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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 October 2025

Content SC expresses ‘grave concern’ over rising digital arrest scams Nashik unit open; HAL can roll out 24 Tejas jets a year Rotavirus vaccine effective against gastroenteritis in children: study Curb on use of ‘ORS’ term brings to light a doctor’s 8-year battle WMO: Record rise in global CO2 concentrations Where springs once sang, silence now echoes across the Eastern Himalayas SC expresses ‘grave concern’ over rising digital arrest scams  Why in News ? What happened: Supreme Court (SC) took suo motu cognisance of rising digital arrest scams. Trigger: A septuagenarian couple from Ambala, Haryana, lost ₹1.5 crore to conmen impersonating CBI, Enforcement Directorate, and judicial officers. SC’s stance: Described it as a matter of “grave concern”; emphasized coordinated national action. Entities involved for response: Union Government, Haryana Government, and CBI. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Cybercrime management, Inter-agency coordination, Supreme Court suo motu interventions. GS-3: Science & Technology – Cyber fraud trends, Digital financial crimes, Use of technology in scams. GS-4: Ethics – Public awareness, Protection of vulnerable citizens, Responsibility of institutions. Understanding Digital Arrest Scams Definition: Cyber frauds where criminals impersonate law enforcement, judiciary, or government officials. Modus Operandi: Sending fake court orders, warrants, or summons digitally (email, WhatsApp, SMS). Threatening immediate arrest or legal action to extort money. Using forged documents from multiple judicial or investigative agencies to increase authenticity. Victims targeted: Often elderly or less tech-savvy individuals. Financial impact: Losses can range from lakhs to crores of rupees per victim. Scope and Magnitude Nationwide concern: SC noted this is not a solitary instance; reported across multiple states. Digital crime trends in India: Cybercrime complaints reported to National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP): ~ 5.5 lakh in 2024 (all categories). Financial frauds and impersonation cases are growing at ~20–25% per year. Elderly and urban professionals are high-risk targets due to perceived wealth. Technology exploitation: Fraudsters increasingly use deepfakes, official seals, and realistic document templates. Legal & Institutional Framework Existing laws applicable: IPC Sections 420, 467, 468, 471 – cheating, forgery, and fraud. Information Technology Act 2000 – cyber fraud, identity theft, digital impersonation. Investigating agencies: CBI: Handles large-scale interstate scams. State Cyber Cells: Investigate local digital frauds. Enforcement Directorate: Investigates if money laundering or cross-border transfer involved. Challenges: Jurisdictional issues across states. Difficulty in tracking digital transactions and fraudsters. Lack of awareness among victims. Supreme Court’s Observations & Implications Key observations: Fabrication of multiple judicial documents to dupe victims. Fraud is a well-organized criminal enterprise, not isolated incidents. Calls for pan-India stern action to uncover and prevent such scams. Implications: Likely directives to Union & State Governments to issue public advisories. Possible strengthening of cybercrime cells and coordination between central and state agencies. Courts may consider fast-tracking cybercrime cases. Preventive & Citizen Measures Awareness campaigns: Government advisories on digital impersonation scams. Verification: Always verify court notices with official portals or through local police. Reporting: Register complaints via NCRP, local police, or CBI helplines. Technology safeguards: Use official apps and secure banking channels, avoid sharing OTPs or banking credentials. Data / Facts to Highlight ₹1.5 crore lost by the Ambala couple – SC cited as illustrative case. Cybercrime complaints in India: ~5.5 lakh in 2024 (uptrend). Financial frauds growing 20–25% per year. Elderly victims increasingly targeted. Nashik unit open; HAL can roll out 24 Tejas jets a year Why in News ? Event: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated: Third production line of Light Combat Aircraft Tejas Mk1A. Second production line of HTT–40 trainer aircraft at HAL Nashik facility. Significance: Flagged off first LCA Mk1A produced at Nashik, symbolizing India’s growing self-reliance in defence manufacturing. Context: Part of ongoing defence sector transformation under PM Modi since 2014, emphasizing Make in India and indigenisation. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Defence policy implementation, Make in India, Public sector reforms. GS-3: Economy – Defence manufacturing, Employment generation, Strategic industrial capacity. GS-3: Science & Technology – Indigenous aircraft production, Technological self-reliance, Aerospace innovations. Basics LCA Tejas Mk1A: Indigenous lightweight multirole fighter aircraft. Upgraded version of LCA Mk1; includes advanced avionics, radar, EW capabilities. Current Nashik line capacity: 8 aircraft/year, total HAL capacity with three lines: 24 aircraft/year. HTT-40: Indigenous basic trainer aircraft for IAF pilot training. Second production line at Nashik complements first line in Bengaluru. HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited): Backbone of India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem, integrating government, industry, and academia. Defence Manufacturing Transformation (2014–Present) Import vs domestic production: 2014: India imported 65–70% of military hardware. Present: ~65% domestically manufactured. Goal: 100% self-reliance. Policy reforms: Encouraged private sector participation. Focus on planning, advanced technology, and innovation to reduce strategic vulnerabilities. Operational proof: HAL integrated BrahMos missile on Su-30 aircraft during Operation Sindoor, ensuring timely destruction of terrorist hideouts. Demonstrates India’s design, production, and deployment capabilities. HAL Production & Expansion Production lines in India: LCA Mk1A: First two lines in Bengaluru; third in Nashik. HTT-40: First line in Bengaluru; second in Nashik. Capacity & expansion: Current Nashik line: 8 aircraft/year; total LCA Mk1A capacity: 24 aircraft/year. Planned expansion in 2 years: up to 10 aircraft/year at Nashik with additional assembly jig line, tooling, and pre-installation check facilities. Economic impact: Creation of ~1,000 jobs in Nashik. Development of 40+ industry partners in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. Strategic Significance Reduces import dependence on fighter jets, missiles, engines, and electronic warfare systems. Strengthens national security and operational readiness of Indian Air Force. Enhances Make in India initiative credibility in high-tech defence manufacturing. Demonstrates synergy among government, HAL, private industry, and academia. Key Data / Facts LCA Mk1A production capacity: 24 aircraft/year (with three lines). Nashik line: 8 aircraft/year, expansion to 10/year planned. Jobs created: ~1,000; 40+ industry partners developed. India’s domestic defence manufacturing: ~65% currently, up from <35% in 2014. HAL key achievements: BrahMos integration on Su-30 during Operation Sindoor. Rotavirus vaccine effective against gastroenteritis in children: study  Why in News ? Event: Publication of a multi–centre observational study on the effectiveness of India’s indigenous Rotavac vaccine under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) 2016–2020. Source: Study led by Gagandeep Kang, Nayana P. Nair, and Samarasimha N. Reddy; published in Nature Medicine. Context: Evaluates real-world impact of Rotavac, India’s first indigenous oral rotavirus vaccine. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Universal Immunisation Programme, Public health policy, Evidence-based decision-making. GS-3: Economy – Domestic vaccine production, Atmanirbhar Bharat in healthcare, Cost-effective health interventions. GS-1: Society – Reduction in child mortality, Strengthening societal health outcomes. Basics Rotavirus: Major cause of severe gastroenteritis and diarrhoealdeaths in children under 5. Global burden: ~128,500 deaths annually in India among under-five children. Rotavac vaccine: Oral, indigenous, developed by Bharat Biotech in collaboration with DBT, Indian govt., and international partners. Administration schedule: 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age under UIP. Publicly available and free to all eligible children under UIP. Study Design & Coverage Type: Observational, multi-centre, real-world effectiveness study. Timeframe: 2016–2020, covering introduction of Rotavac in UIP. Scope: 31 hospitals across 9 Indian states. Compared proportion of paediatric rotavirus hospitalisations before and after vaccine introduction. Objective: Assess real-world vaccine effectiveness outside controlled clinical trials. Key Findings Overall effectiveness:54% reduction in rotavirus-based gastroenteritis among vaccinated children. Comparable to phase 3 clinical trial efficacy (54%), confirming effectiveness in routine conditions. Age-specific impact: Effectiveness sustained in first two years of life, when disease burden is highest. Hospitalisation impact: Significant decline in rotavirus hospitalisations across study sites. Broader implication: Confirms indigenous vaccines can be effective in real-world settings, not just clinical trials. Strategic & Operational Significance Indigenous development: Reduces reliance on foreign vaccines; aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat in healthcare. Evidence-based policy: Provides data for scaling up Rotavac coverage and planning future vaccination campaigns. Global relevance: Adds India’s experience to rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in low- and middle-income countries. Key Data / Facts Vaccine efficacy: 54% (both in trial and real-world). UIP introduction: 2016. Hospitals studied: 31 across 9 states. Burden: 128,500 under-five deaths annually from rotavirus in India. Administration schedule: 6, 10, 14 weeks. Curb on use of ‘ORS’ term brings to light a doctor’s 8-year battle Why in News ? Event: FSSAI issued an order banning all beverages from using the term ‘ORS’ in their trademarked names. Background: Earlier, companies were allowed to use the term with disclaimers, which misled consumers. Trigger: Misuse of ORS branding led to children becoming critically dehydrated despite caregivers administering “store–bought ORS” products. Champion: Hyderabad paediatrician Dr Sivarangini Santhosh led an eight-year advocacy to prevent misuse of the ORS term. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Regulatory oversight by FSSAI, Consumer protection, Long-term advocacy in health policy. GS-3: Economy – Preventing economic burden from hospitalisations, Ensuring safe medical consumption. GS-1: Society – Child health protection, Public awareness on correct ORS usage. GS-4: Ethics – Ethical responsibility in medical communication and product labelling. Understanding ORS Definition: Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) is a medical solution containing precise ratios of glucose, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride. Purpose: Rehydrates patients by facilitating water absorption in the gut; prevents death from diarrhoea. Global significance: ORS is a landmark medical discovery by Dr Dilip Mahalanabis, saving millions of lives worldwide. Child mortality context in India: 13% of deaths in children under five are due to diarrhoea. Improper ORS use or substitutes can worsen dehydration and diarrhoea. Problem with Flavoured/Packaged ‘ORS’ Products Entered market over the last decade without adhering to correct sugar-salt ratios. Excess sugar can draw water out of the gut, worsening diarrhoea. Even with disclaimers, branding misleads caregivers, leading to critical dehydration. Case examples: Children in Hyderabad and Madhya Pradesh became critically ill after consuming such beverages. Regulatory Journey Initial confusion: ORS products are medical; assumed regulated by CDSCO (drug regulator). Correct authority: FSSAI (food regulator). Timeline: April 2022: FSSAI restricted ORS use with some limitations. Later reversed to allow ORS in names with disclaimers. October 2025: FSSAI finally bans use of ORS in beverage names. Advocacy: Dr Santhosh approached Telangana High Court, Health Minister, Prime Minister, and medical associations. Faced opposition from industry and social isolation. Health & Scientific Significance ORS works by osmosis: glucose and electrolytes pull water into the body, rehydrating effectively. Improper substitutes can: Increase severity of diarrhoea. Cause hospitalisations and deaths. Highlights the importance of correct labelling and public awareness of medical products. Key Facts & Data ORS prevents 13% of under-five deaths from diarrhoea in India. Misbranded ORS-like drinks caused critical dehydration and hospitalisations. Advocacy duration: 8 years by Dr Sivarangini Santhosh. Regulatory outcome: FSSAI bans the term ‘ORS’ in beverage names. Scientific fact: Proper ORS contains fixed glucose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride ratios; deviations can worsen dehydration. WMO: Record rise in global CO2 concentrations Why in News ? Event: World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released data showing a record rise in global CO2 concentrations between 2022 and 2024. Key highlights: Global average CO2: 423.1 ppm in 2024, up 2.9 ppm from 2023. Increase since 1990: +51.4 ppm. Global temperature: 2024 was the warmest year on record, 1.55°C above pre-industrial levels. First time the 1.5°C annual average threshold was crossed, a key climate benchmark. Relevance: GS-3: Environment – Climate change trends, GHG emissions, Global warming, Renewable energy imperatives. GS-2: Governance – International climate governance, Policy responses, Multilateral coordination (UNFCCC, WMO). GS-1: Society – Impact on livelihoods, Migration, and human security. Understanding CO2 and Greenhouse Gases ? CO2 as a greenhouse gas (GHG): Primary driver of climate change, contributing ~66% of global warming since pre-industrial times. Sources: Natural: respiration, decomposition, wildfires, ocean releases, volcanic eruptions. Anthropogenic: fossil fuel burning, industry, land-use change. Natural sinks (forests, oceans) absorb roughly half of human CO2 emissions. Other GHGs: Methane (CH4): 16% of warming; increased to 1,942 ppb in 2024. Lifetime ~12 years. Nitrous oxide (N2O): 6% of warming; increased to 338 ppb in 2024. Lifetime 100–120 years. Trends and Record Increase Long-term trend: CO2 has never declined in last 40 years; annual average increase: 0.8 ppm/year since 1957. Acceleration: 1960s: 0.8 ppm/year. 2011–2020: 2.4 ppm/year. 2023–2024: record jump of 3.5 ppm/year, unprecedented. Relative to pre-industrial levels (278.3 ppm): Current CO2 152% higher. Causes Behind Record Rise Anthropogenic emissions: Continued fossil fuel burning. Natural feedbacks reducing CO2 absorption: Oceans: reduced solubility due to higher temperatures. Forests and land sinks: extreme droughts, wildfires, deforestation reduced CO2 uptake. Exceptional events: Large-scale forest fires in 2024 added extra emissions. Feedback loops: Higher temperatures → less CO2 absorption → more warming → more emissions. Global Temperature Context 2024: Warmest year recorded, 1.55°C above pre-industrial levels. Significance: Breaching 1.5°C threshold increases risks of: Irreversible climate impacts (sea-level rise, ice melt). Extreme weather events (heatwaves, floods, droughts). GHG contribution: CO2: ~75% of warming in last decade. CH4: shorter-term impact but potent GHG. N2O: long-term atmospheric persistence. Implications and Challenges Rapid CO2 accumulation signals failure to slow emissions meaningfully despite global efforts. Climate feedbacks exacerbate warming: higher CO2 → reduced absorption → higher temperatures → more CO2 release. Urgency for action: Need enhanced mitigation, renewable energy adoption, forest protection, and global cooperation. Key Data / Facts Parameter 2024 Value Trend / Notes CO2 concentration 423.1 ppm +2.9 ppm from 2023, +51.4 ppm since 1990 Global temp above pre-industrial 1.55°C First annual average >1.5°C Methane (CH4) 1,942 ppb +8 ppb from 2023; avg 10.6 ppb/year last decade Nitrous oxide (N2O) 338 ppb +1 ppb from 2023; avg 1.07 ppb/year last decade CO2 contribution to warming ~66% since pre-industrial; ~75% in last decade Primary driver of climate change Where springs once sang, silence now echoes across the Eastern Himalayas Why in News ? Event: Report highlighting the drying of Himalayan springs and its impact on livelihoods, women, and local culture in Darjeeling Hills. Source: Field reportage and research by Kabindra Sharma, IUCN India Fellow, supported by NITI Aayog data. Context: Nearly 50% of springs in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) are drying up, threatening water security, agriculture, and traditional lifestyles. Relevance: GS-1: Society – Livelihoods, Gendered burden, Cultural impacts of water scarcity. GS-2: Governance – Water security policy, Spring revival initiatives, Climate-resilient local governance. GS-3: Environment – Hydrology, Deforestation, Ecosystem services, Agriculture dependency. Understanding Himalayan Springs ? Definition: Springs are natural groundwater outlets, providing freshwater for drinking, irrigation, and livestock. Significance: Source of water for 200 million people across ecologically fragile mountain systems in India (Himalayas, Western/Eastern Ghats, Aravallis). Sustain agriculture, livestock, and local livelihoods. Cultural