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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 June 2025

Content : AI flight with 242 on board crashes in Ahmedabad Retail inflation eases to six-year low Central schemes must pass ‘effectiveness’ test to continue IAEA board censures Iran for not complying with nuclear obligations Science behind right AC temperature AI flight with 242 on board crashes in Ahmedabad Incident Overview An Air India London-bound Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (Flight AI 171) crashed shortly after take-off from Ahmedabad. Crash site: Into a medical college hostel in Meghani Nagar, 5 km from the airport. Time of crash: Within 40 seconds of take-off at 1:38 p.m., as captured on CISF CCTV footage. Fatalities: All 242 on board (230 passengers + 12 crew) feared dead; 1 survivor identified — British national Viswashkumar Ramesh. Ground casualties: At least 24 people killed at the crash site (students and residents), per local police. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management ) Emergency Signals & Communication Pilots issued a ‘Mayday’ alert immediately after take-off — indicating a life-threatening emergency. No further communication was received from the cockpit post-Mayday, suggesting a rapid systems failure or incapacitation. Passenger Demographics 169 Indians, 53 British, 7 Portuguese, and 1 Canadian among the passengers. Former Gujarat Chief Minister Vijay Rupani was confirmed among the deceased. Aircraft Details Aircraft: Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, known for its advanced safety systems. This is the first-ever crash involving a 787 Dreamliner variant, raising serious concerns for Boeing. Investigation & Response Authorities are searching for the black box (Flight Data Recorder & Cockpit Voice Recorder) to determine the cause. Potential cause: Still under investigation, with fuel explosion (1.25 lakh litres) contributing to the inability to rescue. Official & Humanitarian Response Union Home Minister Amit Shah visited the survivor and assured a detailed inquiry. Air India & Tata Sons Chairman N. Chandrasekaran announced: ₹1 crore compensation to each victim’s family. Relief flights from Delhi & Mumbai for kin of victims. Broader Implications Raises aviation safety concerns in India and globally regarding the Dreamliner fleet. May lead to grounding and technical review of Boeing 787s in India and abroad. Highlights the need for improved emergency response protocols and urban planning near airports. Retail inflation eases to six-year low Headline Trend: Retail Inflation at 6-Year Low Retail inflation (CPI) dropped to 2.8% in May 2025, the lowest in 75 months (since February 2019). Marks a major disinflationary trend — average retail inflation in FY 2025–26 (so far) stands at 2.99%, lowest for the first two months since 2017–18. Relevance : GS 3 (Inflations) Food Inflation Drives Decline Food and beverages inflation eased to 1.5% in May, down from 2.1% in April. This is the 7th straight month of slowing food inflation. Deflation in: Vegetables Pulses Spices Meat Offset by: Double-digit inflation in edible oils and fruits, showing uneven food price movements. RBI Policy Implication Recent RBI interest rate cuts have supported economic activity. Given the current low inflation, further rate cuts are unlikely in the near term — a pause in the monetary easing cycle is expected. Signals price stability, giving the central bank more flexibility but also caution due to uneven food trends. Economic Implications Positive for consumers, improving real incomes and consumption demand. Eases input cost pressure for businesses, especially in food processing and FMCG sectors. May allow fiscal space for the government to sustain growth-oriented spending without inflation risks. Broader Economic Context Low inflation aligns with global disinflationary trends, especially in oil and commodity markets. Supports macroeconomic stability, attracting foreign investment. Helps maintain the inflation target band (4% ± 2%) under the RBI’s Monetary Policy Framework. Central schemes must pass ‘effectiveness’ test to continue Core Directive from Finance Ministry Only schemes with proven effectiveness via evaluation reports will be allowed to continue beyond FY 2025–26. All Central (54) and Centrally Sponsored Schemes (260) expiring by March 31, 2026, will undergo reappraisal. Evaluation conducted by: Third parties (for Central Schemes) NITI Aayog (for Centrally Sponsored Schemes) Relevance  : GS 2(Governance) Sunset Clause Mandated Every scheme must have a defined sunset date — discourages indefinite continuation. Ensures fiscal prudence and accountability for outcomes. Objective: Improve the quality of government expenditure by ending unproductive schemes. Caps on Funding & New Outlay Norms Future outlays restricted to 5.5 times the annual average expenditure between 2021–22 and 2024–25. Fund-limited approach: Sanctions and disbursals over Finance Commission cycle must not exceed approved outlay. Ministries can propose new schemes with lesser expenditure or seek trade-offs with existing ones. Impact on Demand-Driven Schemes like MGNREGS Even MGNREGS, a flagship rural employment scheme, will face financial limits. Projected beneficiary numbers will cap the fund allocation for each Finance Commission cycle. Ministries must seek explicit approval to exceed the cap if beneficiary numbers increase unexpectedly. Sectors Affected Wide-ranging schemes across: Social sectors: health, education, women and child development, tribal welfare Infrastructure: rural/urban development, water, sanitation Agriculture, environment, scientific research Strategic Implications Promotes results-based budgeting and performance-linked funding. Encourages rationalisation of schemes and elimination of redundancies. Could cause social pushback if popular schemes face curtailment or stricter funding norms. IAEA board censures Iran for not complying with nuclear obligations IAEA Censure: First in 20 Years The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has formally censured Iran for non-compliance with nuclear safeguards — first such censure since 2005. Resolution passed by 19 countries, led by U.S., France, U.K., and Germany. Russia, China, Burkina Faso opposed; 11 abstained, and 2 didn’t vote. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Iran’s Immediate Retaliatory Measures Iran announced plans to: Establish a new uranium enrichment facility in a more secure location. Consider “other measures” in response to the “political resolution.” Iran’s Atomic Energy Organization and Foreign Ministry jointly condemned the resolution, citing unfair pressure. Escalating Regional Tensions The U.S. and Israel have historically warned of military strikes if Iran’s nuclear program escalates. U.S. Embassy in Jerusalem imposed movement restrictions on staff due to security concerns. U.S. personnel and families in West Asia are reportedly being relocated as a precaution. Diplomatic Divide The resolution reflects deepening geopolitical divides: Western bloc pushing for compliance and accountability. Russia-China bloc defending Iran or resisting Western pressure. The vote may be a precursor to efforts for reimposing UN sanctions on Iran later in 2025. Implications for U.S.-Iran Talks Comes just days before Iran-U.S. talks in Oman, casting a shadow over potential diplomatic progress. Could harden Iran’s position, reducing chances of a revived nuclear agreement. Strategic Significance Sets up a potential confrontation at the UN Security Council over sanctions. Indicates shrinking space for nuclear diplomacy in a region already on edge. Could derail broader West Asia stability, especially given concurrent crises in Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria. Science behind right AC temperature Policy Proposal: Temperature Restriction for ACs The Union Ministry of Power is considering mandating air conditioner temperature limits between 20°C and 28°C for new ACs in households, hotels, and vehicles. Follows earlier attempts (2018, 2021) to fix default AC temperature at 24°C after consultations and awareness drives. Relevance : GS 3(Science),GS 2(Governance) Energy Efficiency Benefits According to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE): Each 1°C increase in AC setting saves 6% electricity. If all consumers adopt 24°C, India could save 20 billion units/year. AC load in India projected to be 200 GW by 2030. ACs work on vapor-compression cycle: Major power is consumed in the compressor. Efficiency depends on operating within optimal refrigerant temperature range. Health Risks of Lower Temperatures Temperatures below 18°C can: Increase blood pressure (by 6–8 mm Hg due to vasoconstriction and sympathetic activation). Raise risk of hypertension, asthma, and respiratory infections. WHO (2018) recommends 18°C as minimum safe temperature in temperate climates. Vulnerable Populations Affected Children, elderly, and infants have impaired thermoregulation: Children in Japan, NZ, and UK studies slept and breathed better at >18°C. Older adults (50+ years) in cold homes faced higher BP, lower vitamin D, and lung function decline. A 2013 study showed lung function in children worsened with each 1°C drop below 14–16°C. Comfort Science and Global Standards Comfort = balance between core (37°C) and skin temperature without sweating/shivering. Standards: ASHRAE-55 & ISO 7730: Comfort range adjusted by region, clothing, cultural context. Typical human heat dissipation at rest: ~100 W via radiation/convection around 20–24°C. Mental Health Implications U.K. 2022 study found: People in “cold homes” were at 2x higher risk of depression and anxiety. Association remained even after controlling for income and prior mental distress. Global Context & Demand As of 2022, 2 billion ACs in use worldwide; 1.5 billion in residences (tripled since 2000). Asia-Pacific region still faces a large cooling gap — 43% lack sufficient cooling. Conclusion: Case for Temperature Standardisation The proposed temperature cap ensures: Public health protection Energy conservation Sustainable load management Reinforces India’s move toward climate-conscious, health-aligned cooling policies.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 June 2025

