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Feb 27, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 February 2025

Content: Govt. questions petitions in apex court for lifetime ban on convicted politicians Over 70% farmers still use cash to sell their produce Why are PwDs worried about DPDP rules? Trump’s Russia-Ukraine policy hangs over EU-India talks Panel seeks penalties to end proxy rule by male kin of women panchayat leaders Cancer-related mortalities increased faster among women in the past decade EU says ready to address India’s specific concerns on carbon tax levy on imports Indian peacekeepers serve with commitment: UN Coal-fired power plants in India cut rice, wheat yield by up to 10% Govt. questions petitions in apex court for lifetime ban on convicted politicians Context : The Centre has opposed a lifetime ban on convicted politicians from contesting elections or holding legislative positions. It argues that penal punishments are finite in nature and that once a sentence is served, rights should be restored. The Supreme Court had questioned the “apparent conflict of interest” in allowing convicted politicians to return as lawmakers. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Governance) Government’s Stand Current disqualification provisions under Section 8 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RPA) are sufficient (disqualification lasts for the prison term + 6 years). Lifetime ban would be excessive – Punishments under penal law apply only for a fixed term, after which citizens regain their full rights. Legal consistency – Other convicts in society do not face permanent loss of rights after completing their sentence. Supreme Court’s Concerns Conflict of interest – Lawbreakers should not become lawmakers. Question of public trust – A convicted individual re-entering politics could undermine governance and legislative integrity. Key Constitutional & Legal Aspects Article 14 (Right to Equality) – Lifetime ban may be seen as discriminatory. Article 19 (Freedom of Speech & Expression) – Restrictions on political participation must be reasonable. Moral & Ethical Governance – Legislators should uphold the law, not exploit legal loopholes. Arguments For Lifetime Ban Ensuring Clean Politics – Prevents criminal elements from influencing governance. Enhancing Democratic Integrity – Restores public trust in the electoral process. Precedent in Other Fields – Bureaucrats and judges face lifelong restrictions post-conviction. Arguments Against Lifetime Ban Rehabilitation & Reintegration – Convicts should be given a second chance. Selective Disqualification – No such rule exists for corporate leaders, bureaucrats, or other public figures. Potential for Political Misuse – Opponents may use criminal charges to permanently eliminate rivals. Over 70% farmers still use cash to sell their produce Key Findings from RBI Survey: Cash Transactions Dominant: Over 70% of farmers still use cash for selling produce. Pre-pandemic (2019): 88% farmers used cash. Post-pandemic (2024): 72% farmers still rely on cash. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) , GS 3(Economy ) Slow Growth in Digital Payments: Farmers: Electronic payments usage grew from 8% (2019) → 18% (2024). Traders: Electronic transactions increased from 8% (2019) → 31% (2024). Retailers: Digital payments surged from 3% (2019) → 22% (2024). Limited Digital Awareness for Market Prices: 55% farmers rely on traders for price information (↑ from 47% in 2019). 47% farmers depend on fellow farmers (↓ from 51% in 2019). Digital sources (apps/websites) remain underutilized (only 10% use them in 2024). Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: 64% farmers reported crop damage in the 2023-24 rabi season. Key Reasons for Crop Damage: Unseasonal Rainfall: 37% farmers affected. Heatwaves (Climate Change Impact): 30% reported losses. Weather Forecasts Influence Sowing Decisions: 90% farmers rely on weather forecasts. Irrigation availability (60%) and expected prices (40%) rank lower. Farmers’ Share in Final Retail Prices (2024): Highest Share: Wheat (67%), Lentils/Chana (60%) (Govt. Procurement Involved). Lowest Share: Perishable goods like potatoes, mangoes, cauliflower (40%). Key Takeaways: Digital penetration remains low in agricultural transactions and price discovery. Climate change is increasingly affecting crop yields and sowing decisions. Market inefficiencies lead to lower price realization for perishable goods Why are PwDs worried about DPDP rules? Key Concerns of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) Mandated Guardian Consent: Section 9(1) of the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 requires legal guardians to provide consent for the processing of personal data of PwDs, equating them with children. Activists argue this undermines the autonomy of PwDs and assumes their inability to make decisions in the digital space. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Lack of Clarity in Implementation: The draft Rules limit the number of disabilities covered under Section 9(1), but critics say they do not address all practical challenges. Rule 10 requires data fiduciaries to verify the guardian’s legal status, but no clear guidelines exist for different disabilities or their severity. Mismatch with Guardianship Laws: Two laws govern PwD guardianship in India: National Trust Act (NT Act), 1999 → Full guardianship for PwDs with autism, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disabilities. Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016 → Limited guardianship, supporting PwDs in decision-making rather than replacing their autonomy. DPDP Act fails to differentiate between the two types of guardianship, raising concerns about forced dependence on guardians. Challenges & Conflicts Violation of UNCRPD Principles: The DPDP Act assumes that having a guardian implies an inability to make decisions, contradicting the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which India has ratified. Gender & Intersectionality Issues: A PwD woman may require guardian consent even for essential online purchases like sanitary napkins, restricting their rights. Confusion in Definition of PwDs: The draft Rules include “physical impairment” under disabilities requiring guardian consent, but there is no provision for physical disabilities to have legal guardians. Practical Issues in Digital Data Handling Data Collection & Privacy Risks: Platforms may have to ask whether a user has a disability and whether they have a guardian. If a user is disabled but does not have a guardian, their disability status still gets recorded without any legitimate purpose. Legal Accountability of Guardians: If the legal guardian is the data principal, they may face penal consequences under the DPDP Act. This could lead to guardians acting in their own interest rather than that of the PwD. Accessibility Issues Remain Unaddressed A 2023 accessibility study by Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy found that apps like Paytm, Swiggy, Zomato, and Flipkart had low accessibility scores, highlighting that digital barriers remain a bigger issue for PwDs than data privacy rules. Trump’s Russia-Ukraine policy hangs over EU-India talks Context & Background European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and 21 EU Commissioners are visiting India for two days. The visit aims to strengthen EU-India ties amidst shifting U.S. foreign policy, particularly on the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The trip is termed “unprecedented” by the EU, as such a large delegation has never traveled together to any country before. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Issues & Developments Impact of U.S. Foreign Policy Changes Donald Trump’s stance on the Russia-Ukraine war has caused concerns in Europe. The U.S. recently opposed an EU-backed UN resolution calling for Russian troop withdrawal. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy is negotiating with Trump on a ceasefire proposal. EU-India Relations & Strategic Focus The visit seeks to reset EU-India ties, which have been overshadowed by the Ukraine conflict. No EU-India annual summit has taken place since 2020, though a Leaders’ Summit was held in 2021. A formal EU-India summit is planned for later in 2025. Trade & Economic Cooperation EU-India Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) negotiations, relaunched in 2022, remain stuck over tariff issues on cars, wine, spirits, and non-tariff barriers. The visit aims to provide political momentum before the next round of trade talks (March 10-14 in Brussels). The Trade and Technology Council (TTC) will discuss AI policies, semiconductors, quantum computing, and green technology. EU’s Stance on Russia-Ukraine & India’s Position The EU imposed its 16th round of sanctions on Russia. Despite U.S. policy shifts, the EU remains committed to enforcing sanctions. India, which has rejected sanctions and increased Russian oil imports, is unlikely to alter its stance. Geopolitical Implications Discussions will cover the EU-India Strategic Roadmap (2020-2025), with a focus on Indo-Pacific cooperation. The timing of the visit is crucial ahead of the March 6 extraordinary European summit. Panel seeks penalties to end proxy rule by male kin of women panchayat leaders Background & Context The Supreme Court directed the Union Panchayati Raj Ministry (September 2023) to address the issue of proxy leadership by male relatives of women panchayat leaders. Women’s reservation in panchayats was introduced through the 73rd Constitutional (Amendment) Act, 1992, mandating one-third reservation of seats. 21 States and 2 Union Territories increased this quota to nearly 50%, but in many areas, male relatives exercise de facto power, reducing women leaders to mere figureheads. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance) Key Recommendations by Advisory Panel “Exemplary Penalties” for Proxy Leadership The panel suggests punitive action to deter male relatives from controlling women-led panchayats. However, it does not specify whether penalties should be financial or legal. Multi-Pronged Strategy for Women’s Empowerment Policy Interventions & Structural Reforms: Legal mechanisms to enforce women’s leadership. Technological Monitoring: Use of digital tools to track decision-making authority. Peer Support Programs: Federations of women leaders for collective empowerment. Gender-Exclusive Quotas: Inspired by Kerala’s model, allocating certain panchayat subject committees exclusively to women. Public Swearing-In Ceremonies: Gram Sabha participation to strengthen women’s legitimacy. Accountability & Oversight Mechanisms Helplines & Women Watchdog Committees: Confidential reporting of proxy leadership. Whistleblower Rewards: Incentivizing verified complaints against male interference. Minimum Education Requirement Debate A field recommendation suggested minimum school education for panchayat president candidates. Haryana had set a Class 8 minimum qualification for women candidates, upheld by the Supreme Court in 2021. However, the advisory panel did not include this in its final nine-point recommendations due to ongoing debates on educational eligibility. Challenges & Implications Enforcement of Penalties: Without clear legal backing, penalizing proxy leadership may face resistance. Grassroots Resistance: Societal norms may continue enabling male control despite legal safeguards. Education Mandate Controversy: Could disenfranchise rural women with low literacy rates, limiting their political participation. Conclusion The panel’s recommendations reflect a serious push for women’s true leadership in local governance. However, success depends on effective enforcement, cultural shifts, and legal clarity on punitive actions. Cancer-related mortalities increased faster among women in the past decade Context : Key Findings from ICMR & GLOBOCAN (2022) Cancer-related deaths have increased faster among women (1.2%-4.4% annual growth) compared to men (1.2%-2.4%) in the past decade. Three out of five individuals in India die after a cancer diagnosis. Cancer burden expected to rise due to demographic shifts, with more people moving into middle and geriatric age groups. Five most common cancers contribute 44% of India’s total cancer burden. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Gender Disparities in Cancer Incidence & Mortality Women have higher crude incidence & mortality rates compared to men. Population Factor (2022): Females: 0.676 billion Males: 0.731 billion Crude rates (new cases or deaths per population) show a significant cancer impact on women. Age-Wise Cancer Risk Lowest risk: Childhood & reproductive age (0.08%-1.3%). Highest risk: Middle-aged & geriatric population, leading to an expected cancer epidemic in the near future. Concerns & Implications Demographic Transition: India’s aging population may significantly increase cancer cases & deaths. Healthcare Preparedness: Rising cancer burden demands better screening, early detection, and treatment facilities. Gender-Specific Interventions: Need for targeted cancer awareness & healthcare strategies for women. Conclusion Cancer mortality is rising at a faster pace among women, highlighting the need for improved cancer care, awareness, and policy interventions to address gender disparities in healthcare. EU says ready to address India’s specific concerns on carbon tax levy on imports Key Highlights EU acknowledges India’s concerns over the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), a tax on carbon-intensive imports starting in 2026 (with a transition phase from 2023). EU claims CBAM is WTO-compatible, but is open to addressing specific concerns. EU unlikely to include CBAM in the Modi-von der Leyen talks on Friday, though India wants to raise the issue. EU Commissioner Wopke Hoekstra: 90% of companies may be excluded from CBAM. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) India’s Concerns on CBAM Economic impact on Indian exports, particularly steel, aluminum, cement, and other carbon-intensive sectors. Potential trade barriers affecting India’s competitiveness in the EU market. Compliance burden for Indian companies, given CBAM’s strict reporting and carbon pricing requirements. EU’s Stand While some concerns are considered “illegitimate”, the EU is willing to share experiences to facilitate implementation. Asserts CBAM is not protectionist but a climate action tool aligned with WTO rules. Potential Implications for India Higher export costs for carbon-intensive sectors. Need for decarbonization investments to remain competitive. Possibility of negotiations or exemptions for Indian exporters. Conclusion India is pushing for dialogue on CBAM’s impact, while the EU remains firm on implementation but open to discussions. Long-term solution: India may need to accelerate green energy transitions and explore carbon pricing mechanisms to mitigate trade risks. Indian peacekeepers serve with commitment: UN Context : Indian peacekeepers serve with commitment, says UN Under-Secretary-General for Peace Operations, Jean Pierre Lacroix. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Peacekeeping mission in Congo faces restrictions in M23 rebel-controlled areas, affecting movement and supply. India recognized as an important member in global peacekeeping efforts. Conference on ‘Women in Peacekeeping — A Global South Perspective’ held in India (Feb 24-25), bringing together representatives from 35+ countries. Call for UN Security Council reforms to reflect current global realities. Situation in Congo remains concerning, with M23 gaining territory, backed by Rwandan armed forces. India among top troop contributors: As of October 2024, 5,466 Indian personnel (5,046 military) deployed in UN missions, ranking fourth after Nepal, Rwanda, and Bangladesh. Challenges for UN Peacekeepers in Congo Restrictions on movement & supply chains in M23-controlled areas. Threats to civilians and regional instability due to armed conflict. Peacekeepers’ safety concerns, though they are not directly targeted. India’s Role in UN Peacekeeping Long-standing contribution to global peace operations. Women peacekeepers’ participation highlighted in recent conference. Advocacy for UN reforms, including Security Council restructuring. Geopolitical Context Rwanda’s alleged support for M23 rebels worsening instability in Congo. No immediate prospects of ceasefire in Ukraine, UN monitoring still uncertain. Conclusion India’s commitment to UN peacekeeping reaffirmed, despite challenges in volatile regions. Continued advocacy for global governance reforms and greater representation in international peace efforts. Coal-fired power plants in India cut rice, wheat yield by up to 10% Context : Key Findings from the Study Yield Loss: Coal-fired power plants reduce rice and wheat yields by up to 10% in several states. Primary Cause: Nitrogen oxides (NO₂) from coal plants are phytotoxic, causing cellular stress in plants and affecting enzymatic activities. Impact of NO₂: Contributes to ozone formation, worsening crop damage. Produces particulate matter, reducing sunlight for photosynthesis. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture , Environment) Methodology of the Study Conducted by Stanford University researchers, led by Kirat Singh. Used satellite data (TROPOMI) to track NO₂ concentration across agricultural regions. Used Near-Infrared Reflectance of Vegetation (NIRv) as a proxy for plant health. Analysed wind patterns to differentiate coal pollution from other sources. Regional Impact Chhattisgarh: Highest coal-related NO₂ pollution (19% in monsoon, 12.5% in winter). Uttar Pradesh: High NO₂ levels but only a small portion from coal. Tamil Nadu: Low NO₂ levels, but majority from coal power. West Bengal: 5.7% of cropland near coal plants could see 5-10% yield increase if coal-related NO₂ is eliminated. Madhya Pradesh: 5.9% of cropland could gain 5-10% yield; 11.9% could gain more than 10%. Economic Impact Estimated ₹7,000 crore annual gain from reduced NO₂ pollution: ₹3,500 crore ($420 million) increase in rice production. ₹3,300 crore ($400 million) increase in wheat production. Targeting a few highly polluting plants can significantly benefit agriculture. Policy Implications Coal power is crucial for India’s energy needs (255% budget increase for Ministry of Coal in FY 2025-26). Need for pollution-control policies balancing energy and food security. Strategic installation of pollution-control equipment in high-impact coal plants could maximize agricultural benefits. Findings could aid policymakers in prioritizing power plants for emission reduction measures. Future Research Directions Further studies on the impact of other coal pollutants on agriculture. Identifying optimal locations for emission control investments. Exploring alternative energy solutions to reduce reliance on coal while sustaining agricultural productivity.

