practice and procedures of the SC and are well-versed in its rules and regulations. Unique Provision: This designation exists only in the SC; no other High Court in India has a similar system. Requirements to Become an AoR Outlined in Order IV Rule 5 of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013: State Bar Enrollment: The advocate must be enrolled with any State Bar Council. Experience: A minimum of four years of prior legal experience. Training: Completion of one year of training under a senior AoR. Examination: Must pass an examination conducted by the SC. Location Requirement: Must have an office in Delhi within a 10-mile radius of the SC house. Must employ a registered clerk within one month of registration as an AoR. Identification Unique Identification Number: Upon registration, an AoR is issued a unique identification number. This number must be used on all documents filed in the SC. Significance AoRs play a crucial role in navigating legal matters through the highest court of the country, ensuring that procedures are properly followed and legal documentation is accurately filed. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 September 2024

CONTENTS Indian Navy Announces Second Women Circumnavigation Expedition Launch of Swabhav Swachhata Sanskaar Swachhata (4S) 2024 Campaign  Indian Navy Announces Second Women Circumnavigation Expedition Context: The Indian Navy has announced its second all-women circumnavigation expedition and unveiled the official expedition logo, marking a significant step in promoting women’s participation in maritime endeavors. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Indian Navy’s All-Women Circumnavigation Expedition Announcement of Expedition The Indian Navy has launched its second all-women circumnavigation expedition, showcasing its commitment to enhancing women’s roles in maritime activities. Expedition Details Two officers, Lt Cdr Roopa A and Lt Cdr Dilna K, will participate in the Navika Sagar Parikrama II expedition aboard the vessel INSV Tarini. The expedition is supported by Cdr Abhilash Tomy (Retd.), a celebrated circumnavigator and Golden Globe Race champion. About the Golden Globe Race This esteemed solo sailing competition challenges participants to navigate the globe without stopping, relying solely on traditional navigation techniques. Expedition Logo Significance The logo features an octagonal shape at its center representing the Indian Navy. The sun symbolizes a celestial body, while the compass serves as a guide for sailors navigating difficult waters. Previous Indian Navy Expeditions A trans-oceanic journey from Goa to Rio de Janeiro, passing through Cape Town. A sailing mission from Goa to Sri Vijaya Puram (formerly Port Blair) and back. An expedition from Goa to Port Louis, Mauritius. Launch of Swabhav Swachhata Sanskaar Swachhata (4S) 2024 Campaign Context: The Swabhav Swachhata Sanskaar Swachhata (4S) 2024 campaign has been launched in New Delhi, serving as the theme for the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) 2024, aimed at promoting cleanliness and sanitation across the nation. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Swabhav Swachhata Sanskaar Swachhata Campaign Objective The Central Government aims to transform challenging and unsanitary locations within a set timeframe. Key Feature Introduction of Cleanliness Target Units (CTUs), which involves identifying and mapping these units through a specialized portal. Three Pillars of the 4S 2024 Campaign Swachhata Ki Bhaagidari: Encouraging public participation, awareness, and advocacy for a cleaner India. Sampoorna Swachhata: Organizing large-scale cleanliness drives focused on particularly difficult and dirty areas (Cleanliness Target Units). SafaiMitra Suraksha Shivir: Providing a single-window service, safety measures, and recognition programs for the welfare and health of sanitation workers. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) This initiative seeks to create a significant shift towards sustainable behavioral change, integrate cleanliness into daily life, and encourage widespread public involvement in maintaining a clean and healthy environment.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 September 2024

Contents: For Liberty, By Law The Fed’s Rate Reduction: A Lifeline for Developing Economies? For Liberty, By Law Context: The Supreme Court of India has, in recent decisions, reiterated the constitutional right to personal liberty by emphasizing the importance of bail as a fundamental safeguard. A recent case examined the limits of restrictive statutory provisions on personal liberty, focusing on laws like the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), where stringent conditions make bail difficult. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (Polity and Constitution) Mains Question: How has the Supreme Court of India upheld the principle of personal liberty in recent decisions regarding bail? Discuss the balance between statutory restrictions and constitutional rights. Historical Perspective of Article 21: The right to life and personal liberty, enshrined under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, has long been considered a sacrosanct principle. During the Constituent Assembly debates, members like K.M. Munshi and T.T. Krishnamachari stressed the need to protect personal liberty from becoming a “plaything of laws.” These debates laid the foundation for ensuring that any restrictions on personal liberty, including pretrial detention, must be just, fair, and reasonable. Recent Supreme Court Decisions: A landmark judgment by a division bench of Justices B.R. Gavai and K.V. Viswanathan in July emphasized the role of the judiciary in safeguarding personal liberty. The case questioned whether a person could be denied bail under stringent laws like the PMLA and UAPA despite procedural delays and slow investigations. The Court ruled that constitutional guarantees must prevail over statutory restrictions. It observed that “liberty is sacrosanct” and cannot be curtailed simply because of restrictive provisions in penal statutes. The bench added that an accused cannot be kept behind bars indefinitely, especially when due process is compromised. Implications of the Ruling: This ruling aligns with the principle that the right to bail must be a default rule, with detention being the exception. When personal liberty is at stake, courts must weigh the severity of the offense against procedural lapses and delays. Importantly, this decision challenges the increasingly onerous restrictions on bail, particularly under special laws like the PMLA, where the threshold for granting bail is high. Courts are now leaning toward the principle that denial of bail should be an exception only under compelling circumstances. The Role of Due Process and Personal Liberty: Due process has emerged as a central theme in the Court’s jurisprudence. Article 21’s protection of liberty is seen as a guarantee against arbitrary detention, ensuring that individuals cannot be deprived of their liberty without fair judicial review. The Court’s reaffirmation of bail as a fundamental right ensures that arbitrary or prolonged detention under special laws can be reviewed by the judiciary, thereby preventing misuse of the law. Looking Ahead: Constitutional Supremacy Over Statutory Provisions: The judgment underscores the Court’s role as a custodian of constitutional rights. It places a premium on judicial intervention when statutory provisions threaten to undermine personal liberty. As India marks the 75th anniversary of its Constitution, the importance of maintaining constitutional supremacy in legal interpretation is more crucial than ever. Personal liberty, as a cornerstone of human rights, must be protected not just by the letter of the law, but by its spirit. Additional Data: Article 21: Right to life and personal liberty. Bail Decisions: The Court has increasingly favored granting bail unless there are compelling reasons to deny it, particularly under laws like the PMLA and UAPA. Conclusion: Recent rulings by the Supreme Court of India have reinforced the primacy of personal liberty under Article 21, particularly in cases where restrictive laws impede the right to bail. These decisions emphasize that constitutional guarantees must always prevail over statutory provisions, ensuring that due process is upheld and that no individual is unjustly detained. The Fed’s Rate Reduction: A Lifeline for Developing Economies? Context: The U.S. Federal Reserve has recently cut its benchmark interest rate for the first time in four years, marking a significant policy pivot. This move comes after the Fed had kept interest rates at their highest levels in over two decades to combat inflation, primarily in response to the COVID-19 pandemic-driven inflation surge. The rate reduction is expected to have widespread implications, especially for emerging market economies (EMEs). Relevance: General Studies Paper III (Economy) Mains Question: Analyze the impact of the U.S. Federal Reserve’s rate reduction on emerging market economies. How will this decision affect developing