Content: India Hosts ITU FG-AINN Meeting to Advance AI-Native Telecom Networks India Hosts ITU FG-AINN Meeting to Advance AI-Native Telecom Networks Context : Event: 3rd meeting of ITU-T Focus Group on AI-Native for Telecommunication Networks (FG-AINN). Host: Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC), under DoT. Dates: June 11–13, 2025. Location: New Delhi. Key Initiative Launched: Build-a-Thon 2025 for AI-native network solutions. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) Core Objectives Advance integration of AI-native architecture in telecom networks. Enable intelligent automation, self-management, and real-time optimization. Discuss federated learning, 6G use cases, and AI/ML-driven innovations in telecom. Facilitate standard-setting discussions for future intelligent networks. India’s Role & Proposals India’s Proactive Role: Showcased national projects like Bharat Gen (India’s 1st govt-funded multimodal LLM). Global Aspirations: Bid to host ITU Plenipotentiary Conference 2030 (PP-30). Nominated Ms. M. Revathi as first woman & regional candidate for Director, ITU Radiocommunication Bureau. Seeks continued ITU Council Membership (2027–2031). Build-a-Thon 2025 Date: June 13, 2025. Format: Crowdsourced, collaborative coding and design challenge. Participants: Industry, startups, academia. Aim: Co-create real-world AI-native telecom solutions. Key Technical Themes AI/ML for next-gen wireless systems. AI in 6G communication and smart services. Autonomous AI agents and disaster-aware networks. Ethical concerns: Explainability, digital sovereignty, and security. Novel applications: Facial recognition-based SIM verification. Significance of FG-AINN Established: July 2024 under ITU-T Study Group 13. Mandate: Redesign network architecture to natively embed AI at core. Expected Impact: Self-optimizing, resilient networks for both urban and remote users. Use Cases: Smart cities, connected mobility, responsive public services. Strategic Importance for India Positions India as a thought leader in AI-telecom convergence. Strengthens India’s pitch for global regulatory and standard-setting roles. Enhances global visibility of indigenous innovations like Bharat Gen and CDOT AI initiatives.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 June 2025

Content : Recounting Velpur’s story in ending child labour It is profit first, life and safety second Recounting Velpur’s story in ending child labour Global & National Context World Day Against Child Labour (June 12): Observed globally under the ILO to highlight the urgency of ending child labour. SDG Target 8.7: Aims to end all forms of child labour by 2025 — the goal remains unmet. Global Reality: ~160 million children are in child labour globally; ~90% are from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. India’s Burden: As per Census 2011, 43.53 lakh children (5–14 yrs) were engaged in child labour. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : “Velpur’s success in eradicating child labour underscores the transformative potential of community ownership and moral persuasion.” Critically examine the role of local governance and civil society in combating child labour in India. (250 words) Policy and Legal Framework in India CLPRA 1986 & Amendment 2016: Prohibits child labour below 14 years. Bans hazardous work for adolescents (14–18 years). National Policy on Child Labour (1987): Gradual rehabilitation + enforcement + implementation of NCLP. RTE Act: Ensures free & compulsory education for all children aged 6–14 years. Velpur Mandal’s Transformation Background: Velpur (in present-day Telangana) was once notorious for widespread child labour. Community Campaign Launch: Initiated in June 2001 with the goal of universal school enrolment and zero child labour. Declared Child Labour Free: October 2, 2001, after a 100-day intensive campaign. Key Features of the Velpur Model Initial Resistance: Rumours of child kidnapping hindered officials. Hotel owners resisted, fearing loss of cheap labour. Breakthrough via Dialogue: Persistent engagement changed public perception. Shift from official drive to people’s movement. Role of Employers: Publicly acknowledged and released children from debt bondage. Wrote off ₹35 lakh worth of debts. Distributed stationery and supported schooling. Institutional Anchoring Village-Government MoUs: Sarpanchs signed formal MoUs with District Education Officer under A.P. Compulsory Primary Education Rules (1982). Govt ensured infrastructure, teachers, and access. Visual Affirmation: Signboards in all villages stating: “There is no child labour in our village.” Recognition Institutional Study: Velpur hj12n’model now part of VVGNLI training modules. National Acknowledgement: Appreciated by ILO, President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, and NHRC. Presented before Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour (Nov 2022) and praised. Lessons from Velpur Community Participation = Sustainability: Success came only when the issue became a mass movement. Peer pressure and public accountability played critical roles in eliminating bonded child labour. Model for Replication: Velpur proves that local ownership, transparency, and moral persuasion are powerful tools in social reform. It is profit first, life and safety second Trigger Event: Bengaluru Stampede (June 4, 2025) 11 lives lost in a stampede during RCB’s IPL victory celebration near M. Chinnaswamy Stadium. Reflects systemic failures in: Public safety planning Over-hyped public enthusiasm Lack of personal risk perception Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Governance ) , GS 4(Ethics and Integrity) Practice Question : In light of the Bengaluru stampede during a sports celebration, critically examine the adequacy of public safety mechanisms in India. Discuss institutional reforms needed to prioritize safety in public spaces. (250 words) Profit Over People: Commercialization of Public Events Cricket as Industry: IPL and similar events are profit-driven ventures. Crowds are encouraged to swell beyond venue capacity for revenue maximization. Licensing Loopholes: Approvals often not based on genuine compliance but influence and favours. VIP Culture: Elite dominance over best stadium seats. Example: RCB vs CSK match dispute between IPS and IRS families over free VIP seating. Insensitive Compensation and Inequality Meagre solatium offered to victims’ families despite massive profits. Value of life undermined—those lost are treated as statistics, not humans. Disproportionate impact: The poor and daily wage earners suffer, while elites benefit.  Neglected Safety Norms Event Licensing for Small Venues: Strict norms for hall size, exits, medical staff, etc. Large Public Events: Often violate safety protocols—unchecked crowds, poor infrastructure. Examples of negligence: Amusement park ride failure in Chennai—visitors stranded. Food fairs with open wiring, fire hazards, and no crowd control. Everyday Public Space Hazards Road safety crisis: No pedestrian infrastructure or lanes for slow vehicles. Stray animals, broken pavements, reckless drivers add to citizen vulnerability. Lack of accountability: Tragedies dismissed as karma or fate. Usual pattern: suspensions, transfers, and eventual reinstatement. Need for Systemic Reform Scientific crowd management audits must be institutionalised. Safety measures should be mandatorily implemented, not discretionary. With a population of 146.39 crore, India cannot afford such recurring disasters. Recommendations & Way Forward Introduce crowd management audits for large public events. Mandatory caution deposit by organisers to ensure crowd security and state preparedness. Public safety in urban planning—pedestrian zones, slow vehicle tracks, and hazard-proof event designs. Cultural change needed: Safety must be viewed as a right, not a privilege. Conclusion: A Call for Accountability and Equity Tragedies like the Bengaluru stampede must serve as a wake-up call. Without structural reform and respect for human life, the rich-poor divide in safety access will only worsen. “Profit first, safety second” is an unacceptable national ethos for a democratic society. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 June 2025

Content : Violent crimes by juveniles have increased in India A different approach to the caste census Constitution does not avert its gaze from caste, poverty, injustice: CJI Preparing the electoral rolls is one of world’s most transparent exercises: CEC India unlikely to ratify ‘High Seas Treaty’ at U.N. Ocean Conference Union govt. to wield quality control ‘stick’ to drive exports Violent crimes by juveniles have increased in India Key Facts and Data Trends Rising share of violent juvenile crime: In 2022, 49.5% of juveniles apprehended in India were booked for violent crimes — up from 32.5% in 2016. Total juvenile offenders decreasing: Overall juvenile crimes have dropped from 37,402 (2017) to 33,261 (2022) — but violent offences have become more proportionally dominant. Definition of violent crimes includes: murder, rape, sexual assault, dacoity, robbery, arson, grievous injury. Excluded: non-violent crimes like theft, fraud, rash driving, pickpocketing. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) State-wise Patterns Top 5 States in absolute numbers (2017–2022): Madhya Pradesh – 21.8% of all violent juvenile crimes. Maharashtra – 18% Rajasthan – 9.6% Chhattisgarh – 8.4% Tamil Nadu – 5.8% Delhi – Despite smaller size, 6.8% share, possibly due to better reporting and policing. Highest proportion of violent juvenile crimes among total juvenile offences: Jharkhand – 67% Tripura, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh – over 60% Exception: Odisha – Only 10% of juvenile crimes are violent despite being in a high-crime region. Possible Causes & Context Cultural & psychological factors: Adolescence marked by identity crises, aggression, lack of impulse control. Exposure to online misogyny, cyberbullying, incel subcultures, glorification of violence. Socioeconomic triggers: Broken family structures, substance abuse, peer pressure, unemployment. Systemic gaps: Weak implementation of Juvenile Justice Act, 2015. Inadequate rehabilitation, counselling, and community reintegration. Implications for Governance Policy paradox: Fewer total juvenile cases, but increasingly violent nature suggests deeper sociopsychological issues. Need for: Early intervention programs in schools. Gender-sensitisation and digital literacy campaigns. Better child mental health infrastructure. Juvenile justice boards need support with trained counsellors, not just legal officers. A different approach to the caste census Context & Recent Developments Union Cabinet (2025) has approved caste enumeration in the upcoming Census under Article 246 (Union list). First national caste enumeration since 1931 — overdue despite growing demand for data-driven policies. Bihar (2023) and Telangana (2025) have already conducted caste surveys — showing OBC/BC majorities and deep marginalisation. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Key Findings from State Caste Surveys Bihar (2023): OBC + EBC = 63% of population. SC = 19.65%, ST = 1.68%, General = 15.52%. 34% of families live on less than ₹200/day. 44% of SC households below that line — highlights economic-caste overlap. Telangana (2025): BC = 56.33%, including BC Muslims (10.08%). Underrepresentation: Only 4% professors and 6% associate professors in 45 Central Universities are OBCs. General category holds 85% of these posts — despite legal reservation framework (2019 Teachers’ Cadre Act). What is a Social Management Approach? Bottom-up model starting with granular, caste-disaggregated data. Contrasts with top-down welfare that assumes uniform solutions for all. Sees caste as a developmental determinant, not a stigma — enabling tailored policy design. Used effectively by Tamil Nadu & Karnataka to refine reservation, scholarships, and governance models. Why a National Caste Census Matters Enables targeted budgeting and better allocation of welfare resources. Helps conduct diversity audits in government, education, and private sectors. Enhances transparency and civil society’s ability to track policy outcomes across caste lines. Could assess effectiveness of schemes like PM Awas Yojana, Skill India, etc., across social groups. Counterarguments & Rebuttals Criticism: Caste census may deepen divisions and undermine unity. Rebuttal: Caste already shapes access to opportunity, wealth, and power. Ignoring caste does not erase inequalities — it obscures them. Like U.S. (race), Brazil (race/language), South Africa (ethnicity), India too needs identity-based data for equity. Census would help expose elite capture within caste groups and empower truly disadvantaged subgroups. Democratic Accountability & Social Justice Caste census = tool for transparent governance and citizen empowerment. Can lead to: More accurate affirmative action. Addressing intra-caste inequalities. Enhancing land rights, housing, labour protections, and justice for marginalised communities. A step towards constitutional literacy and participatory democracy. Constitution does not avert its gaze from caste, poverty, injustice: CJI  Key Message by CJI B.R. Gavai The Indian Constitution is a transformative, social document that boldly recognises structural injustices like caste, poverty, and exclusion. It does not assume equality exists, but intervenes to restructure power and restore dignity. Described the Constitution as a “quiet revolution etched in ink” — not just law, but lifeline for the oppressed. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ) Personal Testimony & Symbolism CJI Gavai, Chief Justice of India, highlighted his journey from a municipal school to the apex judicial office — made possible by constitutional safeguards. Emphasised that the Constitution enabled representation of those historically silenced and excluded. “To be seen in the Constitution is to be seen by the nation… to be included in its text is to be included in its future.” Constitution as an Instrument of Social Justice Not a neutral or passive document, but one that recalibrates power relations in society. Aims to correct centuries of exclusion with recognition, dignity, and protection for vulnerable groups. Affirmative action and fundamental rights are framed not as charity, but as instruments of reparation and rightful inclusion. Framing Process: Role of the Marginalised The CJI reminded that vulnerable groups were not just beneficiaries but active participants in drafting the Constitution. Constitution-making was a participatory and democratic act, not elite imposition. Implications for Governance and Judiciary Constitutional interpretation should be sensitive to lived realities of marginalised groups. Policy and legal frameworks must actively reflect the constitutional promise of inclusion and justice. Reinforces the need for empathy-driven governance, not technocratic neutrality. Preparing the electoral rolls is one of world’s most transparent exercises: CEC Key Assertions by CEC Gyanesh Kumar India’s electoral roll preparation is one of the most rigorous and transparent exercises globally. Elections in India are conducted under the continuous scrutiny of: Political parties Candidates Voters Police Media These stakeholders act as “concurrent auditors” throughout the process. Relevance : GS 2(Electoral Reforms) Mechanism of Electoral Roll Preparation Since 1960, electoral rolls have been: Annually shared with all recognised political parties Open to claims, objections, and appeals This transparency ensures accuracy and integrity in voter lists and reduces scope for manipulation. Response to Allegations The CEC’s comments come after allegations of “industrial-scale rigging” by opposition leaders regarding the 2024 Maharashtra Assembly election. While not naming the political leader, the address serves as an institutional rebuttal, asserting procedural robustness. India’s Electoral Machinery: Scale and Strength Conducting elections in India is a massive logistical and administrative task: Over 20 million personnel involved: polling staff, security forces, observers, party agents. Bigger than the combined workforce of many governments and multinational corporations. Ensures that nearly 1 billion electors can freely vote. Global Electoral Leadership India’s Election Commission showcased as a model for electoral integrity at the Stockholm International Conference on Electoral Integrity. Over 100 participants from ~50 countries attended the event — positioning India as a benchmark in democratic process management. Significance for Democracy Reinforces the institutional credibility of the Election Commission of India (ECI). Highlights the importance of transparency and inclusiveness in maintaining public trust in electoral democracy. Underscores India’s commitment to free, fair, and robust elections amid rising global concerns of electoral manipulation. India unlikely to ratify ‘High Seas Treaty’ at U.N. Ocean Conference What is the High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)? Officially: Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Treaty. Informally: High Seas Treaty. Aim: To regulate the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (i.e., the high seas). Finalised under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) framework. Key feature: Equitable benefit sharing of marine genetic resources and creation of marine protected areas on the high seas. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) India’s Status and Position Signed the treaty in September 2024 but has not ratified it yet. Requires amendments to domestic laws, particularly the Biological Diversity Act, before ratification. Sources indicate India is unlikely to ratify the treaty at the 2025 U.N. Ocean Conference (Nice, France). Procedural and Legal Challenges Ratification involves a Parliamentary process. Expected only after the Monsoon Session (July–August 2025). Domestic legal and institutional reforms must align with treaty obligations, especially in benefit-sharing frameworks. India is cautious due to unresolved global disputes over: Access to marine genetic resources Technology transfer Distribution of economic benefits Global Progress As of June 10, 2025: 49 countries have ratified the treaty. 60 ratifications required for it to come into legal force. India’s Marine Strategy Highlights at Conference Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh emphasized: India is in the process of ratifying the treaty (signaling commitment). Ongoing marine initiatives: Samudrayaan Mission: India’s first manned submersible to reach 6,000 metres depth; trial planned for 2026. Ban on single-use plastics (national scale). Over $80 billion investment in Blue Economy sectors. Launch of ‘SAHAV’ Digital Ocean Data Portal for improved marine data access. India’s Broader Marine Diplomacy Advocated for a legally binding Global Plastics Treaty. Seeks to balance: National interest (marine resource access) Global responsibility (conservation leadership). Position suggests India supports marine biodiversity conservation, but on equitable and just terms. Union govt. to wield quality control ‘stick’ to drive exports Government’s Shift in Strategy for Export Promotion The Union Government is moving away from subsidies as the primary tool to boost exports. Focus now is on a “carrot-and-stick” approach, emphasizing Quality Control Orders (QCOs) to push industries towards global competitiveness. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Economy ,Export) Quality Control Orders (QCOs): The ‘Stick’ QCOs mandate that products (domestic/export/import) must meet minimum standards as defined by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Intended to enhance product quality, thus improving export credibility and reducing sub-standard imports. Rationale Behind the Policy Shift Government officials admit that past subsidies haven’t significantly boosted exports. Acknowledgement of product quality issues in Indian manufacturing. Focus on regulatory facilitation like land acquisition and compliance ease, instead of financial subsidies. Subsidy Exceptions Still Being Considered Despite overall reluctance, subsidies for rare earth batteries are under discussion: Triggered by China’s export ban on these critical components. Highlights strategic sectors may still get selective support. Industry Reactions and Sector Demands Federation of Indian Mineral Industries (FIMI) has demanded: Subsidy of ₹10,000–15,000 per kWh for alternate fuel HEMM in mining. Industries continue to seek direct support, despite policy shift. Debate Around QCOs Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal: QCOs are essential for export competitiveness. NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Suman Bery: Labels QCOs a “malign intervention” that could: Hurt MSMEs and discourage imports needed for production. Especially problematic for units relying on imported inputs. Government’s Balancing Act Exemptions from QCOs are allowed under: Advance Authorisation Scheme Export Oriented Units (EOUs) Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Objective: To not obstruct export-linked production that depends on imported inputs. Policy Implications Indicates a strategic industrial push — India wants to compete globally on quality, not on subsidies. Reflects WTO-compliant policy orientation, reducing subsidy-related trade disputes. Potential compliance burden for MSMEs and informal sector players. Aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India, but needs institutional and quality infrastructure support

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 June 2025

Content : India successfully met peak power demand of 241 GW on 9th June, 2025 with zero peak shortage: Shri Manohar Lal MoHUA issues Advisory for Repurposing of Smart City SPVs India successfully met peak power demand of 241 GW on 9th June, 2025 with zero peak shortage: Shri Manohar Lal Context : India’s power sector has witnessed a historic transformation, marked by record capacity additions, enhanced grid reliability, and a strong push towards renewable integration. The recent announcements by Union Minister Shri Manohar Lal highlight India’s emergence as a power-surplus nation with a future-ready energy infrastructure. Relevance : GS 3(Energy) Peak Power Demand Met with Zero Shortage India successfully met a peak power demand of 241 GW on 9th June 2025. No peak shortage recorded — highlights the robustness and reliability of the current grid infrastructure. Indicates India’s transition towards a power-surplus nation. Historic 34 GW Generation Capacity Added in FY 2024-25 Record addition of 34 GW, of which 29.5 GW came from renewable sources. Total installed power capacity rose to 472.5 GW (from 249 GW in 2014). Reflects the government’s strong focus on clean energy and infrastructure scaling. Push for Battery Storage: 30 GWh VGF Scheme Approval of a Rs 5,400 Cr Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme for 30 GWh of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). Aims to catalyse Rs 33,000 Cr in private investments. Complements India’s target of meeting BESS needs by 2028. ISTS Waiver Extended for Storage Projects Waiver on Inter-State Transmission System (ISTS) charges extended to June 30, 2028. Applies to Pumped Storage Projects (PSPs) and BESS commissioned before the date. Encourages faster deployment and cost-effective storage infrastructure. Ultra High Voltage AC Transmission by 2034 Rollout of UHV AC Transmission System to modernize India’s grid. Plan includes nine 1100 kV lines and ten substations. Rs 53,000 Cr investment, testing facilities being developed by Central Power Research Institute. Increased Compensation for Transmission Infrastructure Compensation for land under transmission towers raised from 85% → 200%. Right of Way (RoW) corridor compensation raised from 15% → 30%. New guidelines issued March 21, 2025; already adopted by Haryana and Delhi. Will ease land acquisition and reduce project delays. Private Investments in State Transmission Grids Encouraged Late Payment Surcharge (LPS) Rules now apply to Intra-State Transmission Systems. Promotes private sector participation and better payment discipline. Supports integration of renewable electricity at the state level. 250 MW Tehri Pumped Storage Project Operational Commissioned first unit of 250 MW Tehri PSP in Uttarakhand. Adds flexibility to the grid by managing peak loads and supporting renewable integration. Record Low Energy Shortages National energy shortage down to 0.1% as of April 2025. Huge improvement from 4.2% in 2013-14. Reflects success of power reforms and capacity expansion in both generation and transmission. Key Takeaways India is well on its way to becoming energy-secure and power-surplus. Massive renewable integration, grid modernization, and storage expansion define this decade’s power policy. Reforms are aimed at reliability, affordability, and sustainability. MoHUA issues Advisory for Repurposing of Smart City SPVs Background: Smart Cities Mission & SPVs Smart Cities Mission (SCM) launched in 2015 aimed at integrated, technology-driven urban development. Established Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) in 100 cities under Companies Act, 2013 with 50:50 equity by States/UTs and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). SPVs executed 8,000+ projects with 93% completion as of March 2025; nearly ₹48,000 crore disbursed. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Proven Institutional Strength of SPVs SPVs have delivered complex urban projects efficiently and fostered a skilled urban management workforce. Developed strong capacities in project planning, execution, and innovation. ICCCs as Nerve Centres of Urban Governance Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs) set up in all 100 Smart Cities. Enable real-time governance using data analytics for: Traffic and crowd management Public safety and disaster response Solid waste and utility management MoHUA Advisory: Two-fold Approach Complete residual Smart Cities projects with proper O&M planning. Repurpose SPVs for future urban governance beyond the mission deadline of 31 March 2025. Future Role of SPVs – Five Strategic Domains Technology SupportManage ICCCs, data systems, and cyber hygiene.ICCCs to evolve into city/state-level operating hubs.SPVs to earn service-linked revenue. Project ImplementationSPVs to act as implementing agencies for Central/State schemes.Allowed to charge 1.5%–3% project implementation fee. Consulting SupportProvide technical and strategic advisory to ULBs and departments. Research & AssessmentSupport evidence-based planning, logistics, manpower, and act as urban tech incubation hubs. Investment FacilitationDrive city-level economic development through project structuring and inter-agency coordination. Financial Sustainability and Autonomy States/UTs encouraged to allow SPVs to charge a ‘Centage’ fee for planning and implementing projects. Ensures revenue stream and operational independence post-mission. Integration into Long-Term Governance States/UTs asked to institutionalise SPVs and ICCCs into their urban governance frameworks. Objective: Preserve gains and institutional capacities developed under SCM for future urban challenges. Key Takeaway India is transitioning from a mission-based urban reform model to a permanent institutional framework, with SPVs as agile, multi-functional engines for next-gen urban transformation.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 June 2025

Content : The hazards of going global on India-Pakistan issues India’s legal bridge is one of reciprocity, not roadblocks The hazards of going global on India-Pakistan issues Historical Complexity The India-Pakistan relationship, especially on Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), has been shaped by several decades of historical developments, international resolutions, and diplomatic engagements. Post-World War and Cold War legacies have influenced how the issue has been perceived globally. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations) Practice Question : “The complexities of India-Pakistan relations require a nuanced and cautious diplomatic approach, especially in multilateral forums.” Discuss the challenges and limitations of internationalising the India-Pakistan dispute, particularly in the context of terrorism and the issue of Jammu & Kashmir. (250 words) International Representations UN maps and documentation often carry disclaimers or portray the Line of Control (LoC) with pending status, reflecting the unresolved nature of the issue in international records. This affects how some countries approach the matter, often referring to bilateral mechanisms like the Simla Agreement for peaceful resolution. Terrorism and Global Definitions Efforts to frame a global consensus on terrorism have faced definitional challenges, making international agreements complex. Initiatives like India’s proposal for a Comprehensive Convention Against Terrorism have not progressed, partly due to varying interpretations of the term “terrorism.” Legal Frameworks at the UN The UN Charter’s Article 51 provides for self-defence in response to armed attacks. Application of this principle to terrorism has been subject to interpretation and debate within international law and forums. Evolving Multilateral Mechanisms The UN Security Council has adopted multiple resolutions and created bodies such as the Counter-Terrorism Committee to address international threats. These bodies emphasize a comprehensive approach, including human rights, cooperation, and rule of law, while addressing terrorism. Diplomatic Equivalence Discussions on India-Pakistan matters at multilateral forums often bring both countries into comparative focus, influenced by historic resolutions and events. This has shaped how global narratives are constructed, especially in strategic and security-related discussions. Role of Bilateral and Multilateral Diplomacy Diplomatic channels at both bilateral and multilateral levels have continued to be avenues for dialogue and engagement. However, differences in perspectives, particularly on core issues, have posed challenges to reaching conclusive outcomes. Present-Day Approach Countries often encourage bilateral dialogue to address differences, while India and Pakistan continue to maintain their respective positions. Special envoy briefings and global outreach remain important parts of diplomatic efforts to share national perspectives. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes. India’s legal bridge is one of reciprocity, not roadblocks Background Context In May 2024, the Bar Council of India (BCI) notified the Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms in India. While some welcomed the rules, certain U.S. law firms raised objections, calling them “non-trade barriers”. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity) , GS 3 (Economic Development ,Trade) Practice Question : Critically examine the Bar Council of India’s Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms (2024). How do these rules balance liberalisation of legal services with professional integrity and national regulatory sovereignty?(250 words) Key Criticisms Raised by U.S. Stakeholders Non-tariff Trade Barrier: Rules impose procedural hurdles for U.S. law firms, creating a perception of protectionism. Lack of U.S. Consultation: Allegation that the U.S. perspective was ignored in global deliberations. Client Confidentiality Conflict: Disclosure norms (e.g., nature of work, client identity) allegedly clash with ABA Model Rules. Reciprocity Concerns: Fly-in/fly-out provisions seen as more restrictive than what Indian lawyers face in the U.S. No Transition Period: Rules introduced suddenly, giving no time for U.S. firms to adapt. Trade Impact: Potential chilling effect on India–U.S. legal-business ties due to restricted legal support in cross-border deals. Counterpoints – Reality Check by Author BCI is a Statutory Body, Not a Trade Body: Its primary role is to regulate ethics and professional standards, not facilitate trade. Legal Services ≠ Trade Services: Law is a “contract of personal service”, not governed by trade norms (ref: Jasbir Singh Malik vs D.K. Gandhi, 2024). Legal services fall under Entries 77 and 78 of the Union List (Constitution), separate from trade/commerce entries. India’s Consistent Position: Legal services were excluded from UK–India FTA, showing deliberate, principled consistency. Rules Are Liberal, Not Restrictive: Rules 3 & 4 permit foreign law firms to operate post-registration, with ethical safeguards. Fly-in/Fly-out model: Up to 60 days/year allowed under clear guidelines. Reciprocity Is Reasonable: Indian lawyers face rigorous, decentralised licensing in the U.S.. India applying equivalent reciprocity is fair, not discriminatory. Certificate of Good Standing (Rule 4h): Objection stems from the U.S.’s decentralised legal system, not India’s policy. Rule 6 allows flexibility, enabling case-by-case assessments by BCI. Client Confidentiality Is Preserved: Disclosure requirements are general in nature, not specific client details—meant to regulate scope of practice, not invade privacy. Consultations and Judicial Precedents Exist: Ongoing consultations for 20+ years. Supported by key judgments: Lawyers Collective vs BCI (2009) BCI vs A.K. Balaji (2018) Conclusion The rules strike a balance between liberalisation and regulation. Reciprocity, ethical norms, and professional accountability are central. Allegations of exclusion or surprise are misplaced, given the lengthy and transparent deliberative process. The rules are not barriers, but a legal bridge grounded in sovereignty, fairness, and professionalism. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 June 2025

CONTENT : India’s population has hit 146.39 crore: UNFPA Don’t withhold State’s RTE funds over NEP row, Madras HC tells Centre Thirdspace: how spaces are experienced and remade FSDC looks to enhance cybersecurity, ease compliance burden Targeted policy intervention to boost green mining vehicles India’s population has hit 146.39 crore: UNFPA Context : India’s population has reached an estimated 146.39 crore as per the UNFPA’s State of the World Population 2025 report, surpassing China to become the world’s most populous nation. The report also highlights a decline in India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Issues) Key Highlights of the Report India’s population (April 2025 estimate): 146.39 crore (UNFPA) China’s population: 141.61 crore India is the world’s most populous nation. Total Fertility Rate (TFR): 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1 Projected population peak: ~170 crore around 2065, followed by decline Fertility and Demographic Transition Replacement-level fertility: Achieved nationally (as per Registrar General’s 2021 report) TFR definition: Average number of children a woman is expected to bear during her reproductive years A TFR below 2.1 implies long-term population decline in the absence of migration Data Gaps and Delays 2021 Census delayed; now planned for completion by March 2027 Last official Census: 2011 Population estimates rely on Sample Registration System (SRS) and technical projections Implications of a Low TFR Positive: Lower burden on natural resources, environment Opportunity for demographic dividend in short-term Concerns: Future challenges of population ageing Shrinking workforce vs dependent elderly Pressure on pension, healthcare systems Possible regional disparities – Some States still have high TFRs Global & National Context Report titled: “State of the World Population 2025: The Real Fertility Crisis” Highlights a global trend of declining fertility — not just in India Reflects India’s demographic maturity, but also underlines the need for policy preparedness Don’t withhold State’s RTE funds over NEP row, Madras HC tells Centre Context ₹2,151.59 crore due to Tamil Nadu under the Samagra Shiksha Scheme (SSS) is pending from the Centre. Out of this, ~₹200 crore is meant for RTE (Right to Education) Act reimbursements to private schools. TN has refused to implement the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, leading to tension with the Union government over fund disbursal. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Centre State Relations)   Key Observations by Madras High Court The Centre should consider splitting SSS funds and release the RTE component separately. RTE obligations are statutory, governed by the RTE Act, 2009, and not contingent on NEP compliance. Section 7 of the RTE Act: Both Union and State governments have concurrent responsibility for funding RTE provisions. Judicial Constraints Since Tamil Nadu has already filed a suit in the Supreme Court for full fund release, the High Court refrained from giving binding directions. It only issued an advisory direction to the Centre to “consider” delinking and releasing the RTE-specific amount. Directive to Tamil Nadu Government Non-receipt of central funds cannot be used as an excuse to avoid reimbursing private schools for RTE admissions. The State has an independent statutory obligation to ensure timely reimbursement to private unaided schools under the Act. Impact on RTE Admissions The order came in response to a PIL urging the State to initiate RTE admissions for 2025–26 without delay. The court’s ruling aims to safeguard the right of children to free and compulsory education. Thirdspace: how spaces are experienced and remade Core Concept: What is Thirdspace? Thirdspace is a concept introduced by Edward Soja in Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places (1996), building on Henri Lefebvre’s The Production of Space (1974). It represents the lived, experienced, and dynamic space where identity, memory, resistance, and meaning converge. It critiques the idea that space is just physical or planned; it argues that space is lived and socially constructed, especially by marginalised communities. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Soja’s Trialectics of Spatiality Firstspace (Perceived space): Physical, mappable space — roads, buildings, parks. Often viewed as “objective” but reflects deep-rooted inequalities (e.g., slums at margins, caste/religious segregation). Secondspace (Conceived space): Ideological and planned space — zoning laws, blueprints, city plans. Reflects the biases and visions of those in power (e.g., colonial mapping, gentrification). Thirdspace (Lived space): Where real human experiences, cultural practices, and acts of resistance happen. Blends the physical and ideological but goes beyond them, enabling transformation and subversion.  Thirdspace and Identity Politics In Thirdspace, marginalised identities (e.g., migrants, women, LGBTQ+ groups) find space for assertion and imagination. Feminist geographers like Doreen Massey and Bell Hooks emphasized how space is gendered and political. E.g., who feels safe in parks after dark? Who shapes urban layouts? Urban and Rural Relevance While Soja focused on cities, Thirdspace exists in villages, squares, digital spaces, and protest sites. Example: A village square can be a Firstspace (gathering), Secondspace (tradition), and Thirdspace (resistance/conflict) simultaneously. Cities, due to planning, diversity, surveillance, and informality, are prime grounds to explore Thirdspace dynamics. Contrasted with Marc Augé’s ‘Non-Places’ Non-places (airports, malls, hotels) are transient and devoid of identity. Thirdspace resists this sterility — people remake even non-places into meaningful spaces through use, memory, and resistance. Examples of Thirdspace Greenwich Village, New York: Firstspace: Historic street layout. Secondspace: Designed as educational/historic zone. Thirdspace: Site of LGBTQ+ resistance (Stonewall), cultural hub. Afghan streets or Chinatown in Indian cities: Created not by planners but by community lived experiences. Why Thirdspace Matters Encourages us to value emotional, cultural, and political experience of space, not just what maps or planners say. Highlights the transformative potential of communities in reshaping urban and social landscapes. Offers a critical lens to study inequality, resistance, identity, and urban theory in the real world. FSDC looks to enhance cybersecurity, ease compliance burden Cybersecurity & Financial Resilience The Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC), chaired by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, met to discuss cyber resilience in the financial sector. It emphasized the need for a financial sector-specific cybersecurity strategy. This aligns with the recommendations of the Financial Sector Assessment Programme (FSAP) 2024–25, which reviews risks and preparedness in financial systems. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ) ,GS 3(Economy ,CyberSecurity) Key Cybersecurity Concerns FSDC reviewed: Existing cybersecurity regulations. Sectoral preparedness of financial institutions (banks, NBFCs, markets). The goal is to enhance real-time threat response, incident reporting, and resilience in an increasingly digital financial ecosystem. Ease of Compliance & Regulatory Reforms The council explored ways to reduce regulatory burden and streamline compliance. It discussed introducing common KYC norms, especially to: Simplify onboarding for investors (including NRIs). Promote uniformity across regulators like RBI, SEBI, IRDAI. Unclaimed Assets FSDC also addressed the issue of large amounts of unclaimed assets (like deposits, dividends, insurance amounts). It recommended: Reducing such unclaimed amounts through proactive communication. Enabling seamless refunds to legitimate claimants. Institutional Role of FSDC FSDC is a high-level body that coordinates inter-regulatory policy issues and monitors systemic risks. It includes heads of RBI, SEBI, PFRDA, IRDAI, and other financial regulators. Its recent focus includes: Cyber threats, digital governance. Inter-regulatory harmonization. Protection of financial consumer interests. ‘Targeted policy intervention to boost green mining vehicles’ Context : Need for Policy Push for Green HEMMs India urgently needs targeted and well-defined policy interventions to promote cleaner fuel-based Heavy Earth Moving Machinery (HEMM) in the mining sector. The findings are from a study by Sustainable Mining Initiative (FIMI) and Deloitte. Relevance : GS 3 ( Economy & Environment )   Green Mining Vehicles: Green mining vehicles, such as those powered by electricity, hybrid systems, or hydrogen, are essential to reduce CO₂ emissions from India’s expanding mining sector and align with its net-zero targets. Their high upfront costs remain a key barrier, which can be addressed through targeted incentives like capital subsidies, power subsidies for charging, and production-linked incentives. Environmental Imperative Mining operations are projected to expand significantly by 2035, leading to a sharp rise in fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions. Adoption of green HEMMs (electric, hybrid, or hydrogen-powered) is critical to align mining with India’s net-zero and sustainability commitments. Cost is a Major Barrier Green HEMMs are expensive upfront, which discourages adoption. The report recommends: Capital subsidies. Fleet-linked premium rebates. Upfront payment relaxations. Power subsidies for charging infrastructure. Reduced financing costs. Recommended Policy Instruments A coherent policy framework should include: Technology-specific incentives. Regulatory enablers (like mandatory usage quotas). Star rating reforms. Production-linked incentives (PLI). Infrastructure development (charging/hydrogen stations). Demand-side interventions (e.g., procurement mandates). Industry Outlook India’s mining equipment market: Revenue in 2024: $6.4 billion. Expected to reach $11.34 billion by 2033 at a CAGR of 6.5%. As mining production targets rise, thousands of HEMMs will be added, increasing the environmental burden unless cleaner alternatives are adopted. Need for Urgent Transition Without policy support, the current high-carbon path of mining will intensify. Proactive transition to clean HEMMs is vital to: Reduce emissions. Increase operational efficiency. Achieve climate goals.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 June 2025

Content : Govt Notifies SEZ Reforms to Boost Semiconductor and Electronics Component Manufacturing NHAI releases first-ever Asset Monetisation Strategy Document to drive growth in Road Sector Govt Notifies SEZ Reforms to Boost Semiconductor and Electronics Component Manufacturing Context :The Government of India has notified targeted SEZ rule reforms to accelerate investment and high-tech manufacturing in the semiconductor and electronics component sectors. Relevance : GS 3(Minerals ,Mining ,Manufacturing ) Key Reforms Introduced Minimum Land Requirement Reduced: For SEZs exclusive to semiconductors/electronics, the minimum land requirement is now 10 hectares, down from 50 hectares. Encumbrance Norms Eased: SEZ land no longer needs to be encumbrance-free if mortgaged/leased to Central/State Government or authorised agencies. Net Foreign Exchange (NFE) Reform: Free-of-cost goods (received/supplied) now count toward NFE calculation, per Rule 53 amendment. Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) Access: SEZ units in these sectors can now sell domestically after paying duties—encourages market integration. Strategic Importance Encourages High-Tech Manufacturing: Recognises long gestation and capital-intensive nature of semiconductor industry. Strengthens Semiconductor Ecosystem: Aligns with India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) and Aatmanirbhar Bharat goals. Generates High-Skilled Jobs: Expected to create specialized employment in electronics design, fabrication, packaging, etc. Major Investments Approved Micron Semiconductor Technology India Pvt Ltd: Location: Sanand, Gujarat Investment: ₹13,000 crore Area: 37.64 hectares Hubballi Durable Goods Cluster Pvt Ltd (Aequs Group): Location: Dharwad, Karnataka Investment: ₹100 crore Area: 11.55 hectares Implications for Economy and Policy Boosts FDI and domestic investment in cutting-edge tech sectors. Reduces dependence on foreign chip imports, enhancing strategic tech sovereignty. Sets a precedent for targeted SEZ reforms tailored to sector-specific needs. Encourages integration of SEZ production with domestic value chains. NHAI releases first-ever Asset Monetisation Strategy Document to drive growth in Road Sector Context : NHAI has released its first Asset Monetisation Strategy to enhance private investment, unlock road asset value, and ensure sustainable infrastructure financing. Relevance : GS 3(Economy & Infrastructure) Asset Monetisation – Key Points Definition: Process of unlocking value from existing public infrastructure assets by leasing or transferring revenue rights to private players for a fixed period, while retaining ownership. Objective: Generate non-debt capital for new infrastructure creation and reduce fiscal pressure on the government. Key Models: Toll-Operate-Transfer (ToT) Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) Securitisation of revenue streams Key Highlights of the Strategy Structured Framework for Monetisation: Utilizes Toll-Operate-Transfer (ToT), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs), and securitisation models. Impressive Financial Mobilisation: Raised over ₹1.4 lakh crore through monetisation of 6,100 km of highways under the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP). Document Accessibility: Strategy document made publicly available on NHAI’s website for transparency and stakeholder engagement. Three Core Pillars Value Maximisation of government-owned road assets. Process Transparency and better information dissemination for investors. Market Development by expanding investor base and engaging stakeholders. Strategic Importance Reduces reliance on traditional government funding like budgetary support and debt. Promotes private sector efficiency in road operations and maintenance. Aligns with Asset Monetisation Plan 2025–30, boosting infrastructure-led economic growth. Benefits and Impacts Ensures financial sustainability of NHAI. Encourages private investment and long-term partnerships. Improves road quality and durability through advanced tech and private sector practices. Demonstrates a shift to market-based infrastructure financing in India.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 June 2025

Content : The Census and the remaking of a people Empowering women in agriculture for food security Tighten the process The Census and the remaking of a people Core Argument Census is not just a demographic exercise but a political act — it shapes how a “population” becomes a “people” in the constitutional sense. Census 2027 will be a transformational event akin to the impact of COVID-19, due to its scope, digital processing, and political ramifications. Relevance : GS 1 (Indian Society) , GS 2 ( Polity & Governance) Practice Question :“The Census is not just a tool of enumeration, but a powerful instrument of political transformation.” Examine this statement in the context of Census 2027 and its potential implications for federalism and social justice in India.