Feb 25, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 February 2025

Content: Cultivating the Future India poised to host the 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific in Jaipur Cultivating the Future Biotechnology in Agriculture: Transforming Crop Production Climate-Smart Crops: SAATVIK (NC 9): Newly approved drought-tolerant chickpea variety with enhanced yield under drought stress. Addresses climate resilience and food security challenges. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture , Environment) Genome-Edited Crops: Genome editing in MTU-1010 rice to improve yield and productivity. DEP1 genome-edited rice lines show increased grain numbers and larger spikes. Potential to mitigate yield gaps and enhance farmer incomes. Genotyping Arrays: IndRA (Rice) and IndCA (Chickpea): First-ever 90K Pan-genome SNP arrays. Applications: DNA fingerprinting, genetic purity testing, and variety identification. Accelerates breeding programs with precision agriculture techniques. Amaranth Genetic Resources: Development of Amaranth Genomic Resource Database and 64K SNP chip. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) used for nutritional screening. Amaranth accessions show potential in addressing obesity-linked diets. Fungal Biocontrol: Nano-formulation from Myrothecium verrucaria developed to combat powdery mildew. Eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides for tomatoes and grapes. Kisan-Kavach (Farmer Safety Gear): Anti-pesticide suit to prevent pesticide-induced toxicity. Enhances occupational safety in agriculture. Revolutionizing Animal Biotechnology: Enhancing Livestock Productivity Livelihood Impact: India’s largest livestock population supports two-thirds of rural households. Focus on small and marginal farmers for inclusive rural development. Innovations (Though specifics not detailed in the release): Breakthroughs in veterinary medicine and disease management. Livestock genetics improvement programs for higher milk and meat yields. Biosafety measures and vaccines under development to prevent animal diseases. Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology: Towards Sustainable Blue Economy Shrimp Diet Innovation: Fish meal replacement with yeast-fermented soybean meal. Inclusion up to 35% in shrimp feed increases growth by approximately 8.5%. Reduces reliance on unsustainable fish meal sources, promoting environmental conservation. CIFA-Brood-Vac: Novel vaccine to reduce fish spawn mortality, ensuring stable aquaculture productivity. Interactive Fish Feed Designer (IFFD) Version 2: Software to develop cost-effective fish feed using non-conventional ingredients. Promotes affordability and efficiency for aquaculture farmers. Significance and Future Outlook Biotechnology serves as a catalyst for: Climate resilience in agriculture. Sustainable aquaculture production. Livestock health and productivity improvements. Focus on environmental sustainability, farmer safety, and inclusive growth Continued research and commercialization pivotal to ensuring: Nutritional security. Increased farmer incomes. Robust rural economy aligned with global sustainable development goals (SDGs). Key Takeaways Biotechnology is key to solving challenges of productivity, climate stress, and food security. Innovations like genome editing, biocontrol, and farmer-friendly technologies (Kisan-Kavach) ensure practical solutions for the grassroots. Integration across agriculture, livestock, and aquaculture sectors ensures holistic rural development and economic resilience. India poised to host the 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum in Asia and the Pacific in Jaipur Overview of the Forum India will host the 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum at the Rajasthan International Centre, Jaipur, from March 3-5, 2025. The theme: “Realizing Circular Societies Towards Achieving SDGs and Carbon Neutrality in Asia-Pacific.” Organizedby the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban, in collaboration with: Japan’s Ministry of the Environment United Nations ESCAP, UNCRD, UNDSDG, UNDESA Government of Rajasthan Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Participation & Engagement Over 500 international and domestic delegates expected. Representation from 38 member countries, 15-line ministries, 60+ cities, 40+ start-ups and businesses, and 120+ speakers. Three-day conference featuring: Plenary sessions on sustainable waste management. Country-specific discussions to tailor policies for regional needs. Theme-based roundtables for in-depth technical deliberations. Technical field visits to Jaipur’s solid & liquid waste management facilities. Visits to Jaipur’s key heritage sites to integrate sustainability and cultural preservation. Virtual participation available via the official website. ‘India Pavilion’ – Showcasing National Achievements A dedicated India Pavilion will highlight India’s remarkable initiatives in 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and circular economy. Exhibitions from key government ministries and national missions showcasing India’s policy-driven approach to sustainability. Interactive knowledge-sharing events, including: Ministers & Ambassadors Roundtable Dialogue Mayors’ Dialogue on urban sustainability Policy Dialogue for regulatory frameworks Signing of agreements under CITIIS 2.0 program Key Knowledge Products & Exhibitions Launch of a compendium of 100+ best practices in circular economy, prepared by National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA). International 3R Trade & Technology Exhibition: Over 40 Indian and Japanese businesses & start-ups showcasing circular economy solutions. Exchange of best practices, technology innovations, and cross-learning opportunities. ‘Waste-to-Wealth’ Initiatives: Special focus on NGOs and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) demonstrating sustainability-driven entrepreneurship. Jaipur Declaration (2025-34): Strengthening the Circular Economy The Jaipur Declaration will be the key outcome of the Forum. Aims to provide a voluntary, non-binding policy framework for Asia-Pacific nations to transition to a resource-efficient, circular economy. Builds upon the Hanoi Declaration (2013-23) and aligns with global efforts to move away from the linear economy (‘Take-Make-Dispose’ model). The Declaration will be handed over to the next host country for continuity of initiatives. India’s Leadership in 3R & Circular Economy India previously hosted the 8th Regional 3R Forum (2018, Indore). Significant policy interventions include: Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban – Driving waste management reforms. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) – Encouraging industries to manage waste. Plastic Waste Management Rules – Reducing single-use plastic dependency. Smart Cities Mission – Integrating sustainability in urban governance. Strategic Importance of the Forum Provides policy direction for Asia-Pacific nations to implement 3R strategies. Aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and carbon neutrality targets. Strengthens international partnerships in waste management and sustainability. Encourages private sector participation in circular economy initiatives. Enhances regional collaboration on environmental sustainability. Conclusion The 12th Regional 3R and Circular Economy Forum is a significant step toward sustainable waste management and circular economy transformation in Asia-Pacific. India, as the host, is set to drive policy innovation, knowledge exchange, and practical implementation of 3R principles. The Forum’s outcomes, particularly the Jaipur Declaration, will shape future strategies for resource efficiency across the region.

