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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 May 2025

Content : IIP growth at 8-month low of 2.7% in April Nurdle spill is a wake-up call: expert Examining the RBI’s remittances survey Measles vaccine prevented ‘9 crore deaths’ worldwide The importance of the Deputy Speaker Cabinet approves hike in MSP for kharif crops; outlay stands at ₹2.07 lakh crore Inadequate diagnostic services still a critical gap in cancer care in India’ Increased outward FDI by Indian firms ‘warrants attention’: Finance Ministry IIP growth at 8-month low of 2.7% in April Headline Figure IIP growth slowed to 2.7% in April 2025, an 8-month low. Last lower reading: 0.0% in August 2024 — suggests waning momentum. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Sector-wise Performance Mining & Quarrying: Declined by 0.2% (worst since August 2024). Indicates weak commodity extraction and upstream supply constraints. Electricity: Slower growth → possible lower power demand from industries or supply issues. Primary Goods & Infrastructure/Construction Goods: Weakness indicates sluggish investment and infrastructure activity. Consumer Non-Durables: Indicates muted rural or essential consumption. Reflects subdued demand for everyday goods, despite summer season. Outlier Performance Capital Goods: Grew 20.3% in April 2025. However, base effect significant: April 2024 growth was only 2.81%. Still suggests private and public sector investment push or cyclical recovery in machinery output. Concerns and Implications Broad-based slowdown across production-linked sectors hints at underlying demand weakness. Poor mining and electricity data may hurt core industries and downstream production. Weak consumer non-durables → possible rural distress or price sensitivity among consumers. Contradicts the capital goods surge, showing a mixed recovery picture. Policy Relevance Monetary Policy Implication: Slower IIP may deter further rate hikes by RBI despite inflation concerns. Fiscal/Policy Focus: Government may need to accelerate capital expenditure and rural support measures. Focus on demand stimulation in consumer sectors. Way Forward Address supply chain bottlenecks in mining and electricity. Sustain capital goods momentum through infrastructure pipeline. Monitor inflation-consumption balance to revive non-durable consumption. Ensure industrial recovery is broad-based and demand-driven, not just investment-led. Nurdle spill is a wake-up call: expert What Happened Plastic nurdles (tiny plastic pellets) have washed up on beaches in Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) following the sinking of the Liberian container vessel MSC ELSA3. First major incident of nurdle landings in India due to a shipwreck. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Environmental and Ecological Concerns Nurdles are primary microplastics (1–5 mm) – raw material for plastic products. Though notinherentlytoxic, they pose serious ecological risks: Habitat contamination (coastal and marine ecosystems). Breakdown into micro and nano plastics, which: Enter marine food chains. Cause bioaccumulation and long-term toxic impacts. Disrupt marine biodiversity. Impacts on Marine Life and Humans Can be ingested by marine organisms, causing: Internal injuries, starvation, and reproductive harm. Indirect human exposure through seafood consumption. Nurdles adsorb toxic pollutants (e.g., persistent organic pollutants) from seawater. Materials Identified Pellets found were LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) and HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene): LDPE is particularly hard to recycle. Commonly used in bags, films, tubes, bottles, crates, medical items. Disaster Management Response Rapid Response Teams formed under the State Pollution Control Board. Volunteers are cleaning beaches; police drones deployed for surveillance. Focus on removing: Plastic granules. Oil slicks and hazardous substances endangering marine life and fishermen. Larger Lessons and Warnings Described as a “wake-up call” for India’s: Coastal zone management. Shipping regulations and safety. Marine pollution preparedness. Need for proactive regulations on marine plastic transport and emergency spill response. Way Forward Strengthen marine pollution control laws. Implement mandatory safety and containment protocols for plastic cargo. Develop early warning systems and dedicated marine clean-up units. Raise community awareness and volunteer mobilization mechanisms. Promote alternatives to plastic and improve recycling infrastructure, especially for LDPE. Examining the RBI’s remittances survey Significance of Remittances in India’s External Sector Inward remittances touched a record $118.7 billion in 2023-24, surpassing FDI inflows. Remittances financed over half of India’s merchandise trade deficit, offering crucial macro-stability. Despite their importance, remittances receive less policy attention compared to FDI or trade. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Structural Shifts in Source Countries Advanced Economies (AEs) now dominate over GCC countries as remittance sources. U.S. share rose to 27.7%, overtaking earlier dominance by GCC nations. Combined share of U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, and Singapore = 51.2%, vs GCC’s 37.9%. Reflects shift in migrant profile: from low-skilled West Asia workers to high-skilled professionals/students in AEs. Implications of the Shift Higher income and stable earnings in AEs make inflows more resilient to commodity or cyclical shocks. However, long-term remittances may decline as migrants settle permanently, reducing economic ties to India. Growing Skew in Transaction Sizes Transfers over ₹5 lakh = 29% of total value, but only 1.4% of transactions. Indicates growing dominance of high-income migrants in remittance flows. Raises vulnerability risks: any curb on high-skilled migration (e.g., via stricter visa regimes) could hurt inflows. Rise of Digital Remittance Channels Digital transactions = 73.5% of all remittances in 2023-24. Transaction costs have dropped to 4.9%, below global avg. (6.65%) but above SDG target (3%). Growth attributed to fintech and app-based transfers. Corridor-Wise Digital Disparities High digital use in UAE (76.1%) and Saudi Arabia (92.7%). Low digital penetration in Canada (40%), Germany (55.1%), Italy (35%). Points to infrastructure and regulatory bottlenecks in some corridors. India needs to enhance cross-border digital payment integration. Sub-National Disparities Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu = 51% of remittance share. Bihar, U.P., Rajasthan = under 6%. Root causes: uneven migration infrastructure (language training, credentialing, employer linkages). Need for state-responsive skilling missions to democratize migration opportunities. Missing Data on Remittance Usage Survey lacks insight on household-level usage of remittances. Important to know whether inflows are for: Consumption smoothing (basic needs), or Asset creation and savings (long-term development). Data gap hinders design of remittance-linked savings/investment products and financial literacy programs. Key Concerns for Policymakers Over-reliance on elite migrants and large transactions is risky. Digital divide and state-level inequalities need to be bridged. Lack of data on usage limits developmental planning. Calls for inclusive, data-driven remittance policy architecture. Measles vaccine prevented ‘9 crore deaths’ worldwide Historical Context of Measles 60 years ago, over 90% of children worldwide were infected by measles. Of those infected, about 25% required hospitalization. Measles was a highly contagious airborne virus, affecting nearly every child before vaccination. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Governance) Development and Impact of the Measles Vaccine The first effective measles vaccine was developed by John Enders in 1963. Vaccination efforts initially scaled up in richer countries, then globally in the 1970s and 1980s. Over the last 50 years, measles vaccinations have prevented over 9 crore (90 million) deaths worldwide. Vaccines reduce the risk of contracting measles by a factor of 20. Role of Other Factors in Decline of Deaths (Not Cases) In countries like the U.S., deaths from measles fell pre-vaccine due to: Better treatment of secondary infections. Improved sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition. However, these did not reduce measles cases, as it spreads through airborne transmission. Before vaccines, the U.S. still saw ~50,000 hospitalizations and hundreds of deaths annually. Disparities in Measles Impact Between Rich and Poor Countries Measles deaths remained high in low- and middle-income countries until vaccines became widely available. In the 1980s, the case fatality rate in such countries was 5-10%. Africa and Southeast Asia recorded thousands of deaths annually from measles during the 1980s–2000s. Scale-up of Vaccination and Global Health Initiatives Dramatic drop in deaths from the 2000s onward, especially in Africa, due to scaled-up vaccination efforts. The Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) by the World Health Assembly (from 1970s) significantly improved coverage. By early 2000s, vaccination reached 9 crore children (60% of infants globally). Remaining Gaps and Gavi Vaccine Alliance Despite progress, millions of children—mostly in poorer countries—were still unvaccinated. The Gavi Vaccine Alliance (est. 2000) was created to close these gaps. Currently, over 100 million infants (80% of children globally) receive measles vaccines. Regional Impact and Lives Saved Measles vaccination has dramatically reduced child mortality worldwide. Greatest lives saved in: Africa: 2.9 crore (29 million) Southeast Asia: 2.0 crore (20 million) These regions had measles as a leading cause of child mortality until recently. Summary: Measles Vaccine’s Public Health Success One of history’s most successful vaccination programs. Prevented millions of deaths, changed the trajectory of measles globally. Continues to require efforts to reach remaining unvaccinated children to sustain progress. The importance of the Deputy Speaker Constitutional and Parliamentary Importance of Deputy Speaker The Deputy Speaker’s role is not just a substitute for the Speaker but essential for continuity of legislative work. Article 93 of the Constitution mandates election of the Deputy Speaker “as soon as” the Lok Sabha meets, showing urgency and necessity. Article 94 states the Deputy Speaker holds office until resignation, removal, or disqualification. Article 180 empowers the Deputy Speaker to perform the Speaker’s duties if the Speaker’s office is vacant. The position ensures checks and balances by facilitating effective debates and smooth functioning of the parliamentary system. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Constitution) Conventional Practice and Political Harmony Traditionally, the Speaker is from the ruling party, and the Deputy Speaker is offered to the Opposition to foster bipartisanship. This convention promotes harmony between ruling party and Opposition, strengthening democratic governance. The Deputy Speaker often presides over sensitive sessions, committees, and debates, serving as a neutral arbiter. Current Scenario: Prolonged Vacancy The Deputy Speaker post has been vacant for six years, covering the entire 17th Lok Sabha and continuing into the 18th. This vacancy violates constitutional provisions (Articles 93, 94, 180) and the Lok Sabha’s Rules of Procedure (Rule 8). The government has allegedly refused to appoint an Opposition member to this post, breaking the convention. The vacancy centralizes authority in the Speaker and ruling party, undermining democratic pluralism. Constitutional and Democratic Implications The phrase “as soon as may be” in Article 93 is not clearly defined, leading to misinterpretation and delay. Prolonged vacancy creates a constitutional vacuum and crisis risk, especially if the Speaker resigns or is incapacitated. It undermines democratic resilience by weakening parliamentary checks, diluting Opposition participation, and concentrating power. The failure to appoint a Deputy Speaker represents a departure from consensus-driven politics and parliamentary traditions. Summary The Deputy Speaker is a constitutional necessity, vital for maintaining the parliamentary balance. The long-standing vacancy is a threat to democratic values and constitutional governance. Upholding the tradition of offering the post to the Opposition is crucial for political harmony and effective functioning of the Lok Sabha. Cabinet approves hike in MSP for kharif crops; outlay stands at ₹2.07 lakh crore Overview of MSP Hike The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, led by PM Narendra Modi, approved an increase in the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 14 kharif crops for the marketing year 2025-26. The total financial outlay for procurement under MSP is estimated at ₹2.07 lakh crore. The MSP hike aims to provide remunerative prices to farmers, encouraging crop production and protecting farmer incomes. Relevance : GS 3(MSP , Agriculture) Specific Increases in MSP Highest absolute MSP increase is for: Nigerseed: ₹820 increase (from ₹8,717 to ₹9,537 per quintal) Ragi: ₹596 increase (from ₹4,290 to ₹4,886) Cotton: ₹589 increase for medium staple (from ₹7,121 to ₹7,710) and ₹589 for long staple (from ₹7,521 to ₹8,110) Sesamum: ₹579 increase (from ₹9,267 to ₹9,846) MSP Margin over Cost of Production The expected profit margin (MSP minus production cost) is highest for: Bajra (Pearl millet): 63% margin Maize: 59% margin Tur (Pigeon pea): 59% margin Urad (Black gram): 53% margin Other kharif crops have margins around 50%, ensuring significant income above production costs. Policy Alignment and Promotion of Nutri-Cereals The MSP hike aligns with the Union Budget 2018-19 commitment to maintain MSP at 1.5 times the weighted average cost of production nationally. The government is promoting nutri-cereals (“Shree Anna”) cultivation by offering higher MSPs, supporting diversification and nutrition security. Procurement Trends Procurement of 14 kharif crops increased substantially: 7,871 lakh tonnes procured during 2014-15 to 2024-25. Compared to 4,679 lakh tonnes during 2004-05 to 2013-14. This rise indicates improved MSP implementation and government support mechanisms. Implications The MSP hike is expected to: Enhance farmer incomes and rural livelihoods. Encourage crop diversification towards nutrient-rich crops. Support government goals of food security and agricultural sustainability. However, higher MSPs may lead to increased fiscal outlays and may require efficient procurement and distribution mechanisms. ‘Inadequate diagnostic services still a critical gap in cancer care in India’ Rising Cancer Burden in India India currently records nearly 200,000 new cancer cases annually. Cancer cases in India are projected to reach 2.08 million by 2040, a 57.5% increase from the 2020 figure. India ranks third globally in the number of cancer cases, after China and the USA. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Diagnostic Challenges and Late Detection Inadequate diagnostic services remain a major gap in cancer care, hampering early detection. Delayed diagnosis leads to many patients presenting with advanced-stage cancers. More than 60% of breast cancer patients in India are diagnosed at Stage 3 or 4, compared to about 60% of U.S. patients being diagnosed at Stage 0 or 1 (early stages). Over 50% of patients experience delays exceeding three months before seeking medical care. Breast Cancer Specifics Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Indian women and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Indian patients are diagnosed at a younger age compared to patients in high-income countries. Lower survival rates in India are due to: Late-stage presentation. Delayed initiation of treatment. Fragmented or inadequate treatment protocols. The National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) has set up a task force to develop comprehensive guidelines for breast cancer management. Broader Context of Cancer in Asia Asia houses 60% of the global population but accounts for: 50% of global cancer cases. 58% of global cancer-related deaths. The high burden emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced cancer care infrastructure in India and across Asia. Systemic Gaps in Cancer Care Key shortcomings identified include: Limited and inadequate diagnostic facilities. Insufficient and fragmented treatment modalities. Low levels of public awareness about early symptoms and the importance of timely medical intervention. Implications and Urgency The increasing cancer burden requires: Strengthening diagnostic infrastructure nationwide. Promoting early detection and screening programs, especially for high-risk cancers like breast cancer. Increasing public awareness and education to reduce delays in seeking care. Developing standardized treatment protocols and ensuring accessibility. Failure to address these gaps could lead to worsening outcomes and increased mortality rates. Increased outward FDI by Indian firms ‘warrants attention’: Finance Ministry Rising Outward FDI by Indian Firms Indian overseas direct investment (FDI) increased by nearly $12.5 billion in FY25, despite global economic uncertainty. This surge in outward FDI warrants attention due to its contrast with cautious domestic investment by Indian companies. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Domestic Investment Caution Indian private sector shows growing caution about investing within India. Data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) reveals a rising ratio of cancelled projects to new projects announced. The ratio of dropped projects to new announcements rose to 36% in 2024-25, up from: 30.8% in 2023-24 21.8% in 2022-23 This marks a reversal from a declining trend observed since 2018-19. Economic Context Global economic scenario remains uncertain and volatile. Despite this, Indian firms are expanding their investments overseas, which is notable given the caution shown domestically. This divergence suggests Indian companies may be seeking better growth opportunities or stability abroad compared to the domestic market. Implications for Policy and Economy Increased outward FDI could mean: Capital flight risk if domestic opportunities are perceived as less attractive. Possible loss of domestic jobs and investment. Shift in India’s role in the global economy as an investor country. The Finance Ministry flags the need to monitor this trend closely for potential impacts on domestic economic growth. Need for Encouraging Domestic Investment The rising cancellation of domestic projects indicates challenges such as: Regulatory hurdles. Market uncertainties. Lack of investor confidence. Policy measures may be needed to revive domestic private investment and reduce project cancellations. Summary The simultaneous rise in outward FDI and domestic investment caution is an important economic signal. It underscores the need for balanced growth strategies that encourage firms to invest within India while exploring global opportunities.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 May 2025

Content : Eco-Fishing Ports” in Focus: Department of Fisheries and AFD Hold Technical Dialogue in New Delhi India Records USD 81.04 Billion FDI Inflow in FY 2024–25 “Eco-Fishing Ports” in Focus: Department of Fisheries and AFD Hold Technical Dialogue in New Delhi Context and Objective A Technical Dialogue was held in New Delhi between Department of Fisheries (India) and Agence Française de Développement (AFD). Focus: Promoting “Eco-Fishing Ports”—harbours that reduce environmental impact while enhancing economic, social, and ecosystem outcomes. Aim: Align national efforts with sustainable, inclusive, and smart infrastructure development in fisheries. Relevance : GS 3(Fishing ,Infrastructure ) India’s Marine and Fisheries Sector Coastline: ~11,099 km; Second-largest global fish producer (8% of world output). Seafood exports: Grew from ₹30,213 crore (2013–14) to ₹60,523.89 crore (2023–24). Markets: China, USA, EU, Japan; efforts underway to diversify and add value-added products. Current Challenges Inadequate infrastructure, limited market access, and climate vulnerability. Need for modernization, better logistics, and green technologies. Government Initiatives PMMSY Projects: ₹9,832.95 crore (USD 1.15 billion) for 117 Fishing Harbours (FHs) & Fish Landing Centres (FLCs). Smart and Integrated Fishing Harbours: Locations: Vanakbara (Daman & Diu), Karaikal (Puducherry), Jakhau (Gujarat). Features: IoT, sensor networks, renewable energy, STPs, rainwater harvesting. Blue Ports Initiative (with FAO) Model for sustainable, smart, and green fishing harbours. Key features: Eco-friendly infrastructure: solar/wind power, STPs, waste segregation. Tech-driven management: remote sensing, data analytics, predictive modelling. Emphasis on climate adaptation and community welfare. Technical Dialogue – Key Themes Concept and Infrastructure: Eco-Port design, sustainable architecture, global models (FAO’s Blue Port). Community Dynamics: Role of stakeholders, co-management, private harbour models, export enhancements. Environmental Sustainability: Green fishing vessels, hygiene, pollution control, marine debris management. Monitoring and Evaluation: Indicators, cost-benefit analysis, maintenance post-construction. Significance of the Dialogue Knowledge-sharing platform: International best practices, FAO/AFD expertise. Capacity building and collaboration: State-industry-academia-international synergy. Pathway to resilient coastal development and inclusive economic growth. Conclusion The eco-fishing ports initiative is a critical step toward a sustainable blue economy. By integrating technology, environmental consciousness, and social inclusion, India is paving the way for future-ready, climate-resilient fisheries infrastructure. India Records USD 81.04 Billion FDI Inflow in FY 2024–25 FDI Growth Highlights India recorded USD 81.04 billion in FDI inflows in FY 2024–25 — a 14% increase over FY 2023–24 (USD 71.28 billion). This is a steady rise from USD 36.05 billion in FY 2013–14, showcasing robust long-term growth. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,FDI) Sectoral Breakdown Services Sector: Largest recipient with 19% share (USD 9.35 billion). Grew by 40.77% YoY from USD 6.64 billion. Computer Software & Hardware: 16% share. Trading Sector: 8% share. Manufacturing Sector: FDI rose by 18%, from USD 16.12 billion to USD 19.04 billion. Top Destination States Maharashtra: Received the highest share — 39% of total FDI. Karnataka: 13%. Delhi: 12%. Major Source Countries Singapore: Largest contributor with 30% share. Mauritius: 17%. United States: 11%. Long-Term FDI Trends (2003–25) USD 748.78 billion FDI inflow between 2014–25 — 143% increase over 2003–14 (USD 308.38 billion). This 11-year period (2014–25) accounts for ~70% of total FDI received in the last 25 years (USD 1,072.36 billion). FDI Source Diversification Number of source countries grew from 89 in FY 2013–14 to 112 in FY 2024–25, indicating broader international confidence. Key Policy Reforms Driving FDI 2014–2019 Reforms: Liberalized FDI in Defence, Insurance, Pension. Eased norms in Construction, Civil Aviation, Retail Trading. 2019–2024 Reforms: 100% FDI via automatic route in coal mining, contract manufacturing, insurance intermediaries. 2025 Union Budget Proposal: Raise FDI cap from 74% to 100% for firms reinvesting all premiums domestically. Strategic Implications Reinforces India’s position as a leading global investment hub. Reflects success of a proactive and liberalized FDI regime. Supports economic resilience, enhanced investor trust, and Make in India objectives.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 May 2025

Content : Energy and efficiency India’s new urban worry — rising overnutrition The silver jubilee of a strategic partnership Energy and efficiency Power Demand and Supply Challenge Despite significant growth in electricity generation, India faces a peak power deficit. Deficit widened from 0.69% in FY20 to ~5% in FY24. Renewables have expanded, but grid integration challenges persist. Fossil-fuel based capacity additions are slow, leading to supply constraints. Relevance : GS3 ( Infrastructure, Environment , Economy , Science & Tech ) Practice Question : How does energy efficiency serve as the ‘first fuel’ in India’s energy transition? Discuss with reference to recent policy and institutional interventions.(250 Words) Urgent Need for Energy Efficiency Improving efficiency is the quickest, cheapest, and cleanest solution to address: Rising power demand Peak load pressures Climate change mitigation Impact of UJALA Scheme (10-Year Milestone in 2025) LED bulb prices dropped from ₹500 to ₹70 due to UJALA. Distribution impact (as of Jan 2025): 37 crore LED bulbs distributed 407 crore LED bulbs sold Street Lighting National Programme: Installed 1.34 crore LED street lights Reduced peak load by 1,500 MW Energy and Cost Savings LEDs vs. CFLs and Incandescents: LEDs use 50% less power than CFLs Use ~1/9th power compared to incandescent bulbs UJALA achievements: Saved $10+ billion Avoided building 9,500 MW of new capacity Equivalent to 19 coal plants (500 MW each) Legislative and Institutional Framework Energy Conservation Act, 2001 laid the foundation. International Energy Agency (IEA) findings: Efficiency gains (2000–2018) avoided: 15% additional energy demand 300 Mt of CO₂ emissions Emerging Challenges Urbanisation and rising per capita energy use, especially for cooling. Peak demand touched 250 GW in 2024. India ranks 3rd in global power consumption, after China and the US. Coal Dependence Remains High 70% of energy output from coal. Plans to add 90 GW of new coal-based capacity by 2032. Way Forward: Expanding Efficiency Mandates Focused mandates needed for: Buildings (design and retrofits) Home appliances (labeling, standards) MSME sector (support for tech upgrades) India’s new urban worry — rising overnutrition Alarming Urban Health Trends A Nature study revealed 84% prevalence of fatty liver (MAFLD) and 71% obesity among IT workers in Hyderabad — indicative of a broader urban metabolic crisis. Main drivers: Chronic stress, sedentary lifestyle, disrupted sleep, high-sodium foods, and desk-bound corporate culture with unhealthy food kiosks. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Urbanisation) Practice Question : India is experiencing a silent epidemic of overnutrition in its urban spaces. Analyse the socio-economic factors contributing to this trend. (250 Words) Dual Burden of Malnutrition India faces a nutritional paradox: undernutrition in rural/poorer regions and overnutrition in urban/affluent populations. Ranked 2nd globally in overweight and obesity prevalence (2021). Global Hunger Index remains low, reflecting this dual crisis. Escalation of NCDs (Noncommunicable Diseases) NCDs responsible for 65%+ deaths in Chennai; globally, they caused 74% of deaths in 2019 (WHO). Tamil Nadu STEPS Survey: Hypertension control: only 16% overall, 9.3% in 18–44 age group. Diabetes control: 9.8% in 18–44 age group. Obesity & Overweight: 14.2% and 31.6% respectively. Diet and Activity: 94.2% consume insufficient fruits/vegetables, 24.4% report low physical activity. Inequities and Economic Linkages Obesity rises with wealth and age: 10% in lowest wealth quintile vs 37% in the highest. Urban areas worse affected: 46.1% of men and 43.1% of women overweight/obese (vs ~35% rural). The working-age group (18–59) — India’s productive segment — is the most affected. Fast Food and Processed Food Culture Rise in fast food chains, cloud kitchens, late-night deliveries in cities driven by IT lifestyle. Most food options are ultra-processed, energy-dense, and nutrient-poor. Childhood obesity surged by 244% in 30 years, projected to increase another 121%. Policy Interventions and Challenges Eat Right India by FSSAI promotes healthy food habits via: Labelling, Health Star Ratings, public campaigns like “Aaj Se Thoda Kam”. Criticism: HSR system faces scientific and expert scrutiny; messaging not backed by strong enforcement. Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam (MTM) in TN: 3.79 lakh screened at workplaces; health walks, behavioural campaigns launched. International Best Practice: Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 includes: 50% tax on sugary drinks, 100% on energy drinks, calorie labels, sodium restrictions, trans fat ban. Coordinated approach: health + regulation + industry + public engagement. Way Forward for India Regulate what is manufactured, marketed, and made available, not just consumer messaging. Impose taxes on HFSS foods like in tobacco/alcohol — a public health tax for nutrition. Multi-sectoral coordination, workplace interventions, and nutrition-sensitive urban planning are critical. The silver jubilee of a strategic partnership Overview India and Germany are celebrating 25 years of strategic partnership in 2025. The relationship is framed around four pillars: Peace, Prosperity, People, and Planet. Germany’s new ‘Focus on India’ strategy underscores the intention to deepen bilateral ties. Relevance : GS2 (International Relations ) Practice Question : India-Germany relations have matured into a comprehensive strategic partnership. Critically analyse the four-pillar framework guiding this partnership. (250 Words) Peace and Strategic Cooperation Both nations support a rules-based global order. Intergovernmental Consultations (IGC) serve as a unique, institutionalized diplomatic platform. Defence cooperation has expanded — highlighted by: Tarang Shakti Exercise 2024 (joint air drills at Sulur, Tamil Nadu). Port visits by the German Navy in the Indo-Pacific region. Germany increasingly recognizes the Indo-Pacific’s strategic relevance. Future outlook: stronger defence industry linkages and strategic convergence. Prosperity and Economic Cooperation ~2,000 German companies operate in India, generating 750,000+ Indian jobs. Example: Delhi-Meerut Rapid Rail, operated by Deutsche Bahn, shows successful tech and infrastructure cooperation. Indian companies are expanding operations in Germany, integrating into high-tech global supply chains. A potential India-EU Free Trade Agreement could further deepen economic integration. S&T collaboration: Joint research initiatives. Indian researchers contributing to top German institutions. Environmental challenges seen as innovation and business opportunities. People-to-People Relations 50,000+ Indian students currently study in Germany — now the largest foreign student group. Many Indian students return to India with skills; others settle in Germany and contribute to its economy. Young Indians are adapting well in Germany, building cultural bridges and enriching society. Demand for German language learning is high across India; need to expand teaching capacity. Conversely, few Germans live or study in India — gap in cultural exchange needs addressing. Investing in youth exchange and cultural understanding is key to sustaining future relations. Planet: Green and Sustainable Development Partnership (GSDP) Germany committed €10 billion (2022–2032) in concessional loans and grants for sustainable development in India. Focus areas: Renewable energy (solar and wind) Biodiversity conservation Smart cities German companies contributing tech for India’s green energy transition. Example: German-made wind turbine blades used in Gujarat projects. Public and private sector cooperation jointly driving sustainability goals. Conclusion The India-Germany partnership is dynamic, evolving, and future-ready. Deep collaboration across strategic, economic, educational, and environmental domains. Optimism for the next 25 years of partnership based on mutual trust and shared global responsibilities.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 May 2025

