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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 January 2025

Content Uttarakhand Adopts Uniform Civil Code India, China to Resume Direct Flights, Issue Visas Navigating Growth Challenges in Sri Lanka Will the FY26 Budget Reverse the Decline in Social Sector Spending? Is Guillain-Barré Syndrome Life-Threatening? RBI Moves to Ease Liquidity Crunch Odisha: Coal Dust Affecting Plant Growth and Carbon Uptake Astronomers Discover Supersonic Winds on Exoplanet WASP-127b Uttarakhand adopts Uniform Civil Code Uttarakhand Becomes First State to Implement UCC Post-Independence Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami rolled out the UCC for all residents, excluding Scheduled Tribes and natives who have migrated out of the state. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Key Provisions of the UCC Bans Harmful Practices: Halala, iddat, and talaq (practices under Muslim Personal Law) are prohibited. Women’s Rights: Ensures equal rights for women in property and inheritance matters. Online Marriage & Divorce Registration: Marriages, divorces, and live-in relationships must be registered on the government portal (ucc.uk.gov.in). UCC Portal Features Aadhaar-Based Verification: Mandatory for authentication. AI-Based Translation: Translates content into 22 languages, including English. Integrated Data: Combines data from over 13 government departments (e.g., police, courts, civic bodies). Marriage Registration Requirements Marriages since March 26, 2010, must be registered within 6 months. Marriages post-UCC implementation need to be registered within 60 days. Registration of Divorce/Annulment Details required: marriage registration, decree of divorce, court case number, final order, children’s details, and court order copy. Will Registration Options Can register via:Form filling on the portalUploading handwritten/typed willRecording and uploading a 3-minute video. Potential Impacts The UCC rollout is seen as a major policy shift in India’s legal framework, aiming to standardize laws concerning marriage, divorce, and inheritance across all communities, except those specifically exempted. India, China to resume direct flights, issue visas Resumption of Key Bilateral Activities Direct Flights: Both countries have agreed to resume direct flights between India and China. Visa Issuance: Visa processes will restart, facilitating travel between the two nations. Mansarovar Pilgrimage: The Mansarovar Yatra for pilgrims will restart in summer 2025. People-to-People Exchanges: Measures to promote cultural, media, and think tank interactions have been agreed upon. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Hydrological Data Sharing and Trans-Border Rivers India and China will resume dialogue on the trans-border rivers and sharing of hydrological data that China had previously withheld, a significant issue for India. Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations Both nations will mark the 75th anniversary of the establishment of India-China ties with celebratory events. Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi emphasized the need to end “mutual suspicion and estrangement.” Economic and Trade Discussions Both sides discussed trade curbs and economic issues: India has concerns about Chinese restrictions on key materials like pharmaceutical ingredients and high-tech exports. China raised issues about India’s investment restrictions on Chinese companies and business visas, especially after the 2020 tensions. Discussions aim at promoting policy transparency and predictability in the economic sector. Progress on Bilateral Dialogue Vikram Misri (India’s Foreign Secretary) met with Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Sun Weidong to review and enhance bilateral relations. This meeting follows the Modi-Xi meeting in October in Kazan, where both leaders agreed to stabilize relations. Reactivation of Dialogue Mechanisms The FS-Vice FM level bilateral dialogue mechanism has been resumed, marking a return to regular diplomatic talks after a hiatus due to tensions at the Line of Actual Control (LAC). The resumed dialogue includes meetings between top-level officials such as Prime Minister Modi and President Xi Jinping, and discussions involving Foreign Ministers, Defense Ministers, and Special Representatives. Economic Concerns Specific economic issues raised include trade barriers, investment clearance requirements, and the withholding of critical equipment from China, including Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs). SCO Summit and Future Bilateral Engagements India has offered its support for China’s chairmanship of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in 2025. PM Modi is expected to attend the SCO Head of State Summit in June 2025, further solidifying the diplomatic engagement between the two countries. Unclear on Informal Summit There is no clear indication yet whether the resumption of dialogues will include an informal summit like those in Wuhan (2018) and Mamallapuram (2020), which were used to ease tensions and foster communication between the two leaders. Navigating growth challenges in Sri Lanka Economic Outlook: Cautious Optimism Post-Crisis Stabilization: Sri Lanka is recovering from its worst economic crisis (2022-2023) after defaulting on external debt in April 2022. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Prudent Policies: The Central Bank of Sri Lanka’s monetary policies, alongside a $3 billion IMF program and $4 billion Indian aid, have helped stabilize the economy. Debt Restructuring: A $17.5 billion debt restructuring deal with private bondholders and China has provided breathing space. Tourism Recovery: Tourism has surged, with over 2 million visitors in 2024, contributing to foreign exchange reserves. Growth Forecast: World Bank predicts growth will slow from 4.4% in 2024 to 3.5% in 2025. Internal Challenges Brain Drain: 300,000 people left Sri Lanka in 2024, including skilled professionals (IT, banking, medicine), creating a significant talent gap. Inexperienced Parliament: Over 150 first-time MPs in Sri Lanka’s 225-member Parliament, mostly from the National Peoples Power (NPP), posing a challenge to enacting effective economic reforms. Solutions: Focus on public sector efficiency, training MPs in legislative processes, and investing in public policy education for civil servants. Tourism Potential Tourism Surge: 38% increase in tourists from 2023 to 2024. Sustainability Focus: To ensure sustainable growth, tourism should benefit regions beyond Colombo (north and east) and support small businesses. Gang Violence: Tackling gang-related violence is essential for a secure tourism environment. Fiscal Sustainability Revenue Increase, Spending High: While revenue has risen, government spending remains high due to the state’s expansive role in the economy. State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs): Loss-making SOEs (like SriLankan Airlines and Ceylon Petroleum Corporation) drain public funds. Privatisation or restructuring may be necessary for fiscal stability. No Privatisation Plan: The government plans to reform SOEs through better management but avoids privatisation. External Factors Geopolitical Shifts: Changes in the Indo-Pacific post-Trump re-election will impact Sri Lanka’s foreign policy, with India emerging as a critical economic partner. India-Sri Lanka Relations: Strengthening economic ties with India is crucial, particularly in areas like cross-border energy projects and the free trade agreement. Sri Lanka must also address security concerns, especially halting visits from Chinese spy ships that have caused regional tensions. External Debt and Repayment Risks Upcoming Debt Repayments: Starting mid-2027, Sri Lanka faces the risk of external debt repayments unless it can generate sufficient foreign exchange. Partnership with IMF and World Bank: Sri Lanka needs continued support from international organizations and India to avoid another crisis. Path Forward Comprehensive Growth Plan Needed: Sri Lanka must balance debt sustainability with economic growth. National Budget 2025: The February National Budget is a key opportunity for the government to implement bold policies and set a clear vision for Sri Lanka’s future. Key Takeaways Sri Lanka’s economy is stabilizing but remains fragile. The government faces internal challenges like a brain drain, an inexperienced Parliament, and fiscal imbalances. Tourism and economic ties with India are critical growth drivers. The government must focus on sustainable growth, debt management, and economic reforms to secure long-term prosperity. Will the FY26 Budget Reverse the Decline in Social Sector Spending? Declining Share in Union Budget Overall Decline: The share of the Union Budget allocated to key social sectors has been decreasing in recent years, affecting crucial areas like health, rural development, education, and social welfare. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) Key Sectors Affected: Health: The share dropped from 2.47%-2.22% (FY18-22) to 1.85%-1.75% (FY23-25). Rural Development: Allocation stayed below 6% in the last few years, stagnating after a long period of low allocation. Higher Education: Reduced from 1.57%-1.37% (FY17-20) to 1.27%-0.88% (FY21-25). School Education: Declined from 2.18%-1.96% to 1.61%-1.23%. Social Welfare: Dropped from 1.89%-1.61% to 1.17%-0.97% in the same period. Scheme-Level Allocation Cuts MGNREGS: Allocation for Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) for 2024-25 is only ₹86,000 crore (1.78% of the total budget), marking a 10-year low. Shortfall in Funding: The Rural Development Ministry faced a ₹4,315 crore shortfall, causing delays in wage disbursements for MGNREGS workers. National Social Assistance Programme: Allocations for schemes like old age pensions, widow pensions, and disability pensions fell drastically from 1.21%-0.36% (FY19-21) to 0.2% in the last four years. PM-POSHAN Scheme: Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM-POSHAN) allocations, which fund mid-day meals for children in schools, have declined to 0.26% of the total budget in FY25—the lowest in nine years (except FY24). Exceptions to the Trend Ayushman Bharat (PMJAY): Allocations for the Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) have been increasing or stable, supporting healthcare access for vulnerable populations. PMAY-Rural: Allocations for the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)-Rural have either increased or remained stable. PM Schools for Rising India (PM SHRI): This school education scheme has also seen stable or increasing funding, a positive development for education in rural areas. The Need for Action in FY26 Budget Challenges: With the FY26 Budget set for presentation on February 1, it will be crucial to address the ongoing cuts in social sector funding, particularly in MGNREGS, social assistance programs, and nutritional schemes like PM-POSHAN. Budget Examination: Key social welfare sectors to focus on include: Health: Funding for flexible pools and autonomous bodies like AIIMS. Rural Development: Ensuring adequate funding for MGNREGS and PMAY-Rural. Social Welfare: Allocating enough to schemes for old age, widow, and disability pensions. Key Observations and Recommendations Critical Social Schemes at Risk: Continued decline in allocations risks undermining essential services for rural development, healthcare, and education. Focus on Inclusivity: The Budget should prioritize the socio-economic inclusion of vulnerable communities, ensuring equitable distribution of resources for essential services. Sustainability of Key Schemes: Programs like MGNREGS, PM-POSHAN, and social assistance should be funded adequately to maintain their impact. Is Guillain-Barré Syndrome Life-Threatening? Overview of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) What it is: GBS is a rare autoimmune neurological disorder where the body’s immune system attacks its peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness and potentially paralysis. Incidence: Affects about 1-2 per 1,00,000 people, with adults and males being more commonly affected. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Outbreak in Pune: As of January 25, 2025, there have been 73 reported cases in Pune, Maharashtra, with 14 patients on ventilator support. A Rapid Response Team has been deployed by the state to investigate the cause. Causes of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Unknown cause: The exact cause is still not fully understood, but viral or bacterial infections are common triggers. Infections linked to GBS: Campylobacter jejuni (a bacteria causing gastroenteritis) is one of the most frequent triggers. Other viruses like influenza, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Zika virus can also lead to GBS. Symptoms of Guillain-Barré Syndrome Initial Symptoms: Typically, tingling and weakness start in the feet and legs, gradually spreading to the upper body, arms, and face. Key symptoms: Pins and needles sensation in extremities. Pain in the back, legs, and limbs. Difficulty walking or climbing stairs. Facial movement problems and double vision. In severe cases, paralysis can occur, particularly affecting arms, legs, or face. Respiratory issues if chest muscles are affected, making breathing difficult. Life-threatening complications: If GBS affects the autonomic nervous system, it can disrupt blood pressure and heart rate, making the condition potentially life-threatening. Treatment of Guillain-Barré Syndrome No Cure: There is currently no cure for GBS, but treatment can aid recovery. Primary treatments: Plasma exchange (Plasmapheresis): This involves removing and treating the plasma (liquid part of the blood) to eliminate harmful antibodies attacking the nerves. Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg): Immunoglobulins are injected into the body to reduce the immune system’s attack on the nerves. Supportive Care: Intensive care may be needed, especially for patients with severe symptoms. Rehabilitation such as physical therapy and occupational therapy is often required to aid recovery. Recovery and Prognosis Recovery timeline: Most patients can make a nearly full recovery, although it can take several months to years. Severity: The degree of recovery depends on how severe the disease was. Some patients recover faster, while others may face long-term effects. Is GBS Life-Threatening? Potentially life-threatening: While most people survive, severe cases of GBS can affect breathing and heart functions, requiring intensive medical care. Quick diagnosis and treatment are crucial. What’s Happening in Pune? Reported Outbreak: As of January 2025, Pune has seen a rise in GBS cases, with 73 affected individuals. This has led to intervention by the Union Health Ministry, which has sent a team to assess the situation, while the Maharashtra government has deployed a Rapid Response Team to investigate the cause. RBI Moves to Ease Liquidity Crunch Overview RBI’s Response: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced a series of measures aimed at injecting liquidity into the banking system to address the liquidity deficit that has recently widened. Objective: These steps are designed to ease liquidity pressures in the banking system, ensuring smoother functioning of credit markets and financial stability. Relevance : GS 3(Banking , Economy) Key Measures Announced Government Bond Purchases: The RBI will purchase 600 billion rupees ($6.96 billion) worth of government bonds in three tranches. This is expected to inject liquidity directly into the financial system, supporting the bond market and helping the government in managing its fiscal needs. 56-Day Variable Rate Repo Auction: On February 7, 2025, the RBI will conduct a 56-day variable rate repo auction worth 500 billion rupees. Repo auctions allow banks to borrow money from the RBI against government securities, helping to manage short-term liquidity needs. USD/INR Swap Auction: The RBI will conduct a $5 billion USD/INR buy/sell swap auction on January 31, 2025, with a six-month tenor. This move is aimed at easing foreign exchange liquidity in the market and stabilizing the rupee-dollar exchange rate. Context of the Measures Liquidity Deficit: The banking system’s liquidity deficit had reached a one-year peak in the previous fortnight, signaling tight liquidity conditions in the financial system. Impact of Measures: These actions are designed to ease short-term liquidity pressures, lower borrowing costs for banks, and support overall economic activity. Expected Outcomes Stabilizing Market: By injecting liquidity, the RBI aims to stabilize the banking system, ensure adequate funding, and support market confidence. Currency Stability: The foreign exchange swap auction is also expected to help in maintaining stability in the rupee against major currencies, especially the US dollar. Odisha: Coal Dust Affecting Plant Growth and Carbon Uptake Overview Location: The study focuses on the effects of coal dust from open-cast coal mining in Jharsuguda, Odisha, a key region for coal production in India. Findings: Dust from mining operations is clogging plant leaves, reducing their ability to absorb carbon dioxide and affecting their water vapour release, which could worsen global warming. Relevance : GS 3(Environment ) Insights from the Study Impact on Carbon Absorption: Plants covered in mining dust absorbed 2-3 grams less carbon per square meter of leaf area, compared to dust-free leaves. Reduced carbon absorption means more carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Effect on Transpiration: Dust-clogged stomata (leaf pores) affect transpiration, reducing a plant’s ability to release water vapour. Without effective transpiration, plants cannot regulate their temperature properly, leading to stunted growth or even death over time. Long-Term Ecological Damage: The cumulative effect of reduced carbon absorption and poor transpiration could have long-term consequences for local ecosystems, impacting biodiversity and regional climate regulation. Study Methodology: Researchers used satellite data from Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and PlanetScope to estimate how much dust settled on plant leaves. In-situ validation was done by collecting 300 leaf samples in Jharsuguda, confirming the satellite-derived estimates. Impact on Large Areas: Though individual plants lose small amounts of carbon, the cumulative effect on vast forested areas or vegetation near mining sites can be significant over time. Environmental and Health Implications Air Pollution: Open-cast mining produces large amounts of dust, which not only pollutes the air but also affects human health by causing respiratory issues. Temperature Regulation: Without effective transpiration, plants may become warmer, affecting their growth and the overall local microclimate. Potential Solutions Monitoring Dust Pollution: The study suggests the use of satellite data as a cost-effective way for governments to monitor dust pollution in mining areas and identify pollution hotspots. Mitigation Measures: Water sprays on mining sites to reduce dust dispersion. Dust barriers around vegetation areas to protect plants from excessive dust deposition. Stricter Regulations: Experts stress the need for stringent measures to curb dust emissions from mining operations to protect both human health and ecosystems. Astronomers Discover Supersonic Winds on Exoplanet WASP-127b Overview Location: WASP-127b is a gas giant exoplanet located about 520 light-years from Earth, orbiting a star similar to our Sun. Key Finding: Scientists have detected supersonic winds on WASP-127b, reaching speeds of 33,000 km/h—the fastest winds discovered on any known planet. Relevance : GS 3(Space ) Key Features of WASP-127b Size and Structure: WASP-127b is a hot Jupiter—a gas giant that orbits extremely close to its star. It has a diameter 30% larger than Jupiter, our solar system’s largest planet, but its mass is only about 16% of Jupiter’s, making it one of the “puffiest” planets ever observed. Atmospheric Conditions: The planet’s atmosphere is around 2,060°F (1,127°C), scorching due to its proximity to its star. One side of the planet always faces the star (the day side), while the other remains in perpetual night, leading to significant temperature differences. The atmosphere contains hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of carbon monoxide and water. Orbit and Rotation: It orbits its host star every 4 days, at a distance that’s only about 5% of the distance between the Earth and the Sun. The planet’s day-night cycle is extreme due to its close orbit, with one side always exposed to the intense stellar radiation, while the other remains shielded in darkness. Discovery of Supersonic Winds Wind Speed: Astronomers found that winds at the equator of WASP-127b reach speeds of up to 33,000 km/h, faster than any wind speed detected on other known planets. For comparison, Neptune’s jet streams reach speeds of around 2,000 km/h, and Earth’s jet stream tops out at 442 km/h. Research Insights: The winds on WASP-127b are driven primarily by stellar irradiation, as the planet is constantly bombarded by high levels of energy from its host star. These supersonic jet streams circle the planet, creating a global wind pattern rather than winds confined to specific regions. Key Scientific Takeaways Unique Wind Dynamics: Previous exoplanet studies have detected strong winds, but usually confined to the day-night cycle (winds flowing from the hot day side to the cooler night side). The winds on WASP-127b are unique in that they circulate the entire planet. Driving Factors: Irradiation from the host star is the primary energy source for these winds, but other factors like temperature differences, planetary rotation, and atmospheric composition also contribute to shaping the wind patterns. Atmospheric Composition: The study identified traces of more complex molecules in WASP-127b’s atmosphere, including carbon monoxide and water, adding to our understanding of the atmospheric conditions on hot Jupiters. Implications for Exoplanet Studies This discovery of supersonic winds on WASP-127b provides valuable insights into the atmospheric dynamics of exoplanets, especially gas giants that orbit very close to their stars. Understanding these wind patterns could help scientists model climate systems on other exoplanets and deepen our knowledge of planetary weather and atmospheric behavior in extreme environments.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 January 2025

Content: PM YASASVI Scheme PM Suryaghar PM YASASVI Scheme Background PM YASASVI Scheme: Launched with the intent to empower students from marginalized communities (OBC, EBC, and DNT), the PM YASASVI Scheme aims to provide educational, social, and economic benefits to talented students, enabling them to excel and contribute to the nation’s development. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) Objectives of PM YASASVI Empowerment of Marginalized Students: The scheme targets students from OBC (Other Backward Classes), EBC (Economically Backward Classes), and DNT (De-notified and Nomadic Tribes) communities. This demonstrates the government’s effort to bridge the socio-economic gap and ensure inclusive growth. Social Justice and Inclusivity: In alignment with the government’s motto of ‘Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas,‘ the scheme ensures that students from underprivileged backgrounds receive support to pursue higher education and realize their full potential. Program Features and Benefits Pre-Matric Scholarship: ₹1.25 lakh annual scholarship for students in classes 9 to 12. Focuses on ensuring that students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds can continue their education through high school without financial constraints. Post-Matric Scholarship: Financial assistance worth ₹12.75 crore for higher education at the college level. This large-scale funding indicates the government’s commitment to securing a future for these students beyond secondary school, opening up avenues for advanced studies and professional growth. Top-Class Education Support: The scheme emphasizes providing students with access to high-quality education, likely through tie-ups with prestigious institutions or by supporting exceptional academic programs. Hostel Construction for OBC Students: Ensures that students from OBC communities can access better living and study facilities while pursuing their education, especially those who might need to relocate for their studies. Future Prospects Sustaining Growth: The success of the PM YASASVI Scheme in empowering students will depend on continued investments in education, access to quality resources, and ensuring that beneficiaries are not only provided financial aid but also mentorship and career guidance. Nationwide Implementation: With students from 21 states already involved, the scheme’s national scope could foster greater regional representation and inclusivity in India’s educational landscape. Long-term Goals: The scheme could also be a model for future educational reforms aimed at reducing disparities and ensuring equitable opportunities for all, contributing to overall socio-economic development. Broader Social Welfare Agenda Alignment with SDGs: The PM YASASVI Scheme is in line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 4 (Quality Education) and Goal 10 (Reduced Inequality). Integration with Other Welfare Schemes: Such as the National Social Assistance Programme and various initiatives under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, aimed at improving social justice and equality. PM Suryaghar Context and Objective: PM Suryaghar and PM Kusum— emphasizes the role of ordinary citizens in India’s renewable energy transition. Both schemes aim to empower individuals economically while contributing to India’s renewable energy goals. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) PM Suryaghar-Muft Bijli Yojana Objective: Empower citizens to become energy producers. Implementation: Citizens can install solar power systems and sell the generated electricity to Discoms (Electricity Distribution Companies). Economic Impact: This initiative not only provides energy independence but also enables beneficiaries to earn income through the sale of surplus electricity. Key Message: The “PM Suryaghar” scheme transforms beneficiaries into active contributors to India’s renewable energy ecosystem. PM Kusum Scheme Objective: Promote solar-powered irrigation systems, particularly for farmers. Key Benefits: Subsidies: Provides financial assistance for the installation of solar-powered irrigation pumps, which reduces dependence on conventional electricity for farming. Economic Benefits: Improves agricultural productivity by providing a reliable, cost-effective energy source for irrigation. Stakeholders and Roles Union Minister Pralhad Joshi: Emphasized the importance of citizen involvement in India’s renewable energy transformation. He recognized the beneficiaries as the “real ambassadors” of the country’s renewable energy movement, stressing their role in shaping the nation’s energy future. Secretary, MNRE, Ms. Nidhi Khare: Highlighted the Ministry’s commitment to feedback-driven improvement, ensuring that the schemes align with beneficiary needs and are effectively implemented. MNRE Joint Secretary Shri Lalit Bohra: Participated in the event, underscoring the Ministry’s engagement with beneficiaries. Scheme Impact and National Vision Empowerment of Common Citizens: The government’s focus on decentralized energy production (especially solar energy) aligns with India’s broader goals of energy transition and carbon neutrality. Empowering ordinary citizens through schemes like PM Suryaghar and PM Kusum has the potential to transform rural economies, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and contribute to achieving India’s renewable energy targets. Contribution to India’s Renewable Energy Goals: As part of India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, these initiatives contribute to scaling up solar energy capacity and achieving the target of 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy by 2030. Both schemes directly contribute to India’s green energy transformation, enhancing energy security while fostering sustainable growth. Challenges and Future Considerations Awareness and Accessibility: Ensuring the widespread awareness of these schemes, especially in remote areas, is crucial for maximizing participation. The ease of registration on the PM Suryaghar portal is a step in the right direction, reducing barriers to entry for potential beneficiaries. Sustaining Momentum: The government must sustain subsidies and financial incentives to ensure long-term viability, particularly for farmers and rural populations with limited capital. Integration with Grid and Storage Solutions: For beneficiaries to fully capitalize on solar energy production, integration with the national grid and efficient energy storage solutions are necessary to handle surplus power and ensure consistent supply.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 27 January 2025

