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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 October 2025

Content Restoring fiscal space for the States Russia backs AMCA, offers to make Su-57 jets in India Google’s new AI finds promising approach for cancer treatment Sustainable fuel use could quadruple by 2035: IEA 20 years of RTI Act: The slow unravelling of India’s transparency law Restoring fiscal space for the States  Why is it in the News? The GST compensation cess has been merged with the regular GST, ending the compensation mechanism for States. This move is expected to pass on over₹2 lakh crore in tax benefits to consumers and potentially boost local demand. Certain States fear revenue losses and erosion of fiscal autonomy, arguing that no proper estimation of losses has been made. The decision reignites discussions on Centre-State fiscal relations, cooperative federalism, and the sharing of tax powers. Relevance GS-3: Indian Economy – Taxation, Centre-State relations, Fiscal Federalism, Public Finance, Revenue Sharing. GST and Fiscal Policy GST Introduction: Launched in July 2017 through the 101st Constitutional Amendment. Replaced multiple indirect taxes with a common destination-based tax, shared between Centre and States. Initial GST compensation mechanism ensured States were not worse off due to revenue loss. Centre-State Fiscal Relations: Articles 246–293 govern taxation powers and transfers. Finance Commission (Article 280) recommends devolution of funds to States. Central transfers still account for 44% of States’ revenue receipts, with Bihar at 72% dependence, Haryana at 20%. Dependence on Central transfers affects liquidity, fiscal autonomy, and political leverage. Revenue Sharing History: Pre-GST (2012-17): Centre collected 67%, States 33%. Post-GST (2018-23): ratio remained similar. Devolution share recommended by Finance Commissions increased from 29.5% (11th FC) → 42% (14th FC), but actual devolution fell short due to cesses and surcharges, which remain non-shareable. Overview Impact of GST Compensation Cess Merger Consumers may benefit from lower prices, boosting demand. States risk revenue loss: compensation previously guaranteed annual shortfalls. Cess and surcharge previously gave the Centre additional leverage, now merged, reducing that buffer. Erosion of Fiscal Autonomy GST centralises tax power in the GST Council, dominated by the Centre. States’ ability to independently raise revenue is limited. Progressive States (e.g., Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra) contribute more to taxes but cannot fully retain the benefits. Structural Issues in State Finances Expenditure responsibilities are higher at State level: health, education, agriculture, local governance. Central transfers and grants (CSS, CFS, Finance Commission) supplement but are performance-based or conditional. Heavy dependence on the Centre creates fiscal vulnerability and political friction, especially in opposition-ruled States. Proposed Solutions for Greater Fiscal Autonomy Sharing personal income tax base with States on a 50:50 basis, similar to GST. Allowing States to top up income tax rates without altering the current levy system. Such reforms would: Reduce dependency on Centre. Improve liquidity and planning. Reward progressive States contributing higher revenue. Comparative Perspective Example of Canada: Federal govt collects 46%, sub-national governments 54%; federal spends 40%, provinces spend 60%. Suggests a model where States have more autonomy in raising resources and spending, improving accountability and service delivery. Takeaway GST restructuring is a double-edged sword: consumer benefit vs. potential revenue loss for States. Centralised tax authority ensures uniformity but reduces State fiscal autonomy. A dynamic approach to tax sharing and grants is critical to maintain cooperative federalism. Fiscal reform may require structural redesign of transfers, tax bases, and conditionalities to empower States. Russia backs AMCA, offers to make Su-57 jets in India Why is it in the News? Russia has expressed readiness to support India’s Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) programme by offering local production of Su-57 fifth-generation fighter jets. The announcement highlights India-Russia defence cooperation amid geopolitical shifts in global energy and defence trade. Both countries are exploring next-generation technologies: anti-drone systems, advanced radars, and precision strike capabilities. Relevance GS-3: Defence and Security – Defence production, Aerospace technology, Strategic partnerships. GS-2: International Relations – India-Russia strategic partnership, Geopolitics, Indo-Pacific security dynamics. India-Russia Defence Ties Historical context India has relied on Russia for over six decades for defence equipment. Nearly 70% of India’s military hardware is of Russian origin. Past collaborations include BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, now being upgraded to a hypersonic version. Strategic significance Russia has been a trusted defence partner, supporting India’s military modernization. Defence cooperation extends beyond purchases to joint development, co-production, and technology sharing. Overview AMCA and Su-57 Collaboration AMCA: India’s indigenous fifth-generation fighter programme, aimed at next-gen combat capabilities. Su-57 : What it is: Russia’s fifth-generation stealth multirole fighter aircraft, designed for air superiority, ground attack, and precision strike missions; comparable to the US F-22 and F-35. Capabilities: Stealth features, supercruise (sustained supersonic speed without afterburners), advanced avionics, AESA radar, integrated electronic warfare systems, and high maneuverability for air-to-air and air-to-ground combat. Weapons & Operational Edge: Equipped with long-range air-to-air missiles, precision-guided munitions, and capable of networked warfare; can operate in contested airspaces with enhanced survivability and situational awareness Russia’s offer of local Su-57 production: Reinforces joint development and technology transfer. May accelerate AMCA programme and reduce import dependence. Strengthens India’s aerospace industrial base.   Geopolitical Implications Amid U.S. sanctions and trade pressures, Russia emphasizes alternative logistics and payment mechanisms, ensuring continuity in defence ties. India-Russia partnership remains a counterbalance in Indo-Pacific geopolitics and global arms supply networks. Russia’s energy cooperation remains cost-effective despite U.S. pressure, showing strategic interdependence beyond defence. Technological and Industrial Impact Joint production of Su-57 and AMCA can: Boost R&D and skill development in Indian defence industry. Facilitate indigenous design, assembly, and maintenance capabilities. Expand collaboration in precision strike, radar, and anti-drone technologies, critical for modern warfare. Operational Lessons and Validation Russia highlights effectiveness of its equipment in Operation Sindoor, underlining reliability in real-world operational scenarios. Joint platforms like BrahMos demonstrate success of India-Russia co-production and tech sharing model. Takeaway India-Russia defence ties are moving from buyer-seller to co-development model. Local production of Su-57 aligns with India’s Make in India and defence self-reliance objectives. Strategic, technological, and industrial dimensions of cooperation enhance India’s military modernisation while reducing vulnerability to external pressures. This collaboration may redefine India’s aerospace and fighter jet capabilities, giving it a qualitative edge in air warfare. Google’s new AI finds promising approach for cancer treatment  Why is it in the News? Google unveiled AI tools (C2S-Scale 27B) that discovered a novel drug combination for detecting tumors, which was previously unknown to human experts. The AI-predicted drug candidate, silmitasertib, showed effectiveness in laboratory validation, marking a milestone in AI-assisted scientific discovery. The research opens a new approach to cancer detection and therapy development, emphasizing AI’s role in translating biological data into actionable hypotheses. Relevance GS-3: Science & Technology – AI in healthcare, biotechnology, drug discovery, foundation models. AI in Drug Discovery C2S-Scale 27B A 27-billion-parameter foundation model trained to understand the language of individual cells. Designed to simulate tumor-immune interactions and predict drug effects under specific cellular conditions. The Problem Detect emerging tumors before the immune system recognizes them. Tumors often evade immune detection, requiring strategies to trigger antigen presentation and immune response. Traditional Methods vs AI Large Language Models or small AI tools could not capture complex tumor-immune signaling. AI simulated 4000+ drugs in virtual environments mimicking low interferon signaling, a key immune evasion scenario. Overview Novel Approach AI predicted drug candidates that boost immune signals selectively when interferon levels are low. Out of all AI hits: 10–30% matched known literature. Remaining were “surprising hits” with no prior known link to tumor detection, demonstrating AI’s ability to generate novel hypotheses. Scientific Validation AI predictions were experimentally validated in living cells, confirming: Silmitasertib activates immune response only under tumor-like conditions. This suggests a new pathway for early tumor detection and immunotherapy. Technological Significance Shows AI as a collaborator in scientific discovery, not just a data tool. Highlights the value of foundation models trained on cell-level biological language. Bridges computational predictions and experimental biology, accelerating drug development timelines. Medical and Societal Implications Potential to detect tumors earlier, improving cancer prognosis. Reduces reliance on trial-and-error drug testing. Can transform personalized medicine, by tailoring therapies based on cellular immune responses. Challenges & Next Steps Pre-clinical and clinical trials are necessary to confirm efficacy and safety in humans. AI models must be continuously validated and refined with experimental data. Ethical and regulatory frameworks must govern AI-guided drug discovery. Sustainable fuel use could quadruple by 2035: IEA Why is it in the News? The International Energy Agency (IEA) released the report Delivering Sustainable Fuels: Pathways to 2035, projecting that global sustainable fuel use could quadruple by 2035. The report was released ahead of COP30 under Brazil’s UNFCCC presidency, highlighting sustainable fuels’ role in climate mitigation, energy security, and economic development. Focus is on biofuels, biogases, and low-emissions hydrogen as complements to electrification in transport, industry, and power generation. Relevance GS-3: Energy & Environment Renewable energy transition, biofuels, hydrogen economy, energy security. Industrial and transport sector decarbonisation, sustainable development. GS-2: International Relations Multilateral cooperation (IEA, ICAO, IMO) for global climate action. Sustainable Fuels and Global Energy Transition Definition and Types Sustainable fuels: Liquid or gaseous fuels with lower carbon intensity than fossil fuels. Key categories: Biofuels: Ethanol, biodiesel from crops or waste. Biogases: Methane produced from organic matter. Low-emissions hydrogen: Hydrogen produced with minimal greenhouse gas emissions. Current Global Impact Already reduce global oil demand by ~2.5 million barrels per day (2024). Reduce transport fuel import dependence by 5–15 percentage points in importing countries. Liquid biofuels dominate (~4% of global transport energy). Drivers of Sustainable Fuel Adoption Energy security: Reduced dependence on fossil fuel imports. Economic benefits: Rural employment, new income streams, industrial growth. Environmental sustainability: Lower carbon emissions, compliance with GHG performance standards (~80% of biofuel use). Overview Projected Growth to 2035 Fourfold increase in sustainable fuel use if current policies are implemented. Sectoral projections: Road transport: 10% of demand. Aviation: 15% of fuel demand. Shipping: 35% of fuel demand. Industry and power generation uptake expected post-2030, especially low-emissions hydrogen in chemical, steel, and refining sectors. Economic and Investment Implications USD 1.5 trillion cumulative investments by 2035. Creation of ~2 million direct jobs globally. Sustainable fuels can be competitive in some markets (ethanol in Brazil, US) and may slightly increase consumer costs (e.g., 15% aviation fuel blend → 5–7% ticket rise). Technological Innovation Emerging fuel pathways: Alcohol-to-jet fuels Hydrogen-based synthetic fuels Innovation and scale-up expected to reduce costs, making them more competitive with fossil fuels. Policy and Regulatory Actions IEA identifies six priority actions: Region-specific roadmaps aligned with broader energy goals. Predictable demand to attract private investment. Transparent carbon accounting and performance-based incentives. Innovation support to lower costs. Integrated supply chains and infrastructure development. Expanded access to finance, especially in emerging economies. Global Cooperation International collaboration crucial for matching regional strengths with global demand. ICAO and IMO working to promote aviation and maritime sustainable fuel uptake. Aligns with global decarbonisation goals and supports COP30 discussions on climate action. 20 years of RTI Act: The slow unravelling of India’s transparency law Why is it in the News? 20th anniversary: The Right to Information (RTI) Act was enacted on 12 October 2005. Erosion of effectiveness: Activists and Information Commissioners warn that the law has lost its impact due to neglect, bureaucratic apathy, and institutional delays. Rising filings, rising rejections: Record RTI filings (1.75 million in 2023-24) contrast with the highest-ever rejection rates (67,615 applications). Concerns about citizen access: The law, once a symbol of empowerment and accountability, now faces fear and obstacles in implementation. Relevance GS-2: Governance Transparency, accountability, e-governance, citizen empowerment. Institutional challenges in administrative law implementation. GS-3: Social Issues / Public Policy Role of civil society in governance reform. Implementation of rights-based legislation and citizen oversight mechanisms. RTI Act and Its Origins Grassroots beginnings MKSS (Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan) founded in 1990 by Aruna Roy and colleagues in Rajasthan. Early public hearings (1994–95) exposed corruption in schemes like Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Apna Gaon Apna Kaam, Indira Awas Yojana. These hearings led to state-level RTI laws in Tamil Nadu (1997), Goa, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Delhi by 2001. National legislation National Campaign for People’s Right to Information (NCPRI) drafted the national law. Passed by Parliament: 12 May 2005, Presidential assent: 15 June 2005, enforced from 12 October 2005. Constitutional backing Recognised as part of Article 19(1)(a) – freedom of speech and expression. Landmark cases: State of Uttar Pradesh vs Raj Narain – first recognition of citizens’ right to information. SP Gupta vs Union of India – affirmed RTI as integral to free speech. Shri Kulwal vs Jaipur Municipal Corporation – explicitly included under Article 19. Overview Implementation gaps Increasing vacancies in Information Commissions, leading to millions of pending cases. RTI applications often tossed between departments under Section 6(3) without response. Citizens fear police visits or intimidation when filing requests. Erosion of accountability Officials face no consequences for ignoring RTI requests. Public perception: RTI effectiveness has regressed, unlike its early promise of transparency. 3T formula (Timely, Transparent, Trouble-Free) promoted by PM Modi has not materialized in practice. Historical significance vs current reality RTI began as a citizen empowerment tool, exposing scams and corruption effectively until 2014. Activist movements (MKSS, NCPRI) drove major policy and governance reforms, including MGNREGA. Currently, official hostility, procedural hurdles, and lack of political will have hollowed out its power. Impact on civil society Reduced participation by NGOs and social activists in using RTI. Disillusionment among journalists and citizen activists, with many abandoning RTI as a tool. RTI, once a vehicle for accountability, now increasingly symbolizes bureaucratic inertia and citizen frustration.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 October 2025

