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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 August 2024

CONTENTS Transformation of India’s Broiler Chicken Industry Central Government Boosts Land Reform and Farmers’ Registry with Financial Incentives Governor Sanctioning the Prosecution of the Chief Minister Nationwide Strike by Resident Doctors for Enhanced Safety Laws St Martin’s Island Namdhari Sect Owlflies Transformation of India’s Broiler Chicken Industry Context: India’s broiler chicken industry has undergone a significant transformation, evolving from traditional, small-scale farming to a highly organized and vertically integrated agri-business. This shift has been pivotal in enabling smallholders to participate effectively in commercial poultry farming. As a result, there has been a notable increase in both productivity and profitability within the sector, demonstrating the positive impact of modern agricultural practices and business models on traditional farming communities. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Current State of India’s Poultry Industry Key Growth Drivers Challenges Facing the Poultry Industry in India Proposed Solutions Current State of India’s Poultry Industry India is currently the third-largest producer of eggs and the eighth in meat production worldwide. Egg production has surged from 78.48 billion in 2014-15 to 129.60 billion in 2021-22. Similarly, meat production increased from 6.69 million tonnes to 9.29 million tonnes over the same period. The country produces approximately 5 million tonnes of broiler meat annually. In 2022, the total poultry feed production in India reached 27 million metric tons. The sector has witnessed an average annual growth rate of 8% in meat production and 7.45% in egg production from 2014-15 to 2021-22. The Indian poultry market reached approximately Rs. 2,099.2 billion in 2023, with projected growth at a CAGR of 8.9% from 2024 to 2032. During 2022-23, India exported poultry products to 64 countries, generating revenue of USD 134 million. The top egg-producing states include Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, West Bengal, and Karnataka. Broiler Chickens Broilers are chickens specifically bred for meat production, characterized by rapid growth and large breast muscles. These chickens convert feed into meat efficiently, making them economically viable for commercial production. Key Growth Drivers Contract Farming: Utilization of contract farming models provides resources such as day-old chicks, feed, and technical support, enhancing control over the supply chain. Modern Facilities: The use of environmentally controlled (EC) sheds with automated feeding and climate control systems has improved growth efficiency and reduced mortality rates. Breeding Advances: Improved breeding techniques have led to faster growth rates and better disease resistance. Urban Demand: Rising urban populations and shifting dietary preferences towards processed and ready-to-eat poultry products have increased demand. Government Support: Initiatives and subsidies, along with enhanced infrastructure for transportation and cold storage, have spurred sector growth. Financial Support: Loans and credit facilities from financial institutions have also supported investments in poultry farming. Export Potential: There is significant potential for exporting poultry products to international markets, though this is influenced by global market conditions and competition. Challenges Facing the Poultry Industry in India Environmental Impact: The confinement of chickens in high-density battery cages leads to poor air quality, significant waste management issues, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Regulatory Compliance: Poultry operations with over 5,000 birds are classified as polluting industries, necessitating stringent regulatory compliance as mandated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Feed Price Volatility: The profitability of poultry farming is heavily impacted by fluctuations in the prices of key feed ingredients like corn and soybean, making it crucial to ensure a stable supply and explore alternative feed sources. Animal Welfare Concerns: Inhumane practices prevalent in industrial poultry operations, such as mutilation, starvation, and overcrowding, directly violate the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960. Financial and Operational Challenges: Farmers face substantial financial pressures due to large debts, reliance on informal facilities, and the complexities of contract farming arrangements, often leading to significant losses. Competition from Alternative Proteins: The rising popularity of plant-based proteins poses a competitive threat to the poultry market. Supply Chain Inefficiencies: Challenges in transportation, cold storage, and distribution networks can lead to significant wastage and negatively impact the quality of poultry products. Environmental Pollution: The industry contributes to environmental degradation through the emission of pollutants like methane, CO2, and through water effluents and solid waste that lead to soil and water pollution. Excess Manure: Accumulation of manure beyond the land’s capacity for absorption creates pollution and breeds disease vectors like flies and mosquitoes. Proposed Solutions Improving Business Environment: There’s a need to improve the ease of doing business by enhancing the export framework and integrating informal sector units into the formal economy. Investment in Research and Development: Boosting investment in R&D could drive innovation and lead to significant advancements in the poultry sector. Stricter Environmental Regulations: Enforcing stringent environmental regulations is crucial, especially given the CPCB’s classification of the poultry industry as a high-polluting sector. Adherence to One Health Principles: It’s essential that India’s environmental laws and regulations embody the One Health principle, which integrates human health, animal health, and environmental sustainability. Public Health and Welfare: Strengthening the linkage between animal welfare, public health, and ecosystem integrity should be prioritized to foster sustainable practices. Public Awareness Campaigns: The government should fund campaigns to raise public awareness about the crucial aspects of poultry farming, aiming to inform and sensitize the wider community. -Source: Indian Express Central Government Boosts Land Reform and Farmers’ Registry with Financial Incentives Context: The central government of India has announced significant financial incentives under the Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment for the fiscal year 2024-25. This initiative allocates Rs 10,000 crore to assist states in implementing land-related reforms that affect both rural and urban areas. Additionally, a sum of Rs 5,000 crore is dedicated to the creation of a Farmers’ Registry. These funds aim to promote and streamline land management practices and enhance agricultural productivity by improving record-keeping and resource allocation. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Recent Announcements for Land Reforms Major Initiatives for Land Reforms Challenges in Land Reforms Proposed Steps for Reform Recent Announcements for Land Reforms Unique Land Parcel Identification Numbers (ULPIN): Often referred to as Bhu-Aadhaar, these numbers will uniquely identify every surveyed parcel of land in rural areas, helping to prevent land fraud and disputes over land ownership. Digitization of Cadastral Maps: Cadastral maps will be digitized to reflect current ownership, with comprehensive land registries being established to facilitate better management and dispute resolution. GIS Mapping Incentives: In urban areas, states will receive financial incentives to digitize land records using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. Development of IT Systems: States are mandated to develop IT-based systems for efficient property record administration, updating, and tax management. Major Initiatives for Land Reforms Historical Context: Prior to independence, land ownership issues were prevalent, with significant control held by zamindars and jagirdars. Post-Independence Reforms: Initiated by the appointment of the J.C. Kumarappa committee in 1949, reforms focused on the abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, and the introduction of ceiling limits on landholdings to prevent land concentration. Land Ceiling Acts: These acts were established to cap the maximum land one could own, aiming to distribute land more equitably among the population. Land Consolidation: Targeted at addressing land fragmentation and improving the management of agricultural land. Recent Initiatives Digital India Land Record Modernisation Programme (DILRMP): Launched in 2008, this program aims to digitize and modernize land records, creating a centralized management system. Integrated Land Information Management System (ILIMS): A central sector scheme designed to streamline and standardize land records across various states. SVAMITVA Scheme: Launched to map land parcels in rural areas using advanced technologies like drone technology and CORS, facilitating clear land title ownership. Challenges in Land Reforms Resistance from Large Landowners: Hinders the enforcement of land ceiling acts and redistribution policies. Outdated Record-Keeping Systems: These systems lead to disputes and complicate the identification of land for redistribution. Economically Unviable Small Landholdings: Resulting from the division of land among heirs. Declining Average Size of Operational Holdings: As reported in the Agriculture Census, the size has reduced significantly from 1970 to 2015. Weak Law Enforcement and Loopholes: Such as the lack of a clear ceiling on family basis, undermining reform efforts. Contentious Farmland Acquisition: Rapid development leads to farmer displacement and conflicts. Balancing Redistribution and Effective Farming: Ensuring that new owners can farm effectively remains a significant challenge. Proposed Steps for Reform Digitization and Security of Land Records: Employing AI, satellite imaging, and blockchain technology to manage land records efficiently and reduce disputes. Enforcing Land Reform Laws: Strengthening enforcement and closing loopholes to improve the implementation of reforms. Learning from Successful Models: Adopting strategies from regions like West Bengal and Kerala, where land reforms have been more effective due to strong political will. Incentivizing Land Consolidation: Promoting voluntary pooling and cooperative farming models to enhance agricultural efficiency. Transparent Land Acquisition Policies: Implementing fair policies that provide adequate compensation and rehabilitation for affected farmers. Support for New Landowners: Offering comprehensive support including agricultural training, access to credit, and market linkages to assist new landowners. -Source: The Hindu Governor Sanctioning the Prosecution of the Chief Minister Context: Karnataka Governor sanctioned the prosecution of the Chief Minister in a case of alleged corruption in the allotment of land to his wife by the Mysuru Urban Development Authority (MUDA). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is the MUDA ‘Scam’? Powers of Sanctioning the Prosecution of the CM Historical Context and Comparisons What is the MUDA ‘Scam’? Powers of Sanctioning the Prosecution of the CM: The sanction for prosecution is granted under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 and the Bharatiya Nagarika Suraksha Samhitha 2023, following petitions from social activists. Supreme Court’s Stance: A significant reference is made to a 2004 Supreme Court ruling emphasizing that Governors must exercise their discretion based on facts, or risk a breakdown of the rule of law. Intention Behind the Governor’s Decision: Governor’s Justification: The Governor believes the evidence and allegations sufficiently indicate the commission of offenses, warranting a neutral and objective investigation. Criticism from the State Government: The state government criticizes this move as politically motivated, aimed at destabilizing the state’s governance, and labels it as illegal, unconstitutional, and contrary to the spirit of democracy and federalism. Historical Context and Comparisons: Previous Instances: The document references past instances where Governors exercised their discretion to prosecute CMs, including a notable 1982 Supreme Court judgment supporting the Governor’s discretion in the case of Maharashtra CM A.R. Antulay, and the 1995 sanction against Tamil Nadu CM Jayalalithaa. Legal Precedents: These cases highlight the complex interplay between state governance and central oversight, particularly through the discretionary powers of the Governor as interpreted by judicial decisions. -Source: Indian Express Nationwide Strike by Resident Doctors for Enhanced Safety Laws Context: Resident doctors across India have initiated a strike to demand robust legislation ensuring their safety while on duty. This action follows the tragic incident on August 9, where a young doctor was raped and murdered at R.G. Kar Medical College and Hospital in Kolkata. The uproar began after her body was found in the seminar room of the emergency building where she worked. The medical community has expressed frustration over the hospital administration and state government’s alleged attempts to downplay the incident. A significant point of contention is the absence of a central law that explicitly protects healthcare workers, prompting this widespread protest for better security measures and legal protections. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Ground Reality Immediate Needs for a Safe Work Environment Global Measures to Protect Healthcare Workers Need for Action in India Government Initiatives Ground Reality Legal and Administrative Framework Decentralized Responsibility: Health and law and order are primarily the responsibility of State governments or Union Territory administrations. This decentralization means that responses and regulations can vary significantly from one region to another. Lack of Centralized Data: There is no central record of the number of fatalities among medical professionals due to violence, which complicates efforts to address the issue systematically and measure the effectiveness of interventions. Historical Context and Ongoing Issues The case of Aruna Shanbaug underscores the longstanding nature of violence against healthcare workers in India, highlighting not just extreme cases of assault but also the daily risks faced by medical staff. Immediate Needs for a Safe Work Environment Infrastructure Improvements: Many medical facilities in India suffer from infrastructural deficiencies such as poor lighting and inadequate security measures, which can increase the vulnerability of healthcare workers. Security Enhancements: There is a crucial need for the implementation of robust security measures including: Improved Lighting: Ensuring that all areas within medical facilities are well-lit to prevent dark spots where assaults can occur. Security Personnel: Deploying trained security guards to monitor sensitive areas within hospitals and respond quickly to incidents. Surveillance Systems: Installing cameras and conducting regular monitoring can help deter potential assailants and document incidents should they occur. Controlled Access: Managing access to various parts of hospitals through manned checkpoints can prevent unauthorized access and reduce the risk of violence. Broader Implications Cultural and Educational Campaigns: Beyond physical and legal measures, there is a need for cultural change regarding how healthcare workers are viewed and treated. Education campaigns that highlight the critical role and rights of healthcare professionals could foster greater respect and understanding. Policy and Legislation: Advocacy for comprehensive national legislation, akin to the protections offered in other countries, could provide a uniform level of security and legal recourse for healthcare workers across all states and territories in India. Global Measures to Protect Healthcare Workers United Kingdom: The National Health Service (NHS) has a zero-tolerance policy towards violence. This policy is supported by dedicated security teams and an elaborate reporting system to handle incidents immediately and effectively. United States: In many states, assaults on healthcare workers are classified as felonies, providing a strong legal deterrent against such acts. The severity of the legal repercussions underscores the seriousness with which these incidents are treated. Australia: Hospitals have incorporated several safety protocols, including the deployment of security personnel and the installation of panic buttons. Mandatory de-escalation training for staff helps in managing potentially volatile situations without escalating to violence. Need for Action in India In light of the effective measures taken by these countries, there is a pressing need for India to enhance the protection of its healthcare workers: Legislative Action: Implementing a Central Protection Act could provide a legal framework for the protection of healthcare workers, similar to those in place in other countries. Adoption of Best Practices: By learning from the systems implemented internationally, India can develop a more robust approach to safeguarding healthcare workers. This might include stricter security protocols, comprehensive training for handling aggression, and more substantial legal penalties for offenders. Government Initiatives Ministry of Health’s Directives: Recent directives require the heads of medical institutions to file an FIR within six hours of any incident of violence against healthcare workers. NMC Guidelines: The National Medical Commission has mandated that medical colleges develop comprehensive safety policies and take immediate actions following any incident of violence. -Source: The Hindu St Martin’s Island Context: Recently, after former Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina resignation, St Martin’s Island came into controversy over its lease to another nation. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Key Facts about St Martin’s Island: St Martin’s Island is situated in the northeastern Bay of Bengal, close to the border between Bangladesh and Myanmar. The island is 9 kilometers from the southern tip of Bangladesh’s Cox’s Bazar-Teknaf peninsula. It stretches over 7.3 kilometers in length and rises about 3.6 meters above sea level. It is the only coral island in Bangladesh and serves as a breeding ground for sea turtles. Historical Background: Historically part of the Teknaf peninsula, the island was submerged around 5,000 years ago. The southern parts of today’s island resurfaced about 450 years ago, with the remaining areas emerging over the next century. Early Settlements: Arab merchants were among the first settlers during the 18th century, initially naming the island “Jazira” or “the island” and later renaming it “Narikel Jinjira” or “Coconut Island”. Colonial Era: In 1900, the island was annexed by British India and named after the then Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong, Martin. Post-Colonial Status: Following the partition of British India in 1947, the island became part of Pakistan and later transitioned to being part of independent Bangladesh after the 1971 Liberation War. -Source: The Hindu Namdhari Sect Context: Recently, hundreds of followers of two rival groups of the Namdhari religious sect clashed violently in Rania in Haryana Sirsa district. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Namdhari Sect Origin and Advocacy: Founded by Satguru Ram Singh in 1857 during the festival of Baisakhi, the Namdhari sect is notable for its foundation in social reform and resistance against British rule in India. Unique Practices: Known colloquially as “Kukas,” a term derived from their distinctive high-pitched chant called “Kook” of the Gurbani, the followers were directed by Satguru Ram Singh to reject all British influences. Leadership and Resistance: Over time, Baba Ram Singh emerged as a secular leader, organizing the Kukas across Punjab, promoting military training among the youth, and facing severe repercussions, including deportation to Rangoon by the British, from which he never returned. Spiritual Beliefs: The Namdharis hold the Guru Granth Sahib as the ultimate spiritual authority but uniquely, they also recognize a living human as a Guru. Cultural Practices: Adherents of the sect uphold the cow as sacred, abstain from alcohol, and avoid caffeine, reflecting their commitment to purity. Headquarters: The main center for the Namdharis is situated in Ludhiana’s Bhaini Sahib, the birthplace of Ram Singh, with additional establishments stretching across Punjab, Haryana, and internationally. -Source: Indian Express Owlflies Context: Recently, a rare species of owlfly species Glyptobasis dentifera has been rediscovered after 75 years from Kerala by researchers. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Owlflies Owlflies belong to the order Neuroptera, which comprises holometabolous insects. This sets them apart from dragonflies, which are categorized under the order Odonata and are hemimetabolous. Due to their similar appearance, owlflies are often mistakenly identified as dragonflies by those unfamiliar with entomological taxonomy. During daylight hours, adult owlflies are typically found perched on grass blades in lateritic soils or around homes within densely vegetated areas. Distinctive Features: Owlflies are recognized by their long, clubbed antennae, nearly as long as their bodies, and prominent bulging eyes. Post-emergence, some owlflies exhibit color changes in their wings. Diet and Defense: As aerial predators, owlflies primarily feed on other insects. They are known to emit a strong, musk-like chemical when threatened, which serves to repel potential predators. Reproductive Strategy: Owlflies typically deposit their eggs in clusters at the extremities of branches or twigs. To safeguard the eggs from predators, the female constructs a protective barrier beneath the egg clusters. Larval Development: Owlfly larvae are generally found either in soil or residing in tree clusters, leveraging these environments for protection. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 August 2024

CONTENTS International Day of Indigenous People East Timor International Day of Indigenous People Context: Recently, International Day of Indigenous Peoples was observed on 9th August to promote advocacy for Indigenous rights. Relevance: Facts for Prelims International Day of Indigenous Peoples The day is celebrated every year on August 9th, established by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1994. It Commemorates the initial meeting of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations in Geneva, 1982. 2024 Theme: Focuses on “Protecting the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Voluntary Isolation and Initial Contact.” Global Facts about Indigenous Peoples Approximately 200 indigenous groups choose to live in voluntary isolation in countries like Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and India. An estimated 476 million indigenous people reside across 90 different countries. Indigenous populations constitute less than 6% of the global population but represent at least 15% of the world’s poorest. Cultural and Linguistic Diversity: These communities speak a majority of the world’s estimated 7,000 languages and embody 5,000 distinct cultures. East Timor Context: Recently, President Horta of Timor-Leste awarded President Droupadi Murmu the Grand-Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste, recognizing her contributions to public service, education, and women’s empowerment. Relevance: Facts for Prelims, Places in News Dimensions of the Article: About East Timor Its geography About East Timor Portugal colonised the area in the 18th century, and it remained under their hands until 1975. After the Portuguese left, Indonesian troops invaded and conquered East Timor as their 27th province. After a long and brutal war for independence, in which at least 100,000 people died, the East Timorese voted for independence in a UN-supervised referendum in 1999, but the violence escalated until peace-keeping forces were permitted to enter. In 2002, the United Nations formally recognised the country. East Timor has submitted an application to join the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (ASEAN). It is now classified as an observer. The Bayu Undan gas field, East Timor’s major revenue source, is scheduled to dry up by 2023, and the country is now looking to cooperate with corporations like Australia’s Santos to convert it into carbon capture facilities.  Its geography East Timor is made up of the eastern half of Timor Island, with the western half belonging to Indonesia; it has a land area of 15,000 square kilometres (5,792 square miles) – slightly smaller than Israel – with a population of 1.3 million people who are mostly Roman Catholic. -Source: The Hindu

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 August 2024

CONTENTS The Top Court as Custodian of Liberties States Capacity to Conduct Testing and Sequencing of Viruses The Top Court as Custodian of Liberties Context: The Supreme Court of India granting bail to former Delhi Deputy Chief Minister, after a prolonged period of detention, serves as a significant affirmation of its role as the protector of individual liberties. The Court, in a detailed articulation of its duties, emphasized that a constitutional court must prioritize constitutionalism and the rule of law, with liberty being a core element. Relevance: GS2- Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-judicial Bodies Indian Constitution- Significant Provisions and Basic Structure Transparency and Accountability Mains Question: The Delhi Excise Policy case raises the question whether the liberty of individuals can be held hostage to the benevolence or sense of fairness of the prosecutor alone. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). More on the Judgement: Citing the 2020 judgment in Arnab Manoranjan Goswami vs The State of Maharashtra and Ors., the Court underscored that liberty has always been a resilient principle throughout history. Reaffirming the long-standing constitutional principle from 1977 by Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer, that bail should be the norm and jail the exception, the Court emphasized that the right to a fair and speedy trial is inherent to the right to life under Article 21—a right denied to Mr. Sisodia. In reaching its decision, the Court considered its previous orders from the case, along with the extensive submissions presented in the initial proceedings, particularly highlighting the 56,000 pages of documents and 456 witnesses (which were later increased), which could cause significant delays in the trial. The Court also referenced several of its past judgments, from Kashmira Singh (1977) to more recent decisions in P. Chidambaram (2020) and Satender Kumar Antil (2022), emphasizing the accused’s right to a speedy trial. The Court further asserted that the constitutional mandate must prevail as the supreme law and ruled that the right to bail in cases of delay and prolonged incarceration, depending on the nature of the allegations, should be interpreted under Section 439 Cr.PC and Section 45 of the PMLA [Prevention of Money Laundering Act]. Significance of the Judgement: This judgment will undoubtedly reassure those concerned with civil liberties, especially given the ongoing worries about the misuse of stringent penal laws in the country and the oppressive enforcement of the PMLA. Noting recent information provided to Parliament, the Court observed that out of over 5,000 cases filed under the PMLA in the past decade, only 40 have resulted in convictions. The Minister of State for Finance stated in the Rajya Sabha that the Enforcement Directorate filed 15 enforcement case information reports (ECIRs) in 2019, 28 in 2020, 26 in 2021, 34 in 2022, 26 in 2023, and three in 2024 as of July 31, with only one conviction reported in 2020. Clearly, the criminal justice system’s procedures, which often result in endless delays, are oppressive, with the process itself becoming the punishment. The judiciary has acknowledged this reality and has poignantly described it as the “mortality of justice at the hands of law” in previous rulings like Sushil Kumar Sen (1975) and Rani Kusum (2005). A Caveat: Despite its strong constitutional foundation, the judgment raises a concerning issue. Was it appropriate for the Court, in line with its earlier observations, to allow the continued detention of the accused based on the prosecution’s assurance that the trial would conclude within six to eight months? Or to extend the accused’s confinement based on the prosecution’s statement, recorded in the Court’s second order on June 4, 2024, that the complaint or charge sheet would be filed by July 3, 2024? Does this not, in a way, allow the prosecutor to act as a judge in their own case, which contradicts fundamental principles of natural justice and undermines the procedural requirements of a fair trial? The Guarantee of Civil Liberties: In our constitutional framework, individual liberty cannot depend solely on the benevolence or fairness of the prosecutor. It must rest on the unshakable foundation of justice, rooted in inalienable rights that we carry from birth to death. We understand that these sacred rights underpin the law; legal processes that are unjust have no merit, and laws that fail to deliver justice must be reformed. The denial of freedom equates to the denial of humanity itself. Therefore, protecting against executive overreach is the primary responsibility of the apex Court’s constitutional and moral authority. Although the ultimate safeguard of civil liberties lies in the will and determination of the people, as Justice Robert Jackson of the United States highlighted in *Douglas vs. City of Jeannette* (1943), the courts’ role in defending human rights against encroachment is a vital test of a healthy democracy. In ultimately restoring Delhi Deputy Chief Minister’s liberty while his case is still pending, the apex court has cleared itself of any charges of inconsistency in earlier proceedings, despite the legal and factual grounds that existed for granting bail. The Court need no longer grapple with a conflicted conscience. Conclusion: The true success of this judgment will be if undertrials are not left to languish in custody indefinitely, losing their freedom, reputation, privacy, and dignity without compensation or acknowledgment. The nation must shift its politics away from personal vendettas, focusing instead on the noble pursuit of justice and dignity for all, thereby reinvigorating a democracy under strain. States Capacity to Conduct Testing and Sequencing of Viruses Context: Since the Zika outbreak began on June 20, when the first case was reported in Pune, confirmed cases have been gradually increasing. As of the first week of August, Maharashtra has reported 88 confirmed cases, with Pune city, the epicenter, accounting for 73 cases and six more from rural Pune. Of the total cases reported so far, 37 are pregnant women, making up half of the confirmed infections. Relevance: GS- Health GS3- Scientific Innovations & Discoveries Mains Question: In the context of the recent rise in the number of reported zika cases, examine the states capacity to conduct testing and sequencing of viruses. Also suggest a way forward strategy to enhance the infrastructure further. (15 Marks, 250 Words). About the Zika Virus: The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti. It can also be spread from mother to fetus during pregnancy, through sexual contact, and via blood transfusions. The virus has an RNA genome, giving it a high potential to accumulate mutations. Genomic research indicates that the Zika virus has two lineages: African and Asian. History: The Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 in the Zika forest of Uganda in infected monkeys, with the first human cases recorded in 1952 in Uganda and Tanzania. Since 2007, outbreaks have been reported across Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific, with notable recent outbreaks in Indian states such as Kerala and Karnataka. Symptoms: Zika infection is often asymptomatic, but when symptoms do occur, they commonly include fever, joint pain, muscle pain, and headache, typically lasting 2-7 days. Association with Other Conditions: Zika virus has been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome, neuropathy, and myelitis in both adults and children. Its interaction with the dengue virus can significantly worsen disease severity, creating challenges in vaccine development and public health management. Complications: Although rare, those infected with the Zika virus are at risk of developing Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurological disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks part of the peripheral nervous system. However, the more serious impact is on pregnant women, who risk giving birth to babies with microcephaly (a condition where the baby has a smaller than average head size) and other neurological impairments. A January 2023 paper in The Lancet Regional Health–Americas conducted a meta-analysis of babies born to 1,548 pregnant women infected with the Zika virus, based on 13 studies in Brazil from 2015 to 2017. The study found that the absolute risk of microcephaly was 6.6%, either at birth or during follow-up. Additionally, there was an 18.7% absolute risk of functional neurological abnormalities in these babies, along with a relatively smaller risk of neuroimaging, ophthalmic, and auditory abnormalities. The study also identified a significant risk of premature birth (10.5%), low birth weight, and being small for gestational age (16.2%). Less well-known is the risk of sexual transmission of the virus by infected men, as potentially infectious virus particles can be present in their semen for at least two months. It is therefore crucial for infected men, particularly those planning to start a family, to be informed of this risk and advised on preventive measures to avoid transmitting the virus to women for at least three months, in accordance with U.S. CDC guidelines. Testing the Virus: Given the harmful effects of the virus, it is alarming that the Pune-based ICMR lab only increased testing efforts after news broke about the Pune Municipal Corporation’s plans to send samples to a government medical college to reduce testing delays. As Kerala recently showed during the Nipah virus outbreak, and as Gujarat experienced with the ongoing Chandipura virus outbreak and acute encephalitis syndrome cases, it is becoming increasingly crucial for states to develop the capacity for high-quality testing and sequencing of viruses that cause frequent and deadly outbreaks. Reducing the lead time to test results from the moment a suspected case is observed is key to implementing timely public health responses that can limit virus spread and prevent an outbreak. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the benefits of decentralized testing and sequencing, and this approach should be replicated for every pathogen that causes deadly outbreaks.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 August 2024

