Posts

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 May 2025

Content: Fire and smoke A profound shift in the global order Strengthening parliamentary oversight in India Fire and smoke Context Recent Incidents: Kolkata (Mechua market, Burrabazar): 14 dead, including children; congested area, smoke inhalation, single staircase. Ajmer (Rajasthan): 4 dead in hotel fire; again, congested zone, poor escape routes, and delayed fire engine access. Pattern: Recurring urban fire disasters — inadequate infrastructure, poor compliance with fire safety norms, and congested city cores. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : Analyze the role of urban planning in preventing fire-related tragedies in India. How can cities be redesigned to ensure better fire safety and accessibility for emergency services?(250 Words) Key Structural and Systemic Issues Congested Urban Layouts Narrow lanes and unplanned growth restrict fire engine access. Dense commercial and residential clustering in inner cities. Violation of Fire Safety Norms Single staircases in multi-storey buildings. Absence of fire escapes and emergency exits. Use of flammable construction materials from earlier decades. Inadequate Urban Planning and Upgradation Old city cores like Kolkata’s Burrabazar remain largely unreconstructed. Unlike Mumbai or Delhi, limited redevelopment of inner cities. Weak Emergency Preparedness Lack of retractable external staircases or rescue systems. Fire services under-equipped: limited breathing apparatuses and constrained entry points. Smoke as Primary Killer Victims often die due to asphyxiation, not burns. Smoke travels upward, blocking exits in buildings with limited ventilation. Governance and Policy Failures Poor enforcement of existing building codes and safety regulations. Lack of fire audits and regular inspections in high-density zones. Urban governance ignores retrofitting of old buildings with fire-retardant materials. Disaster mitigation often reactive, not preventive. Recommendations (Policy + Infrastructure) Urban Fire Safety Audits Mandatory for hotels, hospitals, schools, and buildings in congested areas. Time-bound compliance with National Building Code and State Fire Safety Regulations. Structural Retrofitting Use of fire-retardant coatings and non-flammable materials. Installation of external emergency staircases in old buildings (after structural evaluation). Urban Redesign Measures Maintain low-height sidewalks for fire engine maneuverability. Incentivize decentralization of commercial activities from hyper-dense urban cores. Capacity Building of Fire Services Equip with modern breathing apparatuses, hydraulic ladders, and smoke-penetrating cameras. Train local volunteers and building staff in basic fire response protocols. Public Awareness and Accountability Sensitization campaigns on evacuation drills and fire hazard reporting. Strict penal action for violation of fire safety norms by private establishments. Way Forward Fire safety is not just a technical issue — it’s a matter of urban governance, resilience, and accountability. Preventable tragedies will continue unless planning bodies, municipal authorities, and citizens act cohesively. India’s path to sustainable urbanization must be rooted in safety, retrofitting, and inclusive redevelopment. A profound shift in the global order Changing Global Order and Strategic Inflection India is at a global inflection point comparable to the 1498 arrival of Vasco da Gama — passive stance is no longer viable. Global value chains are being reshaped through force, not trade — this is a strategic opportunity for India. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Economic Growth) Practice Question : In the context of the changing global order, discuss the implications of the shift from multilateralism to bilateralism in international relations. How should India leverage this shift to strengthen its strategic position in the global economy? (250 Words) End of Post-Colonial Multilateralism The 75-year-old globalisation framework based on donor-recipient dichotomy is obsolete. China has overtaken the U.S. in donor roles and share of global manufacturing. The WTO and UN have diminished influence; U.S. withdrawals mark this trend. COVID-19 revealed selfishness of G-7 nations — hoarded vaccines and medical supplies. U.S. Strategy: From Multilateralism to Bilateralism Trump’s policies reflected U.S. adjustment to a multipolar world. Bilateral deals now override multilateral rules, diminishing developing nations’ privileges. U.S. redefining prosperity and power — others must also rethink strategies. Post-WTO Power Realignment G-7 and G-20 no longer control global agenda-setting — power is fragmented. Since 2020, India, U.S., EU, and China contributed ~75% of global growth. Asia is regaining its historical share of global power (two-thirds). Russia is pivoting towards Asia — stronger ties with India and China. India’s Strategic Opportunity India must replicate China’s WTO-era strategic rise in the new “post-WTO” world. Managing U.S. trade pressure (agriculture, energy) and China ties is essential. PM Modi’s call for an “Asian Century” can be a foundation for strategic outreach. Regional Partnerships: ASEAN & Africa India should promote an Asian common market amidst ASEAN instability. WTO’s MFN clause is weakening — bilateralism is the new norm. India must build alternative cooperative architecture with ASEAN and African Union — their future consumption will outpace the West. Need for New Governance Principles India should propose new global governance principles for a more equal world. New trade rules should reduce non-tariff barriers and integrate goods, services, and investment. Diplomatic focus should shift from UN resolutions to trade, tech, and innovation. Neglect of Innovation in Foreign Policy Historically, India focused on diplomacy and peace, not innovation or trade. Nehru’s shift from Bandung (1955) to Non-Aligned Movement (1961) diluted economic strategy. India ignored global trends: the West grew via tech-academia-industry linkages. Reclaiming Technological Leadership India must now build consensus on nurturing talent, skills, and employment. East (not West) offers models of growth not built on colonialism. India should seek complementarities with China, ASEAN, and Africa in the new value chains. Tech Sovereignty and Digital Power India has potential to lead in open-source software, shaping global tech norms. China’s Huawei is producing 7nm chips; India can lead in open-source AI (e.g., DeepSeek). India had software scale; China had hardware — India must regain momentum. Lessons from China China’s rise is due to national consensus and endogenous development paths. GDP is a lagging indicator — patents and innovation indicate real future prosperity. Affordable electricity can incentivize economic restructuring and green growth. Vision for India India should leverage its digital stack, large data pools, and human capital to build world-leading large language models (LLMs). AI is the new frontier of wealth and global influence — India’s past strength in skills (not monopoly) must be revived. India must craft its future based on self-driven innovation — not Western models. Strengthening parliamentary oversight in India The article discusses the diminishing effectiveness of parliamentary oversight in India, highlighting the challenges faced by mechanisms like Question Hour and parliamentary committees. It proposes reforms such as post-legislative scrutiny, better use of technology, and institutional strengthening to enhance accountability and governance. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ) Practice Question : Despite the constitutional mandate, parliamentary oversight in India remains weak in practice. Critically examine the reasons and suggest comprehensive reforms to strengthen the legislative accountability framework.(250 Words) Historical Context & Foundational Argument Ambedkar’s Justification: Parliamentary system ensures daily accountability (through questions, debates) and periodic accountability (through elections). Trade-off: Less stability for more accountability — a deliberate democratic choice. Current Deficits in Oversight Declining Effectiveness of Question Hour: Disrupted sessions, adjournments dilute scrutiny. 17th Lok Sabha stats: Only 60% (Lok Sabha) and 52% (Rajya Sabha) Question Hour functioned. Parliamentary Committees: Detailed reports often ignored in Parliament. Limited diversity in consultations; lack of institutional continuity. Reports not debated; no formal ministerial response mandated. Notable Success Stories of Oversight Standing Committees: Railways (2015): Waiver of dividend payments adopted in 2016. Transport (2017): Influenced Motor Vehicles Bill; road safety board created. Other Committees: Public Undertakings: Land acquisition reforms for NHAI. Estimates Committee: Boosted domestic uranium mining. PAC: Exposed 2010 CWG scams; 80% of ~180 annual recommendations accepted. Proposed Reforms Post-Legislative Scrutiny: No formal system to track law effectiveness. UK model: Departmental reviews within 3–5 years, reviewed by committees. Suggestion: Subcommittees or specialised body for implementation audits. Strengthening Committee System: Make findings accessible via translations, visual explainers, videos. Debate select reports on the floor; mandatory ministerial response. Provide dedicated research & technical support to committees. Leveraging Technology Challenges: MPs lack research staff and tools to parse complex documents. Solution: Use AI & data analytics to: Identify irregularities. Track spending and trends. Formulate sharper, evidence-based questions. Quote for Enrichment : “The purpose of oversight is not to weaken the administration, but to invest it with meaningful parliamentary support.” — K.R. Narayanan Way Forward : Institutionalise impact evaluation of laws. Ensure real-time public dashboards on committee performance. Regular orientation and capacity-building of MPs. Cross-party consensus on preserving Question Hour and debate time.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 May 2025