Feb 25, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 February 2025

Content: The RTI is now the ‘right to deny information’ Fencing out interfaith relationships in the new India The RTI is now the ‘right to deny information’ Background of the RTI Act: Enacted in 2005 to ensure transparency, accountability, and curb corruption in governance. Empowered citizens to access information from public authorities, reinforcing participatory democracy. RTI was seen as a tool to realize the ideals of ‘swaraj’ and citizen sovereignty. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Practice Question: The Right to Information Act, 2005 was hailed as a milestone in ensuring transparency and accountability in governance. Critically analyze how recent legislative developments and judicial interpretations have transformed it into a ‘Right to Deny Information.’ Suggest measures to uphold the original spirit of the Act.(250 Words) Early Government Resistance: RTI shifted power from bureaucracy to citizens, creating discomfort among public officials. Within a year of enactment, the government attempted amendments to weaken the Act but withdrew them due to public protests. Erosion of RTI Implementation: Appointment of Information Commissioners: Predominantly retired bureaucrats with little interest in transparency. Positions seen as post-retirement benefits rather than accountability roles. Poor Case Disposal Rates: High Court judges average over 2,500 cases annually; RTI commissioners less so, despite simpler cases. Growing backlog, with delays stretching beyond a year. The 30-day information provision timeline not mirrored at the commission level, reducing RTI’s effectiveness. Weak Enforcement of Penal Provisions: Reluctance to penalize non-compliant public information officers, diluting accountability mechanisms. Judicial Interpretations Undermining RTI: Supreme Court Verdict (2011) – CBSE vs. Aditya Bandopadhyay: Shifted interpretation of Section 8 exemptions from narrow to broader reading. Raised concerns about “indiscriminate demands” under RTI affecting administrative efficiency. Resulted in RTI users being viewed negatively, legitimizing information denial. Girish Ramchandra Deshpande Case (2012): Redefined ‘personal information’ broadly under Section 8(1)(j), denying access to public servant records. Ignored the proviso that information accessible to Parliament should be available to citizens. Precedent for restricting information, used in subsequent cases and legislation. Legislative Developments Furthering Erosion: Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA): Draws from judicial precedents to amend RTI provisions, emphasizing privacy over transparency. Raises concerns about prioritizing data protection to the detriment of accountability. Consequences of RTI Dilution: Right to Information morphing into Right to Deny Information (RDI): Growing culture of secrecy and bureaucratic resistance. Erosion of citizen trust and democratic accountability. Reduced Vigilance Against Corruption: Delays and denials weaken citizen oversight of government actions. Way Forward: Citizens and Media Role: Defend the original spirit of the RTI Act and resist distortions. Increase awareness campaigns to uphold transparency rights. Need for Transparent Governance: Strict adherence to RTI timelines and punitive provisions for non-compliance. Appointment of commissioners committed to transparency, not post-retirement benefits. Judicial Responsibility: Interpret RTI provisions to protect citizen rights rather than prioritizing bureaucratic convenience. Fencing out interfaith relationships in the new India Introduction On January 27, 2025, Uttarakhand became the first Indian state to implement the Uniform Civil Code (UCC). Objectives: Ensure gender justice, uniformity, and address administrative issues. Critique: UCC, combined with anti-conversion laws, heightens surveillance over private relationships and interfaith unions. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Practice Question: The implementation of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand, combined with anti-conversion laws, has raised debates over privacy, secularism, and individual freedoms. Critically examine how these legal frameworks affect interfaith and inter-caste relationships. Suggest measures to balance uniformity with individual rights and constitutional values.(250 Words) Existing Challenges to Interfaith Marriages Social Barriers: 2014 survey: Less than 10% of urban Indians had family members in inter-caste marriages. Interfaith unions rarer (barely 5% in urban areas). Legal Barriers Under Special Marriage Act, 1954: Mandatory 30-day notice period invites scrutiny and harassment. Impact of Anti-Conversion Laws: Enforced in states like Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Rajasthan. Mandatory declarations, long waiting periods, and district magistrate approvals deter conversions for marriage. Encourage vigilantism; e.g., 63 out of 101 complaints in U.P. filed by third-party vigilante groups. UCC’s Expanded Surveillance Over Live-in Relationships Mandatory registration with district authorities. Registration Process: 16-page application with Aadhaar cards and residence proof. Approval from religious leaders or community heads. Notification to family members. Penalties for Non-compliance: Up to 6 months imprisonment and ₹25,000 fine. Impact on Privacy: Only one live-in couple registered in Uttarakhand post-enactment. Vigilante groups accessing live-in registration details raises privacy concerns. Mechanisms Institutionalising Segregation A. Strengthening Traditional Religious Institutions: Reinforces the authority of religious leaders over personal choices. Undermines secular constitutional guarantees. B. Heightening Familial Control Over Women: Women disproportionately affected; increased vulnerability to honour-based violence. Legal requirement to inform families strips women of agency. C. Providing Legal Cover for Vigilantism: Vigilantes monitor and harass interfaith couples under the guise of legality. Public notice requirements enable third-party interference. Broader Implications for Pluralism and Individual Rights Legal framework fosters segregation akin to historical apartheid or Nazi-era laws against inter-racial unions. Erodes the secular and pluralistic fabric of Indian society. Restricts individual rights to marry or cohabit beyond religious boundaries. Possible Spread to Other States Rajasthan and Gujarat considering similar UCC models. Rajasthan’s High Court reviewing mandatory live-in registrations. Movement signals a trend toward regulating personal relationships across states. Conclusion While pitched as a tool for uniformity and gender justice, the UCC combined with anti-conversion laws raises serious concerns over individual freedom and community integration. Legal barriers and surveillance disproportionately target interfaith and inter-caste relationships. These developments challenge the core constitutional values of secularism, privacy, and personal liberty.