(250 Words) Key Issues and Implications Delimitation and Representation Article 81 mandates redrawing of parliamentary constituencies after 2026 Census. The delay of 2021 Census fast-tracks this process — 2029 general election may occur on a new political map. Population as sole criterion could shift power from southern/western (low-birth, high-income) states to northern/central (high-birth, low-income) ones — sparking regional imbalance concerns. Census as a Political Tool Captures migration, language shifts, urbanization, etc., which influence policy and identity. Data gathering shapes realities — recording caste, gender, migration may change electoral and social dynamics. Caste census revival after 1931 will intensify demand to revisit the 50% reservation cap. Federal and Fiscal Dimensions The 16th Finance Commission’s report (2025) will coincide with the new Census data — critical for Centre-State revenue sharing. States like Tamil Nadu, Kerala may feel penalized for past success in population control and economic development. Gender, Caste, and Identity Politics One-third reservation for women in Parliament and Assemblies will take shape post-Census. Gender and caste being counted as national categories may be used to neutralize regional imbalances in political representation. Broader Themes National Unity and Identity Shift from colonial-era static identities to fluid, negotiated identities. National unity is being reimagined across religion, caste, and region — Census 2027 is central to this renegotiation. Political Strategy Parties may use population-based delimitation to consolidate strongholds and redefine national identity. Congress and Left face challenge of balancing regional vs national interests in response to the caste and demographic debate. Conclusion Census 2027 is not a technical event — it is a political reset. It will redefine who we are as a people, how power is shared, and which groups are empowered — triggering long-term consequences across politics, federalism, and identity. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes. Empowering women in agriculture for food security Core Theme Declaring 2026 as the International Year of the Woman Farmer is a global recognition of women’s pivotal role in agriculture, and a call to address persistent gender-based inequalities in the sector. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) , GS 3(Agriculture) Practice Question : “Empowering women in agriculture is not just a gender issue, but a strategy for food security and sustainable development.”Discuss the status of women in Indian agriculture and suggest measures to enhance their role in ensuring food security. (250 words) Status of Women in Agriculture Women contribute 60–80% of food production in developing countries and 39% of agricultural labour in South Asia. In India, 80% of economically active women work in agriculture, yet only 8.3–14% own land. Lack of land ownership limits women’s access to credit, markets, and formal institutions — hampering productivity and empowerment. Structural Challenges Limited access to technology (like mobile phones) reduces their ability to receive agri-advisories and information. Credit access through SHGs/microfinance exists but remains inadequate for high-value investments. Government Support Schemes Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana: Skill-building and resource access. Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation: 50–80% subsidy for machinery for women. National Food Security Mission: 30% of funds reserved for women in certain regions. Climate Change & Resilience Women farmers are disproportionately affected by climate change due to caregiving roles and exposure to agri-risks. ENACT project in Assam empowers women with: Weekly digital advisories on climate-resilient agriculture. Access to flood-resistant rice varieties, smart seed production, and livelihood diversification. Support from multiple government and technical partners. Action Points Policy must be gender-responsive and based on granular data. Farming tools, credit systems, and value chains should be designed with women’s needs in mind. Strengthen collective action (e.g., SHGs), market access, and leadership roles for women. Conclusion 2026 is a milestone opportunity to realign global and national efforts toward: Gender equality in agriculture. Strengthening women’s role in food security, climate resilience, and sustainable development. Tighten the process Core Theme : Concerns around electoral transparency demand a proactive, credible response from the Election Commission of India (ECI) to safeguard democratic legitimacy. Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Electoral Reforms) Practice Question : “Electoral legitimacy rests not just on outcomes but on the transparency and integrity of the process.” In this context, critically examine the recent concerns raised over voter roll management, access to election data, and appointment mechanisms of Election Commissioners in India. Suggest measures to enhance trust in electoral processes.(250 Words) Key Issues Raised Voter Roll Anomalies: Rahul Gandhi alleges an abnormal surge in voter numbers in Maharashtra between the general and Assembly elections. Over 39 lakh new voters added in just six months — mirrors similar trends in 2014, but lacks transparency. Suspicious Turnout After 5 PM: Claims of unusually high voter turnout after 5 p.m. do not hold on scrutiny. Provisional figures (app-based) differ from Form 17C official counts, which are more accurate but delayed. Access to CCTV Footage: Recent amendment to the Conduct of Election Rules (1961) restricts access to polling station CCTV footage. Transparency concerns arise when parties are denied footage needed to assess irregularities. Appointment of Election Commissioners: Alleged executive overreach: Government ignored the Supreme Court’s 2023 directive recommending inclusion of CJI in the selection panel. Arguments that Lack Merit Alleged spike in turnout post-5 p.m. is unsubstantiated and based on flawed provisional data. Legitimate Concerns Transparency in voter roll updates is lacking — parties must be involved in pre-verification processes. Restricted CCTV access hinders scrutiny and weakens electoral accountability. Lack of real-time machine-readable roll data limits independent verification. Responsibility & Recommendations ECI must: Ensure machine-readable, disaggregated roll data is published. Retain and allow controlled access to CCTV footage. Implement transparent, participatory processes during voter roll revisions. Political Parties must: Engage proactively in the voter registration and verification phases. Avoid raising post-result objections without prior scrutiny. Conclusion While some allegations may be politically motivated, there is a clear need for greater transparency, accountability, and institutional neutrality to uphold the credibility of Indian elections. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 June 2025

Content : Delimiting by electors rather than population offers a fairer approach How drones are the new face of warfare How extracting and producing nickel can be made more sustainable Weather plays spoilsport with Shukla’s mission; NASA moves launch to tomorrow Foreign investors shift money out of Delhi to ‘promising’ Maharashtra Govt. eases SEZ norms for chip, electronic units Delimiting by electors rather than population offers a fairer approach Core Argument Electors, not population, should be the primary basis for delimiting parliamentary constituencies (PCs). This ensures true adherence to the principle of “One person, one vote, one value.” Relevance : GS 2(Delimitation , Governance) Why Electors, Not Population? Census counts all residents, including: Under-18s (non-voters) Migrants who may not be registered voters Elector rolls capture actual voters, not merely residents. Using elector data is timely, doesn’t depend on delayed Census. Better reflects real democratic participation. Elector Disparity & Vote Value Vote value ∝ 1 / number of electors in a PC. Disparities observed: Idukki (Kerala) vote = 4.5× that of Malkajgiri (Telangana). Southern States dominate both the largest and smallest elector-PCs. Indicates the need for rationalisation within the South itself, not just North-South debate. Historical Trends in Vote Value Southern States had higher vote value in: 1951, 2009, 2019, 2024 Lower vote value in: 1961, 1971, 1980, 1991, 1999 Suggests cyclical shifts, not a consistent bias against the South. Parliamentary Representation Imbalance Southern States (22.45% of electors): Hold 23.8% of Lok Sabha seats 24.4% of Rajya Sabha seats Rest of India (71.2% electors): Hold only 67.4% Lok Sabha and 64.4% Rajya Sabha seats Tamil Nadu (TN) anomaly: 39 Lok Sabha seats (less than Bihar/West Bengal) 18 Rajya Sabha seats, higher than both. Proposed Reform Model Raise Lok Sabha strength to 800 (with 810 total to accommodate smaller States/UTs). States that gain most: Rajasthan (+76%) Karnataka (+60.7%) Telangana (+58.8%) Ensures equity without penalising population control success. Debunking Misconceptions Population-only basis – historically not true; geographical & minimum representation always mattered. Southern States penalised for family planning – oversimplified narrative; even within South disparities exist. Dangerous precedent – linking representation to fertility rates could lead to demands based on religion or caste. Migration & outdated methods – original population criteria didn’t account for current demographic fluidity. Conclusion Elector-based delimitation is: More democratically valid More data-available and real-time Less prone to political manipulation via fertility narratives A necessary modern reform to ensure fair representation in line with India’s changing demographics. How drones are the new face of warfare The Rise of Drones in Modern Warfare Drones (UAVs) have become the weapon of choice due to their versatility, affordability, and ability to achieve strategic objectives. They blur lines between military-grade and commercial technologies, with civilian drones now easily repurposed for combat. Relevance : GS 3(Technology , Defence) India’s Tactical Shift Operation Sindoor (post-Pahalgam attack) shows India’s shift towards integrated drone use in live combat. Reflects a broader doctrinal evolution aligning with global trends like Ukraine’s Operation Spider Web. Global Precedents Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020): Loitering munitions (Harop drones) destroyed enemy air defences, reshaping aerial combat. Ukraine War: Real-time testing ground for mass-produced, improvised drones with rapid innovation-counterinnovation cycles. Myanmar: Rebel groups use 3D-printed drones to level the battlefield. Drone Effectiveness Hinges on Resilience Drones are vulnerable to electronic warfare, jamming, and air defences. Countermeasures (soft & hard kill) require innovation to evade detection, e.g.: AI-based navigation Terrain mapping & machine vision Frequency hopping Fibre-optic tethers (Ukraine example) Counter-Drone Strategies India uses Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) with S-400, MR-SAM, Akash systems. Indigenous counter-UAV tech successfully used against Pakistan’s drone incursions. Swarm drone attacks (e.g. Russia’s Shahed drones) can overwhelm air defences — need for magazine depth and redundancy.  