Content : Port economy will drive India’s growth, says PM Listing of castes will be the first challenge in Census, say experts Can ethics keep pace with the rapid evolution of AI? Ministers stress need for inclusive global discourse Global trafficking of pangolin scales, elephant ivory plummets post-pandemic  Port economy will drive India’s growth, says PM Context PM Modi inaugurated Vizhinjam International Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport in Kerala. It is India’s first dedicated container transshipment port. Developed by Adani Ports under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) with the Kerala government. Project cost: ₹8,800 crore. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure ) Strategic Location: Located close to major global shipping lanes. Natural deep draft of ~20 metres—suitable for large container ships. Reduces India’s dependence on foreign ports (like Colombo, Singapore) for transshipment. Economic Significance: PM highlighted ports and port cities as future growth centres for a “developed India”. Promotes port-led development and coastal economic zones. Enhances logistics efficiency and reduces turnaround time for cargo. Policy Backing: Aligns with Sagarmala Project and PM Gati Shakti for integrated transport infrastructure. Emphasis on ease of doing business and infrastructure development. PPP model promoted as a catalyst for rapid modernization of port infrastructure. Strategic and Global Trade Implications Positions India as a hub for maritime logistics and transshipment. Potential to compete with regional transshipment hubs in Sri Lanka and UAE. Boosts India’s export competitiveness and supports Make in India. Challenges Ahead Need to ensure connectivity with hinterland through rail and road. Environmental sustainability and local community concerns. Security infrastructure and customs digitization must match global standards. Geopolitical and Strategic Angle Blue Economy Push: Vizhinjam aligns with India’s vision for sustainable use of ocean resources. Strategic Depth: Enhances India’s maritime posture in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), countering China’s port diplomacy (e.g., Hambantota). Indo-Pacific Strategy: Strengthens India’s role in Indo-Pacific supply chains and maritime security frameworks like QUAD. Way Forward Replicate the Vizhinjam model in other coastal states. Promote multi-modal logistics parks near major ports. Invest in green port technologies and maritime skill development. Ensure coordinated governance between Centre, States, and private players. Listing of castes will be the first challenge in Census, say experts Core Issue Primary Challenge: Creating a definitive, agreed-upon list of castes and communities for enumeration. No Comprehensive Database: Existing official lists are fragmented — limited to SC, ST, and OBC lists without full community coverage. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Historical Context Last Caste Census: Conducted in 1931, recorded 4,147 castes/sub-castes across religions. Methodological Limits: 1931 Census excluded many religious groups from compulsory caste disclosure but recorded voluntary entries. Lessons from SECC 2011 Data Explosion: Over 46 lakh caste entries due to people entering surnames or clan names — inflated and unusable. No Final Public Release: Lack of scientific caste classification led to data being withheld for policy use. Major Operational Challenges Linguistic Variations: Same caste may be known by different names across regions. Dynamic Identities: New caste identities and coalitions (e.g., Yadavs from dairy communities) have emerged post-1931. State-wise Variation: A community may be SC in one State and OBC or General in another. Expert Recommendations Consultative Approach: Involve scholars, caste associations, and public feedback in list creation. Pre-Census Public Notification: As done in 1931, public display of lists to invite suggestions and corrections. Classification Complexity Multiple Identities: One group may fall under tribe, caste, or race depending on geography and sociological lens. Need for Region-Specific Lists: A centrally imposed list may not reflect regional social realities. Policy and Governance Implications Caste Enumeration ≠ Caste Classification: Enumeration must precede and remain distinct from classification into SC/ST/OBC. Legal Sensitivities: Classification impacts reservation entitlements and must be based on rigorous criteria. Way Forward Scientific and Transparent Process: Establish a central framework for regional disaggregation and categorization. Leverage State Models: Use recent caste surveys (e.g., Bihar) as templates for methodological design. Can ethics keep pace with the rapid evolution of AI? Context : AI Capabilities and Ethical Dilemmas Advanced AI Functions: Individuals can now create facial recognition tools that scrape public data without consent — raising serious privacy and consent issues. Ethics as a Restraint: Currently, large AI companies impose ethical limits on their tools (e.g., not enabling facial recognition or deepfake generation) — but this may not persist with decentralised, unregulated AI development. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) ,GS 4(Ethics and Technology) Areas of Ethical Concern Surveillance: AI’s use in mass surveillance could violate individual freedoms. Deepfakes & Disinformation: Easily fabricated content can distort truth and democratic processes. Bias in Hiring: AI may automate existing human biases — subtly affecting outcomes with minor parameter changes. Transparency in Human-AI Interaction: People have a right to know if they’re interacting with a machine — especially in sensitive areas like education, literature, or counselling. Psychological and Social Implications Comfort vs. Deception: People may accept AI-designed services if informed, but feel deceived if it’s hidden — e.g., reading an AI-generated novel without disclosure. Need for Disclosure: Raises moral questions around transparency and informed consent. Need for Regulation vs. Ethical Codes Call for Industry Standards: The situation demands unified ethical standards, but their creation and enforcement remain a challenge. Limits of Ethics Alone: Ethics is subjective, context-dependent, and lacks enforcement power. Law as Formalised Ethics: Ethics gains enforcement only when converted into laws and regulations, which introduces state control — something businesses may resist. Dilemma of Self-regulation Corporate Reluctance: Companies may hesitate to codify ethical practices fearing legal scrutiny or regulatory burdens. Moral Posturing vs. Action: Without legal backing, ethical declarations may be performative rather than genuinely transformative. The Central Question Future Unknowns: Ethics is based on known scenarios — but AI is creating unprecedented realities faster than ethical frameworks can adapt. Who decides the rules for technologies and situations not yet imagined? Debate Platform The issue will be discussed at The Hindu Huddle, bringing together researchers and strategists in AI ethics to address whether AI can be democratised and governed ethically. Ministers stress need for inclusive global discourse Context : Purpose and Vision of the Global Media Dialogue Platform Goal: The Global Media Dialogue 2025, part of the WAVES Summit, aims to build a pluralistic, inclusive, and tech-driven global media ecosystem. Guiding Principles: Anchored in creativity, culture, and collaboration, with emphasis on cross-cultural understanding and responsible content. Relevance : GS 3(Creative Economy) India’s Diplomatic and Cultural Advocacy S. Jaishankar’s Address: Stressed the need to move beyond colonial and power-centric global structures. Advocated for assertion of political, economic, and cultural independence in international discourse. Highlighted revival of pluralism and indigenous traditions in a democratised global system. Ashwini Vaishnaw’s Address: Focused on the emotional and visionary value of the media sector, beyond its $3 trillion market size. Emphasised promotion of local storytelling, IP protection, and cultural preservation. Called for collaborative frameworks to enable cultural and creative growth. The WAVES Declaration (Key Outcomes) Adoption by Over 60 Nations: The declaration reflects collective commitment to: Cultural diversity and heritage preservation. Responsible use of AI and emerging technologies. Reducing bias and democratising media content creation. Bridging the digital divide and promoting inclusive, ethical media practices. Strengthening fair, innovative, and open media markets. Media Integrity and Combating Disinformation Concern Raised: Proliferation of misinformation/disinformation is a global challenge. Declaration’s Response: Advocacy for responsible journalism and fact-based reporting. Call for ethical standards in advertising and content verification. Need for collaborative global action to ensure media credibility. Media as a Tool for Global Peace and Dialogue Soft Power and Diplomacy: Recognised the media sector as vital for fostering harmony, innovation, and intercultural empathy. Governments’ Role: States urged to enable peace-building and cross-border collaboration through supportive policy frameworks. Global trafficking of pangolin scales, elephant ivory plummets post-pandemic Context :Key Findings from WJC Report (2015–2024) Sharp Decline Since 2020: Pangolin scale seizures dropped 84%. Elephant ivory seizures dropped 74% compared to 2019 levels. Triggered largely by COVID-19 disruptions, enforcement measures, and regulatory shifts. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Magnitude of Wildlife Trafficking Pangolin Scales: Over 370 tonnes seized (2015–2024) → Represents 100,000 to 1 million pangolins. 2019: Record high of 100+ tonnes. Elephant Ivory: Over 193 tonnes seized → Estimated 19,300 elephants. 2019: Peaked at 50 tonnes. Notable Seizures and Events April 2020: Two 25-tonne pangolin scale seizures in Singapore. Parallel ivory seizures reported in Vietnam, Singapore, and China. Signaled industrial-scale smuggling backed by organised crime and corruption. Shift in Trafficking Patterns Pre-2020: Larger shipments via air cargo. Post-2020: Move to sea freight and smaller consignments. Growing use of encrypted communications, social media, concealed images, and voice notes. Drivers of Decline Pandemic-related logistics disruption. Increased global enforcement and surveillance. China’s 2017 ivory trade ban. Falling commodity prices for illegal wildlife products. Higher risks and costs for traffickers. Disruption of criminal supply chains. Adaptation by Traffickers Modus operandi evolved: More discreet operations. Emerging maritime routes for ivory post-2021. Land-based and stockpile seizures rising for pangolins in Asia and Africa since 2023. Data Insights and Gaps Law enforcement capacity remained stable post-pandemic (2020–2024). Intelligence gaps could be obscuring true scale of trafficking. No reliable wild pangolin population data — supply scarcity cannot yet be confirmed. Conservation and Policy Implications Continued need for: International cooperation and intelligence sharing. Monitoring of emerging smuggling tactics. Community engagement and demand-side reduction, especially in regions using pangolin scales in traditional medicine.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 May 2025

