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Jan 4, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 January 2025

Content: The Looming Threat to Federalism and Democratic Tenets India, cross-border insolvency and legal reform Water woes The Looming Threat to Federalism and Democratic Tenets Introduction The One Nation, One Election (ONOE) proposal aims to synchronise Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections. While proponents cite efficiency, critics warn it threatens India’s federal structure and democratic principles enshrined in the Constitution. Relevance : GS 2(Federal Structure , Elections ) Practice Question : The proposal of One Nation, One Election aims to bring electoral efficiency but poses significant risks to India’s federal structure. Critically examine the constitutional and practical challenges associated with this proposal.(250 Words) Historical Context: Disruptions to Simultaneous Elections Initial Practice: Simultaneous elections were conducted in the early years post-Independence. Disruption by Article 356: The imposition of President’s Rule, starting with Kerala in 1959, disrupted synchronized elections, signaling federal overreach. Misuse of Article 356: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar termed Article 356 a “dead letter” to be used sparingly. However, it has been invoked over 130 times since Independence, often to dismiss State governments for political reasons. The S.R. Bommai case sought to limit its misuse, but incidents of arbitrary dismissals persist. Defections and Democratic Instability Threat of Defections: Elected governments have been destabilized by legislators switching sides due to enticements. Anti-Defection Law (52nd Amendment, 1985): Introduced to curb defections, but loopholes remain. Lack of a time-bound framework for Speakers to decide on disqualification petitions weakens the law. Provisions for “group defections” render the law ineffective. ONOE: Constitutional Amendments and State Autonomy Proposed Constitutional Amendments: Articles 83 and 172, which guarantee five–year terms for Parliament and State Assemblies, would require amendments to implement ONOE. Impact on State Autonomy: State Assembly terms may be curtailed or extended to align with national elections. This adjustment reduces State autonomy and compromises the federal structure. Federal Structure Under Siege Core of Federalism: The Indian federal system allows States to address localized issues independently. Impairment of Electoral Evaluation: Holding simultaneous elections may blur voters’ ability to evaluate State and national governments separately. Midterm ONOE Scenarios: If a State government falls midterm, the new government would serve only the remainder of the synchronized cycle, breaching the democratic principle of “one person, one vote, one value.” Truncated government tenures reduce the mandate’s value and disrupt governance. Logistical Challenges of ONOE Enormous Electorate: India’s electorate exceeds 900 million, making synchronized elections a colossal task. Resource Burden: Aligning Lok Sabha, State, and local body elections would significantly strain the Election Commission, security forces, and administrative machinery. Voter Fatigue: Simultaneous elections may lead to confusion and fatigue among voters. Addressing Core Issues First Misuse of Article 356: The frequent invocation of President’s Rule undermines State governments’ stability. Mechanisms to prevent arbitrary dismissals must be strengthened. Strengthening Anti-Defection Laws: Time-bound decisions on disqualification petitions are essential. Closing loopholes to prevent group defections is necessary. Stability of State Governments: Ensuring that State governments serve their full terms without unnecessary interruptions is crucial. Risks of ONOE Without Systemic Reforms Centralization of Power: ONOE risks becoming a tool for centralizing power in the Union government. Dilution of Federalism: Forcing States into a unified electoral cycle erodes their autonomy. Democratic Erosion: Implementing ONOE without addressing foundational issues could lead to governance disruptions and weaken democratic tenets. Conclusion While ONOE promises efficiency, it risks undermining the federal structure and democratic governance. Addressing systemic issues like Article 356 misuse, anti-defection law loopholes, and State government stability is essential before pursuing ONOE. India, Cross-Border Insolvency and Legal Reform Introduction The rise of international trade has heightened the complexities of cross-border insolvency. A robust legal framework is critical for economic stability, attracting investments, and facilitating corporate restructuring. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance),GS 3 (Economy) Practice Question : Discuss the need for a comprehensive cross-border insolvency framework in India. Highlight the challenges faced under the existing provisions and suggest reforms for effective implementation. (250 Words) Historical Background Pre-Independence Indian Insolvency Act, 1848: First insolvency law under British rule. Presidency-Towns Insolvency Act, 1909: Applied to Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras. Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920: Governed mofussil regions. These laws addressed domestic insolvency but lacked provisions for cross-border cases. Post-Independence Insolvency laws remained unchanged despite recommendations by the Third Law Commission (1964). The 1990s economic liberalisation highlighted the need for modern insolvency laws. Various committees (Eradi, Mitra, Irani) recommended adopting UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (1997). Evolution of Cross-Border Insolvency Provisions IBC, 2016: Focused on domestic insolvency. Sections 234 and 235: Section 234: Reciprocal arrangements with foreign countries. Section 235: Letter of request to foreign courts. These sections remain non-functional due to lack of notification and reciprocal agreements. Challenges in Cross-Border Insolvency Case Study: State Bank of India vs Jet Airways (India) Limited (2019) Highlighted the absence of reciprocal arrangements. Exposed the non-notification of Sections 234 and 235. The provisions were termed as “dead letters” by the NCLT. Expert Committees Insolvency Law Committee (2018) Cross-Border Insolvency Rules/Regulation Committee (2020) Both recommended adopting the UNCITRAL Model Law. Recommendations endorsed by the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance (2021 and 2024). Issues Identified Ad Hoc Solutions: Protocols like the one in Jet Airways case are temporary fixes. Judicial Communication: Outdated methods hinder court-to-court coordination. Jurisdictional Constraints: Section 60(5) of the IBC restricts civil courts, leaving the NCLT as the sole adjudicating body. NCLT lacks power to recognise or enforce foreign judgments. Rule 11 of the NCLAT Rules, 2016, remains unimplemented. Recommendations for Reform Adopt UNCITRAL Model Law Ensures a structured approach to cross-border insolvency. Reduces judicial burden and transaction costs. Implement JIN Guidelines (2016) Modernises court-to-court communication. Enhances transparency and efficiency. Expand NCLT Powers Allow NCLT to recognise and enforce foreign insolvency proceedings. Address limitations posed by Section 60(5). Conclusion India’s current cross-border insolvency framework is inadequate. Urgent legal reforms, including the adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law, are necessary to address the challenges. Water Woes Findings from the CGWB Report The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) report reveals a worrying increase in nitrate contamination in groundwater. Districts with excessive nitrate levels have increased from 359 in 2017 to 440 in 2023. Excess nitrate levels are defined as more than 45 mg/L. Nearly 19.8% of the 15,239 groundwater samples tested had nitrate levels above the permissible limit. Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu reported the highest levels of nitrate contamination. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) ,GS 3 (Environment,Public Health ) Practice Question : Discuss the causes and impacts of rising nitrate levels in India’s groundwater. Suggest measures to mitigate this issue in light of environmental sustainability and public health. (250 words) Health Impacts of Nitrate Contamination Methemoglobinemia (Blue Baby Syndrome): A condition in which red blood cells lose their ability to carry oxygen, especially dangerous for infants. Long-term Health Risks: Chronic exposure can lead to conditions such as cancer, thyroid issues, and birth defects. Environmental Impacts Excess nitrate in groundwater can cause eutrophication in lakes and ponds, leading to algal blooms. Algal blooms reduce oxygen levels in water bodies, harming aquatic ecosystems and reducing biodiversity. This can disrupt local fisheries and aquatic–dependent livelihoods. Regional Trends Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat: Persistent nitrate problems due to geological factors. Southern and Central India: Rising nitrate levels, attributed to intensive agricultural practices. Fluoride and Uranium Contamination: Other significant chemical contaminants found in groundwater, particularly in Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. Causes of Rising Nitrate Levels Agricultural Practices: Overuse of nitrogen–basedfertilizers. Poor irrigation practices causing nitrate leaching into groundwater. Waste Management Issues: Improper disposal of sewage and industrial waste. Lack of adequate waste treatment facilities in rural and urban areas. Geological Factors: Natural presence of nitrates in certain rock formations. Regions like Rajasthan have consistent nitrate levels due to geological reasons. Groundwater Extraction and Chemical Contamination States with high groundwater extraction rates tend to have higher levels of chemical contamination. India’s overall groundwater extraction rate is 60.4%. About 73% of groundwater blocks are in the ‘safe’ zone, meaning water levels are replenished regularly. However, over-extraction remains a concern in regions with over-exploited blocks. Government Efforts and Challenges Monitoring Systems: India has developed a robust system to monitor groundwater health annually. The CGWB conducts regular assessments, providing valuable data on groundwater quality. Policy Gaps: Despite scientific assessments, there is a lack of action by State governments to address contamination issues. Groundwater management policies need stricter implementation. Public Awareness: Awareness programs are limited and lack engagement from top leadership. Greater involvement from both government and civil society is essential to tackle the crisis. Recommendations for Addressing Nitrate Contamination Agricultural Reforms: Promote the use of organicfertilizers and sustainablefarmingpractices. Implement precision farming to reduce excessive fertilizer use. Waste Management: Upgrade sewage treatment infrastructure. Enforce stricter industrial waste disposal norms. Water Treatment Solutions: Establish water treatment plants in nitrate-affected regions. Encourage community-led water management initiatives. Policy and Governance: Strengthen groundwater regulations to control over-extraction. Ensure compliance with water quality standards at the State and local levels. Public Awareness Campaigns: Launch mass awareness campaigns on the dangers of nitrate contamination. Involve educational institutions and community groups in spreading awareness.