CONTENTS World Biofuel Day Madras High Court Raises Concerns Over Sole Reliance on DNA Evidence Warning Issued for Potential Mega Earthquake in Japan Unprecedented Deep-Winter Heatwave Strikes Antarctica NEOWISE Telescope Grain ATM World Biofuel Day Context: World Biofuel Day, observed on August 10, 2024, serves as an important occasion to promote non-fossil fuel energy solutions, highlighting biofuels as sustainable alternatives. This day also underscores significant government efforts to support the biofuel industry. Additionally, the commemoration honors a pivotal moment in history: the successful operation of an engine using peanut oil by Sir Rudolf Diesel on August 9, 1893, marking a landmark achievement in the development of biofuels. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Biofuel Most Common Biofuels Environmental and Economic Significance Challenges and Considerations Biofuel: Biofuel is a type of fuel produced from biomass within a relatively short timeframe, in contrast to the slow natural processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels like oil. Biomass refers to organic materials, primarily derived from plants and animals, which can be used as a source of energy. Generations of Biofuel: First Generation: First-generation biofuels are produced from consumable food items that contain starch (e.g., rice and wheat) or sugar (e.g., beets and sugarcane) for bioalcohols, as well as vegetable oils for biodiesel. These biofuels are primarily derived from crops that are traditionally considered food sources. Second Generation: Second-generation biofuels are mainly obtained from non-food feedstocks, such as agricultural residues, forest biomass, and industrial waste, as well as used vegetable oils. This generation of biofuels focuses on using non-food sources to avoid competition with food production. Third Generation: Third-generation biofuels, often referred to as “algae fuel,” are derived from algae and can take the form of both biodiesel and bioalcohols. Algae-based biofuels are seen as a more sustainable and efficient source of bioenergy. Fourth Generation: Fourth-generation biofuels are also produced from non-arable land, similar to third-generation biofuels. However, unlike third-generation biofuels, fourth-generation biofuels do not require the destruction of biomass, making them more environmentally friendly and sustainable. Most Common Biofuels: Ethanol and Biodiesel: Main biofuels where ethanol is derived from crop residues like corn and sugarcane, and biodiesel is made from recycled oils and fats. Production Methods: Ethanol: Fermentation followed by blending with petroleum to make fuels like Ethanol-10. Biodiesel: Produced by reacting fats or oils with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. Environmental and Economic Significance Sustainability: Biofuels reduce reliance on fossil fuels, cutting greenhouse gas emissions and promoting waste management. Energy Security: They offer an alternative to imported oil, potentially reducing India’s substantial oil import costs. Agricultural Impact: Supports farmers by providing a market for surplus crops and waste products. Challenges and Considerations Resource Intensive: High water requirement for ethanol production, particularly from sugar (around 2,860 liters of water per liter of ethanol). Feedstock Variability: Costs and availability of biofuel sources can vary significantly due to environmental and market factors. Complex Production Processes: Involves steps like pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation, each impacting the overall efficiency and yield. Infrastructure Needs: Biofuel use requires specific handling and storage facilities due to corrosive properties of substances like ethanol. Vehicle Adaptation: Modifications necessary for vehicles to run efficiently on biofuel blends. Energy Density Concerns: Ethanol has a lower energy density compared to gasoline, necessitating greater volumes for equivalent energy output. -Source: Indian Express Madras High Court Raises Concerns Over Sole Reliance on DNA Evidence Context: The Madras High Court, in a recent decision from June 2024, overturned a conviction under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, bringing to the forefront the ongoing debate about the reliability of DNA profiling in legal settings. The court’s ruling emphasized the importance of not solely depending on DNA evidence for securing convictions and underscored the necessity for additional corroborative evidence to ensure fairness and accuracy in the judicial process. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Overview of DNA Profiling Legal Applications of DNA Profiling Limitations of DNA Profiling Overview of DNA Profiling Definition: DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, is the process of identifying individuals by examining specific areas of their DNA. Despite the fact that human DNA is overwhelmingly similar (99.9% identical), the critical 0.1% comprises Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), essential for forensic analysis. DNA Structure: DNA, the hereditary material, is located within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells, forming a double helix configuration. Chromosomal Arrangement: It is segmented into 23 chromosome pairs, received equally from each parent, encoding genetic data through sequences of nucleotides—Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C). Sample Collection: DNA is harvested from biological substances like blood, saliva, and semen to create profiles. ‘Touch DNA’ collected from physical contacts often provides insufficient material for effective profiling due to possible contamination. Profiling Focus: The process emphasizes specific DNA segments known as genetic markers, predominantly STRs, notable for their distinctness among individuals except in identical twins. DNA Profiling Methodology Extraction: DNA is isolated from collected biological specimens. Purification: The extracted DNA is purified to remove any contaminants and its concentration measured. Amplification: Specific genetic markers are replicated to produce adequate DNA quantities for detailed analysis. Analysis: The unique sequences within the DNA markers are identified. Comparison: DNA profiles are compared to determine a potential match by evaluating the probability of similarity. Special Considerations in DNA Profiling Degraded Samples: For samples that are environmentally compromised, miniSTRs, which are more resistant to degradation, are utilized. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is also employed for maternal lineage tracing when nuclear DNA is inadequate. Legal Applications of DNA Profiling Forensic Analysis: DNA profiles derived from crime scene evidence are matched against known references to determine three possible outcomes: Match: Profiles that are identical suggest a single source. Exclusion: Differing profiles imply different origins. Inconclusive Results: Sometimes, the data does not yield clear conclusions. Statistical Analysis: Matches do not definitively establish identity but provide a statistical likelihood, expressed as a “random occurrence ratio,” which estimates the frequency of the DNA profile within the general population. Legal Implications: As emphasized by the Madras High Court and the Law Commission of India, a DNA match alone is insufficient for conclusively proving identity or guilt beyond a reasonable doubt due to the potential commonality of DNA profiles within the broader population. Limitations of DNA Profiling Environmental Vulnerability: DNA samples can degrade due to environmental factors, resulting in incomplete profiles. Analytical Techniques: Methods like miniSTRs and mtDNA are alternatives for compromised samples, yet they have inherent limitations. Process Complexity: The precision required in DNA profiling means that contamination, mishandling, or procedural delays can undermine the accuracy of results. Cost Concerns: The high cost of DNA analysis can restrict its availability and application. Judicial Consideration: DNA evidence, while powerful, is not foolproof and must be evaluated alongside additional evidence to ensure equitable legal judgments. Legal Framework Gaps: Current laws acknowledge the use of DNA in legal settings but do not provide a thorough regulatory basis. DNA Regulation Legislation DNA Technology Regulation Bill, 2019: This bill, which has been presented multiple times in Parliament, seeks to refine the regulatory context for DNA technology. It has sparked debate regarding the accuracy of DNA techniques, privacy concerns, and the potential for misuse. -Source: The Hindu Warning Issued for Potential Mega Earthquake in Japan Context: Following a recent 7.1 magnitude earthquake in southern Japan, the nation’s meteorological agency has issued a significant warning about the increased likelihood of a “mega earthquake.” Earthquakes that reach a magnitude of 8 or higher on the Richter scale are classified as megaquakes. This announcement underscores the urgent need for preparedness in the face of potentially catastrophic seismic activity, marking a critical moment in Japan’s ongoing efforts to manage and mitigate earthquake risks. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Current Seismic Concerns in Japan Earthquake Earthquake Waves Earthquake zones of India Measurement of earthquakes About the Ring of Fire Current Seismic Concerns in Japan Frequent Seismic Activity: Japan routinely experiences around 1,500 earthquakes each year, most of which are minor and result in little to no damage. Historic Disasters: Notable exceptions include the catastrophic 9.0 magnitude earthquake in 2011, which led to a devastating tsunami and nuclear disaster, claiming over 18,000 lives on the northeast coast. The Nankai Trough Threat Geographical Significance: The Nankai Trough, located off Japan’s southwest Pacific coast, stretches approximately 900 kilometers (600 miles). Tectonic Dynamics: It is formed by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate, leading to significant tectonic tension. Historical Context: The strain along the trough has historically resulted in major seismic events, such as the second largest earthquake recorded in Japan in 1707, which was triggered by a complete rupture along the trough. Risk of Megaquake: Accumulated tectonic strains could potentially set off a massive earthquake, estimated to occur roughly every 100 to 150 years. Probability of Occurrence: Experts predict a 70% to 80% chance of a magnitude 8 or 9 earthquake occurring along the Nankai Trough within the next three decades. Earthquake An earthquake is shaking of the earth. It is a natural event. It is caused due to release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions. The release of energy occurs along a fault. Rocks along a fault tend to move in opposite directions. This causes a release of energy, and the energy waves travel in all directions. The point where the energy is released is called the focus of an earthquake, alternatively, it is called the hypocentre. The point on the surface, nearest to the focus, is called epicentre. It is the first one to experience the waves. It is a point directly above the focus. Earthquake Waves All-natural earthquakes take place in the lithosphere. Earthquake waves are basically of two types body waves and surface waves. Body Waves Body waves are generated due to the release of energy at the focus and move in all directions travelling through the body of the earth. There are 2 types of body waves and they are, Primary waves [P] and Secondary [S] waves Primary waves [P]:  Primary waves are the first to appear on the surface and hence the name P waves. P-waves vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave. This exerts pressure on the material in the direction of the propagation P waves can travel through gaseous, liquid and solid materials. Secondary waves [S]:  Secondary waves or S waves appear after P waves.  The direction of vibrations of S-waves is perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane. Hence, they create troughs and crests in the material through which they pass Surface waves The body waves interact with the surface rocks and generate new set of waves called surface waves. These waves move along the surface. The velocity of waves changes as they travel through materials with different densities. The denser the material, the higher is the velocity. Their direction also changes as they reflect or refract when coming across materials with different densities. Surface waves are considered to be the most damaging waves. Earthquake zones of India The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that the Indian plate is driving into Asia at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year. Geographical statistics of India show that more than 50% of the land is vulnerable to earthquakes. The latest version of seismic zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 and 5). Zones of Seismicity Zone 1: Currently the Division does not include a Zone 1. NO area of India is classed as Zone 1. Zone 2: This region is liable to MSK VI or less and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone. Zone 3: This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII. Zone 4: This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII. Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, the parts of Indo-Gangetic plains (North Punjab, Chandigarh, Western Uttar Pradesh, Terai, North Bengal, Sundarbans) and the capital of the country Delhi fall in Zone 4. Zone 5: Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risks zone that suffers earthquakes of intensity MSK IX or greater. The region of Kashmir, the Western and Central Himalayas, North and Middle Bihar, the North-East Indian region, the Rann of Kutch and the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands fall in this zone. Measurement of earthquakes The earthquake events are scaled either according to the magnitude or intensity of the shock. Richter scale – The magnitude scale is known as the Richter scale. The magnitude relates to the energy released during the quake. The magnitude is expressed in absolute numbers, 0-10. Mercalli scale – The intensity scale is named after Mercalli, an Italian seismologist. The intensity scale takes into account the visible damage caused by the event. The range of intensity scale is from 1-12. Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale – This is a macroseismic intensity scale used to evaluate the severity of ground shaking on the basis of observed effects in an area of the earthquake occurrence. About the Ring of Fire Many volcanoes in the Ring of Fire were created through a process of subduction. And most of the planet’s subduction zones happen to be located in the Ring of Fire It is a string of at least 450 active and dormant volcanoes that form a semi-circle, or horse shoe, around the Philippine Sea plate, the Pacific Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate. There is a lot of seismic activity in the area. 90 per cent of all earthquakes strike within the Ring of Fire -Source: The Hindu Unprecedented Deep-Winter Heatwave Strikes Antarctica Context: Antarctica has been experiencing an extraordinary deep-winter heatwave, marking a significant climatic event with record-breaking temperatures for the second time in two years. Since mid-July 2024, ground temperatures in the region have surged, averaging 10 degrees Celsius above normal, with some localities witnessing increases of up to 28 degrees Celsius. This unusual warming during what is typically the coldest time of the year highlights ongoing changes in global climate patterns and raises concerns about their profound impacts on polar ecosystems. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Causes of Deep-Winter Heat Waves in Antarctica Consequences of Heat Waves in Antarctica Causes of Deep-Winter Heat Waves in Antarctica: Polar Vortex Dynamics: The polar vortex, a large area of low pressure surrounding the poles, experiences a weakening in summer and strengthening in winter. Its disruption by atmospheric waves allows warm air to descend and cold air to escape, raising regional temperatures. Decline in Sea Ice: Antarctic sea ice is at record low levels, diminishing its role as a reflective barrier and contributing to global temperature rises. Rate of Warming: Antarctica’s warming rate is nearly double the global average, significantly influenced by human-induced climate change. Southern Ocean’s Role: Increased heat absorption by the warming Southern Ocean, due to less sea ice, creates a feedback loop that escalates local and global temperatures and extreme weather risks. Consequences of Heat Waves in Antarctica: Ice Mass Loss Acceleration: Warming has significantly increased ice mass loss, with a notable rise compared to the 1980s and 1990s. Rising Sea Levels: A heat wave in March 2022 led to the collapse of a large ice section, underlining the potential rise in global sea levels that could displace millions living near coastlines. Ocean Circulation Impacts: Freshwater from melting ice is altering ocean salinity and density, slowing global circulation, reducing heat, carbon, and nutrient transport, and enhancing global warming. Ecosystem Disruption: Local ecosystems are destabilized due to temperature fluctuations and ice loss, impacting species reliant on stable ice conditions and triggering biodiversity declines. Albedo Effect Reduction: The loss of ice increases heat absorption by the earth’s surfaces, worsening the cycle of climate change. -Source: Indian Express NEOWISE Telescope Context: Nasa’s Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE) has concluded its mission, marking the end of a journey spanned over a decade. Relevance: Facts for Prelims NEOWISE Telescope: Originally launched by NASA in 2009 as the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), it was intended for infrared astronomical observations, focusing on asteroids, stars, and distant galaxies. Its initial mission concluded in February 2011 after achieving its objectives. In December 2013, the telescope was reactivated from hibernation and repurposed under the NEOWISE project to study near-Earth objects (NEOs) and other celestial bodies. Adjustments and Discoveries: Orbital Adjustments: Initially orbiting at 310 miles, NEOWISE is currently positioned about 217 miles above Earth’s surface due to increased solar activity impacting its orbit. Scientific Achievements: During its initial mission, it identified over 158,000 minor planets, including 34,000 that were previously unknown. Impact of NEOWISE Data: Contributions to Astronomy: The data collected by NEOWISE has been critical in determining the quantity, trajectory, size, and composition of various asteroids within our solar system. Notable Discoveries: This included the first identification of an Earth Trojan asteroid, expanding our understanding of near-Earth objects. -Source: Indian Express Grain ATM Context: Recently, India’s first round-the-clock grain ATM was opened at Mancheswar in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Grain ATM Name and Development: Known as Annapurti Grain ATM, this device is a creation of the World Food Programme in India. Accessibility: The machine offers universal access to individuals holding a Public Distribution System ration card valid anywhere in India, enabling them to obtain their entitled grain portions. Functionality and Design Dispensing Capability: Annapurti can dispense up to 50 kilograms of grain in just five minutes and operates around the clock, thereby reducing wait times by approximately 70%. Technology: This automated system handles multiple commodities like rice, wheat, and other grains, available to users after biometric verification. Design Features: Featuring a modular design, Annapurti is adaptable to various spatial configurations and is energy-efficient. It can also integrate with solar panels for automatic refilling. Advantages of Annapurti Grain ATM Queue Reduction: It significantly cuts down the long lines typically seen at traditional grain distribution centers. Security and Accuracy: The system reduces theft and black marketing, ensures precise measurements, and minimizes potential fraud. Constant Availability: Provides 24/7 access to essential grains, dramatically enhancing convenience and reducing waiting times by 70%. -Source: Business Standards

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 August 2024

CONTENTS Exercise Udara Shakti Exercise Mitra Shakti Exercise Udara Shakti Context: Recently, the Indian Air Force and Royal Malaysian Air Force participated in Exercise Udara Shakti 2024. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Udara Shakti: Joint air exercise with the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF). Conducted at Kuantan, Malaysia. Objective: To enhance operational efficiency, with a focus on sharing maintenance practices between the air forces. Featured air combat missions involving IAF’s Su-30MKI and RMAF’s Su-30MKM fighter jets, aimed at improving interoperability, commonality, and effectiveness in aircraft operations. Sukhoi Su-30MKI It is a Multirole combat fighter aircraft. Jointly developed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) specifically for the Indian Air Force (IAF). Design Base: Derived from the Su-30 fighter aircraft. Features: Equipped with advanced thrust vectoring control and canards to enhance its maneuverability and combat capabilities. Exercise Mitra Shakti Context: The Indian Army and the Sri Lankan Army will kick off their joint exercise, “Mitra Shakti,” at Maduruoya in Sri Lanka’s Southern Province. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Mitra Shakti: A joint military exercise between the Indian Army and the Sri Lankan Army. The 10th edition of the exercise. 120 soldiers from the Indian Army’s Rajputana Rifles. Focus: Emphasizes joint operations in semi-urban environments, under the guidelines of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, focusing on peace and security threats. Goals: Enhance operational proficiency through skill and experience exchange, and prepare for contemporary security challenges like counter-terrorism and urban warfare. Significance: Strengthens defense ties and improves coordination, promoting interoperability and cooperation between the Indian and Sri Lankan armed forces.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 August 2024

CONTENTS Populism will not let Food Subsidy Reforms Take Off Implications of Upheaval in Bangladesh on its Trade Relations Relations with India Populism will not let Food Subsidy Reforms Take Off Context: In the Budget presented by Union Finance Minister on July 23, 2024, the government set the budget estimate (BE) for food subsidy in FY 2024-25 at Rs 205,250 crore, which aligns with the figure provided in the interim Budget. Over the last five years, the Central government’s expenditure on food subsidy has consistently exceeded Rs 200,000 crore each year: Rs 529,000 crore in 2020-21, Rs 372,000 crore in 2021-22, Rs 287,000 crore in 2022-23, Rs 211,394 crore in 2023-24, and Rs 205,250 crore (BE) in 2024-25. Relevance: GS3- Major Crops – Storage, Transport and Marketing of Agricultural Produce and Issues and Related Constraints Issues related to Direct and Indirect Farm Subsidies and Minimum Support Prices Public Distribution System – Objectives, Functioning, Limitations, Revamping Issues of Buffer Stocks and Food Security Mains Question: Over the last five years, the Central government’s expenditure on food subsidy has consistently exceeded Rs 200,000 crore each year. In this context, discuss the challenges associated with India’s food subsidy system and suggest a way forward strategy to deal with them. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Analysing the Estimate: Although budget estimate (BE) for food subsidy is slightly less than the revised estimate (RE) of Rs 211,394 crore for FY 2023-24, it offers little reassurance, as the RE for any financial year often exceeds the BE. For instance, while presenting the budget for FY 2023-24, the Finance Minister had initially allocated Rs 197,000 crore for food subsidy. However, the RE ended up being Rs 14,394 crore higher. For FY 2024-25, food subsidy will constitute 4.2 percent of the total budget (Rs 4,820,000 crore), 5.5 percent of revenue expenditure (Rs 3,709,000 crore), and nearly 8 percent of the estimated net tax receipts (Rs 2,583,000 crore). Controlling the Food Subsidy Expenditure: Controlling food subsidy expenditure is as crucial as achieving its primary objective, which is to ensure ‘food security.’ An unchecked increase in food subsidy can lead to an unsustainable rise in the fiscal deficit (the gap between total receipts and total expenditure), potentially harming the economy through high inflation, increased interest rates, slower growth, fewer jobs, and lower incomes. This could create a demand for more financial assistance, including food subsidies, thereby worsening the cycle. There is significant potential to reduce food subsidies. To evaluate this, it’s essential to first understand how the subsidy is administered. How is the Subsidy Administered? Under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY), the Centre directs the Food Corporation of India (FCI) and other state agencies to procure food from farmers at the minimum support price (MSP) and distribute it for free to approximately 820 million people. The entire cost, which includes the MSP paid to farmers along with handling and distribution costs (HDC), is reimbursed to the FCI and other state agencies as a subsidy. This funding comes from the Union Budget’s allocation for ‘food subsidy.’ The PMGKAY has been in place since January 1, 2023, but before that, the Centre provided food to 820 million people (7 kg of cereals per person per month for 120 million of the poorest individuals under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana or AAY families, and 5 kg per person per month for the remaining 700 million) at highly subsidized rates of Rs 2/3/1 per kg for wheat/rice/coarse cereals under the National Food Security Act (NFSA). Additionally, from April 2020, the government distributed 5 kg of food per person per month for free to all 820 million beneficiaries under PMGKAY to mitigate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Starting January 1, 2023, the free component of PMGKAY was merged with the regular food security programs under NFSA. Now, under the new version of the NFSA, food is available for free to all 820 million beneficiaries through PMGKAY. This arrangement will continue for five years until the end of 2028, as announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in November 2023. Potential Savings in Subsidy: Fundamentally, subsidized food is intended for the poor, who constitute no more than 15-20 percent of India’s population. However, the PMGKAY currently covers 820 million beneficiaries, which accounts for nearly 59 percent of the population. According to the Shanta Kumar Committee (2015), the number of people eligible for subsidized food under NFSA should not exceed 40 percent of the population. This excess coverage of 19 percent translates to around 270 million individuals. Additionally, according to a recent Niti Aayog report, 250 million people have risen out of poverty during the last nine-and-a-half years under the current government. These individuals could be removed from the list of beneficiaries. A rough calculation shows that providing free food to one million people requires a subsidy of Rs 200 crore annually. Excluding 250 million people could save Rs 50,000 crore. The current list of 820 million beneficiaries is based on the 2011 Census, but the Supreme Court (SC) has directed the Centre to consider the population as of 2021. On this basis, an additional 100 million people may need to be provided with free food. That would cost Rs 20,000 crore, but even after accounting for this, the government could still save Rs 30,000 crore annually. Associated Concerns: Should Every Beneficiary Receive Free Food? The Shanta Kumar Committee recommended that non-AAY beneficiaries should pay 50 percent of the MSP. Other than AAY beneficiaries, there are 700 million people. Subtracting the 250 million who shouldn’t receive a subsidy and adding 100 million as per the Supreme Court’s order, we have 550 million people. Charging them 50 percent of the MSP, or Rs 11.4 per kg (for wheat), would result in annual savings of Rs 37,600 crore. The NFSA legislation, enacted in 2013, required beneficiaries to pay Rs 2/3/1 per kg for wheat/rice/coarse cereals, with these rates frozen for three years. Since 2016, there has been no legal restriction on increasing these prices. However, rather than raising the prices, the government reduced them to zero. Are all 820 million beneficiaries so impoverished that they can’t afford even a fraction of the cost (Rs 2 per kg of wheat is only 1/15th of the actual cost)? Even charging a nominal Rs 1 per kg could save Rs 5,000 crore annually. ‘Open-Ended’ Procurement System: Fourth, the original intent of the scheme was for FCI and other agencies to purchase only the quantities needed to meet beneficiaries’ requirements under NFSA, plus maintain a ‘strategic’ buffer for emergencies. It was never intended to be an ‘open-ended’ procurement system, which it has become today. This approach has contributed to unnecessary increases in subsidies and storage issues. Avoiding open-ended purchases could result in significant savings. Other Issues: Currently, FCI and state agencies are reimbursed for handling and distribution costs (HDC) on an ‘actual’ basis, which allows for inefficiencies and cost padding. The stories of loaders receiving exorbitant salaries from FCI are still fresh in memory. Switching from ‘actual’ to ‘normative’ reimbursement could save a substantial amount in subsidies. The availability of around 60 million tons of food (the quantity distributed under PMGKAY) in the supply chain at zero cost is an open invitation for dubious operators to divert and sell it on the open market for profit. The PDS scam in West Bengal, involving the diversion of subsidized food grains worth tens of thousands of crores, currently under investigation by central agencies, is a prime example. This could be curbed by providing the subsidy directly to beneficiaries through the DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) system. Conclusion: The potential for reducing food subsidies is vast. The government can implement any of these measures or all of them, depending on the level of savings it aims to achieve. However, under the current political climate, the government is unlikely to take even a small step like charging a nominal price of Rs 1 per kg. Implications of Upheaval in Bangladesh on its Trade Relations Relations with India Context: Since Sheikh Hasina assumed office as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 2009, the country has emerged as a crucial ally of India. Her leadership has brought about substantial progress in bilateral relations, particularly in areas such as infrastructure development, connectivity, and trade. However, the recent political turmoil in Bangladesh has sparked concerns regarding the future of this vital partnership. Relevance: GS2- India and its Neighborhood- Relations Mains Question: The sudden turn of events in Bangladesh have raised concerns about the potential impact on trade, economic stability, and the broader geopolitical dynamics in the context of India- Bangladesh ties. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Political Crisis in Bangladesh: On January 8, 2024, Sheikh Hasina announced that her top priority for the next five years would be to boost Bangladesh’s economy. Despite these ambitions, by August 2024, the country was gripped by widespread and violent protests over a quota system for government jobs, which triggered a severe domestic political crisis. As the situation worsened, Sheikh Hasina stepped down from her position and sought refuge in India, raising serious questions about Bangladesh’s stability and the potential repercussions for Indo-Bangladesh relations. The Evolution of Indo-Bangladesh Relations: Over the past decade, India and Bangladesh have cultivated a robust economic partnership, with infrastructure and connectivity projects serving as the cornerstone of their relationship. Since 2016, India has provided Bangladesh with $8 billion in credit to support the development of critical infrastructure, including roadways, railways, shipping routes, and ports. These investments have been pivotal in enhancing connectivity and fostering closer ties between the two nations. In addition to infrastructure, the two countries have collaborated in various sectors, including medical tourism, business expansion, and the international garment trade. Bangladesh, a significant player in the global garment industry, depends heavily on cotton imports from India to sustain its production. The textile and garment sectors are especially important, accounting for 56% of Bangladesh’s total exports to India, underscoring the country’s role as a key trading partner in South Asia. The financial year 2023-24 saw bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh reach an impressive $13 billion, as reported by the Union Ministry of Commerce. This figure highlights the deep economic integration between the two countries and the mutual benefits derived from their close cooperation. However, the recent political instability in Bangladesh could pose a threat to this flourishing partnership, raising concerns about the future trajectory of Indo-Bangladesh relations.  