Content : Three new initiatives by ECI NHRC, India calls for preventive measures by 11 States to protect the lives of vulnerable people from heat waves in this summer Three new initiatives by ECI The Election Commission of India, has launched three key reforms to enhance voter services and electoral transparency. These include real-time death data integration, redesigned Voter Information Slips, and standardized ID cards for BLOs(Booth Level Officers). Relevance : GS 2(Elections) Electronic Access to Death Registration Data Objective: Improve accuracy of electoral rolls by timely removal of deceased voters. Mechanism: ECI to electronically obtain death registration data from the Registrar General of India. Legal backing: Rule 9 of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 Section 3(5)(b) of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 (amended in 2023) Impact: Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) receive real-time data. Booth Level Officers (BLOs) can verify on ground proactively—no need for Form 7 submission. Voter Information Slips (VIS) – More Voter-Friendly Design Objective: Enhance voter convenience and clarity. Changes Made: Prominent display of serial number and part number. Larger font size for easier readability. Impact: Easier for voters to locate polling station. Improves efficiency for polling officials on election day. Standard Photo Identity Cards for BLOs Objective: Improve transparency and trust in voter verification processes. Directive: All BLOs (appointed under Section 13B(2), Representation of the People Act, 1950) to be issued official photo ID cards. Impact: BLOs become easily recognizable during field visits. Citizens can interact confidently with BLOs during house-to-house verifications. NHRC, India calls for preventive measures by 11 States to protect the lives of vulnerable people from heat waves in this summer Context & Current Development The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has issued a directive (1 May 2025) to 11 heatwave-prone states to take preemptive and preventive measures. Triggered by NCRB data: 3,798 deaths (2018–2022) from heat and sun strokes, highlighting increasing mortality risk due to climate-related extremes. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Roots & Institutional Frameworks Constitutional Mandate: Article 21 ensures the right to life and dignity—includes protection from extreme weather. NDMA Guidelines (2016): Laid out heat action plans, early warning systems, and protocols for treating heat-related illnesses. State SOPs: Many states (e.g., Maharashtra, Odisha) have Heat Action Plans (HAPs), but implementation remains uneven. Vulnerability Mapping: Historical neglect of homeless, outdoor laborers, elderly, children, and slum dwellers in climate-resilience frameworks. Core Concerns Raised by NHRC Inadequate shelter and relief infrastructure for economically weaker sections. Lack of modification in working hours, especially for manual outdoor workers. Poor dissemination of ORS, fans, hydration support, or public cooling spaces. Deficient public healthcare preparedness for heatstroke treatment. Targeted States (11 states frequently hit by intense summer heatwaves): Northern Belt: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar Central & Eastern India: Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha Deccan & Western India: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Rajasthan NHRC Recommendations (as per NDMA guidelines) Immediate Preemptive Measures: Activate cool shelters: Schools, anganwadis, community halls with basic ventilation and water. Distribute ORS, cool roof materials, fans, especially in slum colonies and labour camps. Alter working hours: Encourage early morning/late evening shifts with shaded rest areas. Medical Preparedness: Train PHC/CHC staff in heat illness treatment and standard treatment protocols. Implications & Required Actions 1. Public Health & Urban Governance Integration of urban health planning with climate risk mapping. Inclusion of heatwave preparedness in Smart Cities Mission and urban local body mandates. 2. Labor Rights & Social Protection Formal recognition of heatwaves as occupational hazard under Labour Codes. Mandate compensatory breaks, rest shelters, hydration zones at work sites. 3. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Mainstreaming Heat Action Plans (HAPs) as core part of State Disaster Management Plans (SDMPs). State must submit Action Taken Reports (ATRs) to NHRC based on existing SOPs. 4. Welfare for Vulnerable Groups Include homeless and elderly in pre-summer relief planning. Deploy community workers, ASHAs, and NGOs to monitor and respond at grassroots. 5. Climate Resilience Policy Incorporate urban heat island mitigation through cool roofs, green spaces, and reflective surfaces. Funded via State Climate Action Plans and Climate Resilience Financing Tools.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 02 May 2025

Content: Reviving a far-sighted but forgotten Bill mechanism China’s strategic push — Asia ties amid tariff tensions Reviving a far-sighted but forgotten Bill mechanism What are Private Member’s Bills (PMBs)? PMBs are legislative proposals by MPs who are not Ministers, allowing them to introduce bills independently. They reflect personal, constituency-level, or emerging social concerns, separate from the government’s legislative agenda. Typically discussed on Fridays, but this time is often overridden by disruptions or government business. Relevance : GS2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity) Practice Question : Discuss the significance of Private Member’s Bills (PMBs) in Indian Parliament. Evaluate the reasons for their neglect and suggest reforms to revive this mechanism to ensure a more inclusive and participatory legislative process.(250 Words) Current State of PMBs: Symbolic, Neglected Only 14 PMBs passed since Independence, none clearing both Houses since 1970. 17th Lok Sabha (2019-24): 729 PMBs in Lok Sabha; only 2 discussed. 705 in Rajya Sabha; 14 discussed. 18th Lok Sabha (till 2024 sessions): 64 PMBs introduced, none discussed. Rajya Sabha: out of 82 listed, 49 introduced, only 1 began discussion before adjournment. Notable Contributions from PMBs Supriya Sule’s “Right to Disconnect” Bill (2019): Aimed at regulating after-hours work communication. Though not passed, it sparked national dialogue on mental health and work-life balance. Tiruchi Siva’s “Rights of Transgender Persons Bill” (2014): Passed in Rajya Sabha; not in Lok Sabha. Catalyst for Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Gopal Shetty (BJP MP): PMB for free healthcare for senior citizens shows even ruling MPs can use PMBs to raise issues outside party lines. Shrinking Space for Independent Legislative Action Anti-Defection Law (52nd Constitutional Amendment) restricts MPs’ freedom to act against party lines. PMBs remain one of the last non-partisan platforms for MPs to introduce meaningful legislation. Voters elect MPs also based on personal merit, not just party — PMBs enable them to represent local voices and concerns. Proposed Reforms Safeguard PMB Time: Amend procedural rules to ensure Fridays remain exclusive for PMBs, except during national emergencies. Create a PMB Review Committee: Screen Bills for quality, relevance, and constitutionality. Recommend priority listing for discussion based on public importance. Increase Parliamentary Working Hours: Avoid encroaching upon PMB time by extending total hours instead. Adopt UK-style Ten-Minute Rule: MPs present PMBs in short speeches (10 min) with equal time for opposition — improves exposure without consuming entire Fridays. Conclusion PMBs offer a democratic, decentralised channel for legislative innovation. As Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar remarked, PMBs are a “gold mine” — their revival is essential to strengthen India’s deliberative democracy. China’s strategic push — Asia ties amid tariff tensions Contextual Background China faces 145% tariffs on exports imposed by the Trump administration. In response, Beijing is recalibrating its external economic engagements, especially with nearby Southeast Asian nations. Xi Jinping’s visit to Vietnam, Malaysia, and Cambodia (April 14–18, 2025) is part of this strategy. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : China’s recent diplomatic outreach in Southeast Asia amid escalating tariff tensions is more than symbolic. Analyze the strategic objectives and implications of Xi Jinping’s April 2025 tour for regional order and global power dynamics.(250 Words) Strategic Objectives of Xi’s Tour Project China as a reliable and stable economic partner amid global trade tensions. Counter the U.S. containment narrative by emphasizing multilateralism and non-coercion. Use regional diplomacy to enhance China’s image and consolidate influence in the Indo-Pacific. Key Themes of the Visit Economic Diplomacy: Vietnam: 45 cooperation agreements signed. Malaysia: Over 30 deals in digital economy, AI, agriculture, infrastructure. Cambodia: Highlighted the $15+ billion bilateral trade and the Funan Techo Canal project. Soft Power and Normative Appeal: Promotion of a South China Sea Code of Conduct. Cultural linkages and BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) pushed as regional public goods. Framing China’s model as non-interventionist, contrasting with U.S. ideological imposition. Geopolitical Significance Southeast Asia as buffer and bridge: Offers China alternative trade/manufacturing routes amid U.S. decoupling. Serves as a diplomatic base to challenge Western containment efforts. Countering U.S. Strategy: The U.S.’s Indo-Pacific strategy is seen as militaristic and reactive. China’s offer includes tangible deliverables (infrastructure, trade, AI collaboration), where U.S. initiatives like the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework fall short (lacking market access). Country-Specific Nuances Vietnam: Skeptical due to South China Sea tensions; China aims to reassure and integrate further economically. Malaysia: Emphasis on peaceful dispute resolution and BRI cooperation to maintain strategic neutrality. Cambodia: Already a strong ally; China reiterates its economic and political support. Implications Regional alignment dynamics may tilt further towards China. Challenges U.S. ability to build a coalition for economic decoupling from China. Long-term influence-building through economic interdependence and rule-shaping. Domestic Signaling in China Portrays Xi’s leadership as internationally respected and engaged, despite Western pressure. Offsets internal concerns over economic slowdown and diplomatic tensions with the West. Conclusion Xi’s move represents a calculated challenge to the U.S.-led liberal order, especially in a multipolar, de-risking world. The key question: How receptive will ASEAN be, given China’s own assertiveness?