Content Securing Every Plate Securing Every Plate CONTEXT & BACKGROUND Constitutional Basis: Article 47 (Directive Principles): Duty of the State to raise nutrition level and standard of living. Right to Food interpreted as part of Article 21 (Right to Life) — PUCL vs Union of India (2001). Economic & Social Context: India produces over 330 million tonnes of foodgrains (2023-24) yet faces persistent undernutrition — NFHS-5 (2019–21) shows 35.5% children stunted, 32.1% underweight. Balancing production, distribution, and nutrition equity is the core policy challenge. Objective of the Mission (2025): To ensure food and nutritional security for 81 crore citizens through a production–distribution–nutrition continuum, combining agricultural, welfare, and technological reforms. Relevance : GS 2 – Governance & Social Justice: Welfare schemes, food security, rights-based entitlements, delivery mechanisms (NFSA, TPDS, PMGKAY). GS 3 – Agriculture & Economy: Foodgrain production, procurement, storage, and technology-driven supply chains. GS 3 – Science & Technology: Use of digital platforms (ONORC, SMART-PDS, Mera Ration) in welfare governance. GS 2 – Polity: Constitutional linkage — Article 21 (Right to Life) and Article 47 (Directive Principles). GS 1 – Society: Issues of hunger, malnutrition, and nutrition equity. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION Phase Key Development Focus 1960s Green Revolution, Food Corporation of India (1965), MSP system Production stability 1970s–90s Expansion of Public Distribution System (PDS) Availability 1997 Targeted PDS (TPDS) Targeted subsidies 2007 National Food Security Mission (NFSM) Productivity revival 2013 National Food Security Act (NFSA) Legal right to food 2020–22 PMGKAY (COVID-19) Emergency support 2024–25 NFSNM (renamed NFSM) Linking production to nutrition 2025 SMART-PDS & fortified rice expansion Tech-driven, nutrition-focused reform DUAL FRAMEWORK OF FOOD SECURITY A. Production Pillar — NFSNM (National Food Security & Nutrition Mission) Origin: Began as NFSM in 2007–08; renamed NFSNM in 2024–25. Aim: Boost productivity & integrate nutrition-sensitive agriculture. Components: Expansion to rice, wheat, pulses, coarse cereals. Soil fertility restoration, integrated pest/nutrient management. Distribution of certified seeds, crop demonstrations. Capacity building of farmers through seasonal trainings. Institutional Coverage: Implemented across all States/UTs; monitored by DAC&FW (MoA&FW). Outcome: Sustained record foodgrain production — 330.5 MMT (2023–24). B. Distribution Pillar — NFSA 2013 & TPDS Coverage: Up to 75% rural, 50% urban population (≈81.35 crore persons). Entitlements: AAY households: 35 kg/household/month. Priority households: 5 kg/person/month. Free foodgrains since Jan 2023; extended till Dec 2028 under PMGKAY with ₹11.80 lakh crore outlay. Current beneficiaries (Oct 2025): 78.9 crore. Special Entitlements: Pregnant/lactating women & children (6 months–14 years): Meals under ICDS & PM-POSHAN (Mid-Day Meal). ₹6,000 maternity benefit under PMMVY. Revised nutritional norms (2023) — improved caloric & micronutrient content. DELIVERY SYSTEM — TPDS (Targeted Public Distribution System) Administrative Responsibility Function Centre States/UTs Procurement, allocation, transport FCI, DoFPD   Intra-state distribution, beneficiary identification, FPS management   State Food Departments   Procurement System: Decentralized Procurement (DCP): States like Punjab, MP, Chhattisgarh procure directly. Centralized Procurement (Non-DCP): FCI-led procurement. Procurement Data (2025) Paddy (KMS 2024–25): 813.88 LMT, valued ₹1.9 lakh crore (1.15 crore farmers). Wheat (RMS 2025–26): 300.35 LMT, valued ₹72,834 crore (25.13 lakh farmers). Central Pool Stock (July 2025): Rice – 377.83 LMT; Wheat – 358.78 LMT (well above buffer norms). SUPPLEMENTARY & INNOVATIVE INITIATIVES Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) Launched 2020 (COVID-19 emergency); now merged with NFSA free grain supply. Universal free grain entitlement till 2028. ₹11.80 lakh crore fully borne by Centre. Rice Fortification Initiative Launched: 2019 pilot; scaled to all districts by March 2024. Micronutrients: Iron, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12. Phased implementation: Phase I – ICDS & PM POSHAN (2021–22) Phase II – +TPDS (269 districts, 2022–23) Phase III – All India coverage (2023–24) Cabinet approval (2025): Continue till Dec 2028, ₹17,082 crore. Covers 65% of population dependent on rice as staple. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) for Food Subsidy Rules notified (2015); optional for States/UTs. Implemented in: Chandigarh, Puducherry, and parts of DNH&DD. Mechanism: Subsidy cash credited directly → beneficiaries buy foodgrains from open market. Advantages: Reduced leakage, dietary choice, financial inclusion. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) & PM POSHAN ICDS Coverage: up-to 6 years children, pregnant & lactating women, adolescent girls (14–18 yrs). FY 2024–25 Allocation: 26.46 LMT grains. PM POSHAN Coverage: Govt & aided schools up to age 14. FY 2024–25 Allocation: 22.96 LMT grains. Impact: Improved attendance, learning outcomes, and nutrition. One Nation, One Ration Card (ONORC) Implemented in all 36 States/UTs. Enables portability across FPSs via Aadhaar-authenticated ePoS. 191 crore portability transactions (till Oct 2025). Major relief for migrant workers. Open Market Sale Scheme (Domestic) [OMSS(D)] Disposal of surplus rice/wheat to: Stabilize prices Boost availability Prevent inflation Bharat Atta & Bharat Rice (2025): Affordable staples for general consumers. TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN GOVERNANCE REFORMS Reform Progress/Impact (as of Oct 2025) Digitization of ration cards 100% Aadhaar seeding 99.9% FPS automation (ePoS) 99.6% (5.41 lakh of 5.43 lakh) Online allocation & supply chain mgmt 31 States/UTs Grievance redressal (toll-free 1967) All States/UTs Key Digital Innovations 1. Mera Ration 2.0 (2024) Real-time entitlements, nearest FPS locator, transaction details. 1 crore+ downloads. 2. Anna Mitra App (2024) Field monitoring & stock management for FPS dealers/officers. Operational in 15 States/UTs. 3. SMART-PDS (2025 rollout) Integrated tech architecture covering: Procurement Supply Chain Ration Card/FPS mgmt Biometric Distribution (e-KYC) Aim: Real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and zero-leakage regime. FINANCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS Parameter Value NFSA/PMGKAY (Free grain 2024–2028) ₹11.80 lakh crore Rice Fortification (till 2028) ₹17,082 crore Central Pool (July 2025) 736.61 LMT total grains Annual NFSA allocation (2025–26) 18.5 million tonnes FCI procurement expenditure (2025) ~₹2.6 lakh crore CHALLENGES & WAY FORWARD Challenges Nutritional Diversification: Overreliance on cereals; limited pulses, millets. Leakages & Exclusion Errors: Though reduced, still prevalent in few States. Climate Variability: Threatens MSP procurement regions. Fiscal Burden: ₹2.5–3 lakh crore annually on food subsidy. Storage & Logistics: FCI faces high carrying cost and wastage risk. Way Forward Diversify procurement basket: Include millets, pulses, oilseeds (align with IYOM 2023 momentum). Nutrition-sensitive agriculture: Integrate horticulture & animal protein programs. Smart logistics: Warehouse digitalization, AI-based buffer forecasting. DBT scale-up: Empower consumer choice and reduce subsidy distortion. Strengthen local food systems: Leverage SHGs & cooperatives (e.g., Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana linkage). CONCLUSION India’s food security architecture now combines: NFSNM – Ensures production & nutritional yield. NFSA + TPDS/PMGKAY – Ensures equitable access. Tech-driven governance (SMART-PDS, ONORC) – Ensures efficiency & transparency. This multi-layered framework ensures that no citizen sleeps hungry, that farmers are supported, and that nutrition equity becomes a national guarantee. India’s journey from “ship-to-mouth” (1960s) to “food surplus and fortified” (2025) exemplifies a transformation anchored in production strength, welfare expansion, and digital transparency.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 October 2025

Content Refugees, infiltrators The road to gender equity in courts Refugees, infiltrators Why in News ? Union Home Minister Amit Shah (Oct 2025) reiterated the need to distinguish between refugees and infiltrators, highlighting governance, security, and humanitarian dimensions. This comes amid the implementation of the new Immigration and Foreigners Act (April 2025) — which replaced three colonial-era laws but still lacks a comprehensive refugee policy. The recent notification (Sept 2025) exempted undocumented Sri Lankan Tamil refugees (entered before Jan 9, 2015) from penal provisions under the new Act — raising debates on religion-based and selective refugee treatment. Relevance: GS Paper 2: Governance, international relations, rights of vulnerable sections, constitutional protection for refugees. GS Paper 3: Internal security implications of illegal migration. GS Paper 1: Human geography and population migration issues. Practice Questions: Discuss the need for a comprehensive national refugee policy in India in light of the new Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025. (250 words) Background: India’s Refugee Framework — The Legal Vacuum 1. Absence of a National Refugee Law India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol. Hence, there is no statutory definition of a refugee or uniform asylum process. Refugees are legally treated as foreigners under general laws. 2. Pre-2025 Legal Regime Foreigners Act, 1946: Empowered government to detain or deport any foreign national. Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939: Required registration of foreigners staying beyond prescribed periods. Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920: Controlled entry without valid documents. Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000: Penalized transporters bringing undocumented migrants. 3. Post-2025 Consolidation The Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 consolidated all four laws, aiming for administrative streamlining. However, it does not define “refugee” or distinguish humanitarian entry from illegal infiltration. Constitutional and International Dimensions A. Constitutional Context Article 21: Protects “Right to Life and Personal Liberty” — extended by SC to all persons, including foreigners (National Human Rights Commission v. State of Arunachal Pradesh, 1996). Article 14: Equality before law applies to all persons. Directive Principles (Art. 38, 39): Mandate humane treatment and social justice for all, forming moral basis for refugee protection. B. International Law India’s stance: Though not a signatory to the UN Refugee Convention, India follows customary international law, including non-refoulement (no forced return of refugees to danger zones). UNHCR in India: Operates in coordination with MEA; manages asylum determination for non-neighboring country refugees (e.g., Afghans, Africans). Refugee Demographics in India (as of mid-2025) Origin Approx. Population Legal/Administrative Status Sri Lankan Tamils ~90,000 (in camps, TN) Protected by administrative orders Tibetans ~63,000 Rehabilitation Policy, 2014 Rohingyas (Myanmar) ~21,000 (UNHCR registered) Stateless; facing deportation risk Afghans ~15,000 Humanitarian visas; UNHCR assistance Chakmas & Hajongs (Bangladesh) ~45,000 Settlement in NE States; no clear legal status Africans, West Asians ~2,000 UNHCR-mandated Total: ~2.1 lakh refugees/persons of concern (UNHCR, June 2023). Recent Policy Developments (2024–25) Immigration & Foreigners Act (April 2025): Unified immigration and foreigner management. Subsumed old laws, but still no “refugee” recognition. Exemption Notification (Sept 2025): Tamil refugees (before Jan 2015) exempted from penal provisions. Significance: acknowledges humanitarian ground but exposes selective treatment. Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019: Provided citizenship pathway for non-Muslim minorities from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh. Excluded Rohingya Muslims and Sri Lankan Tamils, leading to allegations of religious bias. UNHCR-India Cooperation (2025): Strengthened digital refugee registration system. Yet, UNHCR access remains restricted in border regions (e.g., North East, J&K). Issues and Concerns 1. Absence of a Uniform Refugee Policy Ad hoc treatment based on bilateral ties, religion, or ethnicity. Creates legal uncertainty and policy inconsistency. 2. Conflation of Refugees with Illegal Migrants Citizenship Act defines undocumented entrants as “illegal migrants”. Leads to harassment, detention, or deportation of genuine asylum seekers. 3. Security vs Humanitarian Balance Refugee inflow from Myanmar, Afghanistan, or Rohingya regions poses security monitoring challenges. However, blanket suspicion undermines humanitarian commitments. 4. Discrimination in Application Selective recognition (e.g., Tibetans get rehabilitation; Tamils do not). Religion-based exclusions post-CAA undermine secular principles (Articles 14 & 25). 5. Administrative Gaps No centralized refugee registry or biometric database. State-level discretion causes inconsistent implementation. Need for a Comprehensive Refugee Policy Document Key Principles Proposed Legal Definition of Refugee: Distinguish from economic migrant and illegal infiltrator. Due Process: Transparent asylum application, appeal, and review mechanisms. Rights Framework: Access to health, education, work permits under administrative supervision. Non-Discrimination Clause: Uphold Articles 14 & 21 across religion, ethnicity, nationality. National Refugee Commission: Coordinate with UNHCR, States, and security agencies. Digital Refugee Registry: For documentation, welfare targeting, and security vetting. Comparative Perspective Country Legal Framework Key Feature USA Refugee Act, 1980 Annual admission ceilings; asylum hearings Germany Basic Law + EU Directives Constitutional right to asylum Kenya Refugee Act, 2006 Recognition + Refugee Affairs Secretariat Bangladesh No refugee law (like India) Ad hoc management of 1.2 million Rohingyas India remains one of the few major democracies without a codified refugee protection regime. Way Forward Draft a Refugee and Asylum Bill: (similar to 2015 draft by MP Shashi Tharoor) for legal uniformity. Integrate Security Screening + Humanitarian Relief: Joint oversight by MHA & MEA. Regional Cooperation: Use BIMSTEC and SAARC to manage cross-border displacement. Ratify 1951 Convention selectively or adopt a “South Asian Refugee Compact.” Public Awareness & Local Integration: Reduce xenophobia, foster community acceptance. Conclusion India’s moral leadership and democratic values demand a clear, humane, and non-discriminatory refugee policy. While security concerns are real, policy arbitrariness undermines constitutional ideals of equality and compassion. A codified refugee framework—rooted in Articles 14 and 21 and aligned with international norms—can ensure humane protection, national security, and global credibility in an era of rising displacement. The road to gender equity in courts  Why in News India Justice Report 2025 revealed persistent gender imbalance in the higher judiciary. Women constitute only 14% of judges in High Courts and 3.1% in the Supreme Court (only 1 woman out of 34 judges). Only one woman Chief Justice heads a High Court out of 25. The issue has regained national focus as the only woman judge of the Supreme Court is poised to become India’s first woman CJI, potentially leaving zero female representation afterward. Parallelly, the debate on creating an All-India Judicial Service (AIJS) has resurfaced, with President Droupadi Murmu (Nov 2023) advocating a merit-based, transparent, national-level recruitment system for judges. Relevance: GS Paper 2: Polity, Governance, Judiciary reforms, Gender equality. GS Paper 1: Role of women and social empowerment. GS Paper 4: Ethics — inclusion, fairness, transparency in institutions. Practice Questions: “An inclusive judiciary is essential for an inclusive democracy.” Examine the causes and consequences of women’s under-representation in India’s higher judiciary. (250 words) Background: Gender Gap in Indian Judiciary Current Composition (2025) Level Total Judges Women Judges % of Women Supreme Court 34 1 3.1% High Courts (25) ~1,080 150 14% Subordinate Judiciary ~19,500 ~7,400 38%   High representation in lower judiciary due to competitive exams with gender-neutral access. Underrepresentation in higher judiciary linked to opaque Collegium system, limited career mobility, and gendered professional networks. Structural Reasons for Underrepresentation Collegium System Bias Higher judiciary appointments are made via Collegium (CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges) — an insular, network-driven process. Lack of transparency, subjectivity, and elite legal circles allegations marginalize women, regional candidates, and first-generation lawyers. Lack of Institutional Pipeline Few women reach senior advocate or High Court judge positions. Career breaks due to family responsibilities further limit eligibility. Infrastructure Deficiencies 20% of district courts (as of 2023, CRP–SC Report) lack separate toilets for women, affecting participation and retention. Limited childcare and safety facilities in court premises. Absence of Affirmative Policies No gender quota, reservation, or targeted mentorship for women in higher judiciary. State diversity and social representation also remain low (SC, ST, OBC underrepresented). Constitutional & Institutional Framework Article 14 & 15(3): Equality and State empowerment to make special provisions for women. Article 39(a): Equal opportunity in justice delivery. Article 312: Empowers Parliament to create All-India Services, including All-India Judicial Service (AIJS). Directive Principles (Art. 38, 39A): Obligation to ensure justice and equality of opportunity. All-India Judicial Service (AIJS): Concept & Debates A. Rationale To establish a uniform, transparent, competitive national recruitment for judges (District & Higher Judiciary). To replace Collegium arbitrariness with UPSC-like meritocracy. To enhance social, gender, and regional diversity. B. Supporters’ Arguments President Droupadi Murmu (2023): Advocated AIJS to “offer opportunities to less-represented social groups”. Justice A.M. Khanwilkar (retired): Called AIJS a “constitutional necessity”. UPSC’s success proves competitive exams can ensure diversity and transparency: 2024 UPSC Data: 1,009 total selections → 318 OBC, 160 SC, 87 ST, 109 EWS. 11 of top 25 were women. IPS intake (2024): 54 women (28%). C. Opponents’ Concerns Fear of executive interference undermining judicial independence. States and High Courts fear loss of control over appointments. Critics argue that judicial temperament requires more than exam-based merit. D. Proposed Safeguards UPSC conducts exam, but eligibility, syllabus, and standards set by SC/HCs. Training under SC/HC control post-selection. Service control vested in Supreme Court, not executive. Comparative Context: Global Benchmarks Country Women Judges in Higher Judiciary Reform Measures USA ~35% (SCOTUS: 4 of 9) Diversity mandates in appointments UK ~30% Judicial Appointments Commission (merit + diversity) Canada ~43% Open merit-based federal recruitment India 3.1% (SC), 14% (HC) Collegium-based opaque selection Reform Imperatives Institutionalize AIJS under Article 312 with Parliamentary sanction. Ensure gender-responsive infrastructure — restrooms, childcare, and safety mechanisms in courts. Introduce reservation or diversity benchmarks in higher judiciary. Mentorship pipeline: Senior judges/lawyers to mentor women lawyers for elevation. Transparency in Collegium: Publish shortlists, diversity data, and selection rationale. Performance-linked promotions: From lower to higher judiciary through objective evaluation. Broader Significance Justice accessibility: Diverse benches enhance legitimacy and sensitivity in gender, caste, and minority issues. Democratic representation: Judiciary reflects social realities. Public trust: Transparency and inclusiveness reduce elite capture perception. Gender justice: Aligns with India’s constitutional and SDG 5 commitments (Gender Equality). Conclusion India’s judiciary stands at a moral and structural crossroads — between elitist continuity and democratic reform. Without structural correction, the higher judiciary risks representational bankruptcy. A transparent, merit-based All-India Judicial Service, modeled on UPSC standards and insulated from executive pressure, could democratize access, normalize women’s leadership in law, and strengthen the constitutional promise of equal justice for all.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 October 2025