Content: Genocide and the world’s averted gaze India with Indonesia Genocide and The World’s Averted Gaze Definition and Historical Context Genocide: Defined by the Genocide Convention (1948) as acts intended to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group. Auschwitz: Liberation in 1945 revealed the scale of atrocities against Jews (1.1 million killed). Marked the global commitment to “never again.” Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Discuss the role of international norms and institutions in preventing genocide, with examples. (250Words) Institutional Framework for Prevention Genocide Convention (1948) Legally binds nations to prevent and punish genocide. Example: Establishment of mechanisms like the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). United Nations Early Warning Signs: UN Secretary-General António Guterres emphasizes addressing “clear warning signs.” Peacekeeping Missions: Failures in Rwanda (1994) and Srebrenica (1995) showcase institutional gaps. International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutes individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Example: ICC warrants for Sudanese leaders during Darfur genocide. Regional Frameworks African Union interventions: Example of efforts in South Sudan post-2013 civil war. Failures in Prevention Cold War Politics: Khmer Rouge (1975-79) atrocities ignored due to geopolitical interests. Rwanda (1994): UN peacekeepers lacked authority and reinforcements. Srebrenica (1995): Failure of NATO and UN to protect Bosnian Muslims. Contemporary Challenges Darfur and Sudan (2003-05, ongoing) ICC recognized genocide, but violence persists due to weak enforcement mechanisms. Current instability fuels fears of genocide amidst global inattention. Gaza (2023) Allegations of genocide under ICJ scrutiny. High civilian casualties and destruction while global powers avert attention. Hierarchy of Suffering Unequal international responses based on geopolitical interests. Need for Strengthened Action Early Detection and Response Addressing warning signs through diplomatic pressure and sanctions. Reinforcing International Mechanisms Strengthening ICC and peacekeeping mandates. Global Consensus Bridging gaps in responses to state and non-state actors to uphold humanitarian norms. Conclusion Despite frameworks like the Genocide Convention, failures in Rwanda, Srebrenica, Darfur, and ongoing crises like Gaza highlight gaps in global responses. Strengthening international norms, addressing biases, and ensuring timely interventions are critical to fulfilling the promise of “never again.” India with Indonesia Historical Context Ancient Ties: Robust cultural and religious exchange based on trade and travel. Adaptation of Hinduism in Javanese traditions and use of Vedic scriptures. Sanskrit as a linguistic bridge in historical texts and cultural interactions. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Examine the historical, strategic, and geopolitical ties between India and Indonesia. Discuss how both nations can address contemporary challenges to deepen their bilateral relations. (250 Words) Colonial and Post-Independence Period: Shared solidarity against imperialism. India’s active support for Indonesia’s independence struggle (e.g., banning Dutch overflights and aiding evacuation of Indonesian leaders). Sukarno’s acknowledgment of India’s support in his article in The Hindu (January 5, 1950). Cold War and Non-Alignment: Both nations were co-founders of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Collaboration began at the Bandung Conference, promoting Asian-African solidarity and neutrality in great power politics. Strategic and Geopolitical Context Recent Concerns: Shared interests in addressing challenges like: U.S.-China rivalry. China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific region. Global issues like food, fertilizer, and fuel security due to Ukraine conflict. Commitment to multilateralism despite weakening global frameworks (e.g., WTO, UN). Collaborative Efforts: Close coordination during G-20 presidencies (Bali 2022, Delhi 2023). Indonesia joining BRICS marks an expansion of their geopolitical partnership. Current Developments and Challenges Key Outcomes of Prabowo Subianto’s Visit: Signing of five MoUs in: Health and traditional medicine. Maritime security. Digital development. Cultural cooperation. Mention of defence cooperation without concrete agreements. Missed Opportunities: No progress on the sale of India’s Brahmos missile. Delays in Sabang Port project and Aceh-Andamans connectivity initiatives. Non-committal joint statement on geopolitical conflicts despite shared concerns. Shared Aspirations Economic Potential: As two major economies of South Asia and Southeast Asia, they represent significant opportunities for trade and investment growth. Cultural and Religious Harmony: Historical examples of tolerance among religious majorities towards minorities serve as models of pluralism. Geostrategic Cooperation: Strengthening maritime security ties is vital for regional stability in the Indo-Pacific. Leveraging platforms like BRICS and G-20 for a common agenda.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 January 2025

Content: Mullaperiyar Dam: Centre Forms Supervisory Panel Thyroid Disorders: Importance of Regular Check-Ups Assam Tea Workers and Post-TB Fungal Disease Indian Space Programme Breaks Into 2025 with PSLV-C60 Where Did Dinosaurs First Evolve? The Enduring Commitment to the Indo-Pacific Should Governors Head State Universities? Mullaperiyar: Centre formed supervisory panel 2 months ago Recent Development: The Supreme Court asked Tamil Nadu and Kerala to choose between the court-constituted supervisory committee and a panel under the Dam Safety Act, 2021, for managing the Mullaperiyar Dam. This follows the Union government’s creation of a new supervisory committee on November 21, 2024. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Administration) Structure of the New Supervisory Committee: Seven-member panel led by the Chairman of the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA). Includes: Two representatives each from Tamil Nadu and Kerala. A nodal officer from the International Centre for Excellence on Dams, IISc Bengaluru. A Member (Disaster & Resilience) in the NDSA serving as Member-Secretary. Key Responsibilities: Periodic inspection of the dam. Monitoring safety measures. Recommending and overseeing implementation of safety-related actions by Tamil Nadu. Historical Background: May 2014 Supreme Court Judgment: Directed the formation of a supervisory committee under the Union government in July 2014. The 2014 panel was reconstituted later, adding one technical member each from Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Challenges with Previous Supervisory Committee: Tamil Nadu farmers and water experts criticized its effectiveness. Allegations that it failed to ensure Kerala’s cooperation for dam-strengthening works. Recent Cooperation: In December 2023, Kerala permitted Tamil Nadu to procure materials for maintenance work at the dam. Current Questions: Whether forming another supervisory committee is necessary. Supreme Court to deliberate on the matter during the next hearing on February 19, 2025. Legal and Administrative Implications: Under the Dam Safety Act, 2021, the NDSA assumes the role of the State Dam Safety Organization (SDSO) for inter-state dams. Clarity on the supervisory framework may emerge after additional affidavits and court deliberations. Mullaperiyar Dam: Location and Purpose: The Mullaperiyar Dam is situated on the Mullaperiyar River in Kerala, India, and diverts water to the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu for irrigation purposes, benefiting arid regions of Tamil Nadu. Construction and Age: Built in 1895 by the British, the dam is one of the oldest in India, with a height of 53.6 meters and a length of 365.7 meters. Interstate Dispute: The dam has been the subject of a prolonged dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu over its safety, with Kerala raising concerns about its structural integrity and the risks to downstream populations. ‘Keep a watch on thyroid disorders and do regular check-ups’ Overview of Thyroid Disorders: The thyroid gland produces thyroxine, essential for the body’s normal functioning. Disorders: Hypothyroidism: Low thyroid hormone levels. Hyperthyroidism: Excess thyroid hormone levels. Swelling of the thyroid is a common occurrence, but not all swellings are malignant. Relevance: GS 2(Health) Statistics: 40%-50% of the population may have undiagnosed thyroid issues. Thyroid cancers are curable in 90% of cases with timely treatment. Symptoms Indicating Thyroid Issues: Gradual weight gain or loss. Lethargy, sleepiness, lack of interest in work, and fatigue. Constipation or diarrhoea, menstrual irregularities. Persistent palpitations, sweating, chronic cough. Difficulty in swallowing or breathing. Delayed growth in children. Testing and Diagnosis: Thyroid function tests are essential and can often be included in routine health packages. Imaging and clinical examinations help in early intervention and minimize morbidity. Thyroid Disorders in Pregnancy: Second most common disorder after diabetes in pregnancy. Physiological changes in pregnancy may mimic thyroid disorders, requiring early detection and management. Endocrine evaluations are crucial, especially post-pregnancy, as these changes may persist for a year. Risk Factors: Higher risk groups: Adolescents, pregnant women, men above 40, and women above 50. Stress, anxiety, and depression act as endocrine disruptors, contributing to thyroid disorders. Advice from Experts: Regular check-ups and monitoring are critical for early detection and treatment. Even asymptomatic thyroid swellings should not be ignored. Assam tea workers prone to post-TB fungal disease: study Context: A study has identified chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), a life-threatening fungal infection, among post-TB survivors in Assam’s tea plantations. Published in the journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, it is the first of its kind focusing on tea workers. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) TB Prevalence in Assam Tea Belts: Major public health issue in the Brahmaputra and Barak valleys. TB prevalence: 217 per 1,00,000 population (2019-2021 National TB Prevalence Survey). Risk factors include: Poverty, malnutrition, and kitchen smoke. Close contact with TB patients and congested living conditions. Key Findings of the Study: Researchers examined 128 patients from tea garden hospitals in Dibrugarh district. Prevalence of CPA recorded at 17.18%. Seropositivity: 18.5% in active TB cases. 48.9% in post-TB patients, highlighting its status as a post-TB health issue. CPA is more prevalent in middle-aged male workers (80 males vs. 48 females). Assam’s CPA prevalence (60 per 1,00,000) exceeds the global average of 42, surpassing African countries like Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo (20-50). Implications for Public Health: CPA occurs in pre-existing lung cavities, sharing clinical features with TB, complicating diagnosis. Suggested measures include: Testing for Aspergillus antibodies in patients with respiratory symptoms post-TB treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality. Recommended Interventions: Training healthcare providers to recognize CPA symptoms. Educating tea workers about: Respiratory health, nutrition, and hygiene. Targeted campaigns in tea garden hospitals and TB care facilities. Related Context: A 2019 study on epidemic dropsy in Assam highlighted nutritional health risks. Dropsy results from consuming oils contaminated with Argemone mexicana (a Mexican poppy). Indian space programme breaks into 2025 in ‘mission mode’ PSLV-C60 Mission: Foundation for Chandrayaan-4 & Bharatiya Antariksh Station Launched on: December 30, 2024, from Sriharikota. Payload: SpaDeX (Space Docking Experiment) satellites, a key step toward lunar and space station docking. Milestones Achieved: January 16, 2025: Successful in-orbit docking and stabilisation of SpaDeX satellites. Enabled power transfer and initiated undocking protocols. Relevance : GS 3(Space) POEM4: Orbital Testbed PSLV’s fourth stage, repurposed as a satellite, hosted 24 payloads from ISRO, academia, and private industry. Key Experiments: Robotic arms tested debris capture and relocation. Plant studies: Germination of cowpea seeds (CROPS). Green propulsion tests: Manastu Space (MS289 fuel) and Bellatrix Aerospace (RUDRA engine). Amateur communications: Successful transmissions from SwetchaSAT-V0 and BGS-ARPIT. Scientific payloads: GalaxEye’s SAR imagery and TakeMe2Space’s AI processing in orbit. Indian Space Startups on SpaceX’s Transporter 12 Pixxel Space: Launched 3 Firefly hyperspectral satellites, forming India’s first private satellite constellation. Digantara: Deployed a space camera for tracking objects in low-Earth orbit. XDLINX Labs: Delivered a communications satellite for U.S.