As the situation unfolds, both nations will need to navigate these challenges carefully to preserve the gains made over the past decade and ensure continued collaboration in the years to come. The Impact on Trade: Under Sheikh Hasina’s leadership, trade between India and Bangladesh experienced significant growth, resulting in a substantial trade surplus for India. However, the ongoing political unrest in Bangladesh poses a serious threat to this economic partnership. The civil disturbances and deteriorating economic conditions have raised security concerns that could disrupt Indian exports, commercial activities, and infrastructure projects in Bangladesh. One of the major challenges lies in the area of bilateral trade. After reaching $12.21 billion in 2022-23, India’s exports to Bangladesh declined to $11 billion in 2023-24. Similarly, Bangladesh’s imports from India decreased from $2 billion in the previous fiscal year to $1.84 billion in the most recent year. Indian exporters are increasingly worried about the instability in Bangladesh, fearing that the ongoing crisis could have a detrimental effect on commerce between the two countries. A critical issue contributing to these trade disruptions is the severe dollar shortage in Bangladesh. According to the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), this scarcity has already significantly limited Bangladesh’s ability to import goods, particularly from India. The reduced availability of foreign currency is straining the country’s capacity to meet its import needs, which in turn is affecting trade volumes between the two nations. Uncertainty Surrounding the Free Trade Agreement: In October 2023, India and Bangladesh explored the possibility of a free trade agreement (FTA) during a Joint Working Group (JWG) on Trade meeting held in Dhaka. An FTA could simplify regulations, encourage investment, and boost commerce by potentially removing customs tariffs, thereby enhancing trade between the two countries. According to a 2012 World Bank working paper, a full-product FTA could increase Bangladesh’s exports to India by as much as 182%, while a partial FTA might still achieve a 134% growth. Such an agreement would not only bolster Bangladesh’s trade and transport infrastructure but also significantly strengthen its commercial links, leading to a considerable rise in exports. However, the current political crisis has cast a shadow of uncertainty over the future of these FTA discussions. With Sheikh Hasina’s resignation, the momentum behind the FTA may slow down or even come to a halt. This could stall the expansion of trade and commerce between the two nations, particularly in new and emerging sectors. The potential benefits of the FTA, such as increased market access, reduced trade barriers, and enhanced economic cooperation, now hang in the balance as both countries navigate the uncertainties brought on by Bangladesh’s internal turmoil. The political instability in Bangladesh thus presents a dual challenge: not only does it threaten the immediate trade relations between India and Bangladesh, but it also puts at risk long-term strategic initiatives like the FTA that could have greatly benefited both economies. The outcome of this crisis will be crucial in determining the future trajectory of Indo-Bangladesh economic relations. Challenges for the Textile and Garment Industry: The ongoing political crisis in Bangladesh threatens to severely impact several key sectors, with the textile and garment industry being one of the most vulnerable. In the fiscal year 2021-2022, Bangladesh exported garments worth $42.613 billion, establishing itself as the second-largest apparel exporter in the world. However, recent incidents, including the burning of factories, have cast a shadow over the future of this critical industry. Many of these textile units are owned by traders with ties to the Awami League Party, making them prime targets amidst the current political unrest. The disruption in Bangladesh’s garment sector could have far-reaching consequences, not just for the country but also for global supply chains. The instability is creating uncertainty for international buyers who rely on Bangladesh’s vast garment manufacturing capabilities. This could lead to delays, cancellations, and a loss of confidence among global retailers who have long depended on Bangladesh for affordable and high-quality apparel. India, with its robust textile and garment industry, could potentially step in to fill the gap left by Bangladesh. As a neighboring country with a well-established manufacturing base, India is well-positioned to supply garments to developed economies if Bangladesh’s production falters. However, there are significant challenges to this shift. Bangladesh enjoys the benefits of being classified as a Least Developed Country (LDC), which allows its exports to enter many markets with zero-duty advantages. In contrast, Indian goods often face tariff barriers, making them less competitive in the global market. If the political situation in Bangladesh leads to prolonged border closures or the suspension of duty-free export-import activities, there could be an increased demand for Indian garments. However, the complexities of global trade mean that any shift in demand may not be immediate or straightforward. Indian exporters would need to navigate tariff barriers, establish new supply chains, and possibly adjust pricing strategies to remain competitive in markets that have been dominated by Bangladesh. Moreover, while India could benefit from increased demand in the short term, the long-term implications are uncertain. The instability in Bangladesh could also lead to shifts in global sourcing strategies, with buyers diversifying their supplier base to reduce dependence on any single country. This could create opportunities for other garment-producing nations as well, further complicating the landscape for Indian exporters. Conclusion: While there is potential for India to capitalize on the disruptions in Bangladesh’s textile and garment industry, the situation remains fluid. The advantages that Bangladesh currently enjoys as an LDC, coupled with the uncertainties surrounding the crisis, make it difficult to predict the exact opportunities and gains that might emerge. The coming months will be crucial in determining how the textile and garment industry in South Asia evolves in response to these challenges.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 August 2024

CONTENTS India Names Underwater Structures in the Indian Ocean Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme Great Barrier Reef Clean Plant Programme Allegations of Conflict of Interest at SEBI Amid Adani Investigation Ceropegia Shivrayiana Hoverflies India Names Underwater Structures in the Indian Ocean Context: India has recently named three significant underwater structures in the Indian Ocean as Ashoka, Chandragupt, and Kalpataru. These names reflect the nation’s expanding role in marine science and its dedication to exploring and understanding this crucial body of water. The proposal for these names came from India and received approval from the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), highlighting a collaborative effort in maritime naming and research. This move underscores India’s strategic interest and active participation in oceanographic studies. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Underwater Structures Related to the Indian Southern Ocean Research Programme: Historical Figures – Ashoka and Chandragupta Maurya: International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Underwater Structures Related to the Indian Southern Ocean Research Programme: Initiation and Oversight: Launched in 2004, this research is coordinated by the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR). Research Focus: It investigates bio-geochemistry, biodiversity, and hydrodynamics among other oceanic phenomena. Structure Names: A total of seven underwater structures, including recent additions in the Indian Ocean, bear names predominantly derived from notable Indian scientists or other names suggested by India. Previously Identified Structures: Raman Ridge: Identified in 1951 by a US oil vessel and recognized in 1992, this ridge honors Physicist and Nobel Laureate Sir CV Raman. Panikkar Seamount: Discovered by the research vessel Sagar Kanya in 1992 and named in 1993, this feature is dedicated to NK Panikkar, a distinguished oceanographer. Sagar Kanya Seamount: Named following its discovery during the 22nd cruise of the research vessel Sagar Kanya in 1986. DN Wadia Guyot: Named in 1993 after geologist DN Wadia following its discovery in 1992. Recently Designated Structures: Ashoka Seamount: Found in 2012 and mapped as an oval structure covering about 180 sq km, this was identified with assistance from the Russian vessel Akademik Nikolay Strakhov. Kalpataru Ridge: Discovered in 2012, this ridge spans approximately 430 sq km and is recognized for its potential contribution to marine biodiversity. Chandragupt Ridge: A long structure covering 675 sq km, discovered in 2020 by the Indian research vessel MGS Sagar. Historical Figures – Ashoka and Chandragupta Maurya: Chandragupta Maurya (350–295 BCE): Founder of the Maurya dynasty, he established a vast empire based in Magadha, utilizing strategic guidance from his advisor Chanakya (Kautilya) to overthrow the Nandas. Later, he renounced his throne to follow Jain teachings under Bhadrabahu. Ashoka: Known as the third monarch of the Mauryan dynasty, ruling around 269 BC, Ashoka is celebrated for his propagation of Dhamma and the expansion of Buddhism. His reign is distinctly marked by his edicts engraved on rocks and pillars, identifying him as Priyadasi and Devanampiya. International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Established in 1921, the IHO serves as an intergovernmental body focusing on improving navigation safety and marine environmental protection. India is an active member of the IHO, contributing to its various initiatives. Primary Objectives: Coordination: Oversees the activities of national hydrographic offices to ensure coherence and cooperation. Standardization: Aims for the highest uniformity in nautical charts and documents. Methodological Advancements: Promotes the use of reliable and efficient methods in hydrographic surveys. Scientific Progression: Advances the field of hydrography and descriptive oceanography techniques. UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) The IOC enhances global cooperation in marine sciences and supports developments in ocean observation, science, tsunami warnings, and promotes ocean literacy. With 150 member states including India (a member since 1946), the IOC plays a crucial role in forwarding UNESCO’s mission to foster science and its applications towards societal benefits. Coordinates the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), also known as the “Ocean Decade,” aiming to bolster ocean science and sustainability. -Source: Indian Express Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme Context: According to the Ministry of Rural Development, work demand under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) fell sharply in July 2024. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Implications of Reduced Demand for MGNREGS Work Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Implications of Reduced Demand for MGNREGS Work Overview of Trends: In July 2024, about 22.80 million individuals registered for work under MGNREGS, marking a 21.6% decrease from July 2023. This group represented 18.90 million households, showing a 19.5% annual reduction and a 28.4% drop from the previous month, June 2024. Geographical Variation: Notably, states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana observed lower work demand submissions in July 2024. Economic Growth Influence: A decline in MGNREGS work demand typically indicates improved employment opportunities elsewhere, correlating with robust economic performance. FY 2023-24 recorded a higher-than-expected economic growth of 8.2%. Global Economic Position: The IMF forecasts India to be the fastest-growing significant economy with projected growth rates of 7% for FY 2024-25 and 6.5% for 2025-26, surpassing global averages. Agricultural Factors: The monsoon season generally prompts a mass migration of rural workers back to agricultural activities, thus decreasing reliance on MGNREGS during good rainfall periods. In July 2024, abundant rains compensated for a prior 11% rainfall deficit experienced in June, further reducing the demand for MGNREGS-driven employment. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, MGNREGA, is an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the ‘right to work’. This act was passed in September 2005. It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. It covers all districts of India except the ones with 100% urban population. MGNREGA is to be implemented mainly by gram panchayats (GPs). The involvement of contractors is banned. Apart from providing economic security and creating rural assets, NREGA can help in protecting the environment, empowering rural women, reducing rural-urban migration and fostering social equity, among others. How MGNREGA came to be? In 1991, the P.V Narashima Rao government proposed a pilot scheme for generating employment in rural areas with the following goals: Employment Generation for agricultural labour during the lean season. Infrastructure Development Enhanced Food Security This scheme was called the Employment Assurance Scheme which later evolved into the MGNREGA after the merger with the Food for Work Programme in the early 2000s. Features of MGNREGA It gives a significant amount of control to the Gram Panchayats for managing public works, strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions. Gram Sabhas are free to accept or reject recommendations from Intermediate and District Panchayats. It incorporates accountability in its operational guidelines and ensures compliance and transparency at all levels. Objectives of MGNREGA Provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural unskilled labour Increase economic security Decrease migration of labour from rural to urban areas. -Source: Economic Times Great Barrier Reef Context: Ocean temperatures in the Great Barrier Reef hit their highest level in 400 years over the past decade. The reef suffered mass coral bleaching events between 2016 and 2024. Relevance: Environment and Ecology (Conservation of Environment and Ecology, Environmental Pollution and Degradation) Dimensions of the Article: Research Findings on Coral Reefs Great Barrier Reef About Coral Reefs Research Findings on Coral Reefs: Extent of Bleaching: Aerial assessments identified significant bleaching across two-thirds of over 300 reefs surveyed along Australia’s northeast coast, particularly in shallow water regions. Global Threat to Coral Reefs: Even with adherence to the Paris Agreement’s objectives, an estimated 70% to 90% of coral reefs worldwide remain at risk. Adaptation and Loss: Over the last 25 years, coral reefs have adapted to increasing temperatures by evolving more heat-resistant varieties. Despite these adaptations, there’s a looming threat of substantial decreases in both the diversity and the spatial extent of these crucial marine ecosystems. Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef, located in the Coral Sea (North-East Coast), off the coast of Queensland, Australia, is the world’s most extensive and spectacular coral reef ecosystem composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps which are tiny, soft-bodied organisms and their base which is a hard, protective limestone skeleton called a calicle, forms the structure of coral reefs. It was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. About Coral Reefs Indonesia has the largest coral reef area in the world and the Great Barrier Reef of the Queensland coast of Australia is the largest aggregation of coral reefs. India, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Chagos have the maximum coral reefs in South Asia. Coral Reefs protect humanity from natural calamities acting as a barrier, provide revenue and employment through tourism and recreation and also provide habitats for fishes, starfish and sea anemones. Coral blocks are used for buildings and road construction, the lime supplied by corals is used in cement industries and coral reefs may also be used in jewellery. India has four coral reef areas: Gulf of Mannar, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep islands Gulf of Kutch. Risks and threats to coral reefs Due to anthropogenic activities such as coastal development, destructive fishing methods and pollution from domestic and industrial sewage. Due to increased sedimentation, over-exploitation and recurring cyclones. Coral diseases such as black band and white band due to infectious microorganisms introduced by the human population that live on the coastal regions. -Source: The Hindu Clean Plant Programme Context: The Cabinet has approved the Clean Plant Programme (CPP), with an outlay of Rs 1,766 crore, under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH). Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Clean Plant Programme for Enhancing Horticulture Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) The Horticulture Sector in India: An Overview Clean Plant Programme for Enhancing Horticulture Under Prime Minister Modi’s leadership, the Union Cabinet sanctioned the Clean Plant Programme (CPP) with a financial commitment of Rs 1,766 crore. This initiative is designed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare to significantly advance the quality and productivity of India’s fruit crops. The programme was initially disclosed during the budget presentation by the Finance Minister in February 2023, highlighting its focus on addressing viral infections in horticultural crops to improve both yield and quality. Implementation Strategy: The National Horticulture Board, in collaboration with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), will oversee the execution of the CPP. Primary Components: Development of nine state-of-the-art Clean Plant Centres (CPCs) throughout India, featuring sophisticated diagnostic and tissue culture laboratories. Establishment of a stringent certification system as per the Seeds Act 1966. Additional Features: The CPP will extend substantial infrastructure support to large-scale nurseries to promote the efficient propagation of disease-free planting materials. Ensuring equitable access to these clean plant materials for all farmers, irrespective of their farm size or economic background, is a priority. The initiative will include active participation from women farmers in both planning and execution phases. Anticipated Benefits: Farmers, nurseries, and consumers are expected to benefit significantly from the program, potentially boosting India’s agricultural exports. The availability of virus-free, superior-quality planting materials is projected to enhance farm yields and increase agricultural income. The CPP aims to reinforce India’s stature as a prominent fruit exporter globally, building on a decade of substantial growth in horticultural exports, which now exceed Rs 50,000 crore. This programme is aligned with the Mission LiFE and One Health initiatives, advocating for sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices while diminishing reliance on imported planting resources. Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) Framework and Coverage: Initiated in 2014-15, MIDH is a centrally sponsored initiative aimed at fostering comprehensive growth in the horticulture sector. It encompasses a wide array of horticultural commodities including fruits, vegetables, root and tuber crops, as well as non-traditional categories such as mushrooms, spices, flowers, and certain cash crops like coconut, cashew, and cocoa. Support and Collaboration: MIDH offers technical guidance and administrative assistance to State Governments and State Horticulture Missions (SHMs) specifically for projects like the Saffron Mission and integrates with broader agricultural initiatives like the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) and the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). Goals and Objectives: The mission is dedicated to improving crop yields and quality through superior planting materials and advanced resource management techniques. It aims to mitigate post-harvest losses by enhancing infrastructure for storage, processing, and marketing to secure better returns for farmers. MIDH promotes sustainable agricultural practices, including organic farming and integrated pest management, to foster eco-friendly farming. The initiative includes extensive training and support for farmers to upgrade horticultural practices and boost economic outcomes. It seeks to reinforce the agricultural supply chain to ensure more robust market access both domestically and internationally. The Horticulture Sector in India: An Overview Scope and Contribution: Horticulture in India encompasses the cultivation of a vast array of produce including fruits, vegetables, spices, and ornamental as well as medicinal and aromatic plants. This sector contributes approximately 33% to the Agricultural Gross Value Added (AGVA) of the Indian economy, making India the second-largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally, next to China. Production Insights for 2023-24: The total horticultural output for the year is projected at 352.23 million tonnes, marking a slight decline of 0.91% from the previous year. Despite the overall decrease, there has been notable production growth in specific categories such as fruits, honey, flowers, and other plantation crops. Detailed figures include: Fruits: Estimated production of 112.63 million tonnes with increases observed in bananas, lime/lemon, mango, guava, and grapes. Vegetables: Production tallied at 204.96 million tonnes. Tomatoes: Recorded a production of 208.19 lakh tonnes, up by 1.93% from the previous year. -Source: Indian Express Allegations of Conflict of Interest at SEBI Amid Adani Investigation Context: Hindenburg Research has raised allegations suggesting that the chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Madhabi Puri Buch, held stakes in offshore companies allegedly involved in the Adani money syphoning scandal. This revelation comes at a time when Buch is tasked with investigating claims of malfeasance and stock price manipulation within the Adani group, initially flagged by Hindenburg Research 18 months ago. These developments have sparked concerns about potential conflicts of interest at the helm of India’s securities regulator, adding layers of complexity to the ongoing investigation into the Adani group. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Hindenburg Research 2023 Hindenburg Research Report on Adani Group SEBI’s Scrutiny of Adani Group Hindenburg Research’s Observations on SEBI Conflict of Interest Discussion Hindenburg Research Nature and Origin: Hindenburg Research is an investment research entity based in the U.S., established by Nathan Anderson in 2017. The organization draws its name from the infamous 1937 Hindenburg disaster, symbolizing its focus on uncovering man-made financial disasters. It specializes in forensic financial analysis, investigating accounting discrepancies, unethical business operations, and non-disclosed financial activities. Notable Investigations: Their scrutiny into Nikola, an electric vehicle manufacturer, resulted in a legal consequence where a U.S. jury imposed a $125 million fine on the company for misleading practices. 2023 Hindenburg Research Report on Adani Group Key Allegations: The report accuses Gautam Adani of inflating stock prices across seven listed companies, adding $100 billion to the group’s market valuation since 2020. It claims Gautam Adani’s brother, Rajesh Adani, despite previous arrests for forgery and tax fraud, ascended to the position of managing director. Allegations extend to another brother, Vinod Ambani, purportedly managing 37 shell companies integral to alleged money laundering operations. SEBI’s Scrutiny of Adani Group Progress and Controversy: SEBI’s probes into Adani Group’s financial dealings have been inconclusive. Reports emerged of Hindenburg Research sharing its findings with a New York-based hedge fund manager, which SEBI critiqued as potentially stifling legitimate queries about corruption. Hindenburg denied these allegations, asserting their independence. Supreme Court’s Stance: India’s Supreme Court declared that it wouldn’t interfere with SEBI’s jurisdiction concerning the Hindenburg allegations against Adani. Hindenburg Research’s Observations on SEBI Accusations Against SEBI Leadership: The report implicates SEBI Chief Madhabi Buch and her spouse, suggesting prior investments in offshore entities connected to Vinod Ambani, hinting at potential conflicts of interest that may affect impartial regulatory actions. Both Madhabi Buch and her husband countered these claims, maintaining their innocence and ethical integrity. Conflict of Interest Discussion Government and Public Response: Opposition demands underscore the urgency for the government to eradicate all potential conflicts of interest within SEBI’s operations concerning the Adani case. Conflicts of interest are flagged when personal benefits potentially skew professional judgment or decision-making. Strategies for Managing Conflicts of Interest: Proactive establishment of processes to handle potential conflicts, transparent disclosure, and comprehensive training for directors are advocated to maintain ethical governance. According to the Companies Act 2013, directors are obliged to avoid any situation that might lead to a direct or indirect conflict of interest, ensuring integrity and accountability in corporate governance. -Source: The Hindu Ceropegia Shivrayiana Context: Recently, a new flowering plant species from the ‘ceropegia’ genus has been discovered inside the Vishalgad premises in Maharashtra and named it as Ceropegia Shivrayiana. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Ceropegia Shivrayiana Overview Named in honor of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, this flowering plant species was found at the historic Vishalgad Fort. The plant features distinctive tubular flowers designed to attract moths for pollination. Thrives in rocky terrains and can grow in soils with low nutritional content. Part of the Asclepiadaceae family, which includes several medicinal plants with notable ecological benefits. Conservation Status: Threatened by habitat loss, making its conservation critical. Vishalgad Fort Insights Located in Vishalgad village, Kolhapur district, Maharashtra, this fort was a strategic asset of the Maratha Empire. Locally known as Khelna or Khilna, originally named Khilgil. Built in 1058 by Shilahara king Marsinh, it has been ruled by Seuna Yadavas, Allauddin Khilji of the Vijayanagar Empire, and later by the Adil Shahi dynasty. Captured by Shivaji in 1659, who renamed it ‘Vishalgad’. Notable Structures: Includes the revered Dargah of Hazrat Sayed Malik Rehan Meera Saheb and significant temples such as Amruteshwar Temple, Shri Nrusinha Temple, and Sati’s Vrindavan, making it a site of both historical and spiritual interest. -Source: Times of India Hoverflies Context: Three Kashmiri scientists recently discovered a new species of hoverfly that mimics the wasp in the high-altitude alpine forests. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Hoverflies Hoverflies, also known as ‘flower flies’ or ‘syrphid flies’, belong to a family comprising about 6,000 species within the Diptera order. These insects are known for their ability to hover around flowers, which is a trait reflected in their common names. Hoverflies are ubiquitous, inhabiting diverse environments from temperate to tropical regions. Despite their yellow markings that mimic wasps or bees, hoverflies are harmless as they do not bite or sting. They are uniquely identified by a single pair of wings. They possess a spurious vein that runs parallel to the fourth longitudinal wing vein, varying in size from small and elongated to large, hairy forms. Hoverflies typically exhibit a fly-like head structure, equipped with short antennae and pronounced bulbous eyes. Ecological Role of Hoverflies Pollination: Adult hoverflies contribute significantly to pollination through their consumption of nectar and pollen across various habitats. Pest Control: Hoverfly larvae play a crucial role in managing pest populations by preying on aphids, mites, and other small insects, which are known for their destructive impact on vegetation. Nutrient Cycling: Some hoverflies are also noted for their efficiency in recycling nutrients, further underscoring their ecological importance. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 August 2024

CONTENTS Kasturi Cotton Bharat Programme Nandini Sahakar Yojana Kasturi Cotton Bharat Programme Context: The Kasturi Cotton Bharat programme of the Ministry of Textiles is a pioneering effort in traceability, certification and branding of Indian cotton. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Intervention Kasturi Cotton Bharat Initiative: The Kasturi Cotton Bharat program, initiated by the Ministry of Textiles, is focused on improving the traceability, certification, and branding of Indian cotton. This initiative is a joint effort between the Government of India, specifically the Cotton Corporation of India, along with various trade organizations and industry stakeholders, to enhance the traceability and certification processes of cotton. A specialized microsite featuring QR code verification and a blockchain platform has been established to ensure comprehensive traceability and secure transaction certification. The program receives national-level funding and is promoted globally, rather than being restricted to specific states. Implementation and Impact: The initiative has successfully registered approximately 343 modernized ginning and pressing units, with 15 of these units located in Andhra Pradesh. Notably, about 100 cotton bales from Andhra Pradesh have achieved certification under the Kasturi Cotton Bharat brand. Cotton, a crucial agricultural commodity in India, accounts for 25% of the global cotton production and is often referred to as “White-Gold” due to its significant economic importance. It is ideally suited for growth in hot, sunny environments and diverse soil conditions, although it is prone to damage from waterlogging. Nandini Sahakar Yojana Context: Recently, the Minister of Cooperation informed the Rajya Sabha about the Nandini Sahakar Scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Intervention Nandini Sahakar Yojana: The Nandini Sahakar Yojana is designed to support women cooperatives in initiating business model-based activities under the oversight of the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC). The program centers on women, offering a structured approach to financial aid, project planning, mentoring, and enhancing capacities. Financial Framework: The scheme does not stipulate a minimum or maximum financial limit for projects undertaken by women’s cooperatives. Interest Subvention: Offers a 2% reduction on the interest rate for term loans on new and innovative initiatives and 1% on other activities, thereby reducing the cost of borrowing for women-led cooperatives. Eligibility Criteria: Cooperatives must be operational for at least three months to qualify for assistance, which is provided as credit linkage for infrastructure term loans. Eligible cooperatives must be officially registered as women cooperatives with at least 50% of membership comprising women, under any State or Central Act. Significance and Impact: Aims to uplift the socio-economic conditions of women by fostering entrepreneurial skills and financial independence through cooperatives. Enhances the capabilities of women’s enterprises by integrating essential components such as business planning, capacity building, credit facilities, and the benefits of other subsidy and interest subvention schemes.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 August 2024

CONTENTS Addressing Retail Inflation No Population Census — in the Dark Without Vital Data Addressing Retail Inflation Context: The RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has decided for the ninth consecutive meeting to maintain the benchmark interest rates, as it continues to address retail inflation that has remained above the medium-term target of 4% for 57 months, eroding consumer confidence. Relevance: GS3- Fiscal Policy Inclusive Growth Public Distribution System (PDS) Mains Question: What are the factors contributing to India’s elevated food inflation despite falling overall inflation? What can be done to effectively manage the rising food prices? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Consumer Food Price Inflation (CFPI): CFPI is a part of the larger Consumer Price Index (CPI), which the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) uses through the CPI-Combined (CPI-C). It tracks the price changes of a specific set of food items commonly consumed by households, such as cereals, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, meat, and other essential staples. Elevated Food Prices: RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das emphasized that complacency is not an option, given the persistent risks posed by elevated food prices to households’ inflation expectations and the credibility of broader monetary policy. He pointed out that high food prices not only slowed disinflation during the April-June quarter but also maintained their momentum into July, with key vegetable prices showing significant month-on-month increases according to high-frequency food price data. Specifically, Department of Consumer Affairs data indicated that tomato prices surged by 62% sequentially, onions became almost 23% more expensive than in June, and potato prices rose by 18%. With food prices accounting for about 46% of the overall Consumer Price Index, they cannot be ignored—not only for their impact on headline inflation but more importantly because consumers are most affected by the influence of food prices on their monthly household budgets. While not directly mentioned, he suggested that the proposal in the Economic Survey to consider removing food prices from the inflation-targeting framework is not a practical solution given the current circumstances. Factors Contributing to India’s Elevated Food Inflation Despite Falling Overall Inflation: Temperature and Weather Challenges: Adverse weather conditions, such as the prediction of a weak monsoon and heatwaves, have negatively impacted crop yields, especially for water-intensive crops like cereals, pulses, and sugar. This has led to supply shortages and higher domestic prices. Fuel Prices: The rising cost of fuel, which is a crucial input in agriculture, has significantly contributed to food inflation. Supply Chain Disruptions: Disruptions in the supply chain, caused by transportation constraints, labor shortages, and logistical challenges, have decreased the availability of food products, driving up prices. Global Impact: Although global food prices have decreased, India’s food prices remain high due to the limited transmission of international prices to domestic markets. The Russia-Ukraine war has further exacerbated this issue. While India is largely self-sufficient or an exporter for most agricultural commodities like cereals, sugar, dairy, fruits, and vegetables, it relies heavily on imports for edible oils (60% of consumption) and pulses, making these items more susceptible to global price fluctuations. Decisions Made: The MPC, with a 4-2 majority vote, decided to maintain interest rates and keep its policy stance focused on withdrawing accommodation to ensure inflation aligns with the target. The committee also raised its projection for headline retail inflation in the July-September quarter to 4.4%, which is 60 basis points higher than the 3.8% predicted in June. Additionally, the panel projected slightly higher inflation in the third fiscal quarter, increasing the estimate by 10 basis points to 4.7%, signaling that the near-term inflation outlook is less reassuring than it was two months ago. Mr. Das noted that in June, vegetable prices contributed about 35% to headline inflation, and the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) predicted that price pressures on vegetables would likely persist through the festive season until early November, adding to retail inflation. Conclusion: The MPC also suggested that core inflation may have bottomed out, highlighting risks from the spillover of food prices and the potential impact of mobile tariff revisions on broader non-food inflation. Policymakers emphasized that without ensuring sustained price stability, economic growth may remain fragile. No Population Census — in the Dark Without Vital Data Context: The Indian decadal Census has been delayed by over three years, raising significant concerns about the