Feb 25, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 February 2025

Content: Internet shutdowns highest in 2024 globally, India tops in government-ordered curbs Remarkable rise in India’s social security coverage: ILO chief How does space travel affect health of an astronaut? The UGC’s mandate is to elevate, not strangulate Why are pilots asking for more rest hours? Indian tech industry revenue projected to grow 5.1% even as job loss concerns persist Surveillance capitalism: the power to control personal data Internet shutdowns highest in 2024 globally, India tops in government-ordered curbs Global Context: 2024 witnessed 296 global Internet shutdowns, the highest ever. India accounted for 28% of global shutdowns with 84 instances, second only to Myanmar (85). Relevance : GS 2(Governance) India-Specific Insights: Government Role: Union and State governments in India led in government-ordered shutdowns globally. Regional Breakdown: Manipur: 21 shutdowns Haryana: 12 shutdowns Jammu & Kashmir: 12 shutdowns Reasons for Shutdowns: Protests: 41 instances Communal violence: 23 instances Exam-related curbs: 5 instances (criticized as disproportionate) Notable Exam-related Shutdowns: Jharkhand: During Graduate Level Competitive Exams (5.5 hours, Sept 22) Assam: For government job exams (Sept, most districts) Rajasthan: For Public Service Commission exam (Jan) Myanmar Comparison: Myanmar topped with 85 shutdowns. Some imposed by external actors like China (2), Thailand (4), and local armed groups (NUG, MNDAA, TNLA). Advocacy Concerns: Access Now: Criticized exam-related shutdowns as excessive measures. Broader concerns on freedom of speech, digital rights, and democratic implications. Trend Observation: India’s shutdowns decreased from 2023 but remain disproportionately high. Global rise in shutdowns indicates increasing digital control during unrest and sensitive events. Remarkable rise in India’s social security coverage: ILO chief Key Highlights: India’s social protection coverage increased from 24% to 49%, nearly doubling in a short span. Data sourced from the World Social Protection Report 2024-26 by the International Labour Organization (ILO). Relevance : GS 1(Society ), GS 2(Social Issues , Governance) ILO’s Observations (Gilbert F. Houngbo, Director-General): Commended the strong India-ILO partnership and decisive government actions. Highlighted India’s balanced focus on business growth and social protection as a global model. Appreciated digital initiatives like e-Shram for expanding employment opportunities and social security coverage. Lauded India’s commitment to inclusive economic growth. Significance and Implications: Improved social protection fosters inclusive growth and reduces vulnerability. Digital platforms enhance accessibility, transparency, and efficiency in welfare delivery. Strengthened labour welfare measures can lead to improved human capital development and productivity. Broader Context: India’s progress aligns with global efforts toward achieving social justice and sustainable development goals (SDGs). The Regional Dialogue on Social Justice serves as a platform to exchange best practices and strengthen global cooperation. How does space travel affect health of an astronaut? Environmental Challenges in Space: Space presents microgravity conditions and high-energy radiation exposure, unlike Earth. Lack of Earth’s atmospheric and magnetic protection increases health risks, especially beyond low-earth orbit (e.g., Moon missions). Physiological Effects of Space Travel: Radiation Exposure: Leads to DNA damage, increased cancer risk, neurodegeneration, and immune system dysregulation. Microgravity Effects: Fluid shifts upward → Increased intracranial pressure affecting vision. Bone and muscle loss due to absence of mechanical loading → Bone density loss, muscle atrophy. Cardiovascular changes → Difficulty regulating blood pressure upon return. Inner ear dysfunction → Balance and coordination issues. Vision Impairment: Linked to spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome from fluid shifts and intracranial pressure changes. Psychological and Behavioral Challenges: Isolation and confinement → Psychological stress, mood disorders, and sleep disturbances. Limited social interaction and absence of natural stimuli aggravate mental health challenges on long-duration missions. Recovery After Space Missions: Short-duration missions (few days): Approximately 95% of biological damage reverses post-return. Long-duration missions (months): Recovery correlates with time spent in space. Some physiological functions gradually normalize, but vision and certain neurological issues may persist. Need for Countermeasures: Focus on developing personalized risk profiles and targeted mitigation strategies. Researchers emphasize collecting more data from astronauts with diverse health backgrounds and mission types. Broader Implications: Ensuring astronaut health is crucial for future deep-space explorations (e.g., Mars missions). Continued research aims at balancing human endurance limits with space exploration ambitions. The UGC’s mandate is to elevate, not strangulate Context: UGC’s recent directive on the appointment procedure of vice-chancellors (VCs) has faced resistance from states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu. States argue that the directive infringes on their constitutional prerogatives and promotes central overreach through Governor-appointed VCs. Relevance :GS 2(Education , Governance , Polity) Key Points of Contention: Federalism Concerns: States fund and establish universities, asserting that elected state governments should have the final say. The increasing role of Governors (appointed by the Centre) in appointing VCs is seen as undermining state autonomy. UGC’s New Qualification Norms for VCs: Rescinds the requirement for VCs to be solely from academic backgrounds. Opens eligibility to distinguished individuals from fields like industry, politics, and journalism. Global and Indian Examples: International: Oxford, Cambridge, and U.S. universities often appoint non-academics as heads. India: G. Parthasarathy’s successful tenure as JNU’s first VC. Critique of the UGC’s Broader Role: Deviation from Core Mandate: Established in 1956 to maintain higher education standards but focuses more on uniform regulations than quality improvement. Persistent concerns over the poor quality of graduates, as highlighted by judiciary and industry leaders. Overemphasis on Procedural Controls: Excessive regulation on attendance, faculty hours, record-keeping, and curriculum decisions. Resembles colonial-era surveillance practices, limiting institutional autonomy and faculty agency. Result: Faculty disengagement and decline in accountability for learning outcomes. Impact on Higher Education Quality: Despite economic growth, public universities have declined in global stature. India lags in research and innovation, with little presence in global knowledge production (e.g., AI advancements like China’s DeepSeek). Broader Implications: Micro-management and Political Interference: High compliance burdens and politicization hinder academic excellence and research output. Need for Structural Reforms: UGC should shift focus from procedural oversight to elevating teaching quality, research, and global competitiveness. Conclusion: While expanding eligibility for VCs is a progressive step, the UGC’s overarching micro-management stifles innovation and institutional growth. Strengthening autonomy, reducing political interference, and prioritizing educational excellence are key to reviving India’s higher education system Why are pilots asking for more rest hours? Delhi High Court Ruling New norms to be implemented: Liberalised duty and rest norms by DGCA (Jan 2024) to come into effect from July 1, 2025. Key provisions effective July 2025: Weekly rest increased from 36 to 48 hours. Airlines must submit quarterly fatigue complaint reports. Provisions effective by Nov 1, 2025: Night duty redefined: 00:00–06:00 hrs (earlier 00:00–05:00 hrs). Cap on landings: Max two landings during night duty. Reduced duty hours: Max 8 hours flying or 10 hours total duty on night duty. Special dispensation time reduced: From 3 hours to 2 hours in unforeseen circumstances. Relevance : GS 2 (Social Issues) , GS 1(Society) Why did pilots demand more rest? Increased workload post COVID-19: Upto 4 landings/day; 10 hours flying, 12–13 hours total duty. Approaches and landings demand high concentration. Circadian rhythm disruption: Two consecutive night flights affect natural body clock. 02:00–06:00 hrs toughest window (circadian low). Rosters issues: Erratic schedules: Sudden shift changes affect rest planning. Example: 10 AM duty changed to 4 PM ending at 2 AM, disrupting rest cycles. Cockpit conditions causing fatigue: Poor air flow, restricted movement, low light, noise, and pressure changes. Pilots often sleep 1.5–2.5 hours inside cockpit during short-haul flights. Leave and Duty Structure Monthly flying hours: 50–90 hours; Total duty: 140–150 hours. Leave entitlements: Air India: 6 casual, 12 sick, 30 privilege leaves (PL) (apply a year in advance). IndiGo: 42 PLs (Captains), 22 PLs (First Officers). Weekly rest: Only on the 8th day (as per DGCA norms). No public holidays for pilots. Why did airlines oppose the relaxed rules? Operational challenges: Need to hire more pilots → Increased costs & time. Potential flight cancellations and fare hikes. Cost pressures: Post-pandemic: Higher airport tariffs and lease costs (+20–30%). Crew expenses: 3rd largest airline cost (8.7%). Airline profit margins slim: $7 profit/passenger (IATA, 2025 projection). Airline Responses Air India: Claims robust Fatigue Risk Management (FRM) system in place. Uses Jeppesen Boeing Alertness Model (BAM) for fatigue analysis. Maintains a non-punitive, confidential fatigue reporting system. Has 3,500+ pilots—claims adequate staff for existing fleet. IndiGo: No official comments on fatigue management practices. Triggering incidents & pilot concerns Pilot deaths: IndiGo pilot’s cardiac arrest (Aug 2023) highlighted fatigue risks. Reduced pay driving longer hours: Air India’s fixed pay now 40 flying hours (down from 70 hours) → Pilots fly more to earn. International comparison: DGCA norms based on U.S. & EU standards but Indian pilots lack union negotiation rights. Future Outlook Demand for pilots rising: India’s fastest-growing aviation market; 1,000 aircraft on order (Air India & IndiGo) by 2035. Need for pilot utilisation vs. fatigue management will intensify. Bottom line: Pilots are seeking more rest due to excessive workloads, erratic rosters, and circadian disruption impacting safety and health. Airlines cite operational and cost concerns but face pressure to prioritise pilot well-being amidst rising travel demand. Indian tech industry revenue projected to grow 5.1% even as job loss concerns persist Revenue Projections: Indian tech industry revenue projected to grow 5.1% to $282.6 billion in FY 2025-26 (NASSCOM Annual Strategic Review 2026). Domestic revenue to grow faster at 7% to $58.2 billion, while exports projected at 4.6% growth. IT Services and Engineering R&D to continue dominating revenue share. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) Job Market & Hiring Trends: Despite revenue growth, 55% of surveyed CEOs expect hiring to plateau or reduce in FY26. AI adoption prompting companies to prioritize technology spending over human resources. Concerns over job shrinkage due to AI are increasing. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Focus: Around two-thirds of CEOs project over 10% of tech spending on AI. CEOs of HCL and Infosys urge firms to approach AI adoption with “paranoia” to avoid complacency and ensure competitiveness. Maharashtra aims to become an AI hub to support its $1 trillion economy target . Upskilling & Strategic Vision: Upskilling in niche tech areas emphasized as crucial for industry sustainability (Rajesh Nambiar, NASSCOM President). Sustaining growth requires a strategic vision beyond just AI investment. Government Initiatives & Competitiveness: Positive response to tender for 10,000 GPUs, with 18,000 orders placed at less than $1 per unit. Stressed the need to maintain industry competitiveness through proactive efforts by NASSCOM and government. Key Takeaways: Revenue growth remains robust but job growth lags amid AI-driven disruptions. Skill development and balanced tech adoption are vital to navigate emerging challenges. India’s tech competitiveness hinges on AI leadership and domestic market expansion. Surveillance capitalism: the power to control personal data What is Surveillance Capitalism? Economic system where personal data is commodified to predict and influence human behaviour. Coined by Shoshana Zuboff in The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (2018). Relies on tracking online/offline activities (clicks, searches, purchases, movements). Companies involved: Google, Meta, Amazon, etc. Relevance : GS 3(Economy, Technology) How It Works: Data extraction: Human experience converted into data. Predictive analytics: Algorithms predict behaviour, guiding user choices. Instrumentarian power: Control through subtle behavioural nudges (not coercion). Social physics (Alex Pentland): Studies human interaction patterns for behavioural prediction. Differences from Industrial Capitalism: Industrial Capitalism: Focus on production, labour exploitation, efficiency. Surveillance Capitalism: Focus on data extraction, behavioural manipulation, user engagement. Users become both consumers and raw data sources. Role of State Surveillance: Corporation-state collaboration: Tech firms provide data to governments. Data-sharing agreements often bypass democratic accountability. Example: States leverage private surveillance for intelligence and policing. Impact on Privacy and Autonomy: Erosion of autonomy: Users’ decisions influenced by targeted content. Behavioural conditioning: Algorithms subtly manipulate user preferences. Example: Cambridge Analytica scandal (2014) – Exploited Facebook data to influence US elections. Regulatory Challenges: Existing laws: EU’s GDPR: Data privacy focus but doesn’t curb commodification. India’s DPDPA: Aims for user control but lacks structural oversight. Obstacles: Corporate lobbying and political influence weaken regulations. Rise of tech leaders in politics protects corporate interests. Way Forward: Stronger regulations: Limit data commodification, increase accountability. Public awareness: Encourage critical engagement with digital platforms. Policy focus: Move beyond data privacy to address structural exploitation. Key Concerns: Loss of individual privacy and autonomy. Growing corporate-political nexus controlling digital ecosystems. Systemic fragility: Data breaches can trigger financial and information crises.

