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Current Affairs 11 October 2025

Content India’s Kabul mission to be upgraded to embassy Killer cough syrup Hydropower project on Chenab gets clearance Microfinance loan defaults surged in 2024-25: Sa-Dhan data Artificial light exposure leads to early dementia symptoms Revisiting India’s industrial barometer: Base year revision of IIP Maria Corina Machado, ‘Iron Lady of Venezuela’, winner of Nobel Peace Prize India’s Kabul mission to be upgraded to embassy Why in News? India announced the upgradation of its ‘Technical Mission’ in Kabul to a full-fledged Embassy, marking a significant diplomatic shift towards re-engagement with Taliban-led Afghanistan. The announcement came during the visit of Taliban Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi to New Delhi, the first such visit since 2021. Relevance GS Paper II – International Relations: India-Afghanistan relations, Taliban engagement, humanitarian diplomacy, regional power dynamics (China, Pakistan, Iran), counterterrorism cooperation. GS Paper III – Security: Implications for national security, cross-border terrorism, and strategic interests in South Asia. Background and Context After the Taliban’s takeover in August 2021, India shut down its embassy in Kabul citing security concerns. In June 2022, India re-established a limited technical mission for overseeing humanitarian and development assistance. The current upgradation marks India’s first major step toward formal diplomatic engagement since the Taliban regime’s return. Why Upgrade Now Regional Realism: China and Russia have already exchanged ambassadors with Taliban; India cannot stay isolated in Kabul’s evolving power dynamics. Security Imperatives: Need to safeguard Indian interests against cross-border terrorism and extremist spillover from Afghan soil. Humanitarian Diplomacy: Continued supply of foodgrains, medicines, vaccines, and rehabilitation aid demands a stronger institutional presence. Strategic Engagement: Rebuilding influence to counter Pakistan’s dominance and China’s deepening footprint in Afghan infrastructure and mining. Key Outcomes of Jaishankar–Muttaqi Meeting Sovereignty & Non-Interference: Both sides reaffirmed commitment to sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-use of Afghan soil for terrorism against India. Refugee Issue: India raised concerns over forced repatriation of Afghan refugees by Pakistan, offering housing and aid to returnees. Development Cooperation: Six new projects announced (schools, hospital, trauma centre, maternity clinics). 20 ambulances, MRI/CT machines, and cancer medicines to be provided. Collaboration on water management, irrigation, and sustainable resource use. Trade & Connectivity: Boost to India-Afghanistan Air Freight Corridor for direct trade. Commitment to resume additional flights between Kabul and New Delhi. Humanitarian Support: India reaffirmed long-term aid through UNODC and other agencies, including drug rehabilitation and disaster relief materials. Broader Regional and Geopolitical Context Pakistan–Afghanistan tensions: Taliban accused Pakistan of violating Afghan sovereignty through airstrikes — signaling a shifting regional balance that India may leverage. China’s Influence: Beijing’s growing engagement, including formal diplomatic recognition, pressures India to recalibrate. Iran Factor: Tehran’s relative decline post-U.S. sanctions has weakened one regional pillar of Afghan engagement, increasing India’s strategic weight. U.S. Vacuum: After withdrawal, space left for India, China, Russia, Iran, and Gulf states to shape Afghanistan’s stability trajectory. India’s Strategic Calculus Maintain non-recognition but functional engagement — balancing between legitimizing Taliban and protecting national interests. Keep counterterrorism cooperation open, particularly regarding LeT, JeM, and IS-K threats. Safeguard development projects worth over $3 billion invested since 2001. Retain people-to-people and cultural linkages, especially education and healthcare access. Challenges Ahead Taliban’s human rights record, especially gender discrimination, remains a moral and diplomatic dilemma. Global non-recognition limits formal international cooperation mechanisms. Internal divisions within Afghan diaspora in India, including disputes over the embassy’s flag and representation, reflect legitimacy crisis of the regime. Conclusion: India’s decision to upgrade its mission in Kabul signals a pragmatic return to strategic realism, ensuring its presence in Afghanistan’s evolving geopolitical theatre while cautiously avoiding full recognition of the Taliban regime. It balances security, humanitarian, and geopolitical imperatives amid shifting Asian power equations. Killer cough syrup Why in News ? At least 24 children have died in Madhya Pradesh (M.P.) after consuming the Coldrif cough syrup, manufactured by Sresan Pharmaceuticals (Tamil Nadu), which was found contaminated with Diethylene Glycol (DEG) — a toxic industrial solvent. The tragedy has exposed serious flaws in India’s drug regulatory and quality control system. Relevance : GS Paper II – Governance: Public health governance, regulatory failures, federal-state coordination. GS Paper III – Health: Drug safety, pharmaceutical regulation, non-communicable and acute disease prevention, public health infrastructure. Background and Incident Overview Between August–September 2025, several children in Parasia (Chhindwara district, M.P.) developed acute kidney failure after taking Coldrif syrup prescribed for common cold and fever. 24 deaths have been confirmed, with 3 children critically ill in Nagpur. Initial symptoms: vomiting, drowsiness, abdominal pain, body swelling, and inability to urinate — all consistent with diethylene glycol poisoning. Investigations traced the source to a contaminated batch (SR-13) of Coldrif cough syrup. Investigative Findings Toxic Agent: DEG contamination detected at 48.6% weight/volume — highly toxic to kidneys. Source: DEG-laced non-pharmacopoeial propylene glycol used by Sresan Pharma (Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu) as a cheaper substitute for pharmaceutical-grade solvent. Other Contaminated Syrups Identified: Respifresh TR (Rednex Pharma, Gujarat) – 1.34% DEG ReLife (Shape Pharma, Gujarat) – 0.61% DEG Biopsy Reports: Confirmed Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN), typical of glycol poisoning. Actions Taken: CDSCO recalled Coldrif, Respifresh TR, and ReLife. WHO informed; production of Coldrif halted; license cancellation recommended. Sresan Pharma owner arrested; factory sealed. Failure of India’s Drug Regulatory Mechanism Regulatory Division: CDSCO (Centre): approves new drugs, imports, and clinical trials. State Drug Control (SDSCO): licenses manufacture, sale, distribution. Breakdown Points: Lack of central inspection — CDSCO failed to audit the facility for 6 years (against the 3-year mandate). Negligence in state checks — Tamil Nadu Drug Inspectors failed to test samples; suspended later. Poor inter-state coordination: Madhya Pradesh FDA had no prior approval record but failed to test random samples. Observation Report: Tamil Nadu inspectors found 39 critical and 325 major non-compliances at Sresan Pharma. Broader Context: Pattern of Recurrent Drug Contamination Year Location Deaths Substance Source 1986 Mumbai 14 DEG JJ Hospital case 2022 Gambia, Indonesia, Uzbekistan 300 DEG & EG Indian-made syrups 2025 Madhya Pradesh 24 DEG Coldrif (Sresan Pharma)   Common pattern: Substitution of safe pharmaceutical solvents with cheaper DEG/EG to reduce manufacturing cost. Regulatory inertia: No nationwide surveillance mechanism to ensure solvent purity or supplier traceability. Health and Legal Response Criminal charges: Sections 105 (culpable homicide) and 276 (adulteration of drugs) under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023. Section 27(A) of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 — penalty for manufacture/sale of substandard drugs. Public Health Measures: Over 4,000 health workers (ASHA, ANMs, Anganwadi) conducting door-to-door syrup recovery. 543 bottles seized, with ~600+ distributed before recall. National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and CDSCO conducting surveillance and forensic sampling. Structural and Systemic Issues Fragmented Authority: “Health” is a State subject, leading to divided accountability. Weak Quality Surveillance: Only 1% of India’s 60,000+ drug samples are randomly tested annually. Lack of GMP Compliance: Over 8,000 small-scale drug firms operate without WHO-GMP certification. Reactive Regulation: India acts after deaths, not through proactive inspections. Inadequate Penalties: Drug adulteration often punished by small fines or short imprisonment, creating moral hazard. Ethical and Governance Dimensions Medical Ethics: Doctors cannot detect contamination in appearance; responsibility lies with regulators. Governance Lapse: Regulatory complacency and inspection backlog reveal federal accountability vacuum. Public Trust Erosion: Domestic tragedies and international recalls (Gambia 2022, now M.P. 2025) threaten India’s pharmaceutical reputation. Policy and Reform Imperatives Centralised Drug Surveillance Grid: Unified National Drug Quality Database integrating State labs. Mandatory GMP & Solvent Traceability: Blockchain-based tracking of solvent suppliers. Increased Testing Frequency: Random batch testing at retail level. Regulatory Cadre Creation: All-India Drug Regulatory Service under UPSC-like structure. Whistleblower Protection: Incentives for reporting manufacturing violations. Public Disclosure: Annual “Drug Quality Index” for transparency. Conclusion The Madhya Pradesh cough syrup tragedy is not an isolated event but a symptom of systemic collapse in India’s drug safety framework. It reflects institutional negligence, fragmented authority, and economic shortcuts overriding public health ethics. Unless India moves towards centralized, transparent, and technology-driven regulation, its global image as the “pharmacy of the world” risks permanent erosion. Hydropower project on Chenab gets clearance Why in News ? The Sawalkote Hydroelectric Project on the Chenab river in Jammu & Kashmir has been granted fresh environmental clearance by the Environment Ministry, marking it as the first major hydropower project on the Indus rivers to receive clearance after India’s suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in April 2025. Relevance : GS Paper II – Governance: Environmental governance, forest and water clearances, inter-state/federal coordination, public hearings under FRA. GS Paper III – Energy: Renewable energy, hydropower development, energy security, strategic infrastructure. GS Paper III – Environment: Sustainable development, climate mitigation, ecological impact of run-of-the-river projects, resource management. Project Overview Type: Run-of-the-river hydroelectric project (no major dam storage). Location: Chenab river, Ramban district, J&K. Installed Capacity: 1,856 MW. Projected Generation: ~8,000 million units annually. Ownership: Initially by Jammu & Kashmir Power Development Corporation (JKPDC); later transferred to NHPC Ltd. in 2021, which will manage it until 2061. Original Clearance: Designated committee approved in 2017; lacked forest clearance initially. Environmental and Regulatory Approvals Fresh Clearance: Approved by the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Environment Ministry after detailed review. Forest Clearance: ‘Stage 1 forest clearance’ granted in September 202Public hearings conducted under Forest Rights Act between Dec 2022–Feb 2023. Central Approvals: Central Electricity Authority (CEA) Central Water Commission (CWC) Significance: First major Indus river hydropower project cleared after India’s suspension of IWT, signaling strategic autonomy in river water utilization. Strategic and Political Context Indus Waters Treaty Suspension: Announced on April 23, 2025, post-Pahalgam terror attack; provides leeway for India to harness eastern Indus rivers. Geopolitical Significance: India can fully utilize Chenab and other eastern Indus tributaries for energy generation. Counters Pakistan’s objections under IWT. Regional Development: Largest hydro project in J&K by capacity. Potential to provide power security and local employment. Project Cost and Timeline Estimated Cost: Increased from ₹22,000 crore to ₹31,380 crore due to inflation, engineering, and environmental compliance costs. Timeline: Construction began post-transfer to NHPC; approval momentum accelerated post-IWT suspension. Environmental and Social Implications Environmental Concerns: Run-of-the-river projects have lower ecological impact than large dams but can still affect riverine ecosystems, aquatic life, and sediment flow. Forest clearances and public hearings aim to mitigate biodiversity and displacement issues. Social Impact: Local employment and regional electrification. Minimal displacement due to lack of storage dam. Strategic Energy and Policy Relevance Boost to Renewable Energy: Strengthens India’s hydropower capacity, supporting renewable energy targets. Energy Security: Reduces dependence on fossil fuels in northern India. Federal-State Coordination: Example of multiple approvals across central and state bodies (CEA, CWC, EAC, NHPC, forest authorities). Key Takeaways Sawalkote HEP marks India’s assertive use of eastern Indus rivers post-IWT suspension. Integration of environment, forest, and energy clearances illustrates complex regulatory navigation for strategic projects. Economic and energy benefits are balanced with environmental and social safeguards, setting a precedent for future hydropower projects in sensitive regions. Microfinance loan defaults surged in 2024-25: Sa-Dhan data Why in News ? The delinquency rate of microfinance loans in India rose sharply in 2024-25, according to Sa-Dhan’s Bharat Microfinance Report 2025, highlighting growing risks in the microfinance sector, particularly among rural borrowers. Relevance : GS Paper III – Indian Economy: Financial inclusion, microfinance sector, rural credit, non-performing assets, economic reforms, poverty alleviation. GS Paper II – Governance: Role of self-regulatory bodies, RBI guidelines, policy interventions for rural financial stability.   Basics: Microfinance Loans Definition: Small loans provided to low-income individuals, especially in rural and semi-urban areas, to support income-generating activities. Typical Loan Size: ₹10,000–₹50,000 per borrower. Repayment Structure: Weekly or monthly installments; often without collateral. Purpose: Financial inclusion, poverty alleviation, women empowerment, livelihood generation. Key Findings from the Report (2024–25) Overall Delinquency: 30+ days overdue: 6.2% (up from 2.1% in 2023-24). 90+ days overdue: 4.8% (up from 1.6% in 2023-24). State-wise Highlights: Bihar: ₹57,712 crore outstanding; 7.2% 30+ days overdue; 4.6% 90+ days overdue. Urban-Rural Comparison: Rural borrowers: 6.4% 30+ days overdue. Semi-urban: 6.1% 30+ days overdue. Urban: 6% 30+ days overdue. Trend: Delinquencies are rising across all geographies and sectors. Reasons for Rising Delinquency Economic Stress: Rising inflation, cost of living, and agricultural distress affecting repayment capacity. Climate Impact: Crop failure or unpredictable monsoons reduce rural borrowers’ income. Over-indebtedness: Borrowers taking multiple loans from different MFIs without sufficient repayment capacity. Operational Issues: Inefficient loan monitoring by some microfinance institutions (MFIs). Policy and Regulation: Delays in government relief schemes, lack of financial literacy. Implications Financial Sector Risk: High delinquency rates increase the Portfolio at Risk (PAR) and can affect MFIs’ sustainability. Credit Access: Rising defaults may tighten credit availability for low-income households. Rural Livelihoods: Non-performing microloans can exacerbate poverty and indebtedness. Policy Focus: Need for targeted interventions, crop insurance, financial literacy, and debt restructuring mechanisms. Policy and Regulatory Perspective Self-Regulatory Bodies: Sa-Dhan monitors MFIs and provides early warning signals. RBI Guidelines: MFIs must maintain capital adequacy and risk management frameworks. Government Schemes: Schemes like PM SVANidhi, crop insurance, and livelihood support can mitigate repayment stress. Need for Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of rural and high-risk borrowers is crucial to prevent systemic defaults. Artificial light exposure leads to early dementia symptoms Why in News ? A Delhi University study shows that constant exposure to artificial light and light pollution disrupts sleep and accelerates neurodegeneration, potentially worsening diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. The study highlights the hidden neurological risks of modern lifestyles dominated by night-shift work, screens, and urban lighting. Relevance : GS Paper III – Science & Technology: Neuroscience research, circadian biology, urban health risks. GS Paper III – Health: Non-communicable diseases, dementia, neurodegeneration, preventive health measures. GS Paper III – Environment: Light pollution, urbanization effects on health, sustainable urban planning. Basics: Light Pollution & Neurodegeneration Light Pollution: Excessive or misdirected artificial light that disrupts natural darkness. Circadian Rhythm: The body’s internal clock regulating sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, and brain health. Neurodegeneration: Progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, seen in diseases like: Alzheimer’s Disease (memory loss, confusion) Parkinson’s Disease (movement difficulties, tremors) Sleep Deprivation: Known contributor to cognitive decline, reduced memory consolidation, and accelerated neuronal damage. Study Highlights Conducted by Delhi University, Department of Genetics, South Campus. Published in ‘Neurochemistry International’. Model Used: Genetically-altered fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) carrying human tau protein genes. Key Findings: Continuous artificial light disrupted normal sleep patterns. Accelerated brain cell degeneration in regions controlling memory, learning, and sleep. Increased stickiness of tau proteins, forming toxic clumps that mimic human neurodegenerative pathology. More than 10% of dementia severity linked to timing and amount of sleep lost. Mechanism Identified Artificial light → Circadian disruption → Sleep loss → Accelerated tau protein aggregation → Neurodegeneration. Acts as a disease accelerant, not just a symptom trigger. Impacts brain’s molecular and cellular health, hastening onset of age-related disorders. Societal Context Modern lifestyle factors increasing risk: Night-shift work Late-night use of smartphones, laptops, and other screens Urban lighting (streets, homes, offices) Rising prevalence of dementia: India projected 14.3 million dementia cases by 2050. Implications Health Risks: Accelerated cognitive decline, early onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Preventive Potential: Proper sleep management and circadian protection may delay disease onset. Public Health Concern: Urbanization and technology use may increase neurodegenerative disease burden. Recommendations Limit night-time exposure to artificial light (screens, room lights). Adopt sleep hygiene practices: regular sleep schedule, dark sleeping environment. Encourage workplaces to consider circadian-friendly shift timings. Promote awareness of light pollution as a neurodegenerative risk factor. Further research to understand cellular-level impacts of light pollution. Key Takeaways Sleep loss from artificial light exposure can accelerate neurodegeneration. Modern lifestyle choices (screens, urban lighting) have hidden long-term brain health consequences. Protecting circadian rhythms is a simple but effective preventive measure against age-related cognitive decline. Revisiting India’s industrial barometer: Base year revision of IIP Why in News ? The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is revising the base year of the All-India Index of Industrial Production (IIP) to improve accuracy, relevance, and timeliness of industrial output data. The revision reflects India’s evolving industrial landscape, changing technologies, and the need for better decision-making in economic planning and policy. Relevance : GS Paper III – Indian Economy: Industrial growth, structural transformation, policy initiatives (Make in India, PLI schemes, industrial corridors). GS Paper III – Governance/Statistics: Statistical system, data quality, importance of timely and accurate indicators for policy-making. Basics: IIP and Structural Transformation Structural Transformation: Economic shift from agriculture → industry → services during long-term growth. Agriculture: ~15% of GVA Industry: ~22% of GVA Services: ~62.5% of GVA Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Measures growth in industrial sectors: manufacturing, mining, electricity. Influences GVA estimates, policy-making, planning, and research. Serves stakeholders: government, RBI, businesses, researchers. Issue of Industrial Growth in India Industrial sector lagging: Only 22% of GVA; needs improvement. Boost initiatives: Make in India Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes Ease of Doing Business reforms Industrial corridors GST rate cuts to stimulate consumption Post-Covid recovery: Mining, manufacturing, and electricity sectors show improved growth. Emerging industries and deregulation signal a dynamic industrial ecosystem. Need for Base Year Revision India’s economy is increasingly market-oriented, requiring accurate and timely industrial data. Old base years fail to reflect technological changes, new industries, and product innovations. The Technical Advisory Committee for Base Year Revision of IIP (TAC-IIP) was formed to address this. Historical revisions: Base year practice started in 1937, aligned with GDP base revisions and International Recommendations for IIP (IRIP 2010). Key Improvements in the New IIP Series Expansion of item basket: Inclusion of modern products like LED bulbs, vehicle batteries, computers, printing machinery. Removes obsolete items. Sectoral reclassification: Five groups: Quarrying, Manufacturing, Electricity, Gas & Water Supply, Waste Management First-time coverage of minor minerals and gas supply. Treatment of “not elsewhere classified” items: 276 items re-identified for better weight allocation (~95% of weights assigned to specific items). Substitution of factories: Old factories replaced by active ones with at least 12 months of overlapping reliable data. Seasonally-adjusted series: De-seasonalised data to capture underlying trends and cycles. Improved data coverage: Better factory-level data, sectoral weights, and market-relevant information. Implications Policy-making: More accurate industrial data supports GVA estimation, fiscal planning, and economic reforms. Investment decisions: Updated IIP data helps businesses assess sectoral growth, market potential, and industrial risks. Research & analysis: Enhanced statistical accuracy improves academic, financial, and macroeconomic research. International alignment: Conforms to IRIP 2010 recommendations, improving comparability. Key Takeaways IIP is a critical indicator of industrial growth and structural transformation. Revision of base year ensures timely, accurate, and relevant industrial statistics. New IIP series captures technological change, emerging products, and modern sectors, enhancing decision-making. MoSPI’s efforts align with global standards while reflecting India-specific requirements. Maria Corina Machado, ‘Iron Lady of Venezuela’, winner of Nobel Peace Prize Why in News ? Maria Corina Machado, a Venezuelan politician and democracy activist, was awarded the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize for her two-decade-long struggle to defend democracy and civil rights in Venezuela amid entrenched authoritarianism. Relevance : GS Paper II – International Relations: Democracy movements, US-Latin America relations, regional politics in Venezuela. GS Paper II – Governance & Global Governance: Civil society’s role, human rights advocacy, democratic resilience, Nobel Peace Prize as a global normative mechanism. GS Paper III – Economy & Governance: Economic impacts of authoritarian regimes, oil dependence, institutional erosion. Basics: Venezuela and Democracy Historical democracy: Until the 1990s, Venezuela had one of Latin America’s longest-running democracies. Shift to authoritarianism: 1999: Hugo Chávez elected President → new constitution increasing executive powers. Anti-Chávez opposition weakened due to inefficiency and failed coups/strikes (2002-2003). Chávez and successor Nicolás Maduro entrenched autocratic rule over two decades. Maria Corina Machado: Profile Civil and electoral activist: Advocates “ballots over bullets”, promoting democracy through electoral observation. Founded Súmate, a volunteer organisation ensuring transparent vote counting. Political opposition: Challenged Chávez and Maduro’s regimes in various campaigns. Remained in Venezuela despite criminal charges, judicial intimidation, and threats. International support: Maintains ties with US institutions (e.g., National Endowment for Democracy). Met US President George W. Bush in 2005; recently acknowledged support from Donald Trump. Key Contributions and Actions Súmate’s major campaigns: 2003–2004: Organised referendum to remove Chávez (2004 referendum retained Chávez amid voter fraud allegations). Ensured electoral transparency and citizen participation despite state harassment. Electoral activism: Advocated for citizen rights, election monitoring, and civic engagement. Emerged as a key opposition figure by late 2000s; ran in 2012 opposition primaries. Uniting opposition: Heads main opposition campaign in 2024. Seen as the most popular opposition figure, though Maduro retained power in 2024 elections. Political Context Chávez and Maduro regimes: Used oil revenues and socialist policies to consolidate power. Opposition often fragmented; many leaders fled the country. Venezuela’s crisis: Democratic erosion, judicial intimidation, political persecution, and economic turmoil. Machado’s resilience: Unlike many opposition leaders (e.g., Juan Guaidó), Machado remained in-country, facing risks. Seen as a symbol of civil courage and democratic resistance in Latin America. Implications Symbolic: Reinforces global recognition of non-violent democratic activism in authoritarian contexts. Political: Strengthens credibility of Venezuelan opposition internally and internationally. Diplomatic: Highlights US involvement/support in Venezuelan opposition politics, which may fuel regional debates. Key Takeaways Machado exemplifies courage under authoritarian regimes, using democratic processes rather than violence. The Nobel Prize underscores the importance of civil society and electoral integrity in global democracy. Her activism demonstrates the intersection of domestic politics, international support, and human rights advocacy.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 October 2025

Content Shaping India’s Next Frontiers in Science Through Biomedical Research Careers DRAVYA” Portal to Catalogue 100 Ayush Substances in First Phase Shaping India’s Next Frontiers in Science Through Biomedical Research Careers Context and Background Biomedical research integrates biological, medical, and technological sciences to improve healthcare outcomes through innovation in drugs, diagnostics, devices, and therapies. India’s biomedical sector is a key driver of its bioeconomy, contributing to public health, innovation, and self-reliance. The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), under the Ministry of Science & Technology, has been central in developing India’s biomedical ecosystem aligned with Atmanirbhar Bharat, Swasth Bharat, and Make in India. To institutionalize world-class biomedical careers, DBT and Wellcome Trust (UK) launched the Biomedical Research Career Programme (BRCP) in 2008–09 via the DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance (SPV). Relevance: GS II – Governance & Social Justice: Institutional framework for biomedical research governance Gender and regional inclusion in science (BioCARe, Tier-2/3 outreach) Indo–UK scientific collaboration and policy partnership GS III – Science & Technology / Health / Economy: Promotion of indigenous biomedical innovation and translational R&D Strengthening Atmanirbhar Bharat and Swasth Bharat through research ecosystems Human capital development and contribution to India’s bioeconomy Evolution of BRCP Phase Years Focus Achievements Phase I 2008–09 to 2017–18 Establishing fellowships, building scientific capacity Laid foundation for ethical, competitive research careers in India Phase II 2018–19 to 2024–25 Expanding grants, attracting global talent ₹2,388 crore invested, 721 grants, 90 international recognitions Phase III 2025–26 to 2030–31 (service till 2037–38) Scaling up India’s biomedical capacity, inclusivity, innovation ₹1,500 crore total outlay, targets 2,000+ researchers and TRL-4+ innovations Key Features of BRCP Phase-III Financial Outlay: ₹1,500 crore (DBT: ₹1,000 crore + Wellcome Trust: ₹500 crore). Implementation Period: Active Phase: 2025–26 to 2030–31. Servicing Phase: 2031–32 to 2037–38 for ongoing projects. Target Outcomes: Train 2,000+ researchers and post-docs. Achieve high-impact publications and patentable innovations. Push 25–30% projects to TRL-4 and above (prototype validation). 10–15% more support for women scientists. Broaden outreach to Tier-2/3 research institutions. Strategic Objectives Build world-class biomedical research ecosystems in basic, clinical, and public health domains. Attract global talent to Indian institutions. Promote interdisciplinary and translational research (lab-to-life). Strengthen research management and regulatory frameworks. Reduce regional disparities in scientific capacity. Foster ethical, inclusive, and transparent research culture. Structure and Programmes (a) Fellowship Categories Early Career & Intermediate Fellowships: Support for promising young scientists in basic, clinical, and public health research. Collaborative Grants: Career Development Grants and Catalytic Collaborative Grants for team-based research. Encourage partnerships between 2–3 investigators, bridging institutions. Research Management Programme: Builds administrative and technical capabilities in research institutions. (b) Capacity-Building Components Mentorship and networking opportunities. National and international collaborations. Training in science administration and regulatory affairs. Emphasis on diversity and inclusivity. Alignment with National Visions Directly linked to Viksit Bharat 2047—aiming for a globally competitive research ecosystem. Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat through domestic innovation in diagnostics, drugs, and devices. Advances Swasth Bharat via disease prevention, early diagnosis, and affordable healthcare. Contributes to Startup India through biotech entrepreneurship and translational R&D. Impact Achievements from Previous Phases (a) COVID-19 Response Supported 70+ projects including 10 vaccine candidates, 34 diagnostics, and 10 therapeutics. Strengthened national emergency biomedical response capacity. (b) dbGENVOC – World’s First Oral Cancer Variant Database Developed by DBT–NIBMG with 24 million variants from Indian patients. Enables genetic research for oral cancer (India’s most common male cancer). (c) National AMR Mission Collaboration with WHO using One Health Approach. Created AMR pathogen priority list, national bio-repository, and AMR R&D partnerships. (d) Biorepositories and Clinical Trial Networks Established across India for translational research and data sharing. Accelerated lab-to-market pathways for diagnostics and therapeutics. Women in Biomedical Research BioCARe Programme: First independent research grants for women scientists. Janaki Ammal Award: Recognizes excellence in biomedical research. BIRAC WInER Awards & Bioincubators: Support women-led biotech startups. Women Leaders in Global Health Conference: Global platform for collaboration and leadership. Priority Research Domains Focus Area Key Initiatives Expected Outcomes Human Genetics & Genomics GenomeIndia (10,000 genomes), UMMID Personalized & predictive medicine Infectious Disease Biology HIV, TB, malaria, dengue, COVID-19 National biobanks, epidemic preparedness Vaccines Indo-US Vaccine Action Programme ROTAVAC®, Covaxin, TB & dengue vaccines Diagnostics & Devices CRISPR kits, RT-PCR, affordable devices Self-reliance in diagnostics Therapeutics & Drug Repurposing Repurpose existing drugs Faster, cost-effective treatments Biomedical Engineering & Biodesign Indigenous implants, devices Reduced import dependency Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine Tissue & cell-based therapy New-age solutions for chronic diseases Maternal & Child Health GARBH-ini project Reduced infant mortality, improved maternal health Marine & Aquaculture Biotechnology Fish vaccines, nutraceuticals Marine-derived drugs, health supplements Public Health & Nutrition AMR, NCDs, malnutrition Strengthened public health & preventive care Expected Macro-Level Outcomes Human Capital: 2,000+ trained scientists and research managers. Innovation Output: Increased patents, TRL-4+ products, global collaborations. Gender Equity: Higher women representation in leadership and research roles. Economic Impact: Strengthened bioeconomy through biotech startups and indigenization. Health System Strengthening: Affordable, evidence-based solutions for national health priorities. Global Relevance Reinforces India–UK scientific diplomacy and South–South cooperation. Showcases India as a biomedical innovation hub for developing nations. Builds research credibility through open data and ethical frameworks. Challenges Ahead Bridging infrastructure and funding gaps across Tier-2/3 institutions. Retaining talent against global research migration. Ensuring ethical compliance and data protection in biomedical research. Translating academic breakthroughs into commercial solutions effectively. Conclusion BRCP Phase-III represents a strategic Indo-UK partnership to transform India’s biomedical research into a globally competitive, inclusive, and innovation-driven enterprise. It integrates capacity building, inclusivity, translational innovation, and public health priorities—anchored to Viksit Bharat 2047. With initiatives like GenomeIndia, dbGENVOC, and AMR Mission, India is transitioning from a knowledge consumer to a global knowledge producer in life sciences. The programme is expected to catalyze health security, economic growth, and global leadership in biomedical innovation. “DRAVYA” Portal to Catalogue 100 Ayush Substances in First Phase Basic Context DRAVYA stands for Digitised Retrieval Application for Versatile Yardstick of Ayush. It is an AI-ready digital portal launched by the Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS) under the Ministry of Ayush. Objective: To digitize, unify, and standardize information on medicinal substances used in Ayush systems (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homoeopathy). Launched during the 10th Ayurveda Day (23 September 2025, Goa) — themed around the digital transformation of traditional medicine. Relevance: GS II – Governance & Social Justice: Digital governance under Ministry of Ayush for transparency and access Integration of traditional knowledge with modern policymaking Institutional strengthening through CCRAS and Ayush Grid GS III – Science & Technology / Health: AI-enabled digitization and standardization of Ayush substances Evidence-based validation of traditional medicine systems Contribution to Digital India and Viksit Bharat 2047 through health-tech innovation Core Objective and Vision Create a comprehensive open-access digital repository of Ayush medicinal substances. Integrate classical Ayurvedic knowledge with modern scientific data for global use. Establish a credible, evidence-based knowledge platform to strengthen scientific validation and international collaboration in traditional medicine. Implementation: Phase I Scope: Catalogue 100 key medicinal substances in the first phase. Dynamic Updating: Continuous data input through a dedicated entry software ensuring precision and authenticity. Developed by: CCRAS (an autonomous body under Ministry of Ayush). Future Expansion: Will progressively cover a larger range of Ayush substances and formulations. Technological and Structural Features AI-Ready Architecture: Enables integration with future artificial intelligence tools for predictive analytics, cross-referencing, and data mining. Integration: Linked to the Ayush Grid, India’s central digital health mission for traditional systems. Will connect with other Ministry of Ayush databases on drug policy, medicinal plants, and pharmacopoeias. QR Code Integration: Standardized QR codes will be installed in medicinal plant gardens and drug repositories across India. Enables users to scan and instantly access verified digital profiles of substances. User Interface: Designed to be intuitive, modular, and multilingual, ensuring accessibility for researchers, students, and practitioners. Data Coverage and Content The portal consolidates data from: Classical Ayurvedic Texts: Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, etc. Modern Research Databases: PubMed, pharmacopoeias, botanical and chemical datasets. Key Information Domains: Ayurvedic pharmacotherapeutics (uses, dosages, formulations) Botanical identification and taxonomy Chemical constituents and pharmacology Pharmaceutical standards and safety profiles Toxicity, drug interactions, and quality control data Institutional and Policy Context Nodal Agency: Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS). Supported by: Ministry of Ayush. Part of Broader Initiatives: Ayush Grid: Digital integration of Ayush education, clinical, research, and drug sectors. Evidence-Based Ayush Research Policy: For enhancing credibility and standardization of Ayush systems. National Ayush Mission: Strengthening Ayush infrastructure and mainstreaming traditional medicine. Leadership Statements (Indicative Significance) Union Ayush Minister Prataprao Jadhav: Called DRAVYA “the living embodiment of India’s knowledge tradition in a contemporary form.” Emphasized blending of traditional wisdom with modern technology for global innovation. Secretary Vaidya Rajesh Kotecha: Highlighted the portal as a scientific and globally accessible resource, integrating classical and contemporary knowledge. Director General (CCRAS) Prof. Rabinarayan Acharya: Positioned DRAVYA as a cornerstone for researchers, practitioners, and students, enabling pharmacopoeial harmonisation and evidence-based validation of Ayush drugs. Strategic Significance Scientific Validation: Strengthens the evidence base of Ayurveda and other Ayush systems, aligning them with modern research methodologies. Global Credibility: Positions India as a knowledge leader in traditional medicine and integrative health research. Cross-Disciplinary Innovation: Bridges Ayurveda with pharmacology, chemistry, AI, and data science. Policy Utility: Aids drug regulators, policymakers, and pharmacopoeial committees with authenticated data. Public Engagement: Enhances transparency, accessibility, and trust in traditional medicine. Expected Outcomes Creation of a verified, standardized, and dynamic digital repository of medicinal substances. Promotion of research collaboration between Ayush scholars, biomedical scientists, and data technologists. Facilitation of drug discovery and formulation modernization using AI-enabled data analytics. Strengthened pharmacopoeial harmonization across different Ayush systems. Enhanced international trade and recognition of Indian traditional medicines through data transparency. Broader Policy Relevance Digital Public Infrastructure for Health: Contributes to India’s digital health ecosystem under Ayush Grid and Digital India Mission. Viksit Bharat 2047 Vision: Aligns with the goal of transforming India into a global innovation and wellness hub. Evidence-Based Traditional Medicine: Supports WHO’s strategy (2025–2034) for integrating traditional medicine into national health systems. Challenges Ahead Ensuring data standardization and authenticity across multiple classical sources. Balancing traditional epistemology with scientific validation frameworks. Maintaining interoperability between DRAVYA, Ayush Grid, and global digital health platforms. Continuous updating and peer review to prevent outdated or conflicting information. Conclusion DRAVYA represents a transformative leap in bringing India’s ancient medicinal heritage into the digital and AI era. It blends Sanskrit grantha-based wisdom with modern research validation, creating a scientifically robust, globally accessible, and technology-driven repository. The initiative not only digitizes data but revitalizes Ayurveda’s intellectual ecosystem—making traditional medicine searchable, standardized, and globally credible. It marks India’s progress from being a custodian of heritage knowledge to a leader in evidence-based digital traditional medicine systems.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 October 2025

Content India’s mental health crisis, the cries and scars India needs a unified mental health response India’s mental health crisis, the cries and scars Context and Background Rising suicide cases in India reflect a deep national mental health crisis affecting all social groups — rural and urban, youth and elderly, men and women. Triggered by recent tragic incidents in Uttar Pradesh (family suicide) and Kota (student suicides). Editorial calls for urgent state-led intervention and ethical regulation of AI-based mental health tools. Relevance: GS II – Governance & Social Justice: Policy formulation for mental health, suicide prevention, and community-based interventions. Cross-ministerial coordination (Health, Education, Women & Child Development, Agriculture). Legal frameworks: Mental Healthcare Act, 2017; judicial recognition under Article 21. Gender-sensitive approaches: addressing female suicides, homemakers’ mental health, youth. GS III – Health & Economy: Public health infrastructure: District Mental Health Programme, Tele MANAS, school-based counselling. Human resource development: psychiatrists, psychologists, mid-level providers. Economic impact: untreated mental illness → $1 trillion GDP loss by 2030; workplace productivity, absenteeism. Digital health regulation: AI tools for counselling, telemedicine integration, ethical oversight. Practice Question : Evaluate the current mental health scenario in India, highlighting key systemic gaps and policy challenges. Suggest measures to strengthen mental health care access and equity.