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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 September 2024

CONTENTS India Leads in Global Plastic Pollution WHO Issues Guidelines to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana Mikania Micrantha Ukai Dam Madeira River India Leads in Global Plastic Pollution A recent report in the journal Nature identifies India as the leading contributor to global plastic pollution, responsible for about one-fifth of all plastic waste worldwide. This significant share highlights the urgent need for enhanced recycling processes and innovations in waste management within the country to mitigate environmental impact. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Study Reasons for High Plastic Pollution in India Plastic Pollution: A Global Environmental Crisis Plastic Pollution in India: Alarming Statistics Way Forward Key Findings of the Study: Annual Plastic Pollution: India generates around 9.3 million tonnes of plastic pollution annually, significantly higher than Nigeria (3.5 mt), Indonesia (3.4 mt), and China (2.8 mt). Waste Generation Rate: India’s per capita daily plastic waste generation stands at approximately 0.12 kilograms. Regional Disparities: The highest rates of plastic waste emissions are found in Southern Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeastern Asia, highlighting a clear regional divide in pollution sources. Waste Management Practices: In the Global South, including India, waste is often managed through open burning, whereas the Global North predominantly uses controlled disposal methods. Global Impact: 69% of global plastic waste emissions, amounting to 35.7 million tonnes annually, originate from just 20 countries. Controlled Disposal in High-Income Countries: Despite higher generation rates, high-income countries are not among the top 90 polluters due to effective collection and disposal systems ensuring 100% waste coverage. Reasons for High Plastic Pollution in India: Consumption and Urbanization: India’s growing population and increasing affluence have led to higher plastic consumption and waste generation, exacerbated by urbanization and a higher demand for plastic products and packaging. Inadequate Infrastructure: India’s waste management infrastructure struggles with large waste volumes, resulting in numerous uncontrolled dumping sites rather than sanitary landfills. Inefficiency in Waste Collection: Official statistics claim a 95% waste collection rate, but research indicates it is closer to 81%, revealing significant inefficiencies. Burning Practices: Annually, India incinerates about 5.8 million tons of plastic waste, contributing to severe pollution and health risks. Informal Recycling Sector: An unregulated recycling sector handles significant amounts of plastic waste, often unrecorded in official statistics, complicating the understanding of actual pollution levels. Plastic Pollution: A Global Environmental Crisis Plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the modern era. It is a global crisis that affects ecosystems, wildlife, human health, and the overall well-being of our planet. Here’s an overview of the key aspects of plastic pollution: Pervasive Presence: Plastics have become an integral part of our daily lives due to their versatility, durability, and affordability. However, this widespread use has resulted in massive plastic production, consumption, and waste generation. Plastics now pervade our environment, from oceans and rivers to remote wilderness areas. Marine Plastic Pollution: One of the most visible and concerning aspects of plastic pollution is its impact on marine ecosystems. Millions of tons of plastic waste enter the oceans each year, leading to the formation of vast “garbage patches” and entangling marine life. Marine animals often ingest or become trapped in plastic debris, leading to injury and death. Microplastics: Plastic pollution extends beyond what’s visible to the naked eye. Microplastics, tiny plastic particles measuring less than 5mm, have infiltrated aquatic ecosystems and even our drinking water. These particles are ingested by marine organisms and can ultimately find their way into the food chain, posing risks to human health. Environmental Impact: Plastic pollution disrupts ecosystems, as it takes hundreds of years for plastics to degrade. During this time, plastics can release toxic chemicals, harming both terrestrial and aquatic life. Plastic waste also interferes with natural processes and habitats, impacting biodiversity. Human Health Concerns: While the full extent of the health impacts of plastic pollution is still being studied, there are concerns about the potential transfer of toxins from plastics to humans through the food chain. Microplastics have been found in various food items, including seafood and table salt. Global Response: Recognizing the severity of the issue, governments, organizations, and individuals worldwide are taking steps to combat plastic pollution. Initiatives include bans on single-use plastics, recycling programs, and innovations in plastic alternatives. Individual Responsibility: Reducing plastic pollution is not solely the responsibility of governments and industries. Individuals can contribute by reducing plastic use, recycling, properly disposing of plastic waste, and supporting policies and products that are environmentally friendly. Plastic Pollution in India: Alarming Statistics Extent of Plastic Waste: Data from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reveals that plastic waste constitutes a substantial portion, precisely 8%, of India’s total solid waste. Urban Contributors: Among urban centers, Delhi emerges as the primary contributor to plastic waste, closely followed by Kolkata and Ahmedabad. Massive Plastic Generation: India’s annual production of plastic waste surpasses a staggering 3 million tons, signifying a colossal environmental challenge. Low Recycling Rates: Despite the substantial plastic waste output, the country struggles with an abysmally low recycling rate, hovering at a mere 30%. Way Forward Enhance Recycling Practices: Emphasize the three R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle through improved product design, establishing recovery centers, offering incentives for using recycled plastics, and requiring recycled content in manufactured products. Reform Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Introduce variable fees for recycling challenging plastics, implement a plastic credit trading system, and expand EPR to include the informal sector to improve conditions for waste pickers. Adopt Advanced Waste-to-Energy Solutions: Invest in cutting-edge technologies such as pyrolysis and gasification for processing non-recyclable plastics. Enforce stringent emissions standards and harness the energy produced to power waste management operations. -Source: The Hindu WHO Issues Guidelines to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently released guidelines on managing wastewater and solid waste in antibiotic production to combat the growing threat of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). This initiative underscores the critical need for responsible environmental practices in pharmaceutical manufacturing to prevent the escalation of AMR globally. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Guidance What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Concerns regarding Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) Overview of the Guidance: Provides a systematic approach for regulators and industry stakeholders to manage antibiotic resistance effectively. Serves as a scientific basis for incorporating specific targets into regulatory and policy frameworks to combat antibiotic resistance. Non-binding Guidance: Though not legally mandatory, it promotes consistency, transparency, and helps avoid piecemeal policy approaches. Principles and Best Practices: Recommends best practices derived from other sectors such as food and water safety to develop risk management strategies. Stresses the need for regular internal and external audits and maintaining transparency in practices. Advocates for gradual improvements, acknowledging the need for global supply chain security and fair access to essential antibiotics. Intended Audience: Regulatory Authorities: Targets national and regional officials overseeing pharmaceutical manufacturing and waste management. Audit Organizations: Addresses third-party bodies involved in the oversight of antibiotic production and waste management processes. Pharmaceutical Sector: Directs companies engaged in all phases of antibiotic production and related organizational bodies. Waste Management Entities: Focuses on those handling the disposal of antibiotic wastes and wastewater. Scope and Focus of the Guidance: Concentrates on reducing antibiotic resistance risks. Highlights the ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic ecosystems from antibiotic residues. Encompasses the entire spectrum of antibiotic production, from active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) production to the final packaging. Focuses extensively on the management of both liquid and solid wastes, particularly emphasizing effluents and runoff management. Risk Assessment Protocols: Mandates detailed risk assessments at manufacturing facilities producing multiple APIs, considering the environmental impact both before and after waste treatment processes. What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites to remain unaffected or survive antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials. AMR occurs when microorganisms exposed to antimicrobial drugs develop antimicrobial resistance resulting in standard treatments becoming ineffective leading to persistence of infections and spreading of infections. Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as “superbugs”. The misuse of antimicrobials in medicine and inappropriate use in agriculture is one of the major causes of spread of Antimicrobial Resistance. Contamination around pharmaceutical manufacturing sites where untreated waste releases large amounts of active antimicrobials into the environment also leads to spread of AMR. Basis of Antimicrobial Resistance Some bacteria due to the presence of resistance genes are intrinsically resistant and therefore survive on being exposed to antibiotics. Bacteria can also acquire resistance by sharing and transferring resistance genes present in the rest of the population, or by genetic mutations that help the bacteria survive antibiotic exposure. Multi drug resistance Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multi-resistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to multiple antimicrobial drugs. The types most threatening to public health are MDR bacteria that resist multiple antibiotics; other types include MDR viruses, parasites (resistant to multiple antifungals, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs of a wide chemical variety). Recognizing different degrees of MDR, the terms extensively drug resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) have been introduced. Concerns regarding Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) Medical procedures such as organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, diabetes management and major surgery (for example, caesarean sections or hip replacements) become very risky due to AMR. AMR increases the cost of healthcare with lengthier stays in hospitals, additional tests and use of more expensive drugs. No new classes of antibiotics have made it to the market in the last three decades, largely on account of inadequate incentives for their development and production. Without urgent action, we are heading towards a future without antibiotics and with bacteria becoming completely resistant to treatment and when common infections and minor injuries could once again kill (referred to as antibiotic apocalypse). It is putting the gains of the Millennium Development Goals at risk and endangers achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Concerns regarding AMR in India India, with its combination of large population, rising incomes that facilitate purchase of antibiotics, high burden of infectious diseases and easy over-the-counter access to antibiotics, is an important locus for the generation of resistance genes. The multi-drug resistance determinant, New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1), emerged from this region to spread globally – Africa, Europe and other parts of Asia have also been affected by multi-drug resistant typhoid originating from South Asia. In India, over 56,000 newborn deaths each year due to sepsis are caused by organisms that are resistant to first line antibiotics. Way forward  The use of antibiotics unrelated to treating human disease, such as in food and animal production, must be “optimised”. Greater action need to be taken to monitor and control infections, globally, nationally and within individual hospitals. Access to vaccines, clean water and sanitation ought to be expanded. And finally should be “more thoughtful” about our use of antimicrobial treatments —expanding access to lifesaving antibiotics where needed, minimising use where they are not necessary to improve human health and acting according to WHO’s recommendations on the same. Increasing funding for developing new antimicrobials and targeting priority pathogens such as K. pneumoniae and E. Coli and ensuring that they are affordable and accessible to most of the world. -Source: The Hindu Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana Context: Recently, the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana (PM-KMY), launched on 12th September 2019, has completed five successful years.  Relevance: GS II- Welfare Schemes Dimensions of the Article: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana (PM-KMY) About PM KISAN  Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan Yojana (PM-KMY): The program is designed to provide social security to landholding Small and Marginal Farmers, defined as those possessing up to two hectares of land. As of August 2024, approximately 23.38 lakh farmers are registered, with the highest numbers in Bihar and Jharkhand. Significant enrollments include over 2.5 lakh from Uttar Pradesh, 2 lakh from Chhattisgarh, and 1.5 lakh from Odisha, indicating a broad acceptance across regions. Key Benefits of PM-KMY: Contribution Structure: Participants contribute between Rs 55 and Rs 200, based on age, which is matched by the Central Government.  The Central Government contributes an equal amount to the pension fund as the subscriber.  Pension Benefits: Eligible subscribers receive a minimum pension of Rs 3,000 monthly after turning 60 years old. Spousal Benefits: In the event of a subscriber’s death, a spouse not already benefiting from the scheme receives a monthly family pension of Rs 1,500. Integration with PM-KISAN: Small and Marginal Farmers can fund their contributions via the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) with an auto-debit setup. Exiting the Scheme: Premature Termination: Subscribers leaving before age 60 can reclaim their contributions plus accrued interest. After Subscriber’s Death: Should the subscriber pass away while receiving the pension, the spouse gets 50% of the original pension amount. If both the subscriber and spouse pass, the remaining funds are returned to the pension pool. Scheme Management: Administrative Body: The pension scheme is administered by the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), with registrations managed through Common Service Centres (CSCs) and State Governments. About PM KISAN Nodal: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) Scheme is a Central Sector Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Scheme. Under the scheme an income support of 6,000/- per year in three equal installments will be provided to small and marginal farmer families having combined land holding/ownership of upto 2 hectares. The Scheme initially provided income support to all Small and Marginal Farmers’ families across the country, holding cultivable land upto 2 hectares. Its ambit was later expanded to cover all farmer families in the country irrespective of the size of their land holdings.  Definition of family for the scheme is husband, wife and minor children. State Government and UT administration will identify the farmer families which are eligible for support as per scheme guidelines. The fund will be directly transferred to the bank accounts of the beneficiaries. There are various Exclusion Categories for the scheme. -Source: Indian Express, PIB Mikania Micrantha Context: Mikania micrantha weed is spreading quite fast in the Bhadra Tiger Reserve and threatening its biodiversity. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Mikania micrantha Bhadra Tiger Reserve Insights Mikania micrantha: Mikania micrantha is a perennial vine that exhibits aggressive and expansive growth. It originates from Central and South America. Recognized as a significant invasive species, it affects regions across Southeast Asia, India, and the Pacific Islands. Introduced in the 1940s for ground coverage in tea plantations, it now poses a threat to various agricultural and forest regions throughout India. Thrives in areas with high fertility, organic content, moisture, and humidity. The plant deprives neighboring flora of sunlight by overgrowth, leading to their damage or death. It uses its climbing ability to reach sunlight, enhancing its spread. Produces chemicals that suppress the germination and growth of surrounding plant seeds. Capable of producing numerous lightweight seeds that disperse through the wind and can also propagate vegetatively from its roots. Bhadra Tiger Reserve Insights: Nestled in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. The reserve is surrounded by various hill ranges, housing a robust population of elephants and is designated as an Elephant Reserve. Home to a significant number of tigers, it was declared the 25th Project Tiger Reserve in 1998. The area is well-watered by the Bhadra River and its tributaries. Features a mix of dry deciduous, moist deciduous, shola, and semi-evergreen vegetation, with species such as Teak, Rosewood, and other medicinal plants. Supports diverse fauna including tigers, leopards, Dholes, and various ungulates like Gaur and Sambar. -Source: The Hindu Ukai Dam Context: Following rainfall in its upper catchment areas, the authorities recently discharged 1.19 lakh cusecs of water from the Ukai Dam, bringing the water level in the dam just five feet below the danger mark of 345 feet. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Ukai Dam: The Ukai Dam, also called Vallabh Sagar, spans the Tapti River and ranks as the second largest reservoir in Gujarat, next only to the Sardar Sarovar. Built in 1972, the dam is primarily used for irrigation, power generation, and managing flood risks. The dam’s storage capacity represents nearly 46% of the combined capacity of Gujarat’s dams, comparable to Bhakra Nangal Dam. This hybrid earth-cum-masonry dam extends nearly 4,927 meters in length. The height of the earth dam is 80.77 meters, with the masonry portion standing at 68.68 meters. Tapti River: Tapti is among the major rivers in peninsular India and is one of the three principal rivers, alongside Narmada and Mahi, flowing east to west. Originating from the Gawilgarh Hills in central Deccan plateau of Madhya Pradesh, it traverses west through the Satpura Range splits, crosses Maharashtra’s Jalgaon plateau, and passes through Surat in Gujarat to reach the Gulf of Khambhat. The river stretches over 700 kilometers (435 miles) with a catchment area of approximately 65,145 square kilometers, with 80% of it in Maharashtra. Flanked by the Saputara mountains to the north and the Ajanta and Satmala ranges to the south, with the Mahadeva range to the east, it runs parallel and close to the Narmada River, separated by the main Satpura Range. Tributaries: Major tributaries include the Purna, Girna, Panzara, Waghur, Bori, and Aner rivers, contributing to its vast network. -Source: The Hindu Madeira River Context: Residents near the Madeira River in the Amazon are facing unprecedented challenges as water levels drop to historic lows amid a severe drought. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Madeira River: The Madeira River stands as an essential tributary of the Amazon River. This river emerges from the confluence of the Mamoré and Beni rivers at Villa Bella, Bolivia, and proceeds northward. Geographical Role: Spanning approximately 100 kilometers (about 60 miles), it demarcates the boundary between Bolivia and Brazil. Basin Size: Encompassing an area of roughly 1,300,000 square kilometers (502,000 square miles), the Madeira River Basin constitutes about 19% of the entire Amazon Basin. Distribution: The basin’s expanse covers Bolivia (50%), Brazil (40%), and Peru (10%). Significance of the Madeira River: As the Amazon’s largest tributary, the Madeira River is pivotal to South America’s ecological framework, influencing the Amazon Basin’s hydrology. It plays a critical role in supporting a rich diversity of flora and fauna across Bolivia and Brazil, enhancing the region’s environmental diversity. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 September 2024