Feb 24, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 February 2025

Content: Update on TB- Mukt Bharat Abhiyan Update on TB- Mukt Bharat Abhiyan Campaign Overview. Objective: Intensify TB case detection, early diagnosis, and treatment to achieve TB elimination goals. Strategy: Focus on early detection through mass screening and the use of advanced diagnostic tools. Community and private sector engagement to close the “missing” TB cases gap. Key Achievements (as of February 22, 2025) Patient Notifications: Over 5.1 lakh TB patients notified since campaign launch. 455 intervention districts: Diagnosed 3.57 lakh TB patients. 2024 total notifications: Over 26 lakh TB patients, bridging the gap in missing TB cases. Private sector contribution: 36% of total notifications, reflecting improved collaboration. Screening and Diagnostic Efforts: Over 10 crore vulnerable individuals screened. Use of ultraportable hand-held X-ray machines facilitated door-to-door and congregate setting screenings. Over 38 lakh people screened using chest X-rays, detecting asymptomatic and symptomatic cases. Confirmation testing: Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT) employed post-X-ray screenings. Ni-kshay Initiatives: Conducted over 10 lakh Ni-kshay Shivirs to increase accessibility to diagnostic services. Deployed 836 Ni-kshay Vahans to enhance reach in remote areas. Ni-kshay Mitras: 2.4 lakh individuals registered to provide nutritional, psychosocial, and vocational support. 2.3 lakh food baskets distributed to TB patients. Focus on High-Risk Populations Priority groups for screening: Diabetics, smokers, alcoholics. People living with HIV, those with a past history of TB. Geriatric population and household contacts of TB patients. Screening included both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, addressing sub-clinical TB cases. Government & Community Engagement Whole-of-government approach: Union Minister held meetings with Chief Ministers, Cabinet Ministers, and 22 ministries. High-level administrative officers designated to ensure cross-departmental coordination. Parliamentary involvement: Over 250 parliamentarians attended sensitization sessions for campaign awareness and support. Community participation through Jan Bhagidaari approach: Promoted Ni-kshay Shapaths encouraging citizens, NGOs, and corporates to contribute. Innovative Strategies & Interventions Early Identification Tools: Ultraportable X-rays expedited diagnosis in rural and remote areas. NAAT ensured accurate and quick confirmation of TB cases. Accelerated Case Detection: Reduced diagnostic delays and enhanced early detection of drug-resistant TB cases. Differentiated Care: Focused on critical cases needing immediate care, including hospital admissions for undernourished patients. Preventive TB Treatment: Extended to vulnerable populations to curb TB transmission chains. Outcomes & Impact Reduction in TB Incidence: Identification of asymptomatic TB cases prevented community transmission. Early detection and treatment contributed to lowering mortality rates. Private Sector Engagement: Sustained collaboration with private healthcare providers expanded notification coverage. Progress towards TB Elimination: Accelerated efforts bringing India closer to its 2025 TB elimination target. Key Takeaways Holistic approach: Integration of government machinery, private healthcare, and community efforts. Technological interventions: Use of modern tools like ultraportable X-rays improved early detection. Strong community involvement: Ni-kshay initiatives enhanced patient support systems. Policy success: Increased private sector notifications reflect effective engagement strategies. Challenges & Way Forward Sustaining momentum beyond the 100-day campaign. Ensuring treatment adherence and completion to prevent relapse and drug resistance. Further strengthening rural healthcare infrastructure for uninterrupted TB services. Expanding nutrition and psychosocial support to improve treatment outcomes.

Feb 24, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 February 2025

Content: Indian industry needs innovation, not mindless toil Talent shortage — global challenge, India’s opportunity Indian industry needs innovation, not mindless toil Over-Reliance on Cheap Labour Indian industry relies heavily on cheap labour rather than investing in technology and innovation. This over-dependence restricts long–term competitiveness and global market share. Example: Despite being labour-surplus, India’s garment export share has stagnated at 3.1% over two decades. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) Practice Question : With an over-reliance on cheap labour, Indian industry risks long-term stagnation. Critically examine the statement in the context of global competitiveness and domestic welfare. (250 Words) Excessive Working Hours with Low Productivity Average weekly work hours in India: 46.7 hours (ILO, 2024), higher than the U.S. (38 hours) and Japan (36.6 hours). Longer hours don’t translate into higher productivity due to lack of technological upgrades and poor working conditions. Migrant workers often work 11–12 hours daily with no adequate breaks. Dominance of Informal Employment Only 21.7% of workers hold regular salaried jobs; the rest are either casual or self-employed. Even among regular workers, ~50% lack job security, written contracts, or social security. High informalization leads to worker exploitation and poor quality of employment. Structural Shift to the Unorganised Sector India’s manufacturing workforce: 70% in small, unregistered enterprises with fewer than 10 workers. Shift from organised to unorganised sectors driven by large firms seeking to bypass labour regulations. Small firms face delayed payments, suppressed prices, and lack adequate credit, weakening their viability. Contract Labour and Migrant Dependence Post-2011-12: 56% of new factory jobs filled through contract labour. Contract workers receive lower wages and no labour protection. Migrant workers’ vulnerability stems from social disadvantages and lack of social security. Profit Over Wages: Post-COVID Trends Factory sector profit share rose from 31.6% (2019-20) to 46.4% (2021-22). Wage suppression has benefited corporate profits but weakened domestic consumption. Innovation Deficit and Global Competitiveness Indian industries, including garments, resist modernisation despite global competitors innovating rapidly. Bangladesh and Vietnam have outperformed India by adopting technology and improving productivity. Reliance on cheap labour deters technological investments crucial for sustained growth. Long-term Consequences of Labour Exploitation Low wages and long hours reduce workers’ purchasing power, stifling domestic demand. Short-term profit focus undermines sustainable industrial growth and global competitiveness. Without innovation, India risks being trapped in a low-productivity, low-wage cycle. Way Forward Invest in Technology: Prioritise automation and process innovations. Formalise Employment: Improve job security and ensure labour rights. Strengthen MSMEs: Provide better credit access and ensure fair payment practices. Enhance Worker Skills: Implement vocational training aligned with technological advancements. Revamp Labour Laws: Balance worker welfare with industrial growth needs. Talent shortage — global challenge, India’s opportunity Context : Global Talent Shortage: Scope and Impact Magnitude of shortage: By 2030, the global skilled labour shortage is projected at 85.2 million workers, risking an $8.45 trillion loss in potential revenue. Economic impact: Equivalent to the combined GDPs of Germany and Japan, highlighting the global economic consequences of unaddressed skill gaps. Sectoral demands: Healthcare: High global demand due to aging populations. Manufacturing & Construction: Critical in GCC & Australia. Services Sector: Dominant in Europe. Emerging Technologies: Skills in AI, IoT, blockchain, predictive analytics are increasingly vital. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , international Relations) , GS 3 (Employment) Practice Question : With the global talent shortage projected to reach 85.2 million by 2030, how can India leverage this opportunity to position itself as a leading supplier of skilled labour? Discuss the challenges and strategies involved.(250 Words) India’s Opportunity in the Global Labour Market Demographic advantage: India has a youthful workforce amid global aging populations. Potential economic boost: By tapping into the global talent gap, India can progress toward the $9 trillion GDP projection by 2030. Indian diaspora strength: Second largest diaspora in Australia. Resilience against anti-immigration sentiments globally, owing to positive perceptions. Key Destination Geographies & Workforce Needs Region Primary Demands Emerging Needs GCC Manufacturing, Construction Automation, AI, Resource efficiency Europe Services (Healthcare focus) Predictive analytics, Sustainability Australia Manufacturing, Healthcare Big data, IoT, Management skills Existing Barriers to Skilled Workforce Mobility Regulatory & Immigration: Complex visa processes and strict work permit norms. Uncertain immigration policies, especially in Europe. Recruitment Malpractices: Exploitation & trafficking highlighted in global forums. Fraudulent agents targeting low-skilled workers. Skill Recognition Issues: Indian medical degrees not uniformly recognised in Europe. Language & Cultural Barriers: Integration challenges lowering productivity abroad. India’s Initiatives and Policy Measures Bilateral & Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): Agreements with GCC nations ensure worker rights. India-UAE Vision for skill cooperation. Skill Development Initiatives: Sector-specific training to meet global standards. Alignment with emerging sectors (AI, automation). Digital Platforms: Legal recruitment facilitation to curb fraud. Strategic Measures for India Short-term Measures: Streamline recruitment processes with transparent guidelines. Promote temporary work visas for circular migration. Medium-term Measures: Mutual recognition agreements for degrees and certifications. Focus on public-private partnerships for targeted skill training. Long-term Measures: Invest in AI, automation, and sustainability-oriented skills. Encourage rotational workforce models for demographic balance. India’s Competitive Edge Minimal global hostility toward Indian skilled workers. Established diaspora networks facilitating smooth workforce integration. Rapid policy responsiveness to global market shifts. Link to India’s Economic Goals (Viksit Bharat 2047) Tapping global demand can catalyse India’s goal of achieving a $9 trillion GDP by 2030. Workforce export can complement domestic employment generation through remittances and skill upgradation.