Content Bengal second-lowest in convictions for crimes against women The future of the IMEC India’s Municipal Finance Crisis Meet AI chatbots replacing India’s call-centre staff The new power of rare earths Bengal second-lowest in convictions for crimes against women  Why in News Trigger Event: An alleged gang rape of a medical student from Odisha in Durgapur (Oct 2025). Political Reaction: CM Mamata Banerjee’s remarks—suggesting girls should avoid going out at night—sparked public and Opposition backlash. Significance: The issue reopens debates on women’s safety, accountability, victim-blaming, and governance failure in West Bengal. Relevance : GS 1: Social issues – women’s safety, gender inequality, victim-blaming, societal norms. GS 2: Governance & law – criminal justice system efficiency, role of police and judiciary, NCRB data analysis, implementation of Nirbhaya Fund schemes, fast-track courts. Background Context Previous Incident (2024): A woman doctor was raped and murdered at R.G. Kar Medical College, Kolkata. The State government issued guidelines to limit women doctors’ night shifts, later withdrawn after Supreme Court criticism for gender discrimination. Current Case (2025): The victim, a medical student from Odisha, was allegedly gang-raped in Durgapur. Public anger intensified due to perceived pattern of administrative inaction. Statistical Reality: Crime Against Women in West Bengal (NCRB Data 2018–2023) Indicator West Bengal’s Status Rank (India) Trend/Observation Crimes against women (annual average >30,000) Very High Top 4 Consistent since 2018 Acid attack & attempt to acid attack Highest 1st 2021–2023 Attempt to rape Second highest 2nd Since 2019 Cruelty by husband or relatives High 3rd (after Rajasthan & UP) 2018–2023 Conviction rate (avg. 2017–2023) ~5% 35th/36 States Extremely poor Conviction rate (2022 peak) 8.9% Still among lowest Marginal improvement Acquittals (2023) >19,000 cases Highest Sharp increase from <8,000 Pending trials (2023) ~3.7 lakh cases Highest +56% rise since 2017 Core Issues Identified Low Conviction Rate: Reflects weak investigation, poor prosecution, and witness intimidation. Only 1 in 12 cases result in conviction (2022). High Acquittals & Pendency: Courts overburdened; lack of fast-track courts and forensic infrastructure. Delay → Justice Denied → Impunity. Systemic Gaps: Poor coordination between police and judiciary. Underreporting due to stigma and police apathy. Lack of victim support services and shelters. Socio-Political Dimensions Governance Accountability: Opposition alleges failure of law and order. State government’s “zero tolerance” claim contradicted by data. Gender Sensitivity Deficit: Administrative response often patriarchal and moralistic. Instead of institutional reform, discourse shifts to individual behaviour. Judicial and Civil Society Response: Calcutta High Court and Supreme Court previously intervened in related cases. Civil society demands independent oversight and fast-track mechanisms. Broader Context in India National Picture (NCRB 2023): India recorded 4.45 lakh crimes against women, a 4% rise over 2022. National conviction rate ~30%, West Bengal only ~5%, showing sharp contrast. Highlights state-level variation and policy implementation gaps. Policy and Legal Framework Legal Safeguards: IPC Sections 354, 376, etc. (sexual assault & rape). Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 post-Nirbhaya. Nirbhaya Fund, One-Stop Centres, Women Helplines (181). Implementation in WB: Underutilization of central schemes. Weak forensic and police infrastructure despite repeated directives. Way Forward Institutional Reforms: Establish state-level fast-track courts for gender crimes. Modernize forensic labs; integrate digital tracking of cases. Police Reforms: Increase women officers, sensitization training, and independent oversight. Victim Support Systems: Strengthen One-Stop Centres, psychological aid, and compensation mechanisms. Public Accountability: Transparent crime and conviction dashboards. Stronger civil society engagement in monitoring and advocacy. The future of the IMEC Why in News Recent Context (Oct 2025): Rising trade frictions with the U.S. have prompted India to diversify trade partnerships with Europe, West Asia, and beyond. India is finalizing a trade deal with the U.K. and negotiating with the European Union. Simultaneously, renewed emphasis is on operationalizing the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) — envisioned as a strategic trade and connectivity corridor linking India, the Gulf, and Europe. However, the West Asian instability post–Hamas attacks (Oct 2023) continues to threaten the corridor’s feasibility. Relevance : GS 2: International relations – India–Middle East–Europe connectivity, trade corridors, I2U2 and multilateral frameworks, strategic autonomy. GS 3: Economic development – infrastructure, logistics, energy trade (hydrogen/electricity), supply chain resilience, China’s BRI comparison. GS 3: Security – regional stability in West Asia, maritime and cyber dimensions, alternative trade routes amid conflicts. Background and Genesis Launch: Announced during the G-20 Summit in New Delhi (Sept 2023) in the presence of leaders from India, the U.S., Saudi Arabia, UAE, France, Germany, Italy, and the European Commission. Origin: Conceived within the I2U2 framework (India, Israel, UAE, U.S.) aimed at creating economic integration and infrastructure connectivity across Asia and Europe. Geopolitical Context: The Abraham Accords (2020) normalized Israel–Arab relations, enabling such a corridor proposal. Optimism in 2023 for regional peace created momentum for transnational infrastructure planning. Vision and Structure of IMEC Objective: To establish a strategic multi-modal corridor enhancing connectivity between India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Europe. Components: Maritime Connectivity: Between Indian ports and Gulf ports (e.g., Dubai, Fujairah). Rail Connectivity: Linking UAE–Saudi Arabia–Jordan–Israel, culminating at Haifa Port on the Mediterranean. Sea Route: Haifa to European ports (e.g., Greece, Italy, France). Complementary Infrastructure: Clean hydrogen pipeline. High-voltage electricity cable. Undersea digital cable (telecom data link). Integrated logistics and port development. Strategic Rationale for India Diversification Amid U.S. Trade Frictions: Reduce overdependence on U.S. markets; expand Europe–West Asia trade axis. Alternative to BRI: Offers a democratic, rules-based counterbalance to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Energy and Logistics Security: Seamless energy transport (hydrogen, electricity). Faster supply chain integration with EU markets. Economic Opportunity: Europe is India’s largest trade partner ($136 billion trade, 2024–25); IMEC can reduce freight time and cost. Geopolitical Leverage: Enhances India’s strategic role in West Asia, cementing ties with Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Israel. Key Geopolitical Developments Impacting IMEC October 7, 2023 – Hamas Attacks: Sparked Israel–Hamas conflict, destabilizing the entire West Asian region. Strained Israel’s ties with Gulf countries that were expected to anchor IMEC. Red Sea Crisis (2024–25): Houthi attacks on shipping disrupted Suez Canal trade routes, increasing global freight costs by 30–40%. Underscored the need for secure alternative corridors like IMEC. Arctic Route Competition: Melting ice caps have opened northern sea lanes, benefitting Russia, China, and the U.S., diverting trade from the Mediterranean. Hence, Italy and other Mediterranean economies see IMEC as crucial to retain relevance in global shipping. Economic and Strategic Significance Trade and Connectivity: Reduces India–Europe freight time by up to 40% compared to Suez route. Creates interoperable logistics networks connecting Asia, Gulf, and Europe. Energy Transition: Facilitates clean hydrogen trade, aligning with India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission. Digital Integration: Undersea cables to enhance data and telecom linkages between India, West Asia, and Europe. Strategic Stability: Deepens India–Gulf strategic partnerships, reducing Pakistan’s influence in the region. Supply Chain Resilience: Supports “China+1” diversification, anchoring trusted value chains from India to Europe. Challenges and Constraints Security Risks: Ongoing Israel–Hamas conflict, Iran–Saudi rivalry, and Houthi threats could derail regional transit stability. Political Uncertainty: Shifting U.S.–West Asia diplomacy and changing Arab public sentiments toward Israel. Infrastructure Gaps: Need for standardization of rail gauges, customs frameworks, and multimodal coordination. Financial Viability: High upfront cost (~$20–25 billion estimated). Requires multilateral investment and risk-sharing. Competition from Arctic and BRI Routes: Arctic route reduces Europe–Asia travel time by 40%. China’s BRI continues to dominate Eurasian logistics. Diplomatic and Strategic Opportunities India–Europe Partnership Renewal: EU’s Global Gateway Initiative (2021) aligns with IMEC goals of sustainable infrastructure. India–Gulf Economic Integration: Deepening ties with Saudi Arabia and UAE under Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements (CEPAs). Regional Balancing: IMEC provides leverage for India’s strategic autonomy—collaborating with the West without antagonizing the Global South. Countering Pakistan’s Narrative: Strong India–Arab economic linkages marginalize Pakistan’s attempts at forming anti-India coalitions in West Asia. Way Forward Institutionalizing IMEC: Establish a Permanent Coordination Mechanism among members. Integrate with I2U2 framework for technology and financing. Expanding Participation: Engage Egypt, Oman, and Qatar for greater regional integration. Focus on Dual Security–Economy Strategy: Combine maritime security cooperation with economic corridor development. Parallel Trade Diplomacy: Expedite FTA negotiations with EU and GCC to enhance market access. Public–Private Collaboration: Mobilize Indian corporates and Gulf sovereign funds for infrastructure financing. India’s Municipal Finance Crisis Context: Despite urban India generating nearly two-thirds of the national GDP, its municipalities control less than 1% of India’s total tax revenue. Core Issue: The fiscal architecture of India’s federalism has left cities financially powerless — over-centralised, grant-dependent, and unable to self-finance essential services or issue credible municipal bonds. Relevance : GS 2: Governance – fiscal federalism, 74th Constitutional Amendment, urban governance reforms, intergovernmental transfers. GS 3: Economy – municipal bonds, urban revenue generation, property tax reforms, urban infrastructure financing, public goods delivery. GS 1: Society – impact on citizens’ welfare, equitable access to urban services, participatory governance. Background: India’s Urban Revenue Paradox Urban India’s Contribution: ~66% of GDP, yet <1% of tax powers. Post-GST Impact (2017): Municipalities lost ~19% of their own revenue sources (e.g., octroi, entry tax, local surcharges). Revenue powers were absorbed into the GST regime, making cities reliant on state and central transfers. Result: Revenue centralisation: States and Centre retain >95% of tax powers. Fiscal autonomy erosion: Cities became implementers, not governors. How Did Cities Lose Fiscal Autonomy Centralisation of Taxes: GST subsumed local taxes without creating municipal compensation mechanisms. Weak Implementation of 74th Amendment (1992): Cities were to be “third tier of governance”, but remained administratively dependent on states. Conditional Grants: Funds come with strict conditions (e.g., AMRUT, Smart Cities Mission), limiting local discretion. Low Own-Revenue Base: Property tax contributes only 20–25% of total municipal revenues — politically sensitive and poorly assessed. User charges (water, waste, parking) underpriced or poorly collected. Creditworthiness Crisis: Ratings and RBI norms treat grants as “non-recurring income”, making cities appear fiscally weak. The Problem: Flawed Model of Fiscal Federalism Inadequate: Cities lack predictable and untied revenues. Dependence on higher governments leads to fiscal uncertainty. Unjust: Burden shifted onto urban residents through user-pay logic — privatising public goods (water, sanitation, lighting). Penalises poorer households in informal settlements. Ideological Flaw: Treats grants as charity, not entitlements. Undermines the redistributive spirit of cooperative federalism. Municipal Bonds — The “New Frontier” or a Mirage? Government Push: NITI Aayog, Finance Commission, and World Bank promote municipal bonds for infrastructure finance. Reality Check: Only a handful of cities (e.g., Pune, Ahmedabad, Indore) have successfully issued bonds. Low investor confidence due to: Weak financial transparency and audits. No stable, predictable revenue stream. Dependence on ad-hoc state/central grants. Credibility Problem: Current credit rating system judges cities narrowly by own revenue, ignoring grants and governance performance. This undervalues cities’ real fiscal position. Why the Current Fiscal Prescription is “Inadequate and Unjust” Inadequate because: Property tax base too small and politically sensitive. Administrative weakness in assessment and collection. User charges regressive, hurting low-income groups. Unjust because: Converts collective goods into commodities (e.g., water, waste). Blames cities for inefficiency, while withholding fiscal authority. Residents pay more, yet get poor services due to funding shortfalls. Comparative Perspective: Lessons from Scandinavia Denmark, Sweden, Norway Model: Cities can levy and collect income taxes directly. Enjoy predictable intergovernmental transfers. Result: Transparent, accountable, and citizen-trusted local governance. Outcome: Decentralised fiscal power = efficient urban welfare states. Transfers treated as part of a shared fiscal ecosystem, not as discretionary charity. The Indian Paradox Centralised Power, Decentralised Burden: Cities are expected to deliver on solid waste, housing, climate resilience, and digital infrastructure without funds. Revenue Inversion: Accountability lies at local level; fiscal power lies at central level. Creates a “democracy deficit” — local governments answerable to citizens but dependent on distant bureaucracies for funds. The Way Forward Reimagine Fiscal Federalism: Recognize cities as equal fiscal entities, not beneficiaries. Mandate constitutionally guaranteed urban revenue-sharing. Reform Municipal Bonds Framework: Treat grants and shared taxes as legitimate income for creditworthiness. Allow GST compensation or state shares as collateral. Empower Local Taxation: Modernize property tax systems (GIS mapping, annual revision). Rationalize user charges while protecting low-income groups. Institutionalise Urban Transfers: Create Urban Finance Commissions at the state level. Link transfers to transparency, citizen participation, and audit compliance. Democratize Urban Governance: Strengthen ward committees and citizen budgeting. Shift from technocratic to participatory fiscal management. Meet AI chatbots replacing India’s call-centre staff  Why is it in the News? A Reuters investigation (Oct 2025) highlighted how AI chatbots developed by Indian startups like LimeChat (Bengaluru-based) are transforming the customer service and IT outsourcing landscape. LimeChat claims its generative AI agents reduce workforce needs by 80%, signaling a major shift in India’s $283 billion IT and BPM (Business Process Management) sector. Raises questions on AI-led automation, employment security, and India’s readiness to manage large-scale technological disruption. Relevance : GS 3: Science & technology – AI, automation, digital workforce, IT-BPM sector transformation. GS 2: Governance – policy responses to technological disruption, employment regulation, reskilling frameworks. GS 1: Society – youth employment, gendered workforce impact, social adaptation to AI disruption. Background: India’s IT and Outsourcing Sector India = world’s back-office hub: Accounts for 52% of global outsourcing (NASSCOM, 2025). Contributes 7.5% to India’s GDP; employs over 5 million directly (2024). Major strengths: Cheap labour, English proficiency, and large skilled workforce. Now faces AI-led automation pressures, especially in routine jobs (customer care, payroll, technical support). What is Happening: AI-Led Disruption 1. Rise of Conversational AI Global market projected to reach $41 billion by 2030, growing at 24% annually (Grand View Research). Startups like LimeChat, Haptik (Reliance-owned), and others are automating customer interactions via chatbots. AI agents can handle 70% of customer complaints today — aiming for 90–95% automation within a year. 2. Economic Model LimeChat’s service: ₹1 lakh/month automates work of 15 agents (~$1,130 = salary of 3 human staff). Sales growth: From $79,000 (2022) → $1.5 million (2024) (19x rise). Integrations with Microsoft Azure to enhance natural language processing and multilingual capabilities. 3. Automation Impact Jefferies (Sept 2025) forecast: 50% revenue hit for call centres. 35% hit for other back-office functions within 5 years. TeamLease Digital data: BPM sector hiring fell drastically: +1,77,000 (2021–22) +1,30,000 (2022–23) <17,000 (2023–24 & 2024–25). Workers report AI replacing human evaluators and call quality analysts. Increasing job insecurity among India’s 1.65 million BPM employees. Policy and Governance Dimensions 1. Government Position PM Narendra Modi (Feb 2025): “Work does not disappear; its nature changes.” Official stance: AI’s impact on employment will be limited in the long run due to new job creation in AI coordination, design, and oversight. Lack of dedicated AI-labour impact assessment mechanism so far. 2. Expert Concerns Sumita Dawra (ex-Labour Secretary): Advocates for unemployment benefits & social security reforms during AI transition. Santosh Mehrotra (University of Bath): Warns that India lacks a policy game plan for workforce reskilling amid AI disruption. 3. Geopolitical/Economic Risks U.S. policies: 25% tax proposal on outsourcing users. $100,000 H-1B visa fee. Tariffs on tech services. Combined with AI automation, these pose a double shock to India’s IT exports. Social Implications Youth employment crisis risk — fresh graduates face shrinking entry-level IT roles. Women disproportionately affected — many occupy back-office or voice-process jobs now being automated. Cultural dimension: Many employees, like “Megha,” conceal layoffs from families — indicating social stigma of tech job loss. Customer perspective: Despite AI’s efficiency, EY Survey (Aug 2024) found: 78% Indians still prefer human support online. 