repercussions of not having this vital data. There is a widespread misconception among officials that the Census can be replaced with alternative methods of counting the population. However, the Census provides far more than just a population count. It collects a broad range of locational, familial, and individual data crucial for understanding the complete dynamics of a changing population. Relevance: GS1- Population and Associated Issues GS2- Government Policies & Interventions Mains Question: The Census is not limited to being a mere population count; it includes a wide range of crucial locational, familial and individual information. In this context, analyse the repercussions of a delay in census. (10 Marks, 150 words). Associated Issues: One of the primary issues with skipping the Census is the reliability of large-scale surveys, such as the National Family Health Survey and the Periodic Labour Force Survey, which are based on a Census framework that is now 15 years old. The past decade and a half has likely seen significant changes not only in population size and composition but also in areas such as education, occupation, employment, health (including the impact of COVID-19), and livelihoods. Delaying the Census, therefore, seems highly irresponsible, and considering alternatives to it is shortsighted. Moreover, there is growing demand for a caste Census, driven more by political motivations than by a genuine need for development planning. This demand highlights a limited understanding of the Census’s importance for refining strategies aimed at human welfare. Missing the 2021 Census is inexcusable, especially considering that a general election was held during the same period despite numerous uncertainties. The logistics required for a Census are comparable to those of an election, which suggests that the delay might be more about avoidance than logistical challenges. Without up-to-date Census data, evaluating the effectiveness of government schemes and programs will be misleading, as there will be no accurate baseline for comparison. The Urgency of Conducting a Population Census: The need for an immediate population Census is crucial, especially given India’s rapid demographic transition and the resulting demographic dividend. A Census is essential for accurately capturing changes in population structure, including familial arrangements, locational distribution, and occupational composition. Without a current Census, surveys become less reliable and representative, which undermines the generation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators. Consequently, any claims of progress based on these indicators may be questioned due to their statistical shortcomings. Accurate demographic data, as revealed by global population projections, are particularly important for large countries like India and China, where population dynamics significantly influence global trends. Relying on estimates based on outdated trends and projections is insufficient; the Census provides the necessary reality check for understanding these changes. Reducing the Census to merely a population count is a misunderstanding that must be corrected. In the context of the SDGs, there is a strong emphasis on generating a wide array of indicators, disaggregated to levels below the national average. These indicators require standardization based on detailed population data, segmented by age, sex, and other attributes. Without a recent Census, approximations or survey-based estimates are inadequate for representing the evolving realities of the population. The Caste Census Debate: While the urgency of conducting a population Census seems distant, political leaders are increasingly calling for a caste Census to further their agendas. A caste audit in India, especially when everything is portrayed as positive, seems misplaced. Historically, the Census included caste data in its early stages, but its discontinuation suggests there was a valid reason for this change. It’s important not to be misled into thinking that a caste audit is driven by a genuine desire to understand the inclusion of different caste groups. Instead, it is largely aimed at establishing differential entitlements by citing a lack of representation and deprivation. However, focusing solely on tangible assets is a limited way to assess deprivation, especially when there is no systematic evaluation of mobility in education and occupation, despite long-standing affirmative action. Conclusion: Delaying the Census may benefit the state, allowing it to claim progress based on numerical data without the proper denominator needed to calculate accurate indicators. The scientific community must advocate for the immediate resumption of the Census to dispel the illusion that surveys and other administrative statistics can replace it. This raises the key concern: is the Census simply delayed, or is there an intentional effort to avoid it altogether?

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 August 2024

CONTENTS RBI’s 50th MPC Meeting: Emphasizing Flexible Inflation Targeting New Transit-Oriented Development Plan for Major Indian Cities Himalayan Towns Need a Different Kind of Development Concerns Over New Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill 2024 First Information Report Homo Floresiensis Gout RBI’s 50th MPC Meeting: Emphasizing Flexible Inflation Targeting Context: The Reserve Bank of India’s 50th Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting has introduced significant updates regarding interest rates and broader economic policies. Marking the eighth anniversary of the flexible inflation targeting (FIT) framework, this milestone meeting focused on evaluating and enhancing measures designed to control inflation and improve economic efficiency. The emphasis on FIT highlights its central role in the country’s economic strategy and its impact on monetary policy decision-making. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key Decisions of the 50th Monetary Policy Committee Meeting Flexible Inflation Targeting Framework Instruments of Monetary Policy About Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) Key Decisions of the 50th Monetary Policy Committee Meeting The MPC has maintained the repo rate at 6.50% to manage inflation effectively and support economic growth. The Standing Deposit Facility Rate is held at 6.25%, and the Marginal Standing Facility and Bank Rate are both maintained at 6.75%, helping to manage the economy’s liquidity and borrowing costs. The committee continues to aim for a 4.0% inflation target, emphasizing the importance of controlling inflation while fostering economic growth. Global Economic Insights Global Economic Trends: There is consistent but varied growth worldwide, with manufacturing slowing and services remaining robust. Inflation Trends: A gradual reduction in inflation is noted globally, with the price of services remaining persistent. Monetary Policy Variations: Across the globe, monetary policies vary, with some central banks reducing rates and others increasing them. Challenges: Demographic changes, climate change, geopolitical tensions, rising public debt, and technological advancements like AI are driving uncertainties in global economic prospects. Domestic Economic Performance Economic Resilience: India’s economy shows resilience, buoyed by effective monsoon seasons and robust kharif crop production. Sector Performance: The manufacturing and service sectors are showing robust growth, evidenced by a rise in the Industrial Production Index. Consumer Spending: There is strong consumption growth driven by increased rural demand and sustained urban spending. Inflation Dynamics Headline inflation rose to 5.1% in June 2024, primarily due to rising food prices, while core inflation has moderated. Food costs significantly influence overall inflation, with vegetable prices notably impacting the Consumer Price Index. Food inflation is expected to remain high, although some relief may come from favorable weather conditions. Financial Market Stability Market Volatility: Global financial markets have shown volatility, impacted by economic downturns, geopolitical unrest, and shifting trade dynamics. Stability of Indian Markets: Despite global challenges, Indian financial markets remain stable, supported by solid macroeconomic fundamentals. Regulatory Updates and Digital Initiatives The RBI is setting up a public registry of digital lending apps to increase transparency and combat unauthorized practices, following discoveries of numerous illegal apps. UPI Enhancements: The transaction limit for UPI payments will increase from Rs 1 lakh to Rs 5 lakh to facilitate smoother tax payments, and new features will allow delegated payment capabilities, enhancing the utility for a broader user base. Cheque Processing Improvement: The RBI is moving to a ‘real-time settlement’ Cheque Truncation System to expedite cheque processing, aiming to clear cheques on the day of presentation to improve transaction efficiency. Flexible Inflation Targeting Framework Implementation Date: Launched in February 2015, the Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT) Framework is designed to maintain inflation around a 4% target, with a permissible range of ±2%, enabling occasional deviations to bolster economic growth. Collaborative Establishment: Formulated through a collaborative agreement between the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Ministry of Finance, this framework aims to balance inflation management with economic growth, based on insights from the Urjit Patel Committee Report. Objective of FIT: The primary goal is to solidify inflation expectations, thereby promoting macroeconomic stability and contributing to sustainable economic growth. Legislative Support: In 2016, an amendment to the RBI Act of 1934 was enacted to establish a formal monetary policy framework, mandating that the inflation targets be determined by the government in consultation with the RBI every five years. Framework Goals: The FIT is structured to enhance the transparency and predictability of monetary policy, which aids in improving the synergy between the RBI’s monetary policy operations and governmental economic strategies. Instruments of Monetary Policy There are several direct and indirect instruments that are used for implementing monetary policy. Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank provides overnight liquidity to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF). Reverse Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank absorbs liquidity, on an overnight basis, from banks against the collateral of eligible government securities under the LAF. Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF): The LAF consists of overnight as well as term repo auctions. Progressively, the Reserve Bank has increased the proportion of liquidity injected under fine-tuning variable rate repo auctions of range of tenors. The aim of term repo is to help develop the inter-bank term money market, which in turn can set market based benchmarks for pricing of loans and deposits, and hence improve transmission of monetary policy. The Reserve Bank also conducts variable interest rate reverse repo auctions, as necessitated under the market conditions. Marginal Standing Facility (MSF): A facility under which scheduled commercial banks can borrow additional amount of overnight money from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) portfolio up to a limit at a penal rate of interest. This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system. Corridor: The MSF rate and reverse repo rate determine the corridor for the daily movement in the weighted average call money rate. Bank Rate: It is the rate at which the Reserve Bank is ready to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers. The Bank Rate is published under Section 49 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. This rate has been aligned to the MSF rate and, therefore, changes automatically as and when the MSF rate changes alongside policy repo rate changes. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The average daily balance that a bank is required to maintain with the Reserve Bank as a share of such per cent of its Net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) that the Reserve Bank may notify from time to time in the Gazette of India. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): The share of NDTL that a bank is required to maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as, unencumbered government securities, cash and gold. Changes in SLR often influence the availability of resources in the banking system for lending to the private sector. Open Market Operations (OMOs): These include both, outright purchase and sale of government securities, for injection and absorption of durable liquidity, respectively. Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS): This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004. Surplus liquidity of a more enduring nature arising from large capital inflows is absorbed through sale of short-dated government securities and treasury bills. The cash so mobilised is held in a separate government account with the Reserve Bank. About Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is the body of the RBI, headed by the Governor, responsible for taking the important monetary policy decisions about setting the repo rate. Repo rate is ‘the policy instrument’ in monetary policy that helps to realize the set inflation target by the RBI (at present 4%). Membership of the MPC The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is formed under the RBI with six members. Three of the members are from the RBI while the other three members are appointed by the government. Members from the RBI are the Governor who is the chairman of the MPC, a Deputy Governor and one officer of the RBI. The government members are appointed by the Centre on the recommendations of a search-cum-selection committee which is to be headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Objectives of the MPC Monetary Policy was implemented with an initiative to provide reasonable price stability, high employment, and a faster economic growth rate. The major four objectives of the Monetary Policy are mentioned below: To stabilize the business cycle. To provide reasonable price stability. To provide faster economic growth. Exchange Rate Stability. -Source: Indian Express New Transit-Oriented Development Plan for Major Indian Cities Context: The union government has introduced a comprehensive transit-oriented development (TOD) plan targeting 14 large Indian cities, each with a population exceeding 30 lakh. This strategic initiative aims to transform these cities into dynamic “growth hubs” by integrating economic and transit planning with the structured development of peri-urban areas. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Benefits of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Components of TOD Challenges Associated with Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) TOD is a strategic urban planning approach that focuses on concentrating jobs, housing, and services around public transportation hubs. The goal is to foster environments that are pedestrian and cyclist-friendly, ensuring easy access to transit options. The strategy hinges on the synergistic relationship between economic growth, urban transportation, and land use, ensuring these elements are integrated efficiently for optimal urban development. Global Examples: Cities such as Stockholm, Copenhagen, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Singapore have effectively implemented TOD, demonstrating its viability and benefits. World Bank 3V Framework for TOD: Node Value: Measures the significance of transit stations based on traffic, connectivity, and central location within the transit network. Place Value: Assesses the attractiveness and quality of the environment surrounding transit stations. Market Potential Value: Evaluates the economic potential surrounding transit areas, considering aspects like job availability, housing density, and market dynamics. Benefits of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Enhanced Urban Density and Competitiveness: TOD promotes the clustering of jobs in compact areas, which heightens urban competitiveness. Boost in Economic Productivity: Studies indicate that doubling job density can elevate economic productivity by between 5% and 10%. Creation of Vibrant Urban Spaces: TOD strategically locates jobs, housing, and amenities near transit stations, fostering lively communities with excellent public spaces and reduced commute times. Synergy Between Urban Planning and Transit: There is a mutual reinforcement between dense urban development and efficient public transit. This density increases ridership, which in turn makes transit systems economically viable and supports the broader urban infrastructure. Attractive Neighborhoods and Increased Property Values: Proximity to transit hubs enhances neighborhood appeal and boosts property values. Funding Opportunities for Urban Development: The increased property values can be leveraged to fund transit improvements, affordable housing projects, and sustainable urban growth initiatives. Success Stories: Hong Kong: From 1980 to 2005, the TOD model in Hong Kong generated 140 billion Hong Kong Dollars and supported the development of 600,000 public housing units. Stockholm: The implementation of TOD along transit routes in Stockholm from 1993 to 2010 led to a 41% increase in economic value per person and a 35% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Affordable Housing Integration: By integrating affordable housing within new