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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 August 2024

CONTENTS Monsoon Mayhem: Tackling Urban Flooding India- Maldives Ties Monsoon Mayhem: Tackling Urban Flooding Context: In a warming world, sea surface temperatures are rising, leading to increased evaporation and the formation of moisture-laden clouds. When conditions are right, this results in continuous rainfall, often with half the annual precipitation occurring within 24 to 48 hours. Urban infrastructure struggles to cope, leading to flooding on roads, in public spaces, and in the basements of buildings, causing disruptions to rail, road, and air traffic, as well as to businesses. Rural areas are severely affected, with crop losses, landslides, and landslips in hilly regions claiming lives, livelihoods, and destabilizing the economy. Relevance: GS3- Disaster Management Mains Question: There is urgent need for comprehensive disaster management and infrastructure reforms to protect lives and property from future monsoon fury. Discuss in the context of rising disasters triggered by heavy rainfalls in urban areas. (15 Marks, 250 Words). The Disaster in Wayanad: This situation places additional pressure on public finances, as funds must be redirected to rebuild damaged infrastructure and compensate for private property losses. The disaster that struck Wayanad on July 30th, claiming over 400 lives and injuring an equal number, stands out as one of the most devastating in recent memory. In that event, large boulders and stones from an 8.26-hectare area at 1550 meters above sea level rolled down a 7 km slope, causing destruction to buildings, roads, and bridges in villages located 650 meters above sea level. A one-ton boulder gained the energy of 9 megajoules, enough to destroy a reinforced concrete building in a rural area. Monsoon havoc has caused similar damage in other regions, including the Western Ghats and the Himalayas, where landslides and road and bridge damage have created significant challenges for residents and tourists in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The Issues Facing Metropolitan Cities: The deaths of three civil service aspirants in the basement flooding of Rau’s coaching centre in Rajendranagar, Delhi last month, along with another aspirant who died from electrocution, serve as stark reminders of the negligence of civic authorities. It is essential to understand the precautions that agencies and building occupants must take to prevent such tragedies from recurring. Previously, Mumbai’s civic body had designed stormwater drains and related infrastructure to handle 25 mm of rain per hour. In recent years, severe flooding has repeatedly occurred, forcing authorities to redesign their drainage systems to handle more intense rainfall, up to 50 mm per hour. However, in places like Mumbai, Ratnagiri, Satara, Mahabaleshwar, and other locations, rainfall rates of 80 to 100 mm per hour have been recorded. Similarly, certain regions in the country are experiencing frequent cloudbursts, resulting in 80 to 100 mm of rainfall per hour for three to four hours. The Wayanad tragedy was triggered by 570 mm of rain in just 48 hours. In many metropolitan cities, stormwater drains are partially encroached upon, with small huts erected for living. These occupants should be relocated, and the drains fully opened to allow the proper flow of water. It is important to note that the existing stormwater drains are insufficient to handle more than 25 mm of rainfall per hour. Many urban lake beds have been encroached upon, reducing their capacity to store water. This reduction means that during heavy rainfall, water flows into the basements and ground floors of buildings, causing significant hardship for residents. In November 2015, Chennai experienced one of its worst disasters due to continuous rainfall of approximately 483 mm in 24 hours. The flooding claimed 500 lives, submerged nearly 1 million homes, and displaced 1.8 million people. Two main factors contributed to this catastrophe: the encroachment on lake beds in Chennai and the delay in regulating the water levels in the Chembaram Bakkam reservoir. The situation was brought under control only after 1.5 lakh cusecs of water from the reservoir were released into the Adiyar River. In Chennai, many wetlands have been occupied by communities. The Pallikarnai wetland, which once covered over 5,000 hectares, has now shrunk to just 500 hectares, or 10% of its original size. If these encroachments are not cleared, similar tragedies are likely to occur in the future. In cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Gurugram, floodwaters often get trapped in the basements of homes, requiring time and energy to pump out. Way Forward: Drains should be regularly de-silted and cleared of debris such as plastics, polythene bags, and silt, which should be disposed of at distant locations. The lakes in cities, which act as balancing reservoirs, should have their water levels regulated by properly managing the sluice gates. Periodic de-weeding and de-silting of lakes are also necessary to keep the water clean and maintain them at maximum flood levels. All lake inlets must be monitored to ensure that untreated sewage is not entering these reservoirs. To prevent lake water from entering homes during flash floods, it is crucial to ensure that sewage water does not backflow into residences. Civic authorities in cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Delhi, Gurugram, and others should upgrade their drainage systems to accommodate at least 100 mm of rain per hour. Additionally, encroachments on stormwater drains and lake beds must be removed. Civic bodies must take precautions when working on drainage systems for stormwater and sewer lines, ensuring that drains and manholes are covered to prevent accidental falls, especially when flooded roads resemble flowing rivers. It is advisable to construct a sump beneath the basement to harvest rainwater, which can later be used for various purposes. If the basement is kept clean, the collected floodwater could be of drinkable quality. While many civic bodies require water harvesting structures for new constructions, these often focus only on rooftop water collection, overlooking basements that are prone to flooding during cloudbursts. Conclusion: Water harvesting in basements should be made mandatory and strictly enforced. Building by-laws should be amended by civic agencies to ensure that basements are used solely for parking vehicles, storing unserviceable items, and water harvesting/storage. Under no circumstances should basements be permitted for use as living spaces, hotels, or businesses. India- Maldives Ties Context: India’s recent outreach to the Maldives, marked by the Indian External Affairs Minister’s visit to the island nation a few weeks ago, signals an effort to reset the currently strained bilateral relationship. After the new President, Mohammed Muizzu, took office, there was a surge of anti-India sentiments that disrupted decades of strategic defense partnerships. Relevance: GS2- Bilateral Groupings and Agreements Groupings and Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India’s Interests Effect of Policies and Politics of Countries on India’s Interests Important International Institutions Mains Question: What have been the recent areas of contention in India- Maldives ties? Is the Maldives now trying to mend fences with India? Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Historical Ties: The diplomatic and political relationship between India and the Maldives dates back to 1965, when the British relinquished control of the islands. Since the Maldives transitioned to democracy in 2008, India has invested significant time in cultivating deep relationships with various stakeholders in the country, including political, military, business, and civil society leaders. Maldives’ Significance for India: Strategic Location: Situated to the south of India, the Maldives holds considerable strategic importance in the Indian Ocean, serving as a gateway to the Arabian Sea and beyond. This strategic position allows India to monitor maritime traffic and bolster regional security. Cultural Link: Buddhism was the predominant religion in the Maldivian islands until the first half of the 12th century, with evidence of Vajrayana Buddhism’s presence in ancient times. Regional Stability: A stable and prosperous Maldives is aligned with India’s “Neighbourhood First” policy, which aims to promote peace and security in the Indian Ocean region. India’s Significance for the Maldives: Essential Supplies: India is a vital supplier of everyday essentials to the Maldives, including rice, spices, fruits, vegetables, and medicines. Education: India is the primary destination for Maldivian students pursuing higher education, offering scholarships and opportunities in Indian institutions. Disaster Assistance: India has consistently provided aid during crises, such as tsunamis and drinking water shortages. During the Covid-19 pandemic, India supplied essential items, demonstrating its role as a reliable partner. Security Provider: India has a history of offering security assistance, notably intervening during a coup attempt in 1988 through Operation Cactus and conducting joint naval exercises to safeguard the Maldives. These exercises include “Ekuverin,” “Dosti,” and “Ekatha.” Tourism Dominance: Since the Covid-19 pandemic, Indian tourists have become the leading source market for the Maldives. In 2023, they made up a significant 11.2% of total tourist arrivals, with 1.842 million visitors. A Downward Trend in Relations: Tensions have recently escalated due to undiplomatic remarks made by Maldivian ministers targeting Prime Minister Narendra Modi specifically, and Indians in general. The new government, led by President Mohamed Muizzu, has requested the withdrawal of Indian military personnel and selected China as one of the destinations for his early overseas visits. During this visit, President Muizzu also encouraged China to reclaim the top position in tourist arrivals, a spot that has been dominated by India in recent years. The current government came to power on an ‘India Out’ campaign. A report by the EU Election Observation Mission of Maldives noted that the ruling coalition used anti-India sentiments and spread disinformation during the 2023 presidential elections, which resulted in Mr. Muizzu’s victory. Additionally, the Maldives has decided not to renew an agreement with India regarding a hydrographic survey of its waters. This agreement, signed in 2019, allowed India to conduct surveys of Maldivian territorial waters, including studying and charting reefs, lagoons, coastlines, ocean currents, and tide levels. A Significant Shift: However, things began to change earlier this year, with President Muizzu being invited to attend Prime Minister Modi’s third swearing-in ceremony in June. During his speech at the inauguration of India-assisted water and sewerage projects across 28 islands in the Maldives, President Muizzu expressed deep gratitude to Indian Prime Minister, the Indian government, and the people of India for their continued support. This speech indicated a shift in thinking regarding relations with India and perhaps an unspoken recognition that the Maldives needs India’s help to overcome its financial challenges. The Maldives requires millions of dollars in budgetary support, and while the President has sought assistance from China, Türkiye, and some Middle Eastern nations, these potential bailouts come with stringent conditions that could pose risks in the future. Meanwhile, India, despite facing difficulties, has shown its commitment by rolling over nearly $100 million in payments due from the Maldives to alleviate its financial burden. The Maldives seems to have recognized that beyond the “India Out” rhetoric, recalibrating its bilateral relationship with India, particularly in economic and security matters, would be a wise move for a stronger partnership. Notably, several critical India-assisted infrastructure projects, initiated before President Muizzu’s tenure, played a significant role during S. Jaishankar’s visit to Malé. The press release from the ministry emphasized that “EAM visited the India-assisted Greater Male Connectivity Project (GMCP) site and jointly reviewed the progress of this flagship development project, which will link Malé with the neighboring islands of Villingili, Gulhifalhu, and Thilafushi. EAM also visited Addu City on August 11, 2024, where he, along with the Foreign Minister and the Minister of Construction and Infrastructure, jointly inaugurated the Addu Reclamation and Shore Protection Project and the Addu Detour Link Bridge Project.” This visit highlights the importance of the Maldives, India’s maritime neighbor, as a vital partner in the ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy and India’s Vision ‘SAGAR’ (Security and Growth for All in the Region). The Maldives continues to be a key ally for India in ensuring peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indian Ocean region. India and the Maldives are mutually dependent when it comes to addressing economic, security, and climate change-related challenges. Conclusion: The tensions in the Maldives-India relationship also send a broader message to the new government in Bangladesh, which has historically not fully aligned with India’s concerns. While the interim government in Bangladesh has maintained a moderate approach to bilateral relations with India, the political parties in power might not be as accommodating in the future. Like many of India’s neighbors, Bangladesh is also facing a severe economic crisis, and it may eventually realize that fostering a good relationship with India is in its best interest.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 August 2024

CONTENTS Strengthening India-Japan Relations Amid Regional Tensions Alarming Environmental Decline in the Aravallis Navigating E-Commerce Expansion in India Multidimensional Vulnerability Index Atomic clocks- Lunar Time Standard Dhangar Community Strengthening India-Japan Relations Amid Regional Tensions Context: India and Japan recently convened their third 2+2 Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting in New Delhi, focusing on reinforcing their strategic alliance amidst escalating geopolitical challenges in the Indo-Pacific region. This meeting underscored a mutual commitment to deepen cooperation across multiple sectors, highlighting the critical nature of their partnership in balancing China’s growing assertiveness in the area. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Understanding 2+2 Meetings: A Diplomatic Framework Highlights of the India-Japan 2+2 Dialogue India-Japan Relationship Understanding 2+2 Meetings: A Diplomatic Framework Participation Dynamics: Involves two high-level representatives, namely Ministers responsible for Foreign Affairs and Defence, from each participating country. Aims to elevate the depth and breadth of dialogue between the nations. Enhanced Communication and Understanding: Establishes a mechanism for better comprehension and appreciation of each other’s strategic concerns and sensitivities. Takes into consideration political factors on both sides to foster a more integrated and robust strategic relationship. Adapting to Global Changes: Facilitates engagement in the context of a rapidly changing global environment. Offers a platform for addressing evolving geopolitical dynamics and challenges. India’s 2+2 Partners: United States: Holds the distinction of being India’s oldest and most significant 2+2 talks partner. Other Nations: Engaged in 2+2 meetings with ministers from Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Russia. Diverse Dialogues: Covers a spectrum of strategic aspects, promoting a comprehensive understanding between nations. Highlights of the India-Japan 2+2 Dialogue Indo-Pacific Cooperation: Both nations reiterated their commitment to maintaining a free and rules-governed Indo-Pacific region, influenced by the increasing military activities of China. ASEAN Integration: There was a strong endorsement for the unity and central role of ASEAN, specifically through the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific, which emphasizes peace and cooperation in the region. United Nations Principles: The discussions underscored ASEAN’s dedication to upholding a regional order based on United Nations guidelines. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD): The meeting included discussions from the recent QUAD Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, reinforcing their commitment to deeper cooperation. Defense and Security Collaboration: Intentions were set to extend security support to third countries to promote regional stability, highlighting the defense cooperation as a cornerstone of their Strategic and Global Partnership. Security Strategy and Exercises: Updates on Japan’s 2022 National Security Strategy and progress in multinational military exercises like Veer Guardian and Malabar were noted. Innovations in Defense Technology: Advances in unmanned ground vehicles and robotics were acknowledged, and the transfer of Japan’s advanced radar system, UNICORN, was discussed, aiming to reduce radar detectability of warships. Joint Security Declaration Update: Both countries agreed to modernize the 2008 Joint Declaration to reflect the new security challenges and priorities in the evolving global landscape. Counterterrorism Efforts: There was a unified voice against terrorism and violent extremism, emphasizing the elimination of terrorist safe havens and the disruption of their financial and operational networks. Role of Women in Peace Processes: Both nations supported the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda, which promotes women’s involvement in peacekeeping and conflict resolution, rooted in the principles of UNSCR 1325. India-Japan Relationship Historical Beginnings: The relationship initiated in the 6th century with Buddhism’s introduction from India to Japan, influencing Japanese culture and philosophy significantly. Post-World War II Initiatives: In 1949, a symbolic gesture by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru involving the donation of an elephant to Tokyo’s Ueno Zoo marked the renewal of post-WWII relations. Diplomatic Milestones: The 1952 peace treaty established formal diplomatic connections as one of Japan’s initial post-war agreements. Economic Support Post-WWII: Post-war economic recovery in Japan was significantly aided by Indian iron ore, with financial support through yen loans starting in 1958. Strategic Partnerships and Cooperation Deepening Ties in the 2000s: The partnership was enhanced to a Global Partnership and later to a Special Strategic and Global Partnership by 2014, emphasizing the increasing significance of bilateral relations. Vision for Future Cooperation: The “Japan and India Vision 2025” formulated in 2015, outlines continued collaborative goals. Security Collaborations: The 2008 Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation laid the groundwork for ongoing dialogues, including the “2+2” meetings and the signing of the Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) in 2020. Economic Relations: By 2021, Japan stood as India’s 13th largest trading partner and fifth largest investor, showcasing robust economic ties. Initiatives and Agreements Industrial and Energy Partnerships: Initiatives like the “India-Japan Industrial Competitiveness Partnership” and “Clean Energy Partnership” focus on mutual investments and enhancing energy cooperation. Cultural and Social Exchanges: The sister-city agreement between Ahmedabad and Kobe in 2019 builds on previous agreements, promoting cultural exchanges and enhancing city-level cooperation. Significant Investments: Japan’s commitment includes a substantial investment of approximately 5 trillion yen aimed at future projects, evidencing deep financial engagement. Official Development Assistance: India remains the largest beneficiary of Japanese ODA, with key projects like the Delhi Metro and the High-Speed Railway initiative showcasing significant cooperation. Cultural and Regional Engagements Promoting Cultural Ties: 2017 was marked as the Year of Japan-India Friendly Exchanges, enhancing cultural relations between the two nations. Broadening Regional Cooperation: The Japan-Southwest Asia Exchange Year in 2022 highlights Japan’s efforts to strengthen ties with India and other regions in Southwest Asia, promoting broader regional connectivity and cooperation. -Source: The Hindu Alarming Environmental Decline in the Aravallis Context: A recent scientific study has exposed the severe environmental repercussions of ongoing land use changes in the Aravallis. The study reveals that the continuous destruction of these hills is causing significant biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and a decline in vegetation cover, signaling an urgent need for comprehensive conservation strategies to reverse these damaging trends. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Challenges Facing the Aravallis Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) Explained Future Projections and Biodiversity Aravalli Range Challenges Facing the Aravallis Loss of Land: Between 1975 and 2019, about 8% (5,772.7 sq km) of the Aravalli region was lost, including 5% turned into barren land and 1% into settlements. Environmental Impact: This degradation facilitated the expansion of the Thar Desert towards the National Capital Region, increasing desertification and erratic weather patterns. Mining Expansion: The area used for mining increased from 1.8% in 1975 to 2.2% in 2019, contributing significantly to the degradation of the Aravalli hills. Urbanization and Mining: Rapid urbanization alongside unchecked mining practices are major factors in the degradation, with over 25% of the Aravallis lost to illegal quarrying. Air Pollution: Mining activities significantly contribute to air pollution in the NCR, particularly through respirable particulate matter (RPM). Decline in Forest Cover: The central range’s forest cover has reduced by 32% from 1975 to 2019, paralleled by an increase in cultivated land. Water Resource Impact: Mining activities have disrupted aquifers, altering water flows, drying up lakes, and creating new water bodies. Protected Areas’ Impact: Wildlife sanctuaries like Todgarh-Raoli and Kumbhalgarh have positively impacted the eco-sensitive zones, showing minimal forest depletion. Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI): EVI least value of 0 to -0.2 in upper central Aravali region (Nagaur district) – indicating unhealthy vegetation. Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) Explained EVI Overview: EVI is an advanced vegetation index designed for higher sensitivity to biomass, atmospheric conditions, and soil quality, serving as a modified version of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). EVI Significance: The index ranges from 0 to 1, where values closer to 1 indicate healthier vegetation, while values closer to 0 suggest unhealthy vegetation, providing a crucial tool for environmental monitoring. Future Projections and Biodiversity Projected Loss: By 2059, it is projected that 22% of the Aravalli area could be lost, with 3.5% potentially used for mining purposes. Biodiversity Decline: There has been a significant decrease in local wildlife, including leopards, striped hyenas, and golden jackals. River Impacts: Key rivers originating from the Aravallis, such as Banas, Luni, Sahibi, and Sakhi, are now dead, reflecting the severe environmental stress in the region. Human-Wildlife Conflicts: The loss of natural forests has escalated conflicts between humans and wildlife in the area, highlighting the urgent need for conservation and sustainable management strategies. Aravalli Range The Aravalli Range extends 692 km from Gujarat to Delhi, passing through Rajasthan, with a width ranging from 10 to 120 km. Approximately 80% of the range is situated within Rajasthan, with the remaining 20% spread across Haryana, Delhi, and Gujarat.  The range is segmented into two primary sections: the Sambhar Sirohi Range and the Sambhar Khetri Range in Rajasthan, spanning about 560 km. The Aravallis serve as an ecotone, acting as a transition zone between the Thar Desert and the Gangetic Plain, where diverse ecosystems and biological communities converge. Gurusikhar, located in Rajasthan, is the highest peak of the Aravallis, standing at an elevation of 1,722 meters. Significance of the Aravallis The Aravallis play a crucial role in halting the advancement of the Thar Desert towards the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains, also serving as vital catchment areas. Home to 300 native plant species and 120 bird species, the range is a sanctuary for various animals, including jackals and mongooses. During the monsoon season, the Aravallis guide monsoon clouds eastward, benefiting the sub-Himalayan rivers and North Indian plains, while in winter, they protect the fertile valleys from harsh westerly winds. The range significantly contributes to groundwater replenishment by capturing rainwater, thereby enhancing the groundwater levels. Often referred to as the “lungs” of Delhi-NCR, the Aravallis mitigate some of the severe air pollution effects experienced in the region. -Source: Down To Earth Navigating E-Commerce Expansion in India Context: The Union Minister of Commerce and Industry has expressed concerns regarding the swift growth of the e-commerce sector in India, particularly highlighting the impact of global giants like Amazon. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: E-commerce Government Efforts to Enhance E-commerce in India Challenges in the Indian E-commerce Sector E-commerce E-commerce involves the buying and selling of goods and services or transferring funds or data, over the internet. Advantages of E-commerce Wider Reach: Products are delivered to the remotest areas, enhancing competition and connecting suppliers and customers. Reduced Costs: The economy of scale and reduced miscellaneous expenses lower the prices of products. Customer Interaction: Feedback mechanisms allow customers to learn more about products and influence improvements. Business Growth: E-commerce expands the customer base, increases sales, and facilitates quick transactions. Disadvantages of E-commerce Security Concerns: There’s a need for stronger security measures to protect personal and financial data. Customer Service Challenges: Online stores may struggle to address customer concerns as effectively as physical stores. Legal Ambiguity: Unclear regulations regarding online sales can foster distrust between buyers and sellers. Physical Inspection: Customers cannot physically inspect products before purchase, relying solely on images. Accountability Issues: There is often less accountability regarding product quality in e-commerce. Catalysts for E-Commerce Growth in India Online products tend to be cheaper than their offline counterparts, providing a competitive edge. Payment Innovations Digital Advances: The Government’s Digital India initiative boosts internet accessibility, enhancing e-commerce. Modern Payment Solutions: The rise of digital wallets and UPI (Unified Payments Interface) offers diversified payment methods. Preference for COD: Despite digital advances, Cash on Delivery remains popular due to substantial cash circulation in India. Market Dynamics: The high demand from India’s aspiring consumers drives e-commerce growth. Language Factor: The predominance of English on Indian e-commerce platforms caters to a large English-speaking middle class, propelling industry growth. Government Efforts to Enhance E-commerce in India: Initiatives Supporting E-commerce Growth: Key programs like Digital India, Make in India, Start-up India, Skill India, and Innovation Fund have been pivotal since 2014, boosting e-commerce development. Government e-Marketplace (GeM): Introduced in 2016, this platform facilitates public procurement efficiently and transparently, ensuring fair competition. National Retail Policy Goals: Streamlining business operations. Simplifying licensing procedures. Promoting digital retail strategies. Encouraging comprehensive reforms. Establishing an Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) to foster interoperability across e-commerce platforms. Consumer Protection Measures: The E-commerce Rules 2020 mandate transparency in product origins and decision-making criteria for product listings. 5G Deployment: Significant governmental investment in 5G technology aims to further enhance e-commerce capabilities across India. Challenges in the Indian E-commerce Sector: Rapid Growth and Its Implications: As per the Pahle India Foundation report, e-commerce is expanding rapidly, with an annual growth rate of 27%, suggesting a doubling of the sector every three years. Employment Impact: The sector has created approximately 15.8 million jobs, including substantial employment for women. Around 1.76 million retail enterprises are now engaged in e-commerce. Concerns Over Predatory Pricing: The practice of setting artificially low prices to eliminate competition has been noted, with specific accusations directed at major players like Amazon. Such strategies, although boosting consumer access to lower prices, are viewed critically for potentially undermining small retail businesses. Potential Social Disruption: The expansion of large e-commerce platforms could negatively impact an estimated 100 million small retailers, posing risks of significant social and economic disruptions. -Source: Indian Express Multidimensional Vulnerability Index Context: The UN General Assembly has introduced the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) to aid Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in obtaining low-interest financing. This new measure seeks to address the unique challenges faced by these nations, particularly their high susceptibility to climate change impacts, despite having relatively higher GDPs per capita which previously excluded them from certain financial aid programs. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) Index Application and Observations Conclusion Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) Overview The MVI serves as a comprehensive metric designed to assess both the structural vulnerabilities and resilience of nations within the context of sustainable development. It complements traditional measures like Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, offering a broader perspective on a nation’s stability and developmental needs, especially in the face of external shocks. Purpose and Utility National Income Shortcomings: While GNI per capita has been the standard, it often fails to reflect the true vulnerabilities that affect nations, particularly those exposed to external shocks. Enhancing Aid Efficiency: The MVI aims to refine development assistance criteria by focusing on vulnerability rather than just income levels, thus targeting aid more effectively. Composition of the MVI Universal Assessment: This component ranks countries based on a set methodology that evaluates their vulnerability and resilience. Country-Specific Profiles (VRCP): Offers a detailed analysis tailored to the individual characteristics of each country. Core Principles of the MVI Multidimensional Scope: It includes indicators across economic, environmental, and social spheres to ensure a holistic assessment. Universal and Exogenous: Designed to apply universally, the index distinguishes between factors within and outside a country’s control. Data Integrity: Uses reliable, recognized data ensuring comparability and transparency. Structural Insights Vulnerability Aspects: Economic: Susceptibility to external economic disruptions. Environmental: Risks from natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. Social: Vulnerabilities arising from internal social dynamics. Resilience Components: Economic Resilience: Inherent capabilities aiding in recovery from economic shocks. Environmental Resilience: Natural and infrastructural strengths mitigating environmental risks. Social Resilience: Social cohesion and capital that bolster societal recovery and adaptation. Index Application and Observations Independent of Income: MVI findings are not directly correlated with national income levels, providing a unique standpoint to assess vulnerability and resilience. Relevance to SIDS: Proves particularly useful for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), often highlighting greater vulnerability than indicated by income alone. Global Application: Encourages a unified approach among international donors and financial institutions to integrate MVI assessments into policy frameworks and aid allocations. Debt and Financial Assessments: Suggested as a tool for evaluating debt sustainability and the necessity for targeted financial restructuring beyond traditional income-based assessments. Conclusion The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) serves as an innovative tool for tackling the intricate difficulties encountered by nations prone to various vulnerabilities. By delivering an all-encompassing evaluation of both vulnerability and resilience across multiple facets, the MVI stands to transform international development strategies, guiding resources more effectively to areas most in need. -Source: The Hindu Atomic clocks- Lunar Time Standard Context: Recently. An international astronomical group has called for a lunar time standard to facilitate future missions, addressing time discrepancies on the Moon due to its unique gravitational effects. Relevance: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Atomic Clocks Mechanism of Atomic Clocks Types of Atomic Clocks Overview of Atomic Clocks: Definition and Function: An atomic clock is a device that measures time based on the vibrations of atoms. Specifically, it uses the oscillations of electrons in atoms for timekeeping. It is the most precise time-keeping device available, with an accuracy margin of only a few billionths of a second per day. Atomic clocks are significantly more precise than conventional clocks due to the high frequency and stability of atomic oscillations. Applications: These clocks are crucial in applications requiring high precision timing, such as GPS systems, telecommunications networks, and scientific research. Mechanism of Atomic Clocks: Operational Principles: Atomic clocks utilize a type of atom known as a “cesium atom.” Cesium atoms are highly stable and have a specific frequency at which their electrons oscillate. This frequency is fundamental to the atomic clock’s timekeeping. To measure time using cesium atoms, the clock employs a “microwave cavity.” The microwave cavity, filled with cesium vapor, receives a microwave signal that causes the cesium atoms to vibrate. As cesium atoms vibrate, they emit radiation at a specific frequency. This frequency is detected and compared to a standard frequency by a detector. The difference between these frequencies is used to adjust the clock’s timekeeping. Types of Atomic Clocks: Cesium Atomic Clocks: The most common type, used to define the international standard for time, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Hydrogen Maser Atomic Clocks: These are even more accurate than cesium atomic clocks and are primarily used in scientific research. -Source: The Hindu Dhangar Community Context: A large group of Dhangars recently marched to the office of the sub divisional officer in Khamgaon of Maharashtra’s Buldhana district, demanding a “grazing corridor” for their sheep and goats. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dhangar Community The Dhangar community, primarily shepherds, resides across multiple Indian states including Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and predominantly in Maharashtra. Classified under the Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes (VJNT) in Maharashtra, they lead a secluded lifestyle, roaming forests, hills, and mountains. Family Structure and Demographics Household Dynamics: Characterized by small, tightly knit family units, with familial bonds playing a pivotal role. Population Insight: The Dhangar community comprises approximately 1 crore individuals, constituting about 9% of Maharashtra’s total population. Cultural and Sub-Caste Distinctions Sub-Castes: The tribe consists of about 20 sub-castes, each with unique traditions and customs. Livelihood and Economic Activities Primary Occupation: Dependence on sheep and goat herding for livelihood, embracing both nomadic pastoral and semi-nomadic agrarian lifestyles. Seasonal Migration: Post-bajra harvest in October, they migrate annually seeking fertile pastures for their livestock. Cultural Practices Customs and Rituals: The journey includes ancestral worship and a variety of traditional rituals. Cultural Significance of Music: Night-time singing plays a critical role, serving both cultural and communal functions. Oral Traditions: Engage in ‘sumbaran,’ a traditional form of storytelling integral to their cultural identity. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 August 2024

CONTENT RISE Accelerator RISE Accelerator Context: The Atal Innovation Mission – in partnership with CSIRO, Australia – is inviting applications from start-ups and MSMEs from India and Australia for the Climate Smart Agritech cohort of India Australia. Relevance: Facts for Prelims RISE Accelerator: The RISE (Rapid Innovation and Start-up Expansion) Accelerator is a collaborative effort between CSIRO and the Atal Innovation Mission under NITI Aayog, focusing on fostering India-Australia cooperation. Introduced in 2023, the program specifically supports the advancement of innovative agritech solutions that address climate and environmental challenges affecting both nations. Aimed at nurturing start-ups and MSMEs, the RISE Accelerator helps these enterprises to refine, adapt, and test their technologies for international markets. Program Design and Objectives: Target Sector: The initiative is keenly focused on the agriculture sector, promoting technologies that boost farm productivity and sustainability amid changing climate conditions and increasing food demands. Support Structure: Participants in the program benefit from a comprehensive support system, including nine months of mixed online and in-person training, which features immersive experiences in both India and Australia. Special Emphasis: There is a strong emphasis on supporting start-ups and MSMEs that develop solutions tailored to the specific needs and practices of farmers, enhancing their ability to manage resources efficiently and sustainably. Activities: The latter part of the program includes practical field trials and pilot testing of technologies to ensure real-world applicability and effectiveness.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 August 2024

CONTENTS The Environmental Costs of Hydropower Projects Imports Weaken Indian Pharma The Environmental Costs of Hydropower Projects Context: While Wayanad in Kerala is gradually returning to normal after last month’s devastating landslide, a landslide in Sikkim on Tuesday caused damage to six houses and a building belonging to the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) at its Teesta-5 hydropower station in Gangtok. Relevance: GS3- Environmental Pollution and Degradation Disaster Management Mains Question: Hydropower projects in the Himalayan region need to factor in the environmental costs too. Discuss in the context of recent disasters effecting hydropower projects. (15 Marks, 250 Words). India’s Hydroelectric Power Capacity: India ranks 5th in the world for installed hydroelectric power capacity. As of March 31, 2020, the country had an installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity of 46,000 MW, accounting for 12.3% of its total utility power generation capacity. In addition, smaller hydroelectric power units with a combined capacity of 4,683 MW (representing 1.3% of the total utility power generation capacity) have also been installed. The Himalayan region, known for its abundant water bodies and favorable topography for electricity generation, is often referred to as India’s powerhouse. Government estimates indicate that the region has the potential to generate 115,550 MW of electricity, with an installed capacity currently at 46,850 MW. As of November 2022, the region’s 10 states and two Union territories had 81 large hydropower projects (over 25 MW) in operation and 26 projects under construction. Additionally, the Central Electricity Authority under the Union Ministry of Power reports that another 320 large projects are in the planning stages. Disasters Effecting Hydropower Projects: Although the impact of the events in both locations cannot be directly compared, as no lives were lost or injuries reported in Sikkim, the situation is concerning. This marks the second natural disaster to affect a hydropower project along the Teesta River. Last October, a deluge from the South Lhonak glacier in North Sikkim destroyed the Chungthang dam, which was vital to the Teesta-3 power station (not operated by NHPC). The Teesta-3 project, which was the largest hydroelectric power project in the state at 1,200 MW, has been largely non-operational since the incident, with only a tenth of its original power output currently available. The 510 MW Teesta-5 project has also been rendered non-functional since the glacial lake outburst. The Debate Surrounding Hydropower Projects: The disaster has reignited the ongoing and complex debate surrounding hydropower projects, highlighting the persistent challenges they pose. Despite initial plans dating back nearly three decades to establish 47 hydropower projects along the Teesta River in Sikkim and West Bengal, only five have materialized, with around 16 others in various stages of planning and consideration. The Teesta, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, originates from Tso Lhamo Lake at an elevation of about 5,280 meters in north Sikkim. It flows for approximately 150 kilometers in Sikkim, 123 kilometers in West Bengal, and another 140 kilometers through Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The river’s journey through challenging and varied terrain makes it an attractive prospect for governments seeking to maximize power generation potential. However, over the years, the process of developing these projects has been fraught with difficulties. Numerous companies have bid on projects auctioned by state governments, yet the process has rarely been smooth. Balancing environmental risks, the costs of adequately mitigating those risks, public perception, and the pursuit of profit has proven to be a complex task. For instance, in the case of the Teesta-3 project, reports suggest that developers opted for a concrete-faced rock-fill dam instead of a more robust concrete gravity dam to reduce costs, which may have contributed to its complete destruction. Conclusion: This incident underscores the need for thorough and accurate environmental impact assessments for hydropower projects in the region. Such assessments should provide a realistic estimate of the actual costs involved, which is crucial for maintaining public trust in these projects and ensuring their environmental sustainability. By doing so, it would not only enhance public confidence but also promote the long-term viability of these projects in an environmentally responsible manner. Imports Weaken Indian Pharma Context: The government has recently introduced two initiatives that rely on imports to meet domestic needs of medicines, which could have a detrimental impact on the domestic pharmaceutical industry. Although the Drugs Price Control Order of 2013 aims to regulate the prices of existing medicines, a more effective approach would be to foster a competitive environment for essential medicines by encouraging local production. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies and Interventions Issues Relating to Development GS3- Industrial Growth Mains Question: Reliance on imports could have a chilling effect on the pharmaceutical industry, weakening its ability to remain relevant. Analyse in the context of recent initiatives taken by the government. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Initiatives Undertaken: Procurement through Global Tenders: The first initiative is a Department of Expenditure (DoE) order allowing the Ministry of Health to procure 120 medicines through global tenders for Union government schemes. This list includes several top-selling anti-diabetes and anti-cancer drugs, which are currently dominated by a few companies in India due to patent protection, regulatory barriers, or both. Additionally, the DoE order specifies a particular brand for over 40 of these medicines, further enhancing the monopoly of foreign companies. Removing Customs Duty: The second initiative, proposed in the 2024-25 Union Budget, involves removing the 10-12% customs duty on three cancer medicines marketed by AstraZeneca, ostensibly to lower their prices. However, given the extremely high cost of these medicines, the proposed reduction in import duties would do little to make them more affordable. Challenges Associated with These Measures: These measures risk disincentivizing domestic producers and increasing the country’s reliance on imports. More critically, they could reinforce two significant entry barriers faced by the domestic industry: the product patent regime and the stringent regulatory guidelines for marketing bio-therapeutics. New medicines are typically under patent protection, which prevents Indian companies from producing affordable generics or biosimilars. Meanwhile, the regulatory guidelines impose expensive and time-consuming requirements for obtaining marketing approval for biosimilars, potentially harming domestic producers. Way Forward: These entry barriers can be addressed through proactive government intervention. The Patents Act contains several public interest provisions that can be invoked to promote local production. Similarly, the regulatory guidelines for marketing bio-therapeutics can be revised to ease the burden on domestic companies. Section 83 of the Patents Act emphasizes that patents are granted not just to encourage inventions, but also to ensure that these inventions are commercially utilized within India to the fullest extent possible without undue delay. The Act specifies that patents should not simply enable patentees to monopolize the importation of the patented item. It also mandates that patents should make the benefits of the invention available to the public at reasonably affordable prices. Substantive provisions within the Act uphold these principles, ensuring that while patent holders are entitled to their rights, they must not act in ways that harm the public interest. If a patented medicine is not available to the public at a reasonably affordable price, compulsory licenses (CL) can be issued to any company willing to produce the product in India. CLs are an effective tool to ensure the affordability of medicines, though they have been used only once when an originator company priced a medicine at nearly ₹3 lakh. An Indian company, using a CL, was able to produce it for ₹8,000. Despite the high cost of many medicines, the Patent Office has not issued any other CLs, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is in stark contrast to the U.S. government, which granted licenses on multiple patents during the pandemic. India’s Patents Act also allows for the granting of government-use licenses under Section 100, which states that patents do not restrict the Central government from taking measures to protect public health. This section permits the government to issue licenses to facilitate the domestic production of generic versions of patented medicines. In addition, the guidelines for marketing approval of biosimilars in India are outdated and resource-intensive. For example, current guidelines mandate animal studies, which are no longer required in developed countries with strict regulatory standards, such as the U.S. and the EU. The World Health Organization (WHO) and U.K. guidelines treat clinical trial requirements as exceptions rather than rules, whereas Indian guidelines still mandate clinical trials. These outdated requirements create further obstacles for Indian producers. The International Generic and Biosimilar Medicines Association recently highlighted that eliminating these redundant requirements could significantly improve patient access by saving time and resources. The proposed duty waiver on cancer medicines and the global tendering for critical medicines contradict Parliament’s intentions to enhance access and affordability of medicines through domestic production, as outlined in the Patents Act. Conclusion: Relying on imports could stifle the domestic pharmaceutical industry, diminishing its relevance. The government needs to reassess these recent decisions and, more importantly, align its policies to support the growth of the domestic pharmaceutical sector. Ensuring the affordability of pharmaceuticals is crucial for managing healthcare costs, particularly in India, where out-of-pocket health expenses made up nearly 47.1% of the total health expenditure in the year 2021.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 August 2024