(250 Words) Scale of the Crisis NCRB ADSI 2023: 1,71,418 suicides (↑0.3% from 2022). Suicide rate: ↓0.8% per lakh population (population growth outpaced cases). High-incidence regions: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Sikkim, Kerala. Top contributing states: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal (40% of suicides). Gendered crisis: Men = 72.8% of suicides → tied to economic pressure & social expectations. Major causes: Family problems – 31.9% Illness – 19% Substance abuse – 7% Relationship/marriage distress – ~10% Sectoral Breakdown Farmers: 10,786 suicides (6.3% of total), mainly in Maharashtra & Karnataka. Structural causes: debt, crop failure, price shocks, policy neglect. Over 1 lakh farmer suicides since 2014; 2.96 lakh (1995–2015) cumulatively. Homemakers: High rates of depression & domestic distress but underrepresented in data. Reflects gender invisibility in national mental health policy. India’s Mental Health Burden 230 million Indians suffer from mental disorders (depression, anxiety, bipolar, substance use). Treatment gap: 70%–92%; only 1 in 5 with severe illness receives care. Prevalence: Lifetime rate – 10.6%. WHO suicide estimate: 16.3 per lakh – higher than NCRB figures → underreporting likely. Systemic Gaps Human Resources: 0.75 psychiatrists per 1 lakh (WHO minimum = 1.7; ideal = 3). Shortages of psychologists, nurses, and social workers. Institutional Weakness: Counselling in schools/colleges = symbolic or part-time. Coaching hubs like Kota lack sustained mental health services. Policy Frameworks (Progressive but Poorly Implemented): Mental Healthcare Act 2017: Decriminalised suicide, guaranteed right to care. National Suicide Prevention Strategy 2022: Aimed at 10% reduction — no visible decline. Manodarpan (school support scheme): Mostly inactive. Budget: ₹270 crore allocated, largely unspent. The Digital Turn – Promise and Peril Increasing reliance on AI-based mental health tools (ChatGPT, emotional support apps). Reflects social isolation and lack of human care, not tech progress. Risks: No confidentiality, regulation, or crisis response protocols. Users mistakenly treat AI as therapy substitutes. Regulation Needed: Mandatory disclaimers, privacy transparency, redirection to real counsellors. Ethical oversight before public adoption. Policy Priorities and Recommendations National Emergency Declaration: Treat mental health as a public health priority. Cross-Ministerial Task Force: Health, Education, Agriculture, Women & Child Development. Human Resource Expansion: Target: 3–5 professionals per 1 lakh by 2030. Scholarships, rural service incentives, and new psychiatry programs. Counselling Infrastructure: Mandatory trained counsellors in every school, college, and district hospital. Publicly funded, not NGO-dependent. Awareness & De-Stigmatisation: Campaigns sharing recovery stories and promoting help-seeking. Targeted Support: Farmers: Mental health + debt relief + livelihood support. Homemakers: Community-based therapy and social outreach. Students: Continuous institutional counselling, especially in coaching hubs. Economic and Social Stakes Suicide = leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds. India accounts for a disproportionate share of global female suicides. Economic loss: Untreated mental illness → projected $1 trillion GDP loss by 2030. Employers lose ₹1.1 lakh crore annually (burnout, absenteeism). Mental health = not only a health issue but a social justice and productivity imperative. Way Forward Institutionalise counselling as public infrastructure. Enforce AI regulation before integration into health care. Build a community-based, inclusive mental health system — reaching farmers, women, students, and workers. Align national response with WHO Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan (2013–2030). Conclusion India faces a silent epidemic — mental illness is widespread but invisible. The crisis reflects institutional neglect, cultural stigma, and policy underexecution. True modernity lies in building a society where every individual hears: “You matter.” A humane, regulated, and inclusive mental health system is essential for a resilient, compassionate, and productive India. India needs a unified mental health response Context and Background Global context: Over 1 billion people (13% of population) live with mental illnesses. India: Lifetime prevalence = 13.7%, ~200 million affected. Legal framework: Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 guarantees mental health care, decriminalises suicide, mandates insurance coverage, and upholds patient dignity. Judicial reinforcement: Sukdeb Saha vs State of Andhra Pradesh (SC) confirmed mental health as a fundamental right under Article 21. Relevance: GS II – Governance & Social Justice: Policy formulation for mental health, suicide prevention, and community-based interventions. Cross-ministerial coordination (Health, Education, Women & Child Development, Agriculture). Legal frameworks: Mental Healthcare Act, 2017; judicial recognition under Article 21. Gender-sensitive approaches: addressing female suicides, homemakers’ mental health, youth. GS III – Health & Economy: Public health infrastructure: District Mental Health Programme, Tele MANAS, school-based counselling. Human resource development: psychiatrists, psychologists, mid-level providers. Economic impact: untreated mental illness → $1 trillion GDP loss by 2030; workplace productivity, absenteeism. Digital health regulation: AI tools for counselling, telemedicine integration, ethical oversight. Practice Question : Suicide remains a leading cause of death among Indian youth. Examine the sociocultural, economic, and institutional factors contributing to this trend. How can governance and legal frameworks mitigate the crisis?(250 Words) Existing Government Initiatives District Mental Health Programme (DMHP): Covers ~767 districts; provides counselling, outpatient care, and suicide prevention. Tele MANAS: 24×7 helpline with 20 lakh+ tele-counselling sessions, expanding access to underserved areas. School-based programme: Manodarpan reached 11 crore students nationwide. Key Challenges Treatment gap: 70%-92% (NMHS 2015-16), 85% for common disorders like depression/anxiety. Workforce scarcity: 0.75 psychiatrists & 0.12 psychologists per 1,00,000 people (WHO recommends ≥3 psychiatrists). Urban-centric; rural areas underserved (~70% population). Service delivery issues: DMHP functional gaps, irregular medicine supply, <15% rehabilitation coverage. Budget allocation: Only 1.05% of health budget for mental health vs WHO recommendation of ≥5%. Stigma & cultural barriers: >50% Indians perceive mental illness as personal weakness. Policy gaps: ICD-11 disorders (e.g., complex PTSD, prolonged grief, gaming disorder) not integrated. Monitoring & evaluation: Fragmented data collection; no robust cascade monitoring systems. International Comparisons Countries like Australia, Canada, UK: Treatment gaps = 40%-55% (lower than India). Mental health spending = 8%-10% of health budget. Mid-level providers deliver ~50% counselling; India remains specialist-centric. Insurance coverage >80% vs <15% in India. Digital & school-based programs cover 20%-30% of population; India’s Tele MANAS limited. Policy Recommendations Budgetary Increase: Raise allocation to ≥5% of total health expenditure. Workforce Expansion: Recruit psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, social workers. Train mid-level providers to address urban-rural gaps. Integration into Primary Care & Insurance: Ensure accessible, affordable services nationwide. Policy Updates: Incorporate ICD-11 disorders into national guidelines. Monitoring & Evaluation: District/state-level cascade monitoring, linked to budgets. Anti-Stigma Campaigns: Target schools and workplaces; achieve >60% mental health literacy by 2027. Inter-Ministerial Coordination: Align health, education, social justice, and labour policies for unified response. Economic and Social Stakes Untreated mental illness → projected $1 trillion GDP loss by 2030. Early intervention and workforce scaling can reduce disability, improve productivity, and strengthen social cohesion. Conclusion India faces a profoundly unmet mental health need. Current programs show promise but are underfunded, understaffed, and fragmented. Comprehensive reforms — budget, workforce, policy updates, stigma reduction, and integrated monitoring — are essential to create an accessible, equitable, and effective mental health system

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 October 2025

Content India inks £350-mn deal with U.K. to buy missiles of global stability Are women deciding Assembly elections? What are the various electoral forms? Why we need to change the way we talk about antibiotic resistance Prioritising mental health during emergencies is essential: experts Red List initiative India inks £350-mn deal with U.K. to buy missiles of global stability’ Why in News ? India and the U.K. have signed a £350-million defence deal for missiles, marking a strategic milestone in India-U.K. defence cooperation. The agreement includes procurement of Lightweight Multirole Missiles (LMM) for the Indian Army and collaboration on electric-powered naval engines. This follows high-level discussions between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.K. PM Keir Starmer in Mumbai, highlighting expanding bilateral ties across defence, technology, and education. Relevance GS II – International Relations: Bilateral defence and technology partnership with the U.K. Strategic cooperation in education and research sectors. GS III – Defence & Economy: Modernisation of armed forces and advanced weapons acquisition. Boost to defence manufacturing, Make in India, and technology transfers. Economic diplomacy via investment flows and educational partnerships. Context and Background Part of broader India-U.K. strategic partnership, described as an “important pillar of global stability.” Defence deal aligns with India’s modernisation of armed forces and push for domestic and international collaboration. U.K. universities (Lancaster & Surrey) approved to open campuses in India, reflecting increasing education and technology cooperation. 64 Indian companies committed £1.3 billion (~₹15,430 crore) investment in the U.K., showing strengthened economic ties post trade deal. Details of the Defence Deal Value: £350 million (missiles) + £250 million for electric-powered naval engines. Procurement: Lightweight Multirole Missiles (LMM) manufactured in Belfast. Purpose: Strengthen Indian Army’s missile capabilities. Broaden defence partnership towards “complex weapons collaboration.” Boost bilateral defence R&D and industrial linkages. Strategic Objective: Enhance interoperability and technology exchange. Support Make in India by leveraging foreign technology and investment. Strategic and Geopolitical Significance Global Stability: Strengthens India-U.K. defence alignment amid turbulent global scenario. Regional Security: Enhances India’s deterrence posture in the Indo-Pacific region. Technology Collaboration: Paves way for joint development of advanced missile systems and naval technology. Defence Industry Boost: Encourages investments, technology transfer, and R&D in India’s defence sector. Economic and Industrial Implications Indian firms invest £1.3 billion in U.K., enhancing bilateral trade confidence. Defence procurement fosters indigenous supply chains via Make in India initiative. Joint ventures in defence manufacturing can create jobs and skill development opportunities. Electric naval engine collaboration supports green technology adoption in defence. Conclusion The defence deal enhances India-U.K. strategic and technological cooperation while modernising India’s armed forces. It also strengthens regional security and boosts Make in India through joint R&D and industrial linkages. Are women deciding Assembly elections? Why in News ? In the run-up to the Bihar Assembly elections, direct cash transfer schemes like the Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana have targeted women voters. This has revived the debate on whether women are becoming a decisive electoral force, reflecting increasing political focus on gender as an identity in voting behaviour. Relevance GS II – Governance & Social Justice: Gender-responsive policy formulation and evaluation. Electoral inclusion and institutional mechanisms for women’s political participation. Intersectionality in policy design. GS II/III – Polity & Economy: Welfare schemes and direct benefit transfers as tools of social empowerment. Clientelism vs. inclusive policy delivery. Socio-economic empowerment of women as a driver of development. Context and Background Bihar CM Nitish Kumar transferred ₹10,000 to 25 lakh women (Oct 3, 2025) under Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana. PM Modi announced ₹7,500 crore transfer to 75 lakh women under the same scheme (Sept 26, 2025). Women increasingly treated as a “vote bank,” similar to caste or religious groups. Share of women voters rising; women voters outnumber men in several constituencies in recent elections. Key Insights from the Article Agency over freebies: Women seek empowerment, dignity, and autonomy, not just cash schemes. Political parties must internalise women’s aspirations rather than assume them as monolithic beneficiaries (“labharthis”). Intersectionality: Women’s voting preferences are shaped by caste, class, religion, region, and other social identities. Treating women as a homogeneous group risks marginalising their agency and reinforces clientelist politics. Electoral Inclusion and Disadvantages: Documentation issues in exercises like SIR (Bihar) and NRC (Assam) disproportionately affect women. Despite being celebrated as voters, systemic barriers limit women’s political participation. Impact of Welfare Schemes: Schemes like Ladli Behna, Ladki Bahin, and Mahila Rojgar Yojana provide direct cash transfers. Success varies with timing, implementation, conditional clauses (e.g., school education). Evidence shows schemes do not automatically translate into votes for any party; women increasingly exercise independent choice. Evolution of Political Attention to Women: Modern political manifestos include women-centric measures (e.g., free cycles, toilets, cash transfers). These initiatives signal recognition of women’s role, but risks of tokenism and essentialisation remain. Overview Women voters are influential but not decisive: Their importance lies in parity with other voting blocs rather than a monolithic swing factor. Empowerment vs. Clientelism: Schemes can empower women financially and socially if implemented effectively. Pre-election cash transfers risk being perceived as vote-buying rather than empowerment. Policy Design Lessons: Gender-responsive policies must consider intersectional identities. Effective delivery, awareness, and support for independent use of benefits are critical. Conclusion Women’s growing electoral presence highlights their increasing political agency, though they are not a monolithic vote bank. Effective gender-responsive policies and empowerment measures, rather than pre-election cash transfers, can strengthen meaningful participation. What are the various electoral forms? Why in News ? The Election Commission (EC) recently concluded the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar ahead of Assembly elections and plans a phased rollout across other States. The process has sparked debate over voter inclusion, documentation requirements, and electoral fairness. Relevance GS II – Polity & Governance: Role of EC in preparation and revision of electoral rolls. Right to vote, voter inclusion, and clean elections. Judicial oversight in election administration. GS II – Democracy & Accountability: Citizen participation in electoral processes. Challenges in electoral inclusion for marginalized groups. Context & Background Legal Basis: Section 21 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (RP Act) allows preparation and revision of electoral rolls. EC can carry out a summary revision before elections and a special revision at any time. SIR in Bihar: EC order dated June 24, 2025 initiated SIR nationwide, starting with Bihar. Bihar Assembly elections due in November 2025; July 1 fixed as qualifying date. Process Steps: Submission of enumeration forms by registered voters. Submission of eligible documents proving citizenship (for voters registered post-2003). Publication of draft electoral rolls. Period for filing claims and objections. Verification and disposal of claims by Electoral Registration Officers (ERO). Publication of final electoral roll (Bihar roll released on Sept 30, 2025). Judicial Intervention: SIR process challenged in the Supreme Court. Court directed EC to accept Aadhaar as proof of identity along with enumeration forms. Forms & Citizen Participation Relevant Forms: Defined in Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 (RER). Include forms for new voter registration, migration, objections, corrections, deletions, etc. Citizens should fill out the relevant forms based on their status. Citizen Responsibility: Verify published draft rolls. Submit forms if new voters or migrated. Seek assistance from political parties, civil society, or EROs, especially for marginalized groups. Significance Clean electoral rolls are vital for free and fair elections. Ensures every eligible citizen can exercise their right to vote without compromise. Phased rollout in other States aims to improve efficiency and inclusivity. Challenges & Concerns Short timelines may disadvantage marginalized groups, particularly women, migrants, and those with weak documentation. Political debates about SIR often highlight fears of exclusion or voter manipulation, though EC maintains neutrality. Need for adequate public awareness and facilitation to avoid disenfranchisement. Way Forward Extended timelines for SIR to allow hassle-free participation. Ensure Aadhaar and other accepted documents are widely communicated. Political parties and civil society must assist vulnerable populations in verifying and updating rolls. Phased nationwide SIR can improve the accuracy of rolls for upcoming Assembly elections. Conclusion Special Intensive Revision (SIR) and other electoral processes ensure inclusive and accurate voter registration. Robust citizen participation, timely awareness, and facilitation are essential to maintain free and fair elections. Why we need to change the way we talk about antibiotic resistance Why in News Context: Renewed focus on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) due to stagnation in public awareness despite increasing medical risk. Catalyst: NDM (New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase) first reported in 2010, highlighting India as a hotspot for antibiotic resistance. Current Concern: Communication fatigue and public desensitization to alarming AMR statistics; need for a personalized, biology-centered narrative. Relevance GS III – Science & Technology / Health: Antimicrobial resistance, NDM-1, antibiotic stewardship. Public health policies, microbiome science, personalized medicine. GS II – Governance / Policy: Chennai Declaration, G20/G7 AMR policies, India’s national health response. GS III – Economics: Economic burden of AMR, healthcare cost escalation, productivity loss. Understanding AMR & NDM AMR: Occurs when microorganisms evolve to survive exposure to antibiotics. Leads to infections that are harder to treat, increasing morbidity and mortality. NDM-1: A gene producing an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to nearly all antibiotics, including last-resort drugs. First identified in The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2010. Sparked political controversy over naming, highlighting global attention to India’s AMR problem. Impact of AMR: Health: Increased treatment failures, prolonged hospital stays, higher mortality. Economy: Predicted $100 trillion global economic loss by 2050 (Lord Jim O’Neill report). Social: Poses a global public health threat, affecting low- and middle-income countries disproportionately. Evolution of Awareness & Policy Initiatives Chennai Declaration (2012): Indian consensus framework to tackle AMR. Global Recognition: G7 and G20 included AMR in their agendas; AMR recognized as a medical, economic, and political issue. Problem: Over time, repeated alarmist messaging led to psychic numbing—public and policymakers became desensitized to statistics. Communication Crisis Traditional messaging relies on large-scale catastrophic forecasts, e.g., 10 million deaths by 2050. Habituation: Repeated exposure to statistics dulls public and policymaker response. Need for personalized storytelling connecting AMR to everyday health impacts. Making AMR Personal Microbiome Concept: Human body hosts trillions of beneficial microbes, essential for digestion, immunity, metabolism, skin health, and even mood regulation. Antibiotics Effects: Disrupt gut microbiome for months; sometimes permanent changes. Linked to anxiety, depression, obesity, diabetes, asthma, eczema. Impacts are present-day, not just future predictions. Positive framing: Microbes are not only harmful; they create individuality, influence experiences (e.g., how perfume smells on different people). Protecting beneficial microbes is a personal responsibility with immediate health consequences. Shift in Messaging From distant catastrophe → personal impact. From fear → responsibility. From statistics → biology. From bad bugs → good bugs. Goal: Sustainable public engagement, keeping AMR on the policy and individual action agenda. Significance & Policy Implications Healthcare: Need for judicious antibiotic use, stewardship programs, and infection control. Education & Awareness: Shift from abstract warnings to practical, relatable impacts on individual health. Research: Encourage studies on microbiome preservation and AMR mitigation. Global Health: India’s AMR crisis is part of a global threat, requiring coordinated national and international response. Conclusion AMR communication must shift from abstract catastrophic statistics to personalized, biology-focused messaging to drive responsible antibiotic use. This approach improves public engagement, policymaking, and sustainable health outcomes. Prioritising mental health during emergencies is essential: experts Why in News Event: World Mental Health Day 2025 (October 10) Theme: “Access to Services: Mental Health in Catastrophes and Emergencies” Relevance: Highlights urgent need for accessible mental health services during disasters, conflicts, climate-induced crises, and pandemics. Context in India: Recurring natural disasters (tsunamis, cyclones), COVID-19 pandemic, and humanitarian emergencies have exposed gaps in mental health response. Relevance GS II – Governance / Social Justice: Mental health policy, integration in disaster management, child and adolescent protection. GS III – Health / Disaster Management: Psychological first aid, crisis mental health services, impact of emergencies on health systems. GS II/III – International Cooperation: WHO guidelines, Inter-Agency Standing Committee recommendations, global frameworks for disaster mental health. Understanding Mental Health in Emergencies Definition: Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being; crucial for coping with stress and disasters. Crisis Impact: WHO estimates ~1 in 5 individuals experience mental health conditions during disasters/conflicts. Common Conditions: Depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia. Historical Lessons in India: 2004 Tsunami: Recognized need for psychological first-aid alongside physical relief. COVID-19 Pandemic: Highlighted widespread stress, isolation, and anxiety affecting both infected and uninfected individuals. Cyclones & Natural Disasters: e.g., 2018 Gaja cyclone – mental health teams intervened for grief and trauma. Challenges in Mental Health Response Underestimation of Need: Mental health often seen as secondary to physical and economic recovery in emergencies. Accessibility: Services concentrated in urban centers; rural and remote populations underserved. Stigma: Social barriers prevent individuals from seeking care, especially in disaster-affected areas. Long-term Impact: Children and adolescents exposed to trauma face lasting psychological effects. Reactive Approach: Often addressed post-disaster instead of being integrated into initial emergency planning. Key Recommendations & Best Practices Decentralization: Ensure mental health services are available in all districts affected by disasters. Create mobile mental health units in rural or conflict-affected zones. Integration into Emergency Response: Mental health support should be part of initial disaster relief planning along with food, shelter, and medical care. Teams should assess acute stress, grief, and trauma immediately. Child & Adolescent Focus: Prioritize psychosocial support for children exposed to violence, displacement, or loss. Capacity Building: Train first responders, medical staff, and volunteers in psychological first aid. Leverage WHO and Inter-Agency Standing Committee guidelines for mental health in emergencies. Awareness & De-stigmatization: Promote discussions about mental health across all sectors. Encourage community participation to normalize seeking psychological support. Sustainability: Mental health support should not be reactive, but pre-planned, structured, and continuous. Follow-up and long-term care should be incorporated post-crisis. Significance Public Health: Early mental health intervention reduces long-term psychiatric morbidity. Social Stability: Reduces post-disaster social tensions, substance abuse, and domestic violence. Disaster Resilience: Mentally healthy populations are better able to adapt and recover from catastrophes. Global Commitments: Aligns with WHO, Sustainable Development Goal 3 (good health and well-being) and disaster preparedness frameworks. Conclusion Integrating mental health into disaster response reduces long-term psychological impact and strengthens societal resilience. Decentralized, pre-planned, and continuous care is crucial for effective emergency management. Red List initiative Why in News ? India is preparing a national-level ‘Red List’ of species for the first time, assessing 11,000 species (7,000 flora + 4,000 fauna). Announcement made by Union Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Kirti Vardhan Singh on the first day of the World Congress of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Abu Dhabi. Initiative aligns with India’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF). Relevance GS III – Environment & Biodiversity: Biodiversity conservation, Red List, endangered species, endemic species. Role of government and international organizations (IUCN, CBD). GS III – Disaster & Ecology Linkages: Understanding species risk contributes to ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction. Understanding the Red List IUCN Red List: Global standard for assessing extinction risk of species. Categories of Assessment: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, Not Evaluated. Purpose: Helps policymakers and wildlife biologists prioritize conservation actions, allocate resources, and plan recovery for species at risk. Scope in India: 55,726 species recorded. Currently, IUCN assessed only 7,516 species (13.4% are threatened). 