Asymmetric Edge & Mass Production Drones provide asymmetric capability against stronger adversaries (e.g., China). India must build volume and modularity into drone fleets to sustain prolonged conflicts. China’s drone fleet (Wing Loong, Soaring Dragon, CH-901, etc.) gives it an edge, especially in swarm tactics at LAC. Civil-Military Crossover Commercial drones + open-source software = new war potential. Dual-use drones lower cost but may compromise on performance. Innovations like 3D printing allow: Decentralised, rapid manufacturing Bypass of complex supply chains Scalability for high attrition warfare (e.g. Titan Falcon in Ukraine) Internal Security Implications Weaponised commercial drones pose emerging threats from terrorists and non-state actors. Counter-drone measures must extend beyond military — involve home ministry, local police, airport security, etc. Defence Industrial Base – The Key Lesson Ukraine war shows the need for a responsive, scalable defence industry. India’s low procurement rate disincentivises domestic production. Uncertain demand, lack of surge capacity, and limited R&D deter innovation. Way Forward for India Strengthen the defence manufacturing ecosystem through: Stable procurement commitments Surge-capacity infrastructure Public-private partnerships Invest in AI, drone swarm tech, and counter-UAV systems. Frame civil-military integration policy for drone deployment and threat mitigation. How extracting and producing nickel can be made more sustainable Background: Why Nickel Matters Key component in clean energy tech, especially lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). Global nickel demand expected to exceed 6 million tonnes/year by 2040. Ironically, nickel extraction is highly polluting — 1 tonne of nickel = 20+ tonnes of CO₂ emissions. Relevance : GS 3(Minerals) Conventional Process: High Carbon Footprint Involves multiple steps: calcination → smelting → reduction → refining. Uses carbon as a reducing agent to extract nickel from nickel oxide. Results in high energy usage and large amounts of CO₂ emissions. New Methodology: Hydrogen Plasma-Based Extraction Developed by Max Planck Institute researchers (published in Nature, April 2025). Single-step metallurgical process in one electric arc furnace. Replaces carbon with hydrogen plasma as the reducing agent. Uses electricity (preferably renewable) to generate high-energy hydrogen ions (plasma). Advantages of Hydrogen Plasma Method Carbon-free: Byproduct is water, not CO₂. Energy efficient: ~18% less energy consumption. Emissions cut: Up to 84% reduction in direct CO₂ emissions. Faster & cleaner reaction kinetics due to reactive plasma. Produces high-purity ferronickel, reducing need for further refining. Strategic Focus on Laterite Ores Laterites: Abundant in tropical regions (e.g., India’s Odisha-Sukinda belt), but hard to process. Traditional methods favor high-grade sulphide ores (depleting fast). New process makes low-grade ores economically viable, reducing dependency on imports. Relevance for India Can leverage domestic laterite reserves, especially overburden in chromite mines. Supports India’s goals of: Net-zero emissions by 2070 Industrialisation & green infrastructure Reducing reliance on imported ores Challenges & Caveats Scalability: Industrial deployment requires high initial capital and robust renewable energy supply. Infrastructure demand: Setting up electric arc furnaces and hydrogen systems. Technical hurdles: Need for continuous oxygen supply at the melt interface. Further studies on thermodynamic and kinetic behavior essential. Ore applicability: May not suit all types of nickel ores. Conclusion Hydrogen plasma-based nickel extraction presents a transformative step toward sustainable metallurgy. Reduces the hidden carbon cost of clean energy technologies. With appropriate policy, funding, and R&D, it can help align industrial development with climate goals, especially for developing economies like India. Weather plays spoilsport with Shukla’s mission; NASA moves launch to tomorrow Mission Overview Mission: Axiom-4 (Ax-4), a private spaceflight mission to the ISS. Astronaut: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, the first Indian astronaut on a commercial space mission. Launch Vehicle: SpaceX Falcon 9 with Dragon spacecraft. Launch Site: Launch Complex 39A, Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Mission Duration: Approx. 14 days on the ISS. Relevance : GS 3(Space) Launch Schedule History Originally planned for June 8, 2025. Postponed to June 10, and now further delayed to June 11, 2025. New launch time: 5:30 p.m. IST / 8 a.m. ET, June 11, 2025. Reason for Delay Adverse weather conditions, specifically high winds in the ascent corridor. Safety-first approach by NASA and SpaceX to ensure mission success and crew safety. Planned Activities on ISS Microgravity research. Technology demonstrations. Public outreach events. Scientific objectives are part of expanding commercial space activities and research. Crew Status Ax-4 crew, including Group Captain Shukla, is currently under quarantine as part of standard pre-launch protocol. Expected to dock at ISS on June 12 (originally June 11), depending on actual launch timing. Significance for India Marks a milestone in India’s space diplomacy and private sector participation. Enhances India’s collaboration with NASA and SpaceX. Builds momentum for India’s own Gaganyaan mission, which will be entirely indigenous. Challenges & Implications Multiple delays (3 times now) reflect the complexity and unpredictability of space launches. Underscores the importance of weather monitoring and risk assessment in modern space missions. Highlights SpaceX’s and NASA’s strict safety standards for human spaceflight. Foreign investors shift money out of Delhi to ‘promising’ Maharashtra FDI Trend Overview (2015–2025) FDI concentration remains high in India — top 5 States account for 75–90% of all FDI inflows. Significant reallocation of investor preference among these states over the last decade. Relevance : GS 3(FDI) Declining Share of Delhi 2015–16: Delhi had the highest FDI share at 32% (~$12.7 billion). 2024–25: Fell drastically to 12% (~$6 billion). Indicates relative loss of investor confidence, possibly due to slower infrastructure growth or policy uncertainties. Maharashtra’s Rise as FDI Magnet 2015–16: Accounted for 24% (~$9.5 billion) of FDI. 2024–25: Rose to 39% (~$19.6 billion), becoming the top FDI destination. Driven by: Mumbai’s financial ecosystem. Strong industrial base and logistics infrastructure. Policy stability and “predictable returns.” Karnataka’s Consistent Performance In top 5 for 9 of 10 years. Share increased from 10% (2015–16) to 13% (2024–25). Anchored by Bengaluru’s tech and innovation ecosystem. Gujarat’s Steady Improvement Share grew from 6% to 11% over the decade. Benefited from: Industrial corridor development. Investor-friendly policies. Strategic focus on manufacturing and exports. Tamil Nadu’s Decline FDI share dropped from 11% to 7% (2015–25). Yet, remained in the top 5 for 7 out of 10 years. Suggests relative stagnation compared to faster-growing states. Expert Insight: “Flight to Quality” Investors are more risk-averse amid global uncertainty. Shift toward mature, low-risk ecosystems with: World-class infrastructure. Proven policy frameworks. Stable regulatory environments. Maharashtra and Karnataka exemplify these “safe havens” for capital. Implications for India Widening regional disparity in FDI inflows. Need for Delhi and other lagging states to: Improve ease of doing business. Enhance infrastructure and governance. Create sector-specific investment policies. Govt. eases SEZ norms for chip, electronic units Policy Reforms Announced Relaxation of SEZ norms specifically for semiconductor and electronic component manufacturing. Objective: Boost high-tech manufacturing, attract capital-intensive industries, and reduce import dependence. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Minerals , Manufacturing) Key Amendments to SEZ Rules Minimum Land Requirement Reduced: Rule 5 amended: Minimum contiguous land area reduced from 50 hectares to 10 hectares. Aims to lower entry barriers and attract more investors. Permission to Sell Domestically: Rule 18 amended: SEZ units can now sell to the domestic market (DTA) after paying applicable duties. Shifts SEZs from being purely export-oriented to hybrid export-domestic supply hubs. Flexibility in Land Encumbrance: Rule 7 amended: SEZ land can be mortgaged or leased to government agencies; no need for encumbrance-free land. Helps firms access financing without regulatory bottlenecks. Major Investment Approvals Post-Reform Micron Semiconductor Technology India: To set up a ₹13,000 crore unit in Sanand, Gujarat. Hubballi Durable Goods Cluster Pvt. Ltd. (Aequs): To invest ₹100 crore in Dharwad, Karnataka. Total approved investment: ₹13,100 crore. Strategic and Economic Significance Semiconductors and electronics are: Capital-intensive, import-dependent, and have long gestation periods. India aims to: Build a resilient semiconductor ecosystem. Reduce reliance on foreign chip imports. Position itself as a global electronics manufacturing hub. Expected Benefits Encourages pioneering investments in high-tech sectors. Boosts Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat goals. Facilitates the creation of high-skilled jobs in manufacturing and R&D. Strengthens supply chain resilience in strategic sectors like semiconductors. Potential Challenges Ahead Timely infrastructure support and clearances. Ensuring availability of skilled manpower. Competitive policy support compared to China, Taiwan, or Vietnam.

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