62% purchases influenced by AI — shows growing but cautious consumer acceptance. Opportunities for India Transition from “Back Office” to “AI Factory”: Focus on AI engineering, model fine-tuning, and data annotation. Potential to export AI expertise, similar to IT exports in 2000s. Upskilling Imperative: Shift towards AI deployment engineers, process analysts, data trainers, and algorithm auditors. Need for AI literacy integration in higher education. AI Governance Leadership: Develop frameworks for ethical AI use, employment impact assessments, and social security nets. Challenges Ahead Skill mismatch: Current workforce not trained for generative AI, automation design, or supervision. Policy lag: No AI-specific labour transition strategy or unemployment insurance. Corporate risk: Over-automation may harm customer trust (as seen with Sweden’s Klarna “course correction”). Ethical and accountability issues: Chatbots providing incomplete or misleading responses (e.g., Knya case). Conclusion India stands at a critical inflection point — balancing automation-led productivity with inclusive employment. If managed well: India can become the world’s AI deployment hub (“AI factory”). If mismanaged: Risk of technological unemployment, social disruption, and loss of demographic dividend. Requires a proactive policy mix — reskilling, social protection, ethical AI frameworks, and strategic public–private collaboration. The new power of rare earths Why is it in the News? Growing China’s dominance in rare earth elements (REEs) and its strategic leverage in global trade, especially amid US–China tensions. Rare earths are critical for clean energy, electronics, defense, and high-tech manufacturing, making them geopolitically sensitive. The news is timely due to: China’s export controls and potential supply restrictions. Global concerns about technological supply chain security. Rising strategic competition between China and the US in tech and defense sectors. Relevance : GS 3: Economy – strategic minerals, critical raw materials for technology, EVs, renewable energy. GS 2: International relations – China’s dominance, US-China competition, Indo-Pacific mineral diplomacy, supply chain security. GS 3: Science & technology – green energy tech, EV batteries, high-tech manufacturing, rare earth metallurgy. Basics: Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Definition: 17 metallic elements (15 lanthanides + scandium + yttrium) with high electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, and heat resistance. Applications: Electronics: smartphones, semiconductors, display screens. Renewable energy: wind turbines, EV batteries, magnets. Defense: fighter jets, missile guidance systems. Misnomer: Despite the name, REEs are not rare in the Earth’s crust but occur in low concentrations that make extraction economically challenging. Global Reserves & Production (2021–2022) Reserves (in tonnes of REE equivalent content): Vietnam: 22,000 Brazil: 21,000 Russia: 12,000 India: 6,90,000 (1st in land-based reserves) Australia: 42,000 USA: 23,900 Other countries: 42,000 Production of Rare Earth Oxides (2020–2022): China: 180,000–210,000 tonnes → >50% of global production. USA: 25,000–28,500 tonnes. Australia: 14,500–15,900 tonnes. Others: Russia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Madagascar contribute smaller shares. China’s Strategic Dominance Controls ~60–80% of global REE production and processing, creating a near-monopoly. Extracts and refines REEs at low costs due to: Vertical integration of mining, separation, and refining. Economies of scale and state subsidies. Leverages REEs as a geopolitical tool: Past examples: export restrictions to Japan (2010), potential leverage against the US and allies. Creates supply chain vulnerabilities for critical industries in Europe, US, Japan. Challenges for Other Countries High extraction costs: REEs often in low concentrations, requiring environmentally intensive processes. Limited refining capability: Even countries with reserves (USA, Australia, India) rely on China for refining and separation. Geopolitical dependence: Western countries cannot easily replace Chinese REEs due to lack of infrastructure. Global Market Dynamics Demand surge: Driven by EVs, wind turbines, electronics, and defense tech. China’s pricing power: Can influence global REE prices through: Export quotas Tariffs Technology partnerships and strategic stockpiling US & allied responses: Initiatives to develop domestic extraction and processing, e.g., Mountain Pass mine (USA), Australian ventures. India’s Position India has 6,90,000 tonnes of REE reserves (notably in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka). Challenges: Low extraction and refining capacity. Lack of commercial-scale processing plants. Opportunities: Partner with US, Japan, Australia to develop domestic REE value chain. Potential hub for strategic minerals in the Indo-Pacific supply chain. Environmental and Regulatory Issues REE extraction is chemically intensive and environmentally risky, producing toxic waste. Countries need strict regulations and eco-friendly technologies for sustainable mining. China has historically prioritized economic output over environmental concerns, giving it cost advantage. Impact on Global Economy and Geopolitics REEs are critical for green energy transition: EVs, wind turbines, batteries. Any supply disruption by China can affect: US and EU defense industries. EV and semiconductor manufacturing. Countries are increasingly investing in domestic REE projects and diversifying supply chains.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 October 2025

Content Setting Sail India’s Shipbuilding Revival Ministry of Mines Classifies Limestone as Major Mineral Completely Setting Sail India’s Shipbuilding Revival Context and Background India’s shipbuilding heritage dates back to Lothal (2400 BCE) — the world’s earliest tidal dock, evidencing maritime trade with Mesopotamia. Modern shipbuilding began under colonial rule (Bombay Dockyard, 1735), evolving post-Independence through PSUs like Mazagon Dock, GRSE, and Hindustan Shipyard. Today, shipbuilding is central to Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030 and Viksit Bharat 2047, aiming to position India among the top 5 global shipbuilding nations by 2047. Relevance: GS 3 – Economy: Maritime trade growth, investment in shipbuilding, financial incentives, export promotion, MSME development. GS 3 – Infrastructure & Technology: Port and shipyard modernization, green ship technologies, inland and coastal water transport infrastructure. GS 3 – Environment & Ecology: Promotion of green fuels, hybrid propulsion, carbon emission reduction in maritime sector. GS 2 – Governance: Policy reforms, public procurement preference, legal and regulatory modernization, inter-ministerial coordination. GS 3 – Security & Defence: Strategic autonomy, naval fleet expansion, indigenous shipbuilding for defense preparedness. Why Shipbuilding Matters Economic Multiplier: Every₹1 invested yields ₹1.8 in returns and creates 6.4x employment — especially in coastal and rural regions. Strategic Value: Ensures maritime security, reduces dependence on foreign fleets, and strengthens blue economy resilience. Trade Backbone: 95% of India’s trade by volume and 65% by value moves via sea routes. Sector Status (as of 2024) 1,552 Indian-flagged vessels, totaling 13.65 million GT (Gross Tonnage). Private participation is expanding (Cochin Shipyard Ltd, Larsen & Toubro, Adani Harbour Services, etc.). India contributes <1% of global shipbuilding, while China (~51%), South Korea (~28%), and Japan (~15%) dominate — highlighting massive catch-up potential. Key Reform Pillars (Total Outlay: ₹69,725 crore) Pillar 1: Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Scheme (₹24,736 Cr) Objective: Bridge cost disadvantage (India 20–25% higher than Asian peers). Assistance: 15% (<₹100 Cr vessels) 20% (>₹100 Cr vessels) 25% (green/hybrid vessels) Domestic Value Addition: ≥30% Validity: Till March 2036 Subcomponents: Ship-breaking Credit Notes: 40% scrap value redeemable for new builds; transferable, valid 3 years. National Shipbuilding Mission: Centralized mission to coordinate R&D, funding, and global tie-ups. Impact: Boosts MSMEs, reduces cost asymmetry, and promotes “green ships”. Pillar 2: Maritime Development Fund (₹25,000 Cr) Aim: Overcome high-cost financing barriers for shipyards and fleet expansion. Maritime Investment Fund: ₹20,000 Cr blended model (49% govt, 51% private/multilateral). Focus: Shipping capacity, shipyard modernization, inland/coastal transport. Interest Incentivization Fund: ₹5,000 Cr corpus, offering up to 3% interest subsidy for shipyard loans. Impact: Mobilizes low-cost capital; aligns with India’s EXIM trade backbone. Pillar 3: Shipbuilding Development Scheme (₹19,989 Cr) Greenfield clusters: ₹9,930 Cr Brownfield expansion: ₹8,261 Cr Risk coverage: ₹1,443 Cr Capability development: ₹305 Cr Duration: 10 years (up to March 2036) Impact: Builds integrated shipbuilding hubs with R&D, MSMEs, training, and logistics — similar to South Korea’s Ulsan cluster. Pillar 4: Legal, Policy & Process Reforms Infrastructure status (Sept 2025): Large ships now eligible for long-term financing and tax incentives. Demand Aggregation: Oil & Gas PSUs to build 110+ vessels domestically in next decade. Key Legislations (2025): Bills of Lading Act Carriage of Goods by Sea Act Coastal Shipping Act Merchant Shipping Act Indian Ports Act → Modernizes maritime laws in sync with UNCLOS and IMO norms. Impact: Reduces compliance bottlenecks and globalizes Indian maritime governance. Complementary Initiatives Policy/Programme Objective Right of First Refusal (RoFR) Priority to Indian-built & Indian-flagged vessels in tenders. Public Procurement Preference (₹200 Cr limit) Ships below ₹200 Cr to be procured domestically (Make in India, 2017). Green Tug Transition Programme (GTTP) Target: 50% green tugs by 2030. Harit Nauka Guidelines Incentivize green tech adoption in inland vessels. Standard Tug Designs 5 model variants for major ports to promote uniformity. MoUs and Collaborations SCI & Oil PSUs JV: Indigenous vessel ownership to cut foreign charter costs. Cochin Shipyard & HD Korea Shipbuilding: Joint development of large commercial vessels; ₹3,700 Cr fabrication unit at Kochi. Port-State Collaborations: Coastal states + major ports to establish shipbuilding clusters. Cochin & Mazagon Dock + Tamil Nadu Govt: ₹15,000 Cr mega facility, 1 million GT capacity. Sagarmala Finance Corp: Partnering with banks & IFIs for green shipbuilding finance blending climate funds with domestic capital. Economic & Strategic Implications Employment Generation: 1 lakh+ direct & 3 lakh+ indirect jobs expected. Trade Competitiveness: Reduces logistics cost (currently 13–14% of GDP). Strategic Autonomy: Enhances naval preparedness and blue-water capability. Environmental Impact: Accelerates transition to Net-Zero Shipping by 2070. FDI & Global Partnerships: Potential to attract $10–15 billion investment over next decade. Challenges Ahead High cost of finance (9–12%) vs. 4–5% in East Asia. Lack of economies of scale and global demand linkages. Skilled manpower shortage for advanced shipbuilding. Need for digital integration (AI-based design, smart ports, etc.). Way Forward Skill Development: Leverage Maritime Skill Council of India and Skill India Mission. Green Transition: Implement Blue Economy Policy 2025 for sustainable maritime practices. Export Promotion: Incentivize ship exports under Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP). Innovation Clusters: Promote maritime start-ups under Startup India and TIDCO Maritime Park. Conclusion India’s shipbuilding revival marks a strategic inflection — blending ancient maritime heritage with futuristic industrial policy. The₹69,725 crore reforms under the Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Scheme, Maritime Development Fund, and Shipbuilding Development Scheme collectively aim to transform India into a global shipbuilding hub by 2047, aligning with Maritime India Vision 2030 and Viksit Bharat 2047. This revival will not just strengthen India’s maritime economy but will anchor its journey towards economic self-reliance, strategic sovereignty, and sustainable ocean growth. Ministry of Mines Classifies Limestone as Major Mineral Completely Context and Background Mineral Classification in India: Under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act), minerals are categorized as major or minor, primarily based on usage, size of deposits, and administrative requirements. Prior Scenario: Limestone used for lime in construction was classified as minor mineral. Limestone for other purposes (cement, chemicals, fertilizer, sugar, steel) was classified as major mineral. This dual classification created regulatory complexity and restricted the flexibility of leaseholders. International Context: Globally, limestone is treated uniformly in most mineral-exporting countries to simplify industrial supply chains and promote ease of doing business. Relevance GS 3 – Economy: Mineral resource management, industrial growth, cement and allied industries, MSME development, rural income generation. GS 3 – Environment & Ecology: Sustainable mining practices, MCDR compliance, environmental regulation. The Notification Date: 10th October 2025 (Gazette notification) Key Change: Removal of the distinction; all limestone is now classified as a major mineral, irrespective of end use. Transition Facilitation: Order dated 13th October 2025 under Section 20A of MMDR Act allows seamless regulatory transition from minor to major mineral leases. Existing minor mineral leases continue to operate without disruption. Rationale for the Change Reduced Lime Usage: Traditional lime for construction has decreased significantly; bulk limestone now serves cement, chemicals, fertilizers, steel, and sugar industries. Ease of Doing Business: Leaseholders can sell or use limestone for any purpose without artificial end-use restrictions. Removes regulatory bottlenecks for cement and allied industries. Economic Efficiency: Facilitates better allocation of limestone resources to high-value industrial uses. Economic and Industrial Implications Cement Industry: Direct access to limestone from former minor mineral leases enables faster capacity expansion. Supports India’s target to reach 1.5–2 billion tonnes cement capacity by 2047. Construction and Infrastructure: Boosts housing, roads, and industrial projects, generating employment in rural and semi-urban regions. Employment Generation: Leaseholders gain higher income and job creation in mining and allied industries. Ease of Doing Business: Removes regulatory ambiguity, improving India’s mining sector competitiveness globally. Rural Economic Impact: Many minor mineral leases are in rural areas; increased industrial off-take of limestone will revive local economies. Strategic & Policy Significance Mining Sector Modernization: Supports NITI Aayog’s recommendations for rationalization and simplification of mineral regulation. Industrial Growth Alignment: Aligns with Make in India initiatives and industrial growth in cement, chemicals, steel, and sugar sectors. Promotes integration with national infrastructure expansion plans (roads, housing, urban projects). Regulatory Efficiency: Section 20A order ensures smooth transition, avoids legal disputes, and reduces administrative burden on state and central authorities. Sustainability Consideration: Consolidated regulatory approach allows better monitoring of environmental compliance and mining practices. Historical Context Limestone Mining in India: Concentrated in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Used traditionally for lime (construction) and increasingly for cement and industrial applications. Global Comparison: Countries like China, USA, and European nations classify limestone as a single category to promote industrial flexibility and exports. Challenges and Considerations Environmental Concerns: Increased limestone mining may affect groundwater and local ecology; strict MCDR and environmental norms must be enforced. Royalty and Revenue Management: States must ensure fair royalty collection while supporting industry growth. Monitoring Compliance: Digital systems for monitoring mining plans, safety, and production need strengthening. Conclusion The complete classification of limestone as a major mineral is a landmark reform enhancing industrial flexibility, boosting cement and allied industries, and generating rural employment. The move rationalizes mineral regulation, aligns with ease of doing business objectives, and supports India’s infrastructure-led economic growth. By enabling unrestricted industrial use, this reform also contributes to national construction goals, industrialization, and economic resilience, while providing a model for similar rationalization of other minor/major mineral distinctions. Value Addition Major vs Minor Minerals India classifies minerals under the Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act): Feature Major Mineral Minor Mineral Definition Minerals critical for industrial and strategic use; central government regulates leases. Minerals of local/regional importance; primarily regulated by state governments. Examples Iron ore, coal, bauxite, limestone (post-Oct 2025), copper, manganese Sand, gravel, building stone, ordinary clay Lease Granting Authority Central Govt / State Govt with central oversight State Govt Regulation Complexity More stringent; requires approvals under MMDR Act & State rules Simpler; easier to lease and manage Economic Impact Drives large-scale industrial use, exports, and employment Local/regional construction, small-scale industries Strategic Importance Critical for steel, cement, chemicals, energy Limited to regional construction use LIMESTONE Definition Sedimentary rock primarily composed of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃). Often contains Magnesium Carbonate (dolomite) and impurities like clay, sand, iron oxide. Geological Occurrence Formed from marine organisms, shells, corals, and chemical precipitation. Found in sedimentary basins, mostly in shallow seas. Major States in India: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka. Types of Limestone Type Composition Uses High-Calcium Limestone CaCO₃ > 90% Cement, steel, chemical industries Dolomitic Limestone CaCO₃ + MgCO₃ Agriculture (soil conditioner), steel flux Argillaceous Limestone CaCO₃ + clay Cement, lime production Magnesian Limestone CaCO₃ + Mg Chemical industries, refractories Uses Sector Application Cement Industry Raw material for clinker production Steel Industry Flux in iron smelting Chemical Industry Calcium carbide, soda ash, bleaching powder Agriculture Soil pH correction, dolomite Construction Lime for mortar and plaster Sugar Industry Clarification of juice Key Facts Calcination: CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ Hydration: CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ Annual production in India: ~300–350 million tonnes (primarily for cement) Major global producers: China, USA, India, Japan, Germany

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 October 2025