Jan 4, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 January 2025

Content: India Protests China’s New Counties in Ladakh Union Health Ministry Monitors HMPV Outbreak in China Delhi Schools Fare Much Better in Digitalisation Than National Average After protests, MHA grants foreign fund registration to NGO Protests erupt in Pithampur over arrival of Union Carbide waste In Madurai, mining for tungsten and trouble India Protests China’s New Counties in Ladakh Context: India has lodged a formal protest with China over the creation of two new counties in the Hotan prefecture that incorporates territory of India’s Ladakh. Relevance: GS 3 (Internal Security) New Counties: India has protested the formation of two new counties, He’an and Hekang, in the Hotan prefecture. These counties include territory that belongs to India’s Ladakh region. India’s Stance: India maintains that it does not accept China’s illegal occupation of Indian territory. The creation of new counties will not affect India’s long–standing position on its sovereignty over the area. Mr. Jaiswal stated, “The creation of new counties will neither have a bearing on India’s long-standing and consistent position regarding our sovereignty over the area nor lend legitimacy to China’s illegal and forcible occupation of the same.” Hydropower Project Concerns: India has raised concerns about China’s mega hydropower project on the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra). The river flows through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India. Dam Project: China’s announcement of the dam project is a cause for concern as it is expected to be the world’s largest infrastructure project. India protested the lack of communication through official channels regarding this project. Diplomatic Engagement: The protest occurred against the backdrop of a meeting between National Security Adviser Ajit Doval and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in December 2024. This meeting aimed to address tensions following the Galwan clashes of June 2020. India’s Demand: India urged China to ensure transparency in the dam project. India emphasized the need for China to consult downstream countries like India before proceeding with the project. India stated that it would continue to monitor the situation to protect its national interests. Union Health Ministry Monitors HMPV Outbreak in China Context: India is monitoring the reported outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in China, where cases are rising, particularly in children under 14 years. Relevance: GS 3 (Health) Monitoring of Outbreak: The Union Health Ministry of India is closely monitoring the alleged outbreak of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in China. No Unusual Spike in India: While China has reported a surge in HMPV cases, India has not registered any unusual spike in winter respiratory diseases, suggesting no immediate threat in the country. Symptoms and Complications of HMPV: Symptoms of HMPV include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and potential complications like bronchitis and pneumonia, especially among children. Cases have been rising in northern China. Global Context: HMPV was first reported in 2011-12 in countries like the U.S., Canada, and Europe, indicating that the virus is not new but is gaining attention due to its recent surge. Government’s Monitoring Actions: India’s National Centre for Disease Control is actively monitoring respiratory and seasonal influenza cases and maintaining communication with international health agencies to stay updated on the situation. No Cases Reported in India: Atul Goel, Director-General of Health Services, confirmed that there have been no reported cases of HMPV in India, emphasizing that there is no cause for alarm at this point. General Statement on Respiratory Illnesses: HMPV is described as similar to other respiratory viruses that cause flu-like symptoms and is common during winter months. Hospitals in India are well-equipped to handle such illnesses. Lack of Special Treatment for HMPV: There are no specific antiviral drugs for HMPV, and no major cases have been reported in Indian hospitals or by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Global Understanding of HMPV: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HMPV can cause both upper and lower respiratory diseases and is particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems. HMPV’s Background and Significance: Discovered in 2001, HMPV is a member of the Pneumoviridae family, which also includes the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). The use of molecular diagnostic testing has increased awareness of HMPV as a significant cause of respiratory infections. Delhi Schools Fare Much Better in Digitalisation Than National Average Context: The digital infrastructure in Delhi schools has outpaced the national average, as revealed by the Ministry of Education’s UDISE+ data. Relevance: GS 2(Education ) , GS 3 (Digital Infrastructure) Delhi’s Digital Edge: 99.1% of Delhi schools have functional desktops, compared to the national average of 32.4%. 60.9% of Delhi schools are equipped with projectors (national average: 20.3%). 37.3% of Delhi schools have integrated teaching-learning devices, against a national average of 8.1%. 74% of Delhi schools have smart classrooms, surpassing the national average of 24.4%. Digital Divide Across States: States like Assam (12.8%), Bihar (13.3%), and Jharkhand (17%) have the least number of schools with functional desktops. Chandigarh leads in integrated teaching-learning devices (42.2%), while Meghalaya ranks lowest (2.4%). Private vs. Government Schools: 50.6% of private schools have mobile phones for teaching purposes, compared to 30.2% of government schools. 45.9% of private schools have integrated teaching–learning devices versus 30.3% of government schools. Smart classrooms are present in 79.5% of private schools and 70% of government schools. Impact of the Pandemic: The pandemic accelerated the adoption of digital teaching methods, encouraging teachers to innovate beyond textbooks. Despite infrastructure improvements, device accessibility for students remains a challenge, with 30-35% of students unable to attend online classes during pollution-related school closures. Challenges in Government Schools: While digital facilities have improved, many students in government schools lack access to personal devices, affecting online class attendance After protests, MHA grants foreign fund registration to NGO Introduction : The FCRA License Renewal Saga The Sambhavna Trust, a crucial NGO providing free medical aid to the victims of the 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, recently had its Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) registration restored by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). This came after five years of waiting and protests by the Trust’s staff and beneficiaries. The NGO’s registration was cancelled in 2019 on technical grounds for not uploading annual returns, despite the Trust claiming that glitches in the MHA portal were responsible. The Trust re-applied in 2023, but its plea remained pending for months, jeopardizing its operations due to lack of funds. The MHA finally acted after public protests drew attention to the issue. Relevance: GS2 (Governance) , GS3 (Internal Security). Issues at Stake FCRA and Regulation of NGOs The FCRA, enacted in 1976 and amended in 2010 and 2020, aims to regulate foreign donations to NGOs and prevent their misuse for activities deemed detrimental to India’s sovereignty, security, or public interest. The 2020 amendments introduced stricter conditions, such as: Prohibition on sub–granting foreign funds to other NGOs Mandatory Aadhaar verification for office-bearers Limiting administrative expenses to 20% The cancellation of FCRA licenses has increased in recent years. Between 2011-2021, over 19,000 NGOs lost their FCRA registration for various reasons, including non-compliance. Impact on Public Health and Social Services The Sambhavna Trust has been pivotal in providing healthcare to survivors of the 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, one of the world’s worst industrial disasters. The Trust operates clinics offering free treatment to thousands of victims suffering from respiratory, neurological, and reproductive issues caused by the toxic gas leak. It primarily relies on donations from foreign individuals, and the lack of FCRA registration had pushed it to the brink of closure. The Trust’s financial crisis highlights the dependence of several NGOs on foreign contributions to sustain critical public health initiatives, especially in areas where state intervention is inadequate. Concerns Around Overregulation of Civil Society India’s NGO sector plays a crucial role in supplementing government efforts in healthcare, education, and disaster relief. However, the overregulation of civil society organizations under the FCRA regime has led to: Increased bureaucratic hurdles Financial uncertainty for NGOs Shrinking civic space Critics argue that the FCRA framework is being used to target dissenting voices and restrict civil society movements. For instance, prominent NGOs like Amnesty International India have faced FCRA cancellations, citing violations of funding norms. Greenpeace India and CARE India have also faced similar actions, raising concerns about freedom of association and expression. Procedural Issues in FCRA Compliance The case of the Sambhavna Trust underscores technical glitches and procedural issues in the FCRA system. The Trust claimed that annual returns were filed, but technical issues on the MHA portal prevented their successful submission. Despite repeated pleas, the MHA cancelled the license, showing a lack of procedural flexibility in the system. The prolonged delay in processing the Trust’s application in 2023 further indicates bureaucratic inertia. This raises questions about: The efficiency of FCRA mechanisms The need for reforms to ensure fair and transparent procedures Larger Implications for Civil Society and Governance Aspect Positive Impact Concerns Government Control Ensures accountability and transparency in foreign funding Can lead to overregulation and curbing of dissenting voices Public Health NGOs like Sambhavna Trust bridge healthcare gaps Overreliance on foreign donations makes services vulnerable Procedural Efficiency Helps in tracking foreign contributions for national security Procedural glitches and delays can impact NGO functioning Case Study: The 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy The Bhopal Gas Tragedy, which occurred on December 2-3, 1984, was a catastrophic industrial disaster. Over 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from a Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant, killing thousands and leaving long-term health effects on survivors. The tragedy highlights the need for continuous healthcare for survivors, making the role of NGOs like Sambhavna Trust indispensable. Role of Sambhavna Trust: Established in 1996 to provide free medical care, using a mix of modern medicine, Ayurveda, and yoga. The Trust also conducts research on the long-term effects of chemical exposure and advocates for justice for the victims. Constitutional and Legal Dimensions Article 19(1)(c): Right to form associations or unions Article 21: Right to health as a part of the right to life FCRA, 2010 & Amendments (2020): Legal framework for foreign funding regulations Way Forward Balance Between National Security and Civil Society Participation The government must ensure that security concerns do not stifle legitimate civil society activities. Reforming FCRA Processes Address technical glitches in the system Ensure timely and fair processing of applications Strengthening Public Health Services There is a need to reduce dependence on foreign funds by strengthening public healthcare infrastructure, especially in disaster-hit areas like Bhopal. Protests erupt in Pithampur over arrival of Union Carbide waste The recent protests in Pithampur, Madhya Pradesh, over the disposal of 337 tonnes of toxic waste from the Union Carbide factory in Bhopal, highlight ongoing public concerns regarding environmental safety and public health risks. The waste, a remnant of the 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, was transported to Pithampur’s industrial incineration facility, sparking violent protests and self-immolation attempts by locals. Why Are People Protesting? Environmental and Health Concerns: Local residents fear groundwater contamination and air pollution from burning the toxic waste, despite government assurances of safe disposal. Activists argue that the previous assurances by authorities on handling hazardous materials have not always been trustworthy. Public Mistrust: The lack of transparency and scientific clarity in handling toxic waste has led to public skepticism. Past incidents of environmental negligence in industrial areas have further worsened the trust deficit. Historical Trauma of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy: The Bhopal disaster of 1984 is considered one of the worst industrial disasters in history, resulting in thousands of deaths and long-term health complications. The survivors and their families have consistently opposed any move to relocate waste without proper remediation. Government’s Response Chief Minister’s Assurance: CM Mohan Yadav has assured that the state would follow scientific guidelines and court orders to ensure safe disposal of the waste. He urged citizens to avoid misinformation and stated that no immediate burning would take place. Police Action: The police used water cannons and resorted to baton charges to disperse protesters marching toward the incineration site. Section 163 of the BNS was imposed around the Ramky Group’s waste management facility, prohibiting public assembly near the area until January 12. Legal and Institutional Framework Judicial Oversight: The transport and disposal of hazardous waste are being conducted under the directions of courts and scientific advisory committees. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) and other bodies have previously monitored hazardous waste disposal processes in India. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) Section 163: Section 163 of the BNS is a provision to restrict public gatherings in sensitive areas to prevent law and order situations. This move indicates the administration’s focus on controlling public dissent rather than addressing environmental concerns directly. Environmental and Governance Issues Hazardous Waste Management The Bhopal gas tragedy waste disposal highlights India’s challenges in managing toxic and hazardous waste. Issues include lack of infrastructure, inadequate scientific protocols, and public mistrust. Public Health and Environmental Justice The protest showcases the intersection of environmental protection and public health concerns. It raises questions about India’s preparedness to manage legacy pollution and protect vulnerable communities. Policy and Institutional Challenges There is a need for transparency in government policies related to hazardous waste disposal. Citizen participation in decision-making processes can help build trust and accountability. Critical Takeaways Legacy Pollution Requires Urgent Attention: The Bhopal waste issue is a reminder of India’s lagging waste management system and responsibility towards industrial disaster victims. Need for Transparent Governance: Public concerns must be addressed through open communication, scientific clarity, and independent oversight. Balancing Development and Environmental Concerns: The industrial town of Pithampur faces a development vs. environment dilemma, showcasing the importance of sustainable industrial policies. In Madurai, Mining For Tungsten And Trouble Context :The Union Government granted tungsten mining rights in eight blocks in Madurai district to Hindustan Zinc Limited (Vedanta’s subsidiary) in November 2024. This sparked sustained protests by local residents, particularly in Melur taluk, which includes Arittapatti, a biodiversity heritage site. The opposition stems from concerns over environmental degradation, cultural heritage loss, and livelihood disruption. Relevance: GS2 ( Governance), GS3 (Environment & Economy ) Importance of Tungsten Tungsten is a critical mineral used in: Defence and automobile industries Green energy technologies (batteries, solar panels) Aerospace and electronic applications India is pushing for self–reliance in critical minerals due to geopolitical concerns and global decarbonization goals. This makes tungsten extraction strategically significant. Global Context: The U.S. Critical Minerals Policy (2018) prioritized securing such resources. India’s amendment to the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act in 2023 strengthened exploration rights for critical minerals. Environmental and Cultural Concerns A. Arittapatti Biodiversity Heritage Site Tamil Nadu’s first biodiversity heritage site (notified in 2022). Home to 250 bird species, including Laggar falcon, Shaheen falcon, and Bonelli’s eagle. Contains 200 natural ponds and three check dams, crucial for agriculture. Habitat for Indian pangolin and slender loris. B. Historical and Archaeological Significance The seven rocky granite hills in the region have archaeological evidence from the 16th-century Pandya kingdom, including: Megalithic structures Rock-cut temples Tamil Brahmi inscriptions Jain beds Archaeologists argue that these sites are historically significant and should be preserved. Impact on Livelihoods Most residents in Melur taluk are farmers and daily wage labourers. They depend on agriculture and livestock. The Mullaperiyar dam-fed ponds are critical for irrigation. Tungsten mining would disrupt water resources, agriculture, and livelihoods. Additionally, locals consider the hills sacred, with folktales of village protectors (e.g., Kazhinja malai legend of Vemban) intertwined with their cultural beliefs. Legal and Administrative Issues A. Role of the Union and State Governments The Union Ministry of Mines granted mining rights under Section 20A of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. The Tamil Nadu government opposed the project and passed a resolution in the State Assembly against it. However, the Union Government’s authority supersedes State concerns in matters of national interest, especially related to critical minerals. B. Resurvey and Redefinition of Boundaries In response to protests, the Union government asked the Geological Survey of India (GSI) to redefine the boundaries of the Nayakkarpatti block, excluding Arittapatti from mining. This partial exclusion did not satisfy residents, as other villages remain threatened. Activists claim another 35,000 hectares in Melur are being studied for future auctions. Grassroots Protests and Local Sentiment The protests in Madurai have been intense and sustained, driven by local communities, especially women. Kummi dance protests by women symbolize their cultural resistance. Gram Sabha resolutions in 20+ panchayats have opposed the project. Residents are determined to protect their land and culture despite pressure from political parties. Protesters believe that development must not come at the cost of heritage, environment, and livelihoods. Ethical Dimensions A. Environmental Ethics The protests highlight conflicts between development and environmental conservation. Question: How far can the government go to exploit natural resources for economic gain? B. Cultural and Ethical Responsibility The government must respect local beliefs, traditions, and livelihoods. The sacred hills are symbolic of the community’s identity, and their destruction would erase cultural memory. Possible Consequences of Tungsten Mining Aspect Potential Impact Environment Soil and water contamination, habitat loss Health Increased risk of diseases from mining dust Livelihoods Displacement of farmers and workers Culture Loss of heritage sites and sacred hills Case Study: China’s tungsten mining sites have caused soil and water contamination and health issues. India risks similar consequences. Way Forward A. Legislative Solutions The Tamil Nadu government can pass a special law to protect Melur’s natural resources, similar to its Special Agricultural Zone Law for the Cauvery delta. B. Community Participation The Union Government must adopt a participatory approach by consulting local communities and panchayats before granting mining rights. C. Balance Development and Conservation Development projects must strike a balance between national interest and local livelihoods. Critical minerals are essential for India’s energy transition, but local concerns must be addressed through impact assessments and compensatory mechanisms.