and social importance; tied to traditional practices and local knowledge. Historical self-reliance: Villages like Kolbong Khasmahal were once self-sufficient in vegetables and milk, relying on local water sources. Causes of Drying Springs Climate shifts: Changing rainfall patterns, unpredictable monsoons, and prolonged dry periods. Deforestation & unsustainable land-use: Reduced soil water retention, increased runoff, and diminished aquifer recharge. Anthropogenic neglect: Limited recognition in national water governance frameworks prior to 2018; National Water Policies of 1987, 2002, 2012 made no mention of springs. Local impacts: Excessive withdrawal, lack of spring recharge practices, and encroachment. Socio-Economic Impacts Water access burden on women: Average of 2 hours/day spent fetching water from distant springs. Physical strain, health risks, and impact on household management. Livelihood loss: Decline in local vegetable production and dairy products like churpi. Dependence on imported vegetables and packaged milk from towns like Dhupguri and Maynaguri. Migration: Youth move to cities due to declining local economic opportunities. Pandemic effect: Returning migrants found parched lands and dry springs, compounding livelihood challenges. Environmental and Ecological Implications Water stress: Springs drying → reduced soil moisture → declining crop productivity. Forest degradation: Feedback loop with deforestation and drought further reduces natural recharge of springs. Biodiversity: Reduced water availability affects flora, fauna, and livestock dependent on spring-fed ecosystems. Ecological crisis: Combined hydrological, agricultural, and biodiversity loss threatens the Himalayan ecosystem. Policy & Governance Context NITI Aayog 2018 Report: First formal acknowledgment of spring degradation; launched Inventory and Revival of Springs for Water Security in the Himalayas. Gap in policy: Prior national water policies ignored mountain spring systems, reflecting institutional neglect. Regional water governance: Ongoing initiatives by SaciWATERs and IUCN India focus on climate resilience, water management, and revival of springs. Cultural and Human Security Implications Springs are intertwined with traditions, local knowledge, and community identity. Drying springs are a non-traditional security threat: Threat to livelihoods and food security. Gendered burden on women’s labor and time. Potential migration and social disruption. Key Facts / Data Parameter Value / Observation Himalayan springs dried ~50% of total springs in IHR People dependent on spring water ~200 million across India Daily water fetching time (women) ~2 hours/day in Darjeeling villages Economic shift From locally produced vegetables/milk to imported vegetables and packaged milk Recognition in policy NITI Aayog 2018 report on Inventory & Revival of Springs

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 October 2025

Content State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) 2025 National Consumer Helpline State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) 2025 Why in News The Ministry of Mines (16 Oct 2025) released the State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) and State Rankings — a first-of-its-kind initiative to encourage mining sector reforms at the State level. This fulfills a key Union Budget 2025–26 announcement aimed at enhancing transparency, competitiveness, and sustainability in non-coal mineral development. Relevance: GS 1 (Geography): Resource distribution, regional disparities. GS 2 (Governance): Cooperative & competitive federalism; Centre-State coordination. GS 3 (Economy/Environment): Mining policy reforms, sustainable resource use, data-driven governance. Context Mining in India is governed by a federal structure — States play a major role in granting mineral concessions and ensuring operational efficiency. Yet, performance varies widely across States in exploration, auctioning, and environmental compliance. Hence, the SMRI was developed to: Evaluate readiness, efficiency, and reform orientation of States, and Encourage best-practice sharing and competitive federalism. About the State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) Feature Description Launched by Ministry of Mines, Government of India Purpose To assess and rank States on their readiness for mining sector reforms and operational efficiency Coverage Focus on non-coal minerals Structure of Index Comprises indicators under four key dimensions:  Auction Performance Timeliness and transparency of auctioning mining leases  Early Mine Operationalization Speed of converting auctioned mines into production  Exploration Thrust Investment, technology adoption, and survey activity for new mineral resources  Sustainable Mining Practices Compliance with environment, safety, and community engagement norms Categorization of States States are grouped into three categories based on mineral endowment (extent and diversity of mineral resources): Category Description Top 3 States (2025) Category A Mineral-rich States  Madhya Pradesh  Rajasthan  Gujarat Category B Moderately endowed States  Goa  Uttar Pradesh  Assam Category C Lesser-endowed States  Punjab  Uttarakhand  Tripura Significance Promotes Cooperative & Competitive Federalism Encourages States to benchmark and improve their mining governance. Policy Feedback Tool Identifies bottlenecks in auctioning, approvals, or sustainability compliance. Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat Goals Enhances domestic mineral availability for industries (steel, cement, electronics, etc.). Transparency & Accountability Publicly ranking States creates pressure for reforms and faster operationalization. Data-driven Governance Introduces measurable indicators to track State-level progress. Sustainability and Environmental Focus SMRI includes sustainable mining parameters: Land reclamation, water use efficiency, waste management, and CSR outreach. Aligns with India’s Vision 2047 for Responsible Mining. Wider Policy Context Union Budget 2025–26: Announced creation of SMRI to enhance States’ participation in mineral value chain. Reforms Complementing SMRI: Amendments to MMDR Act (2021) — greater private exploration participation. District Mineral Foundation (DMF) strengthening for local development. National Mineral Exploration Policy (NMEP) update for advanced exploration. Critical Minerals Mission (2024) — ensures strategic mineral security. Implications SMRI bridges the policy-to-performance gap by ranking States on measurable outcomes rather than intent. It could reshape India’s mineral federalism, shifting from resource dependency to resource efficiency. Future integration with critical minerals strategy and digital mine monitoring (e.g., TAMRA portal) can make it a central tool for governance reform. National Consumer Helpline Why in News On 16 October 2025, the Department of Consumer Affairs highlighted major progress of the National Consumer Helpline (NCH) — its growing digital reach, refund facilitation, corporate partnerships, and new integration with the Next-Gen GST Reforms 2025. The NCH has emerged as a tech-enabled grievance redressal system empowering citizens, improving accountability, and reinforcing India’s consumer protection ecosystem. Context The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 expanded India’s consumer rights architecture — including e-filing, product liability, and misleading advertisement regulation. Within this framework, the National Consumer Helpline (NCH) serves as a frontline mechanism for grievance redressal before litigation, strengthening consumer trust in governance. Relevance: GS 2: Governance, e-Governance initiatives, citizen-centric services. GS 3: Consumer protection, ethical business practices, technology in governance. About the National Consumer Helpline Feature Description Launched by Department of Consumer Affairs, Government of India Platform consumerhelpline.gov.in Nature Integrated Grievance Redress Mechanism (INGRAM) Objective To guide consumers, resolve complaints, and create awareness about their rights and responsibilities Coverage All consumer-related sectors including e-commerce, banking, travel, telecom, and FMCG Languages Supported 17 Indian languages Helpline Numbers 1800-11-4000 or 1915 (toll-free) Digital Transformation and Growth Indicator 2015 2024–25 Growth Monthly Calls 12,553 (Dec 2015) 1,55,138 (Dec 2024) 10x Increase Avg. Monthly Complaints 37,062 (2017) 1,70,585 (2025) ~4.6x Increase Digital Mode Complaints — 65% (2025) Major Shift WhatsApp Complaints Share 3% (Mar 2023) 20% (Mar 2025) Rapid Digitization This surge reflects increased citizen awareness, greater digital access, and trust in online redressal systems. Consumer Refund Facilitation (July 2025 Snapshot) Sector Complaints Resolved Refunds Facilitated E-commerce 3,594 ₹1.34 crore Travel & Tourism — ₹31 lakh Total (27 sectors) 7,256 grievances ₹2.72 crore refunds Compared to April 2025: only 1,079 grievances with ₹62 lakh refunds — showing a 4x rise in refunds and 6x rise in cases resolved within three months. Convergence Initiative (Corporate Collaboration) Year Number of Partner Companies 2017 263 2025 1,142 Purpose: Enables real-time complaint forwarding to companies for direct resolution within 30 days. Builds corporate accountability, consumer trust, and social responsibility. Benefits for Companies: Resolve disputes before escalation. Improve customer retention & brand loyalty. Demonstrate good governance & transparency. Empowering Students – Refund Disputes (Feb 2025) Refunds worth ₹1.56 crore secured for 600+ students from coaching centres (Civil Services, Engineering, etc.). Enabled through NCH, ensuring transparency and student protection. Coaching institutes directed to adopt student-friendly refund policies. Integration with Next-Gen GST Reforms 2025 Event Details Context Integration aligned with GST Council’s 56th meeting (Sep 2025) post GST rate revisions (from 22 Sep 2025). New NCH Category Dedicated “GST-related complaints” section on INGRAM portal. Calls Received (till 2 Oct 2025) 3,981 GST-related calls — 31% queries, 69% formal grievances. Forwarded Cases 1,992 → CBIC, 761 → Convergence partner companies Major Complaint Themes: Misconception over milk & milk product GST exemptions. E-commerce firms not passing GST rate benefits (TVs, ACs, etc.). Confusion over LPG and petrol pricing. Outcome: Consumers actively engaging → shows rising awareness and system trust post-GST reforms. Significance Strengthens Consumer Protection Framework under CPA 2019. Pre-litigation Redressal: Saves time and legal costs for citizens. Tech-driven Governance: Multi-channel access with AI-based tracking. Transparency & Corporate Accountability: Via convergence partnerships. Empowered Citizenry: Educates people on rights, duties, and processes. Policy Synergy: Integrates with GST reforms, Digital India, and UMANG. Implications Governance Innovation: NCH exemplifies India’s “preventive justice” model — resolving disputes before escalation. Data-Driven Administration: Analytics from NCH feed into policy feedback loops on consumer behavior and sectoral malpractices. Social Equity Lens: Accessible in 17 languages, ensuring inclusivity in grievance redress. Next Step: Integration with AI chatbots and predictive grievance analytics can enhance real-time policy corrections. Conclusion The National Consumer Helpline has evolved into a pillar of citizen-centric governance, combining technology, transparency, and trust. By facilitating quick refunds, resolving GST-linked issues, and promoting cooperative accountability between the State, citizens, and industry, NCH is not just a grievance platform — it is the digital backbone of India’s consumer protection ecosystem.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 October 2025

Content A reading of a revisionism in constitutional history Ensure safeguards for India’s carbon market A reading of a revisionism in constitutional history  Why in News ? A section of scholars has recently argued that Sir Benegal Narsing Rau, the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly, was the real architect of the Indian Constitution, while Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Chairman of the Drafting Committee, merely refined Rau’s draft. This view has sparked discussions on the historical interpretation of both figures’ contributions. Basic Context Sir B.N. Rau: A distinguished civil servant, jurist, and scholar, appointed as Constitutional Adviser in July 1946. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Eminent jurist, economist, and social reformer, appointed as Chairman of the Drafting Committee in August 1947. Both were key contributors to the framing of India’s Constitution but with distinct roles and mandates. Relevance GS 2 – Polity & Governance: Constitutional history, evolution of constitutional thought, contributions of key figures. Practice Question The making of India’s Constitution was as much a moral and social enterprise as a legal one. In this context, critically examine the distinct yet complementary roles of B.N. Rau and B.R. Ambedkar in shaping India’s constitutional vision. (250 words) Roles and Contributions Sir B.N. Rau Mandate: To prepare a working draft of the Constitution based on the Assembly’s committee reports and comparative constitutional studies. Methodology: Studied constitutions of USA, UK, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and Weimar Germany; consulted scholars like Felix Frankfurter and Harold Laski. Output: Submitted a draft Constitution (Oct 1947) with 243 Articles and 13 Schedules. Nature of work: Technical and preparatory — provided the framework for deliberations. Limitations: Not a member of the Constituent Assembly; no political or representative authority. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mandate: To convert Rau’s legal draft into a political and moral covenant through the Drafting Committee and the Constituent Assembly. Leadership: Defended every clause amidst challenges like Partition, communal tensions, and ideological divides. Vision: Ensured that the Constitution reflected the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Distinct contribution: Provided the moral and social dimension — transforming a legal document into a living social manifesto. Key Imprints: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, and affirmative action provisions. Mutual Acknowledgment Ambedkar explicitly credited Rau in his concluding speech (Nov 25, 1949), calling his draft a “rough draft”. Also acknowledged S.N. Mukherjee, the Chief Draftsman, for exceptional legal articulation. Rau’s correspondence with Ambedkar and Nehru reflected mutual respect and cooperation; he never claimed authorship. Gandhi’s Role in Ambedkar’s Inclusion After Partition, Ambedkar lost his Assembly seat from Bengal. Despite prior disagreements, Mahatma Gandhi insisted that Ambedkar be re-elected (from Bombay Presidency). Gandhi believed no Constitution could be legitimate without Scheduled Caste representation. This inclusion helped ensure social legitimacy and national unity during a fragile period. Scholarly and Political Dimensions The current revisionist narrative challenges Ambedkar’s primacy and, according to critics, seeks to recast constitutional authorship along caste lines. However, a neutral interpretation suggests that: Rau was the constitutional engineer — providing structure, coherence, and comparative depth. Ambedkar was the constitutional architect — infusing justice, social equality, and democratic values. Enduring Legacy Ambedkar’s warnings about social and economic inequality endangering political democracy remain central to constitutional discourse. The Constitution’s legitimacy arises not just from technical precision but from its social and moral vision. Both Rau and Ambedkar contributed indispensably — one through scholarship, the other through statesmanship. Takeaway The making of India’s Constitution was a collaborative enterprise, not the creation of one individual. Rau’s draft served as the skeleton; Ambedkar’s leadership gave it life and legitimacy. Recognizing both without distortion safeguards the Constitution’s historical integrity and inclusive spirit. Constituent Assembly: Value Addition Composition and Representation Original Strength: 389 members (later 299 at adoption in 1950). Electoral Basis: Members were elected by provincial assemblies (indirectly) under the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946. Minority & Special Groups Representation: Included Scheduled Castes, Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, and princely state representatives. Ensured inclusive deliberation, though not universal adult franchise. Key Functions Beyond Drafting Framing the Constitution: Drafting committees, sub-committees, and technical advisers translated diverse demands into a unified text. Legislative Function: Served as the provisional Parliament of India (1947–1950), enacting essential laws. Debate on Social Justice: Addressed minority rights, land reforms, and caste equity, laying the foundation for affirmative action. Consensus-Building: Negotiated conflicts across regions, religions, and ideologies, especially after Partition. Influence of Advisors Sir B.N. Rau: Prepared the working draft; introduced comparative constitutional methods. K.M. Munshi, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer: Contributed regional perspectives and legal expertise. B.R. Ambedkar: Translated the draft into a politically and morally legitimate document, defended Fundamental Rights and social justice clauses. Ensure safeguards for India’s carbon market  Why in News As India builds its Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) to