Content : As U.S. Pulls Back, China is Primed to Expand its Soft Power Why Has the Monsoon Come Early This Year? Union Govt. Invites Suggestions on Draft Registration Bill IMD Retains ‘Above Normal’ Rainfall Outlook for Monsoon Developing Nations Face ‘Tidal Wave’ of China Debt as Repayments Breach Records  As U.S. pulls back, China is primed to expand its soft power U.S. Retreat from Global Commitments Under Trump, the U.S. exited major international agreements (e.g., WHO, Paris Agreement). The U.S. accused WHO of bias and demanded disproportionate financial contributions. It also withdrew funding from the UNFCCC and backed off climate finance commitments. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations , Global Order) China’s Expanding Financial Footprint China pledged an additional $500 million to WHO over 5 years. Its share in WHO’s assessed contributions rose from 6.5% (2015-16) to 15% (2024-25). China now contributes the second-highest amount to WHO, trailing the U.S. (~20%). Shift in Climate Financing Influence China’s share in UNFCCC core funding is now 17%, second only to the U.S. (22%). With U.S. retreating, China is poised to expand influence in climate governance. Rise as a Global Creditor China has become the world’s largest bilateral lender, holding 26% of global bilateral sovereign debt (up from ~1% in 2003). In contrast, the U.S.’s share fell from 36% (1973) to 4% (2023). Strategic investments via Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and loans have entrenched China’s leverage in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Shifting Global Perceptions A 2024 Pew Research Center survey showed 60%+ respondents across 21 countries acknowledge China’s major economic influence. The Democracy Perception Index (2024) found: People in 76 out of 96 countries had a more favorable view of China than the U.S. Only 20 countries viewed the U.S. more favorably. Growing perception of China as a reliable global partner in contrast to the U.S.’s perceived unreliability. Implications for Global Governance China is filling leadership gaps in multilateral institutions left by the U.S. Its strategy leverages soft power via financial aid, health diplomacy, climate action, and infrastructure. The quote by China’s Ambassador — “We have to adapt ourselves to multilateral organisations without the Americans” — highlights China’s pragmatic approach to leadership voids. Conclusion The U.S.’s inward turn has created vacuums in global governance. China is not just catching up; it is actively recasting the global order through economic and diplomatic means. This signals a rebalancing of global power, with long-term implications for international norms and alliances. Why has the monsoon come early this year? Early Monsoon Arrival in 2025 Monsoon reached Kerala on May 24, a week early (normal date: June 1). This is the earliest onset since 2009, which saw monsoon on May 23. Relevance : GS 1(Geography – Monsoon) Is Early Onset Predictable? No definitive “secret sauce” behind early arrival; highly variable. Early onset doesn’t guarantee a good monsoon; late onset (>2 weeks) usually correlates with deficit rainfall. Onset predictions are complex and uncertain. Scientific Understanding of Onset No unified theory on monsoon onset; multiple interacting systems. Trough movement from NW Pacific → Andaman Sea → Bay of Bengal → Kerala is key but poorly understood. El Niño/La Niña offer no reliable predictability for onset timing. Climate Change and Delay in Onset Onset has been systematically delayed since 1970s, potentially due to: Natural decadal variability. Global warming’s influence on monsoon systems. However, early onsets still occur despite general delay trend (e.g., 2025). Comparing 2025 with 2009 2009 was a mild El Niño year and ended in monsoon drought. 2025 has seen record warmth (1.2°C above pre-industrial levels). SST anomalies in 2024 showed mixed El Niño/La Niña traits, complicating forecasts. Currently, neutral ENSO and IOD conditions predicted. External Drivers of Early Onset Increased pre-monsoon cyclones may be pulling monsoon trough northward earlier. Western coast low-pressure systems likely helped early arrival in 2025. Cyclonic activity linked to Arctic warming and wind shifts in Arabian Sea. Typhoons in Pacific can delay onset by pulling moisture away. Forecast Complexity Even with good onset prediction, seasonal distribution still erratic. Early onset doesn’t imply: Normal seasonal rainfall. No floods/droughts within season. Changing Rainfall Patterns Monsoon withdrawal is shifting; SW and NE monsoons merging in regions. Intra-seasonal rainfall is uneven – both floods and droughts increasing. Conclusion Causes of early onset remain uncertain and multifactorial. Ongoing need for: Deeper insights into monsoon dynamics. Better models to include climate change, ENSO, cyclones, and Arctic impacts. Union govt. invites suggestions on draft Registration Bill Purpose and Scope Seeks to replace the 117-year-old Registration Act, 1908, which governs registration of documents affecting immovable property and related transactions. Aims to modernize and digitize the property registration process in India. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Key Digital Reforms Online registration enabled: Electronic presentation and admission of documents. Provision for electronic registration certificates. Digital maintenance of records for greater transparency and ease of access. Electronic integration with other record-keeping systems (e.g., land records, property databases). Verification and Inclusion Offers Aadhaar-based authentication. Also allows alternative identity verification mechanisms for individuals without Aadhaar or who choose not to use it—ensuring inclusivity. User-Centric Approach Emphasizes plain language for documents, making legal procedures more citizen-friendly. Focus on transparent and simplified procedures, especially to aid individual citizens and small businesses. Aims to ensure legal certainty without compromising on procedural safeguards. Institutional Context The administration of the 1908 Act was transferred to the Department of Land Resources under the Ministry of Rural Development in 2006. The Department has invited public suggestions on the draft law via its website. Significance Reflects a move towards digital governance in land administration. Addresses long-standing issues like cumbersome paperwork, corruption, and lack of access to property registration services. Represents an important step in land reforms, potentially improving ease of doing business and reducing property disputes. IMD retains ‘above normal’ rainfall outlook for monsoon Monsoon Forecast (June–September 2025) IMD retains ‘above normal’ rainfall forecast at 106% of the Long Period Average (LPA), i.e., ~92 cm of rainfall. Slightly higher than the April forecast of 105% (91.3 cm) of LPA. June alone likely to record 8% more rainfall than the average 16.7 cm. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3(Disaster Management ) Regional Distribution Above-normal rainfall expected across most parts of India. Exceptions: Northeastern and Northwestern India may receive below or normal rainfall. Central India, Odisha, and parts of Rajasthan expected to receive 6% more than normal rainfall. Early Monsoon Onset and Fast Progress Kerala monsoon onset: May 24 (a week earlier than the usual June 1). Mumbai monsoon onset: May 26 (earliest in 35 years, 2 weeks ahead of schedule). Fast advance through Karnataka, Goa, and central Maharashtra. Scientific and Climatic Factors Factors aiding early and strong monsoon: Pre-cyclonic circulation. Favourable temperature patterns over the Tibetan Plateau. Absence of El Niño, which weakens monsoons in ~60% of occurrence years. Impact on Heatwaves Despite possible slowing of monsoon’s progress towards Delhi, the strong monsoon is likely to prevent heatwaves in North India, especially the capital region in June. Farmer Advisory Maharashtra government advises farmers to delay sowing, despite early rains — to avoid crop damage due to potential uneven rainfall in the early monsoon phase. Implications Positive outlook for agriculture and water availability, especially in central India. Reduced heatwave risks offer relief in heavily populated urban centers. Strong monsoon could support Kharif sowing, hydroelectric power generation, and reservoir replenishment. Developing nations face ‘tidal wave’ of China debt as repayments breach records Rising Debt Crisis Among Poor Nations The poorest 75 countries are projected to make record-high debt repayments to China in 2025, totaling $22 billion. This marks a historic peak in repayments, signaling mounting financial pressure on low-income nations. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) From Lender to Collector: China’s Transition China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the 2010s led to massive loans for infrastructure like ports, railways, and roads across Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. However, new Chinese lending has significantly declined. China is now seen less as a lender and more as a debt collector, as per Lowy Institute analysis. Lowy Institute Findings Based on World Bank data, the report shows: Poor nations are increasingly struggling to repay Chinese loans. High interest costs and principal repayments are worsening fiscal vulnerabilities in debtor countries. This situation may hinder economic development, public spending, and poverty alleviation efforts. China’s Response China’s Foreign Ministry stated it was “not aware of the specifics” of the report. Reiterated that China’s financing with developing countries “abides by international conventions”. Stressed that cooperation is legal and aligned with mutual benefit narratives. Geopolitical and Economic Implications Rising debt repayments could: Trigger debt distress or defaults in vulnerable economies. Increase dependency on debt restructuring, especially through the G20 Common Framework or bilateral negotiations. Lead to geopolitical influence concerns, with critics accusing China of “debt-trap diplomacy”. Broader Context The shift from high lending to high repayments illustrates: The long-term consequences of infrastructure-based development models funded through external loans. Need for sustainable debt management, transparency, and multilateral cooperation in global finance

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 May 2025

Content : India Participates in 9th BRICS Industry Ministers’ Meeting in Brasília Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) 2.0 Portal Launched India Participates in 9th BRICS Industry Ministers’ Meeting in Brasília  Event Overview Event: 9th BRICS Industry Ministers’ Meeting Date: 21st May 2025 Venue: Itamaraty Palace, Brasília, Brazil Theme: “Strengthening Global South Cooperation for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance” Participants: BRICS+ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, UAE) Relevance : GS 2(International Relations)  India’s Key Contributions Launch of BRICS Startup Knowledge Hub (31st Jan 2025): First-of-its-kind dedicated digital platform. Aims to promote cross-border startup collaboration. Facilitates policy exchange, innovation sharing, and best practices. Focus on MSMEs: India highlighted that MSMEs employ 25 crore people. 5.93 crore registered MSMEs contribute 45.73% of exports (2023–24). Advocated for MSMEs as a pillar of industrial resilience globally.  Strategic Themes Highlighted by India Industry 4.0 & Digital Transformation: Stressed on innovation and technology as drivers of sustainable development. Promoted a future-ready industry that is inclusive and digitally empowered. Digital India Success: India grew from 251.59 million internet users (2014) to 954.40 million (March 2024). Touted as the world’s largest digitally connected democracy.  