CONTENTS India Advances in Blockchain Technology with New Frameworks and Portals Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Initiative India Advances in Blockchain Technology with New Frameworks and Portals Context: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has recently introduced the National Blockchain Framework (NBF) to enhance digital infrastructure across the nation. Alongside this, several key initiatives such as the Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack, National Blockchain Framework Lite (NBFLite), Praamaanik, and the National Blockchain Portal were also launched. These platforms are designed to bolster blockchain’s integration into various sectors, promoting transparency, efficiency, and security in public and private operations. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: National Blockchain Framework Overview Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) Explained National Blockchain Framework Overview Purpose: The National Blockchain Framework (NBF) is an online platform created to enhance digital governance through blockchain technology, emphasizing transparency and trust in public services. Initiatives Linked: Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack: Provides Blockchain-as-a-Service with geographically distributed support for various blockchain applications. NBFLite: A blockchain sandbox designed for startups and academia to foster rapid prototyping and research. Praamaanik: An innovative solution for verifying the origins of mobile apps. National Blockchain Portal: Created to streamline access and integration with diverse blockchain resources. Benefits: Promotes security, trust, and transparency in citizen-centric services, aligning with governmental digital service delivery goals. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) advocates for the expansion of NBF applications across different states and departments, encouraging the incorporation of new applications. Challenges Addressed by NBF Focuses on overcoming common issues such as the need for skilled labor to develop blockchain-based applications and challenges associated with security, interoperability, and performance. Vishvasya-Blockchain Technology Stack Components Infrastructure: Hosted across National Informatics Centre (NIC) Data Centers in Bhubaneswar, Pune, and Hyderabad. Services Provided: Basic blockchain operations. Development and management of smart contracts and application interfaces. Emphasizes data integrity and secure communications. Development Support: Offers Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) to aid in the development and deployment of blockchain applications. Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) Explained Definition: BaaS is a third-party cloud-based service that supports companies in building and managing blockchain applications. Advantages: Simplification: Allows companies to develop and deploy blockchain applications swiftly without the need to manage intricate infrastructure. Cost Efficiency: Facilitates economical and efficient blockchain usage, promoting secure and transparent innovation. Flexibility and Scalability: Ensures the blockchain infrastructure is adaptable and scalable, catering to evolving application and user demands. Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Initiative Context: Recently, the Prime Minister launched the ‘Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari’ initiative from Surat, Gujarat.  Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Initiative Focus and Goals: The initiative prioritizes water conservation through the construction of about 24,800 rainwater harvesting structures across Gujarat. Collaborative Approach: Emphasizes a comprehensive involvement of both society and government in effective water management. Water Challenges in India Water Scarcity: Despite housing 18% of the global population, India possesses only 4% of the world’s water resources. Groundwater Depletion: Reports indicate that 256 out of 700 districts face critical to over-exploited groundwater levels. Accessibility Issues: Rural women frequently travel over 2.5 kilometers to access water sources. Health Impact: Around 163 million Indians lack access to safe drinking water, correlating to 21% of communicable diseases. Additional Water Conservation Efforts Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Expanded piped water connections dramatically, from 3 crore to over 15 crore households, covering more than 75% of the rural population. Amrit Sarovar Construction: Over 60,000 water bodies have been created to improve water storage and management. Catch The Rain Campaign: Encourages the development of Rain Water Harvesting Structures (RWHS) across various states to bolster water conservation efforts.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 September 2024

Contents: A Panaromic View of the 2024 China-Africa Summit Rooted in Affinity: The Deepening UAE-India Relations A Panaromic View of the 2024 China-Africa Summit Context: The 2024 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit marks a significant phase in the evolving relationship between China and Africa. With the focus on expanding economic and strategic ties, this summit, held in Beijing, underscores China’s long-term view of Africa as pivotal to global future dynamics. African nations, increasingly recognizing the benefits of engaging with China, have begun shifting towards deeper cooperation, leaving behind earlier reservations. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Analyze the growing strategic and economic ties between China and Africa within the framework of the 2024 FOCAC summit. What are the potential implications for India-Africa relations in light of China’s deepening involvement? Key Outcomes of the 2024 FOCAC Summit: China’s continued strategic focus on Africa was reinforced through initiatives on infrastructure, economic support, and security collaborations. The Beijing Declaration of the summit emphasizes a shared vision for economic modernization, sustainable development, and strategic alignment between China and Africa. Economic Collaborations: One of the primary highlights is China’s significant investment in African infrastructure, with $51 billion pledged towards 30 key projects. This includes energy, transportation, and digital infrastructure development. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) remains a critical aspect of these economic collaborations, with a framework for boosting trade and development between the regions. China emphasized the importance of financial aid to support industrialization in Africa, including $30 billion in financial assistance for specific African countries. Both parties also focused on debt relief measures, with Chinese lenders committing to easing African nations’ debt burdens through renegotiations with institutions like the IMF. China’s Strategic Influence: China’s strategic foothold in Africa has significantly expanded through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). African nations have found greater comfort in their dealings with China due to the country’s stable long-term policies and non-interventionist stance. China’s influence is also reflected in their support for African nations in multilateral forums like the United Nations. China advocated for Africa’s inclusion in global governance bodies like the G20, pushing for enhanced representation of African states in decision-making forums. Security and Counterterrorism Initiatives: As terrorism and security concerns rise in the Sahel region, China has taken a direct interest in counterterrorism efforts and maritime security in Africa. It announced stronger cooperation in peacekeeping missions and military assistance, highlighting its strategic military ties with African nations like Nigeria and Ethiopia. Long-Term Cooperation: China continues to expand its long-term strategy in Africa. Its investments are framed around key areas like green technology, health infrastructure, and education. Africa’s burgeoning young population is viewed as a potential workforce for future Chinese industries, leading to investments in skill development and educational exchanges. The summit also proposed initiatives focusing on modernizing African agriculture through Chinese technological aid and improved trade relations. This includes promoting Africa’s role in global supply chains, particularly through the export of raw materials and food products. Contrasting China’s Role with Western Approaches: The Western approach towards Africa has traditionally been based on conditional financial aid, often linked to governance reforms or political conditions. China’s aid and investments, in contrast, come without direct political interference, which is increasingly appealing to many African nations. However, concerns about debt-trap diplomacy persist, with critics pointing out that several African countries, like Zambia and Ethiopia, have already faced economic difficulties due to their heavy reliance on Chinese loans. Geopolitical Implications for India: India has traditionally viewed Africa as an essential partner, particularly in South-South cooperation frameworks. However, China’s aggressive and well-funded investments in Africa have overshadowed India’s presence in the continent. While India shares cultural, historical, and diaspora ties with Africa, its economic engagements remain modest in comparison to China. India’s engagement focuses on capacity-building and developmental aid, while China has positioned itself as a primary trade and investment partner. In light of this summit, India must reassess its diplomatic and economic strategies towards Africa, especially in sectors like technology, renewable energy, and infrastructure. Conclusion: The 2024 FOCAC summit reinforces China’s economic, political, and strategic commitment to Africa. The summit outcomes demonstrate China’s growing influence as a global power, especially in Africa, where its investments are creating long-lasting infrastructure and strategic ties. For India, this development requires a recalibration of its African engagement strategy to stay relevant in the competitive geopolitical landscape. African nations, too, must carefully navigate their expanding relations with China to avoid over-dependence, while capitalizing on the economic growth potential. Additional Data: China’s African Trade: China-Africa trade volume reached $282 billion in 2022, compared to India-Africa trade at $90 billion. China’s Aid: China has announced investments in over 40 African countries through FOCAC. Debt: Several African countries have renegotiated loans with China through debt-for-equity deals, notably Zambia’s $6.3 billion debt restructuring in 2023. Rooted in Affinity: The Deepening UAE-India Relations Context: The UAE and India share a historical relationship founded on trade, mutual respect, and cultural connections. This bond, which spans millennia, is now evolving into a robust strategic partnership, driven by mutual economic interests, technological advancements, and the strength of the expatriate community. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Examine the evolution of India-UAE relations in recent years, highlighting the key areas of cooperation. Discuss the significance of the Indian expatriate community in fostering these ties. Historical Roots: UAE-India relations are deeply historical, dating back to ancient trade routes between the Arabian Gulf and India over 4,000 years ago. Archeological evidence from Abu Dhabi points to connections with the Indus Valley civilization. The current strategic partnership mirrors the respect that has grown over the centuries, with shared values forming the foundation of this relationship. Symbolism in Recent Diplomacy: During his recent visit to India, Sheikh Khaled, the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, planted a tree at Rajghat, symbolizing the continuity of deep-rooted ties between the UAE and India. This act mirrors similar gestures by his predecessors, reinforcing the connection between both countries. These symbolic acts represent the UAE’s respect for India’s cultural and historical significance, while the trees, particularly the slow-growing Moulasari planted by Sheikh Mohamed, reflect the steady, growing nature of the relationship. The Strength of the Expatriate Community: The UAE is home to more than 3.5 million Indians, forming the largest expatriate community. Indian nationals contribute significantly to the UAE’s economy, and the sheer number of flights (over 1,500) between the two nations highlights the deep connection. This expatriate presence, built on mutual tolerance and inclusion, plays a vital role in enhancing the economic strength and social fabric of the UAE. Trade and Economic Cooperation: In February 2022, India became the first country to sign a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the UAE. This agreement aims to boost bilateral trade by removing tariffs and enhancing investment. Bilateral trade saw a 15% jump in the first year of CEPA’s operation. Further agreements in sectors like healthcare, renewable energy, and advanced technologies are expected to expand the partnership. Technological and Strategic Cooperation: The inauguration of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi’s branch in Abu Dhabi marks a significant milestone in technological collaboration. This initiative aims to foster advancements in education, innovation, and industrial growth. A future area of collaboration includes civil nuclear technology, with India’s expertise in nuclear desalination offering a solution for the UAE’s water needs. Mutual Respect and Cooperation: Both nations are committed to working together on global challenges like renewable energy, healthcare, and green technologies. The UAE, with its vast resources and strategic position, has identified India as a key partner in various technological and economic sectors. Conclusion: The UAE-India relationship, rooted in affinity, trust, and mutual respect, continues to flourish. With the strength of the Indian expatriate community, forward-looking economic agreements, and shared values, this partnership is poised to grow even stronger in the years to come. This bond, built on shared progress and people-to-people ties, remains an exemplar of modern diplomacy. Additional Data: Bilateral Trade: UAE-India trade grew by 15% in the first year of CEPA. Expatriate Community: Over 3.5 million Indians reside in the UAE, contributing to the country’s economy and cultural diversity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 September 2024