Feb 24, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 February 2025

Content: A new age of imperialism What has SC previously ruled on gag orders? Why has the UGC-CARE list of journals been discontinued? Women achievers to take charge of PM’s social media accounts for a day Health Ministry bans export of drugs containing Tapentadol, Carisoprodol Why personal accident insurance is a lifeline First detailed map of moon’s south pole made from Chandrayaan data A new age of imperialism Context : Decline of the Rules-Based International Order The post-WWII order, founded on economic integration, collective security, and self-determination, is weakening. The U.S., once its key proponent, now repudiates UN Charter principles, especially after the second Trump presidency. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations , Global Governance) Historical Context of the World Order Formation (1941-1945): U.S., U.K., Soviet Union, and China established collective security (Four Policemen concept). Yalta Conference (1945): Inclusion of France; spheres of influence implicitly accepted (e.g., Soviet control in Eastern Europe). Despite flaws, institutions like the UN and Bretton Woods fostered predictable international relations. Trump’s Disruption of Global Norms Withdrew from key agreements (Paris Agreement, WHO). Imposed unilateral tariffs, disrupting global trade. Pursuing nationalist policies, focusing on U.S. hemispheric dominance. U.S.-Russia Rapprochement and Ukraine Crisis Trump bypasses Ukraine in peace talks; labels Zelenskyy a dictator. Concessions to Russia (e.g., no NATO troops in Ukraine) undermine European security. European reliance on NATO now challenged; forced to rethink defense strategies. Resurgence of Spheres of Influence U.S. refocuses on the Western Hemisphere and West Asia. Russia gains a freer hand in Europe; seeks to reclaim imperial-era territories. China eyes Taiwan amid waning U.S. presence in East Asia. Implications for India and the Region China’s historical claims (e.g., McMahon Line dispute) raise regional security concerns. India faces heightened insecurity with shifting global alignments and China’s assertiveness. Emerging World Order: Might Over Right Multilateralism gives way to power politics and territorial ambitions. The global system transitions from cooperation to competition and coercion. What has SC previously ruled on gag orders? Context : Ranveer Allahbadia Case Overview: SC granted interim protection from arrest (Feb 18) in FIRs related to alleged obscenity on his YouTube show India Got Latent. Stringent conditions imposed: Prohibited from posting on social media until further orders. Directed to surrender passport. These conditions contrast previous SC caution against undue restrictions while granting relief. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ,Polity ) Allahbadia’s Plea: Filed under Article 32 for fundamental rights protection. Sought consolidation of FIRs from Maharashtra, Assam, and Rajasthan to prevent harassment. Precedent: In Parteek Bansal v. State of Rajasthan (2022), SC criticized multiple FIRs for the same offence as harassment. Interim Relief Conditions: No statutory guidelines; judges use discretion based on: Flight Risk: Potential of absconding. Intimidation of Witnesses: Possibility of threats. Tampering with Evidence: Risk of interfering with investigation. Usual conditions: passport surrender, high bail bonds, mandatory police appearances. SC cautions against disproportionate restrictions: Satender Kumar Antil v. CBI (2022): Conditions “impossible of compliance” defeat bail’s purpose. Frank Vitus v. NCB (2024): Google Maps PIN sharing deemed unconstitutional; violates Article 21 privacy rights. Gag Orders & SC’s Prior Rulings: Allahbadia’s content ban is a prior restraint—restricting speech before it occurs. SC’s free speech stance: Rehana Fathima Case (2021): Kerala HC’s social media ban stayed. Mohammed Zubair Case (2021): Request to restrict tweets rejected; gag orders create a “chilling effect” on speech and hinder profession. Principle: Prior restraints permissible only in exceptional cases to balance freedom of speech and justice. Why has the UGC-CARE list of journals been discontinued? Background: The UGC-CARE list, introduced in 2018, aimed to recognize reputable academic journals for faculty selection, promotions, and research funding. On February 2024, the UGC discontinued the list, replacing it with 36 suggestive parameters under eight criteria for evaluating journals. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Education ) New Suggestive Parameters (36 under 8 Criteria): Journal Preliminary Criteria: Title, ISSN, periodicity, transparency in review policy. Editorial Board Criteria: Availability and composition details of editorial board. Editorial Policy: Ethical publishing standards and peer-review process. Journal Standards: Consistency, citation practices, and quality indicators. Journal Visibility: Indexing, reach, and accessibility. Research Ethics: Measures against plagiarism and predatory practices. Why did UGC withdraw the CARE list? Criticisms of CARE List: Over-centralisation: Excessive control in journal recognition decisions. Delays: Slow process in adding or removing journals. Limited Representation: Exclusion of respected Indian language journals. Lack of Transparency: Opaque decision-making processes. UGC’s Justifications for New Approach: Decentralisation: Institutions can develop their own evaluation mechanisms aligned with UGC parameters. Flexibility: Allows consideration of discipline-specific needs and emerging fields. Combating Predatory Journals: Places responsibility on HEIs to ensure publication quality. Response & Concerns: Students’ Federation of India (SFI): Condemned the move, citing lack of consultation with academic communities. Feared proliferation of low-quality journals without central oversight. Warned of academic integrity erosion and inconsistent evaluation processes. Broader Concerns: Part of deregulation trend under NEP 2020. Risk of arbitrary journal evaluations by different institutions. Women achievers to take charge of PM’s social media accounts for a day Women Achievers & International Women’s Day (March 8) PM Narendra Modi to hand over his social media accounts to women achievers for a day. Aim: Allow women from diverse fields to share insights and inspire others. Initiative highlights the role of Nari Shakti (women power) in nation-building. Reference to Hansa Mehta’s contribution to the national flag and women’s role in the freedom struggle. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Space Sector Growth & Women Participation India launched around 460 satellites in the past decade, including foreign ones. Increasing involvement of women scientists in ISRO and space missions. Encourages youth to explore careers in science through visits to labs and planetariums. Focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) India’s progress in AI recognized at an international conference in Paris. Example: Thodasam Kailash, a schoolteacher using AI to create music in the Kolami language. National Games & Youth Achievements Over 11,000 athletes participated in the Uttarakhand National Games. Rise of teenage sports champions: Gavin Antony (15) – Shooting Anushka Yadav (16) – Hammer throw Dev Kumar Meena (19) – Pole vault Wildlife Conservation & Cultural Significance Emphasis on the cultural connection with wildlife in Indian traditions. Appreciation for tribal communities’ role in protecting wildlife. Health Ministry bans export of drugs containing Tapentadol, Carisoprodol Context : Export Ban on Tapentadol-Carisoprodol Combinations Health Ministry banned the export of unapproved combination drugs containing Tapentadol and Carisoprodol. Action taken after reports of Aveo Pharmaceuticals (Mumbai) exporting these drugs to certain West African countries. Relevance : GS 2(Health, Governance) Drug Profiles Tapentadol: Opioid used for moderate to severe pain; approved in various tablet forms (50-200 mg). Carisoprodol: Muscle relaxant targeting pain centers in the brain and spinal cord. The combination is not approved in India and not listed under the NDPS Act. Regulatory Actions & Compliance Measures CDSCO and State regulators initiated risk-based inspections since December 2022: 905 manufacturing units inspected. 694 regulatory actions taken (including production halts, licence suspensions, and warnings). Aveo Pharmaceuticals audited (Feb 21-22); operations halted following non-compliance findings. Seizure & Preventive Measures Seized materials: 1.3 crore tablets/capsules. 26 batches of Tapentadol and Carisoprodol APIs. Maharashtra FDA ordered immediate production stop and withdrawal of export NoCs. Nationwide instructions issued to prevent further distribution of the unapproved combination. Why personal accident insurance is a lifeline Context : Rising Accident Rates in India (2023-24) Road accidents: ~1.73 lakh deaths, 4.63 lakh injuries in 2023. Home accidents: Falls: 30% Burns: 20% Accidental poisoning: 15% Drowning (mainly children): 10% Workplace accidents (2024): 400+ deaths, 850+ serious injuries. Adventure sports risks: Activities like trekking, rafting, and paragliding contribute to rising accident numbers. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Why Personal Accident Insurance is Vital Provides a financial safety net against sudden accidents. Affordability: Cheaper than health or life insurance; accessible to all income groups. Key Benefits of Personal Accident Insurance Accidental death/permanent disability cover: Fixed payout ensures financial stability for dependents. Support for dependents: Education and marriage funds for children, widows, and parents. Medical expense coverage: Hospitalisation costs covered. Lump sum benefits for burns, broken bones, or coma. Recovery support: Coverage for home/vehicle modifications. Expenses for prostheses, wheelchairs, crutches. Income protection: Payouts during recovery to offset lost wages. Debt coverage: Some policies cover outstanding loans if the policyholder is a breadwinner. Emergency services: Air ambulance for remote-area accidents. Exclusions & Premium Factors Exclusions: Self-inflicted injuries, suicide attempts. Accidents under alcohol/drug influence. Injuries from criminal activities or high-risk sports. Pre-existing conditions/disabilities. Premium determination: High-risk jobs (e.g., miners, factory workers) attract higher premiums than office jobs. Bottom Line: Personal accident insurance is an affordable, crucial safeguard against unexpected financial burdens arising from accidents across various environments (road, home, work, or adventure). Understanding coverage details and exclusions is vital for making informed choices. First detailed map of moon’s south pole made from Chandrayaan data Context : First-ever detailed geological map of the moon’s south polar region created using Chandrayaan-3’s Pragyan rover data. Collaborative effort by PRL Ahmedabad, Panjab University, and ISRO’s Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems. Focused on Vikram lander’s site (landed August 23, 2023) revealing an undulating landscape of highlands and low plains. Relevance : GS 3(Science , Technology) Major Scientific Findings: Primordial magma presence confirmed: Chandrayaan-3 detected an ancient underground ocean of molten rock beneath the landing site. Confirms earlier suspicions from Apollo, Luna, and Chang’e missions but provides first polar region data. Age of the region: Estimated at 3.7 billion years, coinciding with early microbial life emergence on Earth. Cratering history: Secondary craters traced to the Schomberger crater as the primary debris source. Landed near the South Pole–Aitken Basin, one of the oldest and largest craters in the solar system. Earth-Moon Evolutionary Links: Common origin theory supported: Earth and moon possibly formed from debris after a Mars-sized body collided with Earth 4.5 billion years ago. Geochemical similarities: Presence of common isotopes and aligned orbital inclinations. Environmental Concerns: Lunar littering and contamination risks: Decades of space missions have left debris, affecting the regolith and thin lunar exosphere. Water vapour exhaust from landers may skew lunar ice readings at the poles. Colonisation efforts could further disturb the pristine lunar surface and hinder future scientific studies. Scientific Significance: Helps date geological features on other rocky planets using crater analysis. Provides new insights into the moon’s formation, evolution, and internal structure. Crucial for future lunar exploration and resource management strategies.