countries, particularly India? The Federal Reserve’s Rate Cut: On Wednesday, the Federal Reserve cut its interest rate by half a percentage point, the first rate reduction in more than four years. This policy change comes after a series of rate hikes since 2022, meant to control inflation, which had spiked due to supply chain disruptions and other factors linked to the pandemic. The decision was explained by Fed Chairman Jerome Powell, who pointed out that a recalibration was needed to ensure continued economic growth and to stabilize inflation around 2%. Impact on Emerging Markets: The rate hikes over the past two years led to a strong U.S. dollar, which posed significant challenges for emerging market economies (EMEs), particularly in Africa and Latin America. A strong dollar increases the cost of servicing foreign debt, making it difficult for these countries to maintain investments in crucial public infrastructure and services. With the Federal Reserve’s pivot, EMEs are expected to see a revival of capital flows as foreign portfolio investors, encouraged by the lower interest rates in the U.S., move capital to higher-yielding markets in developing economies. India, for example, is likely to benefit from increased foreign investment in its debt markets. Implications for Inflation and Capital Flows: Shaktikanta Das, the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, highlighted that the Fed’s previous rate hikes had led to inflationary pressures in EMEs due to the strong U.S. dollar. As the dollar strengthened, the cost of importing goods rose, leading to higher input costs and consumer inflation in many developing economies. With the recent rate cut, these pressures could ease, leading to stabilization in currency exchange rates and reducing inflation in EMEs. Moreover, foreign portfolio investments (FPI) into countries like India are expected to increase, improving liquidity in financial markets. Broader Economic Relief for Developing Economies: In regions like Latin America and Africa, the cost of servicing foreign debt has become unsustainable, leading to reduced investments in public infrastructure and essential services. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has raised concerns about how high borrowing costs are impacting these countries’ economic growth. The Fed’s rate cut could bring relief, as borrowing costs decline, allowing these nations to redirect funds towards development projects and poverty alleviation programs. Risks and Global Economic Uncertainty: While the Fed’s rate cut is viewed positively, global economic uncertainties remain. Factors such as the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, rising oil prices, and geopolitical tensions in the Middle East could still impact the global economic outlook. The Fed’s move may offer temporary relief, but sustained recovery will depend on how these issues unfold in the coming months. Additional Data: Fed’s Benchmark Rate: Reduced by half a percentage point. Impact on EMEs: Lower debt servicing costs, improved foreign capital flows. Conclusion: The U.S. Federal Reserve’s rate reduction could offer significant relief to emerging market economies, especially those burdened by high foreign debt and inflationary pressures. Countries like India stand to gain from increased foreign capital inflows, while others may find room to invest in public infrastructure and services. However, global uncertainties continue to pose risks to the long-term impact of this policy change.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 September 2024

CONTENTS Steel Sector Decarbonization Indian PM Highlights Reforms and Global Collaboration at World Food India 2024 Archaeological Discovery During Rainwater Harvesting in Kerala Vivad Se Vishwas Scheme 2024 Square Kilometer Array Telescope Earth’s Gravitational Field to Temporarily Capture Asteroid 2024 PT5 Steel Sector Decarbonization Context: In response to escalating environmental concerns and the global movement towards sustainable industrial practices, the Ministry of Steel is formulating financial strategies to endorse decarbonization initiatives within the steel sector. This proactive stance aims to mitigate the environmental impact of steel production and align with international sustainability goals. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Steel Sector Decarbonization Options Understanding Decarbonization in the Steel Sector Unique Challenges to Decarbonizing India’s Steel Sector Government Initiatives Promoting Steel Industry Decarbonization Strategies for Steel Sector Decarbonization Steel Sector Decarbonization Options Strategic Initiatives Performance-Linked Incentives (PLI): The Steel Ministry is evaluating the use of PLI schemes for funding decarbonization initiatives. These are still under discussion and require finalization. Financial Projections: A comprehensive decarbonization strategy will necessitate an estimated USD 300 billion, covering USD 13 billion for small steel mills upgrades and USD 150 billion for cutting-edge technologies like iron direct reduction and carbon capture. Technological Innovations Direct Iron Reduction: This process eliminates oxygen from iron ore without melting, contrasting traditional blast furnace operations. Policy Development: The formulation of India’s Green Steel Policy, incorporating multiple PLI schemes, is currently underway but remains in preliminary phases. Alternative Energy Sources: Considering natural gas as a substitute for coal or coke in blast furnaces to decrease emissions. Efficiency and Emission Control Energy Usage: Energy consumption in Indian steel plants averages 6-6.5 Gigacalorie (Gcal)/tonne, surpassing the 4.5-5 Gcal/tonne used in foreign facilities, mainly due to the prevalent use of coal and outdated technology. CO2 Intensity Reduction: Aiming to lower CO2 emissions from 3.1 T/tcs in 2005 to 2.64 T/tcs by 2020, with a target reduction to 2.4 T/tcs by 2030, equating to a 1% annual decrease. Regulatory and Trade Considerations Import Regulation: Strategies are being developed to shield the domestic industry from competitive foreign markets through pricing strategies, elevated import duties, and safeguard measures. Trade Balance: Efforts to mitigate the transition from a net steel exporter to a net importer with a 1.1 million tonne deficit in 2024 are integral. Understanding Decarbonization in the Steel Sector Definition and Importance Decarbonization Explained: It involves reducing CO2 emissions and the carbon footprint associated with steel production, leading towards the creation of Green Steel. Crucial for Sustainability: Vital for addressing climate change and enhancing sustainability within the sector. Industry Dynamics Production Capacity: India ranks as the second-largest crude steel producer globally, with significant production capacities. Consumption Patterns: Current per capita steel consumption in India stands at 97.7 kg, significantly below the global average but set to increase per national policy goals. National and Global Commitments Greenhouse Gas Management: India, which houses 17% of the global population, contributes to only 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions but is committed to substantial green initiatives. Future Goals: Aligning with the 2070 net-zero targets, the steel industry’s decarbonization is essential for meeting both national and international climate objectives. Green Steel Production Innovative Practices: Focus on manufacturing steel through sustainable means such as green and blue hydrogen—produced from renewable electricity and fossil fuels with carbon capture, respectively. Strategic Importance: Enhancing the development of green steel is crucial for significantly reducing the industry’s carbon footprint and supporting global sustainability efforts. Unique Challenges to Decarbonizing India’s Steel Sector Material and Resource Constraints: Unlike developed countries that rely more on scrap and have access to low-carbon fuels, India faces a shortage of sufficient scrap and contends with expensive natural gas. Energy Source Limitations: Predominantly using low-grade coal and iron ore, India experiences elevated emissions and energy consumption. Emission Intensity: The emission intensity for Indian steel stands at 2.54 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of crude steel, surpassing the global average of 1.91. Energy Production Methods: Integrated steel plants in India predominantly use coal-based captive power plants, resulting in higher emissions compared to those utilizing cleaner energy sources internationally. Research and Development: R&D in India is crucial yet underfunded, with only 0.64% of GDP invested, and a limited private sector contribution, hindering the advancement of critical technologies like hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI). Financial Hurdles: The transition to greener technologies in the steel sector is financially daunting, estimated to require between USD 5.2 to 6.1 trillion globally, with Indian steel plants alone needing approximately USD 283 billion. CO2 Monitoring Challenges: Effective CO2 emissions monitoring