align economic growth with sustainability, debates have emerged over ethical, social, and environmental safeguards in carbon markets. Global experiences, such as the Northern Kenya Rangelands Carbon Project, show that without protection for local communities, such initiatives risk replicating exploitative structures under the banner of climate action. Relevance GS Paper 3 – Environment, Economy, Ethics: Climate governance, carbon markets, sustainable growth, and community rights. Practice Question As India develops its Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), discuss how equity, transparency, and community participation can be ensured to prevent the emergence of “modern plantations” under the guise of climate action. (250 words) Growth vs. Planetary Limits The growth-driven model since the Industrial Revolution has pushed planetary boundaries beyond safe limits — causing climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. While “degrowth” (reducing production and consumption) is proposed by some as a solution, it is neither feasible nor equitable for developing countries still battling poverty and hunger. The alternative path: “decoupling growth from environmental harm” — achieving economic expansion while reducing ecological footprints through clean technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable practices. India’s examples: Rapid solar energy expansion Micro-irrigation adoption improving water-use efficiency Concept of Carbon Credits Definition: A carbon credit represents a certified reduction or removal of greenhouse gases (GHGs), measured in CO₂-equivalents. Generation: Through mitigation or sequestration activities such as: Renewable energy (solar, wind) Reforestation and afforestation Agroforestry and biochar Purpose: Allow firms to offset emissions while transitioning to cleaner operations. Reward developing nations for low-carbon practices. Global Carbon Credit Trends 175–180 million credits are retired annually. Major sources: Renewable energy projects Nature-based projects (REDD+, afforestation) However, agriculture-based carbon projects remain underdeveloped despite high potential. Of 64 Indian agricultural projects listed under Verra, only four are registered and none have issued credits — due to weak farmer engagement, lack of training, and low participation of marginalised groups. India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) Launched under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022. Objective: Build a domestic carbon market to help meet India’s Net Zero 2070 target. Key features: Sets emission-intensity benchmarks for energy-intensive sectors. Allows voluntary offsets. Establishes a national registry and trading platform. Draft methodologies for sectors like biomass, compressed biogas, and low-emission rice cultivation already released. Challenge: The current focus is on procedural compliance, not community safeguards. Global Cautionary Tales: Kenya’s Experience Northern Kenya Rangelands Carbon Project Launched: 2012; covered 1.9 million hectares. Goal: Remove 50 million tonnes of CO₂ in 30 years. Issues identified: Weak community consent and land rights. Allegations of forced conservancies and armed enforcement. Verra suspended credit issuance in 2023 and again in 2025 after a Kenyan court found violations of public participation laws. Lesson: Community-led initiatives can fail if decentralised institutions are captured or excluded from governance. Lake Turkana Wind Power Project (Kenya) Fenced 1,50,000 acres of community land, cutting herders off from grazing and water routes. Highlighted the dilemma: sustainability achieved at the expense of livelihoods. Potential Risks for India Customary land-use conflicts: Afforestation and reforestation projects may encroach on village commons and forest fringes. Marginalisation risks: Caste and class inequalities could result in benefits bypassing small and marginal farmers. Opaque governance: Developers not mandated to disclose benefit-sharing arrangements. Top-down approach: Limited Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) and community participation. These factors could turn carbon projects into “modern plantations”, repeating colonial patterns of control. Why Carbon Projects Are Vulnerable Vulnerability Description Power asymmetry Companies/developers hold more information and resources than local communities. Lack of transparency No legal requirement for benefit-sharing disclosure. Weak institutional safeguards Land rights and FPIC often overlooked. Compliance focus Regulatory design emphasises carbon accounting over social justice. The Way Forward for India A. Balanced Regulatory Architecture Avoid overregulation that deters private actors. Build “lightweight yet protective” frameworks ensuring: Transparency in benefit-sharing. Formalised community consent mechanisms. Independent verification of social and environmental safeguards. B. Empowering Local Communities Strengthen land tenure rights and FPIC processes. Ensure inclusive participation of smallholders, women, and marginalised groups. Use capacity-building and extension programs to engage farmers effectively. C. Institutional Mechanisms Create grievance redressal bodies and community audit systems. Involve Panchayati Raj institutions and forest rights committees for local oversight. Align carbon projects with SDGs and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Takeaway Degrowth is not a viable option for developing nations like India; sustainable growth through decoupling is. Carbon markets, if designed equitably, can drive green development. However, without justice, transparency, and participation, they risk becoming extractive climate capitalism. The Kenyan experience underscores that climate action without community consent undermines both equity and credibility.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 October 2025

Content Restoring fiscal space for the States Russia backs AMCA, offers to make Su-57 jets in India Google’s new AI finds promising approach for cancer treatment Sustainable fuel use could quadruple by 2035: IEA 20 years of RTI Act: The slow unravelling of India’s transparency law Restoring fiscal space for the States  Why is it in the News? The GST compensation cess has been merged with the regular GST, ending the compensation mechanism for States. This move is expected to pass on over₹2 lakh crore in tax benefits to consumers and potentially boost local demand. Certain States fear revenue losses and erosion of fiscal autonomy, arguing that no proper estimation of losses has been made. The decision reignites discussions on Centre-State fiscal relations, cooperative federalism, and the sharing of tax powers. Relevance GS-3: Indian Economy – Taxation, Centre-State relations, Fiscal Federalism, Public Finance, Revenue Sharing. GST and Fiscal Policy GST Introduction: Launched in July 2017 through the 101st Constitutional Amendment. Replaced multiple indirect taxes with a common destination-based tax, shared between Centre and States. Initial GST compensation mechanism ensured States were not worse off due to revenue loss. Centre-State Fiscal Relations: Articles 246–293 govern taxation powers and transfers. Finance Commission (Article 280) recommends devolution of funds to States. Central transfers still account for 44% of States’ revenue receipts, with Bihar at 72% dependence, Haryana at 20%. Dependence on Central transfers affects liquidity, fiscal autonomy, and political leverage. Revenue Sharing History: Pre-GST (2012-17): Centre collected 67%, States 33%. Post-GST (2018-23): ratio remained similar. Devolution share recommended by Finance Commissions increased from 29.5% (11th FC) → 42% (14th FC), but actual devolution fell short due to cesses and surcharges, which remain non-shareable. Overview Impact of GST Compensation Cess Merger Consumers may benefit from lower prices, boosting demand. States risk revenue loss: compensation previously guaranteed annual shortfalls. Cess and surcharge previously gave the Centre additional leverage, now merged, reducing that buffer. Erosion of Fiscal Autonomy GST centralises tax power in the GST Council, dominated by the Centre. States’ ability to independently raise revenue is limited. Progressive States (e.g., Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra) contribute more to taxes but cannot fully retain the benefits. Structural Issues in State Finances Expenditure responsibilities are higher at State level: health, education, agriculture, local governance. Central transfers and grants (CSS, CFS, Finance Commission) supplement but are performance-based or conditional. Heavy dependence on the Centre creates fiscal vulnerability and political friction, especially in opposition-ruled States. Proposed Solutions for Greater Fiscal Autonomy Sharing personal income tax base with States on a 50:50 basis, similar to GST. Allowing States to top up income tax rates without altering the current levy system. Such reforms would: Reduce dependency on Centre. Improve liquidity and planning. Reward progressive States contributing higher revenue. Comparative Perspective Example of Canada: Federal govt collects 46%, sub-national governments 54%; federal spends 40%, provinces spend 60%. Suggests a model where States have more autonomy in raising resources and spending, improving accountability and service delivery. Takeaway GST restructuring is a double-edged sword: consumer benefit vs. potential revenue loss for States. Centralised tax authority ensures uniformity but reduces State fiscal autonomy. A dynamic approach to tax sharing and grants is critical to maintain cooperative federalism. Fiscal reform may require structural redesign of transfers, tax bases, and conditionalities to empower States. Russia backs AMCA, offers to make Su-57 jets in India Why is it in the News? Russia has expressed readiness to support India’s Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) programme by offering local production of Su-57 fifth-generation fighter jets. The announcement highlights India-Russia defence cooperation amid geopolitical shifts in global energy and defence trade. Both countries are exploring next-generation technologies: anti-drone systems, advanced radars, and precision strike capabilities. Relevance GS-3: Defence and Security – Defence production, Aerospace technology, Strategic partnerships. GS-2: International Relations – India-Russia strategic partnership, Geopolitics, Indo-Pacific security dynamics. India-Russia Defence Ties Historical context India has relied on Russia for over six decades for defence equipment. Nearly 70% of India’s military hardware is of Russian origin. Past collaborations include BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, now being upgraded to a hypersonic version. Strategic significance Russia has been a trusted defence partner, supporting India’s military modernization. Defence cooperation extends beyond purchases to joint development, co-production, and technology sharing. Overview AMCA and Su-57 Collaboration AMCA: India’s indigenous fifth-generation fighter programme, aimed at next-gen combat capabilities. Su-57 : What it is: Russia’s fifth-generation stealth multirole fighter aircraft, designed for air superiority, ground attack, and precision strike missions; comparable to the US F-22 and F-35. Capabilities: Stealth features, supercruise (sustained supersonic speed without afterburners), advanced avionics, AESA radar, integrated electronic warfare systems, and high maneuverability for air-to-air and air-to-ground combat. Weapons & Operational Edge: Equipped with long-range air-to-air missiles, precision-guided munitions, and capable of networked warfare; can operate in contested airspaces with enhanced survivability and situational awareness Russia’s offer of local Su-57 production: Reinforces joint development and technology transfer. May accelerate AMCA programme and reduce import dependence. Strengthens India’s aerospace industrial base.   Geopolitical Implications Amid U.S. sanctions and trade pressures, Russia emphasizes alternative logistics and payment mechanisms, ensuring continuity in defence ties. India-Russia partnership remains a counterbalance in Indo-Pacific geopolitics and global arms supply networks. Russia’s energy cooperation remains cost-effective despite U.S. pressure, showing strategic interdependence beyond defence. Technological and Industrial Impact Joint production of Su-57 and AMCA can: Boost R&D and skill development in Indian defence industry. Facilitate indigenous design, assembly, and maintenance capabilities. Expand collaboration in precision strike, radar, and anti-drone technologies, critical for modern warfare. Operational Lessons and Validation Russia highlights effectiveness of its equipment in Operation Sindoor, underlining reliability in real-world operational scenarios. Joint platforms like BrahMos demonstrate success of India-Russia co-production and tech sharing model. Takeaway India-Russia defence ties are moving from buyer-seller to co-development model. Local production of Su-57 aligns with India’s Make in India and defence self-reliance objectives. Strategic, technological, and industrial dimensions of cooperation enhance India’s military modernisation while reducing vulnerability to external pressures. This collaboration may redefine India’s aerospace and fighter jet capabilities, giving it a qualitative edge in air warfare. Google’s new AI finds promising approach for cancer treatment  Why is it in the News? Google unveiled AI tools (C2S-Scale 27B) that discovered a novel drug combination for detecting tumors, which was previously unknown to human experts. The AI-predicted drug candidate, silmitasertib, showed effectiveness in laboratory validation, marking a milestone in AI-assisted scientific discovery. The research opens a new approach to cancer detection and therapy development, emphasizing AI’s role in translating biological data into actionable hypotheses. Relevance GS-3: Science & Technology – AI in healthcare, biotechnology, drug discovery, foundation models. AI in Drug Discovery C2S-Scale 27B A 27-billion-parameter foundation model trained to understand the language of individual cells. Designed to simulate tumor-immune interactions and predict drug effects under specific cellular conditions. The Problem Detect emerging tumors before the immune system recognizes them. Tumors often evade immune detection, requiring strategies to trigger antigen presentation and immune response. Traditional Methods vs AI Large Language Models or small AI tools could not capture complex tumor-immune signaling. AI simulated 4000+ drugs in virtual environments mimicking low interferon signaling, a key immune evasion scenario. Overview Novel Approach AI predicted drug candidates that boost immune signals selectively when interferon levels are low. Out of all AI hits: 10–30% matched known literature. Remaining were “surprising hits” with no prior known link to tumor detection, demonstrating AI’s ability to generate novel hypotheses. Scientific Validation AI predictions were experimentally validated in living cells, confirming: Silmitasertib activates immune response only under tumor-like conditions. This suggests a new pathway for early tumor detection and immunotherapy. Technological Significance Shows AI as a collaborator in scientific discovery, not just a data tool. Highlights the value of foundation models trained on cell-level biological language. Bridges computational predictions and experimental biology, accelerating drug development timelines. Medical and Societal Implications Potential to detect tumors earlier, improving cancer prognosis. Reduces reliance on trial-and-error drug testing. Can transform personalized medicine, by tailoring therapies based on cellular immune responses. Challenges & Next Steps Pre-clinical and clinical trials are necessary to confirm efficacy and safety in humans. AI models must be continuously validated and refined with experimental data. Ethical and regulatory frameworks must govern AI-guided drug discovery. Sustainable fuel use could quadruple by 2035: IEA Why is it in the News? The International Energy Agency (IEA) released the report Delivering Sustainable Fuels: Pathways to 2035, projecting that global sustainable fuel use could quadruple by 2035. The report was released ahead of COP30 under Brazil’s UNFCCC presidency, highlighting sustainable fuels’ role in climate mitigation, energy security, and economic development. Focus is on biofuels, biogases, and low-emissions hydrogen as complements to electrification in transport, industry, and power generation. Relevance GS-3: Energy & Environment Renewable energy transition, biofuels, hydrogen economy, energy security. Industrial and transport sector decarbonisation, sustainable development. GS-2: International Relations Multilateral cooperation (IEA, ICAO, IMO) for global climate action. Sustainable Fuels and Global Energy Transition Definition and Types Sustainable fuels: Liquid or gaseous fuels with lower carbon intensity than fossil fuels. Key categories: Biofuels: Ethanol, biodiesel from crops or waste. Biogases: Methane produced from organic matter. Low-emissions hydrogen: Hydrogen produced with minimal greenhouse gas emissions. Current Global Impact Already reduce global oil demand by ~2.5 million barrels per day (2024). Reduce transport fuel import dependence by 5–15 percentage points in importing countries. Liquid biofuels dominate (~4% of global transport energy). Drivers of Sustainable Fuel Adoption Energy security: Reduced dependence on fossil fuel imports. Economic benefits: Rural employment, new income streams, industrial growth. Environmental sustainability: Lower carbon emissions, compliance with GHG performance standards (~80% of biofuel use). Overview Projected Growth to 2035 Fourfold increase in sustainable fuel use if current policies are implemented. Sectoral projections: Road transport: 10% of demand. Aviation: 15% of fuel demand. Shipping: 35% of fuel demand. Industry and power generation uptake expected post-2030, especially low-emissions hydrogen in chemical, steel, and refining sectors. Economic and Investment Implications USD 1.5 trillion cumulative investments by 2035. Creation of ~2 million direct jobs globally. Sustainable fuels can be competitive in some markets (ethanol in Brazil, US) and may slightly increase consumer costs (e.g., 15% aviation fuel blend → 5–7% ticket rise). Technological Innovation Emerging fuel pathways: Alcohol-to-jet fuels Hydrogen-based synthetic fuels Innovation and scale-up expected to reduce costs, making them more competitive with fossil fuels. Policy and Regulatory Actions IEA identifies six priority actions: Region-specific roadmaps aligned with broader energy goals. Predictable demand to attract private investment. Transparent carbon accounting and performance-based incentives. Innovation support to lower costs. Integrated supply chains and infrastructure development. Expanded access to finance, especially in emerging economies. Global Cooperation International collaboration crucial for matching regional strengths with global demand. ICAO and IMO working to promote aviation and maritime sustainable fuel uptake. Aligns with global decarbonisation goals and supports COP30 discussions on climate action. 20 years of RTI Act: The slow unravelling of India’s transparency law Why is it in the News? 20th anniversary: The Right to Information (RTI) Act was enacted on 12 October 2005. Erosion of effectiveness: Activists and Information Commissioners warn that the law has lost its impact due to neglect, bureaucratic apathy, and institutional delays. Rising filings, rising rejections: Record RTI filings (1.75 million in 2023-24) contrast with the highest-ever rejection rates (67,615 applications). Concerns about citizen access: The law, once a symbol of empowerment and accountability, now faces fear and obstacles in implementation. Relevance GS-2: Governance Transparency, accountability, e-governance, citizen empowerment. Institutional challenges in administrative law implementation. GS-3: Social Issues / Public Policy Role of civil society in governance reform. Implementation of rights-based legislation and citizen oversight mechanisms. RTI Act and Its Origins Grassroots beginnings MKSS (Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan) founded in 1990 by Aruna Roy and colleagues in Rajasthan. Early public hearings (1994–95) exposed corruption in schemes like Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Apna Gaon Apna Kaam, Indira Awas Yojana. These hearings led to state-level RTI laws in Tamil Nadu (1997), Goa, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Delhi by 2001. National legislation National Campaign for People’s Right to Information (NCPRI) drafted the national law. Passed by Parliament: 12 May 2005, Presidential assent: 15 June 2005, enforced from 12 October 2005. Constitutional backing Recognised as part of Article 19(1)(a) – freedom of speech and expression. Landmark cases: State of Uttar Pradesh vs Raj Narain – first recognition of citizens’ right to information. SP Gupta vs Union of India – affirmed RTI as integral to free speech. Shri Kulwal vs Jaipur Municipal Corporation – explicitly included under Article 19. Overview Implementation gaps Increasing vacancies in Information Commissions, leading to millions of pending cases. RTI applications often tossed between departments under Section 6(3) without response. Citizens fear police visits or intimidation when filing requests. Erosion of accountability Officials face no consequences for ignoring RTI requests. Public perception: RTI effectiveness has regressed, unlike its early promise of transparency. 3T formula (Timely, Transparent, Trouble-Free) promoted by PM Modi has not materialized in practice. Historical significance vs current reality RTI began as a citizen empowerment tool, exposing scams and corruption effectively until 2014. Activist movements (MKSS, NCPRI) drove major policy and governance reforms, including MGNREGA. Currently, official hostility, procedural hurdles, and lack of political will have hollowed out its power. Impact on civil society Reduced participation by NGOs and social activists in using RTI. Disillusionment among journalists and citizen activists, with many abandoning RTI as a tool. RTI, once a vehicle for accountability, now increasingly symbolizes bureaucratic inertia and citizen frustration.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 October 2025

Content Securing Every Plate Securing Every Plate CONTEXT & BACKGROUND Constitutional Basis: Article 47 (Directive Principles): Duty of the State to raise nutrition level and standard of living. Right to Food interpreted as part of Article 21 (Right to Life) — PUCL vs Union of India (2001). Economic & Social Context: India produces over 330 million tonnes of foodgrains (2023-24) yet faces persistent undernutrition — NFHS-5 (2019–21) shows 35.5% children stunted, 32.1% underweight. Balancing production, distribution, and nutrition equity is the core policy challenge. Objective of the Mission (2025): To ensure food and nutritional security for 81 crore citizens through a production–distribution–nutrition continuum, combining agricultural, welfare, and technological reforms. Relevance : GS 2 – Governance & Social Justice: Welfare schemes, food security, rights-based entitlements, delivery mechanisms (NFSA, TPDS, PMGKAY). GS 3 – Agriculture & Economy: Foodgrain production, procurement, storage, and technology-driven supply chains. GS 3 – Science & Technology: Use of digital platforms (ONORC, SMART-PDS, Mera Ration) in welfare governance. GS 2 – Polity: Constitutional linkage — Article 21 (Right to Life) and Article 47 (Directive Principles). GS 1 – Society: Issues of hunger, malnutrition, and nutrition equity. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION Phase Key Development Focus 1960s Green Revolution, Food Corporation of India (1965), MSP system Production stability 1970s–90s Expansion of Public Distribution System (PDS) Availability 1997 Targeted PDS (TPDS) Targeted subsidies 2007 National Food Security Mission (NFSM) Productivity revival 2013 National Food Security Act (NFSA) Legal right to food 2020–22 PMGKAY (COVID-19) Emergency support 2024–25 NFSNM (renamed NFSM) Linking production to nutrition 2025 SMART-PDS & fortified rice expansion Tech-driven, nutrition-focused reform DUAL FRAMEWORK OF FOOD SECURITY A. Production Pillar — NFSNM (National Food Security & Nutrition Mission) Origin: Began as NFSM in 2007–08; renamed NFSNM in 2024–25. Aim: Boost productivity & integrate nutrition-sensitive agriculture. Components: Expansion to rice, wheat, pulses, coarse cereals. Soil fertility restoration, integrated pest/nutrient management. Distribution of certified seeds, crop demonstrations. Capacity building of farmers through seasonal trainings. Institutional Coverage: Implemented across all States/UTs; monitored by DAC&FW (MoA&FW). Outcome: Sustained record foodgrain production — 330.5 MMT (2023–24). B. Distribution Pillar — NFSA 2013 & TPDS Coverage: Up to 75% rural, 50% urban population (≈81.35 crore persons). Entitlements: AAY households: 35 kg/household/month. Priority households: 5 kg/person/month. Free foodgrains since Jan 2023; extended till Dec 2028 under PMGKAY with ₹11.80 lakh crore outlay. Current beneficiaries (Oct 2025): 78.9 crore. Special Entitlements: Pregnant/lactating women & children (6 months–14 years): Meals under ICDS & PM-POSHAN (Mid-Day Meal). ₹6,000 maternity benefit under PMMVY. Revised nutritional norms (2023) — improved caloric & micronutrient content. DELIVERY SYSTEM — TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution System) Administrative Responsibility Function Centre States/UTs Procurement, allocation, transport FCI, DoFPD   Intra-state distribution, beneficiary identification, FPS management   State Food Departments   Procurement System: Decentralized Procurement (DCP): States like Punjab, MP, Chhattisgarh procure directly. Centralized Procurement (Non-DCP): FCI-led procurement. Procurement Data (2025) Paddy (KMS 2024–25): 813.88 LMT, valued ₹1.9 lakh crore (1.15 crore farmers). Wheat (RMS 2025–26): 300.35 LMT, valued ₹72,834 crore (25.13 lakh farmers). Central Pool Stock (July 2025): Rice – 377.83 LMT; Wheat – 358.78 LMT (well above buffer norms). SUPPLEMENTARY & INNOVATIVE INITIATIVES Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) Launched 2020 (COVID-19 emergency); now merged with NFSA free grain supply. Universal free grain entitlement till 2028. ₹11.80 lakh crore fully borne by Centre. Rice Fortification Initiative Launched: 2019 pilot; scaled to all districts by March 2024. Micronutrients: Iron, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12. Phased implementation: Phase I – ICDS & PM POSHAN (2021–22) Phase II – +TPDS (269 districts, 2022–23) Phase III – All India coverage (2023–24) Cabinet approval (2025): Continue till Dec 2028, ₹17,082 crore. Covers 65% of population dependent on rice as staple. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) for Food Subsidy Rules notified (2015); optional for States/UTs. Implemented in: Chandigarh, Puducherry, and parts of DNH&DD. Mechanism: Subsidy cash credited directly → beneficiaries buy foodgrains from open market. Advantages: Reduced leakage, dietary choice, financial inclusion. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) & PM POSHAN ICDS Coverage: up-to 6 years children, pregnant & lactating women, adolescent girls (14–18 yrs). FY 2024–25 Allocation: 26.46 LMT grains. PM POSHAN Coverage: Govt & aided schools up to age 14. FY 2024–25 Allocation: 22.96 LMT grains. Impact: Improved attendance, learning outcomes, and nutrition. One Nation, One Ration Card (ONORC) Implemented in all 36 States/UTs. Enables portability across FPSs via Aadhaar-authenticated ePoS. 191 crore portability transactions (till Oct 2025). Major relief for migrant workers. Open Market Sale Scheme (Domestic) [OMSS(D)] Disposal of surplus rice/wheat to: Stabilize prices Boost availability Prevent inflation Bharat Atta & Bharat Rice (2025): Affordable staples for general consumers. TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN GOVERNANCE REFORMS Reform Progress/Impact (as of Oct 2025) Digitization of ration cards 100% Aadhaar seeding 99.9% FPS automation (ePoS) 99.6% (5.41 lakh of 5.43 lakh) Online allocation & supply chain mgmt 31 States/UTs Grievance redressal (toll-free 1967) All States/UTs Key Digital Innovations 1. Mera Ration 2.0 (2024) Real-time entitlements, nearest FPS locator, transaction details. 1 crore+ downloads. 2. Anna Mitra App (2024) Field monitoring & stock management for FPS dealers/officers. Operational in 15 States/UTs. 3. SMART-PDS (2025 rollout) Integrated tech architecture covering: Procurement Supply Chain Ration Card/FPS mgmt Biometric Distribution (e-KYC) Aim: Real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and zero-leakage regime. FINANCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS Parameter Value NFSA/PMGKAY (Free grain 2024–2028) ₹11.80 lakh crore Rice Fortification (till 2028) ₹17,082 crore Central Pool (July 2025) 736.61 LMT total grains Annual NFSA allocation (2025–26) 18.5 million tonnes FCI procurement expenditure (2025) ~₹2.6 lakh crore CHALLENGES & WAY FORWARD Challenges Nutritional Diversification: Overreliance on cereals; limited pulses, millets. Leakages & Exclusion Errors: Though reduced, still prevalent in few States. Climate Variability: Threatens MSP procurement regions. Fiscal Burden: ₹2.5–3 lakh crore annually on food subsidy. Storage & Logistics: FCI faces high carrying cost and wastage risk. Way Forward Diversify procurement basket: Include millets, pulses, oilseeds (align with IYOM 2023 momentum). Nutrition-sensitive agriculture: Integrate horticulture & animal protein programs. Smart logistics: Warehouse digitalization, AI-based buffer forecasting. DBT scale-up: Empower consumer choice and reduce subsidy distortion. Strengthen local food systems: Leverage SHGs & cooperatives (e.g., Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana linkage). CONCLUSION India’s food security architecture now combines: NFSNM – Ensures production & nutritional yield. NFSA + TPDS/PMGKAY – Ensures equitable access. Tech-driven governance (SMART-PDS, ONORC) – Ensures efficiency & transparency. This multi-layered framework ensures that no citizen sleeps hungry, that farmers are supported, and that nutrition equity becomes a national guarantee. India’s journey from “ship-to-mouth” (1960s) to “food surplus and fortified” (2025) exemplifies a transformation anchored in production strength, welfare expansion, and digital transparency.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 October 2025

Content Refugees, infiltrators The road to gender equity in courts Refugees, infiltrators Why in News ? Union Home Minister Amit Shah (Oct 2025) reiterated the need to distinguish between refugees and infiltrators, highlighting governance, security, and humanitarian dimensions. This comes amid the implementation of the new Immigration and Foreigners Act (April 2025) — which replaced three colonial-era laws but still lacks a comprehensive refugee policy. The recent notification (Sept 2025) exempted undocumented Sri Lankan Tamil refugees (entered before Jan 9, 2015) from penal provisions under the new Act — raising debates on religion-based and selective refugee treatment. Relevance: GS Paper 2: Governance, international relations, rights of vulnerable sections, constitutional protection for refugees. GS Paper 3: Internal security implications of illegal migration. GS Paper 1: Human geography and population migration issues. Practice Questions: Discuss the need for a comprehensive national refugee policy in India in light of the new Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025. (250 words) Background: India’s Refugee Framework — The Legal Vacuum 1. Absence of a National Refugee Law India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol. Hence, there is no statutory definition of a refugee or uniform asylum process. Refugees are legally treated as foreigners under general laws. 2. Pre-2025 Legal Regime Foreigners Act, 1946: Empowered government to detain or deport any foreign national. Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939: Required registration of foreigners staying beyond prescribed periods. Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920: Controlled entry without valid documents. Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000: Penalized transporters bringing undocumented migrants. 3. Post-2025 Consolidation The Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 consolidated all four laws, aiming for administrative streamlining. However, it does not define “refugee” or distinguish humanitarian entry from illegal infiltration. Constitutional and International Dimensions A. Constitutional Context Article 21: Protects “Right to Life and Personal Liberty” — extended by SC to all persons, including foreigners (National Human Rights Commission v. State of Arunachal Pradesh, 1996). Article 14: Equality before law applies to all persons. Directive Principles (Art. 38, 39): Mandate humane treatment and social justice for all, forming moral basis for refugee protection. B. International Law India’s stance: Though not a signatory to the UN Refugee Convention, India follows customary international law, including non-refoulement (no forced return of refugees to danger zones). UNHCR in India: Operates in coordination with MEA; manages asylum determination for non-neighboring country refugees (e.g., Afghans, Africans). Refugee Demographics in India (as of mid-2025) Origin Approx. Population Legal/Administrative Status Sri Lankan Tamils ~90,000 (in camps, TN) Protected by administrative orders Tibetans ~63,000 Rehabilitation Policy, 2014 Rohingyas (Myanmar) ~21,000 (UNHCR registered) Stateless; facing deportation risk Afghans ~15,000 Humanitarian visas; UNHCR assistance Chakmas & Hajongs (Bangladesh) ~45,000 Settlement in NE States; no clear legal status Africans, West Asians ~2,000 UNHCR-mandated Total: ~2.1 lakh refugees/persons of concern (UNHCR, June 2023). Recent Policy Developments (2024–25) Immigration & Foreigners Act (April 2025): Unified immigration and foreigner management. Subsumed old laws, but still no “refugee” recognition. Exemption Notification (Sept 2025): Tamil refugees (before Jan 2015) exempted from penal provisions. Significance: acknowledges humanitarian ground but exposes selective treatment. Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019: Provided citizenship pathway for non-Muslim minorities from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh. Excluded Rohingya Muslims and Sri Lankan Tamils, leading to allegations of religious bias. UNHCR-India Cooperation (2025): Strengthened digital refugee registration system. Yet, UNHCR access remains restricted in border regions (e.g., North East, J&K). Issues and Concerns 1. Absence of a Uniform Refugee Policy Ad hoc treatment based on bilateral ties, religion, or ethnicity. Creates legal uncertainty and policy inconsistency. 2. Conflation of Refugees with Illegal Migrants Citizenship Act defines undocumented entrants as “illegal migrants”. Leads to harassment, detention, or deportation of genuine asylum seekers. 3. Security vs Humanitarian Balance Refugee inflow from Myanmar, Afghanistan, or Rohingya regions poses security monitoring challenges. However, blanket suspicion undermines humanitarian commitments. 