CONTENTS Increasing Copper Imports Amidst Declining Domestic Production in India India and UAE Strengthen Strategic Partnership with New Energy Agreements Infrastructure Development for Pahadi Korwa Community under PM JANMAN Scheme Yellow Food Dye Curcuma ungmensis Project NAMAN Increasing Copper Imports Amidst Declining Domestic Production in India Context: Despite the global surge in copper demand, India has witnessed a decline in domestic copper ore production, dropping from 4.13 million tonnes in FY19 to 3.78 million tonnes in FY24, as reported by the Ministry of Mines. This reduction in production has led to a significant increase in copper concentrate imports, which have doubled to Rs 26,000 crore in FY24 from FY19. In response to these challenges, Indian smelters and refiners are proactively seeking to acquire copper assets overseas to meet the growing demand and stabilize supply. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Copper Metal and Reserves in India Copper Production in India Current Overview of Copper Ore Production in India Copper Metal and Reserves in India: Properties of Copper: Copper is known for its soft, malleable, and ductile properties along with high thermal and electrical conductivity. It naturally occurs in a directly usable metallic form and is a crucial non-ferrous metal with extensive industrial applications in defense, space, railways, telecommunications, and more. India’s Copper Reserves: Global Reserve Share: India holds about 2% of the global copper reserves. Primary Locations: The largest volume of copper ore, about 813 million tonnes, is located in Rajasthan, followed by Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh. The Khetri Mine in Rajasthan is one of the largest in India. State-wise Reserves: Significant copper resources are also found in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Odisha. Copper Production in India: Production Capacity: India’s copper production accounts for 2% of global output, and the country is not self-sufficient in copper ore production. Demand and Supply: Domestic demand for copper and its alloys is met through local production, recycling of scrap, and imports. Import Practices: India primarily imports copper concentrates for processing in domestic smelters, which are then used to produce copper anode and subsequently refined into copper cathode. This refined copper is crucial for manufacturing various products like rods, sheets, and wires. Key Players in the Copper Industry: Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL): As a Public Sector Undertaking, HCL stands as the only integrated company in India involved in the mining, beneficiation, smelting, refining, and casting of refined copper. Private Sector Contributions: Major private players like Hindalco Industries Ltd and Vedanta Limited significantly contribute to the copper industry, primarily relying on imported copper concentrates and owning mines in other countries. Current Overview of Copper Ore Production in India: Exploration Challenges: Reserve Estimates: India’s copper ore reserves are approximately 208 million tonnes, primarily of low grade. Resource Potential: The total copper resources are around 1.51 billion tonnes, needing significant exploration to be mined effectively. Exploration Oversight: The National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET), under the Ministry of Mines, manages mineral block exploration. Private Sector Engagement: There has been limited private sector involvement in exploration, which has slowed the development of new mines. For instance, NMET approved only two copper exploration projects in FY24 and FY23. Policy Changes: In 2023, the Ministry of Mines updated regulations to boost private exploration of critical minerals, including copper. Reliance on Imports: Critical Mineral Status: Copper’s designation as a critical mineral emphasizes its importance in clean energy technologies such as wind turbines and EV batteries, highlighting the need for stable supplies. Import Strategies: India is actively seeking new import sources and has invested in copper-rich regions like Mongolia, Zambia, and Chile to secure its copper supply chain through major private sector collaborations. -Source: Indian Express India and UAE Strengthen Strategic Partnership with New Energy Agreements Context: India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) recently conducted bilateral discussions aimed at deepening their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. During the talks, the crown prince of Abu Dhabi was hosted by India’s Prime Minister at Hyderabad House in New Delhi. The meeting resulted in the signing of multiple agreements focused on expanding energy ties between the two nations, further solidifying their collaborative efforts. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Agreements Signed During the Visit Key Aspects of India-UAE Relations Challenges in India-UAE Relations Key Agreements Signed During the Visit: Civil Nuclear Cooperation: India and UAE signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for civil nuclear cooperation. This involves collaboration between the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) and the Emirates Nuclear Energy Company (ENEC) for the operation and maintenance of the Barakah Nuclear Power Plant, which is located in Al Dhafra, within the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and is the Arab world’s first nuclear power plant. Energy Agreements: LNG Supply: An MoU was signed for the long-term supply of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) between UAE and India, enhancing energy cooperation between the two nations. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR): Another MoU was signed with India Strategic Petroleum Reserve Limited (ISPRL) to ensure a stable supply of petroleum, safeguarding against geopolitical uncertainties or supply disruptions. Food Security: An MoU was signed with the Government of Gujarat focusing on the development of food parks in India. This initiative is part of the broader I2U2 grouping, which includes India, the UAE, and other partners, aimed at enhancing food security in the regions of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh through agricultural development and food park initiatives. Key Aspects of India-UAE Relations: Strategic Partnerships: The relationship is characterized by a ‘comprehensive strategic partnership’ and a ‘strategic security dialogue’, emphasizing strong political and strategic ties. The UAE is India’s third-largest trading partner. Economic Agreements: The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) has notably increased bilateral trade from USD 72.9 billion to USD 84.5 billion within a year, marking a 16% increase. UAE is a significant source of foreign direct investment (FDI), ranking as the fourth largest investor in India during FY23, with a substantial increase in FDI received. Energy Security: UAE is a critical oil supplier and plays a significant role in India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), ensuring energy security. Financial Integration: Initiatives like India’s RuPay card and the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) being introduced in the UAE enhance financial collaboration. Both nations have implemented a Local Currency Settlement (LCS) system to facilitate trade and financial transactions. Defense and Security Cooperation: Enhanced cooperation in defense and security, including counter-terrorism and joint military exercises like Exercise Desert Cyclone. UAE shows a keen interest in Indian defense products, including BrahMos missiles and Tejas fighter jets. Space Collaboration: An MoU between ISRO and the UAE Space Agency promotes cooperation in the exploration and utilization of outer space for peaceful purposes. Multilateral Engagements: The UAE’s participation in the I2U2 grouping (India-Israel-UAE-US) and the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) underscores its role in broader regional and global multilateral frameworks. Cultural and Social Links: The large Indian diaspora in the UAE acts as a bridge enhancing cultural and social ties. Notable cultural initiatives include the inauguration of the first Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi, symbolizing shared values of tolerance and coexistence. Healthcare Cooperation: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the collaboration was particularly evident as both countries supported each other with medical supplies and vaccines. Challenges in India-UAE Relations: Trade Diversification Challenges: Although the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) has boosted overall trade figures, there remains a lack of expansion into new categories, keeping trade concentrated in a few sectors like gems, jewelry, petroleum, and smartphones. This limits broader economic gains and reduces diversification. Growing Imports and Trade Imbalance: There has been a significant 19% increase in imports from the UAE, totaling USD 53,231 million in FY23. This spike in imports, focused on a few key sectors, is affecting India’s trade balance and placing stress on its trade surplus. Export Barriers: Indian exports are hampered by requirements such as Halal certification, which restrict market access and competitiveness for processed foods in the UAE due to these non-tariff barriers. Labor Rights Concerns: The Kafala system in Gulf countries, which grants nearly complete control over migrant workers’ employment and immigration status, raises serious concerns about the rights and welfare of migrant laborers. Regional Conflicts: Navigating regional tensions, such as the Israel-Hamas conflict and the strain between Iran and Arab nations, adds a layer of complexity to India’s foreign relations and strategic planning. Financial Assistance to Pakistan: UAE’s financial support to Pakistan has sparked worries about potential misuse for activities that could be detrimental to India, potentially souring bilateral relations. Diplomatic Friction: The support the UAE provides to Pakistan and the aforementioned challenges could potentially create friction between India and the UAE, complicating ongoing and future diplomatic interactions. -Source: The Hindu Infrastructure Development for Pahadi Korwa Community under PM JANMAN Scheme Context: A recent government announcement highlighted that 54 settlements of the Pahadi Korwa community in north Chhattisgarh will soon be connected by roads. This initiative is part of the Prime Minister’s JANMAN scheme, aimed at enhancing accessibility and infrastructure in remote areas, fostering better connectivity and development for the community. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Pahadi Korwa Tribe Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Empowering Tribal Communities Pahadi Korwa Tribe: Identified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Chhattisgarh, India. Predominantly residing in the Korba and Jashpur districts of Chhattisgarh, with smaller populations in Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. Language: Primary Language: The Korwa tribe speaks Korwa, also known as Ernga or Singli. Dialect: They refer to their language as Bhashi, meaning ‘local language.’ Linguistic Family: Korwa language is part of the Munda sub-group of the Austroasiatic languages. Additional Languages: Many also speak Sadri and Chhattisgarhi. Economic Practices: Subsistence: Primarily engaged in small-scale farming, fishing, hunting, and forest foraging. Agricultural Practices: They employ a traditional farming method known as jhoonga kheti, which involves clearing forest areas to cultivate crops like lentils. Family Structure: Typically, Pahadi Korwa families are nuclear. Housing Customs: Settlement Patterns: They build their homes near forest areas using minimal resources. Cultural Practices: Upon the death of a family member within their home, they abandon and relocate, constructing a new home elsewhere. Governance: Local Governance: The tribe governs itself through a panchayat system, where community meetings deal with justice and law enforcement based on traditional norms. Religious Beliefs: Worship Practices: Devotion is primarily directed towards ancestral spirits and a few key deities. Main Deities: Key figures of worship include Sigri Dev, Gauria Dev, Mahadev (Lord Shiva), Parvati, and Khudia Rani, who is regarded as the supreme deity of the community. Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Empowering Tribal Communities Comprehensive Scheme: PM JANMAN, comprising Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes, is a holistic initiative targeting 11 critical interventions through nine ministries, with a particular focus on the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Key Interventions: Aims to address 11 critical interventions, including permanent housing, road connectivity, piped water supply, mobile medical units, hostel construction, ‘Anganwadi’ facilities, and skill development centers. Additional Ministries’ Involvement: Beyond the 11 critical interventions, other ministries contribute to the mission’s success. Ministry of Ayush: Establishes Ayush Wellness Centres based on existing norms. Extends Ayush facilities to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) habitations through Mobile Medical Units. Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship: Facilitates skill and vocational training in PVTG habitations, multipurpose centers, and hostels, aligning with the specific skills of these communities. -Source: The Hindu Yellow Food Dye Context: Recently, a recent study has demonstrated that tartrazine, a common food dye, can make the skin of living mice temporarily transparent. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Yellow Food Dye: Common Name: Known as tartrazine, this synthetic dye falls under the category of azo dyes. Appearance: Tartrazine is noted for its lemon yellow hue and is soluble in water. Usage: This dye finds its application across a variety of products including dairy items, beverages, desserts, and confectioneries. Key Findings from Recent Study: Light Absorption: Tartrazine is particularly effective in absorbing blue light, which alters its color to orange-to-red when it dissolves in water. Visibility Effect: The absorption results in only the orange-to-red spectrum being visible due to the dye’s properties. Interaction with Biological Tissues: Scattering Reduction: Biological tissues typically scatter light due to their complex makeup of proteins, fats, and fluids. Tartrazine can harmonize with the refractive indices of these components, minimizing scattering and allowing more light to pass through, rendering the skin nearly transparent. Wavelength Absorption: It absorbs specific wavelengths, notably in the red light spectrum, altering the interaction of light with tissue. Visualization Enhancement: This unique interaction allows for the visualization of blood vessels, internal organs, and muscle movements in real time. Potential Applications: The properties of tartrazine could revolutionize medical procedures by simplifying blood draws, enhancing the effectiveness of laser tattoo removal techniques, and potentially aiding in the early detection of cancers. -Source: The Hindu Curcuma Ungmensis Context: Researchers have identified a new ‘cousin’ of the turmeric, thanks to a serendipitous discovery during a field trip in Nagaland. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Curcuma ungmensis: Taxonomic Classification: This species is part of the Curcuma genus, which belongs to the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Naming Origin: The species was named after its discovery location, Ungma village in the Mokokchung district. Plant Description: Curcuma ungmensis is a rhizomatous herb with branched rhizomes that are deeply embedded in the soil, making it suitable for garden cultivation. Cultivation: It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for ground cover, thriving post-domestication. Flowering Season: The plant blooms during the rainy season from August to October, with flowers that open in the morning and wilt by day’s end. Conservation Concerns: It is under severe threat from activities like road development, building construction, and natural disasters. Botanical Significance and Distribution: Family Details: The Zingiberaceae family comprises 21 genera and approximately 200 species in India. Significant Relatives: Within its genus, it is related to well-known species such as turmeric (Curcuma longa), black turmeric (Curcumacaesia), and mango ginger (Curcuma amada). Geographical Spread: The Curcuma genus is predominantly found in South and Southeast Asia, Southern China, parts of Northern Australia, and the South Pacific. Indian Diversity: About 40 species of Curcuma are identified across India, particularly in the northeastern and southern states, as well as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. -Source: The Hindu Project NAMAN Context: Recently, the Indian Army launched the first phase of Project NAMAN, in presence of General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff along with Mrs Sunita Dwivedi, President Army Wives Welfare Association (AWWA). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About Project Naman SPARSH Portal (System for Pension-related Information & Services Handled Electronically) About Project Naman: Objective: Project Naman aims to establish facilitation and grievance redressal centers to assist veterans and the families of personnel who have made the ultimate sacrifice. Location: The inaugural center will be set up in Delhi Cantonment. Services: ‘Naman’ will host a Common Service Center, providing access to various government-to-customer services. Additionally, it will support the updating of pensioner accounts on the SPARSH portal for veterans, next of kin, and dependents. SPARSH Portal (System for Pension-related Information & Services Handled Electronically): Implemented by: The Ministry of Defence is responsible for implementing the SPARSH portal. Purpose: The portal serves the pension sanction and disbursement requirements for the Armed Forces, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Defence Civilians. Transparency: SPARSH offers transparency to defence pensioners by maintaining a comprehensive record of their pension accounts, encompassing all events and entitlements from the pension’s initiation to its cessation upon the last eligible beneficiary. Administration: The Defence Accounts Department, under the Principal Controller of Defence Accounts (Pensions), manages this system. Functionalities: SPARSH covers various pension-related activities, including initiation and sanction, disbursement, revision, and managing service and grievance requests. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 September 2024

CONTENTS Swachh Vayu Survekshan Award Improving Accessibility in India: Sugamya Bharat App’s Impact Swachh Vayu Survekshan Award Context: Recently, the union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change presented the Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan award 2024 on the occasion of International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Swachh Vayu Survekshan Award: Initiative Origin: Developed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), this initiative ranks cities based on their adherence to the approved action plans for air quality management in 130 cities under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). Guideline Release: In September 2022, MoEF&CC introduced the ‘Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan- Ranking of Cities’ guidelines under NCAP. Purpose: The program aims to rank 130 Indian cities by their effectiveness in implementing City Action Plans, with the goal of reducing air pollution by up to 40% by 2025-26. Key Objectives: Raise awareness across all societal segments. Educate the public on health risks associated with air quality. Compare air quality across different urban areas. Fulfill NCAP’s objective of ensuring “Clean air for all”. Assessment Platform: Cities are evaluated through submissions on the PRANA portal, which tracks progress in the NCAP framework. 2024 Awards: The Swachh Vayu Survekshan Awards 2024 acknowledged top performers among NCAP cities, categorized by population size: Category 1 (Over 10 Lakhs): Surat, Jabalpur, and Agra. Category 2 (3-10 Lakhs): Firozabad, Amravati, and Jhansi. Category 3 (Under 3 Lakhs): Raebareli, Nalgonda, and Nalagarh. Improving Accessibility in India: Sugamya Bharat App’s Impact Context: Since its inception in 2021, the Sugamya Bharat mobile application has been instrumental in addressing accessibility issues across India, receiving over 1,400 complaints. Remarkably, about 75 percent of these complaints have been resolved, showcasing the app’s effectiveness and the government’s commitment to enhancing accessibility for all citizens. This initiative highlights the proactive steps taken to address the challenges faced by individuals with disabilities in accessing various services and facilities. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Sugamya Bharat App: It was launched by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, this app is designed to assist individuals with disabilities and the elderly by addressing accessibility challenges in public spaces. Purpose: The Sugamya Bharat app enables users to report issues related to public infrastructure, transportation, and building accessibility. Core Objectives: Facilitate the reporting of accessibility issues at public locations by using Google Maps to pinpoint specific locations. Allow users to upload geotagged photos to highlight and detail the accessibility problems encountered. User Interaction: Individuals experiencing accessibility barriers can submit their grievances directly through the app, focusing specifically on issues related to buildings, transportation systems, and ICT (Internet and Communication Technologies). Complaint Process: Users can file complaints by uploading photographic evidence, which is then reviewed and addressed by the appropriate authorities. Future Enhancements: The government is set to upgrade the app with Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities to enhance user experience and functionality. The forthcoming version will feature an AI-powered chatbot and a multilingual interface. Collaboration with the NGO Mission Accessibility and I-STEM research institute is aimed at developing this AI-enhanced version of the app.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 September 2024