1,012 species threatened; 289 near threatened; 13.8% data deficient. High endemism in amphibians (79%) and reptiles (54.9%) among threatened species. Objectives of the National Red List Assess extinction risk for 11,000 species across India. Establish a participatory, nationally coordinated, and upgradable Red Listing system. Reflect the true conservation status of India’s biodiversity. Track progress of biodiversity protection targets under KM-GBF and SDGs. Integrate expert inputs from taxonomists, conservation biologists, and non-profit organizations. Create a framework for future conservation recovery plans. Key Stakeholders Government Agencies: Union Environment Ministry Botanical Survey of India Zoological Survey of India Non-governmental & Research Organisations: Wildlife Institute of India Taxonomists and conservation biologists across India Global Alignment: Coordinated with IUCN global standards. Significance of the Initiative Biodiversity Conservation: Enables scientific, evidence-based conservation planning. Policy Impact: Helps identify priority species and habitats needing immediate protection. Global Commitment: Strengthens India’s role in CBD and KM-GBF goals. Endemism Protection: Highlights species unique to India, crucial for ecosystem balance and ecological resilience. Awareness & Engagement: Promotes participation of civil society, researchers, and local communities in biodiversity monitoring. Challenges Data Deficiency: Many species lack sufficient information, potentially underestimating threats. Scale: India has ~55,726 documented species, making assessment resource-intensive. Coordination: Requires collaboration across government, academia, NGOs, and international frameworks. Implementation: Translating Red List data into actionable conservation policies and field interventions. Why It Matters Now ? Global Biodiversity Targets: India committed to stop biodiversity loss by 2030 under KM-GBF. Climate Change & Habitat Loss: Rapid environmental change is increasing extinction risk. Awareness & Policy: With this initiative, India strengthens national conservation policies and international credibility. Conclusion India’s National Red List provides evidence-based prioritization for species conservation, aligning with global biodiversity commitments. It enables targeted policies, protects endemic species, and promotes scientific and community engagement in biodiversity preservation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 October 2025

Content Curbing Cyber Frauds in Digital India Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0 Curbing Cyber Frauds in Digital India Why in News The Government released an update (8 Oct 2025) on India’s cyber fraud prevention efforts under the Digital India mission. Coincides with India Mobile Congress 2025, where cybersecurity is a major focus area. Reflects India’s transition from cyber awareness to national-scale cyber resilience. Relevance: GS-3 (Internal Security): Cyber threats, CERT-In, NCIIPC, I4C, national cyber resilience. GS-2 (Governance): Data Protection Act 2023, IT Rules 2021, Online Gaming Bill 2025. GS-3 (S&T): AI-driven frauds, NM-ICPS, digital infrastructure security. Digital India and the Expanding Cyber Landscape Digital India Initiative (2015–): Rapid digitisation of services, e-governance, and financial inclusion. Internet penetration: 86% of households connected (2025). Digital transactions: Massive surge via UPI, Aadhaar-enabled payments, and e-governance platforms. Challenge: The expanded digital ecosystem increases exposure to cyber threats and frauds.       Rising Cyber Threats: Data Trends Cybersecurity incidents: 2022: 10.29 lakh 2024: 22.68 lakh (120% rise) Cyber fraud loss: ₹36.45 lakh reported on NCRP (as of Feb 2025). SIM/IMEI blocking: 9.42 lakh SIMs 2,63,348 IMEIs linked to frauds blocked. Budget allocation 2025–26: ₹782 crore for cybersecurity. Helpline 1930: Centralized, rapid-response channel for cyber fraud victims. Nature of Cyber Frauds Definition: Deceptive online activities aimed at financial or data theft. Common types: Phishing and spoofing (fake identities, emails, URLs). Deepfake scams using AI. UPI payment frauds through compromised SIMs. Online betting and gaming apps promising fake returns (₹400 crore proceeds). Fraud “factories” in Southeast Asia linked to organized cybercrime. Emerging Threat Responses Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI): Launched by DoT; categorizes phone numbers as Medium, High, or Very High risk. Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025: Encourages e-sports/social gaming. Bans money-based gaming and advertisements to curb illegal betting-linked fraud. Cybersecurity Legal & Institutional Framework A. Key Legislations Information Technology Act, 2000 Legal foundation for cybercrime prosecution. Covers identity theft, data breaches, impersonation, online obscenity. Enables blocking of malicious sites/apps. IT (Intermediary Guidelines & Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 Imposes responsibility on social media and digital intermediaries. Mandates removal of unlawful/AI-manipulated content. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 Data collection only with consent and lawful purpose. Obligates data fiduciaries to ensure security safeguards. Reduces unauthorized access/misuse. Cybersecurity Institutions and Mechanisms A. Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) National nodal agency for cybersecurity response. Functions: Threat monitoring, advisory issuance, vulnerability management. 109 mock drills held (1,438 organizations) to assess cyber readiness. B. National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) Protects critical sectors—banking, power, telecom, transport. Operates under Section 70A of IT Act. Conducts sector-specific risk assessments and issue advisories. C. Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) MHA initiative to coordinate LEAs across India. Supports training, R&D, and real-time data sharing. Blocked: 3,962 Skype IDs and 83,668 WhatsApp accounts linked to frauds. Capacity Building and Awareness CyTrain Portal: 1,05,796 police officers registered. 82,704 certificates issued in cybercrime investigation. Cyber Crime Prevention Against Women and Children (CCPWC) Scheme: Funding: ₹132.93 crore. 33 cyber forensic labs set up. 24,600 officials trained. Cyber Crisis Management Plan (CCMP): Framework for recovery during cyber-attacks. 205 workshops conducted nationwide. Technological & Strategic Tools A. Samanvaya Platform Analytics-based platform linking inter-state cybercrime data. Pratibimb module visualizes criminal networks and geography. Results: 12,987 arrests; 1,51,984 criminal linkages mapped. B. Sahyog Portal Centralized mechanism for removal of unlawful online content. Connects all authorized enforcement agencies under one digital interface. C. Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System (CFCFRMS) Enabled saving of ₹5,489 crore in 17.82 lakh complaints. Integrates banks, payment intermediaries, and LEAs for real-time freezing. D. NM-ICPS (National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems) Promotes R&D in cybersecurity, AI, IoT defense mechanisms. Enhances capability for detection and prevention of emerging cyber threats. National Cyber Awareness and Outreach Cyber awareness campaigns: radio, metro, and print media. MyGov Cyber Safety Weeks for community engagement. Handbook for Adolescents and Students: cyber hygiene education. NCCC (National Cyber Coordination Centre): Provides real-time situational awareness of threats. Integrates intelligence from multiple agencies. Social media campaigns to promote safe cyber practices. Cybersecurity Exercises and Global Collaboration Bharat National Cybersecurity Exercise 2025: 21 July–1 Aug 2025; 600+ participants. STRATEX simulation tested national response to large-scale cyber breach. India Mobile Congress 2025 (8–11 Oct): Cybersecurity among six key global summits. Focus on 6G, AI, IoT, Satellite Communication, and Telecom Manufacturing. 1.5 lakh visitors, 7,000+ international delegates, 400+ exhibitors. Financial and Institutional Achievements Cybersecurity Budget (2025–26): ₹782 crore. Blocked fraud infrastructure: 9.42 lakh SIMs, 2.63 lakh IMEIs. Direct savings via cyber intervention: ₹5,489 crore. Inter-agency coordination success: CERT-In, I4C, NCIIPC, CyTrain, Sahyog, Samanvaya. Challenges Ahead Increasing AI-driven frauds (deepfakes, voice cloning). Cross-border syndicates operating via dark web. Need for citizen digital hygiene and strong private-sector compliance. Balancing privacy, innovation, and surveillance in data governance. Forward Path: Building a Cyber-Resilient India Multi-tier cyber architecture: Prevention → Detection → Response → Recovery. Expansion of AI-based fraud detection and threat intelligence networks. Integration of 5G/6G security layers into Digital India infrastructure. Strengthening public-private partnerships and international cooperation. Promoting citizen cyber literacy as a key national asset. Conclusion India’s digital revolution has outpaced most nations, but so have cyber risks. Through laws, technology, inter-agency coordination, and public awareness, India is creating a secure digital ecosystem. Cybersecurity is now central to national security and economic sovereignty. The government’s “whole-of-nation” approach—integrating citizens, institutions, and innovation—marks India’s transition from a Digital India to a Cyber-Secure India. Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0 Why in News The Government of India (Ministry of Education + Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) launched Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0 on 9th October 2025. Aim: To promote a tobacco-free learning environment and move towards a tobacco-free generation under Viksit Bharat@2047 vision. Relevance : GS-2 (Governance & Social Justice): Health policy, inter-ministerial coordination, preventive health campaigns. GS-3 (Health & S&T): Lifestyle diseases, behavioural interventions, awareness mechanisms. Tobacco Burden in India Tobacco kills ~13 lakh people annually in India. Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2019: 8.4% of students (aged 13–15 years) currently use tobacco. Average initiation age: 10 years. India is the second-largest consumer of tobacco globally. Youth and adolescents are the most vulnerable group, due to peer influence, advertising, and lack of awareness. Objective of TFYC 3.0 Duration: 60 days (Oct–Dec 2025). Core Goals: Prevent initiation of tobacco use among youth. Support cessation (help students quit). Create awareness about ill-effects of tobacco and substance abuse. Strengthen enforcement of Tobacco-Free Educational Institution (ToFEI) guidelines. Promote physical, mental, and emotional wellness among students. Key Features and Activities Enforcement Drives: Ensure schools, colleges, and universities remain tobacco-free zones. Monitor 100-yard no-tobacco zones around educational campuses. Capacity Building: Training for school heads, NSS/NCC volunteers, and teachers. Focus on peer-led awareness and early detection of substance use. Counselling Support: On-campus sessions and counselling for students willing to quit tobacco. Integration with National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP) resources. Community & Institutional Campaigns: Public rallies, competitions, and recognition for ToFEI-compliant institutions. Engage local communities to sustain tobacco-free zones. Digital & Youth Engagement: Awareness videos, posters, and quizzes via MyGov platform. World No Tobacco Day Quiz and School Challenge: Towards a Tobacco-Free Generation. Policy and Legal Framework Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003: Prohibits sale of tobacco products within 100 yards of educational institutions. Bans advertisements and sponsorships targeting minors. ToFEI Guidelines (2022, updated 2025): Mandates signage, regular inspections, awareness activities, and reporting mechanisms in institutions. National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP): Operational since 2007–08. Focuses on awareness, cessation services, and enforcement of tobacco laws. Pictorial Health Warnings: 85% of tobacco product packaging must display health warnings under COTPA Rules. Whole-of-Government Approach Ministry of Education: Drives institutional compliance, student sensitization, and integration with school health programs. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare: Leads awareness, cessation support, and data monitoring. Collaboration with: NSS, NCC, CBSE, AICTE, NCERT, and State Education Departments. NGOs and public health institutions for outreach. Significance Addresses public health and educational nexus — linking youth health with learning outcomes. Supports SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-being) and SDG 4 (Quality Education). Contributes to India’s Viksit Bharat@2047 vision through healthy human capital. Reinforces youth empowerment, behavioural change, and preventive health culture. Challenges Ahead Peer pressure and social acceptability of tobacco in some communities. Rise of e-cigarettes and vaping devices despite restrictions. Implementation gaps in rural and semi-urban institutions. Sustained enforcement beyond campaign duration. Forward Path Integrate tobacco-free norms under School Health Programme of Ayushman Bharat. Continuous monitoring through digital reporting platforms. Expansion of cessation services in schools and colleges. Introduce youth ambassadors for peer-led awareness. Periodic national surveys (like GYTS 2.0) to track behaviour trends. Conclusion TFYC 3.0 represents India’s multi-ministerial commitment to safeguard youth health. The campaign shifts focus from prohibition to prevention and empowerment. By promoting awareness, enforcement, and behavioural change, it aims to build a generation that is not only tobacco-free but also physically and mentally resilient — a cornerstone for Viksit Bharat@2047.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 October 2025

Content The danger of an unchecked pre-crime framework A verdict that misses the fine print The danger of an unchecked pre-crime framework Why in News Case Trigger: Dhanya M. vs State of Kerala (2025 INSC 809) — Supreme Court set aside a preventive detention order under the Kerala Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act, 2007 (KAAPA). Key Judicial Observation: Preventive detention should be used sparingly, not as a substitute for criminal prosecution or to bypass bail. Significance: Revives constitutional debate on the validity, scope, and misuse of preventive detention under Article 22(3)–(7). Relevance : GS 2 – Polity & Governance Constitutional provisions: Article 22 (Preventive Detention), Article 21 (Right to Life & Liberty). Judicial interpretation of liberty and due process — A.K. Gopalan, Maneka Gandhi, Dhanya M. cases. Executive overreach and misuse of preventive detention laws. Balance between individual liberty and national security. Constitutional morality vs. legal exceptionalism. Practice Question : Preventive detention remains one of the most paradoxical features of the Indian Constitution. Examine its constitutional validity and the dangers of its misuse in light of recent Supreme Court judgments.(250 words) Concept and Colonial Origins Definition: Preventive detention means detaining a person to prevent them from committing an offence — before the act occurs. Colonial Legacy: Originated under Bengal Regulation III of 1818 — to maintain colonial control. Empowered executive to detain individuals on suspicion without trial. Government of India Act, 1935: Granted provincial legislatures power to legislate on preventive detention for “public order”. Independent India: Retained this colonial relic through Preventive Detention Act, 1950 — despite British usage only during wartime. Constituent Assembly Debate Highly Contested Provision: Members like Somnath Lahiri called it a “Police Constable Constitution”. Others justified it due to post-Partition unrest and communist uprisings. Gautam Bhatia’s View: Article 22 was a “Janus-faced provision” — combined due process elements but excluded them from preventive detention laws. Result: Articles 22(3)–(7) gave the legislature power to permit detention without trial for up to 12 months or more under “special circumstances”. Constitutional Framework Articles 22(1)–(2): Safeguards for arrested persons — right to legal counsel, to be informed of grounds, and produced before magistrate within 24 hours. Articles 22(3)–(7): Allow preventive detention even without trial. Parliament may define the period and procedure, and even bypass review by advisory boards. Irony: Fundamental rights (Articles 14, 19, 21) do not apply fully to preventive detention cases, creating a constitutional “black hole”. Judicial Evolution: From Gopalan to Dhanya M. A. A.K. Gopalan vs State of Madras (1950) Facts: Communist leader detained under the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Challenge: Violation of Articles 19 & 21. Judgment: SC upheld detention; ruled each fundamental right is isolated and compartmentalized. Preventive detention tested only under Article 22. Impact: Created the metaphorical “Devil’s Island” — Article 22 isolated from other rights. B. Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978) Doctrine: Expanded Article 21 — “procedure established by law” must be fair, just, and reasonable. Golden Triangle: Articles 14, 19, and 21 must be read together. Hope: Suggested possible integration of preventive detention within broader due process guarantees. C. A.K. Roy vs Union of India (1982) Setback: SC reaffirmed pre-Maneka reasoning, holding that preventive detention cannot be challenged under Articles 14, 19, or 21. Doctrine of proportionality rejected for detention laws. Result: Preventive detention remains a Bermuda Triangle where constitutional rights disappear. D. Recent Correctives Rekha vs State of Tamil Nadu (2011): Preventive detention is an exception to Article 21 — to be used only in rare situations. Banka Sneha Sheela vs State of Telangana (2021): Detention must be tested against Article 21. S.K. Nazneen vs State of Telangana (2023): Detention not valid for mere law and order issues. Dhanya M. vs State of Kerala (2025): Reinforced restraint, clarified difference between public order and law and order. Analytical Themes A. Constitutional Contradiction India’s Constitution, while guaranteeing liberty (Art. 21), simultaneously legalises detention without trial (Art. 22). Creates a structural paradox — liberty within legality vs security through exceptionalism. B. “Golden Triangle vs Bermuda Triangle” Golden Triangle: Articles 14, 19, 21 — equality, freedoms, due process. Bermuda Triangle: Articles 22(3)–(7) — space where these vanish. C. Executive Overreach Broad, vague definitions in state laws (e.g., “goonda”, “rowdy” under KAAPA). Preventive detention often used against dissenters, activists, and protesters — not just criminals. Granville Austin (1999): Called preventive detention a “seductive crutch” — encourages police laziness and weakens investigative capacity. D. Ethical and Jurisprudential Dilemma Preventive detention punishes intention rather than action — similar to pre-crime. Violates principles of presumption of innocence, audi alteram partem, and judicial scrutiny. Cultural Metaphor: Minority Report Analogy Steven Spielberg’s “Minority Report” (2002) visualises the dystopian logic of preventive detention. “Precogs” predict crimes before they occur — echoing subjective satisfaction of detaining authorities in India. “Minority reports” reveal uncertainty in prediction — mirrors arbitrary misuse in India. Judicial and executive authorities act as “Precogs” without proof, relying on perception and probability. Core Constitutional Questions Can a democracy detain on suspicion while claiming fidelity to due process? Should Article 22 be read down, reinterpreted, or amended in light of expanded Article 21 jurisprudence? Should preventive detention remain within national security & terrorism domain only — not everyday administration? Way Forward Narrow the Scope: Restrict to grave threats like terrorism, espionage, or transnational organized crime. Judicial Scrutiny: Mandatory application of proportionality and reasonableness tests. Periodic Review: Ensure time-bound and transparent advisory board evaluations. Data Publication: Annual reporting of preventive detention cases, durations, and outcomes. Legislative Clarity: Define “public order” and “law and order” distinctly to curb misuse. Harmonisation: Read Article 22 within the golden triangle spirit — liberty as the rule, detention as exception. Concluding Insight Preventive detention is a constitutional exception turned routine tool of governance. Despite judicial interventions like Dhanya M., the structural imbalance between security and liberty persists. Unless India reclaims the primacy of Articles 14, 19, and 21, its “pre-crime constitutionalism” risks eroding the democratic ethos the Constitution was meant to safeguard. A verdict that misses the fine print Why in News Supreme Court Judgment (May 16, 2025): Declared post-facto (retrospective) environmental clearances illegal under the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006. Key Message: Projects initiated or completed without prior Environmental Clearance (EC) cannot later be legalized through retrospective approvals. Implication: Shakes the foundation of India’s infrastructure, industrial, and real estate governance frameworks. Immediate Concern: States now face confusion — should projects without EC be demolished, penalized, or regularized under new terms? Relevance: GS 3 – Environment & Ecology EIA Notification 2006 and Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. Judicial review and environmental rule of law — Vanashakti (2025), Alembic (2020). Conflict between procedural compliance and sustainable development. Institutional and governance gaps — SEIAAs, SPCBs, MoEFCC. Economic implications of strict environmental adjudication. GS 2 – Governance: Centre–State coordination and policy clarity in environmental regulation. Practice Question : The Supreme Court’s 2025 verdict on post-facto environmental clearances strengthens procedural integrity but risks undermining sustainable development. Discuss. (250 words) The Legal Background Trigger Case (2025): Vanashakti v. Union of India — Supreme Court upheld the NGT’s 2013 position against post-facto ECs. Root Case (2013): S.P. Muthuraman v. Union of India — Southern Bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) stayed a 2012 MoEFCC Office Memorandum allowing “prospective clearances” for ongoing projects. Core Issue: Can the Environment Ministry retrospectively legalize projects that began operations without prior approval? Legal Trajectory (2013–2025): 2013–2020: NGT repeatedly struck down post-facto ECs as illegal. 2020: Supreme Court in Alembic Pharmaceuticals v. Rohit Prajapati reaffirmed that post-facto ECs violate the precautionary principle. 2025: Apex Court conclusively banned retrospective clearances, closing the debate. Environmental Clearance (EC) — Basics Governed by: EIA Notification, 2006 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA). Purpose: Ensure that environmental impacts of large projects (industrial, real estate, mining, ports, power, etc.) are assessed and mitigated before construction begins. Key Steps in EC Process: Screening and Scoping (identifying potential impacts). Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. Public hearing and stakeholder consultation. Appraisal by Expert Committee. Grant or rejection of EC. Principle: Prevention over cure — anticipatory environmental scrutiny before irreversible harm occurs. What the Judgment Said Post-facto ECs = Illegal: No project can begin or continue operations without obtaining EC before commencement. No Regularisation: Past or ongoing violations cannot be legalized by paying fines or completing paperwork later. Environmental Rule of Law: Compliance cannot be retrospective; procedural due process is mandatory. Accountability: Authorities that allowed or ignored such violations may also be held responsible. Immediate Fallout and Legal Confusion Regulatory Freeze: States unsure whether to issue demolition notices or impose penalties. Mass Uncertainty: Thousands of factories, buildings, and infrastructure projects risk invalidation. Public Concern: Homebuyers, schools, hospitals, and small industries caught in legal limbo. Governance Paralysis: Bureaucrats hesitant to clear projects or renew permits pending interpretation. Key Legal Gaps and Shortcomings A. No Guidance on Implementation Judgment bans post-facto ECs but provides no clarity on what to do with already completed or ongoing projects. States left to interpret — creating uneven enforcement and policy chaos. B. Treats All Violations Equally No distinction between willful violators and those trapped by regulatory delay or confusion. Ignores intent, scale, or environmental impact of the project. C. Overlooks Sustainable Development Principle Article 21 (Right to Life), as expanded in Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum (1996), balances environment and livelihood. Blanket bans and demolitions could violate the principle of proportionality. D. Administrative Overlap Court’s silence on Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2011 under the EPA creates confusion. EC and CRZ regimes differ — applying one verdict to both could cause legal overreach. E. Risk of Over-Extension If extended to Water Act (1974) and Air Act (1981), industries lacking prior pollution control consents may face closure — massive economic impact. Environmental Paradox: When Protection Harms the Environment Mass Demolitions: Could create mountains of debris, air pollution, and emissions. Social Displacement: Thousands of workers and residents affected; undermines social justice. Ecological Irony: Demolition contradicts sustainable development; protection of nature shouldn’t destroy livelihoods. Compliance Fear: Developers may go underground, evading oversight, worsening environmental monitoring. Economic and Social Fallout Economic Losses: Infrastructure worth billions (roads, bridges, housing) at risk. Stalled industrial output and employment. Investment Uncertainty: Erodes investor confidence and “Ease of Doing Business”. Governance Dilemma: Balancing environmental rule of law with continuity of economic development. Citizen Impact: Homebuyers, school operators, and local businesses face legal insecurity despite good faith. The Constitutional Angle Article 21: Expands to include right to a clean environment and right to livelihood — requires balancing both. Article 48A: State shall protect and improve environment. Article 51A(g): Citizen’s duty to protect environment. Judicial Evolution: Courts have emphasized sustainable development, inter-generational equity, and proportionality. Present Verdict: Upholds procedural purity but lacks substantive proportionality — a gap between environmental idealism and practical justice. Comparative Jurisprudence Global Practice: United States & EU: Allow “after-the-fact” regularisation with strict penalties and mitigation plans. China: Introduced “rectification within a time limit” model to enforce compliance without halting projects. India’s Verdict: Among the few that completely ban retrospective approvals — a zero-tolerance but high-cost model. The Coastal and Multi-Law Ambiguity CRZ Notification, 2011: Separate regime under EPA for coastal areas — regulates tourism, ports, housing. Court’s silence on CRZ leads to legal uncertainty for coastal States (Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat). If judgment extends to CRZ: Ports, resorts, fishing infrastructure could face closure. Without clear differentiation, federal disputes likely. Structural Issues in Environmental Governance Fragmented Regulation: EIA, CRZ, Forest, Air, and Water Acts function in silos. Weak Institutional Capacity: SPCBs and SEIAAs lack manpower and technology to monitor effectively. Delayed Decision-Making: Approval processes often exceed statutory timelines, prompting developers to start construction prematurely. Corruption and Ambiguity: Inconsistent interpretations across States fuel non-compliance. Way Forward: A Balanced Compliance Framework A. Hybrid Regularisation Model Objective: Retain legality of the Court’s intent but prevent socio-economic collapse. Key Features: Ban regularisation in eco-sensitive or protected zones (e.g., ESZs, wetlands, wildlife corridors). Mandate ex-post environmental assessment for existing unapproved projects. Impose restoration costs and fines proportional to ecological damage. Ensure independent third-party audits and transparent disclosure. Set compliance deadlines (e.g., 12–24 months) with progress monitoring. B. Strengthen Environmental Institutions Build capacity in SEIAAs, SPCBs, and CPCB with digital monitoring, GIS tracking, and public dashboards. Establish National Environmental Compliance Authority to harmonize overlapping laws. C. Reform EIA Framework Update EIA Notification, 2006 to reflect 2025 realities: Introduce graded clearances, online tracking, and citizen grievance redressal. Integrate climate risk assessment and social impact analysis. D. Policy Innovation Encourage self-reporting and compliance declarations with strict penalties for falsehoods. Promote green ratings and incentives for proactive compliance. Encourage public participation through transparent hearings and access to EIA data. Review Petition and Future Outlook Review Filed by: Confederation of Real Estate Developers’ Associations of India (CREDAI) and others. Court’s Stand: Agreed to review — not to dilute environmental protections but to clarify implementation ambiguities. Expected Outcomes: Clear guidance for State governments on treatment of pre-existing projects. Possible creation of a graded compliance mechanism instead of mass demolition. Larger Message for Environmental Governance Positive Aspect: Reinforces accountability, rule of law, and environmental due diligence. Negative Aspect: Risks being seen as judicial overreach if not practically implementable. Moral Lesson: Law must evolve with time — protecting nature must not come at the cost of livelihood and trust. Ultimate Goal: A science-based, participatory, and reform-oriented environmental governance system that integrates ecology, economy, and equity. Conclusion The 2025 verdict is a historic inflection point in India’s environmental jurisprudence. It reaffirms the principle that law cannot retrospectively cleanse illegality, yet exposes the governance vacuum that allowed such illegality to persist for a decade. India now faces a defining choice: Legal Purity vs Pragmatic Sustainability. The way forward lies in smart compliance, transparent governance, and proportional justice, ensuring that environmental protection strengthens — not stifles — India’s development journey.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 October 2025

Content Manipur data mask scale of crimes against women in 2023 Are workers’ rights being eroded? India’s invasive species present a dilemma: document or conserve Making ‘room’ for new uses of Chemistry Microplastics impact coral reproduction at multiple stages: Report Seneca Lake ‘Drums’ Mystery Manipur data mask scale of crimes against women in 2023 Why is it in News ? The 2023 NCRB report on Manipur presents a striking anomaly: While most categories of crime skyrocketed during the ethnic conflict, Crimes against women reportedly declined by 30% — contradicting eyewitness reports, FIRs, and the Supreme Court’s own observations of widespread sexual violence. The data exposes a major crisis of underreporting and institutional breakdown in conflict zones. Relevance: GS-1 (Social Issues): Gender-based violence, women’s safety, conflict impact on vulnerable populations. GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Institutional failures, NCRB data integrity, Supreme Court interventions, law enforcement accountability. The 2023 Manipur Ethnic Conflict Conflict began: May 3, 2023 Parties involved: Meitei community (valley-based, largely Hindu) Kuki-Zo tribes (hill-based, largely Christian) Trigger: Meitei demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status. Impact: Over 200 deaths and 70,000 displaced (as per government & media estimates). Massive destruction of property, arson, and targeted violence. Reports of systemic gender-based violence amid the conflict. Supreme Court’s Observation (July 2023) The apex court termed the sexual violence in Manipur as of “systemic” and “unprecedented magnitude.” Ordered: Special investigation teams (SITs) under the supervision of former High Court judges. Transfer of some cases to the CBI, including those involving sexual violence against women. Emphasis on victim protection and fair trial mechanisms. Key NCRB Data (Manipur, 2022 vs 2023) Category of Crime 2022 2023 % Change / Observation Arson 27 6,203 22,800% Rioting 84 5,421 6,350% Dacoity 1 1,213 Massive rise Murder 47 151 221% Attempt to Murder 153 818 434% Robbery 7 330 4,614% Burglary 39 183 369% Theft 1,286 2,394 86% Crimes under Arms Act 64 116 81% Promoting enmity between groups 15 473 3,053% Crimes Against Women (overall) – – ↓ 30% decline Contradiction: Despite extensive media coverage and legal action highlighting sexual violence, NCRB recorded: Rape cases: 42 → 27 Assault on women’s modesty: 67 → 66 Sexual harassment: 5 → 1 POCSO (minor rape): 44 → 43 Ground Reports of Gendered Violence Multiple verified cases indicate widespread sexual crimes despite official denials: May 4, 2023: Women working at a car wash in Imphal East tortured by a mob (FIR accessed by The Hindu). Kuki-Zo legislators’ statement (July 2023): At least four incidents of rape/murder of Kuki women. Complaints to NCW and civil groups: Harassment of Kuki-Zomi women on Manipur University campus. Assaults at Nightingale Nursing Institute. Alleged rape and murder of four women in Imphal. Reasons for Underreporting Institutional Collapse: Police and administrative systems fragmented along ethnic lines, eroding neutrality. Displacement of communities meant many survivors had no access to police stations. Social Stigma and Fear: Strong cultural taboo against reporting sexual violence, worsened by community conflict. Fear of retaliation and lack of witness protection. Data Suppression: Local police reluctant to register cases that implicate dominant groups or security forces. Technical Classification: Many incidents recorded under “rioting” or “violence”, not as sexual crimes. Displacement Barrier: Many victims in relief camps or migrated out of the state — FIRs never registered or pursued. Implications Humanitarian: Survivors denied justice and trauma care. Institutional: NCRB’s credibility questioned — data may not reflect real ground situation in conflict zones. Constitutional: Violation of Article 21 (Right to Life with Dignity) and Article 14 (Equality before Law). Judicial: Reinforces the Supreme Court’s finding of a “systemic failure of law enforcement.” Broader Pattern Underreporting of sexual violence is a national issue, but the Manipur case amplifies it due to: Militarization and ethnic polarisation. Collapsed trust in state machinery. Lack of gender-sensitive policing in emergencies. Similar patterns seen in conflict zones like Kashmir (1990s) and Northeast insurgencies. Way Forward Independent Investigations: Expand Supreme Court-monitored SITs and CBI probes. Involve NHRC and NCW for transparent documentation. Conflict-Sensitive Policing: Deploy gender-balanced police teams trained for humanitarian and relief contexts. Data Reform: NCRB must annotate conflict-related cases separately to avoid statistical distortion. Survivor-Centric Approach: Ensure psychological counselling, compensation, and rehabilitation for victims. Witness and survivor protection under the Victim Compensation Scheme (2015). Accountability: Fix command responsibility for non-registration of FIRs. Periodic judicial audits of police response in conflict zones. Conclusion The 2023 Manipur data exposes a deep institutional and moral failure — where recorded statistics obscure lived realities. While the State burned and women were brutalized, official data painted a false picture of safety. This disjuncture between record and reality underscores the urgent need for transparent data governance, accountable policing, and gender-sensitive conflict resolution mechanisms to restore trust and justice in Manipur. Are workers’ rights being eroded? Why is it in News ? A series of fatal industrial accidents between June–September 2025 has highlighted India’s persistent failure in ensuring workplace safety: June 30, 2025 (Telangana): Chemical reactor burst at Sigachi Industries killed 40 workers, many unregistered. July 1, 2025 (Tamil Nadu): Explosion at Gokulesh Fireworks, Sivakasi killed 8 workers. September 30, 2025 (Chennai): Collapse of a 10-metre-high coal-handling plant at Ennore Thermal Power Station killed 9 workers. The British Safety Council estimates that 1 in 4 fatal workplace accidents worldwide occur in India, a figure likely underreported due to informal employment and data concealment. Triggered a nationwide debate on dilution of labour protections, corporate accountability, and state oversight. Relevance: GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Labour law enforcement, regulatory failures, government accountability. GS-3 (Economy): Industrial safety, informal workforce, labour market reforms, impact on productivity. Basic Facts India’s industrial base employs a large informal workforce: ~80–85% of industrial labour is either contract-based or unregistered. Underreporting: Many deaths and injuries go unrecorded because of lack of registration, falsified records, and absence of inspections. ILO data: Industrial accidents are rarely random — they result from systemic neglect, poor enforcement, and cost-cutting by employers. Why Do Workplace Accidents Occur Negligence and poor prevention: Outdated or unsafe machinery (as in Sigachi Industries). Lack of alarms, maintenance, or trained safety officers. Operating equipment at twice permissible limits. Regulatory failure: Missing inspections or corrupt inspection systems. “Self-certification” replacing independent oversight. Unsafe practices: Long working hours, low wages, and excessive workloads. Use of unregistered labour to avoid accountability. Absence of on-site medical facilities and rescue mechanisms. Legal Framework for Worker Safety Factories Act, 1948 Cornerstone of India’s industrial safety law. Covers factory licensing, machinery maintenance, working hours, rest breaks, and welfare (canteens, crèches). Amended in 1976 and 1987 (post-Bhopal Gas Tragedy) to tighten safety norms. Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 Ensures compensation for injury or death due to workplace accidents. Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 Provides medical benefits and income protection for industrial workers. Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSHWC) Code, 2020 Aims to consolidate 13 existing laws. Criticism: Shifts safety from statutory right to executive discretion, allowing dilution of worker protections. Still in abeyance (not yet implemented). Structural Weaknesses in Enforcement Post-1990s reforms: Shift from labour protection to “labour flexibility”. Ease of Doing Business policies: States allowed self-certification (e.g., Maharashtra, 2015). Reduced physical inspections to promote business ease. COVID-era relaxations: Some States (e.g., Karnataka, 2023) extended working hours and reduced rest periods, permanently weakening safeguards. Criminal accountability gap: Employers rarely prosecuted for preventable deaths. Governments use public funds for compensation, absolving corporate liability. Consequences Human cost: High death tolls in hazardous sectors (chemical, mining, thermal, fireworks). Economic cost: Lost productivity, medical expenditure, and reputational damage to Indian industry. Moral cost: Systemic disregard for the right to safe work — a constitutional right under Article 21 (Right to Life). Way Forward Reinstate workplace safety as a legal right, not an administrative favour. Mandatory inspections — a mix of scheduled and surprise checks by independent authorities. Criminal liability for negligent employers under IPC and labour laws. Transparent reporting of workplace accidents and public access to safety audits. Strengthen union representation and whistleblower protection for labour complaints. Incentivize safety compliance — linking tax benefits or contracts to verified safety performance. Technological monitoring — use of AI-driven safety sensors, digital attendance and exit logs for factories. Conclusion India’s unsafe industrial ecosystem mirrors the post-liberalisation erosion of labour rights. The pattern of profit over protection shows that India’s growth narrative often sidelines worker welfare. Without reform, India risks both international censure (ILO, BSC) and domestic social unrest over labour exploitation. India’s invasive species present a dilemma: document or conserve Why in News ? Conservation scientists warn about “stealth invader” species—invasive alien species (IAS)—that are rapidly transforming Indian landscapes and eroding local biodiversity. India faces a research-policy dilemma: whether to first document all IAS impacts or simultaneously conserve and study. The issue has gained urgency amid rising economic and ecological losses globally from IAS. Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Biodiversity): Biodiversity conservation, invasive alien species (IAS), ecosystem services, SDG 14 & 15. GS-2 (Governance/Policy): National Biodiversity Action Plan, IAS management, biosecurity policies. What Are Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Definition: Non-native species introduced intentionally or accidentally into new ecosystems. Pathways of introduction: Accidental: through trade, transport, or ballast water. Intentional: for ornamental purposes, pest control, or land restoration. Once introduced, these species: Outcompete native flora and fauna, Alter habitats and food webs, Reduce agricultural productivity, Cause local or global extinctions. Global Scenario 37,000 established alien species introduced worldwide due to human activity. ~200 new alien species added every year. 10% (~3,500 species) have documented harmful impacts on ecosystems and people (K.V. Sankaran, former Director, Kerala Forest Research Institute). Economic and non-economic losses: biodiversity degradation, soil decline, crop yield loss, and altered hydrology. Status in India 139 identified invasive alien species, mostly insect pests of crops (Ankila Hiremath, ATREE). Others indirectly affect crops by disrupting native pest-control insects. IAS threaten ecosystems ranging from forests to freshwater bodies. India’s invasion biology research remains fragmented and poorly documented. Case Studies: Key Invasive Species in India A. Lantana camara Introduced as ornamental shrub during British rule. Now widespread, blocking conservation of elephants and other large herbivores. Thrives in diverse soil types, unpalatable to herbivores, forms dense thickets. Ecological consequences: Restricts movement of elephants → human-wildlife conflict increases. Alters habitat structure, impeding regeneration of native plants. B. Prosopis juliflora (“Gando Bawar”) Introduced from South America/Caribbean in 19th century; later spread in Gujarat’s Banni grasslands (1960s–70s). Originally meant to reduce soil salinity and boost green cover. Now covers 50–60% of grassland, causing: Severe groundwater depletion (“thirsty” tree). Competition with native Acacia and grasses. Soil salinisation and ecosystem imbalance, harming pastoralist livelihoods. C. Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) Among world’s 10 worst invasive species. Dominates paddy fields, lakes, wetlands, including Kaziranga National Park. Impacts: Blocks sunlight → reduces oxygen in water. Harms migratory bird habitats and aquatic biodiversity. Increases vector-borne diseases by providing mosquito breeding grounds. D. Other Aquatic Invaders Alligator weed, duckweed, water lettuce — degrade freshwater ecosystems. Alien fish (626 species) introduced via aquarium trade, aquaculture, mosquito control, sport fishing (Rajeev Raghavan, Kerala University of Fisheries). Now found in Dal Lake (Kashmir), Manipur, Telangana, Kerala, etc. Major threat to 1,070 freshwater fish species in India. Ecological Impacts of IAS Level Impact Type Examples Species Level Reduced survival, reproduction, and genetic diversity Native fishes and ants displaced Population Level Decline in population size, reduced range Native ant populations replaced by yellow crazy ant Community Level Disruption of food webs, altered predator-prey balance Herbivore-plant interactions altered by Lantana Ecosystem Level Changes in soil porosity, water turbidity, nutrient cycles Prosopis altering Banni hydrology, hyacinth affecting lakes Key Scientists’ Perspectives Ankila Hiremath (ATREE): IAS like Lantana and Prosopis modify soil and water balance, worsening wildlife conflicts. Achyut Banerjee (Azim Premji University): IAS degrade natural habitats, disrupt predator-prey dynamics. Rajeev Raghavan: Alien fishes threaten India’s endemic freshwater fauna; freshwater invasion biology is “still in its infancy”. Alok Bang (Azim Premji University): Emphasizes defining “conservation” scientifically, given differing stakeholder perceptions. Advocates for simultaneous documentation and conservation instead of waiting for exhaustive records. Documentation and Research Gaps Most IAS in India lack invasion histories, spread maps, and ecological assessments. Absence of standardised methods for: Impact measurement, Cumulative effect mapping, Cross-species ecological modeling. Freshwater invasion biology particularly underdeveloped. Need for micro-level data on distribution, native–alien interactions, and ecosystem-level impacts. Policy Dilemma: Document or Conserve? Option 1: Wait for full documentation → impractical, resource-heavy, time-consuming. Option 2 (preferred): Parallel approach — conduct conservation planning and impact studies simultaneously, learning from global experiences. India should: Use foreign ecological case studies to anticipate local outcomes. Prioritize high-impact species and regions for early intervention. Recommended Strategies Develop standardized quantitative methods to assess IAS impacts (species & ecosystem scale). Create IAS atlases through citizen science and digital mapping tools. Identify invasion hotspots and prioritize management pathways. Encourage multi-stakeholder collaboration among scientists, forest departments, farmers, and local communities. Integrate IAS management into: National Biodiversity Action Plan, National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing, State Wildlife Action Plans (2023–2033). Promote biosecurity measures for imports, aquaculture, and ornamental trades. Broader Implications IAS threaten India’s biodiversity hotspots — Western Ghats, Northeast India, and Andaman–Nicobar. Undermines ecosystem services like pollination, carbon sequestration, and soil fertility. Causes economic losses in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Aggravates human-wildlife conflict and pastoral distress. Affects SDG 14 (Life Below Water) and SDG 15 (Life on Land) targets. Conclusion Invasive alien species are a silent but escalating threat to India’s ecological stability. Their multi-level, cascading impacts demand immediate, integrated, and adaptive management. India must move beyond fragmented studies to a national IAS strategy emphasizing: Rapid detection, Risk assessment, Restoration of invaded ecosystems, Public participation and awareness. Without decisive action, IAS could irreversibly reshape India’s biodiversity and rural livelihoods. Making ‘room’ for new uses of Chemistry Why is it in News ? The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi. Recognition for creating Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous materials with huge potential in climate, environmental, and industrial applications. The award highlights growing relevance of MOFs in India and worldwide, especially in carbon capture, water harvesting, and gas storage. Relevance: GS-3 (Science & Technology): Materials chemistry, MOFs applications in carbon capture, water harvesting, energy storage. GS-3 (Environment): Climate mitigation technologies, clean energy, pollution control. What are MOFs MOFs are materials with a lattice structure where metal atoms are connected to organic molecules. Unique feature: large, well-defined empty spaces inside the molecular structure. Analogy: Normal materials: tightly packed atoms like solid brick walls with small rooms. MOFs: structured like pillars and beams forming large, controllable rooms (pores) for storing other substances. Key Scientists and Contributions Richard Robson – Conceptualized linking metals with molecules to create spread-out molecules with empty spaces (1970s). Susumu Kitagawa – Experimented with “usefulness of useless” ideas, demonstrated MOFs’ practical potential. Omar Yaghi – Expanded MOF design and applications; developed numerous MOFs with controlled porosity. Special Properties of MOFs Customizable porosity: Size and number of empty spaces can be pre-designed. Selective absorption: MOFs can target specific molecules (e.g., carbon dioxide, toxic gases, water). Stability & scalability: MOFs can be engineered for industrial-scale applications. Versatility: Unlike random porous materials (bread, sponge), MOFs offer precise molecular control. Applications Environmental Carbon dioxide capture: Helps mitigate climate change by selectively trapping CO₂. Water harvesting: Extracts water from arid air efficiently. Industrial Gas storage: Methane, hydrogen, and toxic gases for energy and safety purposes. Catalysis: MOFs act as frameworks for chemical reactions. Scientific & Medical Controlled delivery of molecules for drug delivery and chemical research. Significance of the Nobel Prize Scientific impact: MOFs represent a major advancement in materials chemistry. Economic & policy relevance: Encourages governments and private sector to invest in MOF research and industrialisation, including in India. Sustainability potential: Supports climate change mitigation, water security, and clean energy technologies. Current Trends Thousands of MOFs have been designed, demonstrating high versatility and industrial relevance. Growing research focus on redesigning MOFs for specific challenges: Carbon capture from atmosphere Water purification and storage Selective adsorption of pollutants or hazardous gases India is increasingly investing in MOF research, inspired by global attention and Nobel recognition. Conclusion MOFs are a revolution in material science, combining customizable structure, porosity, and selective absorption. The Nobel Prize underscores their practical importance, particularly in environmental sustainability and industrial chemistry. The award may catalyze greater research, funding, and application of MOFs in India, boosting both scientific innovation and climate solutions. Microplastics impact coral reproduction at multiple stages: Report Why in News A new study published in Frontiers in Marine Science (Oct 2025) reveals that chemicals leaching from microplastics significantly impair coral reproduction and larval settlement. The report coincides with bleaching-level heat stress affecting 84.4% of global coral reef areas (Jan 2023–Sep 2025) — a double ecological threat. Mass bleaching recorded across 83 countries and territories (NOAA Satellite and Information Services). Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Biodiversity): Marine pollution, microplastics, coral reef degradation, climate change impact. GS-2 (Governance): Policy gaps in marine plastic regulation, international frameworks (MARPOL, UNEP). Coral Reproduction Basics Corals reproduce sexually via two modes: Brooding species: Fertilization and larval development occur internally; larvae are released ready for settlement. Spawning species: Eggs and sperm released externally; fertilization occurs in the water column. The planula larvae phase is crucial — larvae must settle on suitable substrates guided by chemical cues to metamorphose into reef-building polyps. Once settled, corals become sessile (immobile), thus exposure to pollutants early in life has lasting consequences. About the Study Conducted on two coral species: Montipora capitata (broadcast spawner) Harbor Porites (brooder) Exposure setup: Leachates from 4 plastic polymers: Nylon, PP (Polypropylene), HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene), LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) Concentrations: 50, 100, 200 particles per litre Duration: 7 days Aim: Assess chemical (not physical) effects of microplastics on larval survival, settlement, and development. Key Findings Negative impacts observed across multiple coral life stages: Reduced fertilization success due to chemical and physical interference (especially from larger or weathered plastic particles). Altered fatty acid composition and endocrine disruption in coral eggs (Montipora capitata). Reduced survival and settlement of planula larvae due to exposure to microplastic leachates. Species-specific and time-dependent effects: Harbor Porites larvae showed relatively higher survival than M. capitata. Significant effects emerged late in the experiment (days 5–7) — indicating cumulative or delayed toxicity. Polymer-type variation: LDPE (200 particles/L) → Lower survival rates. HDPE (100 particles/L) → Notable decline in both species’ larval survival. Mechanism of Impact Chemical leachates (e.g., phthalates, BPA, and flame retardants) disrupt: Endocrine systems → affect reproduction and metamorphosis. Membrane integrity → hinder nutrient absorption. Chemical cue recognition → larvae fail to identify suitable settlement sites. Physical factors: Larger microplastic particles cause abrasion and mechanical interference with fertilization. Comparison with Earlier Studies Year Study Focus Key Outcome 2019 (Australia) Weathered PP effects on Acropora tenuis Reduced fertilization, minimal impact on embryo & larval stages 2024 Microplastic pollution & coral gametes Confirmed impact on gametes but not on larval development 2025 (Current) Full life-cycle impact Demonstrates multi-stage, cumulative chemical impacts on coral reproduction Ecological and Global Context Microplastic pollution + thermal stress form a compound threat: Microplastics weaken coral resilience → lower reproductive success. Heat stress causes bleaching → loss of symbiotic algae. Global reef status: 84.4% under bleaching-level heat stress. Lakshadweep reefs: Lost nearly 50% coral cover in 24 years. Coral reefs support ~25% of marine biodiversity and ~500 million people globally through fisheries and tourism. Policy and Conservation Implications Scientific relevance: Highlights the need for integrated monitoring of chemical pollution (not just physical microplastics). Policy gaps: Microplastic leachates remain largely unregulated under most marine pollution frameworks (e.g., MARPOL, UNEP plastic treaties). Current reef restoration efforts do not factor in chemical pollution impacts. Recommendations: Include leachate monitoring in coral reef health assessments. Reduce single-use plastics (especially LDPE and HDPE types). Expand coral cryobanking (e.g., Coral Triangle initiative). Integrate plastic pollution control in global reef resilience frameworks like the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030). Conclusion Microplastics’ chemical toxicity poses a hidden, long-term threat to coral reproduction and reef recovery. Effects are species-specific, cumulative, and delayed, complicating conservation strategies. Urgent need for: Comprehensive global microplastic regulation, Cross-stage coral biology research, and Synergistic mitigation addressing both climate and pollution stresses. Seneca Lake ‘Drums’ Mystery Why is it in News Researchers are investigating the centuries-old phenomenon of the “Seneca Guns” or “Seneca Drums”, mysterious booms heard near Seneca Lake, New York. Recent studies suggest the sounds may be caused by methane or other geological gases escaping from the lake bed — a potential scientific explanation for a folklore mystery. This news combines geology, folklore, and modern environmental science, capturing public attention. Relevance: GS-3 (Science & Tech/Environment): Geology, methane gas release, environmental monitoring. GS-1 (Culture/History): Folklore integration with scientific inquiry. What are the Seneca Drums Seneca Guns/Drums: Intermittent, unexplained booming sounds heard in the Seneca Valley for centuries. Folklore explanations: Seneca Native tradition: A deity punishing a warrior for violating sacred grounds. American folklore: Ghostly drumbeats of a lost Revolutionary War soldier. Scientific inquiry: Aimed at identifying a geological or environmental cause. Prevailing Scientific Theory First proposed by Herman Fairchild in 1934: Natural gas bubbles trapped under the lake bed escape to the water surface. Gas eruptions displace water, producing low-pitch, intermittent booming sounds. Previous lack of investigation due to: Random, unpredictable occurrence of sounds. Difficulty pinpointing exact locations in the lake. Recent Research Findings Sonar Survey (2024) Revealed 14 craters/pockmarks on the southern end of Seneca Lake. Cratered lake bed compared to moon’s surface. These craters are hypothesized as pathways for methane and other gases. Water Sampling (September 2025) Researchers from SUNY and Cornell University collected samples from five craters, hundreds of feet below the surface. Purpose: test for methane and other geologic gases that could explain the booming. Scientific Hypothesis Methane or other gases trapped beneath the lake bed may escape periodically, forming bubbles that: Reach the lake surface. Displace water rapidly. Create audible low-frequency sounds, perceived as “drums” or “booms”. Analogy: lake “burping” like a pimple releasing gas. Challenges in Studying the Phenomenon Intermittency: Booms occur randomly; many residents have never heard them. Spatial unpredictability: No fixed location for sound emissions. Data analysis pending: Researchers are still testing samples to confirm gas composition and exact mechanisms. Significance Scientific: Provides a geophysical explanation for a long-standing mystery. Environmental: Understanding methane release from lake beds can contribute to climate and ecological studies. Cultural: Bridges folklore with modern science, highlighting how legends may have natural explanations. Conclusion While the Seneca Drums were historically mysterious, modern research suggests methane gas eruptions from craters on the lake bed as a probable cause. Full confirmation requires analysis of water and gas samples, but the studies mark a major step in resolving a centuries-old mystery.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 October 2025

Content Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Nurturing Organic Farming in India Ministry of Textiles celebrates ‘World Cotton Day’ 2025 Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Nurturing Organic Farming in India Why in News ? As of 30 January 2025, ₹2,265.86 crore released under PKVY (2015–25). ₹205.46 crore released under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) for PKVY during FY 2024–25. 15 lakh hectares under organic cultivation; 52,289 clusters formed; 25.30 lakh farmers benefited (as of Feb 2025). Jaivik Kheti Portal records: 6.23 lakh farmers, 19,016 local groups, 89 input suppliers, and 8,676 buyers (Dec 2024). Relevance : GS III – Agriculture, Environment & Economy Promotes chemical-free organic farming, aligning with sustainable agriculture goals. Enhances soil fertility, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration — crucial for climate resilience. Strengthens agri-value chains, market linkages, and organic branding via Jaivik Kheti Portal. Example of eco-friendly technology integration in agriculture (traceability, blockchain). Contributes to doubling farmer income and inclusive rural development. What is PKVY ? Launch Year: 2015–16. Under: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Objective: Promote cluster-based organic farming to reduce chemical inputs, restore soil health, and ensure sustainable livelihoods. Approach: Cluster approach—minimum 20 ha area per cluster managed collectively. Core Objectives Promote eco-friendly, low-cost, chemical-free agriculture. Enhance soil fertility and conserve biodiversity. Create market linkages for organic produce. Empower small & marginal farmers through collective certification and capacity building. Strengthen organic value chains and rural branding. Coverage and Scale (as of 2025) Clusters formed: 52,289. Farmers benefitted: 25.30 lakh. Area under organic farming: ~15 lakh hectares. Funds released (2015–25): ₹2,265.86 crore. RKVY support (FY 2024–25): ₹205.46 crore. Financial Assistance ₹31,500 per hectare over 3 years (per cluster). ₹18,700 – On-farm & off-farm organic inputs (biofertilizers, compost, green manuring). ₹7,500 – Certification & residue analysis. ₹5,300 – Marketing, branding, and training. Disbursed through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) for transparency. Implementation Framework Regional Councils (RCs) act as facilitators between farmers and State governments. RCs prepare Annual Action Plans (AAPs) consolidating farmer applications. AAPs approved by Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (MoAFW). Central funds → State Govts → Regional Councils → Farmers (via DBT). Focus on training, certification, marketing, and infrastructure support. Certification Systems under PKVY (a) Participatory Guarantee System (PGS-India): Community-based certification for domestic markets. Relies on peer verification, mutual trust, and collective responsibility. Cost-effective, ideal for small and marginal farmers. (b) National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP): Third-party certification for export markets. Ensures compliance with international organic standards (EU, USDA). Managed by APEDA, under Ministry of Commerce. Large Area Certification (LAC) Introduced: 2020–21. For regions where no chemical inputs ever used (tribal belts, hilly/island areas). Fast-track certification: Conversion period reduced from 2–3 years to a few months. Enhances market access and export readiness. Supports India’s Organic Bharat Vision by scaling certification rapidly. Technological & Market Integration Jaivik Kheti Portal: Online platform linking farmers → buyers → certifiers → consumers. Facilitates direct sale, traceability, and price transparency. Registered entities (as of Dec 2024): 6.23 lakh farmers 19,016 local groups 89 input suppliers 8,676 buyers Digital initiatives reduce intermediaries, promote fair pricing, and improve traceability. Benefits & Outcomes Economic: Reduction in input cost (up to 30–40%). Price premiums (20–25%) for organic produce. Increased income diversification via intercropping and value addition. Environmental: Soil health restoration and carbon sequestration. Enhanced biodiversity and pollinator population. Reduced groundwater contamination and chemical runoff. Social: Community-level cooperation and knowledge exchange. Empowerment of small/marginal farmers. Strengthening of local brands and cooperatives. North-East India Achievements Sikkim: 63,000 ha under organic farming via LAC. First fully organic state recognized globally. Received ₹1,849 crore under PKVY. Assam: 4,400 ha under organic farming; 9,740 farmers engaged. Received ₹3,013 crore. Other NE States (Arunachal, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya): Combined 4,140 ha covered. Received ₹2,337 crore collectively. Impact: NE region emerging as a bio-diverse organic hub, leveraging low chemical dependency and unique