Joint Declaration Outcomes Reaffirmed commitment to: Multilateralism, openness, fairness, and resilience. Promoting inclusive & sustainable industrial growth. Leveraging digital and industrial innovation for socio-economic transformation. Guiding Philosophy Proposed by India India invoked four key principles for BRICS cooperation: Sahyog (Collaboration) Samanjasya (Harmony) Samagrata (Inclusiveness) Sarvasammati (Consensus)  Relevance & Implications Positions India as a thought leader in digital public infrastructure and startup ecosystems. Boosts South-South cooperation in innovation and MSME development. Aligns with India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India industrial strategies. Strengthens India’s soft power and diplomatic influence in the expanded BRICS bloc. BRICS: Key Facts Full Form: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa Established: 2006 (initially as BRIC), South Africa joined in 2010 Purpose: Promote peace, development, cooperation among emerging economies Population: ~42% of world population GDP (combined): ~25–30% of global GDP BRICS 2025 Expansion New Members (BRICS+): Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, UAE Focus: Greater voice for Global South, inclusive multilateralism Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) 2.0 Portal Launched Purpose & Vision What is PAI 2.0? A rationalized, data-backed framework to assess and monitor the performance of 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats across India. Objective: Enable evidence-based, participatory planning, aligned with Localization of Sustainable Development Goals (LSDGs). Transformational Goal: From data collection to performance-based rural governance → promotes accountability, transparency, and inclusion. Relevance : GS 2(Local Governance ,Governance ) Key Improvements in PAI 2.0 over PAI 1.0 Feature PAI 1.0 PAI 2.0 Indicators 516 147 (↓72%) Data Points 794 227 Rationalisation: Reduces reporting burden Enhances usability and data reliability Focus on quality over quantity Nine LSDG-Aligned Themes in PAI 2.0 Poverty-free and Enhanced Livelihoods Panchayat Healthy Panchayat Child-Friendly Panchayat Water-Sufficient Panchayat Clean and Green Panchayat Panchayat with Self-Sufficient Infrastructure Socially Just and Socially Secured Panchayat Panchayat with Good Governance Women-Friendly Panchayat Institutional and Technical Backbone Portal: https://pai.gov.in Resources Launched: Local Indicator Framework (LIF) Booklet (FY 2023–24) Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Writeshop Features: 250+ stakeholders across 32 States/UTs Live demos, walkthroughs, field insights Collaboration with NIC, NITI Aayog, UNICEF, UNFPA, TRI, Piramal Foundation Expected Impact Strengthens bottom-up planning and local self-governance Encourages data culture at the grassroots level Benchmarks Panchayats against national development priorities Supports Viksit Bharat 2047 vision through Sabka Prayas

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 27 May 2025

Content: An Operation That Was Also About a Self-Reliant India Focus on Heat-Resilience Despite the Monsoon Greater Share An operation that was also about a self-reliant India  India’s Decade of Transformation Under PM Modi’s leadership, India has pursued strategic, economic, and technological transformation. Shift from being a passive global participant to becoming a self-reliant and globally influential power. Vision of India as a strategic and technological leader in the 21st century. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Technology ,Research) Practice Question : ”India’s journey from a strategic dependent to a technological and defence-capable power is reshaping its global identity.” Discuss with reference to recent policy initiatives and indigenous defence capabilities.(250 Words)  Industrial Resurgence via Make in India Launched in 2014 to turn India into a global manufacturing hub. Key reforms: Improving ease of doing business. Attracting domestic and FDI investments. High-growth sectors: Electronics, Defence, Automobiles. PLI schemes incentivized local manufacturing.  Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (2020) – Strategic Push Focused on reducing import dependency and building strategic autonomy. Core sectors: Defence, Electronics, Semiconductors, Pharma, Critical Minerals. Emphasized modern, globally integrated, and efficient value chains.  Innovation and Start-up Ecosystem India is the 3rd-largest start-up ecosystem globally. Start-ups in fintech, edtech, agritech, health tech, and increasingly in defence tech, AI, space, and cybersecurity. Innovation is now contributing to strategic domains.  Strategic Partnerships Bilateral initiatives boosting tech cooperation: U.S.-India TRUST initiative. India-France roadmap in AI, quantum, and defence tech.  Operation Sindoor – A Milestone in Indigenous Capability Demonstrated effective use of indigenous defence tech. Signaled India’s shift from arms importer to exporter. FY25 defence exports: ₹23,622 crore (target ₹50,000 crore by 2029). Private sector contribution: ₹15,233 crore. Operation showcased validation of Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives.  National Power = Technological Leadership Technological domains vital for strategic power: AI, Quantum, Biotech, Space Systems. Key initiatives: National Quantum Mission India Semiconductor Mission ISRO’s Chandrayaan & Gaganyaan reflect space maturity.  Role of Industry in National Endeavour Industry is critical in building high-tech capability in: Semiconductors, Clean Tech, Mobility, Defence, Electronics. Contributing to: Satellite components. Launch vehicles. Indigenous defence platforms (missiles, drones, etc.).  Advancing AI and Skill Development Industry support to: Bhashini: AI-powered real-time language translation. FutureSkills Prime: Upskilling for AI-based future.  The Way Forward: Private Sector Commitments Industry must: Increase R&D investment. Forge international tech partnerships. Lead collaborative research with academia and public institutions. Develop a skilled talent pipeline of engineers and innovators.  Vision for Viksit Bharat (Developed India) India is now a shaper, not a follower, of global trends. Self-reliance has evolved from policy to a national passion. A collaborative effort across government, industry, startups, and academia is essential. Operation Sindoor is a testament to India’s journey toward becoming secure, resilient, and technologically sovereign. Focus on heat-resilience despite the monsoon Heat and Health: Current Challenges India continues to experience intense heatwaves, even with early monsoons. Health impacts include dehydration, heatstroke, exacerbated chronic illnesses. The response is skewed towards crisis management (hospital beds, IV fluids) rather than prevention. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : Extreme heat is no longer a seasonal crisis but a public health emergency. Examine the need for a preventive, equity-centered and multi-sectoral approach to build climate heat resilience in India.(250 Words) Need to Shift: From Reactive to Preventive Healthcare The health system must evolve to proactive, preventive, and interdisciplinary approaches. Crisis-focused responses are insufficient for a warming world. Strengthening Primary Care for Climate Readiness Primary health care (PHC) and frontline workers (ASHAs) must become heat-safety champions. With training, they can: Spread life-saving tips (hydration, avoiding peak heat hours). Check on vulnerable groups (elderly, chronically ill). Conduct door-to-door alerts and hydration kit distribution. Integration of weather alerts with health services can trigger timely community action (e.g., Ahmedabad model). Integrating Heat Precautions in Chronic Care People with cardiovascular, diabetic, renal, and mental health conditions are highly vulnerable. Clinicians must: Adjust medications in summer. Counsel patients on heat precautions. Monitor high-risk patients more frequently. Need for Standardised Clinical Protocols Heat illnesses often go undetected or misdiagnosed. Urgent need for: Standardised clinical protocols. Summer drills in hospitals. ‘Heat corners’ in emergency departments. Cooling kits and post-discharge follow-ups. Beyond Health: A Multi-sectoral Heat-Resilience Strategy Health sector alone cannot tackle the heat crisis. Requires intersectoral collaboration: Urban planners → Cooler housing designs, shaded public spaces. Water departments → Reliable summer water supply. Labour departments → Regulated outdoor working hours. Climate scientists → Real-time, localised data to guide action. Networks of Excellence Over Centres of Excellence Build collaborative teams across disciplines (public health, climate science, labour rights). Focus on solutions rooted in lived experience, e.g.: Misting shelters in slums. Cool roofing in Anganwadi centres. Equity-Centered Climate Resilience Extreme heat amplifies social inequalities: Informal vendors, children, elderly, and daily wage workers suffer the most. ‘Stay indoors’ advice excludes the vulnerable who lack that option. Heat resilience must prioritise equity: Map social vulnerabilities (not just temperatures). Morning health checks during alerts. Mobile hydration units, cool shelters, and protective worker policies. The Time to Act is Now The window to build resilience is closing. India must lead with urgency, embedding heat resilience into public health. Actions must be science-driven, equity-rooted, and locally led. True climate resilience = protecting the most at risk. Greater share  Context & Background NITI Aayog Meeting: PM Modi’s call for “Team India” cooperation comes amid growing discontent among States. Federal Institutions Dormant: NITI Aayog Governing Council meets only once a year. GST Council has not met for over 5 months, despite mandate of quarterly meetings. States’ Frustration: Lack of regular platforms to air grievances undermines cooperative federalism. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Federalism) Practice Question : Discuss the impact of GST on fiscal federalism in India. In light of the evolving revenue landscape, should States get a higher share of central taxes? Substantiate your argument.(250 Words)  Erosion of Fiscal Federalism One-way Street: Centre exerts control over policy and finances, limiting States’ autonomy. Carrot-and-Stick Approach: States are compelled to comply with central schemes due to financial dependency.  Need for Reform in Centre-State Tax Sharing Current Devolution: States receive 41% of central taxes (as per 15th Finance Commission). Tamil Nadu CM’s Proposal: Raise the share to 50% to restore balance in fiscal federalism.  Impact of GST on States’ Revenues Loss of Fiscal Autonomy: GST subsumed State-level indirect taxes (like VAT, entry tax). Compensation Period Over: 5-year GST compensation ended in June 2022. Own Tax Revenue Trends: Improved from 6.6% of GSDP (2017-18) to 7.2% (2024-25). Indicates States are making efforts to enhance revenue collection.  GST Performance vs Expectations Underperformance: GST revenues have only recently exceeded pre-GST levels. Unrealised Potential: GST was expected to be revenue-neutral or even beneficial, but that hasn’t fully materialised.  Constructive Federal Mechanisms Sub-Groups as Solution: Andhra CM proposed regional sub-groups to focus on: GDP growth & investment Leveraging demographics Governance through technology Could make coordination easier compared to involving all States at once.  Way Forward Revive Federal Forums: Frequent and meaningful meetings of NITI Aayog & GST Council are critical. Revisit Devolution Formula: A serious debate on increasing States’ share in central taxes is essential. Ensure Fiscal Equity: Reforms must recognize that States are development partners, not mere implementers.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 May 2025