Jan 3, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 January 2025

Content: Nano-formulation of Darkness Hormone Could Be Therapeutic Solution for Parkinson’s Disease Empowering India’s Economy – Key Insights from ASUSE 2023-24 Nano-formulation of Darkness Hormone Could Be Therapeutic Solution for Parkinson’s Disease Context : Scientists at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, have developed a nano-formulation of melatonin, a hormone produced in response to darkness. This nano-formulation has demonstrated improved antioxidative and neuroprotective properties and could be a potential therapeutic solution for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Highlights Parkinson’s Disease (PD) PD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of dopamine–secreting neurons due to the aggregation of synuclein protein in the brain. Current treatments for PD only manage symptoms but do not cure the disease, highlighting the need for better therapeutic approaches. Role of Melatonin Melatonin is a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It has potential as an antioxidant and can induce mitophagy (removal of dysfunctional mitochondria), reducing oxidative stress in neurons. However, melatonin has limitations such as low bioavailability, premature oxidation, and poor brain delivery. Research Overview Institute Involved: Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali. Research Lead: Dr. Surajit Karmakar and his team. Objective: To enhance the delivery and efficacy of melatonin using human serum albumin (HSA) nano-formulation. Key Innovations Nano-formulation of Melatonin: A biocompatible protein (HSA) nanocarrier was used to deliver melatonin to the brain. The nano-melatonin formulation resulted in sustained release and improved bioavailability. Mechanism of Action: The nano-formulation enhanced antioxidative and neuroprotective properties. It promoted mitophagy to remove unhealthy mitochondria and improved mitochondrial biogenesis. Reduction of pesticide-induced toxicity was demonstrated in an in vitro PD model using rotenone. Epigenetic Regulation via BMI1: The nano-melatonin formulation induced the expression of BMI1, a key epigenetic regulator in neurons. BMI1 plays a critical role in regulating gene expression and promoting mitophagy. Key Findings The study revealed that nano-melatonin improved antioxidative effects and reduced oxidative stress. TH-positive neurons in rat brains were protected against rotenone-induced toxicity. The research demonstrated, for the first time, that BMI1 overexpression could be achieved through nano-formulation, inducing mitophagy and protecting neurons from degeneration. The findings were published in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. Importance of Mitophagy in PD Mitophagy is a cellular process that identifies and removes dysfunctional mitochondria to reduce oxidative stress. Dysregulated mitophagy contributes to neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Enhanced mitophagy through BMI1 regulation can help in curbing oxidative stress, reducing neuronal damage in PD. Advantages of Nano-Melatonin Improved Bioavailability: The nano-formulation ensures better absorption and delivery to the brain. Sustained Release: The drug is released gradually, ensuring long-lasting effects. Enhanced Antioxidative Properties: It significantly reduces oxidative stress in neurons. Epigenetic Regulation: The upregulation of BMI1 helps protect neurons from degeneration. Potential Applications Parkinson’s Disease: As a therapeutic solution to reduce oxidative stress and protect neurons. Other Diseases: The approach could be applied to diseases where dysregulated mitophagy is a critical pathological factor. Conclusion The nano-formulation of melatonin presents a promising therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease by addressing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial health through mitophagy regulation. The study provides a foundation for developing safer and more effective neurotherapeutic drugs for PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Empowering India’s Economy – Key Insights from ASUSE 2023-24 Context : The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2023-24, covering the period from October 2023 to September 2024. The survey highlights the critical role of the unincorporated non-agricultural sector in driving employment, economic growth, and digital transformation in India. Key Highlights from ASUSE 2023-24 Sectoral Growth The number of unincorporated sector establishments increased significantly by 12.84%, rising from 6.50 crore in 2022–23 to 7.34 crore in 2023–24. The “Other Services” sector saw the highest growth at 23.55%, followed by the manufacturing sector with a 13% increase. The Gross Value Added (GVA) of the sector rose by 16.52%, primarily driven by a 26.17% growth in the ‘Other Services’ sector. Analysis: The growth in the unincorporated sector indicates a resurgence of micro and small enterprises (MSEs), contributing to India’s economic recovery. The robust rise in the service sector highlights the growing importance of informal service providers in areas such as retail, logistics, and hospitality. Labour Market Expansion Employment in the unincorporated sector grew by over 1 crore workers, reaching 12 crore in 2023-24. The “Other Services” sector led the employment surge with a 17.86% increase, followed by the manufacturing sector with a 10.03% rise. There was notable progress in gender inclusivity, with female-owned proprietary establishments increasing from 22.9% in 2022-23 to 26.2% in 2023-24. Average emoluments per hired worker increased by 13%, with the manufacturing sector witnessing the highest wage growth of 16%. Analysis: The rise in employment reflects the resilience of the informal sector in absorbing workforce demands. The increase in female-owned enterprises highlights the sector’s potential to promote women entrepreneurship. However, challenges such as job formalization and social security coverage remain. Labour Productivity Gross Value Added (GVA) per worker increased by 5.62%, rising from ₹1,41,769 in 2022-23 to ₹1,49,742 in 2023-24. Gross Value of Output (GVO) per establishment increased by 6.15%, from ₹4,63,389 to ₹4,91,862. Analysis: The increase in labour productivity indicates improvements in efficiency and output quality within the sector. However, the slow pace of productivity growth suggests that there is room for further improvements through technology adoption and skill development. Digital Adoption Internet usage among establishments rose from 21.1% in 2022–23 to 26.7% in 2023–24, showing a significant shift towards digital tools and online platforms. Analysis: The growing reliance on digital infrastructure is a positive sign of modernization within the informal economy. Digital adoption can enhance market access, operational efficiency, and financial inclusion. However, the gap in digital literacy and infrastructure in rural areas needs to be addressed. Economic Impact of the Unincorporated Sector The unincorporated sector remains a vital contributor to India’s economy, providing: Employment to over 12 crore workers. Significant contribution to GDP through services, manufacturing, and trade. Opportunities for women entrepreneurs and inclusive growth. Challenges: Lack of formal credit access: Many unincorporated enterprises still rely on informal sources for financing. Limited social security: Workers in this sector often lack access to health insurance, provident funds, and other benefits. Productivity issues: There is a need to enhance skill development programs to improve productivity and wages. Takeaways for Policy Formulation Focus on Formalization: Policies should aim to bring informal enterprises into the formal economy, ensuring better access to credit, social security, and market linkages. Boost Digital Adoption: Digital literacy programs and affordable internet access should be prioritized to increase digital penetration in rural and semi-urban areas. Promote Women Entrepreneurship: Schemes to support female entrepreneurs through financial assistance, mentorship, and skill development can further enhance gender inclusivity. Enhance Skill Development: The government must invest in vocational training and upskilling programs to improve labour productivity. Conclusion The findings of the ASUSE 2023-24 underscore the resilience and growth potential of India’s unincorporated sector. This sector plays a crucial role in providing employment opportunities, driving economic recovery, and promoting inclusive development. Policymakers must focus on formalization, digital integration, and gender inclusivity to harness its full potential and ensure sustainable economic growth.