Contents: Regulatory Reforms in Indian Pharmaceutical Sector Stuck in a Loop India’s Next Census: The Need for a Shift to Register-Based Enumeration Regulatory Reforms in Indian Pharmaceutical Sector Stuck in a Loop Context: India’s Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, through the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI), announced key policy initiatives in 2024 targeting three areas: drug recall guidelines, good distribution practices, and the use of confusingly similar brand names for pharmaceuticals. However, despite these initiatives being introduced to address major public health concerns, bureaucratic delays and the non-binding nature of these guidelines have stalled their implementation. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – Governance Mains Question: What are the major challenges in implementing regulatory reforms in India’s pharmaceutical sector? How can the government overcome bureaucratic bottlenecks to ensure public health safety? Background on Pharmaceutical Reforms: The DCGI announced key reforms aimed at improving public health by addressing three critical areas: drug recall guidelines, ensuring drugs that fail quality tests are quickly removed from the market; good distribution practices, meant to regulate drug storage and distribution; and the use of similar brand names, which often leads to prescription errors. These reforms are crucial given India’s large pharmaceutical market, where drug safety and quality control remain top concerns. Despite the intent, these reforms remain stuck in bureaucratic loops due to their non-binding nature. The Parliamentary Standing Committee (PSC) Report: The 59th report of the PSC on Health and Family Welfare, tabled in 2012, identified these issues in India’s drug regulatory framework. The report emphasized the need for legally enforceable recall guidelines, clear standards for drug storage, and stricter regulation of drug brand names to prevent confusion in prescriptions. The Drug Consultative Committee (DCC), while discussing the guidelines, failed to move forward due to concerns about cost implications for pharmacies and wholesalers. Challenges in Implementation: Non-binding Guidelines: The recall and distribution guidelines, though proposed, remain voluntary and lack the force of law. This legal gap means that pharmaceutical companies are not obligated to recall substandard drugs unless ordered by the regulator. Resistance from Stakeholders: The opposition from pharmacists and wholesalers stems from concerns that upgrading storage infrastructure and complying with good distribution practices will lead to increased costs. Brand Name Confusion: The issue of similar brand names has long been identified as a major public health risk. In many cases, drugs with similar-sounding names but different uses have led to prescription errors. However, despite recognition of the problem, the guidelines for avoiding brand name confusion have not been enforced. Why the Reforms Are Stuck: Despite the identification of these regulatory gaps, both in government reports and discussions with stakeholders, reforms have been stalled due to a combination of bureaucratic inertia and the lack of political will to push for binding legal reforms. The Ministry of Health, while responsible for issuing the guidelines, has been slow to take action. Additionally, there has been little coordination between the different bodies responsible for pharmaceutical regulation, such as the DCGI, the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), and the Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC). Solutions to Break the Regulatory Loop: Legally Binding Regulations: The most crucial step is to give the proposed guidelines legal enforceability. By amending relevant laws, such as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, the Ministry can ensure that recall guidelines and good distribution practices are mandatory, with strict penalties for non-compliance. Engagement with Industry Stakeholders: The concerns raised by pharmacists and pharmaceutical companies about the cost of compliance must be addressed through consultations and government support. Providing financial incentives or subsidies for upgrading storage infrastructure could facilitate smoother implementation of good distribution practices. Strengthening Regulatory Institutions: The DCGI and related regulatory bodies need stronger leadership and a streamlined process for issuing and enforcing guidelines. Appointing senior officials with experience in pharmaceutical regulation and fostering better interdepartmental coordination would help in breaking the current logjam. Addressing Public Health Risks: From a public health perspective, the importance of enforcing these regulations cannot be overstated. With drugs often being dispensed without proper storage and confusing brand names leading to prescription errors, patient safety is at risk. These reforms, once implemented, could significantly reduce these risks and improve the overall quality of healthcare in India. Conclusion: India’s pharmaceutical regulatory framework requires urgent reform to protect public health. The DCGI’s proposed guidelines on drug recalls, distribution practices, and brand name differentiation are critical steps towards ensuring drug safety. However, without legally binding regulations, these guidelines will continue to languish in bureaucratic inertia. To ensure meaningful reform, the government must push for legislative changes, engage with industry stakeholders, and appoint leadership that is committed to driving regulatory improvements. By doing so, India can secure a safer and more reliable pharmaceutical industry, ultimately benefiting public health. India’s Next Census: The Need for a Shift to Register-Based Enumeration Context: The article discusses the challenges surrounding India’s upcoming Census, which has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With the last Census conducted in 2011, there is now a potential gap of 16 years before the next one, likely in 2026 or 2027. The article highlights the limitations of the current decennial enumeration-based system and advocates for a transition towards a register-based or dynamic census model, which could provide up-to-date and real-time data. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – Governance Mains Question: Discuss the significance of transitioning to a register-based Census model for India. Highlight the challenges and advantages associated with this shift in the context of governance and data management. Delayed Census India’s Census, originally scheduled for 2021, has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The upcoming Census is likely to be completed between 2026 and 2027, marking a 16-year gap since the last Census. This delay in updating data has led to a significant discrepancy between reality and the available data, affecting policymaking and resource distribution. Global Census Trends Several countries such as Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Singapore, and Switzerland have shifted to register-based censuses. These countries rely on government administrative records (e.g., population, tax, employment, education, and healthcare data) to generate continuous Census data. This method allows for cost-effective and timely collection of up-to-date information, unlike the decade-long gap seen in traditional enumeration. Why India Needs to Shift The current decennial Census model in India is resource-intensive, costly, and time-consuming. India’s digital advancements, including the widespread use of Aadhaar, voter ID, and mobile numbers, make it feasible to move towards a register-based or dynamic Census. A register-based model would enable more frequent and accurate updates, critical for sectors like healthcare, education, and employment where rapid demographic shifts occur. Technological Integration In recent years, the government has made efforts to integrate databases like Aadhaar and voter ID into a unified system for easier data collection. While combining multiple registers is not a simple task, advancements in software and data management could facilitate this transition. Cost-Effectiveness The article cites the Austrian example, where the cost of the 2001 Census was €72 million. However, after switching to a register-based model in 2011, the cost dropped to just €10 million. This approach could save India substantial financial resources that are currently allocated for decennial Census activities. Current Challenges in India’s Data System Even though India has collected vast amounts of data via Aadhaar and other systems, there remain challenges in integrating these into a cohesive Census model. Addressing issues related to data privacy, accuracy, and infrastructure development will be critical in transitioning to a register-based system. Public Opinion and Concerns Some fear that moving away from a decennial Census could lead to gaps in data quality. However, well-planned small-scale sample surveys, as done in Switzerland, could address this issue. Others argue that a shift to a dynamic Census would provide more accurate, timely, and relevant data to meet the needs of a rapidly changing population. India’s Technological Capability With advanced technology, software, and existing government databases, India is well-positioned to make the shift to a register-based Census. The process would involve integrating databases related to Aadhaar, voter ID, employment, education, and health records. The combined data would provide real-time demographic insights, helping policymakers dynamically adjust to socioeconomic changes. Census Beyond Enumeration A traditional Census serves multiple purposes beyond just population counts. It influences economic planning, educational reforms, healthcare, and urban development. The quality and timeliness of data collected through a dynamic Census could provide more effective support for social welfare programs and public policy interventions. International Examples The article points to the U.K.’s decision to transition from decennial Census data collection to a more frequent use of administrative data, following its 2021 Census. The U.K.’s Royal Statistical Society declared this a “dynamic register-based census,” allowing continuous tracking of demographic, economic, and social changes. Government Initiatives India has already made steps towards creating a dynamic data system, including efforts to integrate Aadhaar and voter ID records. In 2018, the government proposed merging birth and death registration data with Census data, which could lead to real-time population statistics. Conclusion: India’s next Census could mark a significant leap towards a more dynamic and register-based enumeration system. Given the global trends and India’s advancements in digital infrastructure, the transition is not only feasible but also necessary to address the growing needs of timely, accurate, and relevant data. As India prepares for its first “digital Census,” it must overcome the challenges of database integration and privacy concerns. If successful, a register-based Census would save costs, improve data accuracy, and contribute to better governance and policymaking in India. Latest Data and Numbers: The last Census in 2011 recorded a population of over 1.21 billion. The delayed 2026 Census will likely capture a population of over 1.4 billion. Austria’s switch to a register-based Census reduced costs from €72 million in 2001 to €10 million in 2011. India’s proposed shift to a register-based Census could save billions of rupees by reducing the need for labour-intensive surveys.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 September 2024

CONTENTS Asset Reconstruction Sector Faces Decline Amidst Lower NPAs Typhoon (Cyclone) Shanshan Cyclical Anomalies in the North Indian Ocean Impact of Sanitation Improvements on Infant Mortality in India BepiColombo Kawasaki Disease Teal Carbon Asset Reconstruction Sector Faces Decline Amidst Lower NPAs Context: Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) in India have seen a decline in growth, largely due to a significant drop in Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), which hit a 12-year low of 2.8% by March 2024. Additionally, the ratings agency Crisil forecasts a contraction of 7-10% in the assets under management (AUM) of ARCs for the fiscal year 2024-25, following a year of no growth in 2023-24. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Concerns of Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) What is an Asset Reconstruction Company? Strategies to Address the Challenges faced by Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) Concerns of Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) The concerns facing Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) in India are multifaceted, primarily influenced by regulatory changes and market dynamics. Here are the key issues highlighted: Shift in Asset Focus: With a decrease in new non-performing corporate assets, ARCs have redirected their focus towards smaller, less profitable retail loans. However, the growth in retail non-performing assets (NPAs) has not been significant, limiting the opportunities for ARCs to expand and profit in this segment. Regulatory Requirements: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has increased the investment mandates for ARCs, requiring them to invest at least 15% in security receipts or 2.5% of the total security receipts issued, whichever is higher. Additionally, the RBI raised the minimum net owned funds requirement from Rs 100 crore to Rs 300 crore. These changes have placed additional financial burdens on ARCs, complicating their operational capabilities. Competition from NARCL: The introduction of the National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd (NARCL), a government-backed entity providing security receipts guaranteed by the government, poses a significant challenge to private ARCs. NARCL’s more lucrative government-backed security receipts make it a formidable competitor in the ARC market. Approval Delays: New regulations require ARCs to obtain approval from an independent advisory committee for all settlement proposals, leading to delays in the approval process, particularly in retail loan settlements. This cautious approach is intended to avoid future regulatory scrutiny but slows down the operation of ARCs. Increased Scrutiny and Trust Issues: Increased scrutiny from the RBI, including actions like the ban on Edelweiss ARC from issuing new loans for circumventing regulations through related group loans, has created a trust deficit between ARCs and the regulator. This scrutiny stems from concerns that some ARC transactions may allow defaulting promoters to regain control of their assets, effectively circumventing the provisions of Section 29A of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), which bars defaulting promoters from bidding for their insolvent firms. What is an Asset Reconstruction Company? An asset reconstruction company is a special type of financial institution that buys the debtors of the bank at a mutually agreed value and attempts to recover the debts or associated securities by itself. The asset reconstruction companies or ARCs are registered under the RBI. Hence, RBI has the power to regulate the ARCs. ARCs are regulated under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act, 2002). The ARCs take over a portion of the debts of the bank that qualify to be recognised as Non-Performing Assets. Thus, ARCs are engaged in the business of asset reconstruction or securitization (securitization is the acquisition of financial assets either by way of issuing security receipts to Qualified Buyers or any other means) or both. All the rights that were held by the lender (the bank) in respect of the debt would be transferred to the ARC. The required funds to purchase such such debts can be raised from Qualified Buyers. The ARC can take over only secured debts which have been classified as a non-performing asset (NPA). In case debentures / bonds remain unpaid, the beneficiary of the securities is required to give a notice of 90 days before it qualifies to be taken over. What are Bad Banks? A Bad Bank (usually set up as a government-backed bad bank) is technically an asset reconstruction company (ARC) or an asset management company. Bad banks are typically set up in times of crisis when long-standing financial institutions are trying to recuperate their reputations and wallets. How does it work? A bad bank buys the bad loans and other illiquid holdings of other banks and financial institutions, which clears their balance sheet. A bad bank structure may also assume the risky assets of a group of financial institutions, instead of a single bank. The bad bank is not involved in lending and taking deposits, but helps commercial banks clean up their balance sheets and resolve bad loans. National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd (NARCL) National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd (NARCL) is the name coined for the bad bank announced in the Budget 2021-22. The new entity is being created in collaboration with both public and private sector banks. NARCL will take over identified bad loans of lenders and the lead bank with offer in hand of NARCL will go for a ‘Swiss Challenge’, where other asset reconstruction players will be invited to better the offer made by a chosen bidder for finding higher valuation of an NPA on sale. The company will pick up those assets that are 100 per cent provided for by the lenders. The biggest advantage of NARCL would be aggregation of identified NPAs (non-performing assets). This is expected to be more efficient in recovery as it will step into the shoes of multiple lenders who currently have different compulsions when it comes to resolving a bad loan. After enactment of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act in 2002, regulatory guidelines for ARCs were issued in 2003 to enable development of this sector and to facilitate smooth functioning of companies such as NARCL. Strategies to Address the Challenges faced by Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) Strategic Expansion and Collaboration Broaden Asset Portfolio: ARCs should expand beyond traditional assets like corporate and retail loans to include sectors like infrastructure, MSMEs, and other high-stress sectors still viable for recovery. Regulatory Partnerships: Enhance collaboration with regulatory bodies like the RBI to ensure operations are transparent and adhere strictly to regulatory standards. Enhancing Operations and Trust Code of Conduct: Implement a standard code of conduct to boost trust and accountability within the sector. Utilize Advanced Technologies: Integrate AI-driven analytics to speed up the evaluation processes, helping to reduce delays caused by mandatory approvals from independent advisory committees. Service Differentiation Niche Market Specialization: Private ARCs should tailor their services to cater to specific market needs, focusing on niche areas that could benefit from specialized recovery strategies and faster service delivery. -Source: Live Mint Typhoon (Cyclone) Shanshan Context: Recently, Typhoon (Cyclone) Shanshan has hit Japan bringing heavy rains and strong winds, prompting airlines and railways to cancel multiple services. Relevance: GS-I: Geography (Physical geography – Climatology, Important Geophysical phenomena), GS-III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: What are Tropical Cyclones? Conditions for cyclone formation: How are Tropical Cyclones Formed? Why tropical cyclones don’t form in the eastern tropical oceans? Names of Tropical Cyclones Structure of the tropical cyclone Landfall, what happens when a Cyclone reaches land from the ocean? Cyclone Management in India What are Tropical Cyclones? The Tropical Cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to coastal areas bringing about large-scale destruction caused by violent winds, very heavy rainfall and storm surges. These are low pressure weather systems in which winds equal or exceed speeds of 62kmph. Winds circulate around in anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. “Tropical” refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. “Cyclone” refers to their winds moving in a circle, whirling round their central clear eye, with their winds blowing counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect. Tropical Cyclones in India Tropical cyclones striking India generally originate in the eastern side of India. Bay of Bengal is more prone to cyclone than Arabian Sea because it gets high sea surface temperature, low vertical shear winds and has enough moisture in middle layers of its atmosphere. The frequency of cyclones in this region is bi-modal, i.e., Cyclones occur in the months of May–June and October–November. Conditions for cyclone formation: A warm sea surface (temperature in excess of 26o –27o C) and associated warming extending up to a depth of 60m with abundant water vapour. High relative humidity in the atmosphere up to a height of about 5,000 metres. Atmospheric instability that encourages the formation of cumulus clouds. Low vertical wind between the lower and higher levels of the atmosphere that do not allow the heat generated and released by the clouds to get transported from the area. The presence of cyclonic vorticity (rate of rotation of air) that initiates and favours rotation of the air cyclonically. Location over the ocean, at least 4–5 o latitude away from the equator. How are Tropical Cyclones Formed? Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. Warm water > Evaporation > Rising up of air > Low Pressure area. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately re-condenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. Water takes up heat from the atmosphere to change into vapour. When water vapour changes back to liquid form as raindrops, this heat is released to the atmosphere. The heat released to the atmosphere warms the air around. The air tends to rise and causes a drop in the pressure. More air rushes to the centre of the storm. This cycle is repeated. Why tropical cyclones don’t form in the eastern tropical oceans? The depth of warm water (26-27°C) should extend for 60-70 m from surface of the ocean/sea, so that deep convection currents within the water do not churn and mix the cooler water below with the warmer water near the surface. The above condition occurs only in western tropical oceans because of warm ocean currents (easterly trade winds pushes ocean waters towards west) that flow from east towards west forming a thick layer of water with temperatures greater than 27°C. This supplies enough moisture to the storm. The cold currents lower the surface temperatures of the eastern parts of the tropical oceans making them unfit for the breeding of cyclonic storms. ONE EXCEPTION: During strong El Nino years, strong hurricanes occur in the eastern Pacific. This is due to the accumulation of warm waters in the eastern Pacific due to weak Walker Cell. Names of Tropical Cyclones Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names: Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Hurricanes in the Atlantic Typhoons in the Western Pacific and the South China Sea Willy-willies in Western Australia Structure of the tropical cyclone Tropical cyclones are compact, circular storms, generally some 320 km (200 miles) in diameter, whose winds swirl around a central region of low atmospheric pressure. The winds are driven by this low-pressure core and by the rotation of Earth, which deflects the path of the wind through a phenomenon known as the Coriolis force. As a result, tropical cyclones rotate in a counter clockwise (or cyclonic) direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in a clockwise (or anticyclonic) direction in the Southern Hemisphere. The Eye: A characteristic feature of tropical cyclones is the eye, a central region of clear skies, warm temperatures, and low atmospheric pressure. Typically, atmospheric pressure at the surface of Earth is about 1,000 millibars. The Eyewall: The most dangerous and destructive part of a tropical cyclone is the eyewall. Here winds are strongest, rainfall is heaviest, and deep convective clouds rise from close to Earth’s surface to a height of 15,000 metres. Rainbands: These bands, commonly called rainbands, spiral into the centre of the storm. In some cases the rainbands are stationary relative to the centre of the moving storm, and in other cases they seem to rotate around the centre. Landfall, what happens when a Cyclone reaches land from the ocean? Tropical cyclones dissipate when they can no longer extract sufficient energy from warm ocean water. A storm that moves over land will abruptly lose its fuel source and quickly lose intensity. A tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. Cyclone Management in India India is highly vulnerable to natural disasters especially cyclones, earthquakes, floods, landslides, and drought. Natural disasters cause a loss of 2% of GDP every year in India. According to the Home ministry, 8% of total area in India is prone to cyclones. India has a coastline of 7,516 km, of which 5,700 km are prone to cyclones of various degrees. Loss due to cyclones: Loss of lives, livelihood opportunities, damage to public and private property and severe damage to infrastructure are the resultant consequences, which can disrupt the process of development Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) is the nodal agency for early warning of cyclones and floods. Natural Disaster Management Authority is mandated to deal with the disaster management in India. It has prepared National Guidelines on Management of Cyclone. National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) was launched by Home ministry to upgrade the forecasting, tracking and warning about cyclones in states. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has done a commendable performance in rescuing and managing relief work. National Disaster Response Reserve (NDRR)– a fund of 250 crores operated by NDRF for maintaining inventory for an emergency situation. In 2016, a blueprint of National Disaster Management Plan was unveiled to tackle disaster. It provides a framework to deal with prevention, mitigation, response and recovery during a disaster. According to the plan, Ministry of earth science will be responsible for disaster management of cyclone. By this plan, India joined the list of countries which follow the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Due to increased awareness and tracking of Cyclone, the death toll has been reduced substantially. For example, Very severe cyclone Hudhud and Phailin claimed lives of around 138 and 45 people respectively, which might have been more. It was reduced due to the early warning and relocation of the population from the cyclone-hit areas. Very severe cyclone Ockhi claimed many lives of people in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This was due to the unprecedented change in the direction of the cyclone. But the destruction of infrastructure due to cyclonic hit is not been reduced which leads to increase in poverty due to the economic weakening of the affected population. -Source: Indian Express Cyclical Anomalies in the North Indian Ocean Context: The North Indian Ocean plays a pivotal role in providing moisture for the summer monsoon, contributing roughly 200 lakh crore buckets of water through significant evaporation from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Despite these regions’ warmth, which typically fosters cyclone activity, the North Indian Ocean is noted for its relatively low cyclonic activity compared to other tropical areas. This unique characteristic stems from a blend of factors that both promote and inhibit cyclone formation, making it an atypical zone in terms of cyclone frequency, seasonality, and interactions with global warming effects. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Distinctive Features of the Indian Ocean Climate Change Impacts The Case of Cyclone Asna Distinctive Features of the Indian Ocean Unique Circulation Patterns: The Indian Ocean is distinguished by its monsoonal patterns, with seasonal wind reversals north of the Equator, which significantly affect regional climates and oceanic conditions. Oceanic Connectivity: It features unique ‘oceanic tunnels’ that link it to the Pacific and Southern Oceans, facilitating significant transfers of warm water from the Pacific into the upper layers and cooler waters from the Southern Ocean into deeper layers. Seasonal Dynamics and Temperature Variations Rapid Seasonal Warming: The Arabian Sea experiences quick temperature increases during the pre-monsoon period as the sun shifts to the northern hemisphere. In contrast, the Bay of Bengal heats up even more significantly, driving atmospheric convection and rainfall. Monsoon Impact: The formation of a key atmospheric trough over the Bay of Bengal by mid-May catalyzes the monsoon onset in Kerala, leading to extensive rainfall across many Indian states during the post-monsoon period. Climate Change Impacts Warming Trends: Climate change is intensifying the unique characteristics of the Indian Ocean, with increased heat transfer from the Pacific and more intense warming due to the Southern Ocean’s influences. Environmental Responses: The north Indian Ocean and associated monsoon systems are adjusting to these changes, affecting wind patterns and humidity levels. Global Oceanic Impact: The Indian Ocean’s rapid warming is influencing broader oceanic dynamics, including heat absorption in the Pacific and altering deep water processes in the North Atlantic, acting as a global thermal buffer during climate shifts. Regional Weather Phenomena Cyclogenesis Factors: The Indian Ocean’s diverse temperature and wind patterns contribute to the formation and intensity of cyclones, particularly noting the stark differences in cyclogenesis between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. These dynamics are increasingly influenced by regional climate change drivers. Frequency of Cyclones and Their Uniqueness Monsoon Influence: During the monsoon, strong southwesterly winds stimulate a significant cooling in the Arabian Sea due to the mixing of cold subsurface and surface waters, reducing its potential for cyclone formation. Impact of Vertical Shear: Variable strength and direction of monsoon winds from the surface up to the middle atmosphere create a vertical shear, which disrupts the energy accumulation necessary for cyclone development. Cyclogenesis Across Seasons Seasonal Split: The cyclogenesis in the north Indian Ocean is distinctively divided into pre-monsoon and post-monsoon phases, unlike other regions that typically experience a single cyclonic season. Regional Variations: While the Bay of Bengal shows higher cyclonic activity due to favorable conditions, the Arabian Sea exhibits subdued cyclonic formation due to lesser convective activity, especially in the pre-monsoon period. The Case of Cyclone Asna Rare Occurrence: The recent cyclone named ‘Asna’ marked a rare cyclonic event in August, the first since 1981, originating from a potent land-born depression that transitioned into the Arabian Sea. Growth and Impact: This cyclone was notable for its intense development over land, which is atypical as depressions usually gain strength over the Bay of Bengal. Asna was fueled by the accumulated soil moisture from heavy rainfall, intensifying as it moved over the warm waters of the Arabian Sea. Wider Climate Influences: The formation and strengthening of Asna have been linked to broader climatic shifts including a northward migration of the low-level jet, influenced by significant warming over West Asia. Broader Climatic Context and Surprises Global Warming and Weather Anomalies: The year 2023-2024 has witnessed unusual climatic phenomena influenced by global warming, El Niño, and possible volcanic activities undersea, contributing to unpredictable weather patterns including the unusual trajectory and impact of Cyclone Asna. Unexpected Weather Events: The behavior of the monsoon and associated weather patterns like Asna underscores the increasing unpredictability in weather events, highlighting a complex interplay of regional and global climatic factors. -Source: The Hindu Impact of Sanitation Improvements on Infant Mortality in India Context: The science journal Nature recently featured a study highlighting the relationship between the construction of toilets under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and reductions in infant mortality across India. This comprehensive analysis spanned the decade from 2011 to 2020 and covered all 35 states and Union territories, incorporating data from over 600 districts. The research aimed to quantify the public health impacts of improved sanitation facilities, which are crucial for reducing preventable infant deaths. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Outcomes of the Swachh Bharat Mission Study Swachh Bharat Mission Outcomes of the Swachh Bharat Mission Study Significant Reduction in Infant Mortality: The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has been instrumental in preventing 60,000-70,000 infant deaths annually from 2011 to 2020. Impact on Child Mortality Rates: Districts with more than 30% toilet coverage under SBM saw substantial declines in mortality, with 5.3 fewer infant deaths and 6.8 fewer child deaths per 1,000 births. Correlation with Toilet Accessibility: A 10% rise in access to toilets at the district level is associated with a 0.9 point decrease in the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and a 1.1 point decrease in the Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR). Acceleration in IMR Reduction Post-SBM: Post-SBM, the rate of decrease in IMR increased to 8-9% annually, up from 3% annually during the pre-SBM period of 2000-2014. Improvement in Sanitation Facilities: The availability of toilets doubled, and the rate of open defecation dropped from 60% to 19% in the first five years of the SBM’s implementation. Construction of Toilets and ODF Status: Between 2014 and 2020, the government constructed 109 million household toilets, achieving open defecation free (ODF) status in over 600,000 villages. Wider Benefits Realized: Increased toilet access enhanced women’s safety, led to significant financial savings from reduced medical costs, and improved overall quality of life. Economic Benefits for Families: Households in ODF villages reported saving an average of Rs 50,000 annually on health-related expenses. Comprehensive Strategy Implementation: SBM effectively combined physical infrastructure development with significant investments in Information, Education, and Communication (IEC), fostering robust community engagement to eliminate open defecation. Swachh Bharat Mission: On October 2, 2014, the Prime Minister of India inaugurated the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) with the primary goal of eradicating open defecation throughout the country by 2019. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan initiative signifies a crucial and long-overdue endeavor to improve sanitation conditions in India. Globally, India’s record in terms of open defecation was even worse than in some economically disadvantaged regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, Haiti, and Ghana. This campaign aims to tackle this issue and elevate India’s sanitation standards to meet international norms. Two distinct phases of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: The first phase of the mission extended until October 2019, and the second phase extends from 2020-21 to 2024-25. The objectives of these phases were rooted in completing the foundational work laid out in Phase 1. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Grameen Phase I: In the initial phase, launched in 2014, the rural sanitation coverage in the country stood at 38.7%. Since the initiation of this effort, more than 100 million individual toilets have been constructed.  Rural areas across all states declared themselves Open Defecation Free (ODF) by October 2, 2019. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Grameen Phase II: The emphasis of Phase-II is on ensuring the lasting success of the accomplishments achieved in Phase-I. This phase places significant importance on establishing effective infrastructure for the management of Solid/Liquid & Plastic Waste (SLWM) in rural India. Implemented from 2020-21 to 2024-25 in a mission mode, this phase is allocated a comprehensive budget of Rs. 1,40,881 crores. Under the ODF Plus category, SLWM is monitored using four outcome indicators: Plastic waste management, Biodegradable solid waste management (including animal waste), Greywater (Household Wastewater) management Fecal sludge management. Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U): The Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U), initiated in 2014, by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, it is a national mission aimed at promoting cleanliness, sanitation, and effective waste management in the urban areas of India. The program’s primary goal is to cleanse and eliminate open defecation from cities and towns across the country, and its implementation is divided into distinct phases. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Urban Phase I: In the initial phase, SBM-U 1.0, the pivotal goal was achieving Open Defecation Free (ODF) status across urban India. This involved providing access to sanitary facilities and encouraging a shift in behavioral norms. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Urban Phase II: SBM-U 2.0 (2021-2026), building upon the accomplishments of the initial phase, aimed not only for ODF+ and ODF++ standards but also for garbage-free urban regions. Central to SBM-U 2.0 were sustainable sanitation practices, efficient waste management strategies, and the promotion of a circular economy model, focusing on harnessing waste as a resource and minimizing waste generation. -Source: The Hindu BepiColombo Context: Recently, the BepiColombo spacecraft gave scientists their first clear view of Mercury’s south pole. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: BepiColombo Mission: Exploring Mercury Objectives of BepiColombo BepiColombo Mission: Exploring Mercury BepiColombo is a collaborative mission between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to explore Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun. Named After Giuseppe “Bepi” Colombo: The mission is named after Giuseppe “Bepi” Colombo, an Italian mathematician and engineer who made significant contributions to understanding Mercury’s orbit. Launch and Purpose: Launched on October 20, 2018, BepiColombo aims to study various aspects of Mercury, including its surface, composition, magnetic field, and interaction with the solar environment. Two Main Components: BepiColombo consists of two main components: Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO): Provided by ESA, the MPO focuses on mapping and studying Mercury’s surface, composition, and topography. Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO): Provided by JAXA, the MMO studies Mercury’s magnetic field and magnetosphere. Objectives of BepiColombo: Investigate Mercury’s surface and composition to gain insights into its geological history and formation processes. Study Mercury’s magnetic field and magnetosphere to understand its internal structure and interactions with the solar wind. Measure Mercury’s exosphere (thin atmosphere) and understand its composition and dynamics. Conduct experiments to test principles of general relativity and improve our understanding of gravity. -Source: Indian Express Kawasaki Disease Context: Recently, a Bengaluru based doctor revealed that they saw a surge in Kawasaki disease among children after the devastating second wave of COVID-19. Relevance: GS II: Health Kawasaki Disease Kawasaki Disease is also referred to as Kawasaki syndrome or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. It is a rare pediatric illness that triggers fever and inflammation in blood vessels predominantly in children below five years. It ranks as one of the prevalent causes of acquired heart disease in young children. The disease provokes the immune system to attack and inflame the blood vessels. The inflammation typically targets the coronary arteries but can also affect lymph nodes, skin, and mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and throat. Symptoms manifest as fever, rash, swelling of hands and feet, red and irritated eyes, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and inflammation in the mouth, lips, and throat. Discovered by Tomisaku Kawasaki in Japan in 1967, with the first international cases noted in Hawaii in 1976. The precise cause of Kawasaki Disease remains elusive, though it most frequently occurs in late winter and early spring. -Source: The Hindu Teal Carbon Context: India’s first study on ‘teal carbon’, undertaken at Keoladeo National Park (KNP) in Rajasthan’s Bharatpur district, has highlighted the significance of wetland conservation to address the challenges of climate adaptation and resilience. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Teal Carbon: Teal Carbon refers to the carbon stored within non-tidal freshwater wetlands, which includes carbon found in vegetation, microbial biomass, and both dissolved and particulate organic matter. Compared to terrestrial forests, these wetland ecosystems are more efficient at capturing and storing carbon, making them superior in carbon sequestration capabilities. The term ‘teal carbon’ is a newer concept in environmental science focused on the study of organic carbon in inland freshwater wetlands. The term is a color-based nomenclature that categorizes organic carbon based on its functional role and geographical presence rather than its physical characteristics. The global reservoir of teal carbon is approximated at 500.21 petagrams (PgC), a scientific measurement for large quantities of carbon. Significant contributors to teal carbon include peatlands, freshwater swamps, and natural freshwater marshes. Despite their critical function in greenhouse gas regulation, these ecosystems face threats such as pollution, alterations in land use, water extraction, and changes to the landscape. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 September 2024

CONTENTS Indian Naval Ship Participates in Joint Exercise in the Mediterranean INDIAsize Initiative  Indian Naval Ship Participates in Joint Exercise in the Mediterranean Context: The Indian Naval Ship Tabar recently engaged in a Maritime Partnership Exercise (MPX) with the Spanish Navy’s ship Atalaya, conducting the exercise in the Mediterranean Sea. This initiative underscores India’s ongoing commitment to strengthening maritime collaboration and enhancing operational coordination with international naval forces. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Enhancing Naval Cooperation Through the Maritime Partnership Exercise (MPX) The MPX with the Spanish Navy underlines a strengthening of bilateral naval relations and underscores a mutual commitment to advancing maritime collaboration. The exercise comprised various advanced drills including Station Keeping, Replenishment at Sea Approaches (RASAPs), Flying Exercise (FYEX), Steam Past, and PHOTOEX series, which collectively enhance operational compatibility and readiness. INS Tabar: A Pivotal Asset in India’s Naval Arsenal INS Tabar, a Talwar-class stealth frigate, was constructed in Kaliningrad, Russia and joined the Indian Navy in April 2004. It represents the third of its class in the Indian naval fleet. Operational Capabilities: Versatile Mission Profile: INS Tabar is adept at performing a variety of missions encompassing air, surface, and sub-surface operations. Operational Flexibility: It can function autonomously or integrate seamlessly within larger naval contingents. Strategic Deployment: Positioned with the Western Fleet, based out of Mumbai, the frigate plays a critical role in regional maritime security. Armament and Defense Systems: Advanced Weaponry: INS Tabar is notably the first in its class equipped with BrahMos supersonic anti-ship cruise missiles, enhancing its strike capabilities. Comprehensive Defense Suite: The frigate also includes Barak-1 missiles, bolstering its defensive reach and effectiveness. INDIAsize Initiative Context: The government will soon roll out the much-awaited ‘INDIAsize’ initiative, the Union Textiles Minister said recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims INDIAsize Initiative Purpose and Origin: Initiated by India’s Ministry of Textiles, the INDIAsize project aims to create standardized measurements that are tailored to fit the diverse Indian population, addressing the issue of poor garment fits that result from using standardized Western body measurements. Need for the Project: Currently, many brands in India adopt US or UK size standards, which often do not align with the typical Indian body dimensions. This discrepancy results in ill-fitting clothes and widespread consumer dissatisfaction. Project Execution: The initiative involves collecting anthropometric data from over 25,000 Indian males and females, ranging from 15 to 65 years of age, using safe, non-invasive 3D whole-body scanning technologies. Impact and Benefits: A detailed size chart developed from this data will guide both domestic and international clothing manufacturers and retailers to produce apparel that fits the Indian consumer more accurately. This standardization is expected to harmonize the supply with the demand for well-fitted clothing, enhancing consumer satisfaction and boosting sales. Future Applications: Once implemented, the INDIAsize standards will become the benchmark for Indian and global fashion brands operating within the country, potentially revolutionizing the apparel industry by ensuring better fits and fewer returns due to size mismatches

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 9 September 2024

Contents: Policy Paralysis: A Weakened Public Health Sector in India India Needs Consistent Engagement with ASEAN on Trade and Security Building on Success: The Impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission PresVu: Eye Drops to Reduce Dependency on Reading Glasses The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Warfare: Navigating Ethical Boundaries and Global Norms Policy Paralysis: A Weakened Public Health Sector in India Context: India’s public health system is facing a crisis marked by inadequate policy focus on primary care, limited access to healthcare services for the underprivileged, and a growing emphasis on privatized healthcare models. Over the past decade, public health policies have not adequately addressed the real needs of the population, resulting in poor outcomes in both preventive and curative care. This editorial discusses the policy shortcomings that have weakened India’s public health sector, with an emphasis on primary care and public health infrastructure. Relevance: General Studies Paper II and III, Governance and Healthcare Mains Question: Analyze the causes of the weakened public health sector in India. What policy reforms are required to address the health needs of vulnerable populations while ensuring comprehensive access to healthcare services? Current Crisis in Public Health Policies: India’s public health system is plagued by policy paralysis, with a growing disconnect between the needs of the population and the policies implemented by the government. Recent public health initiatives have not adequately focused on the “felt needs” of the population, including diseases of poverty like tuberculosis, malnutrition, and waterborne diseases. Public health policies have become increasingly dependent on expert-driven decisions, leaving out the real experiences and needs of people, particularly the poor and vulnerable. These needs include better sanitation, access to clean water, and prevention of common infectious diseases. Primary Health Care: The Forgotten Sector: India’s focus on primary healthcare has declined in recent years. The National Health Mission (NHM), launched in 2005, and the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2013 initially aimed to strengthen primary care services across rural India. These programs emphasized the need for community-based healthcare and the role of Primary Health Centers (PHCs) and Community Health Centers (CHCs). However, subsequent government policies have focused on secondary and tertiary care services, leading to a reduction in the importance of primary health services. Data from NHM shows that India has about 1,53,655 sub-centers, 25,308 PHCs, and 5,396 CHCs, which are crucial for delivering primary care, especially in rural areas. However, the system’s capacity has remained underutilized. Commercialization of Health Services: India’s health sector has gradually shifted towards privatization, with the government promoting insurance-based models, such as the Ayushman Bharat scheme. However, such models often benefit the secondary and tertiary healthcare sectors, while leaving primary care underfunded. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) under Ayushman Bharat targets the poorest of the poor, but its coverage is limited. With only 2.5 crore people enrolled out of the targeted 50 crores, the scheme has not reached its full potential. Moreover, it primarily covers hospitalization, leaving preventive healthcare services underfunded. Public Health Infrastructure and Challenges: The last significant health policy reforms were aimed at transforming Sub-Centers (SCs) and PHCs into Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs) under the NHM 2015 initiative. The goal was to establish 1,50,000 HWCs, with only 17,000 established by 2019. Despite these efforts, the rural health infrastructure remains weak, and gaps in staffing, resources, and accessibility persist. Health outcomes in India remain poor compared to global standards. Maternal mortality and infant mortality rates continue to be high, especially in rural areas where access to healthcare is limited. India’s maternal mortality rate (MMR) was 103 per 100,000 live births in 2017-19, while the infant mortality rate (IMR) stood at 28 per 1,000 live births in 2020, highlighting the need for significant improvements in healthcare access and quality. Issues of Inequality in Healthcare Access: India’s public health sector faces deep inequalities, particularly in rural areas where poor infrastructure, lack of trained healthcare professionals, and inadequate facilities hinder access to quality healthcare. Rural areas are home to 70% of India’s population, yet receive less than 25% of the country’s health expenditure. Data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) indicates that out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures continue to be a significant burden for families, with healthcare expenses pushing nearly 7% of the population into poverty every year. The Role of Private Healthcare: The increasing role of private healthcare has led to an imbalance in the health system. While private hospitals cater to the middle class and wealthy, public healthcare institutions remain underfunded and overburdened. The health insurance schemes launched by the government cover mainly curative treatments, making preventive care and health promotion activities a “luxury” for the poor. The private sector accounts for nearly 70% of healthcare services in India, but its focus on profit-driven models leaves the majority of the population dependent on an ailing public health system. Conclusion: India’s public health sector is in dire need of reform, with a focus on strengthening primary healthcare, reducing inequalities, and addressing the felt needs of vulnerable populations. Policy reforms should prioritize preventive healthcare, upgrade public health infrastructure, and ensure that both rural and urban areas receive adequate healthcare services. The National Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat, while well-intentioned, need to focus more on preventive services and widen their scope to cover essential primary care needs. A stronger public health system, with better resource allocation and equitable access, is essential for improving health outcomes and reducing the burden of disease in India. India Needs Consistent Engagement with ASEAN on Trade and Security Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent visit to Brunei and Singapore highlights India’s renewed focus on its “Act East” policy. This visit underscores the importance of consistent engagement with ASEAN nations on matters of trade, security, and strategic cooperation. While India has historically enjoyed strong ties with ASEAN, recent years have seen a decline in engagement, particularly after India’s withdrawal from the ASEAN-led Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Modi’s visit is seen as an attempt to reset these ties and focus on the growing strategic and economic importance of Southeast Asia in India’s geopolitical vision. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – International Relations Mains Question: Discuss the strategic and economic significance of India’s engagement with ASEAN. How can India ensure more consistent engagement with ASEAN countries on issues of trade, security, and regional cooperation? India’s Act East Policy: Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Brunei and Singapore represents India’s commitment to its “Act East” policy, which focuses on strengthening ties with Southeast Asian nations. Modi’s visit to ASEAN countries is the first such outreach by an Indian Prime Minister since 2018, highlighting the need for more frequent diplomatic engagement. India has long-standing ties with ASEAN, but recent years have seen a decline in active engagement, particularly after India’s decision to opt out of the RCEP trade agreement in 2019. This decision left a gap in India’s regional trade relations, especially as ASEAN continued to integrate economically with other major global economies like China and the EU. Strategic Importance of ASEAN: ASEAN’s centrality in the Indo-Pacific region makes it a crucial partner for India in its quest for greater influence and stability in the region. Modi’s visit comes at a time when India seeks to balance its relationships with China and the U.S. while promoting regional security and economic partnerships. Singapore, a key ASEAN member, is strategically important for India’s semiconductor supply chain, and Modi’s visit included discussions on expanding cooperation in this sector. Singapore’s advanced electronics manufacturing capabilities make it an essential partner for India’s ambitions in semiconductor manufacturing and technology development. Bilateral Cooperation on Trade and Technology: Modi’s discussions in Brunei included defense cooperation and space technology, with the renewal of space cooperation agreements. Brunei’s strategic location and its hosting of an ISRO station make it an important player in India’s regional space ambitions. Singapore’s role in global electronics and semiconductor manufacturing is critical for India’s push to reduce dependency on China. Modi’s visit also focused on investment in rare earth minerals, de-risking supply chains, and mitigating the impact of U.S.