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 May 2025

Content: Modi champions ‘orange economy’ at WAVES Vizhinjam port set to boost South Asia’s maritime trade How can India tap its natural hydrogen potential? Can the Indus Waters Treaty be suspended unilaterally? EC to obtain death registration data for voter roll revision Protect vulnerable people from summer heat: NHRC to States Modi champions ‘orange economy’ at WAVES Context : At the WAVES Summit 2025 in Mumbai, Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitched India as a rising hub of the orange economy—focused on creativity, culture, and intellectual property. He urged global content creators to “create in India, create for the world,” highlighting the country’s cultural inclusivity and digital growth. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Highlights from PM’s Speech Promotion of the Orange Economy: Modi positioned India as a rising “orange economy” — the creative economy driven by culture, art, and intellectual property. Emphasis on “Create in India, create for the world” to attract global content creators. Cultural Inclusivity as a Strength: Asserted India’s historical openness to other cultures (e.g., Parsis, Jews). Indian culture’s strength lies in respecting and integrating foreign cultures. Support for Content Creators: Encouraged Indian creators contributing to a global creative wave. Noted the increasing global reach of Indian entertainment through subtitled content and digital formats. Promised governmental support for the creative industry. Responsible Creativity: Stressed the need for creators to respect human sensitivities and sensibilities. Warned against dehumanization: “We want to enrich humans, not turn them into robots.” Global & Strategic Significance Soft Power Diplomacy: Leveraging India’s cultural exports to enhance global influence (soft power). WAVES Summit acts as a platform to showcase India’s creative leadership globally. Economic Diversification: Signals diversification from traditional sectors (agriculture, IT) to IP-led economic models. Creative industries offer potential for employment, entrepreneurship, and foreign investment. Digital & Technological Implications: Acknowledgment of evolving screen consumption trends (smaller screens, growing viewership). Push for digital-first content strategies that cater to global audiences. Vizhinjam port set to boost South Asia’s maritime trade Vizhinjam Port, Kerala’s first deep-water transshipment hub, is poised to transform India’s maritime logistics by reducing dependence on foreign ports. Its strategic and technological capabilities are set to enhance South Asia’s trade efficiency and regional connectivity. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Strategic Importance of Vizhinjam Port All-weather, deep-water port with natural depth and minimal littoral drift, ideal for large vessels and transshipment operations. Designed as a transshipment hub, reducing India’s dependence on foreign ports like Colombo, Singapore, and Dubai. Expected to save $200–220 million annually in transshipment costs and improve trade competitiveness. Technological Advancements Equipped with an AI-driven control room and Vessel Traffic Management System (VTMS) developed by IIT-M and Maritime Technology Pvt. Ltd. Enables real-time tracking of ships, efficient traffic flow, and optimized berthing management, enhancing operational efficiency. National and Regional Impact Positioned to become a maritime gateway for South Asia, enhancing India’s role in global shipping lanes. Will likely boost employment, logistics, and ancillary industries in Kerala and beyond. Enhances India’s maritime sovereignty by curbing reliance on international shipping hubs. Challenges Faced Faced local resistance, especially from fishermen and church-backed groups over environmental and livelihood concerns. Kerala government had to negotiate protests while emphasizing the port’s long-term economic benefits. How can India tap its natural hydrogen potential? Strategic Significance for India Natural hydrogen can help meet India’s net-zero target by 2070 and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Offers a low-cost, low-emission alternative to manufactured hydrogen (e.g., green or grey hydrogen). Enhances energy security and strategic autonomy, vital in a geopolitically volatile world. Relevance : GS 3(Energy Security) Estimated Potential Preliminary academic models suggest India may hold 3,475 million tonnes of natural hydrogen. India’s hydrogen demand is projected to rise from 6 Mt/year (2020) to 50+ Mt/year (2070). Natural hydrogen could replace manufactured hydrogen, if large, accessible reserves are confirmed. Key Exploration Challenges Limited exploration techniques unlike well-established oil and gas methods. Hydrogen’s high diffusivity and small molecular size make containment and extraction harder. Safety concerns: Hydrogen is reactive and requires specialized materials for handling. Accurate identification of seals, traps, and hydrocarbon generation potential is essential. Infrastructure & Technology Gaps Need for cost-effective extraction methods and hydrogen-resistant materials. Lack of widespread geological studies and mapping focused on hydrogen. Storage solutions (e.g., underground storage) are still underdeveloped in India. Existing natural gas pipelines may require upgrades to carry hydrogen safely. Suggested Roadmap for India Replicate Solar Mission’s SRRA model to map hydrogen reserves via public-private partnerships. Leverage expertise from Oil & Gas industry and Directorate General of Hydrocarbons to analyze rock samples and drill test wells. Adapt some current gas pipelines for hydrogen transport after safety upgrades. Develop regulatory frameworks and offer grants/debt capital to incentivize exploration. Global Best Practices The U.S. is exploring in-situ hydrogen generation by injecting water (and CO₂) into iron-rich rocks, enabling simultaneous carbon sequestration. India could adopt and pilot similar reactive drilling technologies to expand its options. Cost Considerations Natural hydrogen could be cheaper than manufactured hydrogen, but feasibility depends on: Scale and accessibility of reserves Infrastructure investments Technology adaptation costs Early pilot projects and cost-benefit analyses will guide long-term investments. Can the Indus Waters Treaty be suspended unilaterally? Context : Legal Status of Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) IWT (1960) is a bilateral treaty brokered by the World Bank between India and Pakistan. Grants India exclusive use of eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) and limited, non-consumptive rights over western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). Article XII: The treaty can only be modified or terminated by mutual agreement via a ratified treaty—unilateral withdrawal is not permissible. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), 1969 India is not a signatory, Pakistan has signed but not ratified. Article 62 (Customary International Law): Treaties may be suspended/terminated if there is a fundamental change in circumstances. ICJ affirms this rule as binding under customary international law. But the bar for “fundamental change” is very high — political or security shifts alone may not qualify. Interpretation of “Abeyance” by India India used the term “held in abeyance”, which lacks legal recognition in international treaty law. Possibly a diplomatic euphemism for “suspension” rather than “termination”. Suspension must still meet legal standards set under VCLT (e.g., Article 62). ICJ Precedents In Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros (1997), ICJ rejected Hungary’s claim of environmental and political change as grounds to terminate a dam treaty with Slovakia. Suggests India must show a direct link between the changed circumstances and the core objective of the IWT. Strategic and Economic Impact on Pakistan 80% of Pakistan’s agriculture and about 1/3rd of its hydropower rely on Indus basin waters. India’s existing infrastructure (run-of-the-river hydro projects) does not allow large-scale water withholding. However, India could: Redesign hydro projects for more storage. Use “drawdown flushing”, releasing water suddenly — potentially harmful for Pakistan downstream. Create strategic uncertainty over water flow, impacting Pakistan’s agrarian economy. Geopolitical and Diplomatic Implications Any disruption could trigger international concerns over transboundary water conflict. Could undermine India’s image as a responsible regional power. May prompt global arbitration or pressure via World Bank or UN bodies. EC to obtain death registration data for voter roll revision Objective of the Move Aims to enhance the accuracy of electoral rolls by removing names of deceased voters. Strengthens electoral integrity amid allegations of manipulation in voter rolls during recent Assembly elections. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Election) Legal Basis Based on: Rule 9 of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960. Section 3(5)(b) of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969, amended in 2023. Key Features of the Reform Electronic sharing of death data from the Registrar-General of India to EC. Allows timely and automatic updates to voter rolls without relying on public complaints (Form 7). Empowers Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) and Booth-Level Officers (BLOs) to act proactively. Role of Booth-Level Officers (BLOs) Appointed under Section 13B(2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1950. Act as the first point of contact between voters and the EC. Will now receive official photo identity cards for greater legitimacy and easier interaction with citizens. Voter Information Slip Redesign Improved layout for better voter experience. Serial number and part number to be displayed in larger font for easier polling station identification. Aims to assist both voters and polling officials on election day. Context and Significance Comes at a time of political scrutiny over voter roll integrity. Reflects EC’s effort to modernise and automate electoral roll maintenance. Enhances transparency, efficiency, and citizen trust in electoral processes. Protect vulnerable people from summer heat: NHRC to States Context India is facing a severe heatwave, especially in northern, central, and western regions. NHRC (National Human Rights Commission) intervenes to protect vulnerable populations from heat-related health risks. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Targeted States NHRC has issued advisories to 11 States: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan. Vulnerable Populations Identified Outdoor workers, elderly citizens, children, and the homeless. Informal settlers and labour colonies are at high risk due to poor access to basic infrastructure. Alarming Data 3,798 deaths from heat and sun strokes reported by NCRB between 2018–2022. Indicates chronic under-preparedness and lack of preventive systems. NHRC Recommendations Immediate Pre-emptive Measures: Provision of temporary shelters, relief materials, and medical supplies. Adjustment of working hours to avoid peak heat. Public Infrastructure Improvements: Equip schools, anganwadi centres, and community halls with: Ventilation Fans Drinking water Basic medical kits Support for Informal Settlements: Supply fans, cool roof materials, and ORS sachets. Establish hydration stations, shaded rest zones, and promote protective clothing. Protocol and Guidelines States reminded to implement NDMA heatwave mitigation guidelines. Urged to establish standard treatment protocols for heat-related illnesses. Accountability NHRC has asked all 11 States to submit Action Taken Reports (ATRs).

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 1 May 2025

Content: Prime Minister pays tribute to Jagadguru Basaveshwara on Basava Jayanti GenomeIndia Prime Minister pays tribute to Jagadguru Basaveshwara on Basava Jayanti Historical Context of Basaveshwara: Jagadguru Basaveshwara (12th century) was a prominent philosopher, statesman, and social reformer in Karnataka. He was the founder of the Lingayat or Veerashaiva movement, advocating monotheism, social equality, and ethical living. Basavanna served as a minister in the Kalachuri dynasty under King Bijjala I, using his political position to promote social reforms. Relevance : GS 1(History) ,GS 3(Ethics – Personalities) Core Teachings & Contributions: Advocated Kayaka (Work as Worship) – dignity of labor and spiritual significance of one’s profession. Emphasized equality across caste, gender, and religion, challenging Brahmanical hierarchy. Established the Anubhava Mantapa – the world’s first spiritual and democratic parliament, where people from all backgrounds discussed spiritual and social issues. Opposed ritualism and temple-based religion, focusing on personal devotion (bhakti) and inner purity. His Vachanas (poetic writings in Kannada) spread messages of morality, non-violence, and universal brotherhood. Relevance Today (as alluded by PM Modi): Social justice & empowerment of the marginalized remain key themes in contemporary policy and governance. His teachings align with Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, reflecting inclusive development. A symbol of spiritual democracy, gender equality, and grassroots governance – crucial for India’s evolving democratic values. Broader Implications: Honors like this reflect the government’s strategy to highlight indigenous reform movements over colonial or Western models. Basava Jayanti is now celebrated beyond Karnataka, promoting cultural unity across Indian states. Such tributes reinforce India’s civilizational heritage as a basis for modern ethical governance. GenomeIndia Overview and Vision GenomeIndia is a national initiative funded by the Department of Biotechnology, aiming to sequence the whole genomes of over 10,000 individuals representing India’s major population groups. The project seeks to democratize genetic resource knowledge, promoting equity in access to data for Indian researchers. Reflects India’s strategic push towards precision medicine, bioinformatics, and sustainable development. Relevance : GS3(Science and technology) Infrastructure and Data Resources GenomeIndia data is stored and managed by the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC), established in March 2020. IBDC is a cutting-edge infrastructure with: 96 TF computing capacity, 2912 CPUs, 39 TB RAM. 865 TF GPU computing power, 4 PB file system. High-speed throughput (100 GB/sec writing capability) and 1.5 PB storage for backups. Archive as of now includes: FASTQ files (raw WGS data): 9772 samples (~700 TB). gVCF files (variant data): 9772 samples (~35 TB). Phenotype data: 9330 samples. Joint call files: ~3.5 TB. Policy and Regulatory Framework Supported by: Biotech PRIDE Guidelines (2021) – promote open yet secure data access. FeED Protocols – ensure responsible, structured data sharing. Access to data is not limited to formal “Calls for Proposals”; independent requests are also allowed, ensuring flexibility and openness. Presidential Recognition President Droupadi Murmu termed it a “significant chapter in Indian Science” during her Republic Day-eve address (25 Jan 2025). Researcher Support & Transparency Department issued ‘Call for Proposals’ to encourage translational research using the GenomeIndia dataset. A detailed addendum clarified: Type of data available. Accessibility of associated phenotype data (including 27 key health markers and anthropometry variables like age, BMI, etc.). The inclusion of samples with complete and clean phenotypic data (9330 out of 9772). Concerns and Clarifications on FASTQ Data No public access to FASTQ files (~700 TB) due to: Logistical burden of transferring massive data sets. Concerns around data sanctity, duplication of computational efforts, and inefficient infrastructure use. The current policy aligns with global best practices, such as using cloud-based access models. Decision ensures data integrity, equitable research capability, and cost-effective resource usage. Strategic Importance and Implications Positions India as a global leader in genomics, data science, and population-scale biology. Vital for: Understanding genetic diversity. Enhancing personalized healthcare and diagnostics. Building indigenous capabilities in AI-driven bioinformatics. Reinforces Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) in science and technology.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 May 2025

Content: Secret threats Leaky pipeline From a rules-based world to shambolic disorder India’s shame — the trap of bonded labour  Secret Threats Concerns Over State Surveillance: Supreme Court concern: The issue is not whether spyware like Pegasus can be used, but who the legitimate targets are. The alleged surveillance of politicians, judges, journalists, and others reflects arbitrary misuse of state power. The lack of cooperation from both the government and potential victims hampered the investigation by the court-appointed committee. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Judiciary) Practice Question :“The use of spyware like Pegasus raises serious concerns about digital surveillance and democratic accountability.” Discuss the legal, ethical, and institutional safeguards necessary to prevent misuse of surveillance powers in India. (15 marks) Pegasus & Digital Snooping: Pegasus, a military-grade spyware sold only to governments, is allegedly used without accountability. Apple continues to send security alerts to users in India, suggesting ongoing surveillance activities. Surveillance techniques are evolving fast; so are the tools used by criminals and terrorists. Legal and Ethical Dilemmas: Legitimate concerns of national security must be balanced against fundamental rights and due process. Arbitrary denial of transparency and procedural fairness is unacceptable. Surveillance must be guided by laws, not by executive whims. Threat to Democracy: Such actions undermine democratic freedoms, civil liberties, and activism. No agency should interfere in free political expression or democratic discourse. Need for Stronger Oversight: If surveillance powers are expanded, strong legal guardrails must accompany them. Must include: Clearly defined protocols and standards. Oversight by judiciary or independent bodies. Timely audits and public accountability. Constitutional Compass: In times of uncertainty, constitutional values and rights must guide state actions. National security should not become an excuse for executive overreach. A democratic state must uphold transparency, rule of law, and individual dignity. Leaky Pipeline Context : Staffing Crisis in R&D Institutions: A study of 244 public-funded R&D institutions shows a decline in permanent scientific staff in 2022–23. Fewer institutions reported hiring permanent staff compared to the previous year. Contractual staff (19,625) outnumber permanent staff (12,042), a significant structural concern. 