-based Almagest Space. Infrastructure and Technological Advancements New Launch Pad: Approved at ₹3,984.86 crore, to be ready by 2029, supporting human spaceflight and the Next-Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV). Engine Technology: Successfully tested Vikas engine restart capability at Mahendragiri. This innovation supports atmospheric operations and enhances mission flexibility. Aditya-L1 and Solar Data Marked a year of operations by releasing the first tranche of data on January 6, 2025. Mission continues to study the sun and its effects on the inner solar system. Where did dinosaurs first evolve? The evolution of dinosaurs, one of Earth’s most fascinating prehistoric lineages, traces back to the late Triassic Period, approximately 245–230 million years ago. Researchers propose that dinosaurs likely originated in the low-latitude regions of Gondwana, near the equator. This vast area, part of the supercontinent Pangaea, encompasses what are now northern South America and northern Africa, regions separated today by plate tectonics into the Amazon rainforest and the Sahara desert. Relevance :GS 3(Science ) Key Evidence Supporting Gondwana’s Role: Oldest-Known Fossils: Early dinosaur fossils, including Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus from Argentina, Saturnalia from Brazil, and Mbiresaurus raathi from Zimbabwe, share features that suggest millions of years of prior evolution. Gaps in the Fossil Record: Researchers point to significant gaps in the fossil record in the modern Sahara and Amazon regions, which could potentially host the remains of even earlier dinosaurs. The Environment in Early Gondwana: Dinosaurs likely emerged in harsh climates, characterized by extreme heat, dry deserts, savannah-like habitats, and some forested areas prone to seasonal wildfires. These regions were previously thought unsuitable for early dinosaur survival, but evidence suggests they adapted to these challenging conditions. Evolutionary Context: Dinosaurs evolved from more primitive reptiles following the mass extinction at the end of the Permian Period (252 million years ago), caused by extreme volcanism. The sparse fossil record from equatorial Gondwana may be attributed to unfavorable conditions for fossil preservation and limited exploration due to logistical challenges in regions like the Amazon and the Sahara. Implications: This research not only reshapes our understanding of dinosaur origins but also underscores the potential of unexplored fossil-rich regions to fill critical gaps in Earth’s evolutionary history. An enduring commitment to the Indo-Pacific The inauguration of Donald Trump as the 47th President of the United States marks a significant moment in global geopolitics, with particular attention to the Indo-Pacific.  His renewed presidency is expected to emphasize a more assertive U.S. security posture and stronger alliances, particularly within the Quad (India, Japan, Australia, and the U.S.). The Indo-Pacific remains central to U.S. strategic priorities, reflecting a commitment to ensuring regional stability through defense, economic, and technological cooperation with like-minded nations. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Importance of the Indo-Pacific Strategic Recalibration: During Trump’s first term, the U.S. adopted the term “Indo-Pacific,” replacing “Asia-Pacific.” This shift expanded the focus from East Asia and the Pacific Rim to include the Indian Ocean, highlighting maritime security and counterbalancing China’s influence. It integrated defense, security, and political considerations with economic cooperation, underscoring the region’s global trade and stability significance. Structural Changes in U.S. Defense Policy: The renaming of the U.S. Pacific Command to the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (2018) showcased operational emphasis on the region. Specialized units were created in the U.S. Department of Defense to enhance collaboration with Indo-Pacific allies and partners. Revival of the Quad: The Trump administration revitalized the Quad, elevating it to a ministerial-level dialogue. Focus areas included maritime security, supply chain resilience, and technological standards, reflecting a convergence of strategic interests among its members. Continuity under Joe Biden: The Biden administration maintained the Indo-Pacific framework and elevated the Quad through summits and expanded its agenda to include vaccines, climate change, and critical technologies. The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (2022) balanced strategic goals with economic engagement, reinforcing the region’s rules-based order. Prospects in Trump 2.0 Hard Power Dynamics: The Trump administration is expected to take a more assertive stance on China, focusing on hard power and security frameworks. Collaboration with Quad partners—India, Japan, and Australia—will be strengthened, sharing the burden of regional security. Quad’s Role: A Quad foreign ministers’ meeting on January 21, led by Secretary of State Marco Rubio, reaffirmed U.S. commitment to the Indo-Pacific. The meeting emphasized maritime security, resilient supply chains, and adherence to international law while opposing unilateral actions to alter the status quo. Regional Focus: Early bilateral meetings, including India as the first, highlight the strategic emphasis on Quad partners. The Quad Summit to be hosted by India will serve as a platform for advancing regional peace, stability, and technological security. Should Governors Head State Universities? The role of the Governor as Chancellor of State universities has become a contentious issue, often politicized and undermining the autonomy of universities, especially in Opposition-ruled states. This position, inherited from colonial rule, is now seen as outdated, contributing to governance issues and political interference. Reform models have been proposed to shift power away from the Governor and into more academically focused hands, ensuring that universities can function independently of political agendas. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Governance ) Historical Context and Political Influence Colonial Legacy: The post of Chancellor, given to Governors of colonial presidencies, was meant to maintain direct British control over universities. This role was inherited by post-Independence Indian states, even though it was not part of the Constitution of India but a state-specific law. Originally, the Governor held executive powers such as appointing Vice-Chancellors and nominating members to university bodies. This model was designed to control rather than protect university autonomy. Shift Post-1967: After 1967, when political power in several states shifted from Congress to regional or opposition parties, the Governor’s role became more politicized. Governors, often appointed by the Centre, began acting as political agents of the ruling party, particularly influencing the appointment of Vice-Chancellors and other university decisions, leading to conflict with State governments. Political Appointment of Governors: The trend of appointing political loyalists as Governors has exacerbated the issue. Studies show that a significant number of Governors were active politicians before their appointment, further diminishing the office’s credibility. Constitutional and Legal Issues Dual Role of Governors: Constitutionally, Governors have a dual role: they function as constitutional heads of the state, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers, and as Chancellors, where they can act independently in university matters. This dichotomy often leads to tensions, especially when a Governor exercises discretionary powers that bypass the State government’s advice, causing delays in critical decisions like Vice-Chancellor appointments. Comparing with the President’s Role: While the Governor’s role in State universities is unilateral, the President of India, as the Visitor of Central universities, works in consultation with the Ministry of Education, ensuring more coordination and legislative oversight. This discrepancy highlights the flaws in the current system of governance at State universities. Challenges with the Current System Governance and Accountability Issues: Governors wield significant power over universities but lack accountability, leading to conflicting demands from different authorities. This creates a dysfunctional governance system where universities serve two masters—State governments and the Governor—often with differing priorities. Delays in decision-making, especially regarding Vice-Chancellor appointments, lead to administrative paralysis, affecting academic schedules, staff recruitment, and project implementation. Political Interference: Instead of safeguarding universities from political interference, the Governor’s role has become a tool for advancing political agendas, especially in Opposition-led states. This undermines the principle of academic freedom and institutional autonomy. Insights from Commissions and Proposals for Reform Rajamannar Committee (1969-71): Argued that the Governor should perform his statutory functions (including that of Chancellor) on the advice of the State government, aligning with the principles of federalism. However, this interpretation was not upheld by the Supreme Court. Sarkaria Commission (1983-88): Recognized that the Governor’s role as Chancellor should be redefined and recommended consultations with Chief Ministers while maintaining the Governor’s independent judgment in university matters. M.M. Punchhi Commission (2007-10): Suggested that the Governor should focus on constitutional responsibilities and avoid roles like Chancellor, proposing that States appoint eminent academics as Chancellors to ensure academic freedom. National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2000-02): Advocated for reducing the political role of Governors and emphasized a supportive rather than an authoritative role in university governance. Alternative Models for University Governance Governor as Ceremonial Chancellor: The Governor’s role should be limited to ceremonial functions, acting on the advice of the State Council of Ministers. States like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka have adopted variations of this approach. Chief Minister as Chancellor: Some states, such as West Bengal and Punjab, have proposed making the Chief Minister the Chancellor. However, concerns about the political implications of such a model persist. State-Appointed Chancellor: A more widely accepted model involves the State government appointing a ceremonial Chancellor, ideally an eminent academic or public figure, not a politician. Telangana has successfully implemented this approach. University-Elected Chancellor: In line with global best practices (e.g., Oxford, Cambridge), universities could elect their own ceremonial Chancellor, fostering greater autonomy and transparency in the selection process.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 January 2025

Content: NITI Aayog launches the “Fiscal Health Index 2025” in New Delhi India’s WASH Innovations Lead Global Discourse at World Economic Forum 2025 NITI Aayog launches the “Fiscal Health Index 2025” in New Delhi Context: The Fiscal Health Index (FHI) 2025, launched by NITI Aayog, marks a significant milestone in assessing the fiscal health of Indian states. This is part of NITI Aayog’s effort to promote fiscal prudence, transparency, and sustainable economic growth at the sub-national level. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Features of the FHI: Purpose: The FHI aims to offer a data-driven, comprehensive assessment of the fiscal health of 18 major Indian states. It will serve as an annual report focusing on the fiscal status of states and help inform state-level policy interventions. The report also aims to improve fiscal governance, economic resilience, and national stability. Key Sub-Indices: The FHI is based on five major sub-indices that determine the fiscal health of states: Quality of Expenditure: Examines how efficiently states are utilizing public funds. Revenue Mobilisation: Measures the state’s capacity to raise revenue through taxes and other means. Fiscal Prudence: Assesses the state’s ability to manage its financial resources responsibly. Debt Index: Measures the state’s overall debt position. Debt Sustainability: Evaluates the sustainability of the state’s debt over the long term. Top Performers: Odisha leads the ranking with a score of 67.8, excelling in revenue mobilization and expenditure management. Chhattisgarh and Goa follow with scores of 55.2 and 53.6, respectively. Observations: States like Jharkhand have shown improvement in fiscal prudence and debt sustainability. On the other hand, Karnataka has experienced a decline due to weaknesses in expenditure quality and debt management. Policy Implications: The FHI will act as a tool for fiscal consolidation by promoting transparency and improved resource management. The report helps policymakers make informed decisions to strengthen fiscal resilience. It encourages states to align their fiscal strategies with national objectives and adopt best practices to contribute to India’s goal of becoming a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047. Annual Publication: The FHI will be published annually, providing valuable data-driven insights into the fiscal health of Indian states. It is designed to assist policymakers by identifying areas requiring intervention and strategic planning to improve fiscal governance. India’s WASH Innovations Lead Global Discourse at World Economic Forum 2025 Context: Event: India Pavilion at World Economic Forum (WEF) 2025, Davos. Key Theme: “India’s WASH Innovation: Driving Global Impact in Climate and Water Sustainability.” The discussion at the India Pavilion emphasized India’s transformative achievements in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector, showcasing innovations in water conservation, sanitation coverage, and equitable access to drinking water. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance ) Highlights of the Session: WASH Innovations and India’s Role: The session centered on India’s significant progress in the WASH sector, highlighting two flagship initiatives: Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM): Focused on sanitation, including toilet construction and the elimination of open defecation. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Aimed at providing safe drinking water to rural households. These initiatives have been instrumental in improving sanitation coverage and water access, benefiting millions of rural households and positioning India as a global leader in these areas. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) have led to transformative changes in rural India, improving sanitation coverage and ensuring safe drinking water. Under the Jal Jeevan Mission, the percentage of rural households with functional tap water connections increased from 17% in 2019 to 79.66% in 2025. Impact on Time Savings: Rural India has saved 55 million hours daily that were previously spent on fetching water, leading to increased workforce participation, especially among women. Global Recognition of India’s Initiatives: The Swachh Bharat Mission and Jal Jeevan Mission have garnered global attention as successful models of large-scale, government-led initiatives for improving public health, sanitation, and water access. The WHO has credited India’s efforts in sanitation with having prevented the deaths of 300,000 children under the age of five due to improved hygiene and sanitation practices. Challenges Addressed: Water Scarcity: India faces growing challenges of water scarcity, which is exacerbated by climate change, overpopulation, and unsustainable water use. Climate Resilience: India’s efforts in water conservation are aligned with global needs for climate resilience, especially in regions vulnerable to water scarcity and extreme weather events. Panel Discussions: Water Panel: Focused on global water sustainability, featuring experts from NMCG, UNICEF, and WaterAid, discussing innovative strategies for advancing water management. Sanitation Panel: Highlighted global health innovations in sanitation, featuring experts from the Gates Foundation, Riseberg Ventures, and actor-advocate Vivek Oberoi, focusing on breakthroughs in sanitation technologies. Major Achievements Highlighted: 95 Million Toilets Built: Under the Swachh Bharat Mission, over 95 million toilets were constructed, significantly improving sanitation and hygiene standards across the country. Household Tap Water Connections: The Jal Jeevan Mission reached millions of rural households, ensuring access to safe drinking water, and significantly improving the quality of life in rural communities. India’s Global Leadership: India’s WASH innovations are being recognized as scalable models for other nations grappling with similar water and sanitation challenges. The nation’s emphasis on community engagement, behavioral change, and technology-driven solutions offers a framework for global collaboration in achieving the UNSDGs. Collaborative Efforts for SDGs: The session highlighted the critical role of public-private partnerships in driving progress towards SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). It was emphasized that addressing the global water crisis and achieving climate resilience requires collective international action. Conclusions and Global Commitments: The event concluded with actionable insights and commitments from various stakeholders, reinforcing India’s role in global climate action and sustainable development. India’s initiatives in water management and sanitation are aligned with global goals to combat climate change, enhance health outcomes, and improve economic development. Significance: India’s leadership in WASH innovations offers valuable lessons for other countries facing water and sanitation challenges, particularly in developing regions. The Jal Jeevan Mission and Swachh Bharat Mission are not only addressing immediate needs but also contributing to long-term goals of climate resilience, sustainable development, and gender equality. The World Economic Forum 2025 served as an important platform to amplify India’s contributions to global water sustainability and climate action, encouraging international cooperation and the exchange of ideas.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 January 2025

Content: Foundational values, the journey of the Indian state Further south Foundational Values, The Journey of the Indian State The Birth of the Constitution of India Context of Independence: After nearly three years of debate, the Constituent Assembly drafted the Constitution, which came into effect in January 1950. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s Vision: In his closing address (November 25, 1949), Ambedkar expressed concerns about whether Indians would prioritize national unity over personal or community interests, reflecting his fear of fragmentary forces hindering national progress. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Governance) Practice Question:Dr. B.R. Ambedkar warned that fragmentary forces could hinder India’s progress. Critically analyze how his concerns are still relevant in contemporary India.(250 Words) Federalism and Constitutional Discourse Debates on Federalism: Lack of ‘Federal’ Terminology: The Constitution does not explicitly mention the word “federal,” yet the distribution of powers between the Union and States has been pivotal in defining India’s federal structure. Tussles Between Centre and States: The conflict between State governments and Governors, simultaneous elections, and fiscal federalism have brought attention to the equitable distribution of power. Multi-lingual and Regional Issues: The debate around neglecting regional languages like Tamil, Marathi, Kannada highlights the complexities of federalism and the struggle for state autonomy. Federalism vs. Unitarism: Ambedkar’s Stance: Ambedkar clarified that the Union has overriding powers in emergency situations, but the functioning of the country is rooted in a federal framework. Judicial Confirmation: Key judgments such as S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) and Government of NCT of Delhi vs Union of India (2024) have upheld that federalism is part of the basic structure of the Constitution, reinforcing the balance of power between the Union and States. Challenges to Social Democracy Erosion of Liberties: Critics suggest laws like Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) may require careful balance to ensure they do not disproportionately affect individual rights while addressing security and financial crimes. Sedition Law: The continued application of sedition laws raises concerns about the state’s control over political dissent. Social Inequality and Caste: Ambedkar’s Warnings: Ambedkar had warned that without removing social and economic inequalities, democracy could be at risk. Caste System: Despite efforts, caste-based inequalities persist in India. The failure to neutralize caste as a determinant of merit and social success suggests that the social agenda of the Constitution is far from complete. Fraternity: Ambedkar emphasized fraternity to heal divisions, yet the idea of an Indian nation remains elusive due to persistent caste divides. The Need for Constitutional Guardians Defending the Constitution: Criticism of Colonial Influence: There is growing criticism that the Constitution was influenced by colonialism, with suggestions of replacing it with an ‘Indic’ Constitution drawing from Hindu dharmic principles. Counterargument: Such views undermine the efforts of the Constituent Assembly and the vision of Dr. Ambedkar, who crafted the Constitution as a tool to forge a modern, inclusive, and democratic India. Guardianship and Continuity: Plato’s Philosopher-Kings: Drawing from Plato’s Republic, India needs guardians who can defend the Constitution and ensure democratic principles are upheld. This class of guardians should include judges, bureaucrats, politicians, activists, journalists, and citizens. Guardianship in Practice: True guardianship involves prioritizing the nation over personal or sectarian interests. These individuals must serve as custodians of the democratic vision, ensuring constitutional values continue to guide the future of India. The Call to Action: Constitutional Vigilance: Rather than overhauling the Constitution, India must focus on defending its democratic principles. The Constitutional philosophy should remain a living document, evolving through interpretations but rooted in its original purpose. Constitutional Evolution: Reflections for the Future Ambedkar’s Warnings and the Road Ahead: Ambedkar’s vision for India was built on the foundation of liberty, equality, and fraternity, and he cautioned that without resolving inequalities, democracy itself could be endangered. India must confront its social disparities—be it caste, economic, or regional—and foster a sense of unity and fraternity. A Nation on the Path of Progress While India has made significant strides, the journey towards a truly inclusive democracy is ongoing. The Constitution’s guardianship must adapt to the challenges of the present while staying true to its foundational values. Conclusion: The Indian state’s journey, marked by the values enshrined in the Constitution, continues to be a balancing act between unity and diversity, liberty and equality, and constitutional ideals and evolving realities. Further South Historical Significance Iron Age Context in India: Unlike other regions of the world, where the Iron Age succeeded the Bronze Age, South India shows a distinct trajectory. The northern part of India was predominantly in the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) phase when South India was associated with iron. Over 3,000 Iron Age sites in South India indicate its prominence in early metallurgy. Relevance: GS 1(Heritage , History and Culture) Practice Question :What are the major challenges in Iron Age archaeology in South India, and how can they be addressed through coordinated efforts?(250 Words) Chronological Evolution: Conservative estimates place the Indian Iron Age in the second millennium BCE. Recent findings in Sivagalai, Tamil Nadu, push this timeline back to the first quarter of the fourth millennium BCE (around 3000-2500 BCE). Validations were carried out by reputable institutions like Beta Analytic, adding credibility. Scientific Contributions of Tamil Nadu’s Research Key Study: The TNSDA’s report, “Antiquity of Iron: Recent Radiometric Dates from Tamil Nadu,” redefines South India’s contribution to iron metallurgy. Radiometric dating methods provided robust evidence for early iron use in the region. Implications for Iron Metallurgy Studies: Early Tamil Nadu iron use pre-dates the mid-Ganga Valley findings (1800 BCE), highlighting regional variations in technological evolution. Offers a new perspective for studying diffusion versus indigenous development of metallurgy. Global Implications: Strengthens the argument for indigenous innovation in metallurgy within the Indian subcontinent. Encourages re-examining global timelines in relation to South India’s iron antiquity. Challenges and Opportunities in Iron Age Archaeology Need for Specialized Focus: Archaeologists should prioritize “iron–specific” sites over mixed copper–iron sites to improve efficiency. Expanding research beyond Tamil Nadu is essential to understand the broader South Indian Iron Age. Role of Coordination: Tamil Nadu’s archaeological efforts must be complemented by work in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) should lead a unified, pan-regional research initiative. Funding and Incentives: The Tamil Nadu government’s announcement of a $1-million prize for deciphering the Indus Valley script demonstrates a commitment to historical research. Similar incentives can be introduced for Iron Age studies to attract global collaboration. Political and Cultural Dimensions Neutralizing Historical Misuse: The new evidence counters any attempts to distort history for political or ideological purposes. Emphasizes the importance of concrete, credible research to establish historical truths. National Identity: Findings from Tamil Nadu enrich the narrative of India’s ancient technological advancements. Strengthens India’s claim to being an early center of metallurgical innovation. Future Directions Enhanced Methodology: Adoption of advanced dating techniques (e.g., radiocarbon dating, thermoluminescence) for more precise timelines. Interdisciplinary approaches combining archaeology, metallurgy, and cultural studies. Public Awareness: Disseminating findings through educational content to foster pride in India’s ancient heritage. International collaboration to enhance India’s representation in global archaeological studies. Broader Context: Explore links between early iron production and socio-political developments, trade networks, and agrarian advancements in South India. Conclusion The discovery of early iron use in Tamil Nadu reshapes our understanding of the Iron Age in India, emphasizing the region’s pioneering role in metallurgy. Collaboration across states and institutions, coupled with innovative research strategies, can unlock further insights into this transformative period of history.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 January 2025

Content: ISRO gearing up for its 100th launch from Sriharikota on Jan. 29 Pralay, India’s first quasi-ballistic missile, to be showcased at Republic Day parade Need to tackle the issue of ‘social media pollution’, says CEC Odisha tops NITI fiscal health index, Chhattisgarh next best Study finds link between smartphone use and mental health of adolescents ISRO gearing up for its 100th launch from Sriharikota on Jan. 29 Context : Event: ISRO is set for its 100th launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. Date: Scheduled for January 29, 2025. Mission: Launch of GSLV–F15 with the NVS–02 satellite. Relevance : GS 3(Space ,Technology) Details of the Launch Rocket: GSLV-F15 (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle): Equipped with an indigenous cryogenic upper stage. Designed to place satellites in Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Launch Pad: From the Second Launch Pad at SDSC. About the NVS-02 Satellite Series: Second in the NVS (Navigation Satellite Vehicle) series. Purpose: Part of the NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) initiative. NavIC Overview Definition: India’s independent Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS). Primary Service Area: Covers India and a region extending ~1,500 km beyond the Indian landmass. Ensures strategic autonomy in navigation. Services Offered: Standard Positioning Service (SPS): Open to all users with: Position accuracy: Better than 20 metres. Timing accuracy: Better than 40 nanoseconds. Restricted Service (RS): Encrypted service for authorised users (e.g., military). Technological Advancements in NVS-02 Second-Generation NavIC Satellites: Aimed to augment and replace the existing constellation. Enhanced features ensure continuity and reliability of services. Planned Augmentation: Deployment of five second-generation satellites (NVS-01 to NVS-05) to bolster: Positioning accuracy. Signal strength and coverage. Long-term service continuity. Significance of the 100th Launch Marks a historic milestone in ISRO’s operational journey. Reinforces India’s space ambitions, showcasing: Indigenous technological prowess in rocket and satellite development. Strategic autonomy in critical areas like navigation and communication. Global Context: Highlights India’s position as a key player in: Regional navigation systems. Providing accurate and reliable Position, Velocity, and Timing (PVT) services. Relevance Strategic: Strengthens India’s defence, disaster management, and civil navigation capabilities. Technological: Demonstrates India’s indigenous capacity in advanced satellite and launch vehicle systems. Economic: NavIC’s dual services (SPS/RS) can enable commercial applications, boosting sectors like logistics, agriculture, and telecommunications. Pralay, India’s first quasi-ballistic missile, to be showcased at Republic Day parade Introduction of Pralay: Showcase at Republic Day Parade: Pralay, India’s first indigenous short-range quasi-ballistic missile, will be a centerpiece at the parade. Development Authority: Designed and developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ) Technical and Operational Features: Range: 400 km, enabling effective stand-off strikes. Deployment Flexibility: Suitable for operations along the Line of Control (LoC) and Line of Actual Control (LAC). Configuration: Equipped with a twin-launcher system mounted on an Ashok Leyland 12×12 high-mobility vehicle, ensuring rapid deployment. Significance in Indian Arsenal: Conventional Strike Capability: Pralay is India’s first ballistic missile dedicated to conventional strikes. Enhancing Tactical Edge: Complements existing missiles like BrahMos and Prahaar, broadening the military’s strike capabilities. Deterrence Role: Acts as a strategic deterrent against adversaries, enhancing India’s regional security posture. Procurement and Trials: Development Milestones: Development trials of Pralay are complete, and the Defence Ministry has approved its induction. Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) Approval (2023): Sanctioned the procurement of a few hundred Pralay missiles alongside Nirbhay cruise missiles, ensuring a robust inventory for long-range conventional strikes. Comparative System – Nirbhay Missile: Range: 1,000 km, providing extended reach for land-attack missions. Development Status: A derivative version of Nirbhay has undergone recent flight tests, with trials ongoing. Battlefield Integration: Multi-Branch Utility: Designed for deployment by both the Indian Army and Air Force. Battle Surveillance System – Sanjay: Another notable system being showcased, enhancing situational awareness and reconnaissance. Strategic Importance Border Defense: Pralay offers an agile and rapid response option in scenarios of border skirmishes or heightened tensions along sensitive zones like the LoC and LAC. Force Multiplication: The integration of Pralay alongside BrahMos and Nirbhay strengthens India’s tactical and strategic missile force. Indigenous Development: Highlights India’s growing self-reliance in defense manufacturing, aligning with the “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative. Geopolitical Implications Regional Stability: The missile’s induction signals India’s capability to deter adversaries while maintaining a strategic balance in South Asia. Message to Neighbors: Its deployment capability along both western and northern borders underscores India’s readiness to counter threats from both Pakistan and China. Need to tackle the issue of ‘social media pollution’, says CEC Context: Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Rajiv Kumar highlighted the pressing issue of “social media pollution” during the valedictory address at an international conference of election management bodies. A comparison was drawn between environmental pollution and the spread of fake and misleading narratives on social media. Relevance: GS 2(Social Issues) Highlights: Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) for Social Media: CEC proposed a GRAPmodel, akin to air pollution control measures, to tackle the adverse impact of misinformation on social media. Focus on curbing fake, unverified, and disruptive content that undermines democratic processes. ‘Delhi Declaration 2025’: A collective commitment by 13 election management bodies to uphold free, fair, and inclusive elections. Emphasis on combating challenges like misinformation that threaten electoral integrity. Accountability of Social Media Platforms: Platforms were urged to introspect and takeproactivesteps before the problem escalates further. Criticism of algorithms that amplify confirmation bias by reinforcing existing perspectives without exposing users to alternative viewpoints. Algorithms need to prevent the spread of detectable fake content. Impact of Social Media Pollution: Fake news and misleading narratives disrupt informed decision-making in elections. Social media platforms were likened to contributors of “internal pollution,” which requires urgent corrective measures. Broader Implications: Elections and Misinformation: Spread of fake news can undermine voter confidence and polarize communities, affecting electoral outcomes. Effective regulation is crucial for democratic integrity. Algorithmic Responsibility: Algorithms need redesigning to prioritize transparency and present balanced perspectives. Need for collaboration between regulators, platforms, and tech experts to develop solutions. Comparative Framework: Drawingparallels between environmental and socialmediapollution underscores the gravity of the issue. It highlights the need for similar proactive and multi-stakeholder approaches to mitigate its impact. Possible Solutions: Strengthening Content Moderation: Mandate social media companies to implement robust mechanisms for detecting and flagging fake or harmful content. Graded penalties for platforms failing to address misinformation effectively. Regulatory Framework: Governments and global organizations must create comprehensivelaws and policies for social media accountability. Periodic audits of algorithms to ensure they align with democratic values. Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating users about the impact of misinformation and tools to verify content can reduce the spread of fake narratives. Collaboration and Research: Encouraging internationalcooperation to share best practices in addressing misinformation. Investments in research for improving algorithmic transparency and combating disinformation. Odisha tops NITI fiscal health index, Chhattisgarh next best Relevance : Facts for Prelims. Top Performer: Odisha ranked first with an overall index score of 67.8, excelling in fiscal health. Other Top Performers: Mineral-rich states like Chhattisgarh, Goa, and Jharkhand were among the “achievers” category. Front-Runners: Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka performed well, showcasing robust fiscal management. Worst Performers: Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Kerala fell into the “aspirational” category, reflecting fiscal instability. Classification: Achievers: Higher capital outlay (up to 4% of GSDP), effective non-tax revenue mobilisation, and low interest payments (up to 7% of revenue receipts).   Front-Runners: High developmental expenditure (up to 73%), consistent growth in tax revenue, and balanced debt management (24% debt-to-GSDP ratio). Fiscal Metrics: Odisha’s Strengths: Debt Index: Top rank with a score of 99.0, reflecting sound debt management. Debt Sustainability: Ranked highest with a score of 64.0. Expenditure Quality: Maintains low fiscal deficits and high capital outlay relative to GSDP. Front-Runner States: Robust tax revenue growth and improved debt sustainability. Significant focus on developmental expenditure. Aspirational States: Struggle with fiscal and revenue deficits. Rising debt burdens and challenges in debt sustainability. Challenges for Aspirational States: Kerala and Punjab: Poor quality of expenditure and low debt sustainability. West Bengal: Issues with revenue mobilisation and debt index performance. Andhra Pradesh: High fiscal deficit and challenges in revenue management. Historical Performance (2014-15 to 2021-22): Top Scorers: Odisha, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh consistently led in fiscal health. Data Source: Metrics derived from Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) reports. Policy Implications: Focus Areas for Improvement: Aspirational states need reforms in debt management and revenue mobilisation. Enhance quality of expenditure to improve fiscal stability. Insights for Front-Runners: Maintain balanced fiscal policies to ensure long-term sustainability. National Relevance: Understanding fiscal health aids effective policy formulation, aligning with recommendations of the 16th Finance Commission. Study finds link between smartphone use and mental health of adolescents Findings from the Survey Sample Size & Scope: The survey covered 10,475 adolescents (ages 13–17) in the U.S. and India. Core Insight: Mental well–being is inversely proportional to the age of smartphone initiation; the younger the age, the sharper the decline in mental health. Specific Declines: Increased feelings of aggression, anger, and irritability. Symptoms such as hallucinations, unwanted thoughts, and detachment from reality. Broader decline beyond sadness and anxiety, encompassing cognitive and emotional disruptions. Relevance: GS 2(Mental Health) Comparative Trends: U.S. vs. India Rate of Decline: Mental well-being deteriorates at a slower pace in India compared to the U.S. In the U.S., both males and females experience steep declines with earlier smartphone exposure. In India: Females show overall mental well-being deterioration. Males experience selective declines in specific aspects, while others improve. Baseline Mental Well-Being: Indian adolescents (both males and females) exhibit worse overall mental well-being compared to their American counterparts. Indian females with early smartphone exposure report increased sleep and health problems in adulthood. Broader Implications Role of Smartphones: The introduction of smartphones (since 2008) aligns with rising mental health concerns among adolescents globally. Aggression and Anger: Strongly correlated with earlier smartphone exposure in both countries. Gender-Specific Outcomes: Differences in mental health impacts suggest the need for targeted interventions. Addressing the Issue Ed-Tech Solutions: Debate on integrating controlled educational technology (ed-tech) in elementary and middle schools to harness benefits while mitigating risks. Parental Controls: Use of apps that restrict smartphone access for non-educational purposes, allowing safe navigation for academic needs. Policy Interventions: Potential regulations for age-appropriate access to smartphones to prevent early exposure. Awareness Campaigns: Educating parents and adolescents on the potential risks of early smartphone use and promoting healthy screen habits. Expert Views Dr. Tara Thiagarajan, neuroscientist, highlighted: The differential pace of mental well-being deterioration in India and the U.S. The nuanced impact of smartphone use on adolescent females in India, particularly on health and sleep in adulthood. She emphasized the urgent need for solutions that balance technology use with adolescent mental health priorities. Broader Context The findings underscore a global concern over adolescent mental health linked to technological adoption. They prompt deeper discussions on cultural, environmental, and policy-specific factors shaping these trends in India and the U.S.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 January 2025

Content : National Girl Child Day 2025 India’s Deep Ocean Mission Gains Momentum: Human Submersible to Launch This Year National Girl Child Day 2025 Context and Significance Date of Celebration: January 24 annually. Objective: To promote awareness about the rights, education, and welfare of girl children, addressing gender disparities and societal challenges. Initiated by: Ministry of Women and Child Development in 2008. Key Focus: Gender equality. Awareness about issues like female foeticide and declining sex ratios. Advocacy for education and empowerment of girls. Relevance : GS 2(Governance,Social Issues ) Important Themes and Objectives a. Awareness of Rights: Highlighting the fundamental rights of girl children, as enshrined in the Constitution of India. Emphasizing their right to education, health, and equal opportunities. b. Advocacy Against Gender Bias: Promoting societal change to eliminate discriminatory practices like female foeticide and child marriage. Focus on improving the child sex ratio and addressing issues of neglect and abuse. c. Empowerment and Welfare: Encouraging education for girls and fostering their participation in societal and economic activities. Promoting an inclusive environment for the holistic growth of girl children. Major Government Initiatives a. Legal Framework: Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (2006): Targets the elimination of child marriages through penalties and awareness. POCSO Act (2012): Protects children from sexual offenses, with updated rules in 2020 for better implementation. Juvenile Justice Act (2015): Ensures care and protection for children in need, addressing their rights comprehensively. b. Dedicated Programs and Schemes: Mission Vatsalya: Aimed at child protection, offering services like the Child Helpline (1098) and the Track Child Portal. The Track Child Portal (2012) links missing children reports with those residing in Child Care Institutions (CCIs). PM CARES for Children Scheme: Supports children orphaned by COVID-19 through education, health, and financial assistance. Collaborations with NIMHANS & E-SAMPARK: Provides mental health and medical care for children, emphasizing emotional well-being. Challenges Addressed Declining Sex Ratio: Rising concerns about societal preferences for male children, leading to skewed ratios. Gender Disparities in Education:Limited access to education for girls in rural and underprivileged areas. Gender-Based Violence:Addressing violence, abuse, and neglect faced by girl children. Broader Implications Social Advancement: Empowering girl children leads to improved societal metrics such as literacy rates, maternal health, and economic productivity. Economic Growth:Educating and empowering girls contributes to workforce diversification and national development. Global Commitments:Aligns with SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 4 (Quality Education). Way Forward Strengthening Implementation: Ensure effective enforcement of child protection laws and policies. Community Engagement: Mobilize local communities to eliminate stereotypes and biases. Focus on Education: Expand educational initiatives tailored to girls, particularly in rural and