Content: Manage anaemia before pregnancy Why are ‘sugar boards’ necessary in schools? Scientists finally solve the 160-year-old problem of Mendel’s peas Centre’s reform nudge to States resulting in less land wastage: Ministry data The dawn of autonomous satellites and the legal vacuum above us Manage anaemia before pregnancy Problem Identification High prevalence of anaemia: Over 57% of women of reproductive age in India suffer from undiagnosed anaemia. Symptoms ignored: Fatigue, dizziness, and weakness are often dismissed as routine. Critical timing: By the time pregnancy begins, many women already have dangerously low haemoglobin levels. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Consequences of Anaemia at Conception Increased risk of: Preterm birth Low birth weight Maternal complications: e.g., pre-eclampsia, post-partum hemorrhage Reduced iron transfer to fetus → infant anaemia Maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality increases Need for a Paradigm Shift Current maternal health efforts are focused during pregnancy. For long-term improvement: Shift to preconception care Focus on woman’s health before conception Ask not just “Are you ready for motherhood?” but “Is your body ready for pregnancy?” Limitations of Current Anaemia Management Oral Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) is the standard, but: Side effects: nausea, diarrhea, constipation Poor absorption, especially in chronic anaemia Low adherence in women Oral iron’s effectiveness is reduced due to Hepcidin-regulated absorption Suggested Interventions Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose (IV FCM): Rapid restoration of haemoglobin and iron stores Not affected by Hepcidin Suitable for moderate to severe anaemia Vitamin B12 and Folate injection: 49% women have B12 deficiency Essential for RBC formation and neurological development Oral iron alone is insufficient without addressing B12 Thyroid and blood sugar screening: Undiagnosed hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism can mask or worsen anaemia Gestational diabetes often detected late → risks to fetal health Community & Policy-Level Actions Community awareness: Involve families to promote preconception check-ups Grassroots healthcare workers: ASHAs and Anganwadi workers should integrate preconception education in maternal health programs Normalize preconception check-ups: Treat as essential as antenatal care Policy Recommendations Expand interventions: Broaden IV FCM usage Combine B12, folate, and iron injectables Improve oral IFA strategies: Rethink dosing patterns (alternate day, twice weekly) Make preconception care routine and institutionalised Long-Term Vision Addressing anaemia before pregnancy is key to: Healthier mothers Smarter, healthier future generations Maternal health is a societal imperative, not just a medical concern Conclusion No woman should begin pregnancy anaemic. Preconception health care must become standard, urgent, and transformative. Action is not optional — it’s essential for national health and development. Why are ‘sugar boards’ necessary in schools? Why are ‘sugar boards’ necessary in schools? Rising incidence of Type-2 diabetes among children: Once considered an adult disease, it is now increasingly seen in children due to high sugar intake. Excess sugar in diets: Children aged 4–10 get 13% of calories from sugar, and 11–18-year-olds get 15% — far above the recommended 5%. Unhealthy food environment in schools: Easy availability of sugary snacks, beverages, and processed foods in and around schools. Need for early health education: Schools are an effective platform to inculcate healthy eating habits from a young age. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) What are ‘sugar boards’? Visual learning tool: DIY boards display actual sugar content in popular food/drinks like cola and packaged juices using teaspoons or packets of sugar. Student involvement: Children create the boards during workshops, making the activity interactive and engaging. Informative content: Includes sugar content in common foods, recommended daily intake, and health risks of excess sugar. CBSE’s role: Over 24,000 CBSE schools asked to implement the boards and submit reports/photos by July 15. Role of NCPCR (National Commission for Protection of Child Rights): Advocated for nationwide adoption: Urged all schools (CBSE + State boards) to implement sugar boards. Expressed concern: Highlighted the rise of Type-2 diabetes in children and the poor dietary environment in schools. Stakeholder engagement: Organizing sessions with pediatricians, teachers, and parents; promoting workshops and awareness programs. Is Type-2 Diabetes prevalent in Indian children? Estimated incidence: 397 per lakh among Indian children (second only to China with 734/lakh). Lack of comprehensive data: No nation-wide population-based studies yet. Higher vulnerability: Indian genetic makeup predisposes to metabolic disorders even at lower BMI thresholds. FSSAI’s regulatory status on sugar and HFSS: No finalized HFSS cut-offs: Scientific panel discussions underway but no consensus yet. Existing standards: WHO recommends <25g (6 tsp) sugar/day; India relies on these in absence of indigenous norms. Call for Indian-specific data: Experts argue for country-wide studies tailored to Indian dietary and metabolic profiles. Labeling norms: A product must have ≤5g sugar/100g to claim “low sugar”, but HFSS definitions for school meals are yet unresolved. Next steps: Beyond sugar boards: NCPCR aims to include warnings about high salt and trans-fat in school meals. Data collection ongoing: Gathering health data from hospitals and during school health drives. Parent engagement: Emphasizing nutrition education during PTA meetings. Health expert outreach: Pediatricians to conduct awareness workshops in schools. Conclusion: Sugar boards are a simple yet powerful educational tool to combat childhood obesity and lifestyle diseases. Their widespread adoption, combined with regulatory clarity, community engagement, and health data tracking, could form a holistic public health strategy for India’s children. Scientists finally solve the 160-year-old problem of Mendel’s peas Historical Context In 1856, Gregor Mendel began experiments on pea plants to study inheritance. He identified 7 discrete traits, noticing dominant and recessive patterns. His findings (1866) were largely ignored during his lifetime. In 1900, three scientists — Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermak — independently rediscovered Mendel’s work. Relevance : GS 3(Science) Mendel’s Key Discoveries Traits followed predictable 3:1 ratios in second-generation crosses. Introduced the concepts of dominant/recessive traits and discrete units of heredity (now called genes). Formed the foundation for modern genetics, later leading to the chromosome theory of inheritance. The Unresolved Mystery Despite scientific advancements, genetic basis for all 7 traits Mendel studied was not fully explained. Only 4 traits were genetically characterised until recently: Seed shape Seed colour Plant height Flower colour Breakthrough Study in Nature (2025) Paper: ‘Genomic and genetic insights into Mendel’s pea genes’ (Feng et al.). Used next-generation sequencing on 697 pea variants. Generated a 60 terabase DNA dataset (≈14 billion pages worth of genetic data). Major Scientific Breakthroughs Genetic Basis for Remaining 3 Traits Identified: Pod Colour: Deletion near ChlG gene disrupts chlorophyll, causing yellow pods. Pod Shape: Changes in MYB and CLE-peptide genes cause constricted pods. Flower Position: Deletion in CIK-like-coreceptor-kinase gene and a modifier locus leads to terminal flower positioning. Complexity of Pea Plant Genetics Revealed: Though peas belong to 4 species, genetically cluster into 8 groups due to admixture. Discovered additional alleles for traits previously thought to be simple — e.g., a variant that turns white flowers purple. Expanded Trait Mapping: Identified 72 agriculturally important traits (e.g., architecture of seed, pod, root). Created a genomic map for deep trait-tracking and breeding research. Scientific and Agricultural Implications Resolves a 160-year-old puzzle in genetics. Provides a blueprint for plant breeding — improved crop yield, disease resistance, stress adaptation. Demonstrates the power of combining classical genetics with modern genomics. Reflection Mendel’s curiosity in a monastery garden laid the groundwork for centuries of biological advancement. The study underscores how fundamental research can yield profound future applications. Centre’s reform nudge to States resulting in less land wastage: Ministry data  Background of the Reform Initiative In 2020, the Centre launched the Scheme for Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment. It provides 50-year interest-free loans to States for capital expenditure. A portion of the loans is conditional, tied to the implementation of specific reforms: ➤ Road construction ➤ Digitisation ➤ Optical fibre installation ➤ Urban reforms ➤ Disinvestment and monetisation Relevance : GS 2(Solid Waste Management)  Budgetary Growth of the Scheme In 2020, the scheme’s cap was ₹12,000 crore. It has expanded to ₹1,50,000 crore in 2025–26, reflecting growing state participation and investment needs.  Land and Industrial Reforms Outcomes 22 States have amended building bylaws related to industrial and commercial land use. 18 States have reduced land wastage to below 30% in factory plots. Previously, ~50% of industrial land was consumed by parking and setback norms. Reforms led to more optimal land use by revising outdated regulations.  Digitisation of Land Records – Key Achievements 90% of cadastral maps (ownership and boundary details) have been digitised. 91% of Records of Rights (RoR) have been digitised ➤ 35 crore out of 38 crore records. 30% of land parcels have received Unique Land Parcel Identification Numbers (ULPINs) ➤ 22 crore out of 76 crore parcels.  Broader Implications Efficient land use encourages industrial investment by freeing up usable factory land. Digitisation enhances land transparency, dispute resolution, and supports Ease of Doing Business. Supports Centre–State cooperative federalism by incentivising reform through funding. The dawn of autonomous satellites and the legal vacuum above us  Evolution of Satellites The Space Age began with the launch of Sputnik (1957) — satellites were passive tools (e.g., GPS, communication, Earth observation). Now, AI integration is transforming satellites into autonomous, intelligent machines capable of real-time decision-making and self-operation. Relevance : GS 3(Space ,Technology)  Features of AI-Powered Satellites Satellite edge computing enables onboard processing and decision-making. Key capabilities: Automated space operations (docking, refuelling, debris removal). Self-diagnosis and repair of faults. Route planning for orbital optimization. Real-time geospatial intelligence and disaster detection. Combat support, including threat identification and engagement.  