is hampered by complex supply chains, fragmented data, and a lack of skilled carbon management professionals. Government Initiatives Promoting Steel Industry Decarbonization Strategic Task Forces: Under the Ministry of Steel, 14 task forces aim to develop and recommend decarbonization strategies. Steel Scrap Recycling Policy: Enacted in 2019 to enhance the circular economy through increased scrap availability and metal scrapping centers. National Green Hydrogen Mission: Focused on boosting green hydrogen production, crucial for the steel industry’s transition to lower emissions. Vehicle Scrapping Rules: Introduced to augment scrap material availability for steel production. National Solar Mission: Promotes solar energy utilization to reduce emissions within the steel sector. PAT Scheme: A part of the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency aimed at incentivizing significant energy savings. Carbon Credit Trading: Launched in 2023 to facilitate carbon credit exchanges, aiding emission reduction at reduced costs. Strategies for Steel Sector Decarbonization Energy Efficiency: Leveraging the PAT scheme has already yielded significant energy savings, exceeding initial targets. Technological Upgrades: Adopting Best Available Technologies (BATs) can further reduce energy intensity, though challenges like retrofitting and high costs remain. Process Enhancements: Improving ore beneficiation and pelletization could decrease reliance on coke, enhancing productivity. Hydrogen Utilization: Exploring 100% hydrogen-based DRI and hydrogen injection methods to cut down on coke usage and reduce emissions. Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS): Seen as essential for deep decarbonization, aiming to mitigate up to 56% of existing emissions. Biochar Integration: Utilizing biomass-derived biochar offers a promising route to replace or reduce fossil fuel usage in steel production, with potential significant emission reductions. -Source: The Hindu Indian PM Highlights Reforms and Global Collaboration at World Food India 2024 Context: The Indian Prime Minister emphasized that the government has implemented numerous reforms over the past decade to promote the growth of the food processing industry in India. He announced the Global Food Regulators Summit organized by FSSAI, which will bring together global bodies like WHO and FAO, along with domestic institutions, to address issues related to food safety, quality standards, and best practices. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: World Food India (WFI) Food Processing Sector in India Government Initiatives to Boost the Food Processing Sector in India Challenges Facing the Food Processing Sector Way forward World Food India (WFI) Inception and Purpose: Launched in 2017 by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), the first edition of WFI aimed at showcasing India’s rich food culture and attracting investments in the country’s diverse food processing sector. Key Editions: 2nd Edition (2023): Organized to celebrate the International Year of Millets and foster global collaboration in the food processing industry. 3rd Edition (2024): Scheduled from 19th to 22nd September 2024, continuing the momentum to bring together global stakeholders. Food Processing Sector in India Current Scenario: Known as a ‘Sunrise sector,’ the food processing industry plays a crucial role in connecting Indian farmers with both domestic and international consumers. It includes key segments such as processed fruits and vegetables, ready-to-eat/cook foods, dairy products, and beverages. Growth Statistics: Experienced significant growth with an average annual rate of 7.3% from 2015 to 2022. Employs 2.03 million people in the registered sector, representing 12.22% of total employment. The unregistered sector employs 5.1 million workers, accounting for 14.18% of unregistered manufacturing jobs. Key Growth Drivers: Agri-commodity Hub: Benefiting from diverse agro-climatic conditions and abundant natural resources, India is a leading producer of milk, spices, fruits, vegetables, poultry, and meat. Policy Support: Programs like One District, One Product (ODOP) and other favorable policies bolster growth. Market Potential: Projected to expand from US$ 866 billion in 2022 to US$ 1,274 billion in 2027, driven by rising incomes, urbanization, and evolving food preferences. Government Initiatives to Boost the Food Processing Sector in India PM Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY): A comprehensive package designed to create modern infrastructure and an efficient supply chain, from farm gate to retail outlet, enhancing the overall value chain in food processing. PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) Scheme: Focuses on upgrading existing micro-enterprises in the unorganized food processing sector, aiming to formalize and improve productivity and efficiency. Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry (PLISFPI): Aims to: Boost domestic manufacturing and increase exports. Support food manufacturing entities with specific sales criteria. Promote investment for expanding processing capacities; 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted in this sector. Incentivize the emergence of robust Indian food brands with complete profit exemption for the first five years. One District One Product (ODOP) Scheme: Launched under the PMFME scheme to develop value chains and align support infrastructure. Approved for 713 districts across 35 States/UTs, covering 137 unique products, to promote district-specific food products. Mega Food Park (MFP) Scheme: Adopts a cluster approach by setting up modern food processing units in designated agricultural and horticultural zones. As of December 2023, 41 projects were approved, with 24 operational, facilitating a significant increase in food processing capacity. Operation Greens: Initially launched to support the Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) value chains by boosting Farmer Producers Organisations (FPOs), agri-logistics, and processing facilities. Extended under the “Aatmanirbhar Bharat Package” to cover all fruits and vegetables (TOTAL), enhancing the scope and impact of the scheme. Challenges Facing the Food Processing Sector Lack of Advanced Infrastructure: Many businesses in the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector struggle with outdated technology and facilities, limiting their ability to compete and scale. Supply Chain Inefficiencies: The sector suffers from disorganized and inefficient supply chains, leading to high levels of wastage and reduced profitability. Inadequate Storage and Transport Facilities: Insufficient cold storage and transport infrastructure hinder the ability to maintain quality and extend the shelf life of processed food products. Limited Access to Credit and Financing: Small businesses often face challenges in securing funding, which restricts their capacity for growth and modernization. Way forward Growing Demand and Supportive Policies: With rising demand for processed food products in both domestic and international markets, alongside supportive government initiatives, the food processing sector is poised for substantial growth. Collaborative Efforts for Future Growth: By addressing existing challenges and encouraging collaboration between the government and private sector, the food processing industry can significantly contribute to India’s GDP and economic development, becoming a pivotal sector in the nation’s growth story. -Source: The Hindu Archaeological Discovery During Rainwater Harvesting in Kerala Context: A rainwater harvesting initiative in Kerala has resulted in an extraordinary archaeological find—numerous megalithic urn burials. These historical relics were uncovered on Kundlikkad Hill, known locally as Malampalla or Malappuram Hill, situated in the Nenmara forest division. An urn burial involves placing the remains of the deceased inside a pottery vessel or urn and then burying it, reflecting ancient funerary practices. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Key Insights on Megalithic Urn Burials Overview of Megalithic Culture Key Insights on Megalithic Urn Burials Hilltop Burial Sites: Typically, these sites feature cairn heaps with cists, cairn circles, and stone circle burials. Dating and Rarity: These urn burials are rare for hilltop sites and date back over 2,500 years. Urn Characteristics: The site yielded pot sherds from various types of pottery, including black ware, red ware, and black and red ware, with one notable urn displaying fingertip impressions. Decorative Techniques: Smaller pots showcased cord-impressed designs, highlighting distinctive decorative methods. Construction Techniques: Chisel marks on rocks suggest a structured and organized approach to constructing burial enclosures. Archaeological Significance: The discovery provides critical insights into the transitional phase between the Mesolithic period, characterized by microliths, and the Iron Age in Kerala. Uniqueness: The combination of Mesolithic and Iron Age elements in one site is considered unusual. Overview of Megalithic Culture Definition and Function: Megaliths are large stone monuments primarily serving as burial sites, usually situated away from habitation areas. Chronology: Dating based on findings from the Brahmagiri excavation places these cultures between the 3rd century B.C. and 1st century A.D. Geographical Spread: Predominantly found in the Deccan, south of the Godavari River, and across regions like Punjab Plains, Indo-Gangetic basin, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Jammu and Kashmir. Notable Sites: Significant sites include Seraikala in Bihar, Khera in Uttar Pradesh, and Deosa in Rajasthan. Iron Age Integration: In South India, the Megalithic period was distinctly marked by the full adoption of iron technology, with artifacts found from Junapani in Vidarbha to Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu. Subsistence Methods: The communities engaged in agriculture, hunting, fishing, and animal husbandry. Cultural Artifacts: Rock paintings at these sites illustrate scenes of hunting, cattle raids, and communal dancing, reflecting the societal and cultural dynamics of the period. -Source: Indian Express Vivad Se Vishwas Scheme 2024 Context: The second edition of the Direct Tax Vivad se Viswas scheme 2024 (VSV 2.0) will be operational soon, the Finance Ministry has said in a notification. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Vivad Se Vishwas Scheme 2024 (VSV 2.0) Objective: The scheme is designed to minimize ongoing litigations related to income tax disputes by providing a streamlined mechanism for resolution. Key Features: Dispute Resolution Process: Offers a simplified process for resolving disputes between taxpayers and the Income Tax Department through various appellate forums. Coverage: Applies to appeals, writ petitions, and special leave petitions pending as of July 22, 2024. Includes objections filed before the Dispute Resolution Panel (DRP) where no final assessment order has been passed, and pending revision applications before the Commissioner. Benefits: Waives penalties and interest on settlements. Ensures that no prosecution will be initiated for cases settled under the scheme. Exclusions: Cases involving searches, prosecutions, and undisclosed foreign income are not eligible. Taxpayers under specific legal restrictions or involved in serious offenses will not benefit from the scheme. Goal: To provide a cost-effective and efficient mechanism for resolving tax disputes, reducing the burden on taxpayers and the judiciary, and promoting voluntary compliance. -Source: Indian Express Square Kilometer Array Telescope Context: Square Kilometer Array (SKA), the world’s largest radio telescope in the making, has carried out its first observations, signalling that at least a part of the yet-to-be-completed facility has become functional. Relevance: GS III: Science and technology Square Kilometer Array Telescope (SKA) Overview: The SKA is an advanced international project aimed at constructing the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope. It is designed to address a broad range of cutting-edge scientific questions, potentially transforming our understanding of the universe. Location and Structure: SKA-Low (Australia): Located in Australia, it will operate at low frequencies ranging from 50 to 350 MHz. Comprises a network of 131,072 antennas, each about two meters tall, to form a highly sensitive radio array. SKA-Mid (South Africa): Situated in South Africa, it is designed to work in the mid-frequency range of 350 MHz to 15.4 GHz. Consists of 197 large parabolic dish antennas, ideal for a wide range of astronomical observations. Headquarters and Management: The SKA Observatory’s operational headquarters are based in the United Kingdom, coordinating this global effort in radio astronomy. Scientific Goals: The SKA will explore a variety of fundamental scientific questions, including: Understanding the origins of the universe. Investigating the formation and evolution of galaxies. Searching for signs of life and comprehending the role of cosmic magnetism. Global Collaboration: India joined the SKA project in December 2022, becoming part of a consortium that includes Canada, China, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, and the Netherlands, among others. Significance: With its unprecedented sensitivity and scale, the SKA is expected to significantly advance radio astronomy, providing new insights into the cosmos and contributing to our knowledge of the fundamental processes of the universe. -Source: The Hindu Earth’s Gravitational Field to Temporarily Capture Asteroid 2024 PT5 Context: A recent study predicts that by late September 2024, Earth’s gravitational field will temporarily capture a small asteroid named 2024 PT5. Relevance: GS III: Science and technology Temporary Capture of Asteroid 2024 PT5 Mini-Moons: These are small asteroids temporarily captured by Earth’s gravitational field, leading to short-term orbits around the planet. They are usually small, often evading detection due to their size and fleeting nature. This phenomenon is uncommon since most asteroids either bypass Earth or disintegrate in the atmosphere. Only four mini-moons have been discovered so far, and none remain in orbit. Some might have been misidentified as space debris, like parts of spacecraft or rocket stages. Asteroid 2024 PT5: Detected by NASA, 2024 PT5 is predicted to become a temporary mini-moon in late September 2024. Its capture will provide valuable insights into the behavior of near-Earth asteroids, especially those that frequently approach or occasionally collide with our planet. Scientific Significance: The study of 2024 PT5 will enhance our understanding of near-Earth objects (NEOs) and contribute to planetary defense strategies. By observing its temporary capture and orbit, researchers can better model asteroid dynamics and improve detection methods for future mini-moons. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 September 2024

CONTENTS Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan Venus Orbiter Mission  Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan Context: The Union cabinet recently extended the PM-AASHA price support scheme in agriculture till 2025-26. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions PM-AASHA PM-AASHA is designed to ensure that farmers receive fair prices for their crops. Components: The program consists of three distinct parts, with states given the flexibility to implement any of them based on their preference. Price Support Scheme (PSS) Implementation: Central Nodal Agencies are tasked with the physical procurement of pulses, oilseeds, and copra, actively supported by state governments. Additional Support: Organizations such as the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED) and Food Cooperation of India (FCI) are involved in carrying out operations across various regions. Funding: The Central Government is responsible for covering all procurement expenses and losses as per established norms. Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS) Coverage: This scheme is applicable to all oilseeds listed under the MSP. Payment Process: Farmers who sell their produce at notified markets will receive direct payments representing the difference between the MSP and the market selling price, facilitated through transparent auction processes. Payment Method: Funds are directly transferred to farmers’ registered bank accounts, without any need for physical crop procurement. Government Support: The scheme receives backing from the central government according to specific guidelines. Pilot of Private Procurement and Stockist Schemes (PPSS) Scope: Alongside PDPS, this scheme allows for a pilot implementation in selected districts or APMCs, focusing on oilseeds. Participation: Private entities are permitted to engage in the procurement process under this scheme. Operational Details: Each selected district or APMC may target one or more specified oilseed crops under the MSP for this pilot. Operational Guidelines Restriction: Only one of the schemes, either PSS or PDPS, can be activated per state for any given commodity at a time. Venus Orbiter Mission Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister of India has approved the development of Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM). Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Venus Orbiter Mission The mission is designed to place a scientific spacecraft in orbit around Venus. Objectives: Scientific Exploration: To deepen understanding of Venus’ surface, subsurface, atmospheric dynamics, and the Sun’s influence on its atmosphere. Historical Analysis: Investigating the historical changes on Venus, which is believed to have been potentially habitable and similar to Earth, to enhance our understanding of planetary evolution. Research Outcomes: The mission aims to address significant scientific inquiries, contributing to a broad spectrum of scientific results. Agency Involvement: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is tasked with the spacecraft’s development and launch. Timeline: Targeted for realization in March 2028, leveraging various industrial contributions for the spacecraft and launch vehicle. Funding and Resources Budget: The mission has been allocated a total of Rs. 1236 Crore, with Rs. 824 Crore specifically earmarked for the spacecraft. Expenditure Breakdown: Includes the development of the spacecraft, its specialized payloads, global ground station support for navigation and networking, and the launch vehicle costs. Significance Comparative Planetology: Venus is the nearest planet to Earth and is thought to have originated under similar conditions. This mission provides a critical opportunity to explore how planetary environments can develop distinctively.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 September 2024