backward areas. Healthcare Accessibility: Enhance health programs targeting adolescent girls and reduce maternal mortality rates. India’s Deep Ocean Mission Gains Momentum: Human Submersible to Launch This Year Context and Significance Launch Year: 2025 for the first human submersible (500 meters depth). Future Target: A manned mission to explore depths of 6,000 meters in 2026. Objective: To establish India’s dominance in deep-sea exploration. To strengthen the blue economy by unlocking underwater resources. Global Recognition: India joins an elite group of six nations with advanced deep-sea technology capabilities. Relevance: GS 3(Technology) Highlights a. Technological Milestones: Deep-Sea Manned Vehicle (Submersible): The 2025 submersible will operate at a depth of 500 meters. A subsequent model will dive to a depth of 6,000 meters, showcasing advanced engineering and research capabilities. Entirely indigenous technology, reinforcing India’s self-reliance. b. Strategic Vision: Aligns with India’s space mission (Gaganyaan), symbolizing dual achievements in space and ocean exploration. Strengthens the Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) initiative. c. Focus on Sustainability and Economy: Unlock critical resources like: Rare metals and critical minerals: Vital for industries like electronics, renewable energy, and defense. Marine biodiversity: Promotes sustainable fisheries and ecosystem conservation. Contribution to economic growth through the Blue Economy framework. Mission Objectives and Impacts a. Objectives: Resource Exploration: Accessing untapped mineral wealth and rare earth elements on the ocean floor. Discovery of deep-sea biodiversity for sustainable use. Scientific Research: Enhancing understanding of deep-sea ecosystems. Studying potential impacts of climate change on marine environments. Economic Growth: Boosting India’s GDP through sustainable resource utilization. Technological Advancement: Development of cutting-edge indigenous technology. b. Impacts: Economic: Reducing dependency on imported critical minerals. Establishing India as a leader in ocean-based economies. Environmental: Facilitating marine conservation through informed exploration. Global Standing: Strengthening India’s geopolitical position in oceanic resource exploration.  Challenges Addressed Technological Barriers: Advanced materials and pressure-resistant systems are required for missions at extreme depths. Pandemic-Induced Delays: Despite setbacks during COVID-19, the mission’s progress showcases India’s resilience. Environmental Concerns: Commitment to responsible and sustainable exploration to avoid ecological damage. Stakeholders and Contributions Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES): Core agency for implementation. Collaborators: NITI Aayog: Strategic planning and policy alignment. Scientific Advisors: Ensuring cutting-edge innovation and global standards. Leadership: Dr. Jitendra Singh: Highlighting the mission’s significance and alignment with national priorities. Other ministries such as Finance and Defense: Cross-sectoral collaboration. Broader Implications a. Global Recognition: Positions India as a technological leader in oceanic and space exploration. Aligns with international goals such as the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030). b. Blue Economy Potential: Diversification of economic activities related to oceans: Marine biotechnology. Ocean-based renewable energy. Sustainable fisheries. c. Strategic Edge: Strengthens India’s claim in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), enhancing geopolitical influence. Supports national security by fostering advanced underwater technology. Way Forward Technological Readiness: Strengthen indigenous manufacturing for mission-critical components. Environmental Stewardship: Ensure exploration aligns with global conservation standards. Global Partnerships:Collaborate with other countries and institutions to leverage expertise. Capacity Building: Train scientists and engineers to handle advanced oceanic technology.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 January 2025

Content: India’s winding road to ‘#EndTB’ Rumour has it WHO is right India’s winding road to ‘#EndTB’ Context : Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading infectious disease killer globally as per the 2024 WHO report. India accounts for 26% of the global TB burden, with high cases of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) and TB-related deaths. India pledged to achieve the “End TB” targets by 2025, but the COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted efforts. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Practice Question : Critically analyze the challenges and opportunities in achieving India’s ‘End TB’ targets by 2025. (250 Words) End TB Targets 90% reduction in TB deaths. 80% reduction in new cases. Zero TB-affected families facing catastrophic health expenses by 2030. Current progress: Decline in TB deaths by 24% (2015–2023), but targets are far from reach. Challenges in TB Elimination in India a) Vulnerable Groups Defined high-risk groups: miners, stone carvers, undernourished individuals, and those with co-morbidities (e.g., diabetes). Migrant workers: Poor access to healthcare and lack of continuity in treatment due to mobility. b) Undernutrition and Socioeconomic Factors Undernutrition, silicosis, and overcrowded living conditions increase vulnerability. Addressing these issues requires multi-sectoral action beyond healthcare policies. c) Supply Chain Gaps Despite a 95% treatment initiation rate, 2023 witnessed disruptions in the drug supply chain. Shortages of key drugs forced patients to buy medicines, leading to catastrophic healthcare costs and risk of antibiotic resistance. d) Extrapulmonary TB (EP-TB) Comprises 24% of notified cases, often underdiagnosed due to vague symptoms. Lack of training for general practitioners and frontline workers delays early diagnosis and treatment. e) Diagnostic Challenges Molecular diagnostic tools (e.g., CBNAAT, Truenat) are inaccessible in rural areas. Shortage of trained staff and supply issues hinder timely diagnosis and increase patient expenses. High reliance on specialists and private practitioners delays notification and treatment. Administrative and Programmatic Gaps Frequent guideline updates are not matched by adequately trained human resources. Local ownership of TB programmes is lacking in many regions. Best practices, such as Idukki’s collaboration with Kudumbashree, show the importance of community participation and advocacy. International Case Study Vietnam successfully implemented active case finding for TB among high-risk groups, yielding better outcomes. India could adopt similar strategies to restructure its frameworks. Progress and Opportunities Case notification in India reached the highest level, showcasing increased detection. Decline in TB deaths indicates potential for improvement with strategic interventions. Rumour has it Background : Rumour-Induced Panic A rumour of a fire caused panic among passengers of the Pushpak Express, leading to the pulling of the alarm chain. Passengers deboarded near Pachora station on the side of an adjacent track, unaware of the danger posed by an oncoming train, the Karnataka Express. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : Recent railway accidents in India underscore deeper systemic issues. Discuss the causes and suggest measures to enhance railway safety, with reference to the Pushpak Express accident.(250 Words) Systemic and Technical Shortcomings Design Issues:Absence of auto-locking doors in general compartments made it easy for passengers to deboard unsafely.A curve in the track reduced visibility for the driver of the Karnataka Express, adding to the accident’s inevitability. Brake Binding and Hot Axle Issues:Brake binding (poor maintenance) may have led to sparks and smoke, further fueling panic. Inadequate Emergency Response:Lack of awareness and protocol for safe evacuation in emergencies contributed to the fatalities. Psychological and Behavioral Factors Panic and confusion during emergencies are common in India, as seen in stampedes like the Elphinstone Road tragedy (2017). Passengers’ reactions are often influenced by recent events and heightened fear of accidents. Larger Issues in Railway Safety Infrastructure Deficiencies:General coaches lack modern safety features like automatic doors. Maintenance Failures:Brake binding reflects poor upkeep of rolling stock. Safety Culture:A reactive rather than preventive approach to railway safety results in recurring incidents. Possible Mitigations: Install auto-locking doors in general compartments to prevent unsafe deboarding. Conduct regular maintenance to address issues like brake binding. Train passengers in emergency protocols through regular awareness campaigns. Use advanced signaling and monitoring systems to reduce risks on curved tracks. Recommendations: Technical Upgrades: Retrofittinggeneraltrains with auto-locking doors. Modernizing braking systems to prevent binding. Enhancing track infrastructure for better visibility on curves. Passenger Awareness and Training: Periodicdrills and campaigns on safety protocols during emergencies. Multilingual communication systems to avoid misunderstandings. Organizational Reforms: Strengthen the CommissionerofRailwaySafety’sautonomy and capacity. Foster a preventive safety culture through audits and real-time monitoring. Emergency Response Systems: Install sensors to detectsmoke or sparks early, minimizing false alarms. Equip trains with AI-powered systems to assist in emergency braking and signaling. WHO is right Context and Background U.S. and WHO: The United States has been a founding member and the largest contributor to the World Health Organization (WHO), providing approximately 18% of its funding. Decision to Withdraw: Former President Donald Trump announced the U.S.’s withdrawal in 2020, accusing WHO of mishandling the COVID-19 pandemic and alleged bias towards China. Impact Timeline: The decision required a 12-month notice period, during which funding commitments were to cease. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : The U.S.’s decision to withdraw from the World Health Organization (WHO) has significant implications for global health governance. Discuss the consequences of such a move and suggest measures to strengthen WHO’s role in addressing global health challenges.(250 Words) Significance of U.S. Contributions to WHO Financial Dependency: U.S. funding supports critical global health programs, including: HIV/AIDS Interventions: Providing antiretroviral therapy and preventive measures. Tuberculosis Control: Detection, treatment, and eradication strategies. Disease Eradication Campaigns: Efforts to eliminate polio and other infectious diseases. Equity in Healthcare: WHO ensures global access to life-saving drugs and vaccines, particularly in low-income countries. Global Disease Surveillance: U.S. funding aids WHO’s capacity to monitor and prevent disease outbreaks globally. Consequences of U.S. Withdrawal Global Health Programs: A funding vacuum risks halting or delaying vital healthcare initiatives, especially in vulnerable regions. Pandemic Preparedness: Collaborative efforts to tackle pandemics, such as COVID-19, may weaken without U.S. leadership. Research and Innovation: U.S. withdrawal could undermine WHO’s efforts in global research collaboration for vaccines and treatments. Geopolitical Influence: Loss of U.S. influence in WHO decisions could pave the way for other nations, like China, to assume leadership roles, altering the balance of power in global health governance. Rationale Against Withdrawal Interdependence in Global Health: Pathogens do not recognize borders, and pandemic containment requires cooperation among nations. COVID-19 Lessons: The pandemic underscored the need for shared data, resources, and coordinated response mechanisms. Damage to U.S. Leadership: Abandoning WHO undermines U.S. credibility and leadership in addressing global challenges. Counterarguments and Criticism of WHO Allegations of Bias: Critics, including Mr. Trump, argue WHO was slow in responding to COVID-19 and allegedly too lenient on China. Reform Needs: While WHO has acknowledged certain gaps, internal reforms to improve responsiveness and transparency are critical. Funding Structure: Over-reliance on voluntary contributions from a few nations (like the U.S.) creates vulnerabilities in its financial model. Broader Implications Global Solidarity vs. Isolationism: U.S. withdrawal signals a move away from multilateralism, impacting global efforts to tackle health crises. Economic Costs: Pandemic mismanagement due to weakened global collaboration can have cascading economic consequences for all nations.   Butterfly Effect: The decision risks triggering a chain of unpredictable global consequences, such as fragmented disease response systems.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 January 2025