-China trade tensions. Trade Decline and Need for Reset: India’s trade with ASEAN has grown over the past decade, but trade with specific countries like Brunei has declined. The drop in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from Singapore to India further signals the need for renewed efforts to strengthen economic ties. The signing of the 2009 ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) and the 2005 Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) with Singapore are critical frameworks that need updating to address modern trade challenges. India’s exit from RCEP has created trade gaps that need to be filled through stronger bilateral agreements with ASEAN nations. Geopolitical and Security Cooperation: India’s engagement with ASEAN is not limited to trade. Regional security issues, including the South China Sea, Myanmar, and the Quad grouping, are important areas where India and ASEAN can cooperate. India’s commitment to ASEAN’s centrality in the Indo-Pacific security architecture remains strong. Modi’s visit also reinforces India’s role in balancing Chinese influence in the region, particularly in defense and space cooperation with ASEAN nations like Singapore and Brunei. India must continue to leverage its strategic partnerships to enhance security cooperation and regional stability. Conclusion: India’s engagement with ASEAN is vital for both economic and strategic reasons. Prime Minister Modi’s recent visit is an important step toward revitalizing ties with Southeast Asia, but consistent engagement is key to ensuring long-term benefits. Updating trade agreements, focusing on technology partnerships, and enhancing regional security cooperation are essential steps in strengthening India-ASEAN relations. In an increasingly multipolar world, ASEAN represents a critical partner for India’s Indo-Pacific strategy and its efforts to create a balanced regional order. Building on Success: The Impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission Context: The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), launched in 2014, has been a transformative sanitation program that aimed to eliminate open defecation and improve access to clean sanitation across India. This editorial discusses the long-term benefits of SBM, its role in achieving India’s sanitation goals, and the importance of sustained intervention to maintain these gains. Relevance: General Studies Paper II – Governance and Paper III – Public Health, Sanitation. Mains Question: Evaluate the impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission in improving public health and sanitation in India. How can sustained intervention and policy expansion ensure that sanitation goals are achieved in the long term? Overview of Swachh Bharat Mission: SBM’s Achievements: Since its launch in October 2014, the Swachh Bharat Mission has built around 11 crore household latrines, making significant progress in reducing open defecation. According to a recent study published in the journal Nature, SBM has averted 60,000-70,000 infant deaths annually by reducing waterborne diseases and improving sanitation. Open Defecation-Free Status: Open defecation leads to contamination of water sources and the spread of diseases like diarrhoea, which disproportionately affect children. The mission’s success in reducing open defecation has contributed to improved public health outcomes, as noted in the study. Impact on Infant Mortality and Child Health: The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data shows a decline in households without access to toilets, from 55% in 2005-06 to 39% in 2015-16. This percentage dropped further to 19% in the 2019-21 survey, driven by the large-scale construction of toilets under SBM. The reduction in open defecation has had a direct impact on reducing diseases that lead to infant and child mortality. By improving sanitation access, SBM has contributed to lowering infant mortality rates, particularly in rural areas where access to clean water and sanitation is often limited. Addressing Malnutrition and Stunting: The Nature study highlighted the link between improved sanitation and reductions in stunting (low height-for-age) and wasting (low weight-for-height) in children. Poor sanitation and contaminated water contribute to malnutrition and recurrent infections, which hamper children’s growth. By addressing these issues, SBM has the potential to positively affect nutrition outcomes. The mission’s success could be further enhanced through integration with programs like the Jal Jeevan Mission, which aims to provide clean drinking water to all households by 2024. Expansion and Challenges: While SBM has made significant strides in building sanitation infrastructure, there are still challenges in maintaining the status of open defecation-free (ODF) areas. Questions have been raised about the sustainability of the ODF status and the need for continuous behavior change campaigns to ensure that people continue using the toilets. The Modi government has implemented complementary schemes like Jan Dhan and digital payments, which have helped facilitate financial inclusion and improved access to services. However, other programs like the Soil Health Card and Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana have seen mixed success, demonstrating that sustained intervention is key to long-term program success. The Role of Technology and Digital Payments: Digital payments and financial inclusion have played a critical role in the success of SBM. By providing subsidies and direct benefits to households through platforms like UPI, the government has ensured that households receive the financial support needed to build and maintain toilets. Additionally, technology has been leveraged to track toilet construction and usage, ensuring accountability and transparency in the program’s implementation. The Road Ahead: The success of SBM shows that sustained intervention is necessary to achieve large-scale social change. The expansion of sanitation programs, combined with access to clean water and continued health and hygiene education, will be crucial in ensuring that the gains of SBM are maintained. As India aims to achieve universal sanitation and clean water access by 2024, integrating SBM with other programs like Jal Jeevan Mission and focusing on community-based behavior change campaigns will be essential. Conclusion: The Swachh Bharat Mission has been a transformative initiative that has significantly improved public health and sanitation in India. By building millions of household toilets and promoting the importance of sanitation, SBM has averted thousands of infant deaths and reduced the spread of waterborne diseases. However, sustained efforts are needed to ensure that India remains open defecation-free, with continued investments in sanitation infrastructure, clean water access, and public health education. The success of SBM serves as a model for future government initiatives, demonstrating that sustained intervention can drive long-term change and improve the lives of millions. PresVu: Eye Drops to Reduce Dependency on Reading Glasses Context: Entod Pharmaceuticals, a Mumbai-based company, recently announced that the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) has approved their new eye drop called “PresVu.” This product is designed specifically to reduce dependency on reading glasses for individuals suffering from presbyopia, a common age-related vision condition that affects a large portion of the population above 40. This innovative eye drop offers an alternative to traditional interventions like glasses or LASIK surgery. Relevance: General Studies Paper II and III, addressing developments in healthcare and pharmaceutical innovations, public health, and technological advancements in medicine. Mains Question: How can pharmaceutical innovations like PresVu contribute to improving quality of life for patients with presbyopia? Discuss the role of healthcare innovations in addressing age-related conditions. What is Presbyopia? Presbyopia is a common condition related to aging, typically starting after the age of 40, where individuals experience difficulty focusing on close objects. It is caused by the natural loss of elasticity in the eye’s lens. Glasses, specifically reading glasses, have been the most common solution for presbyopia, with LASIK surgery offering another alternative. However, not everyone opts for surgical intervention, making new medical innovations important for improving quality of life. What is PresVu? PresVu is a prescription-only ophthalmic solution developed by Entod Pharmaceuticals. Its active ingredient is pilocarpine, a compound that has been used in eye treatments for decades. Pilocarpine works by contracting the iris muscles and reducing pupil size, allowing people to see near objects more clearly. Entod claims that PresVu has “advanced dynamic buffer technology,” which adjusts the pH levels of the solution to enhance its effectiveness and comfort. How PresVu Works: Pilocarpine, the active ingredient in PresVu, stimulates the muscles in the eye to contract, which results in improved near vision by focusing better on nearby objects. This reduces the need for reading glasses for those with presbyopia. The mechanism involves improving the depth of focus and allowing individuals to see clearly at different distances. Innovation in Eye Care: The approval of PresVu by DCGI marks a significant advancement in non-invasive treatment options for presbyopia. It offers a pharmaceutical alternative to corrective lenses and LASIK surgery. While pilocarpine has traditionally been used to treat other eye conditions, such as glaucoma, this is the first time it has been marketed for presbyopia in India, showing how existing medications can be repurposed for new conditions. Regulatory Approval and Market Impact: The approval of PresVu comes as the first of its kind in India for presbyopia. By offering a non-invasive solution, it is expected to become an attractive option for people who want to reduce dependency on reading glasses without opting for surgery. According to Entod Pharmaceuticals, the company has already filed for patents, indicating that PresVu could have significant market potential both in India and internationally. Global Comparisons: The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a similar eye drop in 2021, which further demonstrates the growing global interest in pharmaceutical interventions for presbyopia. As a non-surgical treatment, such eye drops could have widespread appeal, particularly for individuals seeking less invasive solutions. Conclusion: The development and approval of PresVu in India mark a promising step forward in treating age-related vision issues like presbyopia. By offering a non-invasive, easy-to-use alternative to reading glasses or surgical interventions, pharmaceutical innovations like PresVu have the potential to improve the quality of life for millions of individuals. With regulatory approval and advancements in eye care, the future of non-surgical solutions for presbyopia looks promising, bringing enhanced accessibility to vision correction across the globe. The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Warfare: Navigating Ethical Boundaries and Global Norms Context: With the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in military technology, countries are grappling with the potential of AI-enabled warfare. A global summit in Seoul is addressing the responsible use of AI in the military domain, focusing on shaping international norms and ethical guidelines. India, although actively engaged in discussions around AI in civilian use, has maintained a “watch-and-wait” stance when it comes to AI in warfare. This article examines the growing integration of AI into military operations, the associated ethical dilemmas, and the emerging global frameworks to regulate its use. Relevance: General Studies Paper III – Science and Technology and Security Mains Question: Discuss the potential risks and ethical challenges posed by the use of Artificial Intelligence in warfare. How can global frameworks ensure the responsible use of AI in military applications? AI in Military Operations: AI is becoming a significant player in modern warfare, with applications ranging from intelligence gathering, surveillance, target identification, and even autonomous weapon systems. Nations are increasingly integrating AI into their defense strategies, raising concerns about the ethical use of AI in war. Case Study – Israel and Gaza: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) have reportedly used AI-based programs like “Lavender” and “The Gospel” to identify and target militant groups. These AI systems are designed to process vast amounts of intelligence data and assist in decision-making. Case Study – Ukraine Conflict: Ukrainian forces are reportedly using drones powered by AI, including systems capable of identifying and striking targets autonomously. AI in the Ukrainian conflict reflects how the technology can be a game-changer in real-time battlefield operations. Global Diplomacy on AI in Warfare: The summit in Seoul on Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain (REAIM) marks a crucial step toward establishing global frameworks on AI arms control. Co-hosted by several countries, including Kenya, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the summit brings together technologists, international organizations, and policymakers. REAIM builds on previous efforts to regulate military AI, such as the initial global discussions held at the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in 2023. One of the primary objectives is to shape international norms for the responsible deployment of AI systems in military operations. Emerging Frameworks: Several initiatives are underway to regulate AI’s use in warfare, including guidelines from NATO and the U.S. to ensure responsible AI use by their armed forces. NATO’s 2024 strategy identified six key principles for responsible military AI, emphasizing transparency, accountability, and human oversight. The U.S. also released its national guidelines in 2020, accelerating efforts to create a responsible AI framework for military use. AI-enabled systems like drones and autonomous vehicles are already in use in combat zones, demonstrating the urgency of formalizing these frameworks. Ethical Dilemmas and Risks: The use of AI in warfare presents several ethical challenges, particularly concerning the autonomy of AI systems to make life-and-death decisions without human intervention. This raises questions about accountability in the event of unintended consequences, such as civilian casualties or misidentification of targets. Critics argue that the narrative around AI in warfare being a “waste management problem” diverts attention from the core issue—how to mitigate the risks of AI taking control over human decision-making in combat. The focus needs to shift toward enhancing safeguards and ensuring human involvement in the decision loop. India’s Stance on AI in Warfare: India has been actively involved in discussions on AI in civilian use, but its approach to AI in military applications has been more cautious. While countries like the U.S., China, and Israel are pushing ahead with AI-driven military technologies, India has maintained a more reserved approach, opting to observe the evolving norms before making significant investments. However, as global frameworks for AI arms control continue to develop, India will need to engage more actively to ensure that its defense strategy aligns with emerging ethical and operational standards. The Way Forward: The REAIM process is a critical moment for global diplomacy in military AI. As AI technology advances, countries will need to work together to ensure that AI’s integration into defense systems does not lead to unintended global security risks. India’s participation in these discussions is crucial for shaping global norms that balance the benefits of AI in warfare with the need for responsible use. As AI continues to transform military operations, the establishment of a comprehensive global framework will be vital in preventing the misuse of AI in combat. Conclusion: The use of Artificial Intelligence in warfare presents both opportunities and significant ethical challenges. While AI can enhance military efficiency and reduce human error, it also risks creating scenarios where autonomous systems operate without human oversight, leading to unintended consequences. Global summits like REAIM are essential for establishing international norms that ensure the responsible use of AI in military applications. As the technology evolves, countries like India must actively participate in shaping these frameworks to balance innovation with ethical responsibility, ensuring that AI is used for the betterment of global security, not its detriment.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 September 2024

CONTENTS Gulf Cooperation Council India’s Transition from Maize Exporter to Importer Widespread Vulnerability: Over 85% of Indian Districts Face Severe Climate Risks India Surpasses China in MSCI Emerging Markets Investable Market Index OpenAI Set to Unveil Advanced AI Model “Project Strawberry” New Policy to Extend Lifespan of National Highways Through White-Topping Madeira River Gulf Cooperation Council Context: External Affairs Minister arrived in Saudi Arabia’s capital, Riyadh, to attend the First India-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Foreign Ministers’ Meeting. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Overview India-GCC Relationships Overview Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Overview The Gulf Cooperation Council is a strategic and economic alliance consisting of six Arabian Peninsula nations: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Formed in 1981, the GCC fosters economic, security, cultural, and social collaboration among these member states. An annual summit is convened to deliberate on cooperative strategies and regional issues. Importance of GCC for India Energy Assurance GCC states control nearly half of the globe’s oil reserves, making them crucial for energy security. Suppliers from the GCC are responsible for approximately 34% of India’s oil imports. Economic Engagement The GCC region is diversifying its economic activities to include tourism, construction, and finance, providing new avenues for trade and investment for nations like India. Indian Diaspora Influence Approximately 8.9 million Indians reside in the Middle East, significantly influencing remittances, with about 30% of India’s foreign remittances originating from this region. Strategic Positioning Positioned along the critical Persian Gulf, GCC nations play a pivotal role in global trade routes. Both India and the GCC are aligned in their pursuit of regional political stability and security. India-GCC Relationships Overview The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), lying directly across the Arabian Sea, stands as a key regional ally and a significant economic partner for India. Notably, the GCC has become a principal trading and investment partner for India, enhancing both economic and strategic ties. Diplomatic Engagements India participated in its inaugural political dialogue with the GCC alongside the United Nations General Assembly in 2003. In September 2022, India and the GCC reinforced their commitment through an MoU facilitating yearly dialogues between India’s External Affairs Minister and the rotating GCC presidency, enhancing bilateral communications. Economic Interactions The fiscal year 2023-24 saw India-GCC trade reaching USD 161.59 billion, with Indian exports at USD 56.3 billion and imports at USD 105.3 billion. Economic ties have deepened, particularly influenced by the surge in oil imports due to global market fluctuations and post-pandemic recovery. Trade Agreements A pivotal Framework Agreement signed in August 2004 aims to bolster economic cooperation, setting the stage for the ongoing negotiations of a comprehensive India-GCC Free Trade Agreement, potentially invigorated by the recent India-UAE FTA. Energy Collaborations The GCC accounts for 35% of India’s oil and 70% of gas imports, underscoring critical energy dependencies. India is expanding its Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) initiative, with active interest and potential collaboration from GCC member states. Diaspora and Financial Contributions Approximately 8.9 million Indians reside in the GCC, making up about 66% of the overseas Indian community. Remittances from the GCC constitute a significant portion of India’s inward financial transfers, though there has been a decline from over 50% in 2016-17 to around 30% in 2020-21. -Source: Indian Express India’s Transition from Maize Exporter to Importer Context: India’s recent drive to boost ethanol production using corn has seen the country transition from being one of Asia’s leading maize exporters to becoming a net importer. This pivot is profoundly affecting local industries dependent on corn and is reshaping the global maize supply chain dynamics. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: India’s Transition to Net Maize Importer Local Industry Impact from Increased Maize Imports Global Effects of India’s Maize Importation About Maize India’s Transition to Net Maize Importer Ethanol Policy Impact: India’s strategic increase in ethanol content to 20% by 2025-26 has surged maize demand for ethanol production. Biofuel Policy Support: The 2018 National Policy on Biofuels enhances maize and grain-based ethanol production to fulfill increased demands. Climate Influence on Crop Selection: Recent droughts have led to reduced sugarcane usage for ethanol, shifting focus towards maize. Production Expansion: In 2023-24, India’s maize production was 34.6 million tonnes, with ambitions to double this to close the supply-demand gap. Shift Impacting Agriculture: Utilizing maize for ethanol production has led to India’s first significant maize imports in many years. Local Industry Impact from Increased Maize Imports Primary Industry Consumers: India’s poultry and starch sectors, traditionally major maize consumers, now compete with ethanol producers for resources. Economic Pressures: Enhanced maize demand elevates local prices above international levels, straining poultry industries reliant on maize. Feed Cost Crisis: Rising costs account for a substantial portion of production expenses, pushing poultry businesses towards financial hardship. Calls for Regulatory Changes: The All India Poultry Breeders Association advocates for removing import duties on genetically modified maize to reduce feed costs. Agricultural Adjustments: Farmers increase maize planting to capitalize on high prices, though small-scale farms must adjust production based on market fluctuations. Global Effects of India’s Maize Importation Export to Import Shift: Historically a major maize exporter, India now imports primarily from Myanmar and Ukraine, impacting global prices. Market Reactions: Increased demand in India boosts maize prices globally, altering traditional trade patterns. Supply Chain Shifts: Traditional maize importers from India now seek supplies from South America and the USA due to inflated Indian maize prices. Strategies to Boost Maize Production Tailored Agricultural Enhancements: India’s varied agricultural zones necessitate specific innovations to boost maize yields. Biotech Adoption for Resilience: Introducing biotech traits resistant to pests like the fall armyworm and planting high-yield hybrids could significantly improve productivity. Water-Efficient Crop Alternatives: Shifting from water-intensive crops like rice to maize could conserve resources and enhance output, particularly in regions like Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP. Supportive Policies for Growth: Implementing supportive measures such as reasonable Minimum Support Prices (MSP) and assured procurement through mega cooperatives could stimulate extensive maize cultivation. Biofuel and Food Security Synergy: Producing distiller’s dried grains with soluble (DDGS) from ethanol aligns with the E20 ethanol blending target, fostering a sustainable cycle of food, feed, and fuel production. About Maize Known as Zea mays L., maize is celebrated as the “queen of cereals” for its high yield potential. It is a major global grain contributor, with the United States leading as the top producer renowned for its high productivity levels. Employed across multiple sectors, maize is integral in the production of food, animal feed, and various industrial products. It prospers in a diverse array of soil types, from loamy sand to clay loam, preferably with good drainage, high organic content, and neutral pH. Productivity is best in areas free from poor drainage and high salinity. Optimal growth occurs with annual rainfall ranging from 50 to 100 centimeters. Cultivated during the Kharif, Rabi, and Spring seasons, with Kharif crops generally yielding less due to rainfed conditions and related stresses. As of December 2023, India is ranked as the fifth largest producer and the fourteenth largest exporter of maize globally for the year 2022. Despite year-round cultivation possibilities, a strong seed network, and good seaport access, domestic demand heavily impacts its export capacity. Primary Producing Regions: Major maize-producing states include Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. -Source: The Hindu Widespread Vulnerability: Over 85% of Indian Districts Face Severe Climate Risks Context: More than 85% of districts in India are exposed to extreme climate events such as floods, droughts and cyclones, according to a new study. Relevance: GS III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: Overview of India’s Climate Crisis Evolving Climate Risk Profile Enhancing Resilience through Advanced Technology Strategic Conclusions for Addressing Climate Crisis Overview of India’s Climate Crisis India faces a significant increase in climate-related extremes, affecting over 85% of its districts which are now prone to floods, droughts, cyclones, and heatwaves. Recent research by IPE-Global and ESRI-India reveals that 45% of districts are undergoing drastic changes in their climatic patterns, with areas formerly affected by floods now experiencing droughts and vice versa. The report underscores the necessity for immediate climate action to address these escalating issues. Intensifying Climate Disruptions Historical Data Analysis: A pentad-decadal analysis covering the period from 1973 to 2023 has identified significant nonlinear trends in climate conditions at the district level, including: Drought Events: Doubling of agricultural and meteorological drought occurrences. Cyclone Events: Fourfold increase in cyclone events. Flood Frequency: Substantial increase in floods, particularly in the eastern, northeastern, and southern regions of India. Recent Trends: The last decade alone has seen a fivefold increase in the frequency and intensity of these climate extremes. Evolving Climate Risk Profile Rapid Changes in Risk Factors: Over 60% of districts in states such as Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Assam now face simultaneous multiple extreme climate events. Contributing Factors: Increased greenhouse gas emissions, unchecked urbanization, and other human activities are aggravating these risks. Population Impact: Predictions indicate that by 2036, over 1.47 billion Indians will encounter severe climate risks, necessitating detailed risk assessments to protect vital sectors like agriculture and infrastructure. Land Use and Environmental Shifts: Significant Land Use Changes: There has been a 65% change in land use and land cover in climate hotspots, driven by adverse anthropogenic interventions such as deforestation and mangrove destruction. Emerging Patterns of Climate Variability Trend Reversals: An alarming swapping of climate patterns is noted in over 45% of districts, with regions previously known for frequent floods now seeing increased droughts and vice versa. Regional Impact: Particularly, southern states including Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka are experiencing increased instances of drought, highlighting a shift in regional climate behaviors. Enhancing Resilience through Advanced Technology The study underlines the importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in bolstering climate resilience, utilizing comprehensive spatial analysis tools. GIS technologies allow for the integration of various data sources, offering detailed geographical insights into climate-related risks. Climate Risk Observatory (CRO): This tool is proposed to assist stakeholders in identifying sector-specific impacts, aiding in the formulation of effective adaptation strategies. Infrastructure Climate Fund (ICF) Endorsement: The report advocates for the ICF to drive ongoing investments in resilient infrastructure, prioritizing risk management and community-driven climate responses. Strategic Conclusions for Addressing Climate Crisis Complex Challenges of India’s Climate: Acknowledges the complexity of India’s climate issues, emphasizing the urgency for localized solutions. Local-Level Risk Assessments: Highlighted by the IPE-Global and Esri study, there’s a crucial need for meticulous risk assessments tailored to local conditions. Proposal for Climate Resilience Funds: Suggests the establishment of funds dedicated to enhancing both adaptation and mitigation efforts. Global Leadership through Local Cooperation: Encourages substantial investments and collaborative efforts to position India at the forefront of global climate resilience initiatives, transforming risks into sustainable growth opportunities. -Source: Indian Express India Surpasses China in MSCI Emerging Markets Investable Market Index Context: India has recently surpassed China in terms of weight within the MSCI Emerging Markets Investable Market Index (IMI), marking a significant milestone as it becomes the largest country by weight in this index for the first time. However, China continues to lead in the MSCI Emerging Market Standard Index. The MSCI EM IMI is comprehensive, covering around 99% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization and includes a broad range of company sizes from 24 emerging market countries, encompassing over 3,355 constituents. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Why India Continues to Attract Global Investors Persistent Challenges and Risks India’s Ascendancy in Global Markets: An Analytical Overview Why India Continues to Attract Global Investors Overview of India’s Economic Growth Over the past decade, India has transitioned from a “fragile 5” economy to the world’s fifth-largest economy. The Indian stock market has risen by 46% in three years, surpassing global equities’ average of 20% and notably outperforming other emerging markets. This substantial growth has captivated global attention, leading investors to wonder about the potential opportunities and challenges in navigating India’s dynamic market landscape. Drivers of Indian Market Success Labor Force Dynamics India’s labor market is a cornerstone for potential manufacturing boom, expected to absorb over 38 million workers by 2040, transitioning from China and other developed nations. Capital Investments India anticipates $1.7 trillion in infrastructure investments by 2030, strategically positioning itself to attract significant capital inflows amidst global supply chain diversifications due to geopolitical tensions. Economic Growth and Fiscal Strategy Governmental emphasis on robust economic growth and infrastructural investment is aimed at sustaining rapid developmental pace and reducing fiscal deficits. Political Stability and Global Shifts Political stability in recent years has bolstered India’s appeal to investors, further supported by a shift in global investment trends away from China due to geopolitical frictions. Persistent Challenges and Risks Productivity and Reform Needs While India offers favorable conditions for economic progress, advancing productivity through educational reforms and skills enhancement is crucial, especially as a significant portion of the workforce transitions from primary to secondary sectors. Urbanization and Business Climate Enhancing urban infrastructure and streamlining bureaucratic processes are essential to match the urbanization pace of global competitors like China. Inflation Concerns Rising inflation poses immediate economic risks, potentially prompting stricter monetary policies and affecting overall market stability. Geopolitical Uncertainties Ongoing international conflicts and regional instabilities pose threats to trade and economic stability. Environmental Impact Challenges posed by global warming and climate change are significant, impacting agricultural productivity and overall environmental sustainability, with far-reaching consequences for future investments. India’s Ascendancy in Global Markets: An Analytical Overview Enhanced Global Investment Focus The increasing prominence of India in the MSCI Emerging Markets (EM) Index has garnered heightened global investor interest, advantageous for India’s financial market. As India surpasses China as the primary element of the MSCI EM IMI Index, it is set to draw substantial foreign portfolio investments. India’s Evolving Role in Global Portfolios India has transitioned from being just a minor fluctuation in global portfolios to a significant entity that demands attention. Consequently, global investors are increasingly compelled to invest in Indian exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or directly engage in the Indian stock market. Increased International Market Participation There is an anticipated rise in international involvement in India’s markets over the upcoming months, bolstered by its enhanced index stature. Potential Risks to Monitor Although a growing index stature typically signifies positive trends, it can also indicate potential market overenthusiasm, reminiscent of prior occurrences with China. Despite these concerns, India’s current situation reflects robust economic fundamentals marked by an extensive market cap and an uptick in corporate earnings, presenting optimistic prospects. -Source: Indian Express OpenAI Set to Unveil Advanced AI Model “Project Strawberry” Context: OpenAI is gearing up to release its most sophisticated artificial intelligence model yet, codenamed Project Strawberry. The launch is scheduled to occur between September and November 2024, marking a significant advancement in AI capabilities. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Project Strawberry Overview Integration Plans: Project Strawberry is anticipated to be a part of the forthcoming ChatGPT-5, enhancing OpenAI’s chatbot functionalities. Development Goal: Originally known as Project Q*, this initiative aims to develop Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), which emulates human-like cognitive capabilities. Functional Capabilities Problem Solving: Demonstrates proficiency in tackling intricate puzzles and executing complex cognitive tasks. Mathematical Operations: Known for its enhanced efficiency in solving math problems, surpassing its predecessors. Research Autonomy: Expected to independently conduct online research. Strategic Role in AI Evolution Data Synthesis: Essential in creating top-tier synthetic data for subsequent models, notably aiding Project Orion. Project Orion Synergy: Engineered to surpass GPT-4’s performance, Project Orion benefits from integrating elements of Project Strawberry, aiming to minimize errors and hallucinations, setting a new standard in AI accuracy and reliability. -Source: The Hindu New Policy to Extend Lifespan of National Highways Through White-Topping Context: The Union government is in the process of formulating a policy designed to reinforce and extend the lifespan of aging national highways. This initiative will employ a technique known as white-topping, which provides a durable and sustainable solution for roadway maintenance. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Enhancements in National Highway Infrastructure Authority Overview: The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), established by the NHAI Act of 1988 and operating under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, is dedicated to the continuous improvement of national highways. Project Supervision: NHAI manages the National Highways Development Project (NHDP) among various other initiatives to enhance the country’s highway network spanning approximately 146,000 kilometers. White-Topping Method: White-topping involves applying a 100-200 mm thick layer of cement concrete, either bonded or unbonded, over existing bituminous roads. This method is utilized for the rehabilitation and structural strengthening of roads. Benefits of Cement Concrete: Composed of cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes additives, cement concrete is prized for its robustness, longevity, and adaptability in constructing infrastructure like roads and bridges. Environmental and Safety Advantages: Fuel Efficiency: Concrete surfaces lead to lower fuel consumption by vehicles due to their smoother finish. Emission Reduction: Utilizing concrete for road surfaces helps in cutting down carbon emissions and countering the urban heat island effect. Enhanced Safety: The reflective properties of concrete improve road visibility, enhancing vehicle light reflection which boosts nighttime safety. Energy Efficiency: The reflective nature of concrete also reduces the need for external lighting, conserving energy. -Source: Times of India Madeira River Context: Residents near the Madeira River in the Amazon are facing unprecedented challenges as water levels drop to historic lows amid a severe drought. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Madeira River The Madeira River, a significant tributary of the Amazon River, originates from the confluence of the Mamoré and Beni rivers in Villa Bella, Bolivia. It marks a 100 km (approximately 60 miles) boundary between Bolivia and Brazil as it flows northward. The river belongs to the expansive Madeira Basin, which covers roughly 1,300,000 square kilometers—about 19% of the Amazon Basin’s total area. This basin spans across Bolivia (50%), Brazil (40%), and a small portion in Peru (10%). The Madeira River is integral to the Amazon Basin’s hydrology, playing a pivotal role in the regional ecosystem. It supports a diverse array of flora and fauna across Bolivia and Brazil, highlighting its environmental significance. This river is essential for biodiversity, water transport, and ecological balance in the area. -Source: The Hindu

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