Contents: Indus Water Treaty: Navigating Renewed Disputes Amid Growing Water and Climate Challenges New Criminal Codes, Old Challenges: Addressing Infrastructure and Capacity Deficits India’s Role in Russia-Ukraine Peace-Making: A Balancing Act Indus Water Treaty: Navigating Renewed Disputes Amid Growing Water and Climate Challenges Context: The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, is a landmark agreement that has withstood wars, terrorism, and diplomatic tensions. However, recent developments, including India’s plans to modify the treaty and disputes over hydroelectric projects like the Kishanganga and Ratle dams, have brought renewed attention to the agreement. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the Indus Waters Treaty for India and Pakistan. Analyze the challenges posed by recent developments in the context of hydroelectric projects and climate change. Overview of the Indus Waters Treaty: The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), brokered by the World Bank, governs the sharing of the waters of the Indus River system. The treaty allocates the waters of the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan, with certain allowances for India to use western rivers for non-consumptive purposes like hydroelectric projects. The treaty has been largely successful, surviving multiple conflicts between the two nations and acting as a stabilizing factor in their bilateral relationship. Recent Disputes Over Hydroelectric Projects: India’s Kishanganga (330 MW) and Ratle (850 MW) hydroelectric projects on the Jhelum and Chenab rivers, respectively, have been points of contention. Pakistan objects to these projects, arguing that they violate the treaty by impacting water flow. In 2013, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) at The Hague ruled in favor of India’s Kishanganga project, allowing India to divert a portion of the Jhelum’s waters for power generation. However, Pakistan has continued to raise objections regarding the construction and operation of these projects, leading to further diplomatic tensions. India’s Call for Review and Modification: In 2022, India issued a notice to Pakistan requesting a review and modification of the 62-year-old treaty. India argues that the treaty needs updating to reflect current realities, including climate change, new technological advancements, and the need for water security amid growing population pressures and development demands. India also seeks to accelerate the construction of renewable energy projects, including hydropower, to meet its climate goals. Projects like Ratle are seen as essential for India’s renewable energy agenda. Pakistan’s Response and Arbitration Attempts: Pakistan, in response, has refused to engage in bilateral negotiations, seeking third-party arbitration instead. In 2015, Pakistan had initiated arbitration under the IWT but later withdrew its application. The involvement of the World Bank as a mediator in these disputes has been met with limited success, and India has argued that certain matters, such as the adjudication of disputes over Kishanganga and Ratle, should not involve international arbitration bodies. Climate Change and Water Scarcity: The IWT’s core principle of “water doesn’t recognize borders” is increasingly strained as climate change worsens water availability. Pakistan has repeatedly raised concerns about water scarcity, with many of its rivers dependent on flows originating in India. Both nations face significant challenges from glacial melt in the Himalayas and changing rainfall patterns, making the Indus River system even more vital for agriculture, drinking water, and power generation. The growing effects of climate change necessitate updates to water-sharing agreements like the IWT to ensure long-term sustainability. Additional Data: Kishanganga Project: 330 MW (India won arbitration at the PCA in 2013). Ratle Project: 850 MW (India’s upcoming project on the Chenab). Conclusion: The Indus Waters Treaty has served as a successful mechanism for managing water disputes between India and Pakistan for over six decades. However, recent hydroelectric projects, coupled with the impacts of climate change, have brought renewed challenges to the treaty’s implementation. Both nations need to approach these disputes cautiously, emphasizing diplomatic negotiations and joint management strategies to address shared water challenges in a rapidly changing environment. New Criminal Codes, Old Challenges: Addressing Infrastructure and Capacity Deficits Context: India has introduced new criminal laws, including the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA). These laws aim to modernize India’s criminal justice system by streamlining procedures, improving evidence-based investigations, and protecting public rights. However, the success of these new laws will hinge on resolving infrastructure deficits, human resource shortages, and knowledge gaps within the judicial and law enforcement systems. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II (Governance and Social Justice) Mains Question: Evaluate the challenges in implementing India’s new criminal laws. How can infrastructure and human resource deficits be addressed to ensure effective law enforcement? The New Criminal Laws: Overview and Intent: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) aim to replace outdated colonial-era laws such as the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), and Evidence Act. These laws emphasize speedier trials, ensuring that judgments must be delivered within 45 days of trial completion, and chargesheets should be framed within 60 days of the first hearing. However, the primary concern lies in whether the judicial and enforcement systems have the capacity and infrastructure to meet these stringent timelines. Key Challenges in Implementation: Judicial Backlogs: As per the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG), India has over 5.1 crore cases pending across courts. The case burden per judge rose from 2,391 in 2022 to 2,744 in 2024. With the introduction of new laws requiring stricter timelines, courts will need additional judges, support staff, and better infrastructure. Undertrial Prisoners: A significant number of undertrial prisoners await investigation, contributing to overcrowded prisons. The prison occupancy rate rose from 137% to 142% between 2022 and 2024. The quicker processing of cases will require increased infrastructure to house and manage this transition. Forensic and Investigative Capacities: The new laws stress the importance of evidence-based law enforcement. However, India faces chronic shortages of trained forensic professionals, laboratory capacity, and technological equipment to match these new requirements. There is a significant mismatch between human resources and available forensic infrastructure. Inadequate Budget for Judiciary and Law Enforcement: Despite the government’s efforts to address infrastructure gaps, such as the launch of the National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme, judicial and law enforcement funding remains inadequate. The budget allocation for the judiciary in 2022 and 2023 did not keep pace with increases in case GDP, limiting the scope for major improvements in infrastructure. Vacancies in high courts remain high, with a 21% vacancy rate, further straining the system. Addressing Infrastructure and Capacity Deficits: Human Resource Development: There is an urgent need to recruit more judges, forensic experts, and administrative staff. Expanding training facilities and developing specialized courses for forensic and investigative personnel will improve the enforcement of new laws. Technology and Infrastructure Investments: Investments in technology to digitize case records, manage data, and improve case management systems will be essential. The government must allocate funds to expand forensic laboratories and enhance court infrastructure, ensuring they can meet the increased demands posed by the new laws. Collaboration with Civil Society: The implementation of the BNSS also mandates victim services, which include creating digital records of interviews. Civil society can assist in monitoring and ensuring that the rights of victims are upheld during trials. Additional Data: Pending Cases: Over 5.1 crore cases are pending in India’s courts. Judicial Vacancy: 21% vacancy rate in lower courts as of 2023. Prison Occupancy Rate: Increased from 137% to 142% between 2022-24. Conclusion: India’s new criminal laws represent a critical step forward in modernizing the country’s justice system. However, the success of these reforms will depend on addressing infrastructure gaps, human resource shortages, and forensic capacities. A coordinated effort between the government, judiciary, and civil society is required to ensure that India’s justice system becomes more efficient and accessible to all citizens. India’s Role in Russia-Ukraine Peace-Making: A Balancing Act Context: As the Russia-Ukraine war continues with no signs of a resolution, global attention is shifting toward nations that might serve as intermediaries for peace. India, with its strategic positioning and longstanding non-alignment policy, has emerged as a potential mediator. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has engaged with both Russian President Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, signaling India’s willingness to mediate in the conflict. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss India’s diplomatic role in the Russia-Ukraine conflict. What are the challenges and opportunities for India as a mediator in this ongoing war? India’s Strategic Position: India’s diplomatic position is strengthened by its non-alignment policy and historical stance of engaging with both sides of a conflict. Since the onset of the Russia-Ukraine war, India has refrained from taking sides, abstaining from key UN votes and avoiding Western sanctions on Russia. India’s geopolitical importance has been emphasized, particularly following its G20 presidency, where it championed causes that benefited the Global South, including energy and food security. India’s increasing role in international organizations like BRICS and SCO also gives it an important voice in the global power structure. India’s Engagement with Russia and Ukraine: Prime Minister Modi’s meetings with both Putin and Zelensky at various global summits, such as BRICS and the United Nations, indicate India’s active engagement in exploring diplomatic solutions. Modi’s calls for an end to violence and focus on negotiation and dialogue have been key themes in these discussions. However, Zelensky has voiced concerns about India’s potential role, citing that India is “too large and important” to play the role of a simple messenger between Kyiv and Moscow. Zelensky emphasized that India would need to provide a more substantive and proactive proposal for de-escalation or conflict resolution. Challenges and Opportunities for India: Balancing relations with both Russia and the West is a significant challenge for India. While India has close historical ties with Russia, particularly in defence, it also values its growing strategic partnership with the United States and European powers. Russia’s increasing reliance on countries like India and China for economic and diplomatic support, especially in light of Western sanctions, provides India with leverage in negotiations. However, any proposal India puts forth will need to carefully navigate Russia’s red lines, particularly Putin’s refusal to cede any territory to Ukraine. On the other hand, Ukraine seeks active international mediation, but any peace plan that does not include the return of Ukrainian territory will likely be rejected outright. India’s Diplomatic Approach: India’s strategy thus far has been to emphasize multilateralism and negotiated solutions. Its engagements have focused on global platforms, including the UN, BRICS, and the G20, highlighting the need for peaceful dialogue and ensuring energy security for the global economy. Additionally, India’s diplomatic efforts have been framed in the context of avoiding further escalation, particularly any actions that could lead to direct conflict between Russia and NATO. Looking Ahead: India’s position as a bridge-builder between East and West, combined with its pragmatic approach to foreign policy, offers opportunities for it to play a more active role in the peace process. A concrete peace proposal from India would need to account for the realities on the ground while addressing the concerns of both Moscow and Kyiv. India could draw on its past diplomatic efforts in other conflicts, such as the Israel-Palestine peace talks, to provide a framework for future negotiations. Additional Data: UN Abstention: India abstained from voting on resolutions condemning Russia’s actions at the UN General Assembly. BRICS Role: India’s engagement with Russia continues through platforms like BRICS, where economic cooperation is emphasized. Conclusion: India’s role in mediating the Russia-Ukraine conflict is still evolving, with both challenges and opportunities. Its non-alignment, strategic position, and growing global stature make it a credible player in the search for a peaceful resolution. However, India will need to offer more than rhetoric, proposing practical solutions that address the core issues of the conflict while maintaining its balanced foreign policy.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 September 2024

CONTENTS Approval for Simultaneous Elections in India Re-evaluation of the Indus Waters Treaty Climate Change Impacts Tea Prices in India Union Cabinet Backs ISRO’s Vision 2047 with Substantial Funding Real Estate Investment Trusts NPS Vatsalya Scheme Approval for Simultaneous Elections in India Context: The Union Cabinet has recently given its nod to a significant proposal that sets the stage for conducting simultaneous elections throughout India. This decision will synchronize the electoral schedule for the Lok Sabha, state Assemblies, and local bodies, aiming to streamline the electoral process. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Recommendations for Simultaneous Elections About ‘one-nation, one- election’ Historical background of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Merits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Demerits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Key Recommendations for Simultaneous Elections Constitutional Modification: Two bills proposed for amending the Constitution to enable simultaneous elections. Bill 1: Proposes simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies without requiring state approval for the amendment. Bill 2: Aims to synchronize municipal and panchayat elections with the Lok Sabha and state assembly elections, mandating that these local elections occur within 100 days of the national and state elections. Ratification and Amendments Requirements State Ratification: Requires approval from at least half of the states. Major Amendments Proposed: Suggests 15 amendments to the Constitution, including: Article 82A:  The first Bill recommended by the Kovind committee would begin by inserting a new Article 82A into the Constitution.   Article 82A will establish the process by which the country will move to a system of simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and state Assemblies.  It has recommended that the power of Parliament under Article 327 should be expanded to include “conduct of simultaneous elections”.  Article 83 and Article 172: It recommended that under Articles 83(4) and 172(4), the Lok Sabha or state Assembly that replaces the previous one will serve only for the remaining “unexpired term” before being dissolved again once simultaneous elections are conducted as scheduled.  Article 324A: The committee has suggested the inclusion of a new Article 324A in the Constitution.   This new article would empower Parliament to make laws to ensure that municipality and panchayat elections are held simultaneously with the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies.  Electoral Management Enhancements Consolidated Electoral Roll and ID System: Mandates the Election Commission of India (ECI) to create a single electoral roll and election IDs in collaboration with State Election Commissions. Preparatory Measures: Directs the ECI to plan and prepare in advance for manpower, polling personnel, security forces, EVMs/VVPATs, etc., in coordination with State Election Commissions. Provisions for Emergency Elections Procedures for a Hung Parliament or Assembly: Outlines the process for holding elections to complete the unexpired term in cases like a no-confidence motion. Establishing a Uniform Electoral Cycle ‘Appointed Date’ Declaration: Proposes that the President set an ‘Appointed Date’ marking the start of a new electoral cycle after general elections. Syncing State Assembly Terms: All state assemblies will align their terms to end with the Lok Sabha’s term, regardless of their original election schedule, ensuring all conclude simultaneously at the next general elections. Example: The next assembly elections in West Bengal (2026) and Karnataka (2028) would conclude these assemblies’ terms in May or June 2029, coinciding with the next Lok Sabha’s term.  