CONTENTS India and Malaysia Elevate Ties to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Voice of the Global South Summit India’s Ethanol Blending Initiative Faces Challenges CBI Authorized for Polygraph Test in Kolkata Medical College Case Discovery of Liquid Water on Mars Teesta-V Hydropower Station Shiveluch Volcano India and Malaysia Elevate Ties to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Context: India and Malaysia have recently advanced their bilateral relations by upgrading to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. This significant enhancement in their diplomatic ties occurred during the visit of the Malaysian Prime Minister to India. The discussions held between the leaders of both nations have paved the way for deeper cooperation, emphasizing a renewed commitment to mutual interests and strategic collaboration. This partnership marks a pivotal development in strengthening the ties between the two countries, promising a future of increased collaboration in various sectors. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Outcomes from the Malaysian Prime Minister’s Visit to India Highlights of India-Malaysia Relations Key Outcomes from the Malaysian Prime Minister’s Visit to India Upgraded Strategic Partnership: The existing Enhanced Strategic Partnership from 2015 was upgraded to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Trade Achievements: Bilateral trade hit a record of USD 19.5 billion, highlighting strong economic ties and expanding trade relations. Investment Encouragements: There was a push for further investments in sectors like fintech, energy, digital technologies, and startups to boost economic cooperation. ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA): Commitment to support and expedite AITIGA’s review to enhance its effectiveness and the supply chain between India and ASEAN by 2025. Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs): Multiple MoUs were signed to enhance cooperation in: Worker management between the two countries. Ayurveda and traditional medicine, including the establishment of an Ayurveda Chair at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Digital fields such as cybersecurity, AI, quantum computing, and digital public infrastructure, including integration of India’s UPI with Malaysia’s PayNet. Cultural and Tourism Initiatives: Promotions to enhance cultural exchange and heritage preservation. Easier travel facilitation between the two countries, highlighting Malaysia’s designation of 2026 as Visit Malaysia Year. Defense and Security Collaboration: Increased cooperation through regular exchanges, joint exercises, and a focus on expanding defense industry capabilities. Counter-Terrorism Efforts: Joint commitment to combat terrorism and its ties with transnational organized crime. Education and Training: Malaysia received 100 seats under India’s ITEC Programme for fields like cybersecurity and AI. ASEAN Relations: Support for Malaysia’s role in ASEAN and upcoming chairmanship in 2025, including efforts to join BRICS. UN Collaboration: Support for India’s bid for permanent membership in a reformed UN Security Council. Sustainable Energy and Climate Initiatives: Collaboration on sustainable energy and climate change mitigation, including Malaysia’s participation in the International Big Cat Alliance. Global Climate Commitments: Recognition of India’s leadership through the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. Highlights of India-Malaysia Relations: Historical Connections: Rooted in history, the ties between India and Malaysia date back to the times of the Chola Empire between the 9th and 13th centuries. This era was marked by the establishment of vital maritime trade routes from South India to the Malay Peninsula. Chola Dynasty Influence: Notable emperors such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I expanded their realm to include regions of modern-day Malaysia, influencing its cultural and historical landscape. Trade Relations: Currently, Malaysia ranks as India’s 13th most significant trade partner, notably within the top ten in ASEAN. Major exports to Malaysia include mineral fuels and metals, while imports feature palm oil and electronic components. Economic Agreements: The Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) has been in effect since 2011, enhancing trade and investment flows. Currency Exchange: As of July 2022, transactions between the two nations can be conducted in Indian Rupees, thanks to facilitation by the India International Bank of Malaysia. ASEAN Collaboration: The ASEAN-India Business Summit in 2023 marked 30 years of progressive engagement, highlighting strong ties between India, Malaysia, and other ASEAN members. Defense and Security: The foundational 1993 Memorandum of Understanding on Defense Cooperation has fostered joint military projects and operations, with recent expansions during Defense Minister Rajnath Singh’s visit in 2023. Military Exercises: Joint military exercises like Harimau Shakti, Samudra Lakshmana, and Udara Shakti have bolstered military relations between the nations. Cultural and Community Ties: Malaysia is home to the second-largest community of Persons of Indian Origin globally, with a vibrant mix of Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Punjabi speakers. Cultural Projects and Immigration Concerns: While there are concerns over immigration and labor issues, cultural projects like the Indian Cultural Centre in Kuala Lumpur (renamed after Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) promote Indian arts and language. Cultural Influence: The epic Ramayana resonates deeply within Malaysian culture, influencing local adaptations and artistic expressions. Shared Heritage Sites: The Sri Veera Hanuman Temple in Malaysia stands as a significant symbol of shared Indo-Malaysian heritage. -Source: Indian Express Voice of the Global South Summit Context: India hosted the 3rd Voice of Global South Summit on 17th August 2024, in virtual format, with the overarching theme, “An Empowered Global South for a Sustainable Future”. 123 countries participated in the 3rd  VOGSS. However, China and Pakistan were not invited. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Voice of the Global South Summit Key Outcomes of the 3rd Voice of the Global South Summit 2024 Understanding the Global South Voice of the Global South Summit Launched by India, this initiative aims to unite nations from the Global South, providing a shared platform to discuss and align on various global issues. Rooted in the Indian ethos of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, meaning “One Earth, One Family, One Future”, this initiative aligns with the Prime Minister’s vision for collective progress and trust. Addressing urgent global issues such as the Covid pandemic, conflicts, financial instability, and environmental challenges, which disproportionately affect less developed nations. There’s a general oversight on the plights of these nations on global platforms, often overshadowed by wealthier states. Current international mechanisms are often inadequate in meeting the specific needs of these countries. The summit serves as a proactive medium for discussing and formulating solutions that consider the unique positions of these countries. Key Outcomes of the 3rd Voice of the Global South Summit 2024 Global Development Compact Proposal: Introduced by the Prime Minister of India, this proposal includes four strategic areas: trade enhancement, capacity building, technology exchange, and targeted financial aid. Financial Initiatives: Trade Promotion Fund: Allocated $2.5 million to stimulate trade-related activities. Capacity Building Fund: Set aside $1 million to enhance trade policies and negotiations. Health and Agriculture Initiatives: Efforts to distribute affordable generic medicines, enhance the training of drug regulators, and promote sustainable practices in agriculture such as natural farming. Global Governance and Institutional Reform: Emphasized the need for equitable global governance and reforming international institutions to prioritize and effectively address the issues of the Global South. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The summit highlighted a collective vision to fully achieve the SDGs and propel rapid development across the Global South, targeting substantial progress by 2030. Comprehensive Efforts: Focus on broad sectors including finance, health care, climate action, technological advancement, governance, energy solutions, trade dynamics, youth involvement, and digital transitions. Understanding the Global South Emergence: Initially denoted countries excluded from industrialization. Ideological Divide: Shaped by Cold War conflicts between capitalist and communist nations. Encompassing Continents: Encompasses Asia, Africa, and South America. Economic Contrast: Opposite of ‘Global North’, marked by economic disparity. Challenges Faced by the Global South Geopolitical Shifts and Emerging Challenges Disruption Catalysts: Coronavirus pandemic and prolonged Ukraine-Russia War. Resulting Challenges: Food and energy supply security, technology transfer, energy transition, climate change impact. Securing Supply Chain Supply Chain Concerns: Escalating energy costs and fertilizer prices. Necessity of Supply Chain Security: Reevaluating essential commodity distribution to ensure availability in the Global South. Ensuring Adequate Energy Supply Energy Transition Hurdles: Sustainable energy transition entails technological and financial challenges. Disproportionate Impact: Global South nations most affected due to financial constraints. Sustainable Transition Imperative: Vital for socio-economic development across Global South nations. Adapting to Climate Change Disproportionate Impact: Historical polluters from Global North, adverse climate change effects on Global South. Broader Climate Change Perspective: Need to consider climate change consequences holistically for Global South. Advocating for Multilateralism Genuine Multilateralism Demand: Call for equitable representation in global governance institutions. UNSC Reform: Necessity to reform United Nations Security Council and other multilateral bodies for fair Global South representation. India’s Role in the Global South Historical Leadership and Global Influence Non-Aligned Movement: India’s historical leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement underscores its role in global politics. Economic and Geopolitical Clout: India’s growing economic and geopolitical influence drives its increased involvement in global geopolitics. G-20 Presidency: Assumes G-20 Presidency in 2022-23, reflecting its greater global role. Leader of the Global South Voice of the Global South: As a leader of the Global South, India provides representation and a platform for the Global South Movement. Proactive Engagement: Active participation in international forums on climate change, energy transition, and normative issues. Championing Global South’s Interests Alternative Narrative: India contributes to an alternative narrative in global geopolitics by voicing Global South concerns. Climate Summits: Protecting Global South interests in climate financing, emission norms, and historical polluter responsibility. Global Energy Transition and Security Leading Energy Transition Discourses: Initiatives like International Solar Alliance and hydrogen-based fuel promotion. Energy Security Emphasis: Prime Minister Modi’s call for energy market stability at the G-20 Summit in 2022. Democratizing International Relations and UN Reform Consistent Approach: India aligns with Global South demands for international relations democratization and United Nations reform. Leadership and Narrative Shift: India’s leadership reshapes global geopolitics and provides a new perspective. -Source: The Hindu India’s Ethanol Blending Initiative Faces Challenges Context: India is progressing towards its ambitious goal of blending 20% of petrol with ethanol by 2025-26, aiming to enhance energy security and reduce carbon emissions. However, this initiative is not without its challenges. Concerns persist regarding the fuel efficiency of existing vehicles when using blended fuel, which could potentially impact performance and maintenance. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Overview of Ethanol Production Expansion in India Challenges Impacting India’s Ethanol Sector Regional Variations in Ethanol Use and Policy What is Ethanol fuel? Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline. Ethanol is commonly made from biomass such as corn or sugarcane. Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that can be produced from agricultural feedstocks. It can be made from very common crops such as hemp, sugarcane, potato, cassava and corn. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol is in replacing gasoline. Concerns about its production and use relate to increased food prices due to the large amount of arable land required for crops, as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn. Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in 2003- and this initiative is pursued aggressively in the last 4 to 5 years to reduce import dependence of crude oil as well as mitigate environmental pollution. The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) seeks to achieve blending of Ethanol with motor sprit with a view to reducing pollution, conserve foreign exchange and increase value addition in the sugar industry enabling them to clear cane price arrears of farmers. Although the Government of India decided to launch EBP programme in 2003 for supply of 5% ethanol blended Petrol, it later scaled up blending targets from 5% to 10% under the Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP). The Government of India has also advanced the target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. Currently, 8.5% of ethanol is blended with petrol in India. Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 The central government has released an expert committee report on the Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 that proposes a gradual rollout of ethanol-blended fuel to achieve E10 fuel supply by April 2022 and phased rollout of E20 from April 2023 to April 2025. The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) had instituted an Expert Group to study the issues such as pricing of ethanol, matching pace of the automobile industry to manufacture vehicles with new engines with the supply of ethanol, pricing of such vehicles, fuel efficiency of different engines etc. Advantages of Ethanol Blending Use of ethanol-blended petrol decreases emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The unregulated carbonyl emissions, such as acetaldehyde emission were, however, higher with E10 and E20 compared to normal petrol. However, these emissions were relatively lower. Increased use of ethanol can help reduce the oil import bill. India’s net import cost stands at USD 551 billion in 2020-21. The E20 program can save the country USD 4 billion (Rs 30,000 crore) per annum. The oil companies procure ethanol from farmers that benefits the sugarcane farmers. Further, the government plans to encourage use of water-saving crops, such as maize, to produce ethanol, and production of ethanol from non-food feedstock. Overview of Ethanol Production Expansion in India: Niti Aayog’s Plan: It has been projected that the production capacity for sugarcane-based distilleries is set to rise from 426 crore litres in 2021 to 760 crore litres by 2026, and grain-based distilleries are expected to increase capacity from 258 crore litres to 740 crore litres. Supportive Measures: The implementation of two interest subvention programs has significantly contributed to enhancing ethanol production capacities across the country. Challenges Impacting India’s Ethanol Sector: Focus on First-Generation Ethanol: Predominantly, ethanol in India is produced directly from food grains and sugarcane. Notably, sugarcane processing yields sugarcane juice and syrup, along with B-heavy and C-heavy molasses, with the latter being utilized for ethanol production. Shift in Crop Utilization: There has been a governmental push to reallocate resources from sugar production to boost ethanol output, using the first two byproducts of sugarcane. Agricultural Sustainability Concerns: The expansion of sugarcane cultivation for ethanol production is diverting essential irrigation resources away from food grain cultivation, raising sustainability issues. Moreover, to offset the limitation on sugarcane utilization, there has been an increased reliance on maize for ethanol production, leading to a significant rise in maize imports, which totaled $103 million from April to June 2024. Maize Cultivation Expansion: To achieve the set target of 20% ethanol blending, an additional 4.8 million hectares of maize cultivation will be necessary, which constitutes about half of the current cultivation area. Impact on Fuel Efficiency: It has been observed that the use of ethanol has reduced the fuel efficiency of vehicles not specifically adapted for ethanol usage by an average of 6%. Regional Variations in Ethanol Use and Policy: Uniform Ethanol Pricing: Across India, the pricing of fuel ethanol remains uniform, whereas the pricing for Extra Neutral Alcohol (ENA), used in beverages and other applications, varies by state. State-Specific Approaches: In Uttar Pradesh (UP), the state government reserves approximately 25% of its ethanol production for ENA, aligning closely with the central government’s ethanol objectives. Conversely, in Tamil Nadu, the adoption of fuel ethanol is less pronounced due to the lucrative nature of the liquor market within the state. -Source: The Hindu CBI Authorized for Polygraph Test in Kolkata Medical College Case Context: The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has recently received authorization to conduct a polygraph test on the primary suspect involved in the rape and murder of a postgraduate doctor at Kolkata Medical College. This measure is aimed at verifying the consistency of the suspect’s statements and detecting any possible deceit. The use of a polygraph test is part of a broader investigative effort to ascertain the truth and ensure justice in this high-profile case. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Polygraph Tests Legal Considerations for Polygraph Tests in India NHRC Guidelines on Conducting Polygraph Tests Polygraph Tests A polygraph, commonly known as a lie detector test, monitors multiple physiological functions like blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and skin conductivity while the subject answers a series of questions. The test operates under the premise that specific physiological reactions associated with lying are distinctly different from normal responses. The concept was initially explored by Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist in the 19th century, who developed a device to measure blood pressure variations during suspect interrogations. Comparison with Narco-Analysis Narco-Analysis Method: This technique involves administering sodium pentothal to the subject to induce a state that lowers their inhibitions, purportedly making them incapable of lying. Purpose: The induced state is believed to facilitate the extraction of honest information as it temporarily diminishes the subject’s control over their responses. Reliability and Use Scientific Accuracy: Both polygraph and narco-analysis are not universally accepted as foolproof methods for determining truthfulness. Their reliability and accuracy remain subjects of debate within the scientific community. Application in Law Enforcement: Despite the controversy surrounding their accuracy, these methods are employed by investigative bodies as less coercive alternatives to harsher interrogation techniques to glean truth from suspects. Legal Considerations for Polygraph Tests in India Constitutional Constraints: Polygraph tests, along with narco-analysis and brain mapping, when conducted without the consent of the individual, contravene Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution. This article safeguards individuals from being compelled to incriminate themselves. Consent Requirement: For these tests to align with constitutional mandates, voluntary consent from the individual is crucial. Without it, such tests infringe upon personal rights and liberties. Human Rights Concerns: There is considerable judicial scrutiny concerning these tests as they potentially impinge on the right to life and personal liberty as enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution due to their intrusive nature. NHRC Guidelines on Conducting Polygraph Tests Voluntary Participation: Individuals must voluntarily consent to undergo polygraph tests, and they retain the right to decline. Informed Consent: The individual must be thoroughly briefed by law enforcement and legal counsel about the test’s intentions, methodologies, and potential legal ramifications. Documentation of Consent: Consent must be formally documented and validated by a Judicial Magistrate to ensure it meets legal standards. Legal Representation and Evidence: During legal proceedings, law enforcement is required to demonstrate that consent was freely given, with appropriate documentation prepared by legal representatives. Treatment of Statements: Any declarations made during the polygraph are considered general statements to the police and should not be interpreted as confessions. Judicial Evaluation: Judges assess the polygraph results by considering the context of the individual’s detention, the interrogation’s nature, and other relevant factors to ensure a fair evaluation. -Source: Economic Times Discovery of Liquid Water on Mars Context: A recent study has revealed significant quantities of liquid water hidden beneath the rocky crust of Mars. This discovery is pivotal in enhancing our comprehension of Mars and opens up new possibilities for future exploration and the potential for life on the Red Planet. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Discovering Liquid Water on Mars: For the first time, researchers have detected liquid water on Mars, extending beyond the previously identified water ice at the poles. The findings were detailed in the article “Liquid water in the Martian mid-crust,” published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), with contributions from the University of California team. Importance of the Discovery: Enhancing Mars’ Water Cycle Knowledge: This discovery could revolutionize our understanding of the water cycle on Mars, shedding light on its climatic history, surface activities, and core composition. Potential for Life: The discovery of liquid water significantly increases the potential for habitable conditions on Mars, intensifying the pursuit for extraterrestrial life. Research Methodology: Data Gathering: Data was collected by NASA’s InSight Lander from 2018 to 2022, which included over 1,300 recorded Marsquakes and meteorite impacts. Seismic Analysis: Researchers analyzed the speed of seismic waves with a geophysical model to pinpoint the presence of liquid water.  Core Findings: Location of Water: A significant layer of water was located between 10 to 20 kilometers beneath the Martian surface. Historical Context: It’s believed that this water migrated from the surface billions of years ago when Mars had a warmer and more permeable crust, akin to Earth’s groundwater movements. Planetary Impact: If these findings are consistent across Mars, the trapped water in rock fractures could potentially fill a Martian ocean up to 1-2 kilometers deep. Broader Implications: Life Sustenance Potential: The presence of liquid water might support life forms, similar to organisms in Earth’s extreme deep-sea environments. Colonization Challenges: The depth at which the water is located presents substantial hurdles for extraction, complicating future human settlement efforts on Mars. -Source: The Hindu Teesta-V Hydropower Station Context: A landslide damaged six houses and a building of the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) at the site of its Teesta-V hydropower station in Sikkim’s Gangtok district recently. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Teesta-V Hydropower Station: The Teesta-V is a significant hydropower station generating 510 MW, located in the Teesta River basin within the Gangtok district of Sikkim. The facility features an 88.6-meter tall and 176.5-meter long concrete gravity dam that manages a reservoir used for daily power peaking. Construction began in 1999, with the station becoming operational in 2008. The station is managed and owned by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC). Teesta River The Teesta River traverses the regions of Sikkim and West Bengal in India before entering Rangpur in Bangladesh. It serves as a tributary to the Brahmaputra River. The river marks the boundary between Sikkim and West Bengal. River Course Details: Originates near Chunthang in Sikkim, descending southwards through the Siwalik Hills near Darjiling. Changes direction southeast towards the Sivok Khola pass, leading onto the West Bengal plains. Historically, it flowed south to the upper Padma River but shifted east around 1787 to join the Jamuna River in the Rangpur area of Bangladesh. The river spans approximately 309 kilometers and oversees a drainage area of around 12,540 square kilometers. Key Tributaries: Left-bank: Includes Lachung Chhu, Chakung Chhu, Dik Chhu, Rani Khola, and Rangpo Chhu. Right-bank: Comprises Zemu Chhu, Rangyong Chhu, and Rangit River. -Source: The Hindu Shiveluch Volcano Context: Shiveluch volcano in Russia erupted after a 7.0-magnitude earthquake struck off the eastern coast of the country recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Shiveluch Volcano: Shiveluch Volcano is situated approximately 280 miles from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Kamchatka region of eastern Russia. It is categorized as a stratovolcano, characterized by its steep slopes and composed of layers of solidified ash, lava, and volcanic rock. Shiveluch is one of the largest volcanoes in Kamchatka, reaching a height of 3,283 meters (10,771 feet). It is known for its frequent activity, including roughly 60 major eruptions over the last 10,000 years, and has been in a state of continuous eruption since August 1999, with significant explosive episodes noted, such as in 2007. Kamchatka Peninsula Insights: Located in the far eastern part of Russia, bordered by the Sea of Okhotsk to the west and the Pacific Ocean along with the Bering Sea to the east. The peninsula is a hotspot for geothermal activity, home to about 30 active volcanoes. It stretches about 1,200 km from north to south and is 480 km wide at its broadest point, covering an area of approximately 370,000 square kilometers—making it one of the world’s largest peninsulas. The region experiences harsh climates with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The regional capital is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and the peninsula features the Kuril Island chain, extending close to Japan’s northern Hokkaido Island. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 August 2024

CONTENTS Bhavishya Software Green Tug Transition Program Bhavishya Software Context: Department of Pension & Pensioners’ Welfare (DOPPW) introduced a unique innovative centralized pension processing software called ‘Bhavishya’ for all central government Ministries/Departments Relevance: Facts for Prelims Bhavishya Software: Bhavishya Software serves as an online system for sanctioning and tracking pension payments, developed by the Department of Pension & Pensioners’ Welfare. As of January 1, 2017, its use has been mandated across all central civil ministries and departments. Launched to tackle delays and clerical mistakes in pension processing that cause financial losses and grievances among retirees. Key Features of Bhavishya Software: Directly integrates with payroll systems to automatically capture and populate essential data of employees nearing retirement, enhancing the management information system (MIS) across departments. Implements stringent deadlines for each pension processing phase to ensure timely operations. Proactively issues alerts to both pensioners and stakeholders to adhere to set timelines. Ensures clear visibility and accountability in the pension processing workflow, simplifying identification and resolution of delays. Electronic Pension Payment Order (e-PPO): Integrated with the Public Financial Management System (PFMS) for seamless electronic processing and distribution of pension payments through the Central Pension Accounting Office (CGA) to banks. Green Tug Transition Program Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Port Shipping and Waterways officially launched the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Green Tug Transition Program: The program was initiated on May 22, 2023, as part of the ‘Panch Karma Sankalp’ initiative. Aimed at phasing out traditional fuel-based harbor tugs in favor of environmentally friendly tugs that utilize sustainable alternative fuels across major Indian ports. Implementation Strategy: Phase 1 Duration: From October 1, 2024, to December 31, 2027. Participating Ports: Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority, Deendayal Port Authority, Paradip Port Authority, and V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority, each will acquire or lease a minimum of two green tugs adhering to the specifications provided by the Standing Specification Committee (SSC). Administrative and Future Goals: The National Centre of Excellence in Green Port & Shipping (NCoEGPS) is designated as the lead agency. Vision for 2030: India’s ambition to become a global leader in green shipbuilding by the end of the decade, facilitated by the innovations from the Green Tug Transition Programme. The new tugs will incorporate Green Hybrid Propulsion systems and plan to transition to non-fossil fuel sources like Methanol, Ammonia, and Hydrogen in future iterations.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 August 2024

CONTENTS The Tyranny of Inequality Protecting Indian Capital in Bangladesh The Tyranny of Inequality Context: Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist, once wrote, “Behind every great fortune there is a crime.” However, this statement is only partially true, as it fails to acknowledge that the accumulation of income and wealth also fosters serious offenses and crimes. Relevance: GS3- Inclusive Growth Mains Question: Higher income inequality causes more widespread corruption, while greater confidence in the judiciary curbs it. Analyse. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Studies on Inequality: Based on an analysis of the Gallup World Poll (GWP) Survey for India (2019-23) and the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)’s Consumer Pyramid Household Survey, we argue that income inequality fuels corruption, particularly at the intersection of government and business. For instance, the approval of contracts for major infrastructure projects like highways, bridges, and ports by public officials often benefits wealthy and influential private investors. Once individuals become rich, their desire for more wealth can override moral concerns, leading to corrupt practices. Wealth accumulation then becomes easier, facilitated by tactics like share market manipulation, political lobbying to secure contracts, and investments in offshore funds. In a recent study, Thomas Piketty and his colleagues highlighted the staggering rise in wealth and income inequality in India over the past few decades, particularly between 2014 and 2022. Today, the top 1% of the population controls more than 40% of total wealth in India, up from 12.5% in 1980. The top 1% of income earners now receive 22.6% of total pre-tax income, compared to 7.3% in 1980. As a result, India has become one of the most unequal countries in the world, yet recent studies have largely overlooked the harmful effects of this growing economic inequality. Methodology: Our goal is to examine the connection between income inequality and corruption, with a specific focus on whether increased income inequality fueled corruption between the government and businesses during the 2014-22 period. Due to the lack of comparability between the two recent National Sample Survey (NSS) rounds on household expenditure for 2018 and 2022 with the NSS round for 2012, we rely on data from the Gallup World Poll (GWP) and the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) as alternatives. While the GWP has a small sample size, which limits its representativeness for a country as vast and diverse as India, it offers valuable data on variables like corruption, which are difficult to measure. We have used the Piketty measure of income inequality, defined as the ratio of the share of total income held by the top 1% to that of the bottom 50% of the population. Although inequality in the distribution of consumption expenditure is typically lower than that of income distribution, we have chosen to focus on consumption expenditure due to its greater reliability. Corruption is generally understood as the misuse of public office for private gain, which excludes corruption within businesses (such as insider trading). Therefore, a broader and more comprehensive definition considers the misuse of public resources by executives in both the public and private sectors for private gain, while also acknowledging the role of politicians. The GWP includes a question on whether corruption is perceived to be widespread, with a “yes” response scored as 1. By aggregating these responses, we obtain a measure of corruption based on individual perceptions. Corruption can manifest in three areas: within the government, within businesses, and at the intersection of government and businesses. Our focus is on the relationship between inequality and corruption at this intersection—for instance, whether government contracts for building ports are influenced by bribes from wealthy investors. Corruption has increased following globalization, as natural resources have become more valuable, and regulatory agencies responsible for allocating these resources have grown more compliant with powerful business interests and corrupt public officials. Moreover, the ‘Make in India‘ initiative has not yet achieved significant success, as macroeconomic indicators such as manufacturing, FDI, exports, and employment have not shown improvement. Even worse, as highlighted in a 2023 Carnegie India essay, increases in import tariffs and tax cuts have been distortionary. Findings: This situation suggests a higher likelihood of rent-seeking by wealthy and influential investors. Rent-seeking refers to the use of resources to obtain unwarranted financial gain from external entities, such as government or public agencies, without providing anything of value in return to them or society. Economic rents lead to resource dissipation, which can be more damaging than the waste associated with the rent itself. Groups competing for these rents invest time and money in wealth transfer rather than wealth creation.  