Content Powering up the Australia-India clean energy partnership The Real Classroom Test Powering up the Australia-India clean energy partnership  Context and Relevance Event: Visit of Australia’s Minister for Climate Change and Energy, Chris Bowen, to Delhi on 15 October 2025. Purpose: Strengthen India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP); discuss joint projects, critical mineral cooperation, and capacity building. Timing: Both countries are pursuing ambitious clean energy targets amid vulnerabilities in global supply chains, particularly due to China’s dominance in rare earths and solar manufacturing. Relevance: GS 2 – International Relations: Strategic partnership, bilateral energy cooperation, climate diplomacy. GS 3 – Environment & Energy: Renewable energy transition, energy security, supply chain resilience, critical minerals strategy. Practice Question : Critically examine the strategic significance of the India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP) in the context of global supply chain vulnerabilities and climate change. How can operationalizing REP help reduce dependence on dominant suppliers like China? (250 Words) Key Themes a) Clean Energy Ambitions India: Target: 500 GW non-fossil electricity capacity by 2030. Solar: 280 GW planned; already ahead by ~5 years. Installed non-fossil capacity (July 2025): ~50% of total electricity capacity. Australia: Target: 62–70% emissions reduction below 2005 levels by 2035. Implications: Achieving these targets requires financial investment, technological capability, and robust supply chains—not just policy declarations. b) Vulnerability of the Indo-Pacific Climate disasters (1970–2022): ~10 per month, causing thousands of deaths and billions in economic losses. 2050 projections: ~89 million people could be displaced; 80% of regional population impacted. Implication: Energy transition must simultaneously address climate resilience and human security. c) Critical Supply Chain Risks China’s dominance: Rare earth refining: >90% global share. Solar module production: ~80% global share. India: Import-dependent for EV batteries and rare earth magnets; e.g., EV scooter production dropped from ~21,000 units (July 2024) to 10,824 units (July 2025) due to component shortages. Australia: Rich in lithium, cobalt, rare earths; lacks large-scale downstream processing. Lesson: Overdependence on a single supplier is a strategic and industrial risk. d) India-Australia Renewable Energy Partnership (REP) Launch: 2024 by PMs Narendra Modi and Anthony Albanese. Focus Areas (8 pillars): Solar photovoltaic technology Green hydrogen Energy storage Solar supply chains Circular economy in renewables Two-way investment Capacity building Other shared priorities Mechanism: Track 1.5 Dialogue linking policymakers, industry, and research institutions to operationalize collaboration. e) Comparative Advantages Country Strengths Strategic Role in REP Australia Resource-rich (lithium, cobalt, rare earths), regulatory stability, skilled workforce development (Net Zero Jobs Plan) Supply raw materials, co-invest in refining & processing, workforce collaboration India Large and young population (2/3 under 35), Skill India programs, PLI schemes, growing domestic clean energy market Provide skilled labor, expand production/manufacturing, absorb technology and investment   Synergy: Australia’s resources + India’s workforce = resilient, regionally anchored clean energy ecosystem. Strategic Imperatives Reduce dependence on China in critical mineral and solar supply chains. Strengthen regional clean energy supply chains in the Indo-Pacific. Demonstrate how democracies can collaborate to mitigate climate and industrial risks. Challenges Structural dependence on single-country suppliers for raw materials. Lack of large-scale downstream refining and manufacturing in both nations. Converting ambitious climate targets into investable and resilient projects. Bridging the gap between policy vision and tangible project implementation. Recommendations Operationalize REP through concrete joint projects and co-investments. Develop downstream refining, solar manufacturing, and hydrogen processing capabilities. Leverage India’s demographic advantage and domestic demand to create a regional clean energy hub. Strengthen regional energy resilience as a model for Indo-Pacific climate security. Analytical Overview Macro View: Energy transition links climate diplomacy with strategic economic autonomy; not merely environmental. India-Australia Strategy: Beyond trade, combining resource security, technology transfer, and workforce development. Policy Implementation: International agreements must translate into tangible, investable projects. Global Lesson: Democracies with complementary strengths can mitigate overreliance on single suppliers like China, ensuring resilient energy and industrial supply chains. Conclusion Chris Bowen’s visit marks a critical juncture for operationalizing REP. India-Australia collaboration could create a resilient, regionally anchored clean energy ecosystem, addressing climate vulnerabilities and supply chain risks. Strategic Outcome: Diversified supply chains, accelerated renewable manufacturing, and a model for Indo-Pacific energy security. The Real Classroom Test Context and Relevance Rising polarisation globally and narrowing opportunities in elite education challenge social cohesion and youth development. India (2025): Medical entrance: 2+ million candidates, 14,000 seats. IIT entrance: >1 million candidates, ~20,000 seats. Relevance: GS 1 – Society: Social cohesion, youth aspirations. GS 2 – Governance & Policy: Educational institutions’ role in fostering inclusive environments. GS 4 – Ethics & Values: Leadership, empathy, responsible citizenship. Practice Question : In the context of rising polarisation and hyper-competition in elite education, critically analyse the role of education in fostering empathy, social cohesion, and ethical leadership. Illustrate with examples. (250 Words) Key Themes a) Polarisation and its impact Divisions in politics, social issues, and immigration hinder collaborative problem-solving. Collective action on challenges like climate change requires tolerance and dialogue. Education can foster empathy, critical thinking, and open-mindedness. b) Beyond technical skills Education is not only about livelihood but also nuanced skills: Leadership, empathy, problem-solving, ethical decision-making. Examples of success without elite degrees: Bill Gates: Harvard dropout, global tech leader. Dhirubhai Ambani: No formal degree, built India’s largest business empire. Example of credential not equating leadership: Donald Trump: Wharton graduate, questioned as a role model for leadership. c) Hyper-competition for elite institutions “Mad rush” for IITs, medical colleges, and Ivy League universities creates: Pressure-cooker environments (e.g., Kota coaching industry). Narrow definition of success tied to elite credentials. Anxiety over STEM immigration and career prospects. d) Role of educational institutions Foster neutral, unbiased environments. Promote independent thought, critical reasoning, and diversity exposure. Develop skills for responsible, ethical leadership rather than just academic prestige. Overview Education as social equalizer: Mitigates polarisation, promotes empathy and tolerance. Credentialism vs competence: Degrees alone do not guarantee success or leadership. Demographic pressure: India’s youth bulge (~2/3 under 35) drives competition for limited elite seats. Ethical leadership: True education cultivates decision-making, social responsibility, and emotional intelligence. Recommendations Curriculum reform: Include ethics, critical thinking, social skills. Equitable access: Expand opportunities beyond elite institutions. Holistic evaluation: Focus on skill application, character, and societal impact. Foster curiosity and empathy: Encourage dialogue, collaboration, and exposure to diverse perspectives. Conclusion Success is measured by skills, empathy, and character, not just degrees. Elite credentials do not guarantee ethical leadership or social impact. Education must prepare inclusive, socially responsible, and resilient citizens capable of navigating a polarised world.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 October 2025

Content Microplastics pollution threatens Goa’s estuarine fisheries, human consumers Cybercrime cases of cheating by personation surge in Karnataka How does Gaganyaan’s vital crew escape system work? Elephant population dips nearly 18%, Western Ghats remain primary habitat Twinning Rate in India: Study Overview Microplastics pollution threatens Goa’s estuarine fisheries, human consumers  Why is it in the News? A recent study by CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (Goa) and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (Ghaziabad) revealed significant microplastic contamination in commercially important fish along the Goan coast, highlighting risks to fish health, human consumers, and coastal livelihoods. Published in Environmental Research (August 2025), the study provides first-of-its-kind detailed analysis for the Mandovi estuarine system, which contributes 97% of Goa’s fish output. Relevance: GS 3 – Environment & Ecology Pollution of aquatic ecosystems, plastic pollution, marine biodiversity loss. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of pollutants. GS 2 – Governance Policy implications: Waste management, regulation of fishing gear, biodegradable alternatives. Coastal livelihood protection and public health measures. Basic Concepts 1.           Microplastics Tiny plastic particles (<5 mm) from degraded fishing gear, wastewater, packaging, textiles, and tire residue. Persist in marine environments due to non-biodegradability. 2.           Bioaccumulation & Trophic Transfer Bioaccumulation: Microplastics ingested by small organisms accumulate in larger predators. Trophic transfer: Microplastics move up the food chain, eventually reaching apex predators and humans. 3.           Estuarine Ecosystems Ecologically critical zones supporting juvenile fish, filter feeders, and commercial species like anchovy, sardine, and mackerel. Highly vulnerable to pollution due to shallow waters and sediment accumulation. Key Findings of the Study Aspect Observation Sample Studied 251 fish across 9 species (finfish and shellfish) from various depths in Mandovi estuary Microplastic Particles Found 4,871 total; 3,369 plastic polymers (19 types) Source of Pollution Fishing material, wastewater, e-waste, textiles, tire residue, packaging Distribution in Water Column Benthic (sea floor/sediments) > Pelagic (open water) Species-wise Concentration Anchovy: 8.8 MP/ind (pelagic), Catfish: >10 MP/ind (benthic), Bamboo shark: 3.5 MP/ind (apex predator) Accumulation Patterns Longer-bodied fish accumulate fewer particles; more in digestive tract than gills Shapes of Microplastics Fibres (53%), Fragments (29.9%), Films (13.1%), Beads (4%) Colours Blue (37.6%), Black (24.3%), Red (12%), Others (discoloured, transparent, green, pink/purple, yellow, orange) Health Effects on Fish Oxidative stress, gene disruption, reproductive impairment, lower growth Health Risks for Humans Immune dysfunction, neurotoxicity, higher cancer risk Economic & Livelihood Risks Declining fish quality may reduce market demand, affecting coastal fishing communities Why It Matters Public Health Fish are protein-rich staples; consumption of contaminated fish poses serious health risks. Environmental Concerns Demonstrates the pervasive nature of plastic pollution, especially in benthic habitats. Policy Implications Urgent need for better waste management, fishing gear regulation, and research into biodegradable alternatives. Socioeconomic Impact Coastal communities dependent on fisheries face livelihood threats if fish quality declines. Quick Revision Mandovi-Zuari Estuary: 97% of Goa’s fish output. Bioaccumulation & Trophic Transfer: Microplastics move from plankton → small fish → large predators → humans. Microplastic Types: Fibres > Fragments > Films > Beads. Key Risk Group: Benthic fish (close to sediments) > Pelagic fish. Human Health Concerns: Immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cancer risk. Source Identification: Microplastic shape and colour help trace origin. Cybercrime cases of cheating by personation surge in Karnataka  Why is it in the News? Government data shows a sharp rise in cybercrimes, especially fake job offers, online investment frauds, social media impersonation, and deepfake-related scams. Karnataka accounted for over 70% of Section 66D cases in 2023, drawing attention to regional patterns and enforcement challenges. Low charge-sheeting and conviction rates highlight systemic weaknesses in investigation and legal processes, making it a governance and law enforcement concern. Relevance: GS 2 – Governance & Polity Law enforcement challenges, IT Act (Section 66D), low charge-sheeting and conviction rates. Need for governance reforms, judicial preparedness, and policy interventions. GS 3 – Security & Technology Cybersecurity, digital forensics, deepfake detection, online fraud mitigation. Basic Concepts Cybercrime under Section 66D, IT Act 2000 Defines offences of cheating by personation using computer resources. Punishment: Up to 3 years imprisonment and ₹1 lakh fine. Charge-sheeting & Conviction Rate Charge-sheeting rate: Percentage of cases where formal charges are filed. Conviction rate: Percentage of trials ending in guilty verdicts. Both metrics indicate the effectiveness of investigation and prosecution. Key Findings Aspect Observation National Cybercrime Trend Cases rose from 53,000 (2021) → 66,000 (2022) → 86,400 (2023) Karnataka’s Share >25% pre-pandemic in 2019, dipped during 2020–2022, surged in 2023 (>70% of 66D cases) Section 66D Trend National share: 12% (2019) → 29% (2023); Karnataka: 8.5% (2019) → 83% (2023) Charge-sheeting Rate (66D, 2023) 25% nationally; below cybercrime average of 33.9% Conviction Rate (66D, 2023) 33% nationally; slightly above overall cybercrime rate of 27.6% Notable Cases – Viral deepfake of actress Rashmika Mandanna (2023) – Person posing as TRAI official cheats Finance Dept officer (Karnataka) – Forged NHM job selection list circulated in Kashmir Enforcement Factors Karnataka: first state with dedicated city-level cybercrime police stations (2017); proactive recording & trained personnel may increase reported numbers Implications Governance & Law Enforcement Low charge-sheeting and conviction rates indicate gaps in investigation, evidence handling, and cyber-legal preparedness. Need for digitally trained investigators, prosecutors, and judges. Public Awareness & Safety Fake jobs, impersonation scams, and deepfakes threaten financial security and reputations. Citizens need awareness of digital hygiene and verification mechanisms. Policy Recommendations Specialized cybercrime training modules for police and judiciary. Improved digital forensics infrastructure. Encourage public-private partnerships for cyber threat detection and prevention. Quick Revision Section 66D, IT Act 2000: Cheating by personation using computer resource; Punishment: ≤3 years, ₹1 lakh fine. Karnataka 2023: 70%+ of Section 66D cases in India. Charge-sheeting rate (66D, India, 2023): 25%; Conviction rate: 33%. Rising Trends: Deepfakes, social media impersonation, fake jobs, online investment frauds. Governance Gap: Investigation & judicial system require cyber-digital specialization. How does Gaganyaan’s vital crew escape system work?  Why is it in the News? ISRO is progressing with human spaceflight under the Gaganyaan programme. Recent successful tests of the CES validate astronaut safety mechanisms during critical phases of launch. The news highlights India’s capability in human-rated launch systems and contingency management. Relevance: GS 3 – Science & Technology Human spaceflight, launch vehicle technology, crew safety mechanisms, aerospace engineering. Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) systems. GS 2 – Governance & International Cooperation India’s space policy, mission assurance, technological self-reliance. Basic Concepts Gaganyaan Mission: India’s first human spaceflight to low-earth orbit (~400 km) using human-rated LVM3 (HLVM3). Crew Safety Priority: Safety is paramount over mission success at all phases — launch pad, ascent, orbit, and descent. CES Purpose: Rapidly separates crew module from a malfunctioning rocket during atmospheric ascent to ensure astronaut survival. CES Functionality Operates during initial atmospheric phase (critical due to hypersonic speeds and high structural loads). Must overcome acceleration of HLVM3 (cannot shut down solid boosters) to pull crew to safety. Acceleration tolerance: Up to 10 g for a few seconds; crew positioned in “child in cradle” orientation. Improves survival using: Heritage-based design Redundant systems Robust mission planning Types of CES Type Mechanism Example Notes Puller Pulls crew module away from rocket Gaganyaan Uses thrust to extract module; safer integration with solid-fuel boosters Pusher Pushes crew module away using high-thrust engines SpaceX Falcon 9 Compact liquid-fuel engines; suitable for different propulsion tech Post-Separation Safety Crew module decelerates using multistage parachute system. Ensures safe sea splashdown within physiological limits. Integrated with Vehicle Health Management system to monitor crew and vehicle in real-time. Testing and Validation ISRO developed a single-stage test vehicle powered by Vikas engine. First successful CES test: October 2023 during transonic flight (subsonic → supersonic). Additional tests planned to simulate critical ascent conditions. Confirms CES as a cornerstone of astronaut safety in Gaganyaan. Significance Demonstrates India’s advancement in human-rated space technology. Validates emergency escape protocols, aligning with international safety standards. Builds confidence for crewed missions, supporting India’s space exploration and scientific ambitions. Highlights ISRO’s focus on mission assurance and risk mitigation. Quick Revision Mission Goal: Transport astronauts safely to LEO (~400 km) and back. CES Type: Puller type; accelerates up to 10 g. Safety Mechanism: Multistage parachutes + Vehicle Health Management. Tested: Oct 2023 with single-stage test vehicle (Vikas engine). Critical Phase: Atmospheric ascent with solid-fuel boosters. Elephant population dips nearly 18%, Western Ghats remain primary habitat Why is it in the News? Significant decline: India’s wild elephant population has dipped by nearly 18% over the last two decades. Habitat concerns: Western Ghats, historically a stronghold, show pronounced decline. Policy relevance: Highlights the urgent need for conservation, conflict mitigation, and habitat restoration. Relevance: GS 3 – Environment & Ecology Biodiversity conservation, keystone species, habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict. Wildlife monitoring mechanisms (AISEPE). GS 2 – Governance / Policy Policy interventions under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and CITES compliance. Inter-state coordination for habitat restoration and conflict mitigation. Basic Concepts Elephants in India: Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), a keystone species and flagship species for biodiversity conservation. Habitat: Predominantly the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, northeastern states, and central India. Monitoring tool: All India Synchronised Elephant Population Estimation (AISEPE) conducted every five years to track population trends. Current Population Overview Total estimated population (2022-23): 29,964 elephants. Population share by region: Western Ghats: 22.44% Northeast: 11.34% Eastern Ghats: 2.82% Central India: 4.19% Northern India: 2.02% Assam: 3.13% Tamil Nadu: 2.70% Others (Odisha, Jharkhand, etc.): 0.94% Primary habitats: Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, northeastern states. Reasons for Decline Habitat loss & fragmentation Expansion of agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure disrupts migration corridors. Human-elephant conflict (HEC) Particularly high in Kerala and Karnataka; leads to deaths and retaliatory killings. Poaching Targeting elephants for ivory and other body parts. Disruption of breeding grounds Fragmentation impacts mating and calf survival. Conservation Challenges Coordination across states: Elephants migrate across multiple states; requires inter-state habitat connectivity. Conflict mitigation: Need early warning systems, electric fencing, community awareness, and compensation schemes. Restoration efforts: Reforestation and protection of wildlife corridors essential. Data gap: Pandemic delayed AISEPE; highlights need for timely, systematic population monitoring. Significance Elephants are ecologically vital, shaping forest structure and dispersing seeds. Decline reflects broader environmental and ecological stress, including biodiversity loss. Findings inform MoEFCC and state forest departments to plan conservation, mitigate HEC, and prioritize Western Ghats habitat restoration. Supports India’s commitment to Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). Quick