Jan 3, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 January 2025

Content: Remembering the Impactful Legacy of Wise Leadership Reflections as the world grows more ‘polarised’ Remembering the Impactful Legacy of Wise Leadership Context: The period 2004-14 under Manmohan Singh’s leadership saw a phase of unprecedented economic growth and poverty reduction, but the gains have been reversed post-2015 due to several factors. Relevance: GS 2(Governance), GS 4( Leadership ) Practice Question: Discuss the impact of macroeconomic policies implemented during 2004-14 on India’s economic structure. (250 words) Contributions of Manmohan Singh’s Leadership (2004-14) Appropriate Macroeconomic Policies: Savings and Investment: Savings rate rose significantly, reaching 23% of GDP by 2003-04. Investment to GDP rate increased from 24% to 38% within six years (2004-10). Resulted in unprecedented GDP growth of 8.5% per annum (2004-09). Stable Export Growth: Exports grew by 15-18% annually due to stable real effective exchange rates. Broad-Based Growth: Growth encompassed both organised and unorganised sectors. Aggregate demand remained strong as all growth engines fired: public and private investment, consumption, exports, and government spending. Non-Farm Job Creation: Historic Shift: Absolute number of agricultural workers fell for the first time in independent India. Construction Jobs: Increased from 26 million (2004) to 51 million (2012). Manufacturing Jobs: Grew by 8 million, particularly in labour-intensive sectors. Modern Services: Expansion in sectors like telecom, banking, insurance, and health. Rising Real Wages: Real wages rose consistently until 2015. Wage growth was observed across casual and regular/salaried work. Poverty Reduction: For the first time, the absolute number of poor declined. 138 million people rose above the poverty line between 2004-05 and 2011-12. Scenario Post-2015 Decline in GDP Growth: Average growth rate fell to 5.8% per annum (2015-24). Key shocks: Demonetisation, poorly implemented GST, and a strict COVID-19 lockdown. Unemployment Surge: Unemployment rate jumped to a 45-year high of 6.1% (2017-18). Number of jobless individuals tripled from 1 crore (2011-12) to 3 crore (2017-18). Youth unemployment doubled from 6% (2011-12) to 11% (2022-23). Graduate and postgraduate unemployment stood at 33%. Reversal of Structural Change: Agricultural workforce saw a reversal in decline: 6.7 crore workers left agriculture between 2004-19. Reversed by 8 crore workers returning to agriculture (2020-24). Manufacturing sector stagnated: Share of manufacturing fell from 17% to 13% of GVA. Labour-intensive industries suffered job losses. Declining Wage Growth: Share of regular salaried workers fell from 23.8% (2019) to 20.9%. Rise in unpaid family workers from 6.2 crore (2017) to 10.4 crore (2023). Decline in Exports: Merchandise exports grew fourfold from $77 billion (2004) to $323 billion (2014). Post-2014, export growth slowed to 1.5 times, reaching $454 billion by 2022. Challenges to India’s Future Growth Prospects Rising Inequality: Growing disparity in income and wealth. Constrained aggregate demand impacting economic recovery. Demographic Dividend at Risk: Stagnant job growth and policy-induced shocks threaten to nullify the potential benefits of India’s demographic dividend. Risk of Economic Stagnation: Reversal of earlier progress raises concerns about achieving the goal of a ‘Viksit Bharat’ by 2040. Emphasis needed on reviving labour-intensive industries to create sustainable jobs. Conclusion: The period of 2004-14 under Manmohan Singh’s leadership saw unprecedented economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction. However, post-2015 policy shocks have reversed these gains, putting India’s future growth prospects at risk. It is essential to focus on sustainable policies to revive structural change and harness India’s demographic dividend effectively. Reflections as the world grows more ‘polarised’ Context: The growing political, cultural, and social divides globally, driven by historical factors, technological advancements, and media narratives, are intensifying polarisation in modern societies. Relevance : GS 2 ( Polity & Governance) Practice Question : Polarisation is a growing challenge to democratic governance and social cohesion worldwide. Critically examine the causes, impact, and possible measures to address rising polarisation.( 250 words) Understanding Polarisation Definition: Polarisation refers to a sharp division into two distinct and opposing groups. Key Trend: The term has gained global prominence due to increasing political, cultural, and societal divides. Significance: Merriam-Webster named “polarization” as the 2024 word of the year, indicating its growing relevance. Polarisation in the U.S. Political Context 2016 U.S. Election: Donald Trump’s victory in 2016 highlighted deep societal divisions. 2024 U.S. Election: Trump won a second term, intensifying polarisation. Both candidates, Trump and Harris, were perceived as existential threats by the opposition. New terms like “far left,” “far right,” and “MAGA” gained traction. Public Perception: AP VoteCast Poll (2024): 8/10 Harris supporters felt Trump’s views were radical. 7/10 Trump supporters felt the same about Harris. Polarisation Beyond Politics Cultural Polarisation: Pop culture conflicts like Taylor Swift’s private jet use and Drake-Kendrick Lamar feud have become polarising issues. Workplace Impact: Polarisation is affecting workplaces, creating challenges in team cohesion. Global Trends in Polarisation Europe: Centrist leaders like Emmanuel Macron (France) and Olaf Scholz (Germany) are witnessing societal shifts toward polar extremes. General Trend: The “us vs. them” mentality is becoming pervasive across societies, affecting political discourse, workplaces, and personal lives. Historical Roots of Polarisation Not a Recent Phenomenon: Polarisation didn’t start with Trump; its roots go back several decades. Cultural Changes: 1950s-60s civil rights movements laid the foundation for current culture wars. Social and economic transformations, especially post-1970s, increased divides. Income inequality has worsened polarisation since the 1970s. Technological Factors in Modern Polarisation Social Media’s Role: Social media acts as a prism, refracting opinions and creating echo chambers. Chris Bail’s Research (2021): Explores how political tribalism is reinforced by social media networks. Asks whether social media shapes views or whether views shape networks. AI Influence: AI further amplifies polarisation by curating content that reinforces existing beliefs. Result: The “us vs. them” divide deepens with the rise of AI-driven algorithms. Consequences of Polarisation Political Impact: Heightened divisions lead to extreme partisanship, reducing scope for dialogue. Cultural Consequences: Culture wars have intensified, affecting societal harmony. Workplace Dynamics: Increased challenges in managing diverse views and fostering inclusivity. Global Governance: Polarisation challenges centrist governance models worldwide. Takeaways from the Article Word of the Year (2024): “Polarization” encapsulates the defining trend of our times. Historical Context: Polarisation is rooted in historical social and economic changes. Modern Drivers: Social media and AI significantly contribute to deepening divides. Global Implications: The phenomenon is not limited to the U.S.; it has global political and cultural ramifications.