agro-climatic zones. Challenges Limited market linkages in non-metro regions. High certification costs and complex processes for small farmers. Need for post-harvest infrastructure and value addition facilities. Insufficient consumer awareness and domestic demand for organic products. Need for scientific validation of yield and nutrient equivalence. Way Forward Strengthen public-private partnerships for marketing and exports. Expand Jaivik Kheti 2.0 with blockchain-based traceability. Promote Organic Clusters near urban areas for direct supply chains. Integrate with Soil Health Card Scheme and PM-PRANAM for synergy. Institutionalize Organic Research & Training Centres under ICAR. Encourage agri-startups for organic input production and logistics. Broader Significance Aligns with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). Contributes to India’s Net Zero and soil carbon sequestration goals. Acts as a pillar of Atmanirbhar Krishi and Viksit Bharat 2047 vision through sustainable food systems. Ministry of Textiles celebrates ‘World Cotton Day’ 2025 Why in News Celebrated on 7 October 2025 in New Delhi by the Ministry of Textiles and Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI). Theme emphasized long-term sustainability and competitiveness in the cotton value chain. Focus on Kasturi Cotton Bharat as India’s flagship brand symbolizing purity, quality, and sustainability. Several MoUs signed between textile companies, farmer producer organizations, and research institutions to strengthen the brand and enhance cotton value addition. Relevance : GS III – Economy, Agriculture & Environment Illustrates farm-to-fashion value addition under India’s 5F Vision (Farm → Fibre → Factory → Fashion → Foreign). Addresses low cotton yield and introduces Mission for Cotton Productivity to close yield gaps. Promotes traceable, sustainable cotton (Kasturi Cotton Bharat) – integration of blockchain and AI-based farming. Enhances export competitiveness, carbon neutrality, and circular textile economy. Supports India’s climate-smart agriculture and sustainable industry goals. Objectives and Targets Develop India into a USD 350 billion textile economy by 2030, including USD 100 billion in exports. Achieve carbon neutrality in the textile sector by 2030. Launch of a Mission for Cotton Productivity to bridge India’s yield gap with global standards. Promote climate-smart, traceable, and high-value cotton through technology and certification systems. Importance of Cotton to India Cotton supports over 6 million farmers and provides employment to 45 million people across spinning, weaving, processing, and apparel sectors. India cultivates 40% of the world’s cotton area but yields only ~450 kg lint/ha, compared to ~2,000 kg/ha in advanced cotton-growing countries. Cotton remains vital for farm incomes, export earnings, and India’s textile competitiveness. Core Themes of World Cotton Day 2025 Technology: Modernization of ginning, digital traceability, and precision farming. Climate: Adaptation strategies for rain-fed cotton regions, water efficiency, and soil conservation. Competitiveness: Branding, certification, contamination control, and export-oriented quality assurance. Key Initiatives Highlighted Mission for Cotton Productivity: To increase yield through high-density planting systems (HDPS), better seed quality, and mechanized practices. Kasturi Cotton Bharat: India’s official premium cotton brand emphasizing purity, sustainability, and traceability. Aims to position Indian cotton alongside premium global varieties like Egyptian Giza and American Supima. Digital Transformation: Blockchain-based traceability systems for contamination-free cotton. Smart labelling for verified origin and sustainable practices. Diversification: Promotion of natural fibres such as milkweed, ramie, and flax to reduce dependence on conventional cotton. Supporting Schemes and Institutional Mechanisms ATUFS (Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme): Financial support for modernization of textile units. PM MITRA Parks Scheme: Creation of integrated textile and apparel manufacturing hubs. National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM): Development of new-age fibres and sustainable materials. Cotton Corporation of India (CCI): Procurement, digital marketing, and farmer support initiatives. CITI & TEXPROCIL: Industrial coordination for exports, quality enhancement, and global outreach. Technology and Sustainability Focus Promotion of precision agriculture, AI-based pest control, and sensor-based irrigation. Integration of renewable energy in cotton ginning and spinning operations. Encouragement of sustainability certifications (e.g., GOTS, OEKO-TEX) and eco-labelling. Expansion of data-driven extension services to train farmers in productivity and quality management. Quality, Certification, and Traceability Traceable supply chains from farm to fabric through Kasturi Cotton digital systems. Emphasis on contamination-free cotton, improved ginning standards, and quality labelling. Adoption of sustainability benchmarks to meet global trade requirements and boost consumer confidence. Key MoUs and Collaborations Commercial, Community, and Council MoUs signed under Kasturi Cotton Bharat with textile manufacturers, FPOs, certification agencies, and export clusters. Aim: Create a unified platform for quality assurance, branding, and international marketing of Indian cotton. Expected Outcomes Higher farmer income through yield improvement and price premium for branded organic cotton. Increased export competitiveness through standardized quality and traceable supply chains. Reduced carbon footprint via efficient water use, renewable energy, and sustainable production systems. Global recognition for India as a producer of trusted, traceable, and premium cotton. Broader Implications Contributes to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Strengthens India’s textile ecosystem under the 5F Vision — Farm → Fibre → Factory → Fashion → Foreign. Positions India as a global hub for sustainable and ethical textiles by 2030. Cotton in India – Important Points Largest Cotton Area Globally: India cultivates about 40% of the world’s cotton area (~120 lakh ha) but contributes only ~25% of global production due to low yield (~450 kg lint/ha vs. global ~800–1,000 kg/ha). Major Producing States: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh dominate; classified into three cotton zones — Northern, Central, and Southern (ICAR-CICR). Agro-Climatic Needs: Warm climate (21–30°C), 50–100 cm rainfall, and black regur soil are ideal. Cotton is mainly a Kharif crop, often rain-fed in Central India. Economic Importance: Employs ~45 million people, supports 6 million farmers, and contributes 10% of agricultural GDP and 12% of export earnings. Institutions & Missions: Key bodies include Cotton Corporation of India (CCI), ICAR–CICR, and schemes like Technology Mission on Cotton, PM MITRA, ATUFS, and the upcoming Mission for Cotton Productivity (2025). Kasturi Cotton Bharat: India’s premium national cotton brand symbolizing purity, quality, and sustainability — aims to rival Egyptian Giza and American Supima in global markets. Bt Cotton Dominance: Introduced in 2002, covers ~90% of cotton area. Improved pest resistance and yields but led to monocropping, pest resurgence (pink bollworm), and biodiversity concerns.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 October 2025

Content A path to progress that is paved with gold It’s time for Maoists to lay down arms A path to progress that is paved with gold Context and Why in News ? The editorial emphasizes Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) as a philosophy beyond economics, calling for financial self-reliance through domestic capital mobilization, especially gold monetisation. Context: Global FDI and project finance declined in 2024 (FDI -11%, project finance -27%). Rising global interest rates and deglobalisation increase vulnerability of external capital dependence. India holds $2.4 trillion worth of household gold (25,000 tonnes) — untapped domestic wealth. Relevance: GS2 (Governance & Economic Policy) Financial self-reliance, gold monetisation schemes, domestic resource mobilisation. GS3 (Economy & Macro-finance) Balance of Payments (gold imports vs domestic holdings). Impact on Current Account Deficit (CAD) and external borrowing. Practice Question: Discuss the paradox of India’s gold holdings and imports. How does it impact India’s macroeconomic stability?(250 Words) Meaning and Evolution of Atmanirbharta Etymology: “Atmanirbharta” = self-reliance; “Atma” (self) + “Nirbharta” (dependence). Philosophical meaning: Inner strength leading to global confidence. Economic meaning: Building domestic capacity to reduce external dependence and enhance resilience. Historical Phases of Indian Self-Reliance Phase Crisis Self-Reliance Response Outcome 1960s Food crisis Green Revolution Food self-sufficiency 1990s Tech transition IT & digital revolution Global digital hub 2020 COVID pandemic Indigenous vaccines & pharma Vaccine self-reliance 2020s Defence dependence Indigenisation under Make in India Towards strategic autonomy 2025 (current) Capital dependency Financial Atmanirbharta Mobilising domestic wealth Problem Statement: External Capital Dependence FDI inflows since 2000: > $1 trillion (gross). But: External capital is volatile and cyclical, influenced by global liquidity and geopolitics. India’s future growth (target: $5 trillion economy) cannot hinge on foreign savings alone. Hence, need to tap India’s own household and institutional wealth. India’s Gold Paradox 1. Scale of Wealth Gold holdings: ~25,000 tonnes (world’s largest private reserve). Value: ~$2.4 trillion = 55% of India’s GDP (FY26 est.). Comparison: Exceeds total bank credit outstanding in India. 2. Paradox of Import Dependence 87% of demand met via imports. Gold imports = 8% of total import bill; contributed ~33% of trade deficit (2010–13). Thus, despite huge domestic reserves, India continues to import gold, worsening CAD. The Case for Gold Monetisation Why Monetisation Matters Unlock idle household gold → formal financial capital → domestic credit expansion. Reduces gold imports → improves current account balance. Creates a low-cost fund source (4.5–6.5%) compared to external borrowing costs (~8–9%). Aligns with financial inclusion, Make in India, and National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) funding goals. Challenges with Past Schemes Issue Description Trust deficit Fear of purity mismatch, bureaucratic scrutiny, and taxation deterred depositors. Infrastructure gaps Limited hallmarking and purity testing centres. Complex procedures Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS, 2015) suffered from low awareness and complicated documentation. Low institutional capacity Banks lacked expertise in physical gold logistics. Proposed Framework for a Reimagined Gold Monetisation Model 1. Infrastructure Expansion Scale hallmarking and purity testing centres under BIS. Network of collection & assaying centres nationwide. As of 2025, BIS-registered centres have doubled, but coverage remains urban-centric. 2. Logistics Framework Banks: Manage fund flows. Certified agencies: Handle gold movement, storage, and security transparently. Use of insured, digitally tracked channels. 3. Digitalisation & Transparency Each depositor should access metal balance digitally, akin to a savings account. Use of mobile apps, digital ledgers, and blockchain to track gold flow and prevent fraud. 4. Policy & Trust Enablers Remove GST/customs scrutiny for deposited gold. Simplify KYC: “No questions asked” assurance for household deposits. Assured returns and transparency in redemption value. Economic Impact Estimate Impact Area Mechanism Expected Outcome External sector Reduction in gold imports Improves CAD stability Banking sector Low-cost fund mobilisation Expands credit for infra & MSMEs Monetary policy Enhances domestic liquidity Reduces external vulnerability Investment cycle Domestic wealth recycling Boosts private capital formation Employment Growth in hallmarking, logistics, fintech Creates new skill-based jobs Philosophical and Civilisational Angle Gold monetisation isn’t just financial — it’s civilisational self-trust. Echoes India’s ethos of self-sufficiency through shared participation, not coercion. Reinforces the Atmanirbhar spirit: “Bharat can fund Bharat.” Way Forward Public awareness campaigns to build trust and participation. PPP model for hallmarking & logistics infrastructure. Digital gold exchange under SEBI for transparency. Integration with UPI & Jan Dhan to reach rural households. Financial literacy drive linking gold to productive savings. Periodic audit & publication of gold mobilisation data. Conclusion Atmanirbharta 2.0 = Financial Sovereignty. Mobilising India’s domestic gold wealth represents the next major self-reliance revolution — akin to the Green and Digital Revolutions. Success depends on trust, technology, and transparency — turning cultural assets into developmental capital. The goal: India financing India, ensuring sustainable, sovereign, and inclusive growth. It’s time for Maoists to lay down arms Why in News Union Home Minister ruled out talks with Maoists, urging them to surrender under the government’s rehabilitation policy. Government aims for complete Maoist eradication by next year (2026). Editorial argues that the CPI (Maoist) is at its weakest point in history, both militarily and ideologically. Relevance GS2 (Governance & Internal Security) Counter-insurgency policies: SAMADHAN doctrine, DRG, CoBRA deployment. GS3 (Internal Security & Defence) Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) as an internal security challenge. Practice Questions Analyse the factors leading to the decline of the Maoist movement in India. How can governance and development interventions consolidate this success? (250 Words) Understanding Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) Definition: A violent movement seeking to overthrow the democratic State through armed struggle, based on Maoist ideology. Main group:Communist Party of India (Maoist) — formed in 2004 through the merger of: CPI (Marxist–Leninist) People’s War Group (PWG) Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI) Core Ideology: Inspired by Mao Zedong’s “Protracted People’s War” — to capture rural areas, encircle cities, and seize state power. Peak Influence: Around 2009–2011, LWE affected over 200 districts across 20 states (“Red Corridor”). The Present Context — A Movement in Decline Organisational Weakness Year Central Committee Members Politburo Members Cadre Strength 2004 42 25 ~10,000 2025 13 7–8 <2,000   Most top leaders are over 60, ailing, and fatigued. The Central Committee has shrunk drastically; no fresh intellectual leadership has emerged. Internal divisions and leadership crisis following the death of General Secretary Nambala Keshava Rao (Basavaraju). Geographic Decline Once-dominant in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh. After police modernization in Andhra and Odisha, they were pushed into Chhattisgarh’s dense forests. Even their “Liberated Zone” in South Bastar (Sukma, Dantewada, Bijapur, Narayanpur) is now fragmented. Maoist influence in Jharkhand and Bihar also significantly reduced due to coordinated inter-State operations. Turning Point in Counter-Insurgency 1. Security Reforms Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) – specialized CRPF unit trained in jungle warfare. District Reserve Guard (DRG): Comprised of surrendered Maoists and ex-Salwa Judum members. Highly effective due to local terrain familiarity. Crucial in Operation Black Forest — destroyed Maoist HQ at Karregutta hills. 2. Operational Outcomes (2024–25) Maoists killed: ~430 (including 5 Central Committee members and 45 women cadres). Surrenders: ~1,450 Maoists. Arrests: ~1,460. Leadership elimination: 5 senior-most commanders, including General Secretary Basavaraju. Internal Crisis: Ideological and Social Faultlines 1. Leadership vs. Cadre Divide Leaders: Predominantly upper-caste, from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Cadres: Primarily tribal, especially Gonds of Chhattisgarh. Emerging identity friction between ideological leadership and ground-level fighters. 2. Shift in Motivation Tribal recruits joined not from ideology but due to cultural mobilisation — songs, plays, and propaganda by Maoist cultural wings. Ideological conviction diluted; tribal participation increasingly coerced or survival-driven. 3. Intellectual Decline In early decades, supported by urban intellectuals and students (e.g., post-Naxalbari 1967 phase). Today, no urban sympathy networks, weak political articulation, and loss of ideological legitimacy. Role of State Response 1. Effective Counter-Insurgency Model Multi-pronged: Security + Development + Governance. Enhanced coordination between State Police and Central Forces under SAMADHAN doctrine (Smart Leadership, Aggressive Strategy, Motivation, etc.). Improved Intelligence sharing and use of drones, GIS mapping, and satellite data for real-time tracking. Rehabilitation & Surrender Policy: Monetary incentives, housing, skill training, and employment opportunities for surrendered Maoists. 2. Development Push Aspirational District Programme, Road Connectivity (PMGSY), Eklavya Model Schools, and Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM) architecture reducing isolation of tribal regions. Integrated Tribal Development Projects addressing the socioeconomic roots of insurgency. Chhattisgarh – A Unique Case Study Unlike Andhra or Bengal, Maoism in Chhattisgarh was imported, not indigenous. Served as a strategic retreat zone after losses elsewhere. Salwa Judum (2005–07): State-sponsored militia movement — Initially aimed to counter Maoists but led to atrocities against tribals. Many displaced tribals later joined Maoists — backfiring effect. Now, DRG (District Reserve Guard) — formed from reformed Judum cadres — has reversed that narrative effectively. Causes of Maoist Decline Leadership vacuum after deaths/arrests of key figures. Technological edge of security forces. Erosion of urban-intellectual support. Improved tribal welfare schemes reducing alienation. Diminished ideological appeal in the era of democratic empowerment. Internal ethnic and caste divides. Rise of local governance institutions (PESA, Gram Sabhas) empowering tribals directly. Infiltration of surrendered cadres (DRG) into Maoist structures disrupting operational secrecy. Lessons and Way Forward 1. Security Consolidation Maintain high-intensity operations until complete dismantling of Maoist bases. Focus on border coordination among affected states. Deploy technology-driven policing (AI surveillance, drones, satellite tracking). 2. Governance Continuity Prevent re-emergence by filling the governance vacuum post-clearance. Prioritise land rights, forest livelihoods, and tribal inclusion. Implement PESA & FRA in spirit to empower Gram Sabhas. 3. Rehabilitation & Reintegration Strengthen surrender and rehabilitation schemes — skill training, psychological counselling, and employment. Showcase success stories of reformed cadres to build trust. 4. Preventing Ideological Resurgence Promote democratic activism and civil society participation for grievance redress. Encourage peaceful, rights-based movements like Niyamgiri and Sompeta, which achieved results without violence. Broader Message Violence-based movements are unsustainable in democratic societies. The Maoist decline shows the success of India’s democratic resilience, security modernisation, and developmental governance. True empowerment of tribal and backward areas must come from participatory governance, not armed rebellion. Conclusion The Maoist movement, once India’s gravest internal security threat, is now at its lowest ebb. Sustained reforms in security capacity, development outreach, and political inclusion have reversed the insurgency. The message is clear: “Where democratic development delivers, extremism declines.”   The final step is ensuring that post-conflict zones remain peace zones, through justice, inclusion, and dignity for tribal communities — the true meaning of mainstreaming.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 October 2025