14% increase in contractual hires over the previous year reflects a growing dependence on short-term contracts. Relevance : GS 2(Education ) ,GS 3 (Science & Technology) Practice Question : Examine the causes and consequences of the declining permanent workforce in India’s publicly funded R&D institutions. Suggest long-term measures to strengthen India’s scientific capacity. (15 marks) Structural Weaknesses in Scientific Ecosystem: Strategic sectors (defence, space, atomic energy) not included in the report—yet face similar or worse staffing issues. TIFR has ~60% of sanctioned scientific posts unfilled, indicating deep-rooted neglect. Across atomic energy institutions, 1 in 4 sanctioned posts is vacant—impacting core research and operations. Mismatch Between Policy Ambition and Ground Reality: Government has announced missions in quantum computing and AI, but lacks adequate human resources to execute them. R&D push towards industry-oriented research will fail without stable and committed scientific manpower. Earlier reforms like IISERs and 4-year UG programs aimed to retain young scientists, but structural disincentives persist. Need for Institutional Strengthening: Without full-time, long-term research careers, innovation and scientific output will remain stagnant. Vacancies and overreliance on temporary contracts erode research continuity and morale. Talented scientists may opt for foreign institutions or private sector, worsening India’s brain drain. Urgent Reforms Required: Ensure respectable salaries, adequate research funding, and world-class infrastructure across public institutions. Create clear career pathways for young researchers to remain in academia and public research. Address systemic hiring delays and policy inertia that block institutional growth. Conclusion: India’s scientific ambitions must be backed by robust human capital policies. Fixing the “leaky pipeline” is essential to becoming a global science and technology leader. From a rules-based world to shambolic disorder Global Disorder and Leader-Led Disruption The world is moving from structured, rules-based order to unpredictability and chaos. Leaders (Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, Donald Trump, Zelenskyy) are seen as key agents of change challenging the old world order. This shift is not temporary—it’s a deep systemic transformation with few historical parallels. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations ), GS 3 (Internal Security) Practice Question :The current global disorder is marked by authoritarian disruption, weakening institutions, and resurgence of conflict. In this context, evaluate India’s strategic posture and foreign policy priorities. (15 marks) The U.S.: From Stability to Turmoil Once a pillar of democratic order, the U.S. is now internally divided, affecting global confidence. Trump’s transactional policies (e.g., tariff wars) disrupted global trade, reducing U.S. growth potential. “Trumponomics” has harmed premier institutions and foreign student inflow—both critical to U.S. innovation and economy. Europe in Crisis NATO’s future is uncertain; EU appears weak and disoriented. U.S. disengagement has left Europe vulnerable amidst ongoing conflict with Russia. Trump’s criticism of Europe’s defense inadequacies has further deepened divisions. West Asia: Rising Instability Israel’s actions in Gaza and Syria hint at territorial expansionism. U.S. and Western powers are failing to restrain Netanyahu, emboldening regional dominance. Collapse of Syrian administration under Ahmed al-Shara and erosion of governance exacerbate instability. Old regional feuds (e.g., Ethiopia–Eritrea) and rising tensions in Türkiye add to the chaos. Israel may preemptively strike Iran, citing its nuclear ambitions—risking wider conflict. Resurgence of Terrorism Recent attacks (e.g., Pahalgam in Kashmir) indicate a reactivation of violent extremism. Afghanistan and Pakistan are both facing internal collapse, acting as breeding grounds for new terror groups. Asian Dynamics and China’s Opportunism China is focusing on economic recovery and leveraging U.S. withdrawal to expand influence. It has stepped up naval presence in Indian and Pacific Oceans and beyond the ‘nine-dash-line’. Southeast Asia sees rising Chinese outreach as smaller nations tilt toward Beijing. China-India rivalry is intensifying despite superficial agreements (e.g., Ladakh border easing). India’s Strategic Dilemma India must stay vigilant amid China’s assertiveness and growing regional chaos. Stability in South and Southeast Asia is fragile—countries like Myanmar, Nepal, and Bangladesh face domestic unrest. Conclusion The present world order is under threat from disruptive leadership and rising authoritarianism. A ‘cauldron of consequences’ awaits as institutions weaken, alliances falter, and peace becomes fragile. India must recalibrate its strategic posture in response to an increasingly anarchic global landscape. India’s shame — the trap of bonded labour Context and Introduction The article marks International Labour Day by spotlighting the ongoing crisis of bonded labour in India. Despite legal abolition in 1975, millions remain trapped in forced labour, especially in the informal sector. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance , Social Justice) Practice Question :Despite being legally abolished, bonded labour continues in various forms across India. Discuss the socio-economic causes and critically assess the effectiveness of government initiatives in eradicating it. (15 marks) Case Studies Highlighting Exploitation Mukesh Adivasi (Shivpuri, MP): Trafficked 1,400 km to Karnataka, brutally beaten for demanding wages; now crippled physically and emotionally. K. Thenmozhi (Puttur, AP): Trapped in a Bengaluru brick kiln at age 13; faced beatings, abuse, and missed education; escaped barefoot with family. Root Causes of Bonded Labour Immediate Triggers: Medical emergencies, dowries, food shortages, sudden job loss, etc. Systemic Factors: Caste- and religion-based social exclusion. Illiteracy and lack of awareness. Monopolies by employers over credit and labour markets. Control by social elites enabling a cycle of debt and servitude. Government Response: Data vs. Reality 1975: Bonded Labour Abolition Act passed. 2016: Govt. pledged to rehabilitate 1.84 crore bonded labourers by 2030(The Minister of State for Labour and Employment Estimates). 2021: Only 12,760 rescued so far — leaving ~1.71 crore still trapped. To meet the goal, 11 lakh must be rescued per year, which is unrealistic given past trends. Unorganised Sector and Forced Labour 47 crore total workforce in India: 8 crore in organised sector. 39 crore in unorganised/informal sector — most vulnerable to forced labour. ILO 2024 Report: Low-quality, informal jobs dominate Indian employment landscape. Weak Labour Rights and Lack of Unionisation Informal workers lack: Union protection. Collective bargaining. Job security or contracts. Labour Codes (2019–20) have diluted earlier protections, undermining Ambedkar’s vision of worker empowerment. Key Takeaways Bonded and forced labour is not just a legal issue but a deep moral, economic, and systemic crisis. The government’s response has been grossly inadequate. Without policy reform, accountability, and worker empowerment, millions will remain trapped.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 May 2025

Content: Cabinet decides to include caste count in next Census Digital access a part of fundamental right to life and liberty: SC Is natural hydrogen the fuel of the future? Ex-RAW chief appointed head of reconstituted NSAB Study highlights lack of access to right antibiotics in eight countries Cabinet decides to include caste count in next Census Context : Key Decision Cabinet approval: Union Cabinet has approved caste enumeration in the next decennial Census. Announcement: Made by Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw on Wednesday. First time post-Independence: First full caste count since 1931, marking a major policy shift. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Background Context Previous Census: The last Census was held in 2011; the 2021 Census has been delayed indefinitely, initially due to COVID-19. Historic gap: Since 1931, only Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) have been counted in official Census data. 2011 SECC: The Socio-Economic Caste Census was conducted separately from the regular Census and did not mandate caste disclosure. Implementation Details Statutory backing: Caste count to be part of the second and final phase of the upcoming Census with legal support. Digital format: Next Census to be conducted digitally via a mobile app. App to include a dropdown directory of castes in an “other” column. Software for this feature is under testing. Potential Implications Data-driven policy: Will provide authentic data for OBC and caste-based welfare schemes. Wider debates: May spark fresh debates on reservation, social justice, and affirmative action frameworks. Administrative challenge: Managing caste enumeration accurately across India’s diverse social landscape. Digital access a part of fundamental right to life and liberty: SC Context : Key Verdict Supreme Court ruling: Digital access is now recognized as an integral part of the fundamental right to life and liberty under Article 21. Judgment authored by: Justice R. Mahadevan, with Justice J.B. Pardiwala on the Bench. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Fundamental Rights, Judiciary) Context of the Case Petition focus: Highlighted the digital exclusion of persons with disabilities during mandatory procedures like digital KYC (Know Your Customer). Barrier to access: Many marginalised individuals struggle to navigate digital platforms, affecting their access to governance and welfare services. Key Observations by the Court Inclusivity emphasized: Court underscored that digital transformation must include the disabled, underprivileged, and historically excluded. State’s obligation: The government is constitutionally bound to create an inclusive digital ecosystem. Warning against exclusion: Highlighted the risk that rapid digitization without accessibility measures could entrench social inequalities. Broader Constitutional Implication Article 21 expanded: The judgment reinforces that right to life and liberty includes dignified, equitable digital access. Link to welfare state: Digital exclusion undermines access to benefits, violating the spirit of social justice. Impact and Way Forward Policy reform push: Urges the government to redesign digital platforms to be disability-friendly and universally accessible. Tech with empathy: Reinforces that tech-led governance must not leave behind the most vulnerable. Legal precedent: Sets a significant benchmark for future digital rights and accessibility jurisprudence in India. Is natural hydrogen the fuel of the future? What is Natural Hydrogen? Occurs naturally in the Earth’s crust — unlike manufactured hydrogen (gray, blue, green). Formed via serpentinisation, radiolysis of water, and organic matter breakdown at depth. Known to be 98% pure in some locations (e.g., Bourakébougou, Mali). Relevance : GS 3(Technology ,Energy Security) Why Was It Previously Overlooked? Considered a geological curiosity for decades. Belief: Hydrogen’s small size and reactivity prevent large underground accumulations. Not part of traditional oil & gas exploration frameworks. What Changed Recently? Accidental discovery in Mali (1987) confirmed large pure hydrogen seeps. Studies and models (e.g., USGS 2022) now indicate huge potential reserves globally. Scientific recognition that certain tectonic and hydrothermal zones can store hydrogen. Global Reserve Potential USGS estimate: Even if 2% of natural reserves are exploitable, they could meet global hydrogen demand for 200 years. Notable deposits found in France, Australia, U.S., Albania, Canada, etc. 92 million tonnes estimated in France’s Lorraine and Moselle regions alone. India’s Potential India has favourable geology for natural hydrogen: Ultramafic/mafic rocks, ophiolite complexes, volcanic-sedimentary cratons (e.g., Dharwar, Singhbhum). Basement rock fractures, sedimentary basins, and hot springs as potential sites. Still largely unexplored but promising. Industry Trends Growing interest: 40+ companies exploring by 2023 (vs. 10 in 2020). Companies claim low extraction cost (~$1/kg) — cheaper than green hydrogen. Major players: Koloma (U.S.): $245M raised from Amazon and Gates’ Breakthrough Energy. BP, Rio Tinto: Investing in UK-based hydrogen start-up Snowfox Discovery. American Association of Petroleum Geologists formed its first natural hydrogen committee. Benefits of Natural Hydrogen Low carbon emissions and minimal environmental disruption (if harvested sustainably). Abundant, cheap, and naturally renewable. Could significantly help in decarbonising global energy systems. Challenges & Uncertainties Exploration methods still evolving — no dedicated frameworks like hydrocarbons yet. Economic feasibility is site-specific; many deposits may be too scattered or deep. Still in nascent stages of development and global policy recognition. Conclusion Natural hydrogen holds enormous promise as a clean, cost-effective fuel. While still underexplored, it may become a game-changer in the global shift toward renewable energy — including for India, if proactive exploration and policy support follow. Ex-RAW chief appointed head of reconstituted NSAB Context and Timing: The reconstitution of NSAB comes in the wake of the Pahalgam terror attack (April 22) that killed 26 people, escalating tensions with Pakistan. It coincides with high-level Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) meetings chaired by PM Narendra Modi. The PM has given the armed forces “complete operational freedom” regarding India’s response to the terror attack. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence) Key Appointment: Alok Joshi, former RAW Chief (2012) and 1976 batch IPS officer from the Haryana cadre, is appointed as the Chairman of the NSAB. His extensive experience in external and internal intelligence (RAW & IB) suggests a shift towards strengthening counter-terrorism and strategic foresight. Composition and Continuity: Total strength remains at 16 members, with nearly 50% reconstituted. Rotation is termed “standard practice” to maintain fresh perspectives while ensuring institutional continuity. Role and Significance of NSAB: Formed in December 1998, NSAB is part of the National Security Council (NSC) structure. It comprises experts outside government—from civil society, industry, military, media, etc. Functions: Conduct long-term strategic analysis. Offer policy options and recommendations on national security matters referred by NSC. Acts as a think tank to inform India’s strategic and security posture. Study highlights lack of access to right antibiotics in eight countries Key Findings: Only 7.8% of patients in India with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative (CRGN) infections received appropriate antibiotics. Average appropriate treatment rate across eight LMICs: 6.9%. Countries studied: India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Kenya, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa. In India (2019), out of ~10 lakh CRGN infections, less than 1 lakh received proper treatment. Estimated ~3.5 lakh deaths in India due to lack of appropriate treatment. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Research Body: Conducted by Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP). Data sources: The Lancet’s GRAM study and IQVIA data for 2019. Study Objectives: Evaluate access gap to appropriate antibiotics. Map the cascade of care using better data. Identify effective antibiotic stewardship programmes or innovations in LMICs. Implications: High morbidity & mortality due to untreated drug-resistant infections. Increased healthcare costs and prolonged hospital stays. Contradiction in India’s case: Overuse and misuse of high-end antibiotics driving resistance. Inadequate access to those same antibiotics for patients who truly need them. Expert View: Dr. Abdul Ghafur calls it a “paradox of access”: Irrational overuse of critical antibiotics. Simultaneously, denial of access to needy patients in critical condition. Highlights the urgent need for antibiotic access policies, rational prescribing, and regulatory reforms. Broader Significance: Demonstrates structural gaps in public health systems in LMICs. Emphasises need for: Equitable drug distribution systems. Diagnostic infrastructure to guide targeted antibiotic use. International funding and support for antibiotic R&D and access.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 April 2025

Content: Unique Success of the Namami Gange Mission The Holy Buddha Relic of Sarnath for Exposition to Vietnam will arrive at National Museum Unique Success of the Namami Gange Mission: The Return of the Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle to the Ganga After Three Decades Context The Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle is critically endangered and among the rarest freshwater turtles in Northern India. Its return to the mainstream Ganga marks a positive ecological shift after 30 years of absence. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Role of Namami Gange Mission The Namami Gange Mission supported the TSAFI project to conduct assessments in: 2020: Turtle diversity in Haiderpur Wetland Complex (HWC). 2022: Habitat Evaluation for a new turtle sanctuary near Prayagraj. Previous studies found no viable population of RRTs in the Ganga in decades. Turtle Reintroduction Efforts On April 26, 2025, 20 Red-Crowned Roofed Turtles were released from the Garhaita Turtle Conservation Center into HWC. Turtles were tagged with sonic devices to track their movement and survival. Two-pronged release approach: Group A: Released above the Haiderpur barrage. Group B: Released into the main channel of the Ganga. Hydrological Advantage During monsoon, HWC connects fully to the Ganga, aiding natural dispersal of turtles. Promotes a “soft release” strategy with gradual integration into the wild. Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Marks first-ever attempt to reintroduce RRT into the Ganga. Monitoring to continue over two years to assess success and survival. Aims at stable population recovery with UP Forest Department’s collaboration. Symbolic and Strategic Importance Demonstrates holistic river rejuvenation—beyond pollution control to biodiversity revival. Reinforces inter-agency cooperation and scientific conservation methods. Strengthens India’s commitment to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-15: Life on Land). Key Takeaway The return of the Red-Crowned Roofed Turtle is a beacon of hope for Ganga’s ecological revival. Namami Gange has evolved from a cleaning mission to a comprehensive ecosystem restoration program. The Holy Buddha Relic of Sarnath for Exposition to Vietnam will arrive at National Museum Context: India is sending a very sacred relic of Lord Buddha to Vietnam for public exposition and worship. The relic is from Sarnath (Mulagandha Kuti Vihara) and will be displayed in Vietnam during UN Vesak Day 2025 celebrations, a global Buddhist festival. It will first be moved from Sarnath to Delhi (April 30), then flown by special Air Force aircraft to Ho Chi Minh City (May 1). Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) , GS 2(International Relations) Cultural Diplomacy & Soft Power The event showcases India’s Buddhist heritage as a diplomatic bridge with Vietnam and the wider Buddhist world. Strengthens India-Vietnam spiritual ties, cultural continuity, and shared civilizational legacy. Enhances India’s soft power projection through spiritual diplomacy, aligned with Act East Policy. Significance of the Holy Relic The relic, excavated from Nagarjuna Konda (Andhra Pradesh), connects to Mahayana Buddhism and Acharya Nagarjuna (2nd century CE). Currently housed in Mulagandha Kuti Vihara, Sarnath, built by Angarika Dharmapala (founder of Mahabodhi Society). Represents continuity of Buddhist reverence from ancient India to contemporary global contexts. Religious and Ritual Importance Transported with monastic rituals, chanting, and sanctity — reflecting Buddhist traditions of veneration. Scheduled veneration at major Vietnamese Buddhist centers: Ho Chi Minh City, Tây Ninh, Hanoi, and Tam Chúc. Coincides with UN Day of Vesak 2025, aligning spiritual rituals with global Buddhist commemorations. Historical & Archaeological Context Excavated by A.H. Longhurst (ASI) between 1927–31; relics presented to Mahabodhi Society in 1932. Nagarjuna Konda was a prominent Mahayana Buddhist learning center, housing over 30 Buddhist sites. Enriches the understanding of India’s archaeological contribution to global Buddhist heritage. UN Day of Vesak 2025 Context Celebrated since UNGA resolution (1999) marking Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, Mahaparinirvana. International delegates from 100+ countries expected to participate. Theme: “Buddhist Approach to Unity and Inclusivity for Human Dignity”, linking Buddhism to world peace and sustainable development. Academic & Cultural Exhibitions IBC hosting 3 key exhibitions: Digital Jataka tales Sculptures and iconography of the Buddha Comparative Buddhist artefacts: India & Vietnam Ajanta Cave murals digitally restored (Bodhisattva Padmapani, Cave 1) presented with 8-panel TV exhibits. Promotes academic exchange and cultural continuity between Indian and Southeast Asian Buddhist art. Institutional Collaboration Coordinated by Ministry of Culture (GoI) and International Buddhist Confederation (IBC). Reflects multilateral and interfaith cooperation in spiritual diplomacy. Global Buddhist Connect Strengthens India’s role as the land of Buddha, the custodian of relics, and a spiritual home for global Buddhists. Reinforces the idea of “Shared Buddhist Heritage” under India’s cultural outreach strategy.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 April 2025

Content: Growth pangs A powerful judicial remedy for waste management Growth pangs Context: Current Industrial Output Scenario IIP growth slowdown: FY25 average at 4%, the lowest in four years, down from 5.9% in FY24. March 2025 IIP rose marginally to 3% (from 2.7% in Feb), driven largely by seasonal surge in electricity demand. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : India’s industrial sector, especially MSMEs, is facing headwinds from global trade turbulence and weak domestic demand. Critically examine the structural and cyclical factors affecting industrial growth in India. Suggest a roadmap for reviving industrial output and ensuring sustainable growth.(250 words) Sector-Wise Analysis Mining: Sharp fall from 7.5% (FY24) → 2.9% (FY25). Manufacturing: Moderated to 4% (FY25) from 5.5% (FY24). Electricity: Slowed to 5.1% from 7%, despite March seasonal rise. Consumer Non-Durables: Degrowth of -1.6% in FY25 (vs +4.1% in FY24) → indicates rural distress. Consumer Durables: Growth doubled from 3.6% to 8% → suggests urban consumption recovery. Demand Side Concerns Rural consumption weakened: Due to high food inflation in Oct–Dec FY24 and falling farm incomes post vegetable price crash. Urban consumption stable: Boost in consumer durables shows resilient middle-class demand. Retail inflation: At 4.6% in FY25, lowest in 6 years → masks rural distress. Investment and Lending Trends RBI policy rate cut: From 6.5% (Jan) to 6% (April) → Lower lending rates. Private Capex still weak: Despite cheaper credit, uncertain global trade outlook deters investment. Domestic consumption push needed: Government stimulus required to fill demand gap. External Sector & MSMEs Flat goods export growth: Reflects global slowdown + strained U.S.-India trade ties. MSMEs under pressure: Contribute 45.8% to exports. Grew from ₹4 lakh cr (FY21) → ₹12 lakh cr (FY25). Employ ~250 million, mostly in micro enterprises. Policy need: Fast-track Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with U.S. to secure MSME resilience and job security. Key Policy Imperatives Targeted rural stimulus: To revive non-durables consumption and restore farm incomes. Accelerate BTA with U.S.: To insulate MSMEs from global turbulence. Boost public capex: To offset private sector hesitancy. Ease of Doing Business reforms: Especially for micro and small manufacturers. Export diversification strategy: Reduce dependence on a few large markets. A powerful judicial remedy for waste management Context :Plastic Waste Crisis in India India = World’s largest plastic polluter: Emits 9.3 million tonnes/year, ~20% of global plastic emissions (Nature study). Emission definition: Includes plastic debris & open burning transitioning from managed to unmanaged systems. Plastic waste generation underestimated: Official figure: 0.12 kg/person/day. Study estimates actual: 0.54 kg/person/day. Waste collection overestimated: Claims 95% coverage, but excludes: Rural areas Informal recycling Open burning Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology ) Practice Question :“India’s waste management challenge is not only a governance issue but also a constitutional and judicial concern.” Examine the role of data, local governance, and the judiciary in ensuring effective waste management in India. (250 words) Himalayan States: Underestimated Risk Severe plastic pollution in Indian Himalayan Region. Lack of baselinedata on: Waste quantity & quality Local capacity for waste management Data Deficiency & Accountability Gaps CPCB reports rely on SPCB/PCC → Municipal bodies → often unverified, inconsistent data. No disclosed methodology for data collection or waste audit. Rural India & areas outside urban local bodies → entirely unaccounted in waste data. Urges transparent, auditable waste data across all jurisdictions. Judicial Imperative & Constitutional Duty SC observation: Environmental protection is a constitutional mandate and linked to fundamental rights. Courts must ensure: Time-bound compliance with environmental orders Justice for affected individuals through real-world impact, not just paper schemes Infrastructure Deficit & the Role of Local Bodies Local governments = primary stakeholders in waste management. Needs: Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) Sanitary landfills Linkages to EPR kiosks Use of geotagging to map and monitor infrastructure. Strengthening EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) PIBOs(Producers, Importers, and Brand Owners.) must collectively create accessible EPR kiosks for: Urban + Rural bodies Segregation & recovery at source Tailor kiosk locations by: Waste volume Geography Accessibility Operationalisation of EPR must be planned & mandatory. Supreme Court’s ‘Continuing Mandamus’ – A Game-Changer Tannery Case (Jan 2024): SC ordered cleanup in Vellore, TN → landmark use of continuing mandamus. Ensures: Remediation Regular monitoring Accountability for non-compliance SC: Govt schemes often fail on ground → Courts must ensure real enforcement. Polluter Pays Principle Reaffirmed Absolute liability: Compensation for victims Restoration of ecology Violation triggers liability: Direct pollution, negligence, licence breaches, or ecological damage. Govt Pay Principle: Government must pay first → recover from polluters later. Way Forward Mandamus-based judicial oversight on waste management → crucial for: Enforcing accountability Real-time compliance Environmental justice Judicial push + data transparency + tech integration → India can lead global waste solutions.

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress