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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 August 2025

Content Before tackling stray dogs issue, India must count them properly How does satellite internet work? IAF prioritises induction of long-range missiles after Operation Sindoor success For ‘Creamy Layer’ Exclusion, Govt Looks at Proposal on ‘Equivalence’ Before tackling stray dogs issue, India must count them properly Supreme Court Order – August 11, 2025 Directive: Delhi government & local bodies to immediately capture stray dogs and place them in shelters. Restriction: “Not a single dog picked up shall be released back on the streets/public spaces.” Case Type: Suo motu hearing on increasing stray dog attacks, including on infants. Public Reaction: Support: Given rising number of dog bites and fear of rabies. Criticism: Delhi lacks adequate shelter capacity. Practicality of housing tens of thousands of dogs questioned. Concerns over long-term viability without population control or vaccination. Relevance : GS 1(Indian Society) , GS 2(Social Issues ) Core Problem – Dog Counting & Data Gaps Policy Framing Issue: India’s most recent nationwide stray dog count – Livestock Census 2019. Delhi-specific dog census – 2016. 2025 policies are being framed using 6–9-year-old estimates. Implications: Population dynamics (birth rates, deaths, abandonment) change rapidly. Outdated data distorts vaccination targets, shelter capacity planning, and resource allocation. Leads to data-policy mismatch. State-wise Data Anomalies from 2019 Livestock Census Tamil Nadu: 4.4 lakh stray dogs recorded. 8.3 lakh dog bites in the same year – ~2 bites per stray dog. High bite rate raises suspicion of undercounted dog population. Manipur: Recorded 0 stray dogs in census (implausible). 5,500 dog bite cases recorded the same year. Odisha: 17.3 lakh dogs (2nd highest in India). 1.7 lakh bites – ~100 bites per 1,000 dogs, much lower than Tamil Nadu’s 1,900 per 1,000 dogs. Inference: Bite data (hospital-reported) is reliable because rabies fears compel victims to seek treatment. Therefore, discrepancy lies in dog population data, not bite data. Data-Driven Policy Potential Learning Opportunity: Tamil Nadu (high bite rate) could learn preventive measures from Odisha (low bite rate). But absence of accurate population data prevents targeted policy replication. Statistical Ratios: Tamil Nadu – ~1,900 bites per 1,000 dogs (extremely high). Odisha – ~100 bites per 1,000 dogs (low). Current Scenario: No inter-state knowledge sharing based on bite-per-dog ratios. Rabies Elimination Strategy WHO Findings: 99% of human rabies cases are due to bites from infected dogs. Strategic mass dog vaccination = most cost-effective prevention method. Target: Vaccinate 70% of dogs and maintain for 3 consecutive years to break transmission cycle. India’s National Action Plan (2018): Adopted WHO approach. Stressed on strategic, sustained vaccination over culling or mass sheltering. Goa Case Study (Nature Journal): Vaccinated 70% of dogs statewide. Outcome (2019): Human rabies cases eliminated. Monthly canine rabies cases reduced by 92%. Goa had highest dog bite rate per capita in 2019 (1,412 per 1 lakh people) but successfully cut rabies deaths to zero through vaccination, not mass confinement. Policy Challenges & Gaps Sheltering Constraints: Urban areas like Delhi lack capacity for mass capture and lifelong housing. Shelter maintenance cost per dog is significantly higher than vaccination costs. Data Reliability: Census undercounts lead to flawed vaccination drives & incorrect shelter capacity planning. Resource Allocation: Without accurate numbers, vaccination supply chains and medical preparedness are inefficient. Legal & Ethical Concerns: Mass confinement may violate animal welfare norms unless humane conditions are ensured. May lead to overcrowded shelters with disease outbreaks if infrastructure is inadequate. Way Forward – Evidence-Based Recommendations Immediate: Update dog population census (preferably via rapid digital survey methods, using GIS tagging). Simultaneously expand vaccination drives to at least 70% coverage. Medium-Term: Implement state-wise best-practice sharing (Odisha-type low bite rate strategies). Prioritise vaccination and sterilisation over mass sheltering. Establish rabies surveillance units linked to Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme. Long-Term: Institutionalise annual dog population monitoring. Create centralised database linking dog bite incidents, rabies cases, and vaccination records. Public awareness campaigns to promote responsible pet ownership and avoid abandonment. How does satellite internet work? Context and Relevance Digital Connectivity as a Necessity: Increasing dependence on internet across civilian, commercial, and military domains. Rising demand for high-reliability, high-coverage networks not limited by geography. India-Specific Trigger: Starlink’s imminent entry expected to transform internet infrastructure and policy frameworks. Potential to bridge digital divide in rural and remote India. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Why Satellite Internet? – Limitations of Ground Networks Ground-based networks (fibre/cellular): Economically viable only in dense urban areas; costly in sparsely populated terrain. Vulnerable to natural disasters (e.g., floods, earthquakes) disrupting physical infrastructure. Limited ability for on-the-move connectivity (aircraft, ships, temporary military bases). Satellite internet advantages: Global coverage, terrain-independent. Rapid deployment in emergencies and sudden demand surges. Operates in isolated environments (offshore rigs, polar stations, glaciers). Dual-use potential — both civilian and military applications. Technical Architecture Network Segments: Space Segment: Satellites carrying communication payloads. Ground Segment: User terminals, ground stations, control centres. Satellite Types by Orbit: GEO (35,786 km): Large coverage (~1/3 Earth) but high latency (signal delay). Suitable for TV broadcasting, not for real-time operations. Example: Viasat Global Xpress. MEO (2,000–35,786 km): Medium latency, moderate coverage. Example: O3b (20 satellites). Lower latency than GEO but still not optimal for high-speed gaming or trading. LEO (<2,000 km): Very low latency, smaller coverage footprint → requires mega-constellations. Example: Starlink (>7,000 satellites in orbit, plans for 42,000). Smaller, cheaper satellites with faster deployment cycles. Mega-Constellations – Starlink’s Model Features: Hundreds/thousands of small LEO satellites interconnected via optical inter-satellite links. On-board signal processing → reduces ground dependency and latency. Seamless hand-off between satellites ensures continuous coverage despite high orbital speeds (~27,000 km/h). User Terminals: Compact, self-installable, and becoming increasingly affordable. Operational Advantage: Enables “internet in the sky” routing data globally without touching national ground stations (strategic implications). Real-World Applications & Case Studies Disaster Response: Hurricane Harvey (2017) – Viasat provided emergency communications when 70% of cell towers failed. Military Operations: Ukraine war – Starlink used for troop coordination, drone ops, and anti-jamming communication. Indian Army – Used in Siachen Glacier for high-altitude operational readiness. Security Risks: Borderless nature allows illicit use — Indian agencies have seized smuggled Starlink devices from insurgents and smugglers. Sectoral Impact Civilian & Economic Uses: Rural broadband, telemedicine, e-learning, precision agriculture, smart cities, logistics. Integration with Internet of Everything (IoE) and autonomous transport. Strategic & Military Uses: Secure communications in remote theatres, rapid-deploy forces, unmanned systems (drones, naval vessels). Strategic intelligence networks independent of terrestrial vulnerability. Security & Regulatory Challenges Dual-Use Nature: Same infrastructure can serve humanitarian missions or hostile groups. Jurisdictional Complexity: Cross-border coverage bypasses national controls. Spectrum & Orbital Slot Management: Potential for space congestion and signal interference. Cybersecurity: Vulnerability to satellite hacking, spoofing, or jamming. Cost Considerations Current Pricing: User terminal ≈ $500 (~₹41,000). Monthly subscription ≈ $50 (~₹4,100). Market Implication: Higher than terrestrial broadband → niche for remote areas and mission-critical industries. Future direct-to-smartphone integration could drastically reduce barriers. Policy & Strategic Implications for India Opportunities: Bridge rural-urban connectivity gap. Boost national disaster resilience. Enhance military communication independence. Risks: Security misuse by insurgents or cross-border elements. Strategic dependency on foreign-operated constellations. Required Measures: Formulate a national satellite internet policy integrated into Digital India and defence doctrines. Encourage domestic satellite constellations (ISRO/privates) to reduce foreign dependency. Strengthen cyber and space law frameworks. Engage in international governance on orbital management and mega-constellation norms. Strategic Outlook Satellite internet is shifting from backup connectivity to strategic infrastructure. Control over satellite constellations is emerging as a geopolitical power lever. For India, the priority is a balanced approach: harness benefits for economic growth and defence, while safeguarding sovereignty and security. IAF prioritises induction of long-range missiles after Operation Sindoor success Context & Operational Lessons Operation Sindoor demonstrated the combat value of long-range stand-off weapons in neutralising strategic targets without exposing aircraft to hostile air defences. The IAF successfully bypassed Chinese HQ-9 air defence systems (range ~200 km) by engaging from 250–450 km distances. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) Weapons Used During the Operation BrahMos: Supersonic cruise missile; range ~290–450 km (newer versions exceed 450 km). SCALP: Air-launched cruise missile; range ~500 km. Rampage: Stand-off air-to-ground missile; range ~250 km. Crystal Maze: Precision-guided stand-off weapon; range ~100–250 km. Shift in Capability Development Priority: Induct air-to-ground and air-to-air missiles with strike ranges >200 km. Goal: Engage from beyond the envelope of adversary air defences, improving aircraft survivability. Indigenous Development Push Astra Missile: IAF requesting DRDO to accelerate longer-range variants: Astra Mk-1: ~110 km Astra Mk-2: ~160–200 km Astra Mk-3 (planned): ~350 km Project Kusha: Indigenous long-range air defence missile system (similar class to S-400), DRDO-led. Foreign Acquisitions R-37 (Russia): Air-to-air missile; range >200 km, Mach 6; designed for high-value airborne target destruction (AWACS, tankers). S-400 Triumf: Additional 2 squadrons planned; current systems already altering PAF flight patterns. Tactical & Strategic Impact Strategic Deterrence: Deployment of S-400 has pushed Pakistani Air Force to either: Fly deep inside its territory, or Operate at low altitudes (limiting operational flexibility). Combat Record: IAF downed a surveillance aircraft >300 km away — record engagement range for the service. Broader Implications Doctrine Shift: From close-in engagements to stand-off warfare in both offensive and defensive roles. Geopolitical Signalling: Capability to strike deep inside adversary territory without crossing borders. Self-Reliance Goal: Balancing indigenous missile programmes (Astra, Project Kusha) with critical foreign buys (R-37, S-400). For ‘Creamy Layer’ Exclusion, Govt Looks at Proposal on ‘Equivalence Background & Legal/Foundation Facts Origin of “creamy layer”: Concept crystallised by Indra Sawhney (1992) — welfare reservation for OBCs must exclude the socially/economically advanced among them (the “creamy layer”). Current central income ceiling: Government revised the creamy-layer income threshold to ₹8 lakh p.a. in 2017; this ceiling has been used since for income-based exclusion. Reservation quantum: OBCs enjoy 27% reservation in central government recruitment and central educational institutions (Mandal-era policy implementation). Administrative actors: Proposal prepared after consultations among ministries (Social Justice & Empowerment, Education, DoPT, Legal Affairs, Labour & Employment, Public Enterprises), NITI Aayog and NCBC. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Justice) What the Proposal Seeks to Do (Key Elements) Apply an “equivalence” yardstick to classify posts/positions across Central/State governments, PSUs, universities and private sector for determining creamy-layer status. Extend the creamy-layer criteria beyond income to include post/grade/role equivalence (e.g., Group A/Class I officers, officers in PSUs, certain university faculty ranks). Specific proposals noted: Teaching posts (assistant profs, associate profs, profs) starting at Level-10 and above equated with Group-A — proposed categorisation as ‘creamy layer’. For PSUs: equivalence decided for some Central PSUs in 2017; proposal to extend uniformly. In private sector: board-level and below-board managerial executives to be treated under creamy-layer rules — but a caveat that private executives with income ≤ ₹8 lakh would not be categorised as creamy. For government-aided institutions: follow service/pay scales of parent govt; placement into creamy/non-creamy categories based on equivalence of post & pay. Rationale Driving the Proposal Equity objective: Ensure reservation benefits target genuinely backward OBCs by excluding those with high status/remuneration regardless of sector. Closing loopholes: Prevent upwardly mobile OBCs in PSUs/private sector/universities from continuing to access benefits intended for less-privileged OBCs. Uniformity: Remove arbitrariness where identical economic/social status across different employers produces unequal treatment. Technical & Administrative Challenges Defining equivalence across heterogeneous pay structures: Central pay levels (7th CPC Levels) are standard; state pay scales, PSU pay structures and private sector designations vary widely — mapping is complex. University pay structures (UGC/AICTE scales) differ across aided/unaided institutions. Data availability & verification: Reliable, auditable salary/income data for private sector employees is often absent or opaque (in-kind benefits, bonuses, offshore income). Need for integration with ITR/EPFO/payroll databases — raises privacy, compliance and logistical issues. Operational enforcement: Who will operationalise equivalence? NCBC? DoPT? State agencies? Requires central guidelines and state cooperation. Grievance handling and appeals mechanism will be necessary to mitigate wrongful exclusion. Sectoral legal limits: Reservation is constitutionally applicable to state employment and state-regulated educational admissions. Imposing creamy-layer rules on private employers may invite legal challenges unless tied to state-mandated reservation schemes. Legal & Constitutional Issues Indra Sawhney precedent: Courts accept exclusion of creamy-layer from reservation; they have also allowed use of multiple indicators (occupation, property, parental position) besides income. Judicial scrutiny likely: Any extension to private sector or atypical categories will draw litigation on: Scope and competence of government to classify posts in private entities; Equality principles (Article 14) and reservation jurisprudence (Article 16/15). Inter-state divergence risk: States may have different pay scales and different OBC lists → potential federal disputes and litigation. Equity & Social Justice Implications Targeting efficiency: Properly applied, equivalence can ensure benefits reach economically/socially backward OBCs rather than well-remunerated professionals. Risk of over-exclusion: Rigid post-based exclusion could remove access to reservation for OBCs who hold “higher” designations but are socially disadvantaged (e.g., first-generation degree holders in government roles). Gender and regional effects: If most high-pay posts are male-dominated or concentrated in certain states, exclusion could produce uneven intersectional impacts. Merit vs affirmative action trade-offs: Narrowing beneficiary pool intensifies competition and might reduce perceived legitimacy if not transparently implemented. Political and Institutional Risks Political sensitivity: Any change to creamy-layer rules triggers strong political reactions; OBC leader groups may oppose stricter exclusion or contest specific categories. Administrative capacity: States and employers may resist new compliance burdens; PSUs/universities may lack willingness or means to implement equivalence matrices. Gaming and avoidance: Employers/individuals could reclassify posts, split packages, or use contractual reshuffles to circumvent equivalence. Practical Implementation Design Elements (Recommended) National Equivalence Matrix: Central government should publish a national table mapping common pay scales/designations to standard levels (e.g., Level-10 = Group A equivalent). Use 7th CPC levels as anchor. Map state pay bands to central levels using transparent formulae (cost-of-living / median state pay multipliers). Hybrid test for creamy-layer: Combine income threshold (₹8 lakh baseline) + post/grade test + household wealth/parental occupation — avoid single-criterion exclusions. Sectoral carve-outs & transition rules: Private sector: apply equivalence only where statutory reservation obligations exist (e.g., state law mandates or aided institutions). For pure private recruitment, treat equivalence as advisory unless law changes. Grandfather existing employees for a limited period; phased rollout (2–3 years) to allow compliance. Verification & data flow: Use Aadhaar-PAN-ITR linkage (with legal safeguards) for income verification; require employers to submit certified payroll statements for equivalence checks. NCBC or an empowered central authority to manage a secure verification portal and redressal cell. Transparency & grievance redress: Publicly accessible criteria, sample equivalence charts, and an online appeal mechanism with time-bound resolution. Periodic review: Review equivalence matrix and income ceiling every 3–5 years to keep pace with inflation and labour market changes. Monitoring & Impact Evaluation Metrics Short-term (6–12 months): number of cases assessed under equivalence; appeals filed; sectoral distribution of exclusions. Medium-term (1–3 years): change in OBC representation by socio-economic decile in public recruitments and admissions; number of displaced beneficiaries re-classified. Long-term (3–5 years): measure socio-economic mobility among OBC cohorts (education, earnings), and whether benefits are reaching lower deciles. Data sources: DoPT/SSC recruitment data, university admission records, NCBC reports, EPFO/ITR aggregates (anonymised). Potential Unintended Consequences & Mitigation Unintended exclusion of deserving OBCs → mitigate via multi-factor test and appeals. Legal challenges delaying implementation → mitigate by early stakeholder consultations and robust legal vetting. Administrative burden on states/PSUs/universities → central funding/technical support and phased implementation. Private sector resistance → limit mandatory application to areas under state law; incentivise voluntary compliance (tax benefits/grants) for private employers to adopt transparent OBC hiring practices. Political Economy & Social Messaging Communication strategy required: Clear public explanation that equivalence seeks targeted social justice (not punishment of upward mobility). Use data, case studies, FAQs. Engage OBC representative bodies and state governments early to build consensus and preempt politicisation. Explain rationale to private sector: fairness, social licence, and potential CSR incentives. Conclusion — Net Assessment Conceptually sound: Expanding the creamy-layer exclusion to account for role/post equivalence addresses a real fairness concern: affluent OBCs capturing reservation meant for the disadvantaged. Execution risk is high: Heterogeneous pay systems, data gaps, privacy issues, legal limits on regulating private employers, and political sensitivity make implementation complex. Policy design must be hybrid and phased: Combine income + post equivalence + qualitative checks; publish a national equivalence matrix; phase rollout with legal backing, state cooperation, transparency, and grievance redress. Goal: Ensure reservation remains a tool to uplift genuinely backward groups — not a benefit captured by socio-economically advanced individuals — while protecting legitimate upward mobility and avoiding arbitrary exclusion.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 August 2025

Content Empowering Annadatas: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Comprehensive reforms taken up to instill credit discipline in PSBs Empowering Annadatas: Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Background & Context Launched: 18 February 2016, replacing earlier schemes like NAIS & MNAIS. Objective: Provide affordable, comprehensive crop insurance to farmers for protection against non-preventable natural risks. Coverage: Pre-sowing to post-harvest stages, including damage during storage (if due to notified calamities). Principle: One Nation – One Crop – One Premium. Type: Area-based crop insurance scheme. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Schemes) ,GS 3(Agriculture) Key Performance Statistics (2016–2025) Total applications insured: 78.41 crore. Claims paid: ₹1.83 lakh crore to 22.667 crore farmers. Enrolment growth: 3.17 crore farmers (2022–23) → 4.19 crore (2024–25) → 32% increase (highest since inception). Non-loanee farmer participation: 20 lakh (2014–15) → 522 lakh (2024–25). Farmer applications coverage: 371 lakh (2014–15) → 1510 lakh (2024–25). Largest crop insurance scheme in the world (in terms of farmer applications)   Financial Structure Premiums paid by farmers: Kharif food/oilseed crops – 2% of sum insured. Rabi food/oilseed crops – 1.5%. Annual commercial/horticultural crops – 5%. Government’s share: Remaining 95–98.5% borne by Centre & State. Sharing ratio: Normal States – 50:50. NE States (Kharif 2020 onwards) & Himalayan States (Kharif 2023 onwards) – 90:10. Risk Coverage under PMFBY Yield Losses: Drought, floods, pests, diseases, cyclones, hailstorms, landslides, etc. Prevented Sowing: Up to 25% of sum insured if sowing fails due to adverse weather. Post-harvest Losses: Up to 14 days from harvest for “cut & spread” crops damaged by cyclones/cyclonic rains. Localized Calamities: Hailstorms, landslides, inundation impacting individual farms. Implementation Reforms (2016–2025) Transparency & Accountability National Crop Insurance Portal (NCIP): Centralized online enrolment, data sharing, and direct transfer of claims. Digi-Claim Module: Operational since Kharif 2022. Linked to PFMS & insurer systems for real-time settlement. Automatic 12% penalty on delayed payments (from Kharif 2024). Premium Subsidy Reform: Central subsidy disbursed separately from State share to avoid delays. Mandatory ESCROW Accounts (from Kharif 2025): For timely State premium contribution. Farmer Awareness Initiatives ‘Meri Policy Mere Haath’: Physical distribution of insurance policies at village level. Fasal Bima Saptah (twice yearly) & Fasal Bima Pathshalas to educate farmers. KrishiRakshak Portal & Helpline (14447): Ticket-based grievance redressal within fixed