Feb 22, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 February 2025

Content: Biodiversity to Bioeconomy Ministry of Mines classifies Barytes, Felspar, Mica and Quartz as Major Minerals Biodiversity to Bioeconomy Context & Importance of Biotechnology in NER North East Region (NER) of India: Rich in biodiversity, cultural heritage, and natural resources. Biotechnology acts as a catalyst for: Sustainable economic growth Preservation of natural and cultural heritage Employment generation through bio-entrepreneurship Climate-resilient agriculture and health innovations Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Department of Biotechnology’s (DBT) North Eastern Programme Budget Allocation: Since 2010, 10% of DBT’s annual budget allocated to NER-focused programmes. Objectives: Harness endemic bioresources Promote biotech education and research Create local employment via bio-based enterprises Major Programmes Under NER A. Capacity Building & Education Initiatives Twinning R&D Programme (2010-11): Collaboration between 65+ NER institutions & leading national institutes Supported ~650 R&D projects, benefiting ~450 researchers and 2000 students Biotech Hubs (Since 2011): Established 126 hubs across NER for biotech research and education Phase-II: 54 hubs focusing on local issues and specialized research Biotechnology Labs in Senior Secondary Schools (BLiSS) (2014): Established labs to cultivate biotech interest at school level Visiting Research Professorship (VRP) Programme (2015): Leveraged expertise of eminent scientists to uplift local biotech education Specialized Training Programmes: Chemical Ecology Programme (2015): Tailored training for PhD and postdoc researchers with institutes like NCBS, IISc. Genomics-Driven Research in Human Health (2016):Comprehensive workshops for biomedical research, molecular genetics, and clinical sample handling. B. Agriculture & Farmers-Focused Initiatives DBT-North East Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology (NECAB) – Phase III: Enhanced services to farmers; supported research on crop resilience and productivity Citrus Research & Development: Established facilities at Institute of Horticulture Technology, Assam Developed disease-free rootstocks for Khasi mandarin and sweet orange Medicinal Plant Cultivation: Cultivated 64.1 acres with crops like Curcuma caesia and high-value lemongrass Trained 649 farmers and entrepreneurs in sustainable farming practices Value Addition to Indigenous Fruits: Explored Docynia indica (Assam apple) for products like jams, pickles, and juices Conducted awareness campaigns in tribal communities of Assam and Meghalaya Major Achievements & Innovations Agricultural Innovations: Bacterial Blight-resistant Rice Variety “Patkai“: Developed by Assam Agricultural University Combines resistance with flood tolerance (Ranjeet Sub1 background) Veterinary & Livestock Innovations: Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) for Brucellosis Detection: Rapid detection tool with high sensitivity for livestock disease management Digital & Technological Solutions: Pig Disease Diagnosis Expert System (PDDES): Mobile app aiding pig disease diagnosis Available on Google Playstore; improves veterinary outreach and farm productivity Broader Impacts & Sustainable Growth Biodiversity Preservation: Sustainable use of medicinal and indigenous plant resources Economic Upliftment: Boost in local income via bio-entrepreneurship and product diversification Educational Empowerment: Enhanced research opportunities and skill development in biotechnology Environmental Sustainability: Focus on eco-friendly agriculture and disease-resistant crops Community Engagement: Active involvement of farmers, tribal communities, and students in biotech projects Way Forward Strengthen partnerships between local institutions and national/global biotech leaders Expand biotech solutions in healthcare, agriculture, and environmental sustainability Foster community–driven bio–entrepreneurship for long-term economic resilience Ministry of Mines classifies Barytes, Felspar, Mica and Quartz as Major Minerals Background and Policy Context Notification: Issued by the Ministry of Mines on 20th February 2025 through a gazette notification. Reclassification: Minerals Barytes, Felspar, Mica, and Quartz moved from minor to major minerals category. Policy Alignment: Follows the National Critical Mineral Mission approved by the Union Cabinet on 29th January 2025, aimed at self-reliance in critical minerals. Relevance : GS 3(Mines and Minerals) Rationale Behind Reclassification Critical Minerals Exploration: Quartz, Felspar, and Mica are found in pegmatite rocks—rich sources of critical minerals like Lithium, Beryl, Niobium, Tantalum, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten. Baryte is associated with ores of Antimony, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, and Silver. Under-Reporting Issue: Under minor mineral leases, critical minerals were overlooked as the focus was on using primary minerals for construction, glass, ceramics, etc. Leaseholders did not declare or extract associated critical minerals, leading to loss of strategic resources. Economic and Strategic Significance: Critical minerals are vital for: Energy transition technologies (e.g., lithium for batteries) Spacecraft industries (lightweight, heat-resistant materials) Healthcare sector (advanced diagnostic devices) Baryte’s use in oil and gas drilling, radiation shielding, electronics, and construction materials underscores its industrial relevance. Implications of Major Mineral Classification Enhanced Regulation and Exploration: Mines to be regulated by the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) for scientific mining practices. Increased exploration expected due to stricter compliance and higher investment incentives. Lease Period Extension: Existing leases will not be adversely affected. Major mineral leases: Extended up to 50 years under Section 8A of the MMDR Act, 1957. Revenue and Federal Dynamics: Revenue sharing pattern unchanged; states continue to accrue mining revenues. Transition Period: Four-month window provided until 30th June 2025 for operational adjustments. Key Benefits of the Move Strategic Autonomy: Reduces dependence on imports of critical minerals crucial for energy and technology sectors. Resource Optimization: Promotes co-mining of associated minerals, ensuring better resource utilization. Boost to Industries: Enhances the supply chain for renewable energy, electronics, defense, and healthcare industries. Environmental Considerations: Scientific mining practices to reduce environmental degradation and improve sustainability. Challenges and Considerations Operational Readiness: Mines and leaseholders must adapt to stricter IBM compliance norms. Environmental and Social Concerns: Scaling exploration may pose ecological challenges; needs careful Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). Capacity Building: States and private players need to upgrade mining technology and exploration techniques. Way Forward Focus on Sustainable Mining: Balance economic gains with environmental protection and community welfare. Promote Innovation: Encourage use of advanced mining technologies for efficient resource extraction. Enhance Private Sector Participation: Attract investments through policy stability and ease of doing business measures. Monitor Critical Mineral Supply Chains: Develop strategies for long-term mineral security to support India’s energy and technological ambitions.