Emerging Risks and Challenges AI hallucinations could lead to misclassification of threats (e.g., mistaking commercial satellites as hostile). Autonomous reactions (e.g., evasive manoeuvres) could trigger diplomatic crises or near-collisions. AI decisions may occur without human oversight, creating serious accountability gaps.  Legal and Regulatory Vacuum Existing space laws — Outer Space Treaty (1967) and Liability Convention (1972) — assume human control. Key legal challenges: Fault attribution: Who is liable — the launching state, the operator, the developer, or the AI? Jurisdictional complexity: Multinational development, operation, and registration of satellites complicates legal responsibility. Authorisation and supervision under OST becomes vague in AI contexts.  Need for Legal and Technical Solutions Legalreforms: Categorise levels of autonomy, similar to autonomous vehicles. Mandate meaningful human control for high-risk decisions. Develop global certification standards for satellite AI behaviour (fault response, manoeuvre logs, etc.). International frameworks could emulate aviation and maritime insurance and liability models (e.g., HNS Convention, Montreal Convention).  Ethical and Geopolitical Imperatives Dual-use concerns: Satellites could be used for autonomous weapons, raising fears of an arms race in space. Ethical data governance needed to manage massive data collection, privacy, and surveillance issues. Risk of escalation from AI-triggered errors underscores the need for international cooperation.  Call for a New Regulatory Architecture AI-driven autonomy in orbit demands intelligent, adaptive legal frameworks. Historical analogy: just as cars needed traffic laws, AI satellites need space governance reforms. Shared orbits mean shared responsibilities — requiring multilateral collaboration and technological foresight.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 May 2025

Over 4 Lakh Crore Investment Proposals: Rising North East Summit Concludes On A Successful Note  Investment Highlights Total Investment Proposals: ₹4.3 lakh crore received during the summit. Major Announcements: Reliance Industries (Mukesh Ambani): ₹75,000 crore over 5 years (focus on agriculture, telecom, digital services). Adani Group (Gautam Adani): ₹50,000 crore over 10 years. Vedanta Group (Anil Agarwal): Over ₹30,000 crore. Delegation Participation: Representatives from 80+ countries including Japan, Europe, ASEAN. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure)  Vision and Objectives NER as Economic Powerhouse: Summit positions North Eastern Region (NER) as India’s “next economic powerhouse.” International Gateway: Framed as India’s bridge to Southeast Asia. PM Modi’s Role: Recognized for embracing and unlocking the region’s untapped potential.  Institutional and Governance Framework Whole-of-Government Approach: Coordination across ministries and states. High-Level Task Forces Created in 8 Sectors: Agriculture, Sports, Investment Promotion, Tourism, Economic Corridors, Infrastructure, Textiles & Handicrafts, Animal Husbandry. Extensive Stakeholder Engagement: 9 domestic roadshows, 2 Ambassador Meets (95+ countries), 6 state roundtables, multiple B2B and B2G meetings.  Infrastructure and Sectoral Growth Highway Expansion: From 10,905 km (2014) to 16,207 km (2024). Power Generation: Added 694.5 MW capacity + 10,000+ km transmission/distribution lines. Aviation Boost: Airports doubled from 9 to 17; 36 major aviation projects completed. Education Investment: ₹21,000 crore over the past decade; includes: 800+ new schools 1 AIIMS 9 medical colleges 2 IIITs  Narrative Shift and Image Building NER’s Global Rebranding: From underdeveloped to investment-worthy. Cultural & Resource Potential Highlighted: Natural beauty, music, sports, and biodiversity. Investor Confidence Built Through: Concrete projects, ministerial follow-ups, and MoU tracking mechanisms.  Future Roadmap Post-Summit Activities: Continued B2B and B2G engagement. MDoNER to act as“investment bridge” between industry and states. MoUs to be tracked and implemented with speed. Goal: Economic revolution and revival in the Northeast — transforming it into a vibrant, connected economic zone.  Symbolic Significance First-Ever Investment Summit of This Scale by MDoNER. Leadership Presence: PM Modi, Jyotiraditya Scindia, top industrialists, diplomats, and key state ministers. Venue Transformation: Bharat Mandapam became symbolic of Northeast’s emerging national stature.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 May 2025

Content: Frontier of progress Time for a new India-Africa digital compact Frontier of progress Strategic Importance & Diversity Cultural & Ecological Wealth: Northeast India is rich in tribal, linguistic, and cultural diversity, and is ecologically significant with abundant natural resources. Geostrategic Location: Its proximity to Southeast Asia makes it vital for India’s Act East Policy and regional connectivity. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Infrastructure) Practice Question : “Northeast India’s development must be sensitive to its unique cultural and ethnic fabric.”Discuss how the government can balance infrastructure development with socio-cultural harmony in the region.(250 Words) Infrastructure & Development Initiatives Major Projects: Sela Tunnel, Bhupen Hazarika bridge, 11,000 km highways, new rail lines. Expansion of airports and inland waterways (Brahmaputra & Barak rivers). 1,600-km-long Northeast Gas Grid and improved mobile connectivity. Industrial Investment: Notable example: ₹27,000 crore Tata Semiconductor Plant in Assam. Tourism Boom: Improved connectivity and environmental allure have increased tourist inflow. Conflict Resolution Efforts Peace Accords: Framework Agreement with NSCN-IM (2015), Bodo Accord, Bru refugee settlement (2020). Security Reforms: Gradual rollback of the AFSPA reflects efforts toward normalization. Persistent Challenges Ethnic Conflicts: The Kuki-Meitei violence in Manipur (since May 2023) underscores ongoing tensions. Nagaland Peace Process: Stalled dialogue has led to disillusionment. Inter-State Border Disputes: Still unresolved in parts, though Assam has made progress with Arunachal and Meghalaya. Environmental Protests: Hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh have sparked fears of displacement and ecological risks. Regional Integration & Policy Gaps Need for Alignment: Domestic policies (development + harmony) must align with foreign policy goals. Effective northeast integration is critical for leveraging economic and strategic ties with Southeast Asia. Conclusion Unity in Diversity: Realizing the region’s full potential requires not just infrastructure but sensitivity to its cultural and political intricacies. Balanced Approach Needed: Security, development, and diplomacy must go hand-in-hand to make the northeast a true frontier of progress. Time for a new India-Africa digital compact Context: Africa’s Digital Vision Africa Day (May 25): Celebrates the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (1963) and symbolizes the continent’s aspiration for unity and development. Digital Transformation Strategy (2020–2030): Central to the African Union’s agenda for inclusive and sustainable growth through digital innovation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) model offers a unique template for South-South cooperation.”Evaluate how India’s digital partnership with Africa can redefine development diplomacy.(250 Words) India’s Evolving Development Diplomacy Traditional Engagements: Capacity-building via technical training. Infrastructure development through concessional lines of credit. Shift in Approach: Focus on technology-driven, socially embedded solutions. Rise of Indian social enterprises offering low-cost, scalable innovations. Emerging Digital Partnership Early Foundation: Pan-African e-Network (2009) offering telemedicine and tele-education, implemented by TCIL. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) Export: India now shares models like Aadhaar, UPI, CoWIN, and DIKSHA as global digital public goods. Examples of Recent Collaborations Togo (2021): Adopted Modular Open-Source ID Platform with IIIT-Bangalore. Zambia (2023): MoU with IIIT-B’s Centre for DPI for Smart Zambia Initiative. Namibia (2024): Pact with NPCI to build a UPI-like payment system. Ghana: Linking national payments to UPI for seamless transactions. Why India’s DPI Model Appeals Affordability: Low-cost implementation. Scalability: Can serve large populations with minimal resource strain. Public-oriented design: Emphasizes open-source, inclusive governance. Alternatives to Surveillance Models: Distinct from China’s and Western proprietary models. Competitive Digital Ecosystem Multiple Players in Africa: China (state-backed infra), EU, US, and India all competing for digital influence. African Nations’ Criteria: Decisions are driven by national digital priorities, not geopolitics. Capacity-Building Milestone IIT Madras – Zanzibar Campus: Offers programs in Data Science & AI. Involves Indian private sector for scholarships. Aligns academic training with socio-economic goals. Challenges to Be Addressed Digital Divide: High data/device costs. Rural-urban disparities. Gender-based exclusion from access/literacy. Energy Constraints: Weak power infrastructure hampers digital expansion. Infrastructure Needs: Digital transformation depends on sustainable energy investments. Opportunities Ahead Strong Foundation: 85% African countries have digital ID systems. 70% collect biometric data — enabling authentication layers. Potential of a New Compact: Anchored in mutual respect, co-development, and institutional trust. Can serve as a replicable model for global South-South cooperation in the digital era.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 May 2025