Content: Use of loudspeakers not crucial for any religion: Bombay HC Drought, debt, and death in Maharashtra Is poverty being underestimated in India? Is France’s influence in West Africa over? MDL-TKMS bid for P-75I submarine tender clears technical evaluation States yet to use ₹70,744-cr. funds for welfare of workers The hidden dangers of Rhodamine B: a global and local perspective Use of loudspeakers not crucial for any religion: Bombay HC Ruling: Use of loudspeakers is not essential to any religion, according to the Bombay High Court. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary, Governance, Health) Health Concerns: Court highlighted that noise is a major health hazard, justifying the need to regulate loudspeakers. Court Direction: Law enforcement agencies directed to act promptly against noise pollution violations. Religious institutions urged to use sound systems with auto-decibel limits to control noise. Background: The ruling came from a petition filed by housing associations in Kurla, Mumbai, citing police inaction regarding noise pollution from masjids. Noise Pollution Concern: Petitioners argued that loudspeakers used for religious purposes, violated Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Cosmopolitan Nature of Mumbai: The court emphasized Mumbai’s diversity, stating that granting loudspeaker permissions could infringe on public peace. Article 19 & 25: Court ruled that denying loudspeaker permissions does not infringe on religious rights under Articles 19 (freedom of speech) and 25 (freedom of religion) of the Constitution. Public Interest: The court stressed that denying loudspeaker permissions is in the public interest, to maintain peace in the cosmopolitan city. Citizens’ Plight: The court acknowledged that common citizens suffer due to the use of loudspeakers and amplified sounds, making it the responsibility of the state and authorities to enforce the law. Drought, debt, and death in Maharashtra Context : High Farmer Suicides: In 2024, over 800 farmer suicides were recorded in Maharashtra’s Marathwada region alone, with districts like Nanded, Beed, and Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar witnessing the highest number. Relevance: GS 2(Social Justice) , GS 3(Agriculture) Impact on Families: Widows and children are left to bear the financial and emotional consequences of these suicides, often facing poverty, stigma, and additional burdens like unpaid debts. Debt as a Common Thread: Many suicides were triggered by mounting debts, especially from non-banking financial corporations (NBFCs), which keep farmers trapped in a vicious cycle. Weather Extremes: Droughts, unseasonal rainfall, and crop destruction worsen the situation for farmers in the region. Marathwada, already drought-prone, has been hit by excessive rainfall, further exacerbating financial distress. Regional Disparity: While Maharashtra’s Marathwada is the most affected, the crisis is widespread across rural India. In 2022, 38% of farmer suicides in India occurred in Maharashtra. Social Impact: The social stigma of suicide, especially in rural areas, complicates the grieving process for families. Many children, particularly girls, are forced to drop out of school to help support their families. Economic Struggles: The average income of agricultural households is extremely low, making survival difficult. The lack of fair pricing for farm produce compounds the economic distress. Systemic Issues: Despite government schemes, there is a gap between policy and reality, with many families left to fend for themselves. Expert Views: Journalists and policy experts argue that the low prices for farm produce, coupled with the growing cost of living, contribute to the agrarian crisis. The systemic failure to provide fair compensation for farmers leads to increasing debt and loss of life. Government Response: While political leaders have promised measures like MSP guarantees and crop loan waivers, the effectiveness of these promises remains questionable, with many farmers still unable to escape the financial trap. Mental Health Crisis: Beyond financial distress, the mental health impact of such widespread suicides and grief on surviving family members is an urgent concern, with survivors often facing isolation and helplessness. Is poverty being underestimated in India? Poverty Definition: Historically, poverty was defined by calorie consumption, later updated through National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data. Over time, discrepancies between NSSO and National Accounts led to concerns about data accuracy. Methodological shifts, like the introduction of multiple recall periods, have complicated comparisons. Relevance : GS 2 (Social Issues) Debate on Poverty Decline: P.C. Mohanan: Questions the drastic decline in poverty based on the varying poverty lines and data inconsistencies. N.R. Bhanumurthy: Acknowledges a decline but attributes it to high GDP growth, government welfare programs, and improved public delivery systems, suggesting further decline in poverty. Concerns with HCES Data: Issues with recall periods (e.g., 7 days for food, 30 days for others) affect data consistency. NSSO’s new methodology (multi-sitting household visits) improves data accuracy but presents challenges when compared with older poverty lines. The need for a new, universally agreed poverty line based on current methodologies is emphasized. Rural vs Urban Poverty: PCM: Rural-urban consumption gap is narrowing, with rural areas improving and urban consumption diversifying. NRB: Calls for clearer definitions of rural and urban areas to refine poverty estimation. Upward Revision of Poverty Line: PCM: Cites a study estimating 25% poverty using Rangarajan’s methodology, but doubts a straightforward update to the poverty line. NRB: Disagrees with the 25% figure, citing international data like UNDP’s estimate of 12.9% poverty in India in 2019. Emphasizes the need for a consistent methodology for poverty line estimation. Multidimensional Poverty Index Criticisms: UNDP’s methodology is global, leaving countries to tailor it. India’s multidimensional poverty index has 12 indicators, including bank accounts and maternal health, which is seen as a positive by NRB. PCM: Critiques the index for its static nature, where once a household achieves basic services, it remains classified as non-deprived, potentially underestimating ongoing vulnerabilities. Conclusion: Both experts agree that while poverty has reduced, the methodologies for measuring it are inconsistent, and there is a need for clearer definitions and better data to ensure more accurate poverty assessments. Is France’s influence in West Africa over? French Troop Withdrawals: Ivory Coast, Chad, and Senegal have requested the withdrawal of French troops, with Ivory Coast’s President Ouattara announcing a deadline of January 31, 2024. Chad terminated its defense cooperation agreement in November, while Senegal called for the closure of all French military bases in December. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Reasons for Withdrawal Requests: National Sovereignty: France’s military presence in former colonies (Ivory Coast, Chad, and Senegal) has been seen as incompatible with national sovereignty, according to local governments. Presidents like Mahamat Daby of Chad argue that ending defense agreements is necessary to restore national independence. Public Dissatisfaction: Despite fighting insurgencies tied to ISIS and al-Qaeda since 2014, French troops failed to prevent the spread of insurgency, leading to anti-French sentiments. Shift in Regional Relations: West African nations are diversifying their security and political alliances, increasingly turning to Russia for military support. Impact on West African Countries: Insurgency and Terrorism: The withdrawal has not solved the insurgency problem in countries like Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso, which still rank highly on the Global Terrorism Index. Regional Alliances: The anti-French sentiment has led to the formation of the Alliance of Sahel States (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso), which may now extend to Chad, Senegal, and Ivory Coast for regional counter-terrorism efforts. Implications for France: End of ‘Françafrique’: France’s influence in Africa, which it maintained through colonial-era pacts (known as ‘Françafrique’), is effectively over. Political and Economic Setbacks: France’s political influence in Ivory Coast and other countries is diminishing, undermining its economic interests in the region. Military and Global Reputation: The withdrawal of troops challenges France’s image as a global leader in counter-terrorism and a defender of human rights, as its military presence supported pro-France leaders. Uncertain Future in Ivory Coast: Ivory Coast may remain somewhat tied to France due to enduring political and economic ties. Larger Trend of Declining European Influence: Geopolitical Shifts: Europe’s declining presence in Africa is attributed to internal struggles (e.g., the war in Ukraine) and a focus on domestic issues like migration. Rise of Russia and China: Russia has capitalized on the military vacuum left by France, while China’s economic influence grows through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative. EU Challenges: Europe’s trade surplus with Africa has dropped significantly, and its foreign policy is increasingly inward-looking, with less emphasis on African expansion. Russia’s Growing Influence: Russia has gained ground by filling the military gap left by French withdrawals, offering security partnerships without the democratic baggage associated with the West. Future Outlook: Europe may shift to more security-focused foreign policies, while China and Russia continue to expand their influence in Africa, presenting challenges for European powers. MDL-TKMS bid for P-75I submarine tender clears technical evaluation Milestone Achieved: The bid from Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, and Germany’s TKMS (Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems) has cleared the technical evaluation for the P-75I submarine project. Relevance : GS 3 (Defence and Security) Competitor’s Bid: The bid from Larsen & Toubro and Navantia of Spain did not clear the technical evaluation. Project Overview: The ₹43,000 crore project involves acquiring six advanced conventional submarines, with a focus on indigenization and technological upgrades. Price Revision Expected: The benchmarked price was set a decade ago, and due to technological advancements, inflation, and currency fluctuations, the final cost is expected to rise significantly. Evaluation Process: Compliance checks for both bids were completed in June last year as part of Field Evaluation Trials (FET). The bids were scrutinized by the Ministry of Defence and opened last week. MDL-TKMS’s bid was found technically compliant, and commercial negotiations will now begin based on the submitted price. Indigenous Content Requirement: The Request For Proposal (RFP) specifies that the first submarine must have 45% indigenous content, increasing to 60% for the sixth submarine. Key Selection Criterion: A major factor in qualifying for the P-75I is the Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) module, which enhances the endurance and stealth of the submarine. MDL-TKMS Offering: The MDL-TKMS bid is based on the Class 214 submarine design, known for its operational success and proven AIP module. Navantia’s Offering: Navantia has proposed a design based on the new S80 class, with the first submarine (S-81 ‘Isaac Peral’) launched in 2021 and commissioned in b. States yet to use ₹70,744-cr. funds for welfare of workers Context : Unused Funds for Worker Welfare under Building and Construction Workers Act Unused Funds: States have yet to utilize ₹70,744.16 crore in cess funds collected for the welfare of building and other construction workers. Relevance :GS 2 (Governance, Polity) Fund Collection: Since 2005, under the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, ₹1,17,507.22 crore has been collected as cess from employers, but only ₹67,669.92 crore has been allocated for workers’ welfare. RTI Reply: The Union Labour Ministry revealed the cess funds collected by State Welfare Boards remain largely unspent, despite being collected from employers for worker welfare. Act Background: The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, mandates States to collect cess (1%-2% of construction cost) for worker welfare. Workers Registered: As of September 30, 2024, 5,73,48,723 workers have registered with 36 State Welfare Boards. Post-COVID Concerns: Complaints arose regarding the lack of support for construction workers during the COVID-19 exodus to villages. Cess Evasion: Trade union leaders suggest significant cess evasion by builders. In Maharashtra, ₹19,489.25 crore in cess was collected over 19 years, indicating inflated construction costs and possible tax evasion. Lack of Data: The Labour Ministry could not provide data on the actual cost of construction projects, highlighting gaps in transparency. State Spending: States have allocated meager funds for workers: Maharashtra: ₹13,683.18 crore spent Karnataka: ₹7,921.42 crore spent Uttar Pradesh: ₹7,826.66 crore spent Impact of Social Security Code: The upcoming Code on Social Security could dilute the cess collection process and reduce employer obligations, potentially depriving workers of statutory benefits. State Implementation Issues: Except for Kerala, most States and Union Territories are not effectively implementing the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, leading to curtailed benefits for workers The hidden dangers of Rhodamine B: a global and local perspective What is Rhodamine B: A synthetic dye used in textiles, paper, leather, and scientific research due to its fluorescent properties. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Health Risks: Studies indicate Rhodamine B can cause DNA damage, leading to mutations and potential cancerous growths. Animal studies have shown tumors in organs like the liver and bladder following prolonged exposure. Global Concerns: United States: FDA has long banned Rhodamine B in food products, reinforcing the ban in January 2025 due to carcinogenic risks, particularly in candies and baked goods. European Union: Classified as a substance of very high concern, restricting its use in cosmetics and consumer goods. Indian Perspective: Tamil Nadu: Banned cotton candy production and sale after detecting Rhodamine B in samples (February 2024). The ban is aimed at public health and ensuring safe, colour-free cotton candy. Karnataka: Prohibited Rhodamine B in street foods like “Gobi Manchurian” and cotton candy (March 2024). Violators face severe penalties, including imprisonment. Puducherry & Himachal Pradesh: Followed Tamil Nadu’s lead with similar bans on cotton candy. Expert Opinions: Mohammed Mithi (Oncologist): Synthetic dyes, including Rhodamine B, may pose carcinogenic risks due to their chemical components and DNA damage in animal models. Long-term exposure remains a concern, particularly for vulnerable groups (children, elderly, immunocompromised). Abyramy Balasundaram (Dermatologist): Synthetic dyes may cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, but long-term exposure could lead to chronic skin issues. Rhodamine B was banned in cosmetics in the EU in the 1990s due to potential carcinogenic effects. India’s Food Safety Ecosystem: Priyadarshini Chidambaram (Health Specialist): India’s research on food dye safety is weak. There is a need for proactive studies on synthetic dyes, with collaborations between FSSAI and academic institutions to align with global standards. Public education and strict enforcement are essential to combat the health risks posed by harmful additives.

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