Revision Total elephants (2022-23): 29,964 (↓18% over 2 decades). Primary habitat: Western Ghats (22.44%). Key causes: Habitat loss, HEC, poaching, fragmentation. Monitoring: AISEPE every 5 years. Policy response: Corridor restoration, conflict mitigation, inter-state coordination. Twinning Rate in India: Study Overview  Why is it in the News? A recent demographic study highlights India will continue to host the largest population of twins globally, despite declining twinning rates. Emphasises public health, maternal care, and demographic planning for higher-risk pregnancies. Highlights the need for a national twin registry to study genetics, environment, and disease susceptibility. Relevance: GS 2 – Governance / Health Policy Maternal and child health planning, high-risk pregnancies, public health preparedness. Need for twin registries for better healthcare and demographic planning. GS 3 – Science & Technology Population studies, fertility patterns, assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Genetic vs. environmental factors in disease research. Basic Concepts Twinning rate: Number of twin births per 1,000 deliveries. Importance: Medical: Twin pregnancies are higher-risk for both mother and babies. Demographic: Reflects fertility patterns, maternal age trends, and use of fertility treatments (e.g., IVF). Knowledge gap: Most studies focus on high-income countries; low-income countries like India are underrepresented. Study Overview Conducted by Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany) and Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study. Data: Over 3 million births from 1980–2015 across 39 low-income countries. Method: Statistical modeling to assess effects of: Maternal age changes Population growth Fertility patterns Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) Key Findings India’s twinning rate expected to fall by ~10.5% by 2100 due to: Declining overall fertility Fewer pregnancies per woman Despite decline: India remains world’s largest twin population due to its sheer population size (~23.4% share among studied countries). Urbanisation and pollution may influence twin studies’ relevance for diseases like asthma and COPD. Maternal age effect: Older maternal age increases twin likelihood. Impact of MAR/ART: IVF and fertility treatments may increase future twinning rates, which current projections may underestimate. Public Health Implications Twins are higher-risk pregnancies: more frequent in later pregnancies, with early-pregnancy twins having higher mortality. Health system response: Train frontline health workers for twin care and monitoring. Targeted interventions to improve twin survival. Need for twin registries: Track genetics vs. environment in disease development. Inform prevention, diagnosis, and policy. Examples: Swedish registry: 30 ongoing projects on cancer, dementia, cardiovascular disease, hormone effects. Chinese registry: Focus on environmental exposures. Danish registry: Links cancer, blood cancer risk factors, and female hormones with cognition. Significance Provides demographic and public health foresight in India. Guides maternal and child health policy, especially in low-income regions. Forms basis for establishing India’s national twin registry, aiding research in genetics, environment, and chronic diseases. Helps forecast healthcare needs and train personnel for high-risk twin pregnancies. Quick Revision Definition: Twinning rate = twin births per 1,000 deliveries. India 2100 projection: 10.5% decline, but still largest twin population globally. Influencing factors: Maternal age, ART use, fertility patterns. Health priority: Train workers, monitor twins, improve survival rates. Research utility: Genes vs. environment in disease; policy planning.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 October 2025

Content India’s Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses Transforming India with AI India’s Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses Why in News Launched by PM Narendra Modi on October 11, 2025, at IARI, New Delhi. Outlay: ₹11,440 crore (2025–26 to 2030–31). Goal: Achieve complete self-reliance in pulses by 2030–31 and eliminate import dependence by December 2027. Relevance : GS 3 – Agriculture, Inclusive Growth, Food Security, Nutritional Security, MSP Reforms, Sustainable Farming Background and Context India is theWorld’s largest producer (≈25%), consumer (≈27%), and importer (≈14%) of global pulses. Current production (2024–25): 252.38 lakh tonnes (↑31% since 2013–14). Imports (2023–24): 47.38 lakh tonnes; exports: 5.94 lakh tonnes. Despite progress, domestic production lags behind demand, necessitating a self-reliance mission. Aligned with Vision 2047 and Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. Significance of Pulses Contribute 20–25% of total protein intake in Indian diets (NIN data). Crucial for nutritional security, soil nitrogen fixation, and farm income diversification. Per capita consumption below recommended 85 g/day — linked to protein deficiency. Environmental benefits: low water footprint, improves soil fertility and sustainability. Mission Objectives Achieve Aatmanirbharta (self-sufficiency) in pulses by 2030–31. Expand pulses area to 310 lakh ha (↑35 lakh ha from 2024–25 baseline). Increase production to 350 lakh tonnes; improve yield to 1,130 kg/ha. Reduce imports to zero and ensure 100% MSP procurement for Tur, Urad, and Masoor for four years. Empower 2 crore farmers via quality seeds, procurement assurance, and market linkage. Key Components and Interventions Seed Revolution: 126 lakh quintals of certified seeds distributed. 88 lakh free seed kits to farmers. Use of SATHI (seedtrace.gov.in) for seed authentication and traceability. Development of high-yielding, pest-resistant, and climate-resilient varieties. Procurement Security: 100% MSP procurement of Tur, Urad, and Masoor under PM-AASHA. NAFED and NCCF to manage procurement. Value Chain & Infrastructure: Establish 1,000 processing and packaging units, with subsidies up to ₹25 lakh/unit. Focus on cluster-based approach (as per NITI Aayog recommendations). Soil & Climate Sustainability: Promotion of balanced fertilizer use, intercropping, crop diversification, and mechanization. Integration with ICAR and KVKs for field demonstrations and technology dissemination. Technological & Institutional Innovations SATHI Portal (Seed Authentication, Traceability & Holistic Inventory): Tracks the full seed life cycle — from breeder seed to sale. Ensures quality assurance, transparency, and accountability in seed supply. Digital Monitoring: Data-driven decision-making via SAATHI and ICAR monitoring systems. Breeder & Foundation Seed Plans: State-wise rolling five-year seed production plans supervised by ICAR. PM-AASHA Integration Launched: 2018, continued in 2024. Components: Price Support Scheme (PSS), Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS), Market Intervention Scheme (MIS). Objective: Protect farmers from distress sales, ensure price stability, and promote pulses and oilseeds cultivation. NITI Aayog’s Recommendations (Sept 2025 Report) Based on survey of 885 farmers from Rajasthan, MP, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. Key Suggestions: Expand pulses into rice fallows and diversify cropping patterns. Develop “One Block–One Seed Village” model for seed self-sufficiency. Strengthen FPO-based seed hubs for localized production. Promote mechanization, efficient irrigation, and bio-fertilizers. Introduce climate-resilient and short-duration varieties. Establish local procurement centers and processing units to minimize middlemen. Integrate pulses into PDS, Mid-Day Meal, and Poshan Abhiyan to boost demand and nutrition. Implementation Framework Nodal Agency: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare. Collaborating Institutions: ICAR, KVKs, NAFED, NCCF, State Agri Departments, and FPOs. Timeline: 2025–26 to 2030–31 (six years). Cluster-Based Implementation: Regional specialization for Tur (Deccan plateau), Urad (Central India), and Masoor (Northern plains). Expected Outcomes Self-sufficiency by 2027 for key pulses (Tur, Urad, Masoor). Zero import dependence by 2030–31. Increase in farmers’ income through assured MSP and value addition. Strengthened seed and processing infrastructure across India. Foreign exchange savings by cutting import bills. Improved soil fertility, climate resilience, and employment generation in rural areas. Challenges Ahead Yield gaps due to climatic variability and pest resistance. Low mechanization and poor irrigation coverage in pulse-growing belts. Ensuring timely MSP procurement and payments. Balancing expansion with ecological sustainability and water management. Need for strong coordination among central, state, and cooperative agencies. Conclusion The Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses is a landmark step toward nutritional security, import substitution, and farmer empowerment. Integrates science, policy, and market reforms to transform India’s pulses sector. By 2030–31, India aims not only to be self-reliant but also a global leader in sustainable pulse production, contributing to Viksit Bharat 2047 through resilient agriculture, healthy citizens, and prosperous farmers. Value Addition Major Pulses Grown in India Pulse Type Major Producing States Sowing Season Key Growing Conditions Tur (Arhar/Pigeon Pea) Maharashtra, MP, Karnataka, UP, Gujarat Kharif (June–July) Warm climate; 25–35°C; rainfall 600–1000 mm; well-drained loamy soils Urad (Black Gram) MP, UP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu Kharif & Rabi Tolerant to drought; requires 25–30°C; medium black soils Moong (Green Gram) Rajasthan, MP, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh Kharif & Summer 25–35°C; short-duration crop (60–70 days); sandy loam soils Masoor (Lentil) MP, UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Rajasthan Rabi (Nov–Apr) Cool temperature; 18–25°C; requires moderate irrigation Gram (Chickpea) MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, UP, Karnataka Rabi (Oct–Feb) Semi-arid climate; 20–25°C; loamy to sandy soils Peas (Matar) UP, Bihar, MP, Punjab, Haryana Rabi Cool, temperate climate; 15–20°C; clay-loam soils Cowpea (Lobia) Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Kharif/Summer Drought-tolerant; sandy soils Area and Production (2024–25: 3rd Advance Estimates) Parameter Data Total Area under Pulses ~275 lakh hectares Production ~252.38 lakh tonnes Productivity ~915 kg/ha Top Producer State Madhya Pradesh (~30% of India’s total) Largest Exported Pulses Chickpea (mainly to Bangladesh, UAE, and Nepal) State-Wise Contribution (Share in Total Production, 2024–25 est.) Rank State Share (%) Major Crops 1 Madhya Pradesh 30–32 Gram, Tur, Urad, Masoor 2 Maharashtra 15–17 Tur, Gram, Urad, Moong 3 Rajasthan 12–13 Moong, Gram 4 Karnataka 8–9 Tur, Urad 5 Uttar Pradesh 7–8 Gram, Masoor, Pea Agro-Climatic Suitability Pulses can be grown in rainfed, marginal, and arid conditions. Optimal conditions: Temperature: 18–35°C (varies by crop). Rainfall: 400–1000 mm. Soils: Loamy, sandy loam, or black cotton soils with good drainage. Pulses are short-duration crops (60–120 days) ideal for intercropping and crop rotation. Pulses and Soil Health Nitrogen fixation: Pulses host Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules, fixing atmospheric N₂ into soil — reduces fertilizer use. Improves soil structure and organic matter, promoting sustainable agriculture. Ideal for inclusion in crop rotation systems (e.g., Tur–Wheat, Gram–Maize). Transforming India with AI Why in News IndiaAI Mission (₹10,371.92 crore) has achieved 38,000 GPUs, marking a major step in AI infrastructure. India is positioning itself as a global AI hub, combining inclusive innovation with economic transformation. Relevance : GS 3 – Science & Technology, IT & Computers, Inclusive Growth, E-Governance, Innovation & Employment Generation What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Definition: AI enables machines to perform tasks that require human-like intelligence — learning, reasoning, decision-making, and problem-solving. Core Components: Machine Learning (ML) – Algorithms that learn from data. Deep Learning (DL) – Neural networks mimicking human brain patterns. Natural Language Processing (NLP) – Understanding human language. Computer Vision – Image and pattern recognition. Generative AI – Produces new content (text, image, audio). India’s approach: “AI for All” — open, affordable, and accessible. AI Landscape in India (2025 Snapshot) Tech Revenue: Projected to cross $280 billion (2025). Employment: 6 million people in tech & AI ecosystem. Startups: 1.8 lakh total, with 89% using AI. Global Capability Centres (GCCs): 1,800+, with 500+ AI-focused. AI Adoption: 87% enterprises use AI; NASSCOM Index score 2.45/4. Sectors leading adoption: BFSI, Healthcare, Retail, Manufacturing, and Automotive (≈60% of AI value). Global Recognition: Top 4 in AI skills and policy ecosystem (Stanford AI Index 2025). 2nd largest contributor to AI projects on GitHub. Economic Impact Projected contribution: $1.7 trillion to India’s GDP by 2035 (NITI Aayog estimate). Boosts productivity, governance efficiency, and innovation across public and private sectors. Aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047 — technology-driven inclusive development. IndiaAI Mission (Launched 2024) Budget: ₹10,371.92 crore (5 years). Vision: “Make AI in India and Make AI Work for India.” Implementing Agency: IndiaAI Division under MeitY. GPU Capacity: Target of 10,000 → achieved 38,000 GPUs (affordable compute at ₹65/hour). Seven Pillars of the IndiaAI Mission Pillar Focus Key Outcomes 1. IndiaAI Compute Affordable high-end GPUs 38,000 GPUs deployed 2. IndiaAI Application Development AI for India-specific challenges 30+ approved apps (cybersecurity, agriculture, climate) 3. AIKosh (Data Platform) Unified data repository 3,000 datasets, 243 AI models, 6,000 registered users 4. IndiaAI Foundation Models Indigenous LLMs 4 startups selected (Sarvam, Soket, Gnani, Gan AI) 5. IndiaAI FutureSkills AI talent ecosystem 13,500 fellowships, 27 AI labs in Tier-2/3 cities 6. IndiaAI Startup Financing Funding & global expansion Collaboration with Station F (Paris), 10 startups supported 7. Safe & Trusted AI Ethics, privacy, bias mitigation 8 research projects, AI Safety Institute in progress Supporting Initiatives A. Centres of Excellence (CoEs) Focus sectors: Healthcare, Agriculture, Sustainable Cities, Education. Linked with 5 National Centres for AI Skilling. B. AI Competency Framework Structured AI training for government officials to enhance policy and service design. C. IndiaAI Startups Global Acceleration Programme Collaboration with Station F and HEC Paris to globalize Indian AI innovation. Key Indian AI Projects Initiative Purpose Impact Sarvam AI Building India’s sovereign LLM ecosystem AI-driven Aadhaar services Bhashini Multilingual AI platform 20 languages, 350 models, 1M+ downloads BharatGen AI (2025) Government-funded multilingual LLM Supports 22 Indian languages AI Data Labs Network Foundational AI training 570 labs nationwide AI Impact Summit 2026 Showcasing India’s AI leadership 300 exhibitors, 30+ countries, youth & women innovation challenges AI in Key Sectors (a) Healthcare Early diagnosis, telemedicine, image recognition. ICMR–IndiaAI–U.K.–Singapore collaborations ensure ethical standards. AI models in radiology, pathology, drug discovery. (b) Agriculture AI in crop forecasting, pest detection, irrigation scheduling. Kisan e-Mitra: AI chatbot linking farmers to schemes. National Pest Surveillance System integrates weather & satellite data. (c) Education & Skilling NEP 2020: AI introduced from Class VI–XII. YUVAi Programme: Students build AI solutions for local challenges. DIKSHA Platform: AI for accessibility (text-to-speech, keyword search). (d) Governance & Justice e-Courts Project Phase III: AI in translation, scheduling, and filing. AI Translation Committees translating judgments into regional languages. e-HCR, e-ILR: Digital legal access platforms. (e) Climate & Weather Forecasting IMD uses AI models for rainfall, fog, cyclone intensity. MausamGPT (upcoming) to provide real-time weather advice. Employment & Skilling Impact AI Talent Pool: Expected to double from 6.5 lakh (2025) → 12.5 lakh (2027). FutureSkills PRIME Programme: 18.56 lakh enrolled; 3.37 lakh certified. Focus on 10 frontier technologies including AI, Big Data, and IoT. AI creating new job categories in data science, robotics, analytics, and governance. NITI Aayog Report 2025 – AI for Inclusive Societal Development Vision: Empower 490 million informal workers through AI, IoT, Blockchain, and Robotics. Digital ShramSetu Mission: Frontier technologies for informal sector. Phased Implementation (2025–2035): Mission Orientation (2025–26) – Define goals and framework. Institutional Setup (2026–27) – Governance, regulation, partnerships. Pilot Programs (2027–29) – Sectoral implementation, M&E. Nationwide Rollout (2029–35) – Full-scale adoption and integration. Outcome: Inclusive, voice-first, multilingual, skill-amplifying digital ecosystem. Ethical and Governance Dimensions Safe & Trusted AI Framework: Focus on bias mitigation, explainability, privacy, and accountability. IndiaAI Safety Institute: Developing national AI governance standards. Global Cooperation: Participation in GPAI (Global Partnership on AI) and UNESCO AI Ethics Framework. Challenges Limited domestic chip manufacturing and AI compute capacity. Data fragmentation and lack of standardized datasets. Shortage of AI researchers and PhDs relative to the U.S./China. Need for AI ethics, regulatory clarity, and public trust. Risk of digital divide if access and affordability gaps persist. Way Forward Invest in indigenous GPUs and semiconductor fabs. Accelerate AI skilling in Tier-2/3 cities. Expand AI use in social sectors (health, agri, education). Create a National AI Regulatory Authority for ethical oversight. Integrate AI into Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) frameworks — UPI, ONDC, and Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission. Encourage global South cooperation on ethical, multilingual AI. Conclusion India’s AI transformation blends computational power, inclusive design, and innovation to build a globally competitive yet socially equitable tech ecosystem. With initiatives like IndiaAI Mission, BharatGen, and Digital ShramSetu, India aims to achieve AI sovereignty and inclusive digital empowerment by Viksit Bharat 2047.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 October 2025

Content To mend a broken system – Rebuilding trust in public service recruitment exams needs tech-led overhaul Good Diplomacy, Good Business To mend a broken system – Rebuilding trust in public service recruitment exams needs tech-led overhaul Overview Topic: Crisis of trust in public service recruitment exams in India. Core Issue: Repeated exam paper leaks, corruption, and inefficiency undermining credibility of recruitment bodies. Focus: Need for technology-driven, transparent, and accountable recruitment systems. Author’s Stand: Restore public trust through reform, transparency, and digital innovation. Relevance: GS 2 – Governance: Recruitment integrity, accountability, transparency, institutional reforms. GS 2 – Polity: Role of UPSC/PSC in ensuring meritocracy and equal opportunity. Practice Questions: Discuss how technology can be leveraged to enhance transparency and accountability in public service recruitment.(250 Words) Context and Background Public service commissions (State PSCs, SSC, etc.) serve as symbols of meritocracy, social mobility, and equal opportunity. Over the past decade, trust in these institutions has eroded due to widespread exam scams , leaks and other issues. Incidents in Punjab (PPSC 2021), Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal exposed systemic weaknesses. Recruitment exams, once seen as fair gateways to stable jobs, now symbolize corruption, manipulation, and despair for aspirants. Root Causes of the Crisis Systemic Vulnerabilities Paper leaks, manipulation of merit lists, and biased recruitment. Lack of transparency in exam evaluation and result declaration. Weak institutional oversight and delayed investigations. Governance Failures Poor coordination between state agencies and examination bodies. Limited technological adoption in recruitment processes. Absence of accountability mechanisms for officials. Social Impact Erosion of aspirants’ faith in merit-based mobility. Triggered protests, disillusionment, and social unrest among youth. Undermined the legitimacy of government institutions. Consequences Public Distrust: Loss of confidence in the fairness of the system. Economic Cost: Delay in recruitment impacts governance efficiency. Social Unrest: Aspirants’ protests and youth frustration. Meritocracy Erosion: Genuine candidates lose out to corrupt practices. Reform Imperatives 1. Transparency in Recruitment Publish exam syllabi, evaluation methodologies, and performance statistics. Open data portals for result audits and grievance redressal. Encourage public scrutiny to deter malpractice. 2. Technology Integration Use biometric identification and encrypted digital systems to curb impersonation and leaks. Implement secure question paper delivery systems. Strengthen data analytics for anomaly detection in results. 3. Legal & Institutional Strengthening Enforce stringent laws against exam malpractice. Establish fast-track courts for recruitment fraud. Empower independent oversight bodies with authority to probe misconduct. 4. Accountability & Governance Introduce review panels to monitor recruitment integrity. Public service commissions must be auditable and accountable to citizens. Collaboration among central, state, and civil society bodies to ensure oversight. 5. Citizen Participation Engage watchdog groups for transparency. Allow citizen representation in recruitment audits to rebuild credibility. Government Initiatives & Suggested Measures Home Ministry’s emphasis on innovative technology for exam reform. Example: CBI inquiries ordered in cases of leaks. Suggested: AI-based exam monitoring, blockchain for question paper tracking, and real-time CCTV surveillance. Broader Implications Ethical Dimension: Restoring trust equals restoring social justice. Administrative Dimension: Efficient, transparent recruitment = stronger governance. Economic Dimension: Timely appointments = better service delivery and productivity. Political Dimension: Reduces populist anger and restores institutional legitimacy. Challenges Resistance to reform from entrenched interests. Digital divide across states in implementing tech-based solutions. Ensuring data privacy and cyber security in digitized recruitment systems. Conclusion Rebuilding trust in recruitment is both a moral and governance imperative. Requires a multi-pronged approach: technology, transparency, and accountability. A robust and transparent recruitment system is key to reviving faith in state institutions, empowering youth, and strengthening India’s democracy. Good Diplomacy, Good Business Basic Overview Topic: Strengthening India–UK trade relations through the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). Focus: How diplomacy, complemented by economic pragmatism, can convert trade opportunities into growth for India. Core Message: The India–UK CETA is both a diplomatic and economic milestone that can serve as a launch pad for growth by diversifying markets, attracting investments, and overcoming export bottlenecks. Relevance: GS 2 – International Relations: Bilateral trade agreements, strategic partnerships, economic diplomacy. GS 3 – Economy: Trade facilitation, export competitiveness, FDI, MSMEs, logistics reforms. GS 2 – Governance: Regulatory simplification, ease of doing business, institutional support for exporters. Practice Questions: Analyse the strategic and economic significance of the India–UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA).(250 Words) Background Context UK PM Keir Starmer’s Visit (2025): Aimed to revive and deepen India–UK relations post-Brexit. The visit coincides with U.S. protectionism under Donald Trump’s policies, which have shut doors for Indian exporters — making the UK partnership timely. India–UK CETA negotiations mark a strategic pivot toward trusted democratic partners after trade frictions with the EU and uncertainties in global trade regimes. The CETA aims to cover 99% of tariff lines, encompassing industrial, agricultural, and services sectors. Why It Matters Diplomatic Angle: Symbol of “Good Diplomacy” — leveraging political goodwill to deepen economic integration. Economic Angle: “Good Business” — enhances India’s market access, job creation, and global value chain participation. Strategic Angle: Reduces dependence on protectionist economies like the U.S. and China. Current India–UK Trade Snapshot India’s exports to UK (2023–24): USD 15.5 billion Imports from UK: USD 12.4 billion Trade Balance: In India’s favor (~USD 3 billion). Major Indian exports: Gems & jewellery, textiles, pharma, engineering goods, leather, organic chemicals. Major imports from UK: Machinery, transport equipment, precious metals, chemicals. Target: Double bilateral trade from USD 33 billion to USD 56 billion by 2030. Sectoral Opportunities Gems & Jewellery: India contributes 6% of UK imports (~USD 9 billion); scope for expansion with tariff reduction. Textiles & Apparel: Indian exports face average UK tariff of 9.2%; CETA can lower duties and enhance competitiveness vis-à-vis Bangladesh and Vietnam. Pharmaceuticals: Indian exports (USD 1.3 billion) face non-tariff barriers (quality norms, pricing regulations). Mutual recognition could open access. Engineering Goods & Machinery: Strong demand in UK’s decarbonization, clean tech, and defense sectors. Processed Foods & Beverages: Lowering UK’s tariff on Indian whisky from 150% to 75% would boost exports. Services: Key growth area—IT, education, R&D, fintech, healthcare, legal services, and tourism. Challenges Identified Regulatory Bottlenecks: India’s “regulatory cholesterol” (complex approval, compliance layers). Logistics Constraints: High trade logistics costs and slower customs clearance (India: 173 hours vs. Bangladesh: 67 hours). Capital Access: Limited and costly, hindering export competitiveness. Labour-Intensive Sectors: Like textiles and apparel face steep competition from zero-duty exporters (e.g., Bangladesh). Tariff Disparities: UK’s existing agreements with countries like Canada and Vietnam already provide them duty-free access. Policy Suggestions & Way Forward Trade Facilitation & Customs Reform Streamline customs through single-window clearance and end-to-end digital processing. India’s customs clearance time must reduce from 173 hours to global average (~70 hours). Regulatory Simplification Rationalize product standards, certifications, and inspection layers. Ensure mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) for pharma, food, and services. Targeted Incentives Encourage Indian exporters via Production-Linked Incentives (PLIs) and sector-specific subsidies. Focus on value-added exports instead of raw material shipments. Domestic Reforms Improve access to finance and logistics infrastructure. Enhance port efficiency, warehousing, and multimodal connectivity. Labour & Market Competitiveness Skill upgradation and quality improvement in MSME and labour-intensive industries. Align export standards with UK norms for smoother integration. Diplomatic Leverage Build on UK goodwill to negotiate favorable market access in sensitive sectors (alcohol, dairy, pharmaceuticals). Use CETA as a model for future FTAs with EU, Canada, and other Commonwealth nations. Wider Economic Implications Short-Term: Boost to exports, FDI inflows, and employment generation in trade-linked sectors. Medium-Term: Expansion of India’s manufacturing base through global supply chain integration. Long-Term: Strengthening India’s position as a trusted trade partner in the Global South and reducing vulnerability to U.S.–China trade dynamics. Author’s Core Argument “Good diplomacy leads to good business.” The India–UK CETA shows that when politics and economics align, trade becomes a vehicle for inclusive growth. India must complement diplomatic wins with domestic reforms — better logistics, simplified regulations, and capital access — to realize the full benefits. Conclusion The India–UK CETA is more than a trade pact — it’s a symbol of economic trust and strategic alignment. It can serve as a launch pad for growth if India: Enhances trade facilitation, Reduces bureaucratic friction, Improves export competitiveness, and Leverages technology and innovation. Ultimately, this is a test of India’s ability to convert diplomacy into durable economic gains — a model of “strategic economic statecraft.”

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 October 2025

Content Recent digs in T.N.’s Tenkasi reveal presence of Iron Age culture The mountains mourn Do cash transfers build women’s agency? Case Study: Natural farming gains traction in Himachal The grain of ethanol production Quantum leap by Indian researchers in boosting digital security In Morocco, Madagascar now: what unites ‘Gen Z’ protests across countries Recent digs in T.N.’s Tenkasi reveal presence of Iron Age culture Why in News The Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology (TNSDA) conducted its first season of excavations at Thirumalapuram in Tenkasi district. Excavations revealed Iron Age cultural remains near the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. Discovery includes urn burials, a stone slab chamber, and various ceramics, marking a first-of-its-kind finding in the state. Relevance GS 1 – Ancient history : Iron Age in South India, archaeological methodology. Basic Overview Location: Thirumalapuram, ~10 km northwest of the present-day village, between two seasonal streams from the Western Ghats. Site Area: Approximately 35 acres. Dating: Tentatively dated to early to mid-3rd millennium BCE (Iron Age). Excavation Method: 37 trenches dug during the first season. Key Findings Burial Structures A rectangular chamber constructed with 35 stone slabs, filled with cobblestones up to 1.5 m depth. Contains urn burials, unique in Tamil Nadu. Ceramics Variety of pottery found: black-and-red ware, black ware, black-slipped ware, red ware, red-slipped ware. Some ceramics featured white-painted designs, a unique feature for the region. Grave Goods Pottery included symbols on urns, considered among the most striking discoveries. Grave goods reflect ritualistic and cultural practices. Comparison with Other Sites Similar symbols and ceramic types seen in Adichanallur, Sivagalai, Thulukkarpatti, Korkai. Helps in understanding regional continuity and spread of Iron Age culture in Tamil Nadu. Historical and Archaeological Significance First-of-its-kind discovery in Tamil Nadu: Urn burials with stone slab chambers were not previously reported in the state. Indicates Iron Age cultural presence close to the Western Ghats, expanding knowledge beyond coastal or plains-based settlements. Helps reconstruct funerary practices, ritualistic life, and material culture of early communities in southern India. Adds to the body of evidence on ceramic technology, burial practices, and symbolism in South Indian Iron Age archaeology. Scientific and Methodological Insights Excavations employed systematic trenching and scientific analyses. Artifact study allows chronological placement, typology classification, and comparative analysis with other Iron Age sites. Provides a baseline for further multidisciplinary studies, including geoarchaeology, archaeobotany, and material science. Broader Implications Cultural: Reveals regional variation in Iron Age practices and expands understanding of social hierarchies and ritual practices. Tourism & Heritage: Potential for archaeological tourism and heritage awareness in Tenkasi. Academic: Opens avenues for research on Iron Age trade, migration, and technology in peninsular India. Preservation: Emphasizes the importance of protecting newly discovered archaeological sites from encroachment or looting. Value Addition Chronology & Periodization Iron Age in South India: ~1200 BCE – 300 BCE (regional variations exist). Characterized by the introduction of iron tools, agriculture intensification, and settled village life. Coexisted with megalithic practices, including elaborate burials, indicating complex social structures. Settlement Patterns Location: Predominantly near rivers, fertile plains, and foothills of the Western Ghats. Sites include Adichanallur, Sivagalai, Korkai, Thirumalapuram, Thulukkarpatti, T. Kallupatti. Suggests agriculture-based economy, supplemented by pastoralism and trade. Material Culture Pottery: Black-and-red ware (BRW), black-slipped ware, red-slipped ware, coarse red ware; often decorated with white-painted motifs. Iron Tools: Axes, chisels, sickles, indicative of farming, woodwork, and craft specialization. Symbolic Artefacts: Ceramics with symbols on urns reflect ritual and religious symbolism, possibly linked to ancestor worship. Burial & Funerary Practices Megalithic urn burials: Stone slab chambers, cobblestone-filled graves, cist burials. Contained urns with human remains, pottery, and grave goods. Indicates belief in life after death and hierarchical social structures. Regional uniqueness: Thirumalapuram urn burials are the first slab-chamber type in Tamil Nadu, unlike earlier southern urn burials. Socio-Economic Insights Agriculture: Iron tools enabled intensification of cultivation, supporting population growth. Trade & Craft: Evidence of beads, metal ornaments, and distinctive ceramics suggests local and inter-regional trade. Social Stratification: Variation in grave goods implies emerging hierarchies and differentiated social status. Cultural & Ritual Aspects Symbols on urns indicate early literacy of symbols or proto-writing systems, possibly for clan or identity markers. Ancestor worship and ceremonial burial rituals show complex belief systems. Continuity with later Tamil culture and religious practices, e.g., reverence for hills and rivers. The mountains mourn Why in News Torrential rainfall on the night of October 4–5, 2025 triggered over 110 major landslides in Darjeeling district and other parts of north Bengal. At least 32 dead, 40 injured, thousands stranded, with many missing. Areas like Mirik, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, and Alipurduar were severely affected. The disaster coincided with Dashain festival, during which many families had gathered for celebrations, worsening human impact. Relevance GS 1 – Geography: Landslide-prone Himalayan terrain, hydrology of Teesta and Balason rivers, impact of rainfall on soil stability. GS 3 – Disaster Management: Floods, landslides, NDRF operations, disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies. GS 3 – Environment & Climate Change: Extreme rainfall, climate change impact, hydropower projects and river management. Basic Overview Rainfall: ~261 mm in 12 hours caused soil instability, river overflow, and landslides. Geography: Darjeeling and Mirik are hilly regions cradled between Western Himalayan ranges and alpine forests. Infrastructure Damage: Roads vanished under mud; Balason river iron bridge collapsed, temporarily cutting off connectivity. Tourism Impact: Mirik and surrounding areas rely heavily on tourism, now disrupted, affecting livelihoods. Human Tragedy & Social Impact Personal accounts reveal loss of children and relatives due to sudden landslides during sleep. Many families lost entire households, highlighting vulnerability during extreme weather. Psychological trauma and grief compounded by the festival season, which is usually associated with celebration. Community displacement: Families moved to temporary shelters like Dudhia community hall. Geological & Environmental Factors Terrain: Steep slopes, unstable soil, and heavy rainfall combine to create high landslide risk in Darjeeling hills. Hydropower Projects: Tala hydropower dam and other projects contributed to flooding after dam gates failed to open. River Systems: Teesta and Balason rivers played a role in rapid water flow, contributing to soil erosion and infrastructure collapse. Climate Dimension: Increased frequency of extreme rainfall events linked to climate change may exacerbate such disasters. Economic & Livelihood Impact Tourism-dependent communities lost income due to road closures and suspended travel to hill destinations like Mirik and Sandakphu. Infrastructure damage disrupted local trade and access to essential services. Additional costs for restoration, temporary shelters, and compensation added to government expenditure. Humanitarian & Social Implications Highlighted vulnerability of hilly populations to flash floods and landslides. Exposed the need for early warning systems, flood forecasting, and community awareness. Emphasized importance of resilient infrastructure in disaster-prone regions. Psychological impact on children, families, and displaced populations. Broader Implications Governance: Need for proactive disaster management and coordination between central, state, and local bodies. Environment & Climate Policy: Importance of sustainable land use, forest cover maintenance, and hydropower regulation. Disaster Preparedness: Integration of early warning systems, evacuation plans, and local community training. Socio-Economic Resilience: Strengthening tourism, agriculture, and infrastructure to withstand natural disasters. Landslide Basics Definition & Types Landslide: Downward and outward movement of rock, soil, or debris on slopes due to gravity. Types of Landslides: Rockfalls: Sudden free-fall of rocks from steep cliffs. Debris Flows: Rapid movement of loose soil, rocks, and water. Slumps: Rotational sliding of soil along a curved surface. Creeps: Very slow downward movement of soil or rock. Complex Landslides: Combination of types (e.g., slump followed by debris flow). Causes of Landslides A. Natural Causes Heavy rainfall / Snowmelt: Saturates soil, reduces cohesion. Earthquakes: Trigger slope failure in hilly regions. Volcanic activity: Lava and ash destabilize slopes. Steep slopes and unstable geology: Common in Himalayas, Western Ghats. B. Anthropogenic / Human-Induced Causes Deforestation: Removes root structures stabilizing slopes. Construction & urbanization: Roads, buildings, and terrace cuts destabilize slopes. Mining / Hydropower projects: Excavation weakens natural slope stability. Poor drainage & irrigation: Waterlogging increases pore pressure in soil. Regions Prone to Landslides in India Himalayas: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Darjeeling, Sikkim. North-Eastern Hills: Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya. Western Ghats: Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra. Other Regions: Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu), parts of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Do cash transfers build women’s agency? Why in News Despite near-universal Jan Dhan accounts and rise of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes, women’s economic agency in India remains incomplete. Recent initiatives like Bihar’s Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana (2025) aim to provide seed capital to 75 lakh women for self-employment. The issue has policy and socio-political dimensions: cash transfers act as both welfare instruments and electoral strategies. Relevance GS 1 – Social Issues: Women’s empowerment, gender inequality, digital divide. GS 2 – Governance: DBT schemes, JAM trinity, policy implementation, and evaluation. GS 2 – Social Justice: Access to resources, property rights, social inclusion. GS 3 – Economy: Financial inclusion, self-employment, women-led entrepreneurship, impact on household welfare. Basic Overview Goal: Move beyond placing money in women’s accounts to genuine financial empowerment. Current Status: 56 crore Jan Dhan accounts opened; women hold 55.7%. Despite 38 crore RuPay cards issued, women’s usage of debit cards and digital payments lags behind men. Challenges: Low digital literacy, limited mobile phone access (19% less than men), patriarchal norms, distance from banks, and lack of privacy. Key Issues & Barriers 1. Financial Access vs Agency Accounts exist but are often dormant or used only to withdraw cash transfers. Women rarely control assets, take loans, or make independent financial decisions. 2. Digital Divide Women’s low mobile phone ownership restricts access to digital banking. Reliance on shared devices erodes privacy, autonomy, and independent decision-making. 3. Socio-Cultural Constraints Patriarchal norms often restrict women’s financial participation. Social attitudes limit women from leveraging their bank accounts, savings, or credit opportunities. 4. Structural & Policy Gaps Less than 10% of banking correspondents are women, reducing trust and accessibility. Lack of tailored financial products for women’s informal, seasonal, or sporadic incomes. Insufficient financial and digital literacy programs. Recent Policy Initiatives Bihar’s Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana: ₹10,000 seed capital for self-employment, with potential additional ₹2 lakh support. Other women-focused DBT programs include: Karnataka: Gruha Lakshmi West Bengal: Lakshmir Bhandar Madhya Pradesh: Ladli Behna Telangana: Mahalakshmi Programs rely on JAM trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile) for direct and transparent delivery. Path to Economic Empowerment 1. Asset Ownership Women must have tangible control over land, property, or business assets to leverage credit and sustain enterprises. 2. Digital & Financial Literacy Providing subsidized smartphones, affordable data, and training. Establish community-based advisory networks (digital banking sakhis, WhatsApp/UPI groups). 3. Agency-Building Beyond receiving money, women should be able to: Grow and reinvest funds. Engage with markets and participate in new forms of commerce. Exercise decision-making in household and community economic matters. 4. Institutional Support Co-create financial products reflecting women’s informal and seasonal income patterns. Expand female banking agents to enhance trust and access. Socio-Economic & Political Implications Household Welfare: Increased income in a woman’s name improves child and elderly outcomes. Social Justice: Strengthens women’s role as economic actors, not just welfare recipients. Political Economy: Cash transfer schemes often have electoral significance, influencing political participation and accountability. Macro-Level: Empowering women financially can boost entrepreneurship, market participation, and inclusive growth. Case Study : Natural farming gains traction in Himachal Why in News Himachal Pradesh farmers are increasingly adopting chemical-free natural farming, supported by state policies and incentives. The push aligns with India’s broader national focus on sustainable and chemical-free agriculture. Farmers are benefiting from higher yields, better prices, and reduced input dependence, creating both economic and environmental advantages. Relevance GS 3 – Agriculture: Natural farming, MSP, productivity, input management, organic agriculture. GS 3 – Environment & Biodiversity: Soil conservation, reduction in chemical inputs, eco-friendly practices. GS 2 – Governance: State-supported schemes, policy interventions, implementation of PK3Y. GS 3 – Economy: Market linkages, price support, rural income enhancement. GS 1 – Society: Women’s participation in agriculture, livelihood improvement. Basic Overview Natural/Organic Farming: Agricultural practices without synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying on farm-produced inputs and ecological balance. Key Government Support: Prakritik Kheti Khushhal Kisan Yojana (PK3Y): Launched 7 years ago to promote natural farming in Himachal Pradesh. Minimum Support Prices (MSP): Turmeric ₹90/kg, wheat ₹60/kg, maize ₹40/kg. Training & Certification: Farmers are trained and certified via CETA–ARA–NF (Certified Evaluation Tool for Agriculture – Natural Farming). Current Adoption & Outcomes Over 3.06 lakh farmers trained, with 2.22 lakh practicing partially or fully across 38,437 hectares. Farmers report: Higher profits: E.g., turmeric price rose from ₹60/kg (local market) to ₹90/kg (government procurement). Health benefits: Reduced chemical exposure reduces farmer illness. Independence: Farmers produce their own inputs, lowering market dependence. Women farmers are increasingly participating, expanding wheat and turmeric cultivation. Drivers of Adoption Economic Incentives: MSP support encourages market creation for natural produce. Training & Certification: PK3Y provides knowledge and credibility for natural farming practices. Health & Environmental Awareness: Chemical-free methods protect soil health, biodiversity, and human health. Government Backing: Policies create a structured ecosystem including procurement, pricing, and extension services. Benefits of Natural Farming A. Economic Higher yield and better prices due to government support. Reduced dependency on chemical inputs, lowering production costs. Opens market for premium, organic products nationally and potentially internationally. B. Environmental Enhances soil fertility and biodiversity. Reduces groundwater contamination and chemical runoff. Promotes long-term sustainability of hill agriculture. C. Social Empowers women farmers and smallholders. Builds community knowledge networks and reduces dependency on corporate agro-inputs. Challenges Initial yield fluctuations during transition from chemical to natural farming. Need for efficient marketing and supply chains to prevent price disparities. Labor-intensive practices require skill and training. Limited awareness and adoption in remote villages due to digital and extension service gaps. Policy & Institutional Support PK3Y (Prakritik Kheti Khushhal Kisan Yojana): Training, input support, MSP, and market integration. CETA–ARA–NF Certification: Validates natural farming practices and encourages market trust. State Government Procurement: Government agencies procure at higher prices to incentivize adoption. Broader Implications Sustainability: Demonstrates a model for eco-friendly hill agriculture in India. Health: Chemical-free produce is safer for consumers and reduces occupational health hazards. Replication Potential: Successful model can be adapted for other hill states and tribal regions. Women Empowerment: Promotes economic participation and decision-making among rural women farmers. The grain of ethanol production Why in News India’s ethanol blending programme, initially meant to support sugarcane growers, has increasingly benefited standalone grain-based ethanol producers. Investment of ₹40,000 crore in ethanol distilleries has shifted the focus from sugarcane to grains like maize and surplus rice, due to sugar shortages and policy incentives. Ethanol blending in petrol aims to reduce oil import dependence, support farmers, and promote cleaner fuels. Relevance GS 3 – Economy: Ethanol blending programme, agro-industrial investment, rural economy, food vs fuel policy. GS 3 – Agriculture: Crop diversification, sugarcane economics, grain utilization, government procurement. GS 3 – Energy & Environment: Biofuels, renewable energy, emission reduction, energy security. GS 2 – Governance & Policy: Implementation of National Biofuel Policy, coordination between OMCs, distilleries, and agricultural stakeholders.   Basic Overview Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP): Launched to blend ethanol in petrol, initially targeting sugar mills to provide extra revenue via ethanol production. Feedstock Sources: Sugarcane (C-heavy molasses, B-heavy molasses, cane juice/syrup) Grains (maize, surplus/damaged rice from FCI) Government Incentives: Higher prices for ethanol from B-heavy molasses, cane juice/syrup, and grains; excise-duty exemptions for grain-based ethanol. Production Mechanism: Molasses/cane juice: Sucrose fermentation → ethanol Grain: Starch conversion → sugar → fermentation → ethanol Trends in Ethanol Production Supply Increase: Ethanol supplied to OMCs rose from 38 crore litres (2013-14) to 189 crore litres (2018-19). Blending Ratio: Increased from 1.6% to over 4% in petrol. Grain-Based Ethanol Dominance: 2023-24: 672.4 crore litres procured; <40% from sugarcane, >60% from grains. 2024-25: 920 crore litres requirement projected; 520 crore litres from grains, 400 crore from sugarcane-based feedstock. Maize contributes the majority of grain-based ethanol (~420 crore litres). Reasons for Grain Dominance Sugar Shortage: Plummeting sugarcane output (423.8 lakh tonnes in 2023-24; 331 lakh tonnes projected in 2024-25) limits sugarcane ethanol production. Policy Neutrality: Government procurement policy does not distinguish feedstock, so distilleries can supply grains or sugarcane. Higher Returns: Ethanol price (₹71–86/litre) exceeds market value of rice, maize, or cane juice. Economic & Policy Implications Investment & Capacity: 499 distilleries with ₹40,000 crore investment, annual capacity 1,822 crore litres; OMCs procurement limited to 1,050 crore litres → potential overcapacity. Food vs Fuel Debate: Grain-based ethanol uses maize and rice that could feed humans or livestock, raising concerns about food security. Supply Constraints: Ethanol from sugarcane is capped by domestic sugar consumption, while grain ethanol can expand but may affect feed prices for poultry/livestock. Market Dynamics: Potential to create new markets for surplus grain but requires careful balancing of agricultural production and domestic consumption. Wider Implications A. Energy & Environment Supports National Biofuel Policy and petrol blending targets (20%), reducing fossil fuel dependence. Ethanol use reduces vehicular emissions and greenhouse gases. B. Agricultural Provides an alternative revenue stream for farmers, especially in surplus grain-producing states (Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, MP, UP, Maharashtra). Could influence crop choice and production patterns, with more maize/rice diverted to ethanol. C. Economic Encourages private investment in distilleries and rural industrial growth. Risk of oversupply and price volatility if ethanol output exceeds OMCs’ procurement capacity. D. Policy Challenges Need to balance sugarcane, grain, and food security interests. Must ensure efficient procurement, blending, and storage infrastructure. Managing ethanol pricing and feedstock allocation to avoid inflationary pressures on food and livestock feed. Quantum leap by Indian researchers in boosting digital security Why in News Indian researchers at Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru, led by Urbasi Sinha, have developed quantum techniques to generate and certify truly random numbers. The breakthrough has major implications for digital security, potentially enabling hack-proof encryption. It is a globally significant achievement under India’s National Quantum Mission. Relevance GS 3 – Science & Technology: Quantum computing, quantum cryptography, cybersecurity, National Quantum Mission. GS 3 – Security: Digital security, encryption, quantum-proof technologies. GS 2 – Governance: Government support in quantum research and technology commercialization. GS 3 – Economy & Industry: Potential for startups, innovation, and technology exports in quantum security. Basics Random Numbers in Digital Security: Foundation of encryption, passwords, and secure authentication systems. Must be truly random (not predictable) for high security. Pseudorandom Numbers: Currently used in computers, generated via algorithms. Adequate for today’s security but vulnerable to quantum computing attacks. Quantum Random Numbers: Derived from inherently random quantum processes (e.g., electron behavior, photon states). Device-independent methods ensure numbers cannot be predicted or manipulated. Key Scientific Concepts Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG): Uses quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement. Example: Measurement of electrons/photons to produce random sequences of 0s and 1s. Certification Challenge: Even quantum devices may be hacked or malfunction, so output must be certifiable as truly random. Certification ensures randomness is not from device fault or external manipulation. Entanglement & Bell’s Inequality: Two entangled particles behave as substitutes across distance. If measurement results violate Bell’s inequality, the randomness is quantum in origin. Leggett-Garg Inequality: Used to certify true randomness at the single-particle level. 2024: RRI generated random numbers violating this inequality in a lab setting. The Breakthrough First demonstration of device-independent QRNG using a commercially available quantum computer. Significance: Moves beyond controlled lab experiments to real-world noisy environments. Enhances practical applicability of quantum random numbers for digital security. Potential Applications: Hack-proof encryption Secure communication channels Authentication systems resistant to quantum attacks Strategic & Commercial Implications: Boosts India’s capabilities in quantum technologies. Opens avenues for startups and research commercialization. Reinforces India’s position in the global quantum security landscape. Challenges Ahead Scaling up commercial applications while ensuring security in real-world conditions. Continued research and funding required for robust device-independent QRNG systems. Integration into national digital security infrastructure and financial networks. In Morocco, Madagascar now: what unites ‘Gen Z’ protests across countries Why in News Youth-led ‘Gen Z protests’ have erupted in Morocco and Madagascar, following earlier similar movements in Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines. These are social media–driven mass agitations centered around inequality, poor governance, and quality-of-life issues, reflecting a global pattern of youth disillusionment in developing economies. Relevance GS 2: Governance, accountability, political participation, comparative politics. GS 1 (Society): Youth aspirations, social change, inequality. Basic Context Gen Z refers to the generation born between mid-1990s and early 2010s, now in their 20s or early 30s. They are digitally connected, socially conscious, and politically assertive, often using online platforms like Discord, TikTok, and Facebook for mobilisation. These protests represent a new form of political participation, less reliant on formal organisations and more driven by networked activism. Triggers and Contexts 1. Morocco Trigger: Death of a young woman during childbirth in a public hospital (Agadir, Sept 2024). Symbolism: Protesters contrasted poor healthcare with billions spent on FIFA World Cup 2030 infrastructure. Slogan: “Stadiums are here, but where are the hospitals?” Organisers: Collective called Gen Z 212 (country code for Morocco) using Discord for coordination. Socioeconomic context: Unemployment (15–24 yrs): 36% Per capita GDP (2024): USD 3,993 (global avg: > USD 13,000) >50% population under 35; frustration with inequality and elite privilege. Political backdrop: Constitutional monarchy; visible inequality between ruling elite and youth masses. 2. Madagascar Trigger: Government repression of youth protests (Sept 2024) leading to 20+ deaths. Escalation: Youth-led movement (Gen Z Madagascar) evolved into a wider anti-establishment uprising, leading to President Andry Rajoelina’s resignation. Organisation: Initially youth movements on Facebook & TikTok, later supported by civil society groups. Economic distress: Per capita income declined 45% since independence (1960–2020). Widespread poverty and public anger at elite capture of resources. Common Threads Across Gen Z Movements Digital mobilisation: Social media as the main tool for organisation and message amplification. Economic frustration: Youth unemployment, inequality, and declining purchasing power. Perceived elite capture: Anger against “nepo kids” (nepotism, privilege, and dynastic elites) — seen in Nepal, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Quality-of-life concerns: Health, education, job security, and state accountability. Erosion of trust: Young citizens view traditional political structures as unresponsive and corrupt. Short-lived intensity: Movements gain traction rapidly but often fizzle out due to lack of long-term coalition building. Structural Causes Economic: Shrinking industrial jobs due to automation and globalisation. Middle-income trap in developing economies. Inflation and cost-of-living crisis post-pandemic. Social: Rising educational aspirations unmet by job opportunities. Social media exposure magnifies global comparisons and resentment. Political: Weak democratic accountability; dominance of entrenched elites. Repressive state responses erode legitimacy further. Global Dimensions Similar Gen Z uprisings seen in: Indonesia (2020–21): Labour law reforms. Nepal (2023): Corruption and nepotism. Philippines: Inequality and political dynasty protests. Reflects a transnational generational shift in political participation, often leaderless but connected online. Scholarly Insight As per Dr. Janjira Sombatpoonsiri (German Institute for Global & Area Studies): These movements stem from a “crisis of expectations” — youth promised prosperity through education but facing structural stagnation. Social media enables rapid mobilisation but weak organisational endurance, limiting tangible outcomes. Implications Governance Challenge: States must address youth aspirations through inclusive growth and service delivery. Political Reforms: Need for democratic responsiveness and youth engagement. Security Dimension: Online radicalisation or unrest risk if grievances persist. Developmental Focus: Investment in education-to-employment linkages, digital literacy, and job creation

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