Jan 3, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 January 2025

Content: Poverty, trafficking in Bengal linked to climate change: experts PSLV C-60 mission: space start-up firm gets desired results Why has Trump called the Panama treaty ‘foolish’? ‘Suicides among CISF personnel dip 40% due to proactive measures’ SC questions petition alleging ‘favouritism’ in legal profession Experts on GM crop panels to declare conflict of interest Indian researchers develop injectable hydrogel for targeted cancer treatment Govt. report reveals stark infrastructure gap in Indian schools Poverty, Trafficking in Bengal Linked to Climate Change Context: Human trafficking continues to be a significant policy challenge in West Bengal, particularly in regions like the Sundarbans, where socio-environmental vulnerabilities are exacerbated by climate change. Relevance:GS 2 (Social Issues), GS 3 (Climate Change) Climate Change and Trafficking Connection: Cyclones and environmental disasters in West Bengal, especially in the Sundarbans, have intensified poverty and displacement. Repeated tropical cyclones, including Amphan (2020) and Yaas (2021), have devastated livelihoods, forcing migrations that expose vulnerable populations, especially women and children, to trafficking risks. Data and Trends: Missing Persons (2022): Total: 58,871 (53,655 women, 12,455 children). Human Trafficking Cases: 59 (2020), 61 (2021), and 67 (2022). Victims in 2022: 78, including 60 girls and 18 boys. Exploitation by Traffickers: Traffickers exploit socio-economic vulnerabilities by luring impoverished individuals with false job promises. Conviction Rates: The conviction rate for trafficking cases in 2022 was 55%, underscoring gaps in addressing the issue comprehensively. Call for Integrated Interventions: Organizations like ILFAT and Bijoyini work to rescue survivors, spread awareness, and advocate for systemic changes. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and survivor networks emphasize the intersection of climate change, poverty, and trafficking, highlighting the urgent need for integrated interventions. Recommendations: Creating livelihood opportunities. Improving access to support systems in disaster-affected areas. PSLV C-60 Mission: Space Start-up Firm Gets Desired Results Context: Bellatrix Aerospace, a Bengaluru-based space start-up, has announced the successful performance of its Rudra High–Performance Green Propulsion System. Relevance: GS 3 (Space) Rudra High-Performance Green Propulsion System: Successfully fired aboard POEM–4 during the PSLV C-60 mission. Proven reliability and repeatability, replicating results from the January 2024 space qualification test. All subsystems are 100% developed in-house by Bellatrix Aerospace. Technical Performance: The system caused a yaw axis disturbance of 1.4 degrees per second during a 60–second firing. Achieved an 80-degree angular rotation of the POEM platform, setting a new benchmark for performance. Future Plans: Additional test firings of the propulsion system are scheduled to further evaluate its capabilities. Significance: Demonstrates advancements in green propulsion technology, emphasizing sustainability in space exploration. Reinforces Bellatrix Aerospace’s position as a key player in the Indian space technology sector. Why has Trump called the Panama Treaty ‘Foolish’? Context: The Panama Canal dispute arises from U.S. President-elect Donald Trump’s controversial statements about reclaiming control of the canal, citing unfair treatment of U.S. interests. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) Trump’s Concerns: Transit Fees: Severe droughts in 2023 reduced shipping slots by 36%, prompting the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) to increase fees, impacting U.S. vessels. Chinese Influence:Since 2017, Panama’s engagement with China through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has led to significant Chinese investments near the canal.Concerns include operational influence and potential surveillance by Chinese entities. Historical Context: The Panama Canal, a crucial 80-kilometer waterway linking the Atlantic and PacificOceans, was built and controlled by the U.S. until 1999. The Torrijos-Carter Treaties transferred control to Panama and declared the canal neutral, allowing vessels from all nations and granting the U.S. rights to defend its neutrality. Panama’s Response: President José Raúl Mulino rejected Trump’s claims, reaffirming Panama’s sovereignty over the canal. Defended transit fees as being aligned with international standards and denied allegations of Chinese military presence or undue influence. China’s Position: China’s Foreign Ministry dismissed Trump’s accusations, emphasizing respect for Panama’s sovereignty and the canal’s role as a neutral passageway. Potential Developments: Diplomatic negotiations are likely to address U.S. concerns over transit fees and Chinese involvement. Panama may seek international support to counter U.S. pressures, reinforcing its sovereignty and the neutrality of the canal. Global Implications: The canal’s strategic importance for globaltrade (handling 6% of maritime trade) makes its governance a critical geopolitical issue. Tensions could influence U.S.-China-Panama relations and broader dynamics in Latin America. Suicides Among CISF Personnel Dip 40% Due to Proactive Measures Context: The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has successfully reduced its suicide rate by 40% in 2024 through targeted interventions, bringing it below the national average for the first time in five years. Relevance: GS 2 (Social Issues, Suicide) Reduction in Suicide Rates: CISF Suicide Rate: Dropped to 9.87 per lakh people in 2024, compared to the national rate of 12.4 per lakh people in 2022. Decline: A 40% reduction compared to the previous year. Factors Contributing to Stress: Prolonged family separation. High-pressure work environment. Personal challenges. CAPFs are particularly vulnerable due to unique occupational challenges. Proactive Measures Taken by CISF: Enhanced Communication:Commanding officers conduct regular visits and hold daily briefing-debriefing sessions to identify and address signs of distress. Grievance Redressal:Launched an online grievance portal for real-time monitoring and resolution, up to the Director General (DG) level. Mental Health Support:24×7 tele-counselling and personal counselling services.Over 4,200 personnel availed of counselling by September 2024. One-on-One Counselling:Individualized mental health support for personnel. Collaboration with AIIMS:Conducted a comprehensive mental health study and implemented actionable recommendations at the unit level. Impact and Significance: The CISF’s efforts demonstrate the effectiveness of proactive mental health interventions. The measures could serve as a model for other CAPFs and organizations dealing with high-stress environments. SC Questions Petition Alleging ‘Favouritism’ in Legal Profession Context: Advocate Mathews J. Nedumpara has petitioned the Supreme Court to abolish the senior advocate designation system, alleging it fosters elitism and privilege in the legal profession. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity & Governance) Senior Advocate Designation: Governing Law: The designation is governed by Section 16 of the Advocates Act. Criteria: Senior advocates are distinguished based on professional standing, expertise, and contributions to law. Privileges: Senior advocates enjoy certain privileges, including pre-audience rights under Section 23(5) of the Act. Petitioner’s Allegations: Claims the designation process is biased in favor of judges’ relatives and influential personalities. Asserts the system violates Article 14 (equality), Article 19 (right to practice any profession), and Article 21 (right to life) of the Constitution. Demands the abolition of the senior advocate designation and the Collegium system to combat perceived elitism in the judiciary. Court’s Response: Justice B.R. Gavai challenged the petitioner to provide concrete evidence of favoritism. The Bench termed several claims in the petition as “scurrilous and unfounded”, granting the petitioner time to revise or withdraw the petition. Strongly warned of action against the petitioners if baseless allegations are not removed. Arguments by Mr. Nedumpara: Cited the recent designation of 70 lawyers by the Delhi High Court as an example of bias. Criticized the creation of a “special class” of advocates with privileges not available to others, calling it unconstitutional. Court’s Position on Reflection: Suggested that Mr. Nedumpara “reflect upon” the allegations and amend the petition. Emphasized the need for factual substantiation rather than broad insinuations. Possible Outcomes: If the petition is not revised, the court may dismiss it or take action against the petitioners for making unsubstantiated claims. The case could reignite debates about reforms in the legal profession, including the senior advocate designation and the Collegium system. Experts on GM Crop Panels to Declare Conflict of Interest Context: The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has amended rules for selecting expert members to the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), addressing concerns of conflict of interest. Relevance: GS 3 (Genetic Engineering) Amendments to GEAC Rules: Disclosure of Interests: Expert members must disclose any direct or indirect interests that could conflict with their duties. Recusal from Discussions: Experts with potential conflicts of interest are expected to recuse themselves from meetings unless specifically requested to participate. Detailed Affiliation Form: Members must disclose professional affiliations for the past 10 years before joining the GEAC. Supreme Court’s Role: Split Verdict on GM Mustard (July 2023):Two judges delivered differing opinions on the Centre’s 2022 approval of GM mustard for environmental release.The final resolution on the validity of GM mustard remains pending before a future Bench. Directives on Conflict of Interest: Both judges agreed on the need for rules to address potential conflicts of interest in decision-making bodies. Background of Conflict Allegations: In 2013, the Coalition for GM-Free India alleged that a member of a Technical Expert Committee appointed by the SC had ties to Monsanto, a biotech and pesticide company. The member reportedly ran an organisation funded by Monsanto, raising questions about the impartiality of recommendations on GM crops. Significance of the Amendments: Enhances transparency and accountability in GEAC decisions. Aims to address public skepticism about potential bias in approving genetically modified crops. Aligns with the SC’s directive to resolve issues around conflict of interest in regulatory bodies. Next Steps: The Centre is expected to formulate a national policy on GM crops as per the SC’s 2023 order. The final decision on GM mustard’s release, as well as broader implications for GM crop regulation, awaits further judicial deliberation. Indian Researchers Develop Injectable Hydrogel for Targeted Cancer Treatment Context: Researchers from IIT-Guwahati and the Bose Institute, Kolkata have developed an advanced injectable hydrogel aimed at improving localized cancer treatment. Relevance: GS 3 (Health) Development of Injectable Hydrogel: Functionality: Acts as a stablereservoir for anti–cancerdrugs, ensuring controlled release. Targeted Action: Designed to spare healthy cells while targeting tumors. Focus Area: Specifically aimed at breast cancer therapy. Scientific Basis: Hydrogel Composition: Made of ultra-short peptides that remain insoluble in biological fluids, ensuring localization at the injection site. Glutathione Sensitivity: Reacts to elevated levels of glutathione (GSH), a molecule abundant in tumor cells, enabling precise drug activation. Biomimicry: Mimics living tissue structure, making it ideal for biomedical applications. Advantages Over Conventional Treatments: Limitations of Chemotherapy: Current treatments cause systemic side effects, affecting both healthy and cancerous cells. Localized Action: Hydrogel targets the tumor site directly, reducing systemic side effects and improving treatment efficacy. Research Collaboration: Lead Researchers: Led by Debapratim Das (IIT-G) with co-authors Tanushree Das and Ritvika Kushwaha. Bose Institute Contributors: Kuldip Jana, Satyajit Halder, and Anup Kumar Misra. Publication: Findings published in Materials Horizons, a journal by the Royal Society of Chemistry. Potential Impact: Revolutionary Approach: Offers a new method for breast cancer therapy and potentially other localized cancer treatments. Precision in Treatment: Enhances precision in cancer treatment, aligning with the need for innovative, minimally invasive solutions. Quote from the Researchers: “This work exemplifies how scientific innovation can address the pressing needs of cancer treatment. The hydrogel’s properties allow it to work harmoniously with the biological environment, offering precision,” said Prof. Das. This research marks a significant step forward in developing targeted cancer therapies that reduce harm to patients while improving treatment outcomes.

Jan 2, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 January 2025

Content: One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) Lokpal Day Celebration on 16th January, 2025 One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) Objective: Democratizing access to international scholarly journals for India’s academic and research communities. Relevance: GS 2( Governance ) Highlights: Launch: Approved by Union Cabinet on 25th Nov 2024. Phase I begins 1st Jan 2025. Coverage: Over 13,000 journals from 30 international publishers. Benefits 1.8 Billion students, faculty, and researchers across 6,300 government academic and R&D institutions. Vision Alignment: Supports ViksitBharat@2047 for India’s self–reliance and global leadership in research. Core Features: Inclusive Access: Ensures equitable knowledge access for institutions in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities. Covers diverse disciplines: STEM, Medicine, Social Sciences, and more. Centralized Management: Handled by INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network) under UGC. Digital platform for seamless access and distribution. Financial Strategy: ₹6,000crore allocated for three years (2025–2027). Annual ₹150 crore for Article Processing Charges (APCs) in selected Open Access journals. Global Participation: Discounts on APCs to enable Indian researchers to publish in reputed journals. Implementation Details: Phase I establishes infrastructure and central payments for subscriptions. Insights from Phase I will guide future phases. Synergy with Existing Initiatives: Complements Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF). Enhances R&D by linking with consortia from 10 central government ministries. Significance: Democratizes Knowledge: Brings world-class research resources to India’s academic community. Boosts Innovation: Strengthens research capabilities and positions India as a global R&D hub. Bridges Infrastructure Gaps: Empowers researchers across rural and urban areas equally. ONOS is a transformative step toward enhancing India’s research ecosystem, fostering innovation, and preparing for a knowledge-driven future. Lokpal Day Celebration on 16th January 2025 Context: Establishment of Lokpal: Lokpal of India was officially constituted on 16th January 2014, following the notification under Section 1(4) of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013. To commemorate this, 16th January has been designated as Lokpal Day, starting from 16th January 2025. Relevance : GS 2(Polity) Objective of Lokpal Day: Celebrate the establishment of India’s ombudsman body. Reflect on its role in ensuring accountability and addressing corruption in governance. Recognize contributions of individuals and institutions promoting transparency and integrity. Highlights of the Event: Date and Venue: 16th January 2025, at Zorawar Auditorium, Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi. Dignitaries Attending: Chief Guest: Hon’ble Chief Justice of India, Justice Sanjiv Khanna. Guests include Judges of the Supreme Court, High Court Chief Justices, Legal Services Authorities, Lokayuktas, government officials, and heads of PSUs and banks. Felicitations: Shri R Venkatramani (Attorney General of India). Justice N. Santosh Hegde (Former Judge of the Supreme Court). Shri Anna Hazare (Social Activist, Padma Bhushan awardee). Agenda: Inaugural Address by the Chief Justice of India, discussing the Lokpal’s role and future prospects. Lokpal: An Overview Historical Significance: Emerged from the demand for anti-corruption measures led by Anna Hazare and the civil society movement in 2011-12. Aimed at creating an independent institution to address complaints against corruption in public offices. Structure: The Lokpal consists of:Chairperson: Currently, Justice A. M. Khanwilkar, since March 2024.Members: Six members, including judicial and non-judicial experts. Jurisdiction and Functions: Investigates complaints against publicservants, including those at the highestlevels (e.g., the Prime Minister with safeguards). Supervises corruption investigations by agencies like the CBI. Ensures transparency in public administration. Significance of Lokpal Day: Awareness and Accountability: Highlights the role of the Lokpal as an anti-corruption body. Reinforces the importance of accountability in public administration. Institutional Strengthening: Encourages collaboration with Lokayuktas, legal authorities, and other stakeholders. Promotes a unified approach to tackling corruption at state and central levels. Recognition of Contributions: Acknowledges individuals and institutions committed to transparency and ethical governance. Way Forward: Discussions on challenges and strategies to enhance the effectiveness of the Lokpal. Emphasis on better coordination with investigative agencies and improving the grievance redressal system. Conclusion: The inaugural Lokpal Day is a landmark occasion to reaffirm India’s commitment to fighting corruption and promoting good governance. By reflecting on its role and fostering discussions about its challenges, the Lokpal aims to strengthen public trust in institutions and pave the way for greater accountability and transparency in the years to come.