4. Discrimination in Application Selective recognition (e.g., Tibetans get rehabilitation; Tamils do not). Religion-based exclusions post-CAA undermine secular principles (Articles 14 & 25). 5. Administrative Gaps No centralized refugee registry or biometric database. State-level discretion causes inconsistent implementation. Need for a Comprehensive Refugee Policy Document Key Principles Proposed Legal Definition of Refugee: Distinguish from economic migrant and illegal infiltrator. Due Process: Transparent asylum application, appeal, and review mechanisms. Rights Framework: Access to health, education, work permits under administrative supervision. Non-Discrimination Clause: Uphold Articles 14 & 21 across religion, ethnicity, nationality. National Refugee Commission: Coordinate with UNHCR, States, and security agencies. Digital Refugee Registry: For documentation, welfare targeting, and security vetting. Comparative Perspective Country Legal Framework Key Feature USA Refugee Act, 1980 Annual admission ceilings; asylum hearings Germany Basic Law + EU Directives Constitutional right to asylum Kenya Refugee Act, 2006 Recognition + Refugee Affairs Secretariat Bangladesh No refugee law (like India) Ad hoc management of 1.2 million Rohingyas India remains one of the few major democracies without a codified refugee protection regime. Way Forward Draft a Refugee and Asylum Bill: (similar to 2015 draft by MP Shashi Tharoor) for legal uniformity. Integrate Security Screening + Humanitarian Relief: Joint oversight by MHA & MEA. Regional Cooperation: Use BIMSTEC and SAARC to manage cross-border displacement. Ratify 1951 Convention selectively or adopt a “South Asian Refugee Compact.” Public Awareness & Local Integration: Reduce xenophobia, foster community acceptance. Conclusion India’s moral leadership and democratic values demand a clear, humane, and non-discriminatory refugee policy. While security concerns are real, policy arbitrariness undermines constitutional ideals of equality and compassion. A codified refugee framework—rooted in Articles 14 and 21 and aligned with international norms—can ensure humane protection, national security, and global credibility in an era of rising displacement. The road to gender equity in courts  Why in News India Justice Report 2025 revealed persistent gender imbalance in the higher judiciary. Women constitute only 14% of judges in High Courts and 3.1% in the Supreme Court (only 1 woman out of 34 judges). Only one woman Chief Justice heads a High Court out of 25. The issue has regained national focus as the only woman judge of the Supreme Court is poised to become India’s first woman CJI, potentially leaving zero female representation afterward. Parallelly, the debate on creating an All-India Judicial Service (AIJS) has resurfaced, with President Droupadi Murmu (Nov 2023) advocating a merit-based, transparent, national-level recruitment system for judges. Relevance: GS Paper 2: Polity, Governance, Judiciary reforms, Gender equality. GS Paper 1: Role of women and social empowerment. GS Paper 4: Ethics — inclusion, fairness, transparency in institutions. Practice Questions: “An inclusive judiciary is essential for an inclusive democracy.” Examine the causes and consequences of women’s under-representation in India’s higher judiciary. (250 words) Background: Gender Gap in Indian Judiciary Current Composition (2025) Level Total Judges Women Judges % of Women Supreme Court 34 1 3.1% High Courts (25) ~1,080 150 14% Subordinate Judiciary ~19,500 ~7,400 38%   High representation in lower judiciary due to competitive exams with gender-neutral access. Underrepresentation in higher judiciary linked to opaque Collegium system, limited career mobility, and gendered professional networks. Structural Reasons for Underrepresentation Collegium System Bias Higher judiciary appointments are made via Collegium (CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges) — an insular, network-driven process. Lack of transparency, subjectivity, and elite legal circles allegations marginalize women, regional candidates, and first-generation lawyers. Lack of Institutional Pipeline Few women reach senior advocate or High Court judge positions. Career breaks due to family responsibilities further limit eligibility. Infrastructure Deficiencies 20% of district courts (as of 2023, CRP–SC Report) lack separate toilets for women, affecting participation and retention. Limited childcare and safety facilities in court premises. Absence of Affirmative Policies No gender quota, reservation, or targeted mentorship for women in higher judiciary. State diversity and social representation also remain low (SC, ST, OBC underrepresented). Constitutional & Institutional Framework Article 14 & 15(3): Equality and State empowerment to make special provisions for women. Article 39(a): Equal opportunity in justice delivery. Article 312: Empowers Parliament to create All-India Services, including All-India Judicial Service (AIJS). Directive Principles (Art. 38, 39A): Obligation to ensure justice and equality of opportunity. All-India Judicial Service (AIJS): Concept & Debates A. Rationale To establish a uniform, transparent, competitive national recruitment for judges (District & Higher Judiciary). To replace Collegium arbitrariness with UPSC-like meritocracy. To enhance social, gender, and regional diversity. B. Supporters’ Arguments President Droupadi Murmu (2023): Advocated AIJS to “offer opportunities to less-represented social groups”. Justice A.M. Khanwilkar (retired): Called AIJS a “constitutional necessity”. UPSC’s success proves competitive exams can ensure diversity and transparency: 2024 UPSC Data: 1,009 total selections → 318 OBC, 160 SC, 87 ST, 109 EWS. 11 of top 25 were women. IPS intake (2024): 54 women (28%). C. Opponents’ Concerns Fear of executive interference undermining judicial independence. States and High Courts fear loss of control over appointments. Critics argue that judicial temperament requires more than exam-based merit. D. Proposed Safeguards UPSC conducts exam, but eligibility, syllabus, and standards set by SC/HCs. Training under SC/HC control post-selection. Service control vested in Supreme Court, not executive. Comparative Context: Global Benchmarks Country Women Judges in Higher Judiciary Reform Measures USA ~35% (SCOTUS: 4 of 9) Diversity mandates in appointments UK ~30% Judicial Appointments Commission (merit + diversity) Canada ~43% Open merit-based federal recruitment India 3.1% (SC), 14% (HC) Collegium-based opaque selection Reform Imperatives Institutionalize AIJS under Article 312 with Parliamentary sanction. Ensure gender-responsive infrastructure — restrooms, childcare, and safety mechanisms in courts. Introduce reservation or diversity benchmarks in higher judiciary. Mentorship pipeline: Senior judges/lawyers to mentor women lawyers for elevation. Transparency in Collegium: Publish shortlists, diversity data, and selection rationale. Performance-linked promotions: From lower to higher judiciary through objective evaluation. Broader Significance Justice accessibility: Diverse benches enhance legitimacy and sensitivity in gender, caste, and minority issues. Democratic representation: Judiciary reflects social realities. Public trust: Transparency and inclusiveness reduce elite capture perception. Gender justice: Aligns with India’s constitutional and SDG 5 commitments (Gender Equality). Conclusion India’s judiciary stands at a moral and structural crossroads — between elitist continuity and democratic reform. Without structural correction, the higher judiciary risks representational bankruptcy. A transparent, merit-based All-India Judicial Service, modeled on UPSC standards and insulated from executive pressure, could democratize access, normalize women’s leadership in law, and strengthen the constitutional promise of equal justice for all.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 October 2025

Content Bengal second-lowest in convictions for crimes against women The future of the IMEC India’s Municipal Finance Crisis Meet AI chatbots replacing India’s call-centre staff The new power of rare earths Bengal second-lowest in convictions for crimes against women  Why in News Trigger Event: An alleged gang rape of a medical student from Odisha in Durgapur (Oct 2025). Political Reaction: CM Mamata Banerjee’s remarks—suggesting girls should avoid going out at night—sparked public and Opposition backlash. Significance: The issue reopens debates on women’s safety, accountability, victim-blaming, and governance failure in West Bengal. Relevance : GS 1: Social issues – women’s safety, gender inequality, victim-blaming, societal norms. GS 2: Governance & law – criminal justice system efficiency, role of police and judiciary, NCRB data analysis, implementation of Nirbhaya Fund schemes, fast-track courts. Background Context Previous Incident (2024): A woman doctor was raped and murdered at R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata. The State government issued guidelines to limit women doctors’ night shifts, later withdrawn after Supreme Court criticism for gender discrimination. Current Case (2025): The victim, a medical student from Odisha, was allegedly gang-raped in Durgapur. Public anger intensified due to perceived pattern of administrative inaction. Statistical Reality: Crime Against Women in West Bengal (NCRB Data 2018–2023) Indicator West Bengal’s Status Rank (India) Trend/Observation Crimes against women (annual average >30,000) Very High Top 4 Consistent since 2018 Acid attack & attempt to acid attack Highest 1st 2021–2023 Attempt to rape Second highest 2nd Since 2019 Cruelty by husband or relatives High 3rd (after Rajasthan & UP) 2018–2023 Conviction rate (avg. 2017–2023) ~5% 35th/36 States Extremely poor Conviction rate (2022 peak) 8.9% Still among lowest Marginal improvement Acquittals (2023) >19,000 cases Highest Sharp increase from <8,000 Pending trials (2023) ~3.7 lakh cases Highest +56% rise since 2017 Core Issues Identified Low Conviction Rate: Reflects weak investigation, poor prosecution, and witness intimidation. Only 1 in 12 cases result in conviction (2022). High Acquittals & Pendency: Courts overburdened; lack of fast-track courts and forensic infrastructure. Delay → Justice Denied → Impunity. Systemic Gaps: Poor coordination between police and judiciary. Underreporting due to stigma and police apathy. Lack of victim support services and shelters. Socio-Political Dimensions Governance Accountability: Opposition alleges failure of law and order. State government’s “zero tolerance” claim contradicted by data. Gender Sensitivity Deficit: Administrative response often patriarchal and moralistic. Instead of institutional reform, discourse shifts to individual behaviour. Judicial and Civil Society Response: Calcutta High Court and Supreme Court previously intervened in related cases. Civil society demands independent oversight and fast-track mechanisms. Broader Context in India National Picture (NCRB 2023): India recorded 4.45 lakh crimes against women, a 4% rise over 2022. National conviction rate ~30%, West Bengal only ~5%, showing sharp contrast. Highlights state-level variation and policy implementation gaps. Policy and Legal Framework Legal Safeguards: IPC Sections 354, 376, etc. (sexual assault & rape). Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 post-Nirbhaya. Nirbhaya Fund, One-Stop Centres, Women Helplines (181). Implementation in WB: Underutilization of central schemes. Weak forensic and police infrastructure despite repeated directives. Way Forward Institutional Reforms: Establish state-level fast-track courts for gender crimes. Modernize forensic labs; integrate digital tracking of cases. Police Reforms: Increase women officers, sensitization training, and independent oversight. Victim Support Systems: Strengthen One-Stop Centres, psychological aid, and compensation mechanisms. Public Accountability: Transparent crime and conviction dashboards. Stronger civil society engagement in monitoring and advocacy. The future of the IMEC Why in News Recent Context (Oct 2025): Rising trade frictions with the U.S. have prompted India to diversify trade partnerships with Europe, West Asia, and beyond. India is finalizing a trade deal with the U.K. and negotiating with the European Union. Simultaneously, renewed emphasis is on operationalizing the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) — envisioned as a strategic trade and connectivity corridor linking India, the Gulf, and Europe. However, the West Asian instability post–Hamas attacks (Oct 2023) continues to threaten the corridor’s feasibility. Relevance : GS 2: International relations – India–Middle East–Europe connectivity, trade corridors, I2U2 and multilateral frameworks, strategic autonomy. GS 3: Economic development – infrastructure, logistics, energy trade (hydrogen/electricity), supply chain resilience, China’s BRI comparison. GS 3: Security – regional stability in West Asia, maritime and cyber dimensions, alternative trade routes amid conflicts. Background and Genesis Launch: Announced during the G-20 Summit in New Delhi (Sept 2023) in the presence of leaders from India, the U.S., Saudi Arabia, UAE, France, Germany, Italy, and the European Commission. Origin: Conceived within the I2U2 framework (India, Israel, UAE, U.S.) aimed at creating economic integration and infrastructure connectivity across Asia and Europe. Geopolitical Context: The Abraham Accords (2020) normalized Israel–Arab relations, enabling such a corridor proposal. Optimism in 2023 for regional peace created momentum for transnational infrastructure planning. Vision and Structure of IMEC Objective: To establish a strategic multi-modal corridor enhancing connectivity between India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Europe. Components: Maritime Connectivity: Between Indian ports and Gulf ports (e.g., Dubai, Fujairah). Rail Connectivity: Linking UAE–Saudi Arabia–Jordan–Israel, culminating at Haifa Port on the Mediterranean. Sea Route: Haifa to European ports (e.g., Greece, Italy, France). Complementary Infrastructure: Clean hydrogen pipeline. High-voltage electricity cable. Undersea digital cable (telecom data link). Integrated logistics and port development. Strategic Rationale for India Diversification Amid U.S. Trade Frictions: Reduce overdependence on U.S. markets; expand Europe–West Asia trade axis. Alternative to BRI: Offers a democratic, rules-based counterbalance to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Energy and Logistics Security: Seamless energy transport (hydrogen, electricity). Faster supply chain integration with EU markets. Economic Opportunity: Europe is India’s largest trade partner ($136 billion trade, 2024–25); IMEC can reduce freight time and cost. Geopolitical Leverage: Enhances India’s strategic role in West Asia, cementing ties with Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Israel. Key Geopolitical Developments Impacting IMEC October 7, 2023 – Hamas Attacks: Sparked Israel–Hamas conflict, destabilizing the entire West Asian region. Strained Israel’s ties with Gulf countries that were expected to anchor IMEC. Red Sea Crisis (2024–25): Houthi attacks on shipping disrupted Suez Canal trade routes, increasing global freight costs by 30–40%. Underscored the need for secure alternative corridors like IMEC. Arctic Route Competition: Melting ice caps have opened northern sea lanes, benefitting Russia, China, and the U.S., diverting trade from the Mediterranean. Hence, Italy and other Mediterranean economies see IMEC as crucial to retain relevance in global shipping. Economic and Strategic Significance Trade and Connectivity: Reduces India–Europe freight time by up to 40% compared to Suez route. Creates interoperable logistics networks connecting Asia, Gulf, and Europe. Energy Transition: Facilitates clean hydrogen trade, aligning with India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission. Digital Integration: Undersea cables to enhance data and telecom linkages between India, West Asia, and Europe. Strategic Stability: Deepens India–Gulf strategic partnerships, reducing Pakistan’s influence in the region. Supply Chain Resilience: Supports “China+1” diversification, anchoring trusted value chains from India to Europe. Challenges and Constraints Security Risks: Ongoing Israel–Hamas conflict, Iran–Saudi rivalry, and Houthi threats could derail regional transit stability. Political Uncertainty: Shifting U.S.–West Asia diplomacy and changing Arab public sentiments toward Israel. Infrastructure Gaps: Need for standardization of rail gauges, customs frameworks, and multimodal coordination. Financial Viability: High upfront cost (~$20–25 billion estimated). Requires multilateral investment and risk-sharing. Competition from Arctic and BRI Routes: Arctic route reduces Europe–Asia travel time by 40%. China’s BRI continues to dominate Eurasian logistics. Diplomatic and Strategic Opportunities India–Europe Partnership Renewal: EU’s Global Gateway Initiative (2021) aligns with IMEC goals of sustainable infrastructure. India–Gulf Economic Integration: Deepening ties with Saudi Arabia and UAE under Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements (CEPAs). Regional Balancing: IMEC provides leverage for India’s strategic autonomy—collaborating with the West without antagonizing the Global South. Countering Pakistan’s Narrative: Strong India–Arab economic linkages marginalize Pakistan’s attempts at forming anti-India coalitions in West Asia. Way Forward Institutionalizing IMEC: Establish a Permanent Coordination Mechanism among members. Integrate with I2U2 framework for technology and financing. Expanding Participation: Engage Egypt, Oman, and Qatar for greater regional integration. Focus on Dual Security–Economy Strategy: Combine maritime security cooperation with economic corridor development. Parallel Trade Diplomacy: Expedite FTA negotiations with EU and GCC to enhance market access. Public–Private Collaboration: Mobilize Indian corporates and Gulf sovereign funds for infrastructure financing. India’s Municipal Finance Crisis Context: Despite urban India generating nearly two-thirds of the national GDP, its municipalities control less than 1% of India’s total tax revenue. Core Issue: The fiscal architecture of India’s federalism has left cities financially powerless — over-centralised, grant-dependent, and unable to self-finance essential services or issue credible municipal bonds. Relevance : GS 2: Governance – fiscal federalism, 74th Constitutional Amendment, urban governance reforms, intergovernmental transfers. GS 3: Economy – municipal bonds, urban revenue generation, property tax reforms, urban infrastructure financing, public goods delivery. GS 1: Society – impact on citizens’ welfare, equitable access to urban services, participatory governance. Background: India’s Urban Revenue Paradox Urban India’s Contribution: ~66% of GDP, yet <1% of tax powers. Post-GST Impact (2017): Municipalities lost ~19% of their own revenue sources (e.g., octroi, entry tax, local surcharges). Revenue powers were absorbed into the GST regime, making cities reliant on state and central transfers. Result: Revenue centralisation: States and Centre retain >95% of tax powers. Fiscal autonomy erosion: Cities became implementers, not governors. How Did Cities Lose Fiscal Autonomy Centralisation of Taxes: GST subsumed local taxes without creating municipal compensation mechanisms. Weak Implementation of 74th Amendment (1992): Cities were to be “third tier of governance”, but remained administratively dependent on states. Conditional Grants: Funds come with strict conditions (e.g., AMRUT, Smart Cities Mission), limiting local discretion. Low Own-Revenue Base: Property tax contributes only 20–25% of total municipal revenues — politically sensitive and poorly assessed. User charges (water, waste, parking) underpriced or poorly collected. Creditworthiness Crisis: Ratings and RBI norms treat grants as “non-recurring income”, making cities appear fiscally weak. The Problem: Flawed Model of Fiscal Federalism Inadequate: Cities lack predictable and untied revenues. Dependence on higher governments leads to fiscal uncertainty. Unjust: Burden shifted onto urban residents through user-pay logic — privatising public goods (water, sanitation, lighting). Penalises poorer households in informal settlements. Ideological Flaw: Treats grants as charity, not entitlements. Undermines the redistributive spirit of cooperative federalism. Municipal Bonds — The “New Frontier” or a Mirage? Government Push: NITI Aayog, Finance Commission, and World Bank promote municipal bonds for infrastructure finance. Reality Check: Only a handful of cities (e.g., Pune, Ahmedabad, Indore) have successfully issued bonds. Low investor confidence due to: Weak financial transparency and audits. No stable, predictable revenue stream. Dependence on ad-hoc state/central grants. Credibility Problem: Current credit rating system judges cities narrowly by own revenue, ignoring grants and governance performance. This undervalues cities’ real fiscal position. Why the Current Fiscal Prescription is “Inadequate and Unjust” Inadequate because: Property tax base too small and politically sensitive. Administrative weakness in assessment and collection. User charges regressive, hurting low-income groups. Unjust because: Converts collective goods into commodities (e.g., water, waste). Blames cities for inefficiency, while withholding fiscal authority. Residents pay more, yet get poor services due to funding shortfalls. Comparative Perspective: Lessons from Scandinavia Denmark, Sweden, Norway Model: Cities can levy and collect income taxes directly. Enjoy predictable intergovernmental transfers. Result: Transparent, accountable, and citizen-trusted local governance. Outcome: Decentralised fiscal power = efficient urban welfare states. Transfers treated as part of a shared fiscal ecosystem, not as discretionary charity. The Indian Paradox Centralised Power, Decentralised Burden: Cities are expected to deliver on solid waste, housing, climate resilience, and digital infrastructure without funds. Revenue Inversion: Accountability lies at local level; fiscal power lies at central level. Creates a “democracy deficit” — local governments answerable to citizens but dependent on distant bureaucracies for funds. The Way Forward Reimagine Fiscal Federalism: Recognize cities as equal fiscal entities, not beneficiaries. Mandate constitutionally guaranteed urban revenue-sharing. Reform Municipal Bonds Framework: Treat grants and shared taxes as legitimate income for creditworthiness. Allow GST compensation or state shares as collateral. Empower Local Taxation: Modernize property tax systems (GIS mapping, annual revision). Rationalize user charges while protecting low-income groups. Institutionalise Urban Transfers: Create Urban Finance Commissions at the state level. Link transfers to transparency, citizen participation, and audit compliance. Democratize Urban Governance: Strengthen ward committees and citizen budgeting. Shift from technocratic to participatory fiscal management. Meet AI chatbots replacing India’s call-centre staff  Why is it in the News? A Reuters investigation (Oct 2025) highlighted how AI chatbots developed by Indian startups like LimeChat (Bengaluru-based) are transforming the customer service and IT outsourcing landscape. LimeChat claims its generative AI agents reduce workforce needs by 80%, signaling a major shift in India’s $283 billion IT and BPM (Business Process Management) sector. Raises questions on AI-led automation, employment security, and India’s readiness to manage large-scale technological disruption. Relevance : GS 3: Science & technology – AI, automation, digital workforce, IT-BPM sector transformation. GS 2: Governance – policy responses to technological disruption, employment regulation, reskilling frameworks. GS 1: Society – youth employment, gendered workforce impact, social adaptation to AI disruption. Background: India’s IT and Outsourcing Sector India = world’s back-office hub: Accounts for 52% of global outsourcing (NASSCOM, 2025). Contributes 7.5% to India’s GDP; employs over 5 million directly (2024). Major strengths: Cheap labour, English proficiency, and large skilled workforce. Now faces AI-led automation pressures, especially in routine jobs (customer care, payroll, technical support). What is Happening: AI-Led Disruption 1. Rise of Conversational AI Global market projected to reach $41 billion by 2030, growing at 24% annually (Grand View Research). Startups like LimeChat, Haptik (Reliance-owned), and others are automating customer interactions via chatbots. AI agents can handle 70% of customer complaints today — aiming for 90–95% automation within a year. 2. Economic Model LimeChat’s service: ₹1 lakh/month automates work of 15 agents (~$1,130 = salary of 3 human staff). Sales growth: From $79,000 (2022) → $1.5 million (2024) (19x rise). Integrations with Microsoft Azure to enhance natural language processing and multilingual capabilities. 3. Automation Impact Jefferies (Sept 2025) forecast: 50% revenue hit for call centres. 35% hit for other back-office functions within 5 years. TeamLease Digital data: BPM sector hiring fell drastically: +1,77,000 (2021–22) +1,30,000 (2022–23) <17,000 (2023–24 & 2024–25). Workers report AI replacing human evaluators and call quality analysts. Increasing job insecurity among India’s 1.65 million BPM employees. Policy and Governance Dimensions 1. Government Position PM Narendra Modi (Feb 2025): “Work does not disappear; its nature changes.” Official stance: AI’s impact on employment will be limited in the long run due to new job creation in AI coordination, design, and oversight. Lack of dedicated AI-labour impact assessment mechanism so far. 2. Expert Concerns Sumita Dawra (ex-Labour Secretary): Advocates for unemployment benefits & social security reforms during AI transition. Santosh Mehrotra (University of Bath): Warns that India lacks a policy game plan for workforce reskilling amid AI disruption. 3. Geopolitical/Economic Risks U.S. policies: 25% tax proposal on outsourcing users. $100,000 H-1B visa fee. Tariffs on tech services. Combined with AI automation, these pose a double shock to India’s IT exports. Social Implications Youth employment crisis risk — fresh graduates face shrinking entry-level IT roles. Women disproportionately affected — many occupy back-office or voice-process jobs now being automated. Cultural dimension: Many employees, like “Megha,” conceal layoffs from families — indicating social stigma of tech job loss. Customer perspective: Despite AI’s efficiency, EY Survey (Aug 2024) found: 78% Indians still prefer human support online. 62% purchases influenced by AI — shows growing but cautious consumer acceptance. Opportunities for India Transition from “Back Office” to “AI Factory”: Focus on AI engineering, model fine-tuning, and data annotation. Potential to export AI expertise, similar to IT exports in 2000s. Upskilling Imperative: Shift towards AI deployment engineers, process analysts, data trainers, and algorithm auditors. Need for AI literacy integration in higher education. AI Governance Leadership: Develop frameworks for ethical AI use, employment impact assessments, and social security nets. Challenges Ahead Skill mismatch: Current workforce not trained for generative AI, automation design, or supervision. Policy lag: No AI-specific labour transition strategy or unemployment insurance. Corporate risk: Over-automation may harm customer trust (as seen with Sweden’s Klarna “course correction”). Ethical and accountability issues: Chatbots providing incomplete or misleading responses (e.g., Knya case). Conclusion India stands at a critical inflection point — balancing automation-led productivity with inclusive employment. If managed well: India can become the world’s AI deployment hub (“AI factory”). If mismanaged: Risk of technological unemployment, social disruption, and loss of demographic dividend. Requires a proactive policy mix — reskilling, social protection, ethical AI frameworks, and strategic public–private collaboration. The new power of rare earths Why is it in the News? Growing China’s dominance in rare earth elements (REEs) and its strategic leverage in global trade, especially amid US–China tensions. Rare earths are critical for clean energy, electronics, defense, and high-tech manufacturing, making them geopolitically sensitive. The news is timely due to: China’s export controls and potential supply restrictions. Global concerns about technological supply chain security. Rising strategic competition between China and the US in tech and defense sectors. Relevance : GS 3: Economy – strategic minerals, critical raw materials for technology, EVs, renewable energy. GS 2: International relations – China’s dominance, US-China competition, Indo-Pacific mineral diplomacy, supply chain security. GS 3: Science & technology – green energy tech, EV batteries, high-tech manufacturing, rare earth metallurgy. Basics: Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Definition: 17 metallic elements (15 lanthanides + scandium + yttrium) with high electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, and heat resistance. Applications: Electronics: smartphones, semiconductors, display screens. Renewable energy: wind turbines, EV batteries, magnets. Defense: fighter jets, missile guidance systems. Misnomer: Despite the name, REEs are not rare in the Earth’s crust but occur in low concentrations that make extraction economically challenging. Global Reserves & Production (2021–2022) Reserves (in tonnes of REE equivalent content): Vietnam: 22,000 Brazil: 21,000 Russia: 12,000 India: 6,90,000 (1st in land-based reserves) Australia: 42,000 USA: 23,900 Other countries: 42,000 Production of Rare Earth Oxides (2020–2022): China: 180,000–210,000 tonnes → >50% of global production. USA: 25,000–28,500 tonnes. Australia: 14,500–15,900 tonnes. Others: Russia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Madagascar contribute smaller shares. China’s Strategic Dominance Controls ~60–80% of global REE production and processing, creating a near-monopoly. Extracts and refines REEs at low costs due to: Vertical integration of mining, separation, and refining. Economies of scale and state subsidies. Leverages REEs as a geopolitical tool: Past examples: export restrictions to Japan (2010), potential leverage against the US and allies. Creates supply chain vulnerabilities for critical industries in Europe, US, Japan. Challenges for Other Countries High extraction costs: REEs often in low concentrations, requiring environmentally intensive processes. Limited refining capability: Even countries with reserves (USA, Australia, India) rely on China for refining and separation. Geopolitical dependence: Western countries cannot easily replace Chinese REEs due to lack of infrastructure. Global Market Dynamics Demand surge: Driven by EVs, wind turbines, electronics, and defense tech. China’s pricing power: Can influence global REE prices through: Export quotas Tariffs Technology partnerships and strategic stockpiling US & allied responses: Initiatives to develop domestic extraction and processing, e.g., Mountain Pass mine (USA), Australian ventures. India’s Position India has 6,90,000 tonnes of REE reserves (notably in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka). Challenges: Low extraction and refining capacity. Lack of commercial-scale processing plants. Opportunities: Partner with US, Japan, Australia to develop domestic REE value chain. Potential hub for strategic minerals in the Indo-Pacific supply chain. Environmental and Regulatory Issues REE extraction is chemically intensive and environmentally risky, producing toxic waste. Countries need strict regulations and eco-friendly technologies for sustainable mining. China has historically prioritized economic output over environmental concerns, giving it cost advantage. Impact on Global Economy and Geopolitics REEs are critical for green energy transition: EVs, wind turbines, batteries. Any supply disruption by China can affect: US and EU defense industries. EV and semiconductor manufacturing. Countries are increasingly investing in domestic REE projects and diversifying supply chains.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 October 2025

Content Setting Sail India’s Shipbuilding Revival Ministry of Mines Classifies Limestone as Major Mineral Completely Setting Sail India’s Shipbuilding Revival Context and Background India’s shipbuilding heritage dates back to Lothal (2400 BCE) — the world’s earliest tidal dock, evidencing maritime trade with Mesopotamia. Modern shipbuilding began under colonial rule (Bombay Dockyard, 1735), evolving post-Independence through PSUs like Mazagon Dock, GRSE, and Hindustan Shipyard. Today, shipbuilding is central to Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 and Viksit Bharat 2047, aiming to position India among the top 5 global shipbuilding nations by 2047. Relevance: GS 3 – Economy: Maritime trade growth, investment in shipbuilding, financial incentives, export promotion, MSME development. GS 3 – Infrastructure & Technology: Port and shipyard modernization, green ship technologies, inland and coastal water transport infrastructure. GS 3 – Environment & Ecology: Promotion of green fuels, hybrid propulsion, carbon emission reduction in maritime sector. GS 2 – Governance: Policy reforms, public procurement preference, legal and regulatory modernization, inter-ministerial coordination. GS 3 – Security & Defence: Strategic autonomy, naval fleet expansion, indigenous shipbuilding for defense preparedness. Why Shipbuilding Matters Economic Multiplier: Every₹1 invested yields ₹1.8 in returns and creates 6.4x employment — especially in coastal and rural regions. Strategic Value: Ensures maritime security, reduces dependence on foreign fleets, and strengthens blue economy resilience. Trade Backbone: 95% of India’s trade by volume and 65% by value moves via sea routes. Sector Status (as of 2024) 1,552 Indian-flagged vessels, totaling 13.65 million GT (Gross Tonnage). Private participation is expanding (Cochin Shipyard Ltd, Larsen & Toubro, Adani Harbour Services, etc.). India contributes <1% of global shipbuilding, while China (~51%), South Korea (~28%), and Japan (~15%) dominate — highlighting massive catch-up potential. Key Reform Pillars (Total Outlay: ₹69,725 crore) Pillar 1: Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Scheme (₹24,736 Cr) Objective: Bridge cost disadvantage (India 20–25% higher than Asian peers). Assistance: 15% (<₹100 Cr vessels) 20% (>₹100 Cr vessels) 25% (green/hybrid vessels) Domestic Value Addition: ≥30% Validity: Till March 2036 Subcomponents: Ship-breaking Credit Notes: 40% scrap value redeemable for new builds; transferable, valid 3 years. National Shipbuilding Mission: Centralized mission to coordinate R&D, funding, and global tie-ups. Impact: Boosts MSMEs, reduces cost asymmetry, and promotes “green ships”. Pillar 2: Maritime Development Fund (₹25,000 Cr) Aim: Overcome high-cost financing barriers for shipyards and fleet expansion. Maritime Investment Fund: ₹20,000 Cr blended model (49% govt, 51% private/multilateral). Focus: Shipping capacity, shipyard modernization, inland/coastal transport. Interest Incentivization Fund: ₹5,000 Cr corpus, offering up to 3% interest subsidy for shipyard loans. Impact: Mobilizes low-cost capital; aligns with India’s EXIM trade