Given that corruption at the intersection of government and business remained high between 2014 and 2022, it is likely that rent-seeking also persisted at elevated levels. Without delving into the specifics of the allegations by Hindenburg regarding the involvement of the SEBI chair and her husband with the Adani Group’s offshore fund, and the subsequent slowing of the SEBI probe, this may be indicative of a larger and growing problem. Our analysis shows that income inequality has been largely driven by speculative investments, such as mutual funds, while savings in fixed deposits and post offices have helped curb it. Trust in the judiciary is influenced by the conviction rate, but it increases at a diminishing rate. We find that higher income inequality leads to widespread corruption, whereas greater confidence in the judiciary helps reduce it. Conclusion: While the recent Budget missed the opportunity to impose higher taxes on the wealthy, achieving greater transparency and accountability in regulatory agencies remains elusive. A more competitive political system and private business sector pose significant challenges, but their potential to create a more prosperous India is undeniable. Protecting Indian Capital in Bangladesh Context: The recent dramatic events in Bangladesh, which led to the resignation and departure of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, have created a political vacuum and introduced uncertainty in India’s eastern neighbor. Beyond the political and diplomatic implications of this crisis for India, a significant concern is how it will affect Indian companies operating in Bangladesh. Relevance: GS2- India and its Neighbourhood- Relations Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests Indian Diaspora Mains Question: Examine the consequence that recent incidents in Bangladesh can have on Indian investments in the country. What can be done to minimise the impact of this crisis on the Indian capital? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Indian Investments in Bangladesh: Indian firms have invested in various sectors in Bangladesh, including edible oil, power, infrastructure, fast-moving consumer goods, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals. Despite political opposition, the Sheikh Hasina government welcomed Indian investors, implementing measures such as the establishment of designated special economic zones to attract them. However, her opponents, displeased with India’s perceived support of Hasina’s regime, initiated an “India Out” boycott movement targeting Indian products.  Now that Ms. Hasina is no longer in power, the interim or new government might adopt a hostile stance toward Indian companies, potentially altering existing laws or introducing new regulations that could negatively impact Indian investments. What Strategies can Indian Businesses Pursue in such a Scenario? Legal Protection for Indian Investors: Jeswald Salacuse outlines three primary legal frameworks that generally govern foreign investment. First, the domestic laws of the country where the investment is made. Second, contracts between the foreign investor and the host state’s government or between foreign investors and companies within the host state. Third, international law, which includes applicable treaties, customs, and general legal principles that have gained recognition as international law. Indian companies with investments in Bangladesh can rely on the first two legal frameworks to safeguard their investments against regulatory risks. For example, they can invoke Bangladesh’s Foreign Private Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act. However, relying on the host state’s domestic law has its limitations, as the state can unilaterally change these laws to the detriment of the investor at any time. Similarly, contracts may offer limited protection when challenging sovereign actions by the state that adversely affect foreign investments. Consequently, the third legal framework, international law, becomes particularly important in such situations. The India-Bangladesh BIT: International law cannot be unilaterally altered and serves as a mechanism to hold states accountable for their sovereign actions. In the realm of foreign investment protection, the most critical tool in international law is the bilateral investment treaty (BIT). A BIT is an agreement between two countries designed to safeguard investments made by investors from both nations. These treaties protect investments by setting conditions on the regulatory actions of the host state, thus preventing undue interference with the rights of foreign investors. Key provisions in BITs include restrictions on unlawful expropriation, obligations for the host state to provide fair and equitable treatment (FET) to foreign investments, and non-discrimination against foreign investors. BITs also grant foreign investors the right to directly sue the host state before an international tribunal if they believe the host state has violated its treaty obligations, a process known as investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), by the end of 2023, 1,332 known ISDS claims had been brought. In the event of adverse regulatory actions by the Bangladeshi government, Indian companies can rely on the India-Bangladesh BIT, which was signed in 2009. Although India has unilaterally terminated most of its BITs, the one with Bangladesh remains in effect. This treaty includes comprehensive investment protection measures, such as an unqualified FET provision, which could be beneficial for Indian companies challenging Bangladesh’s sovereign regulatory actions. The Complication- Joint Interpretative Notes (JIN): However, there is a complication: the Joint Interpretative Notes (JIN) that India and Bangladesh adopted in 2017 to clarify the meaning of various terms in the 2009 treaty. This JIN, now part of the BIT, was introduced at India’s insistence as part of its broader effort to revise its investment treaty practices to protect its regulatory authority. India proposed similar JINs to several other countries, without fully considering whether it had a defensive or offensive interest in relation to each specific country. The JIN has diluted the investment protection features of the BIT. For example, taxation measures are excluded from the treaty’s scope. Similarly, the FET provision is tied to customary international law, which imposes a higher standard for proving a treaty violation. The JIN was crafted from the perspective of a capital-importing country to protect its regulatory actions from ISDS claims. In the case of India and Bangladesh, however, India is the capital exporter and Bangladesh the importer. Ironically, the JIN that India developed could end up benefiting Bangladesh rather than the Indian companies operating there. Conclusion: While Bangladesh is the immediate focus, the issue extends beyond India’s eastern neighbor. India’s outbound investments have significantly increased, with outward foreign direct investment reaching approximately $13.5 billion in 2023, according to UNCTAD. India is now among the top 20 capital-exporting countries. This growth underscores the importance of legal protection for Indian companies operating abroad. Consequently, India needs to develop its investment treaty practices by considering both its role as a host and as a home country, rather than focusing solely on the former.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 August 2024

CONTENTS CITI and ILO Launch Initiative to Enhance Labor Standards in Textile Industry Kosi-Mechi River Linking Project Faces Opposition in Bihar Controversy Surrounds UPSC Lateral Entry Scheme for Senior Positions Purandar figs Subclinical Tuberculosis Aarogya Maitri Health Cube CITI and ILO Launch Initiative to Enhance Labor Standards in Textile Industry Context: The Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI) in collaboration with the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has launched a new initiative, the Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FPRW). This project aims to foster awareness and disseminate technical know-how on maintaining the highest labor standards in the textile sector. By equipping stakeholders with essential knowledge and practices, the initiative seeks to improve working conditions and ensure that fundamental labor rights are upheld within the industry. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: ILO’s Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FPRW) Importance of FPRW for India International Labor Organization (ILO) ILO’s Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FPRW) The ILO’s Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (FPRW) encompasses a commitment from governments, employers, and workers’ organizations worldwide to uphold essential human values critical to societal and economic prosperity. Here are the core aspects and categories of the FPRW project: Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining Purpose: Ensures the right of workers and employers to form organizations without interference. Key Conventions: Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (No. 87, 1948) Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (No. 98, 1949) Elimination of Forced or Compulsory Labour Principle: Workers should be free to join or leave employment at will, with reasonable notice. Key Conventions: Forced Labour Convention (No. 29, 1930) Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105, 1957) Effective Abolition of Child Labour Goal: Sets minimum age limits for employment to ensure children are not employed too young. Key Conventions: Minimum Age Convention (No. 138, 1973) Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182, 1999) Elimination of Discrimination in Employment and Occupation Objective: Ensures no discrimination in employment based on race, sex, religion, and other categories. Key Conventions: Equal Remuneration Convention (No. 100, 1951) Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (No. 111, 1958) Safe and Healthy Working Environment Aim: To prevent workplace accidents and promote a culture of safety and health. Key Conventions: Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No. 155, 1981) Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No. 187, 2006) The ILO’s declaration, first introduced in 1998 and amended in 2022, reflects evolving global standards and the added emphasis on occupational safety and health, demonstrating the ILO’s adaptive approach to global workforce challenges. Importance of FPRW for India Trade and Compliance: India’s inclusion in the US Labor Department’s list of goods produced by child labor highlights the necessity for initiatives like the FPRW to remove trade barriers associated with labor violations. Universal Application: As a part of the ILO, India is obligated to adhere to the FPRW principles, regardless of the ratification status, to ensure compliance and uphold labor standards. Community Impact: Implementing FPRW can transform cotton-growing regions by promoting fairness, sustainability, and prosperity, benefiting workers and their communities extensively. Knowledge Empowerment: Farmers will gain insights into government schemes and initiatives crucial for their socioeconomic advancement. Development Goals: Aligning with FPRW will aid India in achieving Sustainable Development Goals, specifically SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). International Labor Organization (ILO): Nature and Structure: The only tripartite United Nations (UN) agency. Brings together governments, employers, and workers from 187 member States, including India. Aims to set labor standards, develop policies, and create programs promoting decent work for all. Recognition and Awards: Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969 for its efforts in promoting social justice and labor rights. Establishment and Affiliation: Established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles. Initially affiliated with the League of Nations. Became the first affiliated specialized agency of the UN in 1946. Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland. -Source: The Hindu Kosi-Mechi River Linking Project Faces Opposition in Bihar Context: The Kosi-Mechi River Linking Project, an integral part of India’s National Perspective Plan (NPP) for interlinking rivers, has sparked protests among flood victims in Bihar. While the project primarily aims to enhance irrigation capabilities within the region, local residents express concerns that it inadequately addresses the recurring issue of flood control. This annual challenge significantly impacts their lives and livelihoods, leading to widespread dissent against the project’s current focus and implementation strategy. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Kosi-Mechi River Linking Project Interlinking of Rivers Kosi-Mechi River Linking Project Purpose and Scope: The project aims to connect the Kosi River with the Mechi River, affecting areas in Bihar, India, and Nepal. It targets to facilitate irrigation across 4.74 lakh hectares and provide 24 million cubic meters of water annually for domestic and industrial purposes. Water Release: Expected to increase water discharge from the Kosi barrage by 5,247 cubic feet per second, a small fraction of the barrage’s total capacity of 900,000 cusecs. Management: Managed by the National Water Development Agency under India’s Ministry of Jal Shakti. Irrigation Focus: Primarily supports agriculture in the Mahananda river basin during the Kharif planting season. Flood Control: There are significant concerns due to its limited impact on flood control in a region frequently affected by severe flooding. Local Impact: The minimal increase in water flow is unlikely to mitigate the longstanding issues of flooding and land erosion that regularly affect local communities. Kosi River: “The Sorrow of Bihar” Starts from over 7,000 meters above sea level in the Himalayas, encompassing regions around Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga. Flows through China, Nepal, and India, joining the Ganga River in Bihar. Notable tributaries include the Trijunga, Bhutahi Balan, Kamla Balan, and Bagmati. Notorious for its unpredictable course changes, which have historically caused extensive damage to agriculture in northeastern Bihar. Mechi River: A Trans-boundary River Originates in the Mahabharat Range in Nepal and traverses down to Bihar, India, where it joins the Mahananda River in Kishanganj. Acts as a natural line in the geographic and administrative landscapes between Nepal and India, impacting bilateral water management discussions. Interlinking of Rivers In 1858, Arthur Cotton (British general and irrigation Engineer) came up with even more ambitious proposals such as connecting all major rivers of India, and interlinking of canals and rivers. He suggested drought-relief measures for Odisha. The National River Linking Project (NRLP) formally known as the National Perspective Plan, envisages the transfer of water from water ‘surplus’ basins where there is flooding, to water ‘deficit’ basins where there is drought/scarcity, through inter-basin water transfer projects. The interlinking of river project is a Civil Engineering project, which aims to connect Indian rivers through reservoirs and canals. The farmers will not have to depend on the monsoon for cultivation and also the excess or lack of water can be overcome during flood or drought. Since the 1980s, the interlinking project has been managed by India’s National Water Development Agency (NWDA) under the Ministry of Water Resources. It has been split into three parts as follows: A northern Himalayan river interlink component. A southern peninsular component. An Intra-State river linking component. -Source: Down To Earth Controversy Surrounds UPSC Lateral Entry Scheme for Senior Positions Context: The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) recently announced a lateral entry scheme aimed at recruiting 45 specialists for the positions of joint secretaries, directors, and deputy secretaries in various government departments. This initiative is designed to infuse fresh expertise into the bureaucracy. However, the move has sparked considerable debate and backlash from opposition parties, who contend that the scheme undermines the reservation rights traditionally afforded to Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Scheduled Tribes (STs). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Lateral Entry Scheme Benefits of Lateral Entry in Civil Services Challenges of Lateral Entry in Civil Services Way forward Lateral Entry Scheme Purpose: The scheme facilitates the appointment of professionals from outside the government into mid-level and senior positions within the government, aiming to infuse domain-specific expertise and fresh perspectives into governance. History and Advocacy: Introduced during the 2004-09 period and endorsed by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission in 2005. Later promoted by NITI Aayog in 2017, with recommendations to induct skilled personnel into central government roles. Contract Duration: Lateral entrants are appointed on a contractual basis for three years, extendable up to five years. Eligibility Criteria: Candidates from the private sector, state governments, autonomous bodies, or public undertakings with proven expertise and professional achievements are eligible. Recruitment and Selection: Selection emphasizes professional accomplishments and subject matter expertise. Reservation Policy in Lateral Entry 13-Point Roster System: This policy calculates a candidate’s quota as a fraction of one hundred based on their group (SC, ST, OBC, and EWS). Lateral entry positions, being considered “Single Posts,” are exempt from the traditional reservation system, thus appointments are made without following the reservation guidelines. Recruitment Statistics Total Appointments: Since the initiation of this recruitment strategy in 2018, 63 individuals have been appointed to various roles across ministries and departments. As of August 2023, 57 lateral entrants actively hold positions within the central government. Benefits of Lateral Entry in Civil Services: Recruitment of Experts: The lateral entry scheme enables the recruitment of specialists in fields such as technology, management, and finance to fill knowledge gaps not covered by traditional civil service roles. Introduction of Diverse Experiences: Individuals from the private sector, NGOs, and other organizations contribute new insights and approaches, helping to improve administrative functions and governance. Addressing Personnel Shortages: Data from the Department of Personnel and Training highlights a shortfall of approximately 1,500 IAS officers, which lateral entry aims to mitigate. Transforming Work Culture: This approach seeks to update the existing work culture known for its bureaucracy and inflexibility, fostering a more dynamic environment. Challenges of Lateral Entry in Civil Services: Limited Acclimation Period: The current three-year tenure for joint secretaries may not provide sufficient time for lateral entrants to fully understand and integrate into complex governance structures. Risk to Objectivity and Neutrality: There is a potential for conflicts of interest and bias, particularly if entrants have previous affiliations with private sectors or special interest groups. Potential Division within the Services: The growing number of lateral entrants could possibly lead to a cultural divide within the services, affecting the morale of traditional bureaucrats. Impact on Meritocracy: There are concerns that lateral entry may undermine the merit-based system of recruitment, leading to possible favoritism and nepotism. Way forward: Ensure Transparent Selection: It is crucial to maintain a selection process that is transparent and based solely on merit, focusing on the candidate’s expertise, experience, and abilities. Comparative International Models: Drawing parallels with programs like the UK’s Civil Service Fast Stream could offer valuable insights into structuring similar frameworks. Development of Comprehensive Training Programs: Tailored training programs for lateral entrants are essential to help them navigate the public sector’s complexities. Clear Definition of Roles and Expectations: It is important to establish clear roles, responsibilities, and performance metrics to align individual goals with organizational objectives. Adjustment of Age Criteria: To attract more talent, reconsidering age requirements for senior positions could be beneficial, potentially lowering the minimum age to 35 to accommodate more dynamic and innovative leaders. -Source: Indian Express Purandar figs Context: The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) recently facilitated the export of India’s first ready-to-drink fig juice, made from geographical indication (GI)-tagged Purandar figs, to Poland. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Purandar Figs Agricultural and Processed Foods Export Development Authority (APEDA) Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Purandar Figs: Purandar figs are celebrated as some of India’s premium figs and were recognized with a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2016 for their distinctive sweet taste, large size, and nutritional benefits.  These figs are primarily grown in several villages within the Purandar taluka in Pune district, Maharashtra. The cultivation thrives under specific agro-climatic conditions including dry weather and hilly terrains with well-drained soil, which are crucial for optimal growth. The region’s unique red and black soil is rich in Calcium and Potassium, contributing to the fruit’s unique size and the vibrant violet hue of its skin. Unique Characteristics: Shape and Size: The Purandar fig is noted for its bell shape and larger size compared to other varieties. Edible Portion: These figs boast over 80% edible pulp. Pulp Features: The pulp of the Purandar fig is pinkish-red, packed with high nutritional value, including a rich composition of vitamins and minerals. Agricultural and Processed Foods Export Development Authority (APEDA) Nodal:  Ministry of Commerce and Industry The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) was established by the Government of India under the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act, 1985.  The Authority has its headquarters in New Delhi. A Chairman is appointed by the Central Government. Functions: APEDA is mandated with the responsibility of export promotion and development of the scheduled products viz. fruits, vegetables and their products; meat and meat products; poultry and poultry products; dairy products; confectionery, biscuits and bakery products; honey, jaggery and sugar products; cocoa and its products, chocolates of all kinds; alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages; cereal and cereal products; groundnuts, peanuts and walnuts, pickles, papads and chutneys; guar gum; floriculture and floriculture products; herbal and medicinal plants. APEDA has been entrusted with the responsibility to monitor import of sugar. Registration of persons as exporters of the scheduled products and fixing of standards and specifications for the scheduled products for the purpose of exports. Carrying out inspection of meat and meat products in slaughterhouses, processing plants, storage premises and improving packaging of the scheduled products. Geographical Indications (GI) Tag Definition and Importance: Geographical Indications of Goods indicate the country or place of origin of a product. They assure consumers of the product’s quality and distinctiveness derived from its specific geographical locality. GI tags are an essential component of intellectual property rights (IPRs) and are protected under international agreements like the Paris Convention and TRIPS. Administration and Registration: Geographical Indications registration in India is governed by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. The registration and protection are administered by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade (DIPIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The registration is valid for 10 years, and it can be renewed for further periods of 10 years each. Significance and Examples: GI tags provide a unique identity and reputation to products based on their geographical origin. The first product in India to receive a GI tag was Darjeeling tea. Karnataka has the highest number of GI tags with 47 registered products, followed by Tamil Nadu with 39. Ownership and Proprietorship: Any association, organization, or authority established by law can be a registered proprietor of a GI tag. The registered proprietor’s name is entered in the Register of Geographical Indication for the applied product. Protection and Enforcement: Geographical Indications protect the interests of producers and prevent unauthorized use of the product’s name or origin. Enforcement of GI rights helps maintain the quality and reputation of the products associated with their specific geographical regions. Location of the Geographical Indications Registry: The Geographical Indications Registry is located in Chennai, India. -Source: Indian Express Subclinical Tuberculosis Context: Subclinical Tuberculosis (TB) is a growing concern in India, contributing to the slow decline in TB incidence rates despite advances in detection and treatment.  Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Subclinical Tuberculosis: About Tuberculosis India’s TB Elimination Target: Goals and Challenges Efforts to Achieve TB Elimination Target of 2025 in India Subclinical Tuberculosis: Subclinical tuberculosis (TB) is a type of TB infection where the affected individuals show no common symptoms like a persistent cough, making it more challenging to detect than active TB. It is typically identified not through standard symptom-based screenings but via more advanced methods such as chest X-rays or molecular diagnostics. According to the National TB Prevalence Survey from 2019 to 2021, subclinical TB constitutes 42.6% of cases, with Tamil Nadu reporting a similar rate of 39%. Individuals with subclinical TB are asymptomatic yet capable of transmitting the bacteria to others, posing a hidden risk of spreading the infection. A significant number of subclinical TB cases are found in countries with high TB burdens like India, where many cases remain undetected, perpetuating the disease’s spread. Countries such as Vietnam have effectively lowered TB rates by implementing widespread screenings using X-rays and molecular tests that do not depend on symptom presentation. For a country like India, adopting large-scale, systematic screening strategies including the deployment of mobile units and increased community involvement is essential. Subclinical TB significantly contributes to the slow reduction in overall TB rates as many cases go unnoticed and untreated. About Tuberculosis TB remains the world’s deadliest infectious killer. Each day, over 4000 people lose their lives to TB and close to 30,000 people fall ill with this preventable and curable disease TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Transmission: TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. Symptoms: Cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Treatment: TB is a treatable and curable disease. It is treated with a standard 6 month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer. Anti-TB medicines have been used for decades and strains that are resistant to 1 or more of the medicines have been documented in every country surveyed. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most powerful, first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB is treatable and curable by using second-line drugs. Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is a more serious form of MDR-TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the most effective second-line anti-TB drugs, often leaving patients without any further treatment options India’s TB Elimination Target: Goals and Challenges India has set an ambitious target of eliminating tuberculosis by 2025, five years ahead of the global sustainable development target of 2030. Here are the goals and challenges in achieving this target: Target Goals: India’s national strategic plan 2017-2025 aims to report no more than 44 new TB cases or 65 total cases per lakh population by 2025. The plan also aims to reduce TB mortality to 3 deaths per lakh population by 2025 and eliminate catastrophic costs for affected families. Current Incidence: The estimated TB incidence for 2021 stood at 210 per lakh population. However, achieving the target is a big task as the plan had envisaged an incidence of only 77 cases per lakh population by 2023. Mortality: The estimated TB mortality for the year 2020 stood at 37 per lakh population, which is higher than the 2025 target of 3 deaths per lakh population. Catastrophic Costs: The plan aims to reduce catastrophic costs for the affected family to zero. However, the report states that 7 to 32 per cent of those with drug-sensitive TB, and 68 per cent with drug-resistant TB experienced catastrophic costs. Challenges: India faces several challenges in achieving the TB elimination target, including inadequate funding, weak health infrastructure, low awareness, and poor treatment adherence. End TB Strategy: The goals are in line with the World Health Organisation’s End TB strategy that calls for an 80% reduction in the number of new cases, a 90% reduction in mortality, and zero catastrophic cost by 2030. Efforts to Achieve TB Elimination Target of 2025 in India Active Case Finding: The government is actively looking for TB cases among vulnerable and co-morbid populations and screening for it at health and wellness centers. Notification System: A Ni-kshay portal has been established to track notified TB cases, and the private sector has been called upon to notify all TB cases. Improved Diagnostic Tests: The pandemic has led to improved access to more accurate molecular diagnostic tests like CB-NAAT and TureNat, with 4,760 molecular diagnostic machines covering all districts of the country. Additionally, 79 line probe assay laboratories and 96 liquid culture testing laboratories have been set up for the diagnosis of multi and extremely drug-resistant TB. Universal Drug Susceptibility Test: The government has implemented a universal drug susceptibility test, which determines antibiotic susceptibility for all newly diagnosed cases, ensuring patients are given effective treatment from the outset. Community Engagement Program: The government launched a community engagement program in which Ni-kshay mitras adopt TB patients and provide them with monthly nutritional support. So far, 71,460 Ni-kshay Mitras have adopted about 10 lakh TB patients under the program. -Source: The Hindu Aarogya Maitri Health Cube Context: The Indian Army and Air Force recently conducted a first-of-its-kind paradrop of the Aarogya Maitri Health Cube, the indigenously-made world’s first portable hospital, at 15,000 feet elevation. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Aarogya Maitri Health Cube: The Aarogya Maitri Health Cube is recognized as the world’s inaugural portable hospital. Developed under the auspices of Project BHISHM (Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita and Maitri), this initiative is entirely indigenous. The cube is equipped with a mini-ICU, surgery theatre, cooking station, sustenance supplies, power generation units, blood testing facilities, and an X-ray machine. Design and Configuration: Cube Structure: Known as the ‘Aarogya Maitri Cube Cage’, it consists of three frames, each capable of holding 12 mini-cubes. Capacity and Utility: A single setup can accommodate 36 mini-cubes which together can support survival needs for 100 individuals over 48 hours. Scalability: Two such cages can be combined to manage up to 72 cubes, enhancing emergency responsiveness for up to 200 survivors. Cube Features: Each mini cube is designed to be durable, waterproof, and configurable for various scenarios. Portability and Accessibility: These units are lightweight and can be easily transported by an individual, using a messenger bag, stroller, or briefcase format, and can even be airlifted via drones. Medical Capacity: They are tailored to manage multiple trauma scenarios including bullet wounds, severe bleeding, burns, head and spinal injuries. Technological Integration: Incorporates a tablet-based control system for operation management and leverages artificial intelligence and data analytics for enhanced functionality. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 August 2024