Jan 2, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 02 January 2025

Content: Too little, too late Tackling delimitation by reversing population control Youth at the forefront of climate litigation Too little, Too late Context: Challenges in conflict resolution is highlighted, particularly in Manipur, and reflects the need for inclusive, transparent governance to foster long-lasting peace and trust-building between ethnic communities. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (Governance, Polity, Social Justice) Practice Question : Discuss the key conditions necessary for long-lasting peace in regions affected by ethnic conflict. Evaluate the effectiveness of the government’s approach to peace-building in Manipur. (250 Words) Conflict Resolution and Peace-building Dynamics Conditions for peace: A winning side that reconciles with the losing side ensures peace. An honorable compromise between conflicting parties enables lasting peace. Dialogue and steady peace can prevent violence when conflicts remain unresolved. Hostile and unresolved conflicts foster recurring violence, making claims of peace untenable. Chief Minister’s Apology Timing and impact: Chief Minister N. Biren Singh’s apology for ethnic violence in Manipur came too late to restore trust. The government’s lack of confidence from one ethnic community has deepened mistrust. Policy Missteps and Implications Reimposition of Protected Area Regime: Restrictive measures citing “security concerns” over Myanmar refugees raise tensions. Equating refugees with infiltrators risks exacerbating fragile ethnic relations in Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram. Focus on fencing the Myanmar border: The emphasis on demographic mapping instead of humanitarian assistance might escalate ethnic discontent. Recommendations for Conflict Resolution Humanitarian approach: Address the refugee crisis with sensitivity, differentiating refugees from infiltrators. Collaborate with state governments to formulate a humane refugee policy. Census and dialogue: Prioritize conducting the census to gather accurate demographic data. Facilitate dialogue between conflicting ethnic groups for lasting peace. Rebuilding trust: Ensure confidence-building measures, particularly with marginalized ethnic communities. Avoid tokenistic gestures and focus on inclusive governance. Conclusion The Manipur crisis reveals a critical gap between the MHA’s optimistic narrative and on-ground realities. Peace-building requires transparent efforts, inclusive policies, and a commitment to addressing the root causes of ethnic strife. Tackling Delimitation by Reversing Population Control Context: article explores the potential consequences of reversing population control measures in India, focusing on the political and socioeconomic impact on southern states and the need for alternative solutions to balance regional representation. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice) Practice Question: Analyze the implications of reversing population control measures for delimitation in India. How can India balance federal equity and regional demographic disparities in the context of political representation? (250 Words ) The Core Issue The proposed delimitation exercise raises concerns about southern states losing parliamentary seats due to successful population control measures. Southern states like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, with advanced fertility transitions, may have reduced representation compared to northern states with higher population growth. Reactions and Policy Proposals Policy Reversals in Andhra Pradesh: Previous legislation barred individuals with more than twochildren from contesting local elections. Current discussions include incentivizing larger families to counter the potential loss of representation. Tamil Nadu’s Perspective: M.K. Stalin humorously suggested increasing fertility rates, highlighting the absurdity of reversing successful population control. Global Lessons on Fertility Reversal China’s Example: The one–childpolicy led to long-term demographic crises, including: Skewed sex ratios and marriage market issues. Increased dependency burdens. Fertility levels so low that even incentivization has failed to reverse the trend. Forced population controls often result in unintended consequences. Other Global Cases: Countries like Japan and SouthKorea have failed to reverse fertility decline through pro-natal policies. Migration remains a key solution to addressing demographic imbalances. Challenges of Reversing Fertility in India Demographic Divide: Population momentum continues to create disparities between northern and southernregions. Using population as the sole criterion for political representation undermines federal equity. Impact on Women: Encouraging higherfertilityrates ignores the personal and economic costs borne by women. Policies to reverse fertility must include: Comprehensive social support for additional children. Compensation for the physical and economic sacrifices of women. Socioeconomic Consequences: Forcing fertility increases risks disruptingsocialandeconomicprogress achieved through population control. Addressing regional imbalances must go beyond simplistic fertility-targeted solutions. Alternatives to Count-Based Representation Revising Representation Models: Shift from population-based representation to capability–basedvaluation. Incorporate factors like education, healthcare, and economic development into the delimitation process. Promoting Migration: Facilitate internalmigration to balance regional population disparities. Encourage equitable development across states to reduce demographic pressures on specific regions. Strengthening Federalism: Ensure that politicalrepresentation reflects contributions to nationalprogress, not just population size. Address concerns of under–representation through dialogue and equitable policy reforms. Youth At The Forefront of Climate Litigation Context: The growing movement of youth-led climate litigation globally, where young people are using the judiciary to hold governments accountable for climate inaction and demanding systemic changes for a sustainable future. Relevance : GS Paper 3 (Environment, Science, Technology, and Disaster Management) Practice Question: Evaluate the role of youth in climate litigation and its potential to influence global climate policies. How can youth-driven climate lawsuits address the shortcomings of current environmental policies? (250 Words ) Catalysts for Accountability: Young people are leveraging the judiciary to hold governments and corporations accountable for climate inaction. Human Rights Framing: Climate inaction is positioned as a violation of human rights, particularly impacting future generations. Demand for Systemic Change: Advocacy focuses on bold, transformative policies addressing climate emergencies and intergenerational equity. Milestones in Youth-Led Climate Litigation Held v. State of Montana, U.S. First youth-led constitutional climate lawsuit in the U.S. to secure a victory. Affirmed the constitutional right to a clean and healthful environment in the context of climate change. Mandated Montana to integrate climate and public health considerations into energy policies, marking a governance shift. La Rose v. His Majesty King, Canada Young plaintiffs argue Canada’s insufficient climate policies violate rights under Section 7 of the Canadian Charter. Upcoming trial in October 2026 aims to compel science-aligned climate recovery plans. Other International Examples: Netherlands: Court-mandated stricter emission targets. Colombia: Amazon rainforest granted legal entity status for protection. Germany: Constitutional Court required stronger climate policies to uphold youth rights. India-Specific Developments Ridhima Pandey’s Petition (2017) Filed at age nine before the National Green Tribunal, calling for comprehensive measures like carbon budgets and climate-focused impact assessments. Dismissed by the NGT but appealed to the Supreme Court, influencing India’s climate discourse and policies. Transformative Implications of Youth-Led Climate Litigation Policy Evolution: Moves beyond awareness campaigns to systemic legal advocacy, redefining climate policies globally. Intersection of Rights and Environment: Links human rights with sustainability, pressuring governments to align with science-based targets. Global Inspiration: Encourages a unified movement demanding accountability and equitable policies. Challenges in Youth Climate Activism Restricted Civic Spaces: Crackdowns on protests and limited public engagement in countries like India. Digital Activism: Youth increasingly rely on online platforms to mobilize support and amplify their causes. Judicial Dependency: Activists depend on courts to address climate inaction amidst governance inertia. Path Forward Integrating Climate in Policy: Governments need to adopt science-aligned, youth-driven frameworks. Amplifying Youth Voices: Ensuring advocacy rights for young activists to sustain momentum. Global Collaboration: Encouraging cross-border solidarity and shared learning for impactful litigation and activism. Conclusion Youth-led climate litigation is reshaping global climate governance by driving systemic change, prioritizing intergenerational equity, and holding stakeholders accountable.