Feb 22, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 February 2025

Content: Converting court case backlogs into treasure troves Judges’ dilemma Converting court case backlogs into treasure troves Context: India’s judicial system is plagued by massivecasebacklogs: Supreme Court: ~82,000 cases pending High Courts: ~62 lakh cases pending Lower Courts: ~5 crore cases pending, with ~50 lakh cases pending for over a decade. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Practice Question : Judicial backlog in India poses a significant challenge to the delivery of timely justice. Critically examine the causes of this backlog and evaluate how mediation can serve as an effective solution. Suggest measures to institutionalize mediation in the Indian judicial system. (250 words) Key Issues Leading to Backlog: Adversarial System: Involves multiple interim applications and appeals. Judge-Population Ratio: One of the world’s lowest — 21 judges per million people. Government as a Litigant: Accounts for nearly 50% of all cases. Infrastructure Deficiencies: Insufficient physical infrastructure, finances, and human resources. Mediation as a Solution: What is Mediation? A confidential, neutral, and non-adversarial method of dispute resolution. Advantages: Faster resolutions (few sessions vs. years of litigation). Cost-effective for both courts and parties. Preserves relationships unlike traditional litigation. Encouraging Trends: Increasing acceptance since 2005. Thousands of trained mediators available. Challenges in Implementation: Primary Identification of Cases: Need for effective classification and referral to mediation. Public Perception: Mediation still seen as secondary to court rulings. Incentives and Infrastructure: Adequate remuneration and formal structures necessary. Way Forward: Institutionalize mediation at all court levels. Make mediation the first step before litigation in civil and commercial disputes. Government should reduce its litigation footprint and promote out-of-court settlements. Enhance public awareness and trust in mediation. Judges’ dilemma Context: The editorial addresses the tension between judicial independence and accountability, arising from the Lokpal’s ruling that High Court judges fall under its jurisdiction, and the Supreme Court’s immediate stay on the order. Key Issue: Whether judges, as public servants under the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), can be subjected to external scrutiny without compromising judicial independence. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Practice Question: Judicial independence is a cornerstone of democracy, but it must be balanced with accountability to maintain public trust. Critically examine the challenges in ensuring judicial accountability in India while safeguarding judicial independence. Suggest suitable reforms. (250 words) Lokpal’s Stand: High Court judges are under the Lokpal’s jurisdiction per Section 14 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. High Courts, established by state statutes, are considered statutory bodies, making judges “public servants.” Contrarily, the Supreme Court is established by the Constitution, thus not under the Lokpal’s purview. Supreme Court’s Response: Stayed the Lokpal’s decision suo motu (on its own motion). Concern: Judicial independence could be compromised if external bodies investigate constitutional court judges. Legal Precedent – K. Veeraswami vs Union of India (1991): Judges are public servants under PCA. No FIR against a sitting judge without the Chief Justice of India’s (CJI) approval. Ensures a balance: Judges aren’t immune from law, yet the judiciary’s functioning remains unhampered. Existing Accountability Mechanisms: In-house procedure: Initiated by CJI, High Court CJ, or President on complaints. Actions: Request for resignation, curtailing judicial work, transfers, or parliamentary removal. Criticism: Lack of transparency; reasons for transfers often undisclosed. Way Forward: Need for an effective mechanism balancing independence with accountability. Consider independent prosecution under judicial supervision for credible corruption charges. Safeguards to prevent frivolous complaints while ensuring public trust in the judiciary. Criticism : Judicial Independence: Essential for impartial decision-making, a basic structure element of the Constitution (Article 50). External probes may create a chilling effect, deterring judges from making bold decisions. Need for Accountability: Independence isn’t immunity. Judicial corruption erodes public trust; an opaque system fosters impunity. Institutional Integrity vs Public Interest: Striking a balance is complex; neither extreme serves justice. An in-house procedure with external oversight (without direct interference) could be a middle path. International Practices: Some countries have independent judicial commissions ensuring both accountability and autonomy. India can adapt such models, ensuring constitutional sanctity is upheld.

Feb 22, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 February 2025

Contents NMC’s Guidelines for Disabled Candidates Arbitrary, Rules SC Concept of Sexual Equality Must Be Part of Syllabus: SC Amid Growing Threat from Drones, Army to Strengthen Its Air Defence Assam: Move to Recognise Bathouism Highlights Government Commitment to Preserve Nature-Based Faiths Restoring Land, Restoring Peace: How Sustainable Land Management Can Ease Global Conflicts NMC’s guidelines for disabled candidates arbitrary, rules SC Background: The Supreme Court ruled against the National Medical Commission’s (NMC) eligibility criteria requiring MBBS candidates to have “both hands intact, with intact sensation and sufficient strength.” The case involved a candidate with 50% locomotor and 20% speech disability who cleared NEET but was denied admission by the NMC’s Assessment Board. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Court’s Observations: The criterion was termed arbitrary, ableist, and contrary to the Constitution. Justice Viswanathan highlighted that such requirements violate: Article 41: Right to work, education, and public assistance. Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act. UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). The judgment criticized the “a” approach, stressing reasonable accommodation for disabled candidates. Key Rulings: Directed NMC to revise guidelines and submit a report by March 3. Allowed the candidate’s admission to Government Medical College, Sirohi, Rajasthan. Significance: Upholds the constitutional and human rights of persons with disabilities. Reinforces the principle of inclusion and non-discrimination in medical education. Sets a precedent for addressing ableism in statutory regulations. Implications: Medical institutions must adapt to inclusive admission policies. Promotes broader discussion on accessibility in professional fields. Paves the way for policy reforms supporting disabled aspirants. Concept of sexual equality must be part of syllabus: SC Background: The Supreme Court asked the Centre to incorporate sexual equality, moral and ethical training, and etiquette into the school syllabus. The Bench was led by Justice B.V. Nagarathna with Justice S.C. Sharma. Relevance : GS 2(Education ,Social Issues) Court’s Observations: Moral education is often neglected in schools; needs mandatory inclusion. Equality between sons and daughters must begin at home—parents should avoid gender-based discrimination. Society still holds misogynistic beliefs, marginalizing women post-marriage. Petitioner’s Argument: Senior advocate Aabad Ponda highlighted: Lack of early education on gender equality contributes to rising crimes against women. 50% of the population (women) face insecurity and societal strain. Advertisements and visual media should promote zero tolerance for rape and awareness of stringent laws. Harsher punishments alone are not sufficient; mindset change is crucial. Court’s Directions: Ordered the Union government to submit measures taken to introduce sexual equality in the curriculum. Recalled how Environmental Science became a mandatory subject through SC orders—moral education should follow suit. Key Takeaways: Early education can combat gender bias and violence against women. Public awareness campaigns through media and cinema halls recommended. Calls for long-term solutions over knee-jerk punitive measures. Implications: Focus on mindset change rather than solely on stricter punishments. Schools expected to play a central role in promoting gender sensitivity. Reinforces the importance of gender parity for societal progress. Amid growing threat from drones, Army to strengthen its air defence Background: Growing use of drones, loitering munitions, and disruptive technologies has escalated aerial threats. Recent conflicts like the Ukraine war highlight the challenge of quantifying and countering drone-based threats. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Army’s Key Initiatives: Induction of new fragmentation ammunition for ~1,300 air defence guns (L-70 & Zu-23). Air burst ammunition, laser, and microwave weapons in procurement pipeline. Smart ammunition and high-end air defence upgrades underway. QRSAM System Development: Indigenous Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM) contract finalization in 4-5 months. Developed by DRDO with a 30 km range. First Prototype Model (FoPM) expected 12 months post-contract; full production in 18 months. Planned in both wheeled and tracked configurations. Akash Missile Enhancement: Enhanced Akash missile to undergo high-altitude trials in the next 45 days. Future Plans: Tender issued for 30mm fragmentation ammunition for vintage guns. Request For Proposal (RFP) out for successor to L-70 and Zu-23 guns (220 units) with smart ammunition. Trials in July 2025, contract award expected by May-June 2026. Focus on indigenous procurement—no imports planned. Implications: Strengthening air defence capabilities to counter evolving aerial threats. Boosts self-reliance in defence technology through indigenous systems. Addresses challenges posed by swarm drones and disruptive warfare technologies. Assam: Move to recognise Bathousim highlights government commitment to preserve nature-based faiths, says expert Background: Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) in Assam now includes Bathouism as an official religion option in application forms (e.g., admissions, birth & death certificates). Move aims to preserve nature-based indigenous faiths and distinct Bodo identity. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) About Bathouism: Traditional faith of the Bodos—largest plains tribe in Assam. Bathoubwrai (Sibwrai): Supreme God symbolizing the supreme soul (Poromatma). Philosophy based on five elements: Bar (Air) | San (Sun) | Ha (Earth) | Or (Fire) | Okhrang (Sky) Parallels with Panchatatva in Hinduism. Sijou plant (Euphorbia splendens): Living symbol of Bathoubwrai; central to worship rituals. Government Initiatives: Bathou Puja: Declared state holiday on second Tuesday of Magh month. Union Home Minister Amit Shah reaffirmed commitment to preserve nature-centric faiths at the 13th Triennial Conference of All Bathou Mahasabha (Jan 2024). Significance of Recognition: Reinforces cultural roots while embracing modernity. Promotes religious inclusivity and identity preservation. Comparable to recognition of Sarnaism (practiced in Chota Nagpur Plateau)—both emphasize nature worship and ancestral reverence. Implications: Strengthens Bodo community’s cultural heritage. Reflects government’s inclusive approach towards indigenous beliefs. Potential to inspire similar recognition for other tribal faiths in India. Restoring land, restoring peace: How sustainable land management can ease global conflicts Key Focus: Addressing land degradation is vital not only for environmental health but also for conflict prevention and community rebuilding. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Highlights of the Ground for Peace Report (Dec 2024): Land Degradation & Conflict Link: Environmental degradation and resource scarcity escalate regional and global conflicts. 80 percent of conflicts (1950–2000) occurred in biodiversity hotspots. Case Studies: Rohingya Migration (Bangladesh): Forest cover dropped from 8,500 ha to 4,500 ha (2016–2018) due to refugee pressure. Nigeria: Peace agreement between Tiv and Igede groups improved resource-sharing and stability. Colombia: Peace deals enhanced land restoration and cocoa farmers’ community cohesion. Initiatives & Global Efforts: Peace Forest Initiative (PFI): Launched at UNCCD COP14 (2019, New Delhi). Aims to ease intercommunity tensions via Sustainable Land Management (SLM). Targets 17 sites across 44 countries. Other Key Frameworks: COP28 Declaration, Rio Convention, NATO’s 2023 Climate Change and Security Assessment. Challenges: Funding Shortage: 40 percent of intrastate conflicts stem from natural resources, yet less than 10 percent of global funding targets land issues. Private investments mostly favor biodiversity hotspots. Implementation Hurdles: Complex funding processes, capacity gaps, and poor planning can worsen conflicts. Examples: Banni Grasslands (India): Introduction of invasive species disrupted livelihoods. Chilika Lake (Odisha): Restoration led to economic distress for traditional fishers. Recommendations & Way Forward: Integrate land restoration into peacebuilding and security strategies. Leverage climate funds, donor support, and international agreements. Focus on community-driven, situation-specific solutions. Promote technical diplomacy and multi-level cooperation. Scale up efforts through the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration and global reforestation initiatives. Bottom Line: Restoring degraded land is pivotal for environmental stability, peace, and socio-economic resilience. Sustainable and inclusive approaches, backed by robust funding and political will, are essential to break the cycle of degradation and conflict.

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