backbone. Pillar 3: Shipbuilding Development Scheme (₹19,989 Cr) Greenfield clusters: ₹9,930 Cr Brownfield expansion: ₹8,261 Cr Risk coverage: ₹1,443 Cr Capability development: ₹305 Cr Duration: 10 years (up to March 2036) Impact: Builds integrated shipbuilding hubs with R&D, MSMEs, training, and logistics — similar to South Korea’s Ulsan cluster. Pillar 4: Legal, Policy & Process Reforms Infrastructure status (Sept 2025): Large ships now eligible for long-term financing and tax incentives. Demand Aggregation: Oil & Gas PSUs to build 110+ vessels domestically in next decade. Key Legislations (2025): Bills of Lading Act Carriage of Goods by Sea Act Coastal Shipping Act Merchant Shipping Act Indian Ports Act → Modernizes maritime laws in sync with UNCLOS and IMO norms. Impact: Reduces compliance bottlenecks and globalizes Indian maritime governance. Complementary Initiatives Policy/Programme Objective Right of First Refusal (RoFR) Priority to Indian-built & Indian-flagged vessels in tenders. Public Procurement Preference (₹200 Cr limit) Ships below ₹200 Cr to be procured domestically (Make in India, 2017). Green Tug Transition Programme (GTTP) Target: 50% green tugs by 2030. Harit Nauka Guidelines Incentivize green tech adoption in inland vessels. Standard Tug Designs 5 model variants for major ports to promote uniformity. MoUs and Collaborations SCI & Oil PSUs JV: Indigenous vessel ownership to cut foreign charter costs. Cochin Shipyard & HD Korea Shipbuilding: Joint development of large commercial vessels; ₹3,700 Cr fabrication unit at Kochi. Port-State Collaborations: Coastal states + major ports to establish shipbuilding clusters. Cochin & Mazagon Dock + Tamil Nadu Govt: ₹15,000 Cr mega facility, 1 million GT capacity. Sagarmala Finance Corp: Partnering with banks & IFIs for green shipbuilding finance blending climate funds with domestic capital. Economic & Strategic Implications Employment Generation: 1 lakh+ direct & 3 lakh+ indirect jobs expected. Trade Competitiveness: Reduces logistics cost (currently 13–14% of GDP). Strategic Autonomy: Enhances naval preparedness and blue-water capability. Environmental Impact: Accelerates transition to Net-Zero Shipping by 2070. FDI & Global Partnerships: Potential to attract $10–15 billion investment over next decade. Challenges Ahead High cost of finance (9–12%) vs. 4–5% in East Asia. Lack of economies of scale and global demand linkages. Skilled manpower shortage for advanced shipbuilding. Need for digital integration (AI-based design, smart ports, etc.). Way Forward Skill Development: Leverage Maritime Skill Council of India and Skill India Mission. Green Transition: Implement Blue Economy Policy 2025 for sustainable maritime practices. Export Promotion: Incentivize ship exports under Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP). Innovation Clusters: Promote maritime start-ups under Startup India and TIDCO Maritime Park. Conclusion India’s shipbuilding revival marks a strategic inflection — blending ancient maritime heritage with futuristic industrial policy. The₹69,725 crore reforms under the Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Scheme, Maritime Development Fund, and Shipbuilding Development Scheme collectively aim to transform India into a global shipbuilding hub by 2047, aligning with Maritime India Vision 2030 and Viksit Bharat 2047. This revival will not just strengthen India’s maritime economy but will anchor its journey towards economic self-reliance, strategic sovereignty, and sustainable ocean growth. Ministry of Mines Classifies Limestone as Major Mineral Completely Context and Background Mineral Classification in India: Under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act), minerals are categorized as major or minor, primarily based on usage, size of deposits, and administrative requirements. Prior Scenario: Limestone used for lime in construction was classified as minor mineral. Limestone for other purposes (cement, chemicals, fertilizer, sugar, steel) was classified as major mineral. This dual classification created regulatory complexity and restricted the flexibility of leaseholders. International Context: Globally, limestone is treated uniformly in most mineral-exporting countries to simplify industrial supply chains and promote ease of doing business. Relevance GS 3 – Economy: Mineral resource management, industrial growth, cement and allied industries, MSME development, rural income generation. GS 3 – Environment & Ecology: Sustainable mining practices, MCDR compliance, environmental regulation. The Notification Date: 10th October 2025 (Gazette notification) Key Change: Removal of the distinction; all limestone is now classified as a major mineral, irrespective of end use. Transition Facilitation: Order dated 13th October 2025 under Section 20A of MMDR Act allows seamless regulatory transition from minor to major mineral leases. Existing minor mineral leases continue to operate without disruption. Rationale for the Change Reduced Lime Usage: Traditional lime for construction has decreased significantly; bulk limestone now serves cement, chemicals, fertilizers, steel, and sugar industries. Ease of Doing Business: Leaseholders can sell or use limestone for any purpose without artificial end-use restrictions. Removes regulatory bottlenecks for cement and allied industries. Economic Efficiency: Facilitates better allocation of limestone resources to high-value industrial uses. Economic and Industrial Implications Cement Industry: Direct access to limestone from former minor mineral leases enables faster capacity expansion. Supports India’s target to reach 1.5–2 billion tonnes cement capacity by 2047. Construction and Infrastructure: Boosts housing, roads, and industrial projects, generating employment in rural and semi-urban regions. Employment Generation: Leaseholders gain higher income and job creation in mining and allied industries. Ease of Doing Business: Removes regulatory ambiguity, improving India’s mining sector competitiveness globally. Rural Economic Impact: Many minor mineral leases are in rural areas; increased industrial off-take of limestone will revive local economies. Strategic & Policy Significance Mining Sector Modernization: Supports NITI Aayog’s recommendations for rationalization and simplification of mineral regulation. Industrial Growth Alignment: Aligns with Make in India initiatives and industrial growth in cement, chemicals, steel, and sugar sectors. Promotes integration with national infrastructure expansion plans (roads, housing, urban projects). Regulatory Efficiency: Section 20A order ensures smooth transition, avoids legal disputes, and reduces administrative burden on state and central authorities. Sustainability Consideration: Consolidated regulatory approach allows better monitoring of environmental compliance and mining practices. Historical Context Limestone Mining in India: Concentrated in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Used traditionally for lime (construction) and increasingly for cement and industrial applications. Global Comparison: Countries like China, USA, and European nations classify limestone as a single category to promote industrial flexibility and exports. Challenges and Considerations Environmental Concerns: Increased limestone mining may affect groundwater and local ecology; strict MCDR and environmental norms must be enforced. Royalty and Revenue Management: States must ensure fair royalty collection while supporting industry growth. Monitoring Compliance: Digital systems for monitoring mining plans, safety, and production need strengthening. Conclusion The complete classification of limestone as a major mineral is a landmark reform enhancing industrial flexibility, boosting cement and allied industries, and generating rural employment. The move rationalizes mineral regulation, aligns with ease of doing business objectives, and supports India’s infrastructure-led economic growth. By enabling unrestricted industrial use, this reform also contributes to national construction goals, industrialization, and economic resilience, while providing a model for similar rationalization of other minor/major mineral distinctions. Value Addition Major vs Minor Minerals India classifies minerals under the Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act): Feature Major Mineral Minor Mineral Definition Minerals critical for industrial and strategic use; central government regulates leases. Minerals of local/regional importance; primarily regulated by state governments. Examples Iron ore, coal, bauxite, limestone (post-Oct 2025), copper, manganese Sand, gravel, building stone, ordinary clay Lease Granting Authority Central Govt / State Govt with central oversight State Govt Regulation Complexity More stringent; requires approvals under MMDR Act & State rules Simpler; easier to lease and manage Economic Impact Drives large-scale industrial use, exports, and employment Local/regional construction, small-scale industries Strategic Importance Critical for steel, cement, chemicals, energy Limited to regional construction use LIMESTONE Definition Sedimentary rock primarily composed of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃). Often contains Magnesium Carbonate (dolomite) and impurities like clay, sand, iron oxide. Geological Occurrence Formed from marine organisms, shells, corals, and chemical precipitation. Found in sedimentary basins, mostly in shallow seas. Major States in India: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka. Types of Limestone Type Composition Uses High-Calcium Limestone CaCO₃ > 90% Cement, steel, chemical industries Dolomitic Limestone CaCO₃ + MgCO₃ Agriculture (soil conditioner), steel flux Argillaceous Limestone CaCO₃ + clay Cement, lime production Magnesian Limestone CaCO₃ + Mg Chemical industries, refractories Uses Sector Application Cement Industry Raw material for clinker production Steel Industry Flux in iron smelting Chemical Industry Calcium carbide, soda ash, bleaching powder Agriculture Soil pH correction, dolomite Construction Lime for mortar and plaster Sugar Industry Clarification of juice Key Facts Calcination: CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ Hydration: CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ Annual production in India: ~300–350 million tonnes (primarily for cement) Major global producers: China, USA, India, Japan, Germany

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 October 2025

Content Powering up the Australia-India clean energy partnership The Real Classroom Test Powering up the Australia-India clean energy partnership  Context and Relevance Event: Visit of Australia’s Minister for Climate Change and Energy, Chris Bowen, to Delhi on 15 October 2025. Purpose: Strengthen India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP); discuss joint projects, critical mineral cooperation, and capacity building. Timing: Both countries are pursuing ambitious clean energy targets amid vulnerabilities in global supply chains, particularly due to China’s dominance in rare earths and solar manufacturing. Relevance: GS 2 – International Relations: Strategic partnership, bilateral energy cooperation, climate diplomacy. GS 3 – Environment & Energy: Renewable energy transition, energy security, supply chain resilience, critical minerals strategy. Practice Question : Critically examine the strategic significance of the India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP) in the context of global supply chain vulnerabilities and climate change. How can operationalizing REP help reduce dependence on dominant suppliers like China? (250 Words) Key Themes a) Clean Energy Ambitions India: Target: 500 GW non-fossil electricity capacity by 2030. Solar: 280 GW planned; already ahead by ~5 years. Installed non-fossil capacity (July 2025): ~50% of total electricity capacity. Australia: Target: 62–70% emissions reduction below 2005 levels by 2035. Implications: Achieving these targets requires financial investment, technological capability, and robust supply chains—not just policy declarations. b) Vulnerability of the Indo-Pacific Climate disasters (1970–2022): ~10 per month, causing thousands of deaths and billions in economic losses. 2050 projections: ~89 million people could be displaced; 80% of regional population impacted. Implication: Energy transition must simultaneously address climate resilience and human security. c) Critical Supply Chain Risks China’s dominance: Rare earth refining: >90% global share. Solar module production: ~80% global share. India: Import-dependent for EV batteries and rare earth magnets; e.g., EV scooter production dropped from ~21,000 units (July 2024) to 10,824 units (July 2025) due to component shortages. Australia: Rich in lithium, cobalt, rare earths; lacks large-scale downstream processing. Lesson: Overdependence on a single supplier is a strategic and industrial risk. d) India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP) Launch: 2024 by PMs Narendra Modi and Anthony Albanese. Focus Areas (8 pillars): Solar photovoltaic technology Green hydrogen Energy storage Solar supply chains Circular economy in renewables Two-way investment Capacity building Other shared priorities Mechanism: Track 1.5 Dialogue linking policymakers, industry, and research institutions to operationalize collaboration. e) Comparative Advantages Country Strengths Strategic Role in REP Australia Resource-rich (lithium, cobalt, rare earths), regulatory stability, skilled workforce development (Net Zero Jobs Plan) Supply raw materials, co-invest in refining & processing, workforce collaboration India Large and young population (2/3 under 35), Skill India programs, PLI schemes, growing domestic clean energy market Provide skilled labor, expand production/manufacturing, absorb technology and investment   Synergy: Australia’s resources + India’s workforce = resilient, regionally anchored clean energy ecosystem. Strategic Imperatives Reduce dependence on China in critical mineral and solar supply chains. Strengthen regional clean energy supply chains in the Indo-Pacific. Demonstrate how democracies can collaborate to mitigate climate and industrial risks. Challenges Structural dependence on single-country suppliers for raw materials. Lack of large-scale downstream refining and manufacturing in both nations. Converting ambitious climate targets into investable and resilient projects. Bridging the gap between policy vision and tangible project implementation. Recommendations Operationalize REP through concrete joint projects and co-investments. Develop downstream refining, solar manufacturing, and hydrogen processing capabilities. Leverage India’s demographic advantage and domestic demand to create a regional clean energy hub. Strengthen regional energy resilience as a model for Indo-Pacific climate security. Analytical Overview Macro View: Energy transition links climate diplomacy with strategic economic autonomy; not merely environmental. India-Australia Strategy: Beyond trade, combining resource security, technology transfer, and workforce development. Policy Implementation: International agreements must translate into tangible, investable projects. Global Lesson: Democracies with complementary strengths can mitigate overreliance on single suppliers like China, ensuring resilient energy and industrial supply chains. Conclusion Chris Bowen’s visit marks a critical juncture for operationalizing REP. India-Australia collaboration could create a resilient, regionally anchored clean energy ecosystem, addressing climate vulnerabilities and supply chain risks. Strategic Outcome: Diversified supply chains, accelerated renewable manufacturing, and a model for Indo-Pacific energy security. The Real Classroom Test Context and Relevance Rising polarisation globally and narrowing opportunities in elite education challenge social cohesion and youth development. India (2025): Medical entrance: 2+ million candidates, 14,000 seats. IIT entrance: >1 million candidates, ~20,000 seats. Relevance: GS 1 – Society: Social cohesion, youth aspirations. GS 2 – Governance & Policy: Educational institutions’ role in fostering inclusive environments. GS 4 – Ethics & Values: Leadership, empathy, responsible citizenship. Practice Question : In the context of rising polarisation and hyper-competition in elite education, critically analyse the role of education in fostering empathy, social cohesion, and ethical leadership. Illustrate with examples. (250 Words) Key Themes a) Polarisation and its impact Divisions in politics, social issues, and immigration hinder collaborative problem-solving. Collective action on challenges like climate change requires tolerance and dialogue. Education can foster empathy, critical thinking, and open-mindedness. b) Beyond technical skills Education is not only about livelihood but also nuanced skills: Leadership, empathy, problem-solving, ethical decision-making. Examples of success without elite degrees: Bill Gates: Harvard dropout, global tech leader. Dhirubhai Ambani: No formal degree, built India’s largest business empire. Example of credential not equating leadership: Donald Trump: Wharton graduate, questioned as a role model for leadership. c) Hyper-competition for elite institutions “Mad rush” for IITs, medical colleges, and Ivy League universities creates: Pressure-cooker environments (e.g., Kota coaching industry). Narrow definition of success tied to elite credentials. Anxiety over STEM immigration and career prospects. d) Role of educational institutions Foster neutral, unbiased environments. Promote independent thought, critical reasoning, and diversity exposure. Develop skills for responsible, ethical leadership rather than just academic prestige. Overview Education as social equalizer: Mitigates polarisation, promotes empathy and tolerance. Credentialism vs competence: Degrees alone do not guarantee success or leadership. Demographic pressure: India’s youth bulge (~2/3 under 35) drives competition for limited elite seats. Ethical leadership: True education cultivates decision-making, social responsibility, and emotional intelligence. Recommendations Curriculum reform: Include ethics, critical thinking, social skills. Equitable access: Expand opportunities beyond elite institutions. Holistic evaluation: Focus on skill application, character, and societal impact. Foster curiosity and empathy: Encourage dialogue, collaboration, and exposure to diverse perspectives. Conclusion Success is measured by skills, empathy, and character, not just degrees. Elite credentials do not guarantee ethical leadership or social impact. Education must prepare inclusive, socially responsible, and resilient citizens capable of navigating a polarised world.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 October 2025

Content Microplastics pollution threatens Goa’s estuarine fisheries, human consumers Cybercrime cases of cheating by personation surge in Karnataka How does Gaganyaan’s vital crew escape system work? Elephant population dips nearly 18%, Western Ghats remain primary habitat Twinning Rate in India: Study Overview Microplastics pollution threatens Goa’s estuarine fisheries, human consumers  Why is it in the News? A recent study by CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (Goa) and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (Ghaziabad) revealed significant microplastic contamination in commercially important fish along the Goan coast, highlighting risks to fish health, human consumers, and coastal livelihoods. Published in Environmental Research (August 2025), the study provides first-of-its-kind detailed analysis for the Mandovi estuarine system, which contributes 97% of Goa’s fish output. Relevance: GS 3 – Environment & Ecology Pollution of aquatic ecosystems, plastic pollution, marine biodiversity loss. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of pollutants. GS 2 – Governance Policy implications: Waste management, regulation of fishing gear, biodegradable alternatives. Coastal livelihood protection and public health measures. Basic Concepts 1.           Microplastics Tiny plastic particles (<5 mm) from degraded fishing gear, wastewater, packaging, textiles, and tire residue. Persist in marine environments due to non-biodegradability. 2.           Bioaccumulation & Trophic Transfer Bioaccumulation: Microplastics ingested by small organisms accumulate in larger predators. Trophic transfer: Microplastics move up the food chain, eventually reaching apex predators and humans. 3.           Estuarine Ecosystems Ecologically critical zones supporting juvenile fish, filter feeders, and commercial species like anchovy, sardine, and mackerel. Highly vulnerable to pollution due to shallow waters and sediment accumulation. Key Findings of the Study Aspect Observation Sample Studied 251 fish across 9 species (finfish and shellfish) from various depths in Mandovi estuary Microplastic Particles Found 4,871 total; 3,369 plastic polymers (19 types) Source of Pollution Fishing material, wastewater, e-waste, textiles, tire residue, packaging Distribution in Water Column Benthic (sea floor/sediments) > Pelagic (open water) Species-wise Concentration Anchovy: 8.8 MP/ind (pelagic), Catfish: >10 MP/ind (benthic), Bamboo shark: 3.5 MP/ind (apex predator) Accumulation Patterns Longer-bodied fish accumulate fewer particles; more in digestive tract than gills Shapes of Microplastics Fibres (53%), Fragments (29.9%), Films (13.1%), Beads (4%) Colours Blue (37.6%), Black (24.3%), Red (12%), Others (discoloured, transparent, green, pink/purple, yellow, orange) Health Effects on Fish Oxidative stress, gene disruption, reproductive impairment, lower growth Health Risks for Humans Immune dysfunction, neurotoxicity, higher cancer risk Economic & Livelihood Risks Declining fish quality may reduce market demand, affecting coastal fishing communities Why It Matters Public Health Fish are protein-rich staples; consumption of contaminated fish poses serious health risks. Environmental Concerns Demonstrates the pervasive nature of plastic pollution, especially in benthic habitats. Policy Implications Urgent need for better waste management, fishing gear regulation, and research into biodegradable alternatives. Socioeconomic Impact Coastal communities dependent on fisheries face livelihood threats if fish quality declines. Quick Revision Mandovi-Zuari Estuary: 97% of Goa’s fish output. Bioaccumulation & Trophic Transfer: Microplastics move from plankton → small fish → large predators → humans. Microplastic Types: Fibres > Fragments > Films > Beads. Key Risk Group: Benthic fish (close to sediments) > Pelagic fish. Human Health Concerns: Immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cancer risk. Source Identification: Microplastic shape and colour help trace origin. Cybercrime cases of cheating by personation surge in Karnataka  Why is it in the News? Government data shows a sharp rise in cybercrimes, especially fake job offers, online investment frauds, social media impersonation, and deepfake-related scams. Karnataka accounted for over 70% of Section 66D cases in 2023, drawing attention to regional patterns and enforcement challenges. Low charge-sheeting and conviction rates highlight systemic weaknesses in investigation and legal processes, making it a governance and law enforcement concern. Relevance: GS 2 – Governance & Polity Law enforcement challenges, IT Act (Section 66D), low charge-sheeting and conviction rates. Need for governance reforms, judicial preparedness, and policy interventions. GS 3 – Security & Technology Cybersecurity, digital forensics, deepfake detection, online fraud mitigation. Basic Concepts Cybercrime under Section 66D, IT Act 2000 Defines offences of cheating by personation using computer resources. Punishment: Up to 3 years imprisonment and ₹1 lakh fine. Charge-sheeting & Conviction Rate Charge-sheeting rate: Percentage of cases where formal charges are filed. Conviction rate: Percentage of trials ending in guilty verdicts. Both metrics indicate the effectiveness of investigation and prosecution. Key Findings Aspect Observation National Cybercrime Trend Cases rose from 53,000 (2021) → 66,000 (2022) → 86,400 (2023) Karnataka’s Share >25% pre-pandemic in 2019, dipped during 2020–2022, surged in 2023 (>70% of 66D cases) Section 66D Trend National share: 12% (2019) → 29% (2023); Karnataka: 8.5% (2019) → 83% (2023) Charge-sheeting Rate (66D, 2023) 25% nationally; below cybercrime average of 33.9% Conviction Rate (66D, 2023) 33% nationally; slightly above overall cybercrime rate of 27.6% Notable Cases – Viral deepfake of actress Rashmika Mandanna (2023) – Person posing as TRAI official cheats Finance Dept officer (Karnataka) – Forged NHM job selection list circulated in Kashmir Enforcement Factors Karnataka: first state with dedicated city-level cybercrime police stations (2017); proactive recording & trained personnel may increase reported numbers Implications Governance & Law Enforcement Low charge-sheeting and conviction rates indicate gaps in investigation, evidence handling, and cyber-legal preparedness. Need for digitally trained investigators, prosecutors, and judges. Public Awareness & Safety Fake jobs, impersonation scams, and deepfakes threaten financial security and reputations. Citizens need awareness of digital hygiene and verification mechanisms. Policy Recommendations Specialized cybercrime training modules for police and judiciary. Improved digital forensics infrastructure. Encourage public-private partnerships for cyber threat detection and prevention. Quick Revision Section 66D, IT Act 2000: Cheating by personation using computer resource; Punishment: ≤3 years, ₹1 lakh fine. Karnataka 2023: 70%+ of Section 66D cases in India. Charge-sheeting rate (66D, India, 2023): 25%; Conviction rate: 33%. Rising Trends: Deepfakes, social media impersonation, fake jobs, online investment frauds. Governance Gap: Investigation & judicial system require cyber-digital specialization. How does Gaganyaan’s vital crew escape system work?  Why is it in the News? ISRO is progressing with human spaceflight under the Gaganyaan programme. Recent successful tests of the CES validate astronaut safety mechanisms during critical phases of launch. The news highlights India’s capability in human-rated launch systems and contingency management. Relevance: GS 3 – Science & Technology Human spaceflight, launch vehicle technology, crew safety mechanisms, aerospace engineering. Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) systems. GS 2 – Governance & International Cooperation India’s space policy, mission assurance, technological self-reliance. Basic Concepts Gaganyaan Mission: India’s first human spaceflight to low-earth orbit (~400 km) using human-rated LVM3 (HLVM3). Crew Safety Priority: Safety is paramount over mission success at all phases — launch pad, ascent, orbit, and descent. CES Purpose: Rapidly separates crew module from a malfunctioning rocket during atmospheric ascent to ensure astronaut survival. CES Functionality Operates during initial atmospheric phase (critical due to hypersonic speeds and high structural loads). Must overcome acceleration of HLVM3 (cannot shut down solid boosters) to pull crew to safety. Acceleration tolerance: Up to 10 g for a few seconds; crew positioned in “child in cradle” orientation. Improves survival using: Heritage-based design Redundant systems Robust mission planning Types of CES Type Mechanism Example Notes Puller Pulls crew module away from rocket Gaganyaan Uses thrust to extract module; safer integration with solid-fuel boosters Pusher Pushes crew module away using high-thrust engines SpaceX Falcon 9 Compact liquid-fuel engines; suitable for different propulsion tech Post-Separation Safety Crew module decelerates using multistage parachute system. Ensures safe sea splashdown within physiological limits. Integrated with Vehicle Health Management system to monitor crew and vehicle in real-time. Testing and Validation ISRO developed a single-stage test vehicle powered by Vikas engine. First successful CES test: October 2023 during transonic flight (subsonic → supersonic). Additional tests planned to simulate critical ascent conditions. Confirms CES as a cornerstone of astronaut safety in Gaganyaan. Significance Demonstrates India’s advancement in human-rated space technology. Validates emergency escape protocols, aligning with international safety standards. Builds confidence for crewed missions, supporting India’s space exploration and scientific ambitions. Highlights ISRO’s focus on mission assurance and risk mitigation. Quick Revision Mission Goal: Transport astronauts safely to LEO (~400 km) and back. CES Type: Puller type; accelerates up to 10 g. Safety Mechanism: Multistage parachutes + Vehicle Health Management. Tested: Oct 2023 with single-stage test vehicle (Vikas engine). Critical Phase: Atmospheric ascent with solid-fuel boosters. Elephant population dips nearly 18%, Western Ghats remain primary habitat Why is it in the News? Significant decline: India’s wild elephant population has dipped by nearly 18% over the last two decades. Habitat concerns: Western Ghats, historically a stronghold, show pronounced decline. Policy relevance: Highlights the urgent need for conservation, conflict mitigation, and habitat restoration. Relevance: GS 3 – Environment & Ecology Biodiversity conservation, keystone species, habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict. Wildlife monitoring mechanisms (AISEPE). GS 2 – Governance / Policy Policy interventions under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and CITES compliance. Inter-state coordination for habitat restoration and conflict mitigation. Basic Concepts Elephants in India: Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), a keystone species and flagship species for biodiversity conservation. Habitat: Predominantly the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, northeastern states, and central India. Monitoring tool: All India Synchronised Elephant Population Estimation (AISEPE) conducted every five years to track population trends. Current Population Overview Total estimated population (2022-23): 29,964 elephants. Population share by region: Western Ghats: 22.44% Northeast: 11.34% Eastern Ghats: 2.82% Central India: 4.19% Northern India: 2.02% Assam: 3.13% Tamil Nadu: 2.70% Others (Odisha, Jharkhand, etc.): 0.94% Primary habitats: Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, northeastern states. Reasons for Decline Habitat loss & fragmentation Expansion of agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure disrupts migration corridors. Human-elephant conflict (HEC) Particularly high in Kerala and Karnataka; leads to deaths and retaliatory killings. Poaching Targeting elephants for ivory and other body parts. Disruption of breeding grounds Fragmentation impacts mating and calf survival. Conservation Challenges Coordination across states: Elephants migrate across multiple states; requires inter-state habitat connectivity. Conflict mitigation: Need early warning systems, electric fencing, community awareness, and compensation schemes. Restoration efforts: Reforestation and protection of wildlife corridors essential. Data gap: Pandemic delayed AISEPE; highlights need for timely, systematic population monitoring. Significance Elephants are ecologically vital, shaping forest structure and dispersing seeds. Decline reflects broader environmental and ecological stress, including biodiversity loss. Findings inform MoEFCC and state forest departments to plan conservation, mitigate HEC, and prioritize Western Ghats habitat restoration. Supports India’s commitment to Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Quick Revision Total elephants (2022-23): 29,964 (↓18% over 2 decades). Primary habitat: Western Ghats (22.44%). Key causes: Habitat loss, HEC, poaching, fragmentation. Monitoring: AISEPE every 5 years. Policy response: Corridor restoration, conflict mitigation, inter-state coordination. Twinning Rate in India: Study Overview  Why is it in the News? A recent demographic study highlights India will continue to host the largest population of twins globally, despite declining twinning rates. Emphasises public health, maternal care, and demographic planning for higher-risk pregnancies. Highlights the need for a national twin registry to study genetics, environment, and disease susceptibility. Relevance: GS 2 – Governance / Health Policy Maternal and child health planning, high-risk pregnancies, public health preparedness. Need for twin registries for better healthcare and demographic planning. GS 3 – Science & Technology Population studies, fertility patterns, assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Genetic vs. environmental factors in disease research. Basic Concepts Twinning rate: Number of twin births per 1,000 deliveries. Importance: Medical: Twin pregnancies are higher-risk for both mother and babies. Demographic: Reflects fertility patterns, maternal age trends, and use of fertility treatments (e.g., IVF). Knowledge gap: Most studies focus on high-income countries; low-income countries like India are underrepresented. Study Overview Conducted by Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany) and Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study. Data: Over 3 million births from 1980–2015 across 39 low-income countries. Method: Statistical modeling to assess effects of: Maternal age changes Population growth Fertility patterns Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) Key Findings India’s twinning rate expected to fall by ~10.5% by 2100 due to: Declining overall fertility Fewer pregnancies per woman Despite decline: India remains world’s largest twin population due to its sheer population size (~23.4% share among studied countries). Urbanisation and pollution may influence twin studies’ relevance for diseases like asthma and COPD. Maternal age effect: Older maternal age increases twin likelihood. Impact of MAR/ART: IVF and fertility treatments may increase future twinning rates, which current projections may underestimate. Public Health Implications Twins are higher-risk pregnancies: more frequent in later pregnancies, with early-pregnancy twins having higher mortality. Health system response: Train frontline health workers for twin care and monitoring. Targeted interventions to improve twin survival. Need for twin registries: Track genetics vs. environment in disease development. Inform prevention, diagnosis, and policy. Examples: Swedish registry: 30 ongoing projects on cancer, dementia, cardiovascular disease, hormone effects. Chinese registry: Focus on environmental exposures. Danish registry: Links cancer, blood cancer risk factors, and female hormones with cognition. Significance Provides demographic and public health foresight in India. Guides maternal and child health policy, especially in low-income regions. Forms basis for establishing India’s national twin registry, aiding research in genetics, environment, and chronic diseases. Helps forecast healthcare needs and train personnel for high-risk twin pregnancies. Quick Revision Definition: Twinning rate = twin births per 1,000 deliveries. India 2100 projection: 10.5% decline, but still largest twin population globally. Influencing factors: Maternal age, ART use, fertility patterns. Health priority: Train workers, monitor twins, improve survival rates. Research utility: Genes vs. environment in disease; policy planning.

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