Content: Why has Tamil Nadu adopted a space sector policy? India views China as ‘primary adversary’ and Pakistan more as ‘ancillary’ security problem, says U.S. report Need to go full throttle on indigenous defence systems: ex-DRDO chief Meghalaya’s new cave-dwelling fish adapts to streams overground: study The maths of how India’s coastline lengthened without gaining land Why has Tamil Nadu adopted a space sector policy? Context : To follow the national Indian Space Policy 2023 and join states like Karnataka and Gujarat in fostering a regional space ecosystem. Encouraged by IN-SPACe (a central government body) to frame a state-specific strategy for space sector growth. Builds on Tamil Nadu’s existing Aerospace & Defence (A&D) Policy where space was already identified as a priority. Leverages Tamil Nadu’s strong base of over 250 ISRO-linked vendors and advanced capabilities in electronics and precision manufacturing. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Space) How is Tamil Nadu strategically placed for the space sector? ISRO Presence: ISRO Propulsion Complex (IRPC) at Mahendragiri, Tirunelveli for cryogenic and earth storable engine testing and R&D. Construction of India’s second spaceport at Kulasekarapattinam, Thoothukudi. Startup Ecosystem: Emerging space-tech startups focusing on launch vehicles, reusable systems, in-space manufacturing, and data fusion. Academic Infrastructure: Space Technology Incubation Centre (STIC) at NIT Trichy supports ISRO’s developmental projects in the southern region. What are the policy’s key objectives and features? Investment Goal: Attract ₹10,000 crore investments in 5 years. Employment Generation: Targeting 10,000 direct and indirect jobs. Sectoral Integration: Utilise space tech in governance (e.g., agriculture, disaster management, health, fisheries, urban administration). Industrial Infrastructure: Creation of Space Bays with incentives for investments below ₹300 crore. Space Industrial Parks eligible for 10% housing development incentive (₹10 crore cap). R&D Support: Payroll subsidies for companies engaged in space R&D or establishing global capability centres. Green Incentives: 25% capital subsidy for sustainable/green initiatives (up to ₹5 crore). Will it generate employment and growth? Yes, with a clear aim to: Generate nearly 10,000 jobs. Boost startup participation in high-tech manufacturing and design. Anchor Tamil Nadu as a key player in India’s commercial space economy. Conclusion: The policy is strategic, investment-driven, and future-facing, aligning with national priorities while leveraging state strengths. It enhances Tamil Nadu’s positioning in India’s evolving space ecosystem and fosters innovation, job creation, and technology integration across sectors. India views China as ‘primary adversary’ and Pakistan more as ‘ancillary’ security problem, says U.S. report Context : India’s Threat Perception China as Primary Adversary: India sees China as its foremost security threat, due to unresolved border disputes and strategic competition. The disengagement in Depsang and Demchok (Oct 2024) reduced tactical tensions but did not resolve the core issue of border demarcation. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence) Pakistan as Ancillary Threat: India views Pakistan as a secondary, manageable threat, despite ongoing cross-border attacks (e.g., Pahalgam terror attack in April 2024). India continues retaliatory actions such as Operation Sindoor to target terror infrastructure in Pakistan.  Strategic Defence Priorities under PM Modi Focus on: Countering China regionally and globally. Demonstrating global leadership. Modernising military power and promoting self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat). Key Initiatives: Strengtheningbilateral defence ties in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Increasing multilateral participation: QUAD, BRICS, SCO, ASEAN. Expanding trilateral engagements in the Indo-Pacific.  Defence Modernisation Efforts Nuclear Capability: Continued testing of Agni-I Prime MRBM and Agni-V MIRV systems. Commissioning of second nuclear-powered submarine, enhancing India’s nuclear triad and strategic deterrence. Indigenisation Drive: Push for ‘Made in India’ in defence to: Boost domestic manufacturing. Reduce foreign dependency. Address supply chain vulnerabilities.  India-Russia Defence Relations Despite reduced procurement, India: Continues reliance on Russian spare parts for legacy equipment. Maintains ties for strategic autonomy, balancing growing Russia-China closeness.  Pakistan’s Military Strategy Pakistan is: Modernising its military, including battlefield nuclear weapons, to counter India’s conventional superiority. Likely to continue importing dual-use/WMD-related materials from global networks. Views India as an “existential threat”, shaping its nuclear doctrine and security outlook. Geopolitical Implications India is repositioning itself as a maritime and regional power through partnerships and military diplomacy. The China-Pakistan nexus remains a dual-front challenge for India. India’s balanced approach to Russia, even amid global tensions, reflects a multipolar foreign policy orientation.  Conclusion The U.S. DIA report confirms India’s shift towards strategic assertiveness, with China at the centre of its defence calculus. India’s integrated approach—combining military modernisation, regional engagement, and strategic autonomy—reflects a long-term vision to secure its interests in a competitive multipolar world. Need to go full throttle on indigenous defence systems: ex-DRDO chief Context : Key Achievements Highlighted in Operation Sindoor Dominance of Indigenous Systems: Majority of deployed systems during Operation Sindoor were indigenously developed. This has boosted confidence of armed forces in Indian-made systems. Air Defence Performance: Multi-layered defence structure worked seamlessly, combining: S-400 (long-range) Akash & Spyder (medium-range SAMs) Various air defence guns Notably, most enemy attacks were neutralised mid-air. Akash Missile System: Developed under IGMDP, led by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Proven highly effective; armed forces reportedly satisfied with its performance. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence)  Implications for Defence Industry Morale Boost: Scientists and DRDO personnel are highly motivated post successful deployment. Seen as a validation of years of indigenous R&D. Production Readiness: Industry must be prepared to scale production for bulk orders. Greater synergy expected between R&D and manufacturing arms. Export Potential: Global recognition of India’s defence capability likely to enhance defence exports. Opportunity to project India as a reliable defence supplier. Strategic Lessons and Forward Path Fast-paced Technological Development: Warning: Long development cycles risk obsolescence. Emphasis on agile innovation and faster induction cycles. Focus Areas for the Future: Invest in niche, long-range, and cost-effective strike systems. Develop counter-niche technologies to detect, deter, and destroy enemy threats early. Emphasis on Dual Approach: Combine hard-kill (kinetic) and soft-kill (non–kinetic) mechanisms. Enhance early warning and integrated battle management systems. Broader National Security Outlook Operation Sindoor as a Milestone: Proved India’s combat readiness and deterrent capability. Encouraged institutional confidence in domestic innovation and DRDO-led projects. Call to Action: Need to go “full throttle” on indigenisation. Ensure that defence R&D remains ahead of technological curve, adaptable, and export-competitive.  Conclusion India stands at a strategic inflection point where battlefield validation of indigenous systems can translate into: Operational self-reliance, Industrial transformation, And global defence market presence. The challenge now is to accelerate development, reduce dependency, and sustain innovation momentum. Meghalaya’s new cave-dwelling fish adapts to streams overground: study Context : Scientific Discovery Species Name: Schistura densiclava Type: Troglophile loach – a cave-dwelling fish that also thrives in surface (epigean) streams. Discovery Site: Krem Mawjymbuin cave, East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. Research Team: Led by Kangkan Sarma, Gauhati University; published in Journal of Fish Biology. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Habitat Characteristics Found ~60 metres inside the cave: Temperature: ~18°C Oxygen levels: Low Water flow: Cool, fast-flowing stream Cave also noted for religious significance due to a Shivalinga-like formation. Unique Adaptations Retains pigmentation and eyesight, unlike most cave fishes (which are typically eyeless and pigmentless). Adapted to subterranean life, but capable of surviving in aboveground streams as well. Belongs to the Nemacheilidae family (loaches, bottom-dwelling fish with barbels). Morphological Features Color: Pale yellow-green body Markings: 14–20 greyish to faint black vertical bars Distinctive Stripe: Thick stripe near the dorsal fin – inspiration for the name densiclava (Latin: “thick stripe”). Sexual Dimorphism Males: Slimmer build Irregular body patterns Puffier cheeks Females: Sturdier structure Consistent body markings Ecological Significance Genetic testing confirms it as a new-to-science species. Shows endemic distribution – limited to this specific cave system. Highlights the rich biodiversity of Meghalaya’s cave ecosystems. Conservation Implications Restricted habitat implies vulnerability to disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic. Need for protection of cave ecosystems, especially amid religious tourism and developmental pressures. Key Takeaways Another testament to Meghalaya’s unique subterranean biodiversity. Underlines the importance of documenting and conserving lesser-known habitats. Schistura densiclava serves as a symbol of ecological uniqueness and scientific curiosity. The maths of how India’s coastline lengthened without gaining land  Key Announcement In Dec 2024, India’s coastline length was officially revised from 7,516.6 km to 11,098.8 km by the Ministry of Home Affairs. No new land or islands were added — the change is due to improved measurement techniques. Relevance : GS 3(Defence )  Why the Coastline Got Longer No physical expansion: India’s territory remains unchanged since Goa joined in 1961 (Sikkim in 1975 is landlocked). Root cause: The Coastline Paradox — the length of a coastline varies depending on the measurement scale. Older measurement (1970s): Maps at 1:4,500,000 resolution — missed fine features like creeks, estuaries. New measurement: High-resolution maps at 1:250,000 using: Electronic navigation charts GIS, LIDAR-GPS, satellite altimetry, drone imaging  Geometry Behind the Paradox Straight lines have fixed length; jagged curves (like coastlines) vary with measurement scale. Fractal-like properties: As measuring units get smaller, more detail (and thus more length) is captured. Mandelbrot’s insight (1967): Britain’s coastline varied significantly when using different “ruler sizes.” Example: A 200-km ruler smooths features, while a 1-km ruler captures every bend and estuary. In theory, a ruler the size of a water molecule would yield an infinite coastline.  New Methodology in India Survey of India and National Hydrographic Office (NHO) used high-water lines as base. River mouths and creeks were closed off at fixed thresholds inland. Low-tide exposed islands were also included in the revised measurement. Coastline will now be reviewed every 10 years (starting 2024–25).  Implications of the Longer Coastline Maritime security: More coast to monitor and protect. Disaster preparedness: Better planning for cyclones, tsunamis, and sea-level rise. Fishing & economic rights: Longer coast extends Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). Climate models and zoning regulations can be better refined. Education impact: School textbooks and atlases will need updating. Conclusion The revised coastline doesn’t reflect a physical change but a scientific evolution. It showcases how better tools and finer scales reveal deeper truths in geography. India’s 11,099-km coastline is a testament to technological and methodological progress in geospatial science.

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