Content Trio wins Physics Nobel for building device showing ‘quantum tunnelling’ Why Indian capital needs to invest domestically Pharmaceutical Oversight Gaps and Public Health Risks: MP Cough Syrup Case By reusing old genes, bats became the only mammals able to fly What is a supermoon? India-UK ties: much to build on Trio wins Physics Nobel for building device showing ‘quantum tunnelling’ Basics Event: 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis. Field: Quantum mechanics — study of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic scale. Objective: To gain greater insight into quantum phenomena by designing novel experiments that manipulate single particles. Relevance GS3: Science & Technology Quantum computing, superconductors, and Josephson junctions. Emerging technologies shaping India’s digital and defence capabilities. Core Concepts Quantum Mechanics Governs behaviour of particles at ultra-small scales (electrons, photons, atoms). Deviates from classical physics; particles can exist in superpositions, tunnel through barriers, or be entangled. Quantum Tunnelling Phenomenon where particles pass through energy barriers they shouldn’t classically cross. Analogy: Cricket ball hitting a wall → normally bounces back, but quantum ball sometimes passes through. Basis for many modern technologies (e.g., tunnel diodes, scanning tunnelling microscopes). Superconductors Materials with zero electrical resistance at low temperatures. Enable current to flow indefinitely without energy loss. Josephson Junction Structure of two superconductors separated by a thin insulating layer. Exhibits quantum tunnelling of Cooper pairs (pairs of electrons bound together in superconductors). Crucial for quantum circuits and experimental control of quantum states. Contribution of Clarke, Devoret, and Martinis Experiment Design Created electrical circuits capable of manipulating single quantum particles. Enabled observation and control of quantum tunnelling in a macroscopically measurable system. Significance Transforms abstract quantum phenomena into engineered, controllable devices. Lays the foundation for quantum computing and quantum information processing. Applications Quantum Computers: Using superconducting qubits, capable of parallel computation beyond classical limits. Quantum Sensors: Ultra-sensitive measurements of magnetic fields, gravity, or time. Advanced Electronics: Next-generation transistors, precision circuits, and superconducting electronics. Historical Context Quantum Mechanics → Technology Pathway 1950s: Quantum principles led to transistors and silicon chips, enabling the modern electronics revolution. Now: Controlled quantum systems → quantum computing era. Experimental Milestone First time coherent control of single quantum systems in superconducting circuits achieved. Bridges the gap between theory (quantum weirdness) and practical engineering. Broader Implications Science & Technology Opens avenues for high-performance computing, secure communication (quantum cryptography), and simulation of complex systems. Quantum circuits may revolutionize drug discovery, materials science, and artificial intelligence. Societal & Economic Quantum computing could lead to breakthroughs in cybersecurity, finance, logistics, and climate modelling. Potential to position countries at the forefront of next-gen technology race. Philosophical/Conceptual Demonstrates human ability to manipulate the fundamental laws of nature. Illustrates the shift from understanding quantum behaviour passively to actively engineering quantum systems. Why Indian capital needs to invest domestically Basics Context: India faces a policy dilemma between: Long-term benefits of global trade and liberalisation. Short-term harms to large sections of the population (low wages, unemployment). Issue Highlighted: Current macroeconomic frameworks often prioritize supply and private profits, ignoring the domestic demand needs of the larger population. Key Idea: Domestic capital (Indian businesses) must align with public interest to ensure inclusive growth and mitigate external shocks. Relevance GS3: Indian Economy Domestic capital, private investment, macroeconomic demand-supply balance, wage policies, R&D investment. Trade vs domestic demand in a globalized economy. GS2: Governance & Policy Role of government-business coordination for national interest. Policy interventions to boost domestic consumption and inclusive growth. Historical Evolution of Capital Pre-liberalisation India Indian businesses grew under protectionist policies. Benefited from inward-looking policies and supernormal profits in domestic markets. Post-liberalisation Indian firms leveraged accumulated wealth to expand globally. Some Indian conglomerates became major players in international markets, though such depth is limited to a few giants. Current Scenario Global uncertainties: tariffs, distortions, and shrinking external demand threaten Indian exports and aggregate demand. Domestic capital needs reorientation toward internal markets and public-aligned strategies. Key Economic Concepts Mass Markets & Demand Creation Three drivers historically: Creation of wage-labour class. Industrial mass production enhancing productivity. Growth in personal incomes altering demand composition. Modern challenge: Policies often assume demand passively responds to supply; neglecting active stimulation of domestic demand. Domestic vs. External Demand Early industrialisation: focus on domestic consumption. Later phases: global markets emphasized. Current turbulence: external demand weak, highlighting the need for domestic consumption-driven growth. Role of Domestic Capital Enhancing Private Investments Private sector profits high post-COVID, but investment lags behind. Public investment has surged: ₹3.4 lakh crore (FY20) → ₹10.2 lakh crore (FY25), CAGR 25%. Indian capital shows higher inclination toward foreign FDI (CAGR 12.6%) than domestic investment. Need: Reverse trend by incentivizing domestic capital deployment. Moderate Wage Growth Corporate profits at 15-year high; wages stagnating. Contractualisation reduces collective bargaining → slower real wage growth. Real wages projected to decline (FY26: 6.5% vs FY25: 7%). Importance: Higher wages → higher domestic demand → inclusive growth. Research & Development (R&D) India’s gross R&D spending: 0.64% of GDP (low vs global standards). Private sector contributes ~36% of R&D (much lower than US, China, Japan, Korea where >70%). Sector focus: Pharmaceuticals, IT, transport, defence, biotech. Need: Increase long-term innovation investment across diverse sectors. Challenges Highlighted Domestic capital prioritizes profit over national interest. Global uncertainties (tariffs, supply chain disruptions) threaten exports and aggregate demand. Wage stagnation and low R&D impede inclusive and innovation-driven growth. Private sector investments in domestic infrastructure remain subdued despite government incentives. Policy and Strategic Recommendations Unified Approach: Government and domestic capital must cooperate for macroeconomic stability. Active Private Investments: Deploy record-high profits into domestic infrastructure, industry, and public-interest projects. Inclusive Wage Policies: Ensure wage growth keeps pace with profits to boost consumption. Strengthen R&D: Encourage private sector to invest in long-term fundamental research. Domestic Demand Focus: Shift attention from purely global export orientation to internal market development. Broader Implications Economic: Domestic capital mobilisation can buffer India against global shocks. Stimulates aggregate demand and strengthens GDP growth. Social: Higher wages and employment stability reduce income inequality. Inclusive growth fosters social cohesion. Strategic: Self-reliant domestic production reduces dependence on volatile global supply chains. Aligns with “Atmanirbhar Bharat” philosophy in economic policy. Pharmaceutical Oversight Gaps and Public Health Risks: MP Cough Syrup Case Context Incident: Adulterated cough syrup Coldrif caused 20 child deaths in Madhya Pradesh, mainly in Chhindwara (17), Betul (2), and Pandhurna (1). Five children remain under treatment for kidney failure. Culprit: Sresan Pharmaceuticals (Tamil Nadu) — syrup contaminated with over 45% diethylene glycol, a toxic chemical. Timeline: Recent deaths: 2 children died on Tuesday, 1 on Monday, 17 prior deaths. States affected: Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Relevance GS2 – Governance & Public Policy Regulatory governance of pharmaceuticals (CDSCO, Schedule M, CAPA, ONDLS). Accountability and legal frameworks for public health. Role of judiciary in ensuring public safety. GS3 – Health & Human Development Child health, toxicology, pharmaceutical quality management. Public health policy, preventive measures, emergency response systems. Importance of research and quality standards in MSME pharma. Key Issues Highlighted Drug Safety and Regulatory Compliance Schedule M (Revised): Central govt’s pharmaceutical manufacturing regulations include: Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA): Quality management methodology to investigate and resolve manufacturing issues. Online National Drugs Licensing System (ONDLS): Digital, single-window licensing system for uniform approval processes across states. Current Status: 18 state drug authorities have adopted ONDLS. No state fully compliant with CAPA guidelines, crucial for proactive quality maintenance. 3,838 of 5,308 MSME pharma companies comply with revised Schedule M GMP. Regulatory Failures Manufacturer allegedly blacklisted earlier but still supplied syrup. Gaps in inspection and monitoring allowed toxic syrup to reach children. Legal & Ethical Dimensions Arrest of Dr. Praveen Soni (paediatrician) for prescribing the syrup triggered a doctors’ strike, highlighting: Debate over liability: prescribing vs. manufacturing. Doctors demand action against manufacturers, not individual prescribers. Special Investigation Team (SIT) formed to probe the case. Political & Social Response Congress demands judicial probe and compensation to victims’ families. State government committing to cover treatment costs. Public outrage over preventable child deaths. Underlying Causes Toxic Contaminant: Diethylene glycol — causes acute kidney failure, liver damage, death. Weak Regulatory Enforcement: Poor CAPA implementation. Incomplete adoption of ONDLS & Schedule M compliance checks. Systemic Issues in Pharma Oversight: Small and medium pharma units often inadequately monitored. Lack of real-time auditing and accountability mechanisms. Policy and Governance Dimensions Strengthen Drug Regulation Ensure full CAPA compliance across all states. Strict enforcement of GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices), inspections, and penalties. Continuous monitoring via ONDLS and digital tracking of pharmaceutical products. Liability Clarity Distinguish prescriber vs manufacturer responsibility in legal and policy frameworks. Create guidelines to protect healthcare providers from undue criminalisation when prescribing approved drugs. Public Health Measures Immediate recall of toxic batches. Emergency treatment protocols for affected children. Awareness campaigns on risks of unverified or adulterated medicines. Judicial Oversight Demand for judicial probe to investigate negligence in production, approval, and distribution. Compensation mechanisms for victims and families. Long-Term Measures Strengthen pharmaceutical quality audits and lab testing infrastructure. Mandatory digital tracking of drug batches. Training and accountability for drug inspectors and regulators. By reusing old genes, bats became the only mammals able to fly Basics Mammalian limb structure: All mammals share a common five-digit limb blueprint (pentadactyl limb). Bats’ uniqueness: Only mammals capable of true powered flight, achieved via wings. Wing formation: Forelimbs elongate digits 2–5; thin skin sheet called chiropatagium stretches between them. Relevance : GS3 – Science & Technology / Biotechnology Evolutionary biology, genetics, regulatory evolution. Developmental biology insights applicable to medicine (congenital limb disorders, syndactyly). Comparative genomics and single-cell analysis techniques. Scientific Question How do bats develop wings while sharing the same genes as other mammals? Early embryos of bats, mice, dolphins, etc., look almost identical. Key concept: Regulatory evolution — altering when, where, and how genes are activated, rather than changing gene sequences. Chiropatagium Mystery Traditionally, mammals lose skin between fingers via apoptosis (programmed cell death). Hypothesis: Bats suppressed interdigital apoptosis → wing formation. New study challenges this: apoptosis still occurs in bat wing tissue; something else must sustain the chiropatagium. Study Approach Species used: Bats (Carollia perspicillata) and mice. Methodology: Single-cell RNA sequencing of >180,000 embryonic limb cells. Created an interspecies limb atlas for developmental comparison. Computational modelling to identify cell types and gene activity. Key Findings Cell-level similarity: Bat and mouse limbs have almost identical cell types; no novel cell type was invented. Specialized fibroblasts: A population of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) is repositioned between digits in bats. These fibroblasts express transcription factors MEIS2 and TBX3, switched off in other mammals at this stage. Evolutionary co-option: Existing gene programs redeployed in a new context → new structures without new genes. Functional validation in mice: Transgenic mice expressing bat MEIS2 and TBX3 in distal limbs → fused, webbed digits resembling early bat wings. Shows regulatory changes alone can drive structural innovation. Mechanistic Insights Regulatory shifts: Key to bat wing evolution; small changes in gene timing/location produce dramatic morphological differences. Apoptosis still occurs: Wing webbing persists due to specialized fibroblasts, not apoptosis suppression. Transcription factors as “genetic dials”: MEIS2 and TBX3 are sufficient to partially activate wing-building programs. Broader Implications Evolutionary biology: Supports the concept that diverse limb morphologies (bat wings, bird wings, whale flippers, fish fins) arise from modifying universal developmental blueprints. Developmental biology & medicine: May inform understanding of syndactyly (fused digits in humans). Insights into gene regulation during limb formation could aid diagnosis and treatment of congenital limb disorders. Research tools: Single-cell RNA sequencing and cross-species analysis enable mapping of regulatory changes driving evolution. Takeaways Bat wings evolved through regulatory evolution, not new genes. Existing cell types were repurposed and strategically deployed. Small genetic shifts can yield major morphological innovations. Study demonstrates the power of transcription factors in shaping limbs across species. Highlights the potential of comparative genomics and single-cell analysis in unraveling evolutionary mechanisms. What is a supermoon? Basics Definition: A supermoon occurs when a full moon or new moon coincides with the moon’s closest approach to Earth (perigee) in its elliptical orbit. Perigee distance variation: The moon’s orbit is not a perfect circle; distance from Earth varies by ~50,000 km. Visual effect: Full moon at perigee appears ~14% larger and ~30% brighter than at apogee (farthest point). Relevance : GS3 – Science & Technology / Space Astronomy: Moon’s orbit, perigee/apogee, tidal effects. Scientific observation opportunities, satellite impact, tidal studies. GS1 – Geography (Physical) Earth-moon interactions affecting tides, coastal flooding, and oceanography. Recent Occurrences Supermoon visible on October 7, 2025. Two more supermoons expected in November and December 2025. Origin and Popularisation Term “supermoon” popularised by astrologer Richard Nolle in the 1970s. Widely adopted by astronomers and media to describe visually striking lunar events. Astronomical Significance Brightness perception: Subtle size difference may not be easily noticed with the naked eye; brightness and low-horizon view make it appear vivid. Tidal impact: Causes perigean spring tides — tides slightly higher/lower than usual. Results from moon’s stronger gravitational pull aligning with the sun. Can exacerbate coastal flooding if coinciding with storm surges. Cultural and Scientific Relevance Cultural impact: Supermoons have inspired folklore, mythology, and spiritual observances across civilizations. Scientific opportunities: Enables astronomers to observe lunar surface details more clearly. Facilitates study of tidal effects and oceanographic impacts. Offers photography opportunities due to enhanced brightness and apparent size. Key Takeaways Supermoon = astronomical + cultural phenomenon. Visual impact is enhanced near horizon; effect on tides is modest but not negligible. Highlights the interaction between celestial mechanics (moon’s orbit) and Earth phenomena (tides). Serves as a reminder of how orbital dynamics influence everyday life and culture. Pediatric Drug Safety Concerns: Coldrif Cough Syrup Contamination Incident Basics Issue: At least five states in India banned the sale, distribution, and use of Coldrif cough syrup following deaths in Madhya Pradesh linked to contaminated syrup. Cause of concern: Some samples of Coldrif were found adulterated with Diethylene Glycol (DEG, 48.6%), a toxic substance that can cause kidney injury and death. Regulatory context: The Government Analyst at the Drug Testing Laboratory, Chennai, flagged the product as potentially injurious to health. Relevance: GS2 – Governance & Public Policy Regulatory oversight of pharmaceuticals: CDSCO, Schedule M, CAPA, ONDLS. Accountability and legal frameworks for manufacturers and prescribers. GS3 – Health & Human Development Child health and safety, toxicology, adverse drug reactions. Public health policy: preventive measures, emergency treatment protocols. Types of Cough Syrups Cough suppressants: Treat dry coughs, which are distressing but non-productive. Active ingredient example: Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide. Decongestants: Treat nasal congestion, runny nose, or cough triggered by nasal drip. Can include ingredients like phenylephrine, chlorpheniramine, or dexamethasone in some cases. Safety Concerns Dangers for children: Children under 6 years are particularly at risk if syrup is contaminated. Over-the-counter syrups may not be safe without strict medical supervision. In India, unlike the US, OTC cough syrups are widely available; parents often self-administer. Adverse effects: Overdose can cause sedation, drowsiness, heart rate issues, nausea, or addiction (in adolescents). DEG contamination can lead to kidney failure. Dosage guidance: Administer only under a pediatrician’s prescription. Dosage usually calculated in mg/kg body weight, not household teaspoons. Special caution for children under 4 years. Regulatory & Manufacturing Issues Past bans: Several states banned syrups containing dextromethorphan after deaths of children. Manufacturer responsibility: Contamination often arises from using cheap, industrial-grade chemicals (e.g., DEG as solvent). Companies should ensure safe, pharmaceutical-grade solvents and packaging. Doctor’s role: Only prescribe when medically necessary; do not self-medicate children. Improper use by parents can lead to serious harm. Alternatives for Cough Relief Dexamethasone: Anti-inflammatory; used under medical supervision. Phenylephrine & Chlorpheniramine: Second-line antihistamines; suitable for children over 2 years. Non-medicinal: Saline nasal drops, humidified air, adequate hydration. Systemic & Public Health Lessons Digital drug licensing: Adoption of Online National Drugs Licensing System (ONDLS) exists, but compliance with Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA) guidelines is incomplete. Policy gap: States must ensure strict adherence to drug safety norms, especially for pediatric formulations. Parental awareness: Critical to avoid self-administration and check expiry, packaging, and manufacturer legitimacy. Key Takeaways Pediatric cough syrup can be dangerous if contaminated or misused. Proper prescription, dosage, and manufacturer quality are crucial. Regulatory oversight (CAPA & ONDLS) must be strengthened to prevent tragedies. Safer alternatives and parental education are essential for child health protection. India-UK ties: much to build on Context British PM Keir Starmer visiting India (Oct 2025) for two days; first visit since assuming office in July 2024. Visit is reciprocal: follows PM Modi’s UK visit in July 2025. During Modi’s UK visit, India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was signed. The FTA has bipartisan support in the UK, reflecting continuity in India-UK relations despite domestic political changes. Boris Johnson initiated FTA negotiations in 2022; Starmer pursued early conclusion after Labour’s election win. Relevance : GS2 – International Relations Bilateral trade and diplomatic ties; strategic partnership with the UK. GS3 – Economy & Science & Technology FTA, trade volumes, investment, innovation hubs, joint R&D in AI/quantum. Defence tech collaboration, emerging technologies, and industrial growth. Strategic & Political Significance India-UK ties offer stability and predictability in an uncertain global environment (e.g., US policy unpredictability). Starmer prioritizes India as a key bilateral partner, signaling long-term strategic interest. The Vision 2035 document provides a roadmap for comprehensive bilateral cooperation. Vision 2035: Key Pillars Economic Growth & Trade – mutual prosperity goals. Education & Skills Partnership – joint programs, talent mobility. Tourism & Culture – expanding soft power engagement. Science & Technology Cooperation – joint research, innovation, AI, quantum technology. Defence & Security – co-development of advanced technologies. Climate & Critical Economic Cooperation – joint initiatives on sustainable development and tech transfer. Economic Cooperation Bilateral trade (goods + services) ~£38 billion by 2023-end; aim to double in 10 years. UK investments in India increased by 120% since 2016. Indian exports to the UK valued at ~£15 billion. Early FTA “harvest deals” resolved issues like Indian whisky exports. FTA expected to enhance market access, reduce tariffs, and facilitate investment flows. Research & Innovation India-UK Science and Innovation Council (SIC) oversees bilateral R&D collaboration biennially. UK = India’s second largest research & innovation partner; 400+ collaborative projects; £300–400 million joint programmes. May 2024: 20 AI and quantum grants announced, reinforcing focus on emerging tech. UK-India Innovation Hub at University of Surrey; AI Innovation branch campus at GIFT IFSC, Gujarat. Defence Cooperation Defence Industrial Roadmap launched July 2024: joint research and co-development of future defence systems. Focus areas: jet engines, maritime power, cybersecurity, complex weapons. Participation by major UK companies: Rolls-Royce, BAE Systems. Framework planned for SMEs, startups, and defence manufacturers. Education & Skills Mobility 140,000 Indian students in the UK.   Migration and Mobility Pathway (July 2025) facilitates: Transition from studies to graduate jobs. Easier entry for dependents and family reunification. Young Professionals Scheme: ~3,000 Indian professionals migrate annually to the UK. Connectivity & Cultural Exchange Aviation links: direct Mumbai–Manchester flights; restored and streamlined services (March 2024). Fast-track public services: visa, health services enhanced (March 2024). Film Co-Production Framework: updated July 2024; simplifies procedures and incentives for joint India-UK film projects. Comprehensive Overview Economic: FTA expected to deepen trade, diversify investment, and strengthen supply chains, especially in goods, services, and whisky exports. Technological: Collaboration in AI, quantum, and innovation hubs positions both nations for future competitiveness. Defence & Security: Joint R&D roadmap enhances strategic autonomy and interoperability. Education & Talent: Mobility pathways and professional schemes support human capital flow. Soft Power & Culture: Film and tourism partnerships enhance mutual cultural influence. Strategic Implication: In a multipolar, uncertain world, India-UK relations offer a stable, predictable partnership, potentially serving as a model for other bilateral ties.

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