developments, the potential increase in property prices associated with TOD can be managed, ensuring access remains broad-based. Inclusivity and Accessibility: A well-implemented TOD strategy ensures that people of all income levels have access to essential services and employment opportunities. Reduction in Environmental Impact: By decreasing reliance on cars and shortening commutes, TOD significantly reduces carbon emissions and enhances overall urban sustainability. Disaster Resilient Development: Implementing TOD in areas less susceptible to natural hazards promotes safer, high-density living, which minimizes risk exposure. Components of TOD: Pedestrian-Centric Design: TOD prioritizes pedestrian-friendly environments where walking is a central element of the design. Mixed-Use Developments: Incorporates a diverse blend of uses including offices, residential areas, retail, and civic amenities within close proximity to each other. Transit System Integration: Includes comprehensive transit options like streetcars, light rail, and buses. Cycling and Scooting: Facilities are designed to accommodate bicycles and scooters as everyday transport modes. Reduced and Managed Parking: Parking is strategically reduced and confined to areas within a 10-minute walk from central transit hubs. Retail and Service Offerings: Transit stations offer specialized retail and service options catering to both commuters and local residents. Challenges Associated with Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Fragmented Authority and Planning: The presence of multiple municipal and state authorities with differing priorities often results in fragmented and inefficient TOD planning. This fragmentation is compounded by separate processes for land use and transportation planning, which frequently lead to misaligned goals. Sector Integration Failures: TOD planning frequently neglects the requirements of crucial sectors like agriculture, affecting the comprehensive development of TOD areas. Regulatory and Infrastructure Overloads: Inadequate or overly restrictive regulations can result in uneven development—either overdevelopment or underutilization of certain areas. This often leads to high-density developments that can overburden existing infrastructure, rendering parts of cities underdeveloped and poorly connected. Pedestrian and Transit Accessibility: Many Indian cities suffer from poorly designed pedestrian infrastructures, making access to transit stations difficult and unsafe. This challenge is crucial as pedestrian accessibility is a core component of effective TOD. Cultural and Behavioral Barriers: Effective TOD requires significant behavioral changes, particularly in reducing reliance on private vehicles. Motivating such changes remains a challenge despite considerable investments in public transit infrastructure. Disaster Risk Enhancement: High concentrations of population in TOD zones can amplify the risk of casualties and overstretch emergency services during disasters, highlighting a need for disaster-resilient planning. Urban Sprawl and Rapid Urbanization: The rapid urbanization typical of many Indian cities complicates the creation of compact, walkable neighborhoods, which are essential for successful TOD. Inclusivity Concerns: Ensuring that TOD benefits all socio-economic groups equally is a persistent challenge, with a risk that new developments may disproportionately serve more affluent populations. Local Opposition and Financial Constraints: Implementation of effective TOD strategies is often hindered by local regulations, community resistance, and budgetary constraints, particularly in major cities like Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata. Contextual Suitability: The success of TOD strategies employed in cities like Hong Kong or Singapore may not directly translate to Indian cities such as New Delhi or Bengaluru due to differing urban sprawl characteristics and local contexts. -Source: The Hindu Himalayan Towns Need a Different Kind of Development Context: The Indian Himalayan Range (IHR), comprising 11 States and two Union Territories, had a decadal urban growth rate of more than 40% from 2011 to 2021. Towns have expanded, and more urban settlements are developing. However, Himalayan towns require a different definition of urbanisation. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Current Challenges Causes of the Crisis Solutions and Recommendations Conclusion Overview of Current Challenges Almost every town in the Himalayan region, including prominent state capitals like Srinagar, Guwahati, Shillong, and Shimla, grapples with severe civic management challenges. The predominant issues include inefficient handling of sanitation, and the management of solid and liquid waste. Additionally, water management poses significant challenges. These issues are exacerbated by the adoption of planning models inappropriate for the unique geographical and ecological conditions of the Himalayas, combined with a critical shortage of skilled personnel in urban planning departments. Expansion and Environmental Impact Urban expansion is aggressively consuming surrounding rural lands, leading to the degradation of communal lands, forests, and watersheds. Notably, Srinagar witnessed a dramatic increase in built-up areas, which expanded by over 75% in two decades, severely impacting local water bodies and leading to unmanaged waste disposal. Causes of the Crisis The root causes of these environmental and civic challenges include: Rapid Urbanization and Poor Planning: Expansion is often uncontrolled, with little regard for sustainable practices. High-Intensity Tourism: Tourism, while beneficial economically, often replaces eco-friendly infrastructure with harmful constructions and inadequate waste management systems. Climatic Changes: Increasingly variable weather patterns contribute to water scarcity, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. Solutions and Recommendations Revised Planning Approaches: There is an urgent need for planning reforms tailored to the unique needs of the Himalayan towns, focusing on sustainable land use and incorporating local community insights. Infrastructure Financing: A dedicated financial strategy for urban infrastructure in the Himalayas is essential, recognizing the high costs and special requirements of these regions. The Finance Commission should consider a separate allocation for these towns to enhance sustainability. Community-Driven Planning: Moving away from consultant-driven models to community-centric planning can ensure that development aligns with the local socio-ecological context. Enhancing Central Support: Current financial transfers from central to local governments are insufficient, covering only a fraction of necessary expenditures. Increasing this support is crucial for sustainable urban development in the Himalayan regions. Conclusion For Himalayan towns to thrive amidst these challenges, a shift towards integrated, locally informed, and ecologically sensitive planning is critical. By fostering community involvement and ensuring adequate funding, these towns can aim to balance development needs with environmental sustainability. -Source: The Hindu Concerns Over New Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill 2024 Context: The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) has released a draft version of the Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill 2024, targeting enhanced regulation within the broadcasting sector. This draft has been shared with select industry stakeholders for input and discussion. A significant aspect of the proposed legislation is the introduction of stricter guidelines for independent news content creators on digital platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and X. This move has sparked a debate regarding potential impacts on freedom of speech and expression, highlighting the delicate balance between regulatory oversight and individual liberties in the digital age. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Objective and Purpose of the Draft Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill 2024 Key Elements of the Bill Impacting Creative Freedom Challenges and Concerns with the Draft Bill Future Directions for Internet Regulation in India Objective and Purpose of the Draft Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill 2024: Digital media is recognized as a crucial platform for creators and commentators to scrutinize government actions and enforce accountability. The bill seeks to empower voices marginalized by mainstream media, fostering diverse narratives on critical issues. It aims to expand existing broadcast regulations to include internet platforms, enhancing accountability and regulatory oversight. Specifically targets prominent influencers, content creators, and political commentators to regulate their speech, which could severely restrict creative freedom and limit online expression, affecting the democratic vibrancy of India. Key Elements of the Bill Impacting Creative Freedom: Defines digital news broadcasters as entities systematically broadcasting news and current affairs online, whether through text, video, or audio on platforms like YouTube, Twitter, or podcasts. Mandates these digital broadcasters to register with the government, adhere to a specific Programme Code, establish grievance mechanisms, and comply with a structured regulatory framework. Requires non-news digital content to undergo pre-certification from a Content Evaluation Committee. Authorizes the government to impose penalties, demand cessation of broadcasts, or completely ban broadcasts based on national security, public order, or other state interests. Subjects global digital content creators and commentators to the same regulatory conditions. Imposes new responsibilities on social media platforms to monitor and report on broadcasters’ activities. Challenges and Concerns with the Draft Bill: Unlike traditional TV’s broad dissemination, internet content is individualized and interactive, raising concerns that the bill could disproportionately increase operational costs and hinder the agility of small-scale creators and independent journalists. Potential for severe censorship effects, risking a suppression of free speech. Difficulty in enforcing extraterritorial provisions due to the decentralized nature of the internet. Overlap and potential conflict with existing laws such as the IT Act 2000, which already governs social media platforms with similar provisions for grievance redressal and content management. Future Directions for Internet Regulation in India: The draft bill is seen as part of broader efforts to regulate digital content, paralleling challenges faced with the IT Rules 2021, which courts have temporarily blocked. Emphasizes the need for using existing laws like the IT Act 2000 to address concerns around misleading or harmful content. Stresses the importance of comprehensive consultations and discussions with a wide array of stakeholders before finalizing the legislation to ensure it aligns with democratic principles and protects individual freedoms. -Source: The Hindu First Information Report Context: The Delhi High Court has ruled that a first information report (FIR) must be mandatorily registered in cases of alleged fake encounters, reinforcing legal accountability for police actions. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions  of the Article: What is an FIR? What are cognizable offence and non-cognizable offence? What is an FIR? An FIR is the document that has been prepared by the police after verifying the facts of the complaint. The FIR may contain details of the crime and the alleged criminal. The term first information report (FIR) is not defined in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, or in any other law, but in police regulations or rules, information recorded under Section 154 of CrPC is known as First Information Report (FIR). Section 154 (“Information in cognizable cases”) says that “every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing by him or under his direction, and be read over to the informant; and every such information, whether given in writing or reduced to writing as aforesaid, shall be signed by the person giving it, and the substance thereof shall be entered in a book to be kept by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe”. Also, “a copy of the information as recorded…shall be given forthwith, free of cost, to the informant”. Three important elements of an FIR: The information must relate to the commission of a cognizable offence, It should be given in writing or orally to the head of the police station It must be written down and signed by the informant, and its key points should be recorded in a daily diary. What happens after an FIR is filed? The police will investigate the case and will collect evidence in the form of statements of witnesses or other scientific materials. They can arrest the alleged persons as per law. If there is sufficient evidence to corroborate the allegations of the complainant, then a chargesheet will be filed. Or else, a Final Report mentioning that no evidence was found will be filed in court. If it is found that no offence has been committed, a cancellation report will be filed. If no trace of the accused persons is found, an ‘untraced’ report will be filed. What are cognizable offence and non-cognizable offence? A cognizable offence/case is one in which a police officer may, in accordance with the First Schedule of the CrPC, or under any other law for the time being in force, make an arrest without a warrant. In the First Schedule, “the word ‘cognizable’ stands for ‘a police officer may arrest without warrant’; and the word ‘non-cognizable’ stands for ‘a police officer shall not arrest without warrant’.” What is the difference between a complaint and an FIR? The CrPC defines a “complaint” as “any allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his taking action under this Code, that some person, whether known or unknown, has committed an offence, but does not include a police report.” However, an FIR is the document that has been prepared by the police after verifying the facts of the complaint. The FIR may contain details of the crime and the alleged criminal. If, on the basis of a complaint, it appears that a cognizable offence has been committed, then an FIR under Section 154 CrPC will be registered, and police will open an investigation. If no offence is found, the police will close the inquiry. Section 155 (“Information as to non-cognizable cases and investigation of such cases”) says: “When information is given to an officer in charge of a police station of the commission within the limits of such station of a non-cognizable offence, he shall enter or cause to be entered the substance of the information in a book…and refer the informant to the Magistrate. No police officer shall investigate a non-cognizable case without the order of a Magistrate having power to try such case or commit the case for trial.” -Source: Indian Express Homo Floresiensis Context: A microscopic analysis of a 700,000-year-old miniature human arm and dental fossils has put an end to the debate on the origins of Homo floresiensis. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Homo floresiensis: Homo floresiensis is an archaic human species that once inhabited Flores Island in Indonesia approximately 60,000 years ago. Commonly referred to as ‘Hobbit’ due to their diminutive stature. Fossils have been dated between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago, with stone tools dating from around 190,000 to 50,000 years ago. Physical and Behavioral Characteristics: Individuals stood about 3 feet 6 inches tall, characterized by tiny brains, large teeth relative to size, shoulders that slouched forward, no chins, and receding foreheads. They possessed disproportionately large feet compared to their short legs. They crafted and utilized stone tools, hunted small elephants and large rodents, managed threats from predators like the giant Komodo dragon, and possibly used fire. Their small size and reduced brain volume are believed to be adaptations to island dwarfism—a condition of evolutionary adjustment to limited resources and reduced threat levels on isolated islands. Both the smallest known species of Homo and the Stegodon elephant coexisted on Flores, highlighting the island’s unique biodiversity and evolutionary dynamics. -Source: The Print Gout Context: Recently, Lucknow based CSIR-NBRI has developed a herbal product called ‘NBRI-Gout Out’ which is a combination of five medicinal plants, to address the problem of Gout. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Gout: Gout is a prevalent and intricate form of arthritis that can affect anyone. The condition stems from elevated levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. Prevalence: It is more commonly observed in men, primarily because women generally have lower uric acid levels. Risk Factors: Factors that can increase uric acid levels, leading to gout, include obesity, certain medications like diuretics, and consumption of foods and beverages rich in purines such as alcohol and sugary drinks. Symptoms: Joint Pain: The most intense pain usually affects the big toe but can occur in any joint including the ankles, knees, elbows, wrists, and fingers. Inflammation: Affected joints become swollen, tender, warm, and red, showing visible signs of inflammation. Treatment: Medication: Treatment options include medications like allopurinol (Aloprim, Lopurin, Zyloprim) and febuxostat (Uloric), which are designed to reduce the body’s uric acid production. -Source: Indian Express, PIB

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