Jan 2, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 January 2025

Content: School dropout rates go from bad to worse in Bihar and Assam. The race for fighters: the IAF’s dilemma. Scorpene-class submarine among 3 frontline platforms to be inducted by Navy on Jan. 15. Report FCRA violations by NGOs, govt. asks CAs. Centre, States roped in 54,800 to monitor online content: report. SpaDeX first of many as ISRO prepares for Chandrayaan-4. Four UN environmental summits fell short in 2024. What happened? School Dropout Rates: A Growing Concern in Bihar and Assam Context: Dropout Rates and Educational Continuity in India Relevance: GS Paper 2 (Education) National Improvement Share of students continuing education into higher grades improved in 2024 compared to 2019. Girls: 80% completed secondary education in 2024 (up from 73.5% in 2019). Boys: 77.2% completed secondary education in 2024 (up from 72.4% in 2019). States with Declining Performance Karnataka: Girls: 76.5% (2024) vs. 79.3% (2019) Boys: 70.7% (2024) vs. 73.6% (2019) Bihar: Girls: 40.3% (2024) vs. 51.6% (2019) Boys: 38.8% (2024) vs. 51.2% (2019) Assam and Rajasthan: High dropout rates worsened further. States with Strong Improvement Kerala: Boys: 95.7% (2024) vs. 88.3% (2019) Girls: 97.5% (2024) vs. 93.2% (2019) Tamil Nadu: Boys: 89.2% (2024) vs. 81.3% (2019) Girls: 95.6% (2024) vs. 89.4% (2019) Rankings and Stagnation Uttarakhand: Steep improvement in rankings for secondary education (11th to 4th for girls). Maharashtra: Moderate improvement (12th to 7th for girls). Gujarat: Remained stagnant at the bottom of the rankings. Haryana: Declined significantly, falling out of the top 10 rankings across school levels. Implications Positive Impact: Overall improvement in educational continuity across India, especially for girls. Concerns: The decline in performance in key states like Karnataka, Bihar, and Assam highlights the need for targeted interventions. Regional Disparities: States like Kerala and Tamil Nadu show exemplary progress, setting benchmarks for other regions. Conclusion While national averages indicate progress, significant disparities at the state level underline the necessity for region-specific strategies to ensure equitable educational opportunities for all. The Race for Fighters: The IAF’s Dilemma Context: China’s rapid technological and military advancements, including stealth fighters and naval capabilities, highlight its growing dominance in the Indo-Pacific. Relevance: GS Paper 2 (International Relations) China’s Technological Advancements High-Tech Developments: Unveiled two stealth fighter jets, a supersonic civil jet prototype, an amphibious naval ship, a global deep-sea research vessel, and the world’s fastest bullet train. Military Aviation Supremacy: PLAAF fields two fifth-generation jets (J-20 and J-35). Emerging sixth-generation prototypes (delta-wing and twin-engine designs). Rapid progress in aviation technology, approaching U.S. standards. Largest aviation force in the Indo-Pacific with over 1,300 fourth-generation fighters. Global Impact: Pakistan plans to acquire 40 J-35 jets, strengthening its military capabilities. India’s Challenges and Plans Fighter Squadron Deficit Current strength: 31 squadrons (against the sanctioned 42). Delays in fifth-generation aircraft induction. Extended use of ageing MIG-21 squadrons due to delays in LCA-Mk1A deliveries. Indigenous Development Plans to acquire 500+ fighters, primarily domestically manufactured. Key projects: LCA variants (Mk1A and Mk2). Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). Twin Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TED-BF) for the Navy. LCA-Mk1A delivery delayed due to engine supply issues from GE. Procurement Delays Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA): Stalled since 2019, unlikely to deliver significant numbers before the mid-2030s. Upgrade of existing Sukhoi Su-30MKIs in final approval stages. Aero-Engine Dependency Reliance on imported engines (e.g., GE-404, F-414, and French engines). Indigenous aero-engine development remains a critical gap. Comparative Analysis China: Rapid advancements in aviation and naval capabilities. Fielding multiple fifth-generation fighters, with prototypes of advanced jets. India: Focused on indigenous production but hampered by delays and dependence on foreign technology. Urgent need to modernize and bridge the gap with regional powers. Implications Strategic Disparities: China’s rapid progress highlights a widening gap in military capabilities in the Indo-Pacific. Urgency for India: Accelerating timelines for domestic projects and reducing reliance on foreign technology are critical for India’s defence readiness. Global Dynamics: China’s technological strides bolster its influence in the region, impacting India’s strategic interests. Conclusion India’s ambitious plans for indigenous fighter production and modernization are essential but face significant delays. Meanwhile, China’s technological advances emphasize the need for India to fast-track its defence projects and achieve self-reliance, especially in aero-engine development. Scorpene-Class Submarine Among 3 Frontline Platforms to be Inducted by Navy on Jan 15 Context: The Indian Navy will commission three major platforms—INS Vagsheer (submarine), INS Surat (stealth destroyer), and INS Nilgiri (stealth frigate)—on January 15, 2024. Relevance: GS Paper 3 (Security) Commissioning of Advanced Platforms Submarine: INS Vagsheer, the sixth and final Scorpene-class submarine. Destroyer: INS Surat, the fourth and last Project-15B stealth destroyer. Frigate: INS Nilgiri, the lead ship of Project-17A stealth frigates. Indigenous Manufacturing All platforms were manufactured at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. (MDL), Mumbai. Ships were indigenously designed by the Navy’s Warship Design Bureau. Scorpene-class submarines were built under license from France’s Naval Group. Technological Advancements Stealth Features: Reduced radar signatures through state-of-the-art technology. Advanced Weaponry and Sensors: Developed domestically or in collaboration with global manufacturers. Modern Aviation Facilities: Capable of operating various helicopters, including MH-60R and Dhruv. Operational Readiness Rigorous trials conducted for machinery, fire-fighting, hull integrity, navigation, and communication systems. Fully operational and ready for immediate deployment. Strategic Importance Enhances India’s naval combat capabilities and supports maritime security in the Indo-Pacific. Marks a significant milestone in India’s indigenous shipbuilding and defense manufacturing capabilities. Focus on Gender Inclusion Dedicated accommodations for women officers and sailors, reflecting the Navy’s commitment to progressive roles for women in frontline combat. Conclusion The commissioning of these platforms underscores India’s growing self-reliance in defense manufacturing and its strategic focus on strengthening maritime security. It also highlights technological advancements and inclusivity within the Navy. Report FCRA Violations by NGOs, Govt. Asks CAs Context: The Union Home Ministry’s new notification requires chartered accountants to certify if NGOs have violated the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) when filing audit returns. Relevance: GS Paper 2 (Governance) Highlights New Requirements for Chartered Accountants (CAs) CAs filing audit returns on behalf of NGOs must specify if the NGO has violated provisions of the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010. They must also provide the NGO’s name, email address, and registration number in the audit certificate. Audit Certificate Details Auditors must verify if the NGO has used foreign contributions for the intended purposes and mention if any violations of FCRA or related rules have occurred. The certificate must include a statement certifying whether the NGO has violated any provisions of the FCRA, or specify that there have been no violations. Impact on NGOs The new requirement increases accountability but also presents challenges for NGOs, particularly those critical of the government. Voluntary groups express concerns that the notification may make it harder for such NGOs to find willing auditors. Background Context This move follows earlier guidance in 2021, where the Ministry emphasized ensuring that foreign funds are received and used legally by NGOs. The changes amend the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Rules, 2011, aimed at strengthening the regulation of foreign donations to NGOs. Conclusion The Ministry’s notification increases scrutiny of NGOs’ use of foreign contributions, adding new compliance obligations for auditors. However, it has sparked concerns about potential challenges for NGOs critical of the government in securing auditors for their returns. Centre, States Roped in 54,800 to Monitor Online Content Context: The Ministry of Home Affairs and various State governments have enlisted 54,800 cyber volunteers to monitor and flag unlawful online content under an initiative to combat cybercrime. Relevance:GS 3 (Internal Security) Launch and Objective: The initiative is part of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) launched in 2020. Encourages citizens to: Report illegal content. Promote cyber hygiene. Assist law enforcement as experts. Volunteer Statistics: Total: 54,833 cyber volunteers categorized as: 22,942 for reporting unlawful content. 22,071 for raising awareness. 9,819 as cybercrime experts. Focus areas include national security, sovereignty, defense, and public order. Volunteer Actions: Registered volunteers report flagged content through the official portal. Address critical incidents like cyberattacks on government sites, e.g., during the G-20 summit. Criticism: Organizations like the InternetFreedomFoundation warn of potential risks: Fostering a “culture of surveillance”. Eroding social trust. SpaDeX first of many as ISRO prepares for Chandrayaan-4 Context: ISRO is gearing up for the Chandrayaan-4 mission, aiming to bring lunar soil samples back to Earth. The mission involves preparatory space-docking experiments. Relevance: GS 3 (ISRO) C60 Mission and SpaDeX: The C60 mission, launched by PSLV, placed two 220kg satellites into orbit. These satellites will perform the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX), ISRO’s first docking experiment. The experiment involves: Gradually increasing the distance between the satellites. Executing the rendezvous and docking process, starting around January 7. Chandrayaan-4 Mission: Will utilize two LVM-3 rockets. The mission modules will perform multiple docking and undocking maneuvers to return lunar soil to Earth safely. Future Space Plans: ISRO Chairman S. Somanath emphasized 2025 as a key year with several planned launches using GSLV and SSLV rockets. Docking technology is crucial for: Chandrayaan-4. Establishing the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035. Sending an Indian astronaut to the moon. Significance of Docking Technology: Essential for sustaining a space presence, as future missions like BAS require module docking. The SpaDeX satellites, orbiting 475 km above Earth at 28,000 km/h, require precise speed matching for docking success. Four UN Environmental Summits Fell Short in 2024 – What Happened? Context: In 2023, four key UN summits on biodiversity, climate change, land degradation, and plastic pollution failed to achieve meaningful outcomes, posing a setback to global environmental initiatives. Relevance: GS 3 (Environment) Divergent National Interests: Developing nations: Demanded greater financial aid and technological transfers. Developed nations: Cited domestic economic challenges, causing a stalemate in negotiations. Lack of Consensus: Disagreements on: Climate finance mechanisms. Transitioning away from fossil fuels. Plastic pollution management. Prevented major agreements, undermining global cooperation. Global Crises Distract Action: Crises such as COVID-19, economic instability, and geopolitical tensions diverted attention and resources. Weakened commitments to long-term sustainability goals. Fragmented Efforts and Trust Issues: Summit failures risk fragmented regional initiatives lacking global coordination. Trust erosion among nations has hindered collaborative progress. Rebuilding Momentum: Proposed strategies for future progress: Honoring climate finance commitments. Ensuring transparency in agreements. Inclusive diplomacy with a focus on measurable outcomes. Need for Collective Global Action: Addressing interconnected crises requires urgent, united global efforts. Emphasizing collective action is essential to prevent irreversible ecosystem damage and safeguard vulnerable communities.

Dec 31, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 31 December 2024

Content: CPGRAMS: 3 Years, 70 Lakh Grievances Solved Fabrication of lysozyme bilayers in presence of ions can mimic biological protein absortion on inserted implants CPGRAMS: 3 Years, 70 Lakh Grievances Solved Context: The Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS), developed by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), is an online platform aimed at efficient grievance redressal. Relevance : GS 2 ( Governance) Major Achievements (2022-2024): Grievances Resolved: Over 70 lakh grievances addressed effectively. Coverage: 92 Central Ministries/Departments & 36 States/UTs. 96,295 organizations mapped with 73,000+ active users. Timeline Reduced: Grievance redressal timeline reduced from 30 to 21 days. Milestones: December 2024: Fourth Sushasan Saptah resolved 3.44 lakh grievances through CPGRAMS and 14.84 lakh grievances on state portals. Reforms & Innovations: Policy Guidelines 2024: Transparency, efficiency, and accountability emphasized through a 10-step reform process. Key Features: Grievance Cells & Nodal Officers in each Ministry/Department. Feedback Mechanism: Poor feedback triggers an appeal option. Grievance Redressal Index: Monthly rankings for performance tracking. AI-Powered Tools: Tree Dashboard analyzes grievances & feedback. NextGen CPGRAMS (Launching July 2025): Filing via WhatsApp/Chatbot. Features like voice-to-text, instant alerts, and auto-escalation. Machine learning-enabled auto-replies for officers. Global Recognition: Highlighted at the Third Pan-Commonwealth Heads of Public Service Meeting (April 2024) as a model for effective governance. Case Study: Swift grievance redressal like reinstating a delayed electricity connection showcases the platform’s citizen-centric impact. Fabrication of Lysozyme Bilayers In Presence of Ions Can Mimic Biological Protein Absortion on Inserted Implants Context: A research group at the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati has developed stabilized lysozyme bilayers on silicon surfaces to mimic ion-mediated protein adsorption in living organisms. This innovation has significant implications for enhancing the functionality of implants and biomaterials. Relevance : GS 3 ( Science and Technology ) Features of the Research: Lysozyme as a Model Protein: Found in tears, sweat, milk, and saliva. Contains four disulfide bonds essential for biological processes. Ion-Mediated Adsorption: Experiment conducted on hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicon surfaces. Stabilization achieved in the presence of ions: Monovalent (Na⁺) Divalent (Ca²⁺) Trivalent (Y³⁺) Protein Orientation: Bottom layer: Lysozyme in side-on orientation. Upper layer: Molecules in side-on or tilted orientation. Stabilization Mechanism: Driven by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions. Competing interactions result in: Native globular form on hydrophilic surfaces. Elongated structure on hydrophobic surfaces. Significance of the Research: Biomedical Applications: Mimics real biological processes for implants. Enhances ion-mediated protein-surface interactions for biomaterials. Surface Properties: Increased lysozyme adsorption leads to higher contact angles, improving implant compatibility. Room Temperature Fabrication: Simplifies the process for practical applications. Publication: Published in the New Journal of Chemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry).