CONTENTS Gallantry Awards Eri Silk Gallantry Awards 2024 Context: As India celebrates its 78th Independence Day, President of India has conferred prestigious gallantry awards on Armed Forces and Central Armed Police Forces personnel. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Gallantry Awards on India’s 78th Independence Day Kirti Chakra: Four awards, including three posthumously. Originally started as Ashoka Chakra Class-II in 1952, redesigned in 1967. It features a circular silver medal with an embossed Ashoka Chakra, surrounded by a lotus wreath on a green ribbon with orange stripes. Awarded for notable gallantry not directly involving combat with the enemy; may be posthumously awarded. Shaurya Chakra: Eighteen awards given, four posthumously. Established as Ashoka Chakra Class-III in 1952 and renamed in 1967. The bronze medal displays a central Ashoka Chakra encircled by a lotus wreath. The green ribbon is sectioned by three vertical lines. Recipients performing further acts of gallantry can receive additional Bars. Sena Medal (Gallantry): Sixty-three awards, including two posthumous and one Bar for repeated acts of bravery or exceptional service, primarily awarded to Army personnel. Nao Sena Medals: Eleven awards given to Indian Navy personnel for extraordinary courage or commitment to duty. Vayu Sena Medals: Six awards to Air Force personnel for significant acts of courage or dedication to duty, emphasizing the importance of individual valor. Mention-in-Despatches: Thirty-nine mentions approved, including a posthumous one for Army Dog Kent, recognizing significant contributions across various military operations such as Operation Rakshak, Snow Leopard, Sahayata, Hifazat, Orchid, and Katchal. This honor is given for distinguished service that does not necessarily reach the threshold for gallantry awards. Recipients and their operations span across various strategic and humanitarian contexts, reflecting the broad scope of modern military engagements. Operational Contexts Operation Rakshak: Ongoing counter-insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir since June 1990. Operation Snow Leopard: Initiated in 2020 following tensions along the LAC in eastern Ladakh. Operation Sahayata: Provides humanitarian aid and disaster relief. Operation Orchid and Hifazat: Counter-insurgency operations in Nagaland and the Northeast. Eri Silk Context: Recently, the North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation (NEHHDC) under the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), Govt. of India, has successfully obtained the prestigious Oeko-Tex certification for its Eri Silk. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Eri Silk Overview Unique Production: Eri Silk, recognized globally as the only vegan silk, doesn’t involve harming the moth during silk extraction, as it naturally leaves the cocoon. This unique process marks Eri silk as a symbol of compassion and ecological awareness within the textile industry. Cultivation: Originating from the domesticated Philosamia ricini silkworm, which consumes primarily castor leaves, Eri Silk is predominantly cultivated in North-Eastern India and Assam, but also found in Bihar, West Bengal, and Orissa. Geographical Indication: Eri Silk has been tagged as a Geographical Indication (GI) product from Assam, authenticating its origin and methods of production. Oeko-Tex Certification The Oeko-Tex certification, involving stringent testing for harmful substances and environment-friendly production practices, serves as a crucial endorsement for Eri Silk. Achieving this certification not only reinforces the silk’s status as a GI product but also underscores its authenticity and regional importance. This certification is pivotal in expanding Eri Silk’s reach within the global market, enhancing its international presence and appeal.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 August 2024

CONTENTS Responsible Tourism: Our Promise to Future Generations Need for a Central Protection Act Responsible Tourism: Our Promise to Future Generations Context: Visit Agra, and you’ll be confronted with a distressing sight: graffiti defacing the walls of its iconic monuments. Lovers carving their names into the Taj Mahal—a symbol of eternal love—are tarnishing its legacy with their careless actions. This is just one instance of irresponsible tourism. From defacing historic landmarks to littering, harming natural environments, and polluting water bodies, such behaviors are widespread. Relevance: GS3- Environmental Conservation Mains Question: What does responsible tourism stand for? How can it promote sustainability for the future generations? Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Impact of Tourism: To address these issues, it is crucial to embrace responsible tourism. As one of the largest and fastest-growing industries worldwide, tourism has immense potential for economic development. However, this rapid growth often comes with significant environmental and social challenges. Over-tourism can lead to the destruction of natural habitats, depletion of local resources, and erosion of cultural traditions. Sustainable tourism seeks to address these challenges by encouraging responsible travel that benefits local communities and protects the environment. Tourism’s environmental impact is extensive, affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, pollution levels, and resource consumption. Popular tourist destinations often experience surges in waste, water scarcity, and habitat destruction due to the influx of visitors. For example, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia faces threats from both climate change and tourism, underscoring the urgent need for conservation efforts. This highlights the importance of sustainable tourism practices that prioritize environmental stewardship. Initiatives to Promote Sustainable Tourism: Governments play a crucial role in promoting sustainable tourism by establishing policies and frameworks that support eco-friendly practices. Case Studies: Australia: Australia, renowned for its diverse landscapes and rich biodiversity, has long recognized this need. The Country Manager for India & Gulf at Tourism Australia, highlights the country’s commitment to sustainable tourism: “Australia’s culture, landscape, and wildlife are central to our tourism industry. We have a responsibility to manage them wisely.” By partnering with tourism operators, Australia focuses on restorative and regenerative travel, particularly at iconic sites like the Great Barrier Reef. Despite the progress made, challenges remain in communicating the importance of sustainable travel to markets that prioritize value and experience. The tourism operators in Australia offer eco-friendly accommodations and low-impact activities that support conservation efforts at the reef. Initiatives like carbon-neutral menus and zero-waste hotels are setting new standards in hospitality. Effectively conveying the value of sustainable tourism to markets like India, which are driven by value and experience, requires a tailored approach. Russia: Moscow, known for its historical and cultural heritage, is also at the forefront of sustainable tourism initiatives. Evgeny Kozlov, Chairman of the Moscow City Tourism Committee, emphasizes the city’s environmental transformation: “Approximately 50% of Moscow consists of green spaces. Over the past decade, we have rejuvenated 900 parks and green areas, as well as revitalized 40 embankments. This transformation not only enhances the city’s beauty but also creates unique opportunities for eco-friendly tourism.” Kozlov emphasizes the importance of creating an urban ecosystem that is accessible to everyone, with incentives in place for investors in sustainable tourism infrastructure. India: Madhya Pradesh is emerging as a leader in responsible tourism by integrating community development with environmental conservation. Sheo Shekhar Shukla, Principal Secretary of Tourism and Culture, explains the state’s dual focus: “Madhya Pradesh is committed to both its people and its landscapes. Our Responsible Tourism initiative aims to uplift local communities while preserving the state’s natural beauty and cultural heritage.” Initiatives such as promoting rural homestays and supporting local artisans foster economic growth with minimal environmental impact. By encouraging local craftsmanship and sustainable construction practices, it can be ensured that tourism development benefits both communities and the environment. Programs like Safe Tourism Destinations for Women and Responsible Souvenirs further reinforce this mission.” Airlines and hotels are also key players in advancing sustainable tourism, given their significant environmental footprint. As air travel continues to expand, the aviation industry’s contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions has come under increased scrutiny. Similarly, the hospitality sector is adopting more eco-friendly practices that aim to balance guest satisfaction with environmental stewardship. Transitioning to sustainable practices requires an initial investment. However, he points out that these costs are offset by long-term savings. While there are upfront costs associated with implementing sustainable practices, these investments often result in long-term benefits and savings. Sustainability efforts, in this direction, can include reducing single-use plastics and establishing an onsite bottling plant, underscoring its commitment to environmental responsibility. Additionally, engaging with the local community offers guests regional cultural experiences. Marriott actively promotes responsible tourism through initiatives like turtle conservation and encourages guests to adopt eco-friendly practices, such as reusing linens and conserving water. These efforts align with Marriott’s Serve360 program, which focuses on reducing energy usage and promoting environmentally conscious products. Radisson Blu highlights the critical role of sustainability in shaping the hotel’s long-term strategy. Radisson Blu has set a bold goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, ahead of many global benchmarks. They believe that prioritizing sustainability and responsible business practices not only strengthens the brand’s reputation but also fosters local support. Focusing on sustainability and responsible business practices actually enhances the brand’s image and strengthens its position. Vietnam: Vietnam’s leading airline, Vietjet, is also making significant strides in sustainability, earning recognition in categories like “Outstanding Sustainable Transport.” By investing in a modern fleet that reduces fuel consumption by up to 20%, Vietjet is actively working to lower emissions. Additionally, the airline has adopted eco-friendly materials, such as recyclable packaging, and is exploring the use of sustainable aviation fuel, with the goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Sri Lanka: Sri Lankan Airlines is gradually integrating sustainability into its services by offering eco-friendly amenities in Business Class, including pillow and headrest covers made from recycled PET plastic, which reduces its plastic footprint. These initiatives are part of broader efforts, such as using sustainable carpets onboard. Conclusion: Eco-friendly tourism is not just a trend but a necessity, and these initiatives are paving the way for a future where responsible travel becomes the norm, with travelers actively contributing to the preservation of the planet. There is a need to build a tourism industry based on sustainable development principles to ensure that future generations can enjoy our world responsibly. Need for a Central Protection Act Context: Resident doctors across India are on strike, demanding laws to ensure their safety at work. This action was triggered by the rape and murder of a young doctor at R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital in Kolkata on August 9. The doctor’s body was found in the seminar room of the emergency building where she had been working, sparking protests. Doctors claim that the hospital administration and State government tried to downplay the incident, highlighting the absence of a Central law protecting healthcare workers. Relevance: GS2- Health, Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes Mains Question: With reference to the recent incident at the Medical College and Hospital in Kolkata, discuss the challenges faced by healthcare professionals in India. To what extent can a Central Protection Act be effective in dealing with them? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Constitutional Provisions: The situation on the ground reflects constitutional provisions where health and law and order are State subjects. This means it is primarily the responsibility of the State government or Union Territory administration to address such issues and prevent violence. The Union government has acknowledged that there is no centralized record of fatalities among medical professionals due to attacks by patients’ families. Violence Against Healthcare Workers in India: Violence against healthcare workers in India is not a new phenomenon. In 1973, Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug, a junior nurse at King Edward Memorial Hospital in Mumbai, was sexually assaulted by a hospital sweeper, leading to a vegetative state that lasted over 41 years until her death in 2015. Despite this tragic incident and others like it, healthcare workers continue to demand basic safety measures in hospitals, such as better lighting, increased security, and the installation of properly monitored security cameras. Protesters in Delhi highlight the inadequate safety measures in medical colleges, such as poorly lit corridors, insecure wards, and the long distances between departments. They emphasize the need for urgent improvements in working and living conditions, including better lighting, security guards, cameras, and manned walkways between departments, operating theaters, and emergency areas. “These simple steps could make a significant difference,” the doctors explain. “We’ve repeatedly asked for a safe work environment. This tragic incident serves as a wake-up call. Doctors, especially junior doctors working night shifts, and nurses—both male and female—are increasingly at risk, not only physically but mentally as well. Concerns about their safety, lives, and mental health are growing,” said Dr. Praveen Gupta, Principal Director and Chief of Neurology at Fortis Hospital. Calling for immediate systemic reforms to prevent such tragedies, Archana Dhawan Bajaj, a gynecologist at Nurture Clinic, stressed the importance of a Central Protection Act for doctors. “There is a pressing need to improve the working conditions of junior doctors across the country,” she added. Violence against healthcare workers is a global issue, but many countries have implemented effective measures to protect their medical professionals, offering models that India could follow. The U.K.’s NHS enforces a zero-tolerance policy on violence, backed by a dedicated security team and a comprehensive reporting system. In the U.S., some states classify assaults on healthcare workers as felonies, serving as a strong deterrent. Australian hospitals have introduced safety measures such as security personnel, panic buttons, and mandatory de-escalation training. India must urgently implement a Central Protection Act and adopt similar measures to ensure a safer environment for its healthcare workers. What are the Doctors Demanding? The Indian Medical Association (IMA), a national organization of allopathic doctors, has emphasized the need for a shift in policy to acknowledge and address violence against doctors in healthcare facilities. In their list of demands to the Union government, they have called for hospital security measures on par with those at airports and have urged that healthcare centers be designated as safe zones with mandatory security provisions, including CCTV surveillance and the deployment of security personnel. The IMA pointed out that the victim had been on a 36-hour duty shift without access to a safe place to rest, highlighting the urgent need for a complete overhaul of the working and living conditions of resident doctors. IMA National President added that doctors are also demanding a thorough and professional investigation of the crime within a specified timeframe, as well as justice for the victim. They are calling for the identification and exemplary punishment of those responsible for the violence, along with appropriate and dignified compensation for the bereaved family. What Provisions has the Centre Brought in? On August 16, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issued an order requiring that “in the event of any violence against any healthcare worker while on duty, the head of the institution shall be responsible for filing an institutional FIR within a maximum of six hours of the incident.” This order was issued in response to the increasing violence against doctors and other healthcare staff in government hospitals. The order acknowledges that many healthcare workers suffer physical violence during their duties, often at the hands of patients or their attendants. Earlier this week, the National Medical Commission (NMC) directed all medical colleges to develop policies to ensure a safe work environment on both college and hospital campuses for all staff members. The NMC also mandated that any incidents of violence against medical students be promptly investigated by the college management, with an FIR filed as necessary. Additionally, the NMC ordered that a detailed action taken report on any incident of violence be submitted to the commission within 48 hours. Conclusion: Healthcare centers should be designated as safe zones, with mandatory security measures implemented to ensure the safety and well-being of all staff and patients. This includes the installation of CCTV cameras, deployment of trained security personnel, and other necessary protocols to prevent violence and ensure a secure working environment. Establishing healthcare facilities as protected areas is essential to safeguard medical professionals and provide them with a safe space to carry out their duties without fear of harm.

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