About ‘one-nation, one- election’ The concept of “One Nation One Election” proposes the synchronization of elections for all states and the Lok Sabha within a five-year span. This entails restructuring the electoral cycle in India so that elections at both the state and central levels align. This would mean voters casting their ballots for members of both the Lok Sabha and state assemblies on a single day, concurrently or in phases if necessary. Recent developments have seen Prime Minister Narendra Modi advocating for “One Nation One Election,” underscoring its significance during the 80th All India Presiding Officers Conference. Historical background of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Historically, simultaneous elections have occurred in India in the years 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967. However, this practice was discontinued following the dissolution of certain Legislative Assemblies in the late 1960s, leading to separate elections for the Centre and states. The idea of returning to simultaneous elections was initially suggested in the Election Commission’s 1983 report and was mentioned in the Law Commission’s 1999 report as well. Since 2014, the BJP government has ardently supported the notion. In 2018, the Law Commission released a draft report endorsing the implementation of simultaneous elections and suggesting necessary amendments to electoral laws and relevant Articles. The report addressed legal and constitutional challenges linked with conducting simultaneous elections and advocated for constitutional amendments ratified by at least 50% of the states. Merits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Cost Reduction: The concurrent conduct of elections minimizes expenses associated with multiple elections, including time, labor, and financial costs, which arise due to movement of security personnel and diversion of state resources. Enhanced Voter Turnout: Simultaneous polls could potentially boost voter participation. Better Use of Security Forces: Frequent elections limit the availability of security forces for other crucial tasks. Focus on Governance: Continuous elections divert the focus of governance towards short-term electoral gains, sidelining long-term policies and programs. Demerits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Constitutional and Anti-Federal Concerns: Critics argue that the move might impact the federal nature of the Indian political system, as national and state issues differ. Accountability: Fixed tenures might lead to a lack of accountability among government officials. Difficulty in Synchronization: Maintaining synchronized elections is challenging, especially given the likelihood of government assemblies losing confidence. Tampering with Democracy: Altering the election system could impact people’s democratic will. -Source: Indian Express Re-evaluation of the Indus Waters Treaty Context: India has recently issued a new formal notification to Pakistan with the intention of reviewing and possibly modifying the longstanding Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). This move follows a similar outreach from January 2023. The specific invocation of Article XII (3) within this latest notice indicates a clear intention by India to reexamine, and possibly amend, this 64-year-old agreement. This provision within the treaty allows for modifications only through a mutually ratified agreement between both nations, suggesting a diplomatic pathway forward for renegotiation. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (India and its Neighborhood, International Treaties, Policies and Agreements affecting India’s Interests) Dimensions of the Article: India Seeks Reassessment of the Indus Waters Treaty About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Indus River Basin India Seeks Reassessment of the Indus Waters Treaty Background on the Demand: Due to substantial and unforeseen shifts in circumstances, India has formally requested Pakistan to review the Indus Waters Treaty. Persistent cross-border terrorism has also been mentioned as a significant reason for this reevaluation. The formal notice emphasizes the need to reconsider the treaty’s obligations due to these unforeseen changes. In January 2023, India had previously sent a notice to Pakistan seeking amendments to the treaty established in 1960. Justifications for the Renegotiation: The request is grounded on “fundamental and unforeseen changes in circumstances,” necessitating a fresh evaluation of the treaty. Issues prompting this include demographic shifts, environmental concerns, the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions to meet emission targets, and ongoing cross-border terrorism. The appeal also addresses controversies surrounding two hydroelectric projects in Jammu & Kashmir—Kishanganga and Ratle—which are alleged by Pakistan to breach the treaty terms. These projects operate as run-of-the-river schemes, generating electricity without hindering the river’s flow. Catalysts for the January 2023 Notice: The latest notice follows Pakistan’s objections to the aforementioned Indian hydroelectric initiatives. Initially, Pakistan requested a “Neutral Expert” to mediate, but subsequently called for intervention by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). India challenged this move as it deviates from the treaty’s stipulated conflict resolution process, which progresses from the Indus Commissioners to a Neutral Expert, and to the PCA as required. The World Bank had paused the dual arbitration processes in 2016, advocating for a bilateral resolution. Despite India’s efforts to engage from 2017 to 2022, no discussions took place, leading the World Bank in 2022 to resume both the Neutral Expert and PCA procedures, marking the first such initiative in over six decades. About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank, to use the water available in the Indus River and its tributaries. The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi in 1960. The Treaty gives control over the waters of the three “eastern rivers” — the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej to India, while control over the waters of the three “western rivers” — the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum to Pakistan. India was allocated about 16% of the total water carried by the Indus system while Pakistan was allocated the remainder. The treaty allows India to use the Western River waters (the ones in Pakistan’s control) for limited irrigation use and unlimited non-consumptive use for such applications as power generation, navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. It lays down detailed regulations for India in building projects over the western rivers. The preamble of the treaty recognises the rights and obligations of each country in the optimum use of water from the Indus system in a spirit of goodwill, friendship and cooperation. Indus River Basin The Indus River (also called the Sindhū) is one of the longest rivers in Asia and the longest river of Pakistan. It flows through China (western Tibet), India (Ladakh) and Pakistan. Its estimated annual flow is estimated to be twice that of the Nile River making it one of the largest rivers in the world in terms of annual flow. The Zanskar river is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries, namely, the Chenab, Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej. Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, and the Kurram. -Source: Indian Express Climate Change Impacts Tea Prices in India Context: The tea industry in India, particularly in Assam and West Bengal, has experienced a significant price surge of approximately 13% in 2024. This increase is directly attributed to a notable reduction in tea production this year. Analysts and industry experts point to extreme weather events and broader climate change as the primary causes behind the decreased yield. There is a growing consensus that urgent reforms are necessary to ensure the sustainability of tea production, which is being severely threatened by these environmental changes. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Current Trends in the Indian Tea Industry Challenges Facing the Tea Industry Global Impact of Climate Change on the Tea Industry Current Trends in the Indian Tea Industry Production Decline and Pricing: In 2024, tea production in West Bengal and Assam has decreased by 21% and 11% respectively, leading to a 13% surge in domestic tea prices. The decline mainly affects the first and second monsoon showers, which typically produce the highest quality teas, impacting the industry’s profitability. Export Market: There has been a 4% drop in export prices this year, presenting a challenge for the industry. Subsidies and Financial Impact: The industry has been awaiting promised subsidies from the Tea Board, which have not been disbursed, adding to the financial strain during a year of lowered production. General Overview of the Tea Industry Global Standing: India is the world’s second-largest tea producer, after China, and is among the top five global tea exporters, contributing about 10% to global tea exports. Domestic Consumption: India consumes about 81% of its tea production domestically, unlike Kenya and Sri Lanka which export most of their production. The major tea-producing states include Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, collectively accounting for 97% of the national output. Export Composition: Predominantly, India exports black tea, which constitutes about 96% of all tea exports. Teas from Assam, Darjeeling, and Nilgiri are globally recognized as among the finest. Challenges Facing the Tea Industry Environmental Impact: 2024 saw significant production disruptions due to extreme weather conditions, including excessive heat in May followed by flooding in Assam. This led to the lowest tea output for May in over a decade. Price Fluctuations: By July 2024, tea prices had increased by 47% since the beginning of the year, driven by production shortfalls. Pesticide Ban and Market Dynamics: The government’s ban on 20 pesticides has led to higher production costs due to the need for more expensive alternative pest control methods. Despite these challenges, demand for Indian tea has increased, particularly in countries like Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan. Impact on Small Tea Growers and Local Industry: Small Tea Growers (STGs), who manage less than one hectare each and contribute significantly to national production, are severely impacted by price drops and market shifts. The closure of approximately 13 to 14 tea gardens in regions like Dooars, Terai, and Darjeeling has affected over 11,000 workers and underscores the broader challenges faced by the industry. Global Impact of Climate Change on the Tea Industry Rainfall Extremes: Tea cultivation, reliant on consistent rainfall, faces challenges from excessive rain leading to waterlogging, soil erosion, and reduced arable land, impacting tea plantation areas significantly. Drought Effects: Insufficient rainfall results in dust build-up on tea leaves, obstructing essential sunlight and adversely affecting tea production, particularly in India and China. Frost Damage: In colder regions like Rwanda and China, frost causes the tea leaves to freeze and break, resulting in significant leaf loss. Permafrost Instability: Areas with permafrost are seeing increased ground instability which heightens the risk of rock avalanches and landslides, potentially damaging tea plantations situated on hills. Production Costs and Quality: Global warming is escalating the difficulty and cost of tea production, with adverse effects on both the quality and quantity of tea, likely leading to increased consumer prices. -Source: Indian Express Union Cabinet Backs ISRO’s Vision 2047 with Substantial Funding Context: The Union Cabinet has sanctioned a substantial investment, amounting to over ₹22,750 crore, for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to propel four key space missions anticipated in the coming years. This funding aligns with ISRO’s ambitious Vision 2047, aiming to advance India’s position in global space endeavors and foster technological innovations within the country’s aerospace sector. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Current Space Initiatives Approved by India’s Cabinet Detailed Insights Current Space Initiatives Approved by India’s Cabinet Chandrayaan-4 Mission: India’s fourth lunar expedition. Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM): A mission aiming to explore Venus. Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS): India’s upcoming indigenous space station project. Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): Development of a new launch vehicle. Detailed Insights: Chandrayaan-4 Mission Budget and Schedule: Set at ₹2,104.06 crore with a planned launch in 2027. Mission Costs Include: Spacecraft development Two Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM-3) launches External deep space network support Design validation tests Objectives: The mission will remotely collect lunar rock samples and return them to Earth. Advancements: Builds on Chandrayaan-3’s technology with new features like lunar docking and precision landing. Goal: To enhance self-reliance in space technology and lay foundational tech for a future manned lunar mission by 2040. Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM) Financials: Budgeted at ₹1,236 crore, with a launch target set for March 2028. Purpose: To send a spacecraft to Venus and study its atmosphere and geology. Importance: Offers insights into Venus’s development and its extreme greenhouse gas effects. Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) Funding: An additional ₹11,170 crore has been allocated. Timeline: First module, BAS-1, expected to launch by 2028 and complete by 2035. Objective: To operate a space station 400 km above Earth, supporting 15-20 day astronaut missions. Research Benefits: Will serve as a platform for experiments in microgravity, astronomy, and Earth observation. Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) Investment: A total of ₹8,240 crore approved for the project. Development Timeline: First launch projected in 84 months, with the entire project spanning 96 months. Capabilities: Designed to be high payload, cost-effective, reusable, and commercially viable. Strategic Importance: Essential for deploying the Bharatiya Antariksh Station, featuring enhanced payload capacity and modular green propulsion technology. -Source: Indian Express Real Estate Investment Trusts Context: The Indian REITs Association (IRA) recently launched Data Benchmarking Institutions (DBIs) to provide investors with detailed information on real estate investment trusts (REITs). Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): REITs are entities that either own or finance profit-generating real estate properties across diverse sectors. They enable investors to pool funds together to invest in a variety of real estate projects. Functioning similarly to a mutual fund, these trusts manage a portfolio of properties that generate income, including offices, hotels, and shopping centers. Unlike typical real estate firms that focus on selling developed properties, REITs acquire and manage properties for operational income as part of their investment portfolio. Investors in a REIT hold fractional stakes in real estate, proportional to their investment, gaining access to real estate benefits without needing to buy whole properties. REITs are generally publicly traded, making them as liquid as stocks, a significant advantage over direct real estate investments. REITs in India: Introduction and Regulation: Introduced in 2014, Indian REITs are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Qualification Criteria: Income Distribution: At least 90% of income generated must be distributed to investors as dividends. Revenue-Generating Investments: At least 80% of the REIT’s assets must be in revenue-generating properties. Construction Investment Limit: No more than 10% of the investment can be in properties under construction. Asset Requirement: A minimum asset base of Rs 500 crores is required. Investment Restrictions: Investments in agricultural and vacant lands are prohibited. -Source: The Hindu NPS Vatsalya Scheme Context: Recently, the union Finance Minister officially launched the NPS Vatsalya scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Overview of NPS Vatsalya Scheme: Tailored extension of the National Pension Scheme (NPS) specifically designed for children. Eligibility Criteria: Eligible participants include all minor citizens under the age of 18. Both the child and the parent must be Indian citizens and meet Know Your Customer (KYC) standards. Accounts are to be registered under the child’s name and managed by a parent or guardian, making the minor the beneficiary. Registration for the scheme is available through several authorized channels including major banks, India Post, Pension Funds, and e-NPS, under the oversight of the Pension Fund Regulatory Authority of India (PFRDA). Contributions: Starts at a minimum of Rs 1000 annually with no upper limit set for contributions. Investment Options and Returns: PFRDA offers a diverse range of investment opportunities in government securities, corporate bonds, and equities, tailored to the risk tolerance and expected returns of the subscriber. Conversion and Maturity: Upon reaching the age of majority, the account seamlessly transitions into a standard NPS account. Withdrawal Guidelines: After maintaining the account for three years, partial withdrawals up to 25% of the corpus are permitted for specific needs such as education, medical expenses for severe illnesses, or significant disabilities. At age 18, beneficiaries can withdraw up to Rs 2.5 lakh entirely or, if the total exceeds this, withdraw 20% with the remaining 80% redirected towards an annuity purchase within the NPS. Protocols upon Death of a Subscriber: Should the subscriber pass away, the entire account balance is transferred to the designated guardian or nominee. If the guardian subsequently passes away, a new guardian is required to complete a fresh KYC to take over the account management. In cases where both parents pass away, a legally appointed guardian can manage the funds without additional contributions until the child reaches 18 years of age. -Source: The Hindu

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