Dec 31, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 31 December 2024

Content: The Sheikh Hasina extradition demand, India’s options States and the danger of poorly manufactured drugs Currency concerns UPI duopoly’s rise and market vulnerabilities The Sheikh Hasina Extradition Demand, India’s Options Context Sheikh Hasina, ousted former Prime Minister of Bangladesh, fled to New Delhi in August 2024 amid anti-government protests. On December 23, 2024, Bangladesh formally requested India to extradite her for judicial proceedings. She faces charges of genocide, crimes against humanity, and state-sponsored violence against protesters during her regime. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Sheikh Hasina’s extradition demand by Bangladesh has raised several legal and diplomatic issues for India. Discuss India’s legal obligations in this case, the challenges involved, and the implications for India-Bangladesh relations.(250 Words) Legal Frameworks and Challenges Bangladesh’s Legal Position Arrest warrants issued by the International Crimes Tribunal on October 17, 2024. Section 339B of the Bangladeshi Code of Criminal Procedure allows trial in absentia. International Criminal Court (ICC) precedent for in absentia hearings (e.g., Joseph Kony case). India’s Legal Obligations India and Bangladesh share a 2013 bilateral extradition treaty. India’s Extradition Act, 1962 governs extradition requests. Customary International Law Principle: Aut dedere aut judicare (extradite or prosecute). India’s Defenses Political Offense Exception Extradition can be denied if the accused is charged with political offenses. However, crimes like genocide and torture do not qualify as political offenses. Non-Inquiry Rule in Common Law Traditionally, extradition is an executivedecision, but this practice has limited contemporary support. Articles 20 and 21 of the Indian Constitution protect Hasina’s human rights, even as a non-citizen. Proposed Solutions for India Conditional Cooperation Allow Sheikh Hasina to remain under house arrest in India. Facilitate her trial via video conferencing with legal representation in Bangladesh. Ensure access for Bangladeshi investigators while safeguarding her human rights. Judicial Oversight India’s judiciary may oppose extradition citing risks of torture or unfair trial in Bangladesh. Past judgments (e.g., NHRC vs. State of Arunachal Pradesh, 1996) support non-citizen protection. International Dimensions Role of the ICC Bangladesh is a party to the Rome Statute, enabling ICC jurisdiction. ICC can intervene if domestic trials lack impartiality, per Articles 17 and 53. Hasina’s rights under Article 14 of the ICCPR and Article 21(3) of the Rome Statute must be ensured. Complementarity Principle ICC acts as a court of last resort, intervening only if national proceedings fail to deliver justice. Broader Implications for India-Bangladesh Relations Diplomatic Sensitivities India must balance its support for democraticprocesses in Bangladesh with bilateral ties. Ensuring a fair trial for Hasina aligns with international human rights standards. Geopolitical Considerations Any perceived interference in Bangladesh’s judiciary could impact India’s regional standing. Collaboration could strengthen India’s image as a responsible global actor. States and The Danger of Poorly Manufactured Drugs Context: The recent deaths of five young mothers in Ballari, Karnataka, due to contaminated drugs highlight systemic issues in India’s drug regulatory framework. This incident underscores the challenges posed by poorly manufactured drugs from other states flooding local markets. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Practice Question : What are the key challenges in India’s drug regulatory framework, and how can inter-state coordination be improved to ensure drug safety?(250 Words ) Issues Involved: Fragmented Regulatory Framework: The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, assigns responsibility for licensing and inspecting manufacturing units to the state where the pharmaceutical company operates. States receiving drugs from other states lack regulatory authority to act against non-standard quality (NSQ) drugs unless criminal prosecution is initiated. Data on Substandard Drugs: Of 894 drug samples tested in Karnataka over three years, 601 NSQ samples originated from manufacturers outside the state. Enforcement measures are slow, as criminal prosecutions often take years. Lack of Information Sharing: No centralised database exists to track inspection reports, licensing information, or NSQ test results from across the country. Procurement agencies rely on the self-disclosures of pharmaceutical companies, often with no means of independent verification. Challenges in Enforcement: Only inspectors in the home state of the manufacturing unit can suspend or cancel a manufacturing license. Public procurement agencies face difficulties in screening and avoiding NSQ drugs. Proposed Solutions: Centralised Information Sharing: Unified Database for Drug Test Results: Include all central and state drug testing lab results. Facilitate risk-based enforcement decisions and improve procurement standards. Inspection and Licensing Records: Establish a shared platform for inspection reports and licensing details of all pharmaceutical companies across states. Procurement agencies can prioritize sourcing from states with rigorous regulatory practices. Blacklist Registry for Manufacturers: A centralised register of pharmaceutical manufacturers blacklisted for supplying NSQ drugs. Ensure procurement agencies can verify claims independently before awarding tenders. Empowering State Authorities: Amend the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 to: Grant state drug controllers authority to block the sale of drugs from external manufacturers under investigation for adverse events. Permit states to take immediate preventive action to safeguard public health. Legislative Reforms at the Central Level: The Union Ministry of Health must lead reform efforts to modernize and harmonize drug regulation across states. Address inter-state gaps in enforcement, inspection, and data sharing. Currency Concerns Context: The Indian rupee has faced significant pressure in recent times, hitting an all-time low of 85 against the U.S. dollar on December 19, and approaching the 86-mark shortly thereafter. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has intervened to stabilize the currency, but a mix of domestic and global factors has compounded the rupee’s challenges. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy ) Practice Question: Examine the factors behind the recent depreciation of the Indian rupee. Discuss its implications on India’s trade, inflation, and investment, and suggest measures to mitigate the impact.(250 Words) Factors Affecting the Rupee: Foreign Portfolio Investment Outflows: Sustained outflows of foreign portfolio investments (FPIs) have been a key driver of the rupee’s depreciation. The peak of key stock market indices in late September, coupled with weak corporate performance during the July-September quarter, has led to a shift in investment portfolios from emerging markets, including India. Global Factors: U.S. Dollar Strengthening: The rise in the U.S. dollar, especially after Donald Trump’s election, has added pressure on emerging market currencies, including the rupee. Trump’s protectionist policies, such as the proposed tariffs on BRICS nations, have rattled investor confidence. China’s Economic Stimulus: China’s efforts to boost its economy have led to portfolio reallocation from India to China, further weakening the rupee. India’s Trade Imbalance: Trade Deficits: India’s goods trade is facing record deficits, contributing to an increased current account deficit (CAD), which is expected to double to about 2.4% of GDP in the current quarter. Import Bills: Rising import bills, especially for inelastic items like crude petroleum and edible oil, are putting additional strain on the rupee. Services Trade Surplus: While India continues to benefit from a surplus in services trade, the uncertainty surrounding the H-1B visa regime, especially in light of U.S. immigration policies under Trump, could dampen future gains. RBI’s Intervention Limitations: While the RBI has been actively intervening in the foreign exchange market to control the rupee’s fall, there is a limit to the extent it can deplete foreign exchange reserves. The government’s recent acknowledgment that exchange rate fluctuations impact monetary policy flexibility further complicates the situation. Implications for India: Imported Inflation: A depreciating rupee increases the cost of imports, particularly for essential commodities like crude oil and edible oil. This imported inflation can affect domestic consumers and businesses, especially those reliant on these imports. Exporters’ Benefits: While a weaker rupee may benefit exporters by making Indian goods and services cheaper for foreign buyers, the overall impact of the rupee’s fall could still be negative due to rising import costs and inflationary pressures. Uncertainty in Foreign Investment Flows: Foreign investment flows remain uncertain, especially with the U.S. monetary policy outlook for 2025. If the U.S. Federal Reserve raises interest rates, it could lead to further capital outflows from emerging markets, exacerbating the pressure on the rupee. Domestic Economic Drivers: India’s internal economic challenges, such as faltering consumption and weak investment sentiment, are exacerbating the impact of the rupee’s fall. These factors hinder the country’s overall economic growth prospects. Policy Recommendations and Strategic Approaches: Strengthen External Resilience: Policymakers must focus on strengthening the country’s external resilience, ensuring that the current account deficit remains manageable. This includes improving export competitiveness, diversifying trade partners, and reducing dependence on imports of inelastic goods. Monetary and Fiscal Coordination: To effectively manage the rupee’s volatility, the central bank and finance ministry need to coordinate their policies, balancing exchange rate management with broader macroeconomic stability. Reassurance on Trade Policies: Given the uncertainties related to U.S. policies, particularly the H-1B visa and trade tariffs, the Indian government should reassure both domestic and international stakeholders regarding its commitment to maintaining an open and competitive trade environment. Diversify Investment Sources: To mitigate the impact of foreign portfolio outflows, India should focus on increasing domestic investment and attracting more foreign direct investment (FDI), which is less volatile than portfolio investments. UPI Duopoly’s Rise And Market Vulnerabilities Context: Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has experienced rapid adoption in India, becoming a cornerstone of digital payments. However, as UPI grows, there are significant concerns regarding market concentration and the emergence of a duopoly dominated by two foreign-owned Third Party App Providers (TPAPs) — PhonePe and Google Pay. Together, they control over 85% of the UPI market, raising critical issues regarding market risks, innovation, and competition. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question: Critically analyze the implications of market concentration in India’s UPI ecosystem. Suggest measures to address systemic vulnerabilities, promote competition, and safeguard data sovereignty in digital payment systems.(250 Words) Risks in the UPI Ecosystem: Systemic Vulnerability: The market concentration in UPI’s payment infrastructure creates significant single points of failure. With PhonePe and Google Pay handling the bulk of transactions, any disruption in their services could have a cascading impact across the entire payments network, compromising the resilience and reliability of the system. To prevent this, the UPI ecosystem must build failsafes and backup systems that ensure uninterrupted service, safeguarding public trust in the payment infrastructure. Decreased Competition and Innovation: The dominance of these two TPAPs has led to high barriers to entry for smaller competitors. With a zero-charge model for consumers, players in the UPI ecosystem compete primarily on user scale. Once a platform reaches critical mass, it can leverage its user base for cross-selling financial products rather than focusing on innovative solutions. Market consolidation reduces the incentive to invest in new technologies or service offerings, ultimately stifling competition and innovation in the payments sector. Foreign Dominance and Data Concerns: Both PhonePe (owned by Walmart) and Google Pay (owned by Google) are foreign-owned, raising concerns about foreign control over critical national infrastructure. The dominance of foreign players presents risks, particularly around data privacy, sensitive information access, and potential geopolitical implications related to data handling. While foreign participation is not inherently problematic, a more level playing field for Indian-owned TPAPs could mitigate risks related to data sovereignty and national security. Regulatory Challenges and Delays: National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) Directive: In 2020, NPCI introduced a market share cap to prevent the two dominant players from monopolizing the market. The limit was set at 30% market share per TPAP, with a deadline for implementation. However, the deadline has been extended multiple times, allowing PhonePe and Google Pay to consolidate their dominance. As of August 2024, PhonePe holds 48.36% and Google Pay 37.3% of the market, far exceeding the initial cap. Potential Increase in Market Share Cap: There are discussions within the NPCI to increase the market share cap from 30% to 40%, which could further entrench the dominance of the leading players. This extension of the cap, while addressing short-term concerns, might inadvertently prevent smaller Indian developers from competing and innovating, thereby stalling the broader UPI ecosystem’s growth. Policy Recommendations: Enforce Market Share Caps: To reduce systemic risks and encourage healthy competition, the NPCI must enforce the market share cap without further delays. Strict compliance with the cap will allow smaller players to carve out a niche in the market and drive innovation in service offerings. Encourage Indian-Owned TPAPs: India should prioritize the development of domestic TPAPs, ensuring that Indian players have the necessary resources and incentives to compete at scale. This could include measures such as financial support, regulatory incentives, and technology partnerships to level the playing field and reduce the risk of foreign dominance. Safeguard Data Sovereignty: The government and regulators must ensure that data protection policies are robust, especially with regard to foreign-owned platforms. This could involve stronger regulations around data storage, processing, and cross-border data flows to safeguard Indian users’ personal and financial information. Promote Innovation in UPI: To make UPI more inclusive, the ecosystem should prioritize innovations that cater to underserved segments, such as rural populations and small businesses. This could include simpler user interfaces, local language support, and innovative payment solutions to drive adoption across India.

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