timelines. Technology Integration YES-TECH: Remote sensing-based yield estimation. Launched for paddy & wheat (Kharif 2023), soybean added in Kharif 2024. Minimum 30% weightage given to YES-TECH data in yield calculation. WINDS: Expanded network of Automatic Weather Stations & Rain Gauges (5x increase). Supports hyper-local weather data for PMFBY, drought management, weather forecasting. Institutional & Policy Continuity January 2025 Cabinet Approval: Continuation of PMFBY & RWBCIS till 2025–26. Budget: ₹69,515.71 crore. RWBCIS (Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme): Weather-index based claim calculation (vs. yield-based in PMFBY). Farmer Profile in PMFBY (2024–25) Tenant farmers: 6.5% of applications. Marginal farmers: 17.6%. Loanee farmers: 48%. Remaining: Non-loanee small & medium farmers. Significance Reduces farmers’ vulnerability to climate risks and income shocks. Encourages investment in improved seeds, mechanization, and sustainable practices. Prevents debt traps by ensuring timely financial assistance. Promotes inclusive coverage (sharp rise in non-loanee participation). Challenges Delay in State premium share: Still a cause for delayed claim settlements despite reforms. Yield estimation disputes: Technology integration ongoing but not fully scaled. Awareness gaps: Many small/marginal farmers still lack complete understanding of claim procedures. Voluntary enrolment for loanee farmers: Risk of lower participation if not incentivized. Pointers Schemes Linkage: PMFBY aligns with Doubling Farmers’ Income, National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture. SDG Linkage: SDG 1 (No Poverty). SDG 2 (Zero Hunger). SDG 13 (Climate Action). Comprehensive reforms taken up to instill credit discipline in PSBs Background & Rationale for Reforms in PSBs Persistent NPA crisis in 2010s weakened credit growth and bank profitability. Poor credit discipline due to lax appraisal, political interference, and evergreening of loans. Governance gaps in PSBs, with weak accountability of top management. Technology gap and inefficiency compared to private sector banks. Low credit penetration to MSMEs and underserved sectors despite priority sector lending mandates. Relevance : GS 3(Banking and Economy) Comprehensive Reforms to Instill Credit Discipline a) Legal & Institutional Framework Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 – Time-bound resolution of corporate insolvency; deterrence against willful default. Central Repository of Information on Large Credits (CRILC) – RBI database for monitoring loans >₹5 crore; enables early detection of stress. Early Warning Systems – Automated, data-driven triggers to flag potential NPAs using third-party data and transaction monitoring. Market-based Stressed Asset Transfer Framework – Allows eligible entities to acquire stressed loans; reduces PSB balance sheet risk. National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd. (NARCL) – ‘Bad bank’ model for aggregating and resolving large stressed debts. b) Governance & Risk Management Arms-length appointment of top PSB executives through Financial Services Institutions Bureau (FSIB). Non-Executive Chairmen in nationalised banks for better board oversight. Performance-linked tenure extensions for MDs/CEOs. Enhanced Access & Service Excellence (EASE) Reforms – Benchmarking governance, risk management, HR, and technology adoption. Amalgamation of PSBs (2017–2020) – Consolidated 27 PSBs into 12 for scale economies and operational efficiency. c) Legislative Measures Banking Regulation (Amendment) Act, 2020 – Extended RBI oversight to co-operative banks; improved depositor protection. Banking Laws (Amendment) Act, 2025 – Higher governance standards, stronger audit norms, statutory reporting to RBI, simplified nomination processes. Technology Adoption & Financial Inclusion JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile) – Enabled mass DBT payments and reduced leakages. UPI, interoperable Bank Mitras, and DBTs – Brought millions into the formal payment ecosystem. Digital payment growth (FY 2017–18 → FY 2024–25): Volume: 2,071 crore → 22,831 crore (CAGR 41%) Value: ₹1,962 lakh cr → ₹3,509 lakh cr UPI growth: Volume: 92 crore → 18,587 crore (CAGR 114%) Value: ₹1.10 lakh cr → ₹261 lakh cr Milestone: July 2025 – 1,946.79 crore monthly transactions. Measures to Boost Credit Flow to MSMEs a) Credit Guarantee & Liquidity Support Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs (MCGS-MSME, 2025) – Government-backed guarantee for term loans up to ₹100 crore for equipment/machinery purchase; total guarantee cap ₹7 lakh crore or 4 years. Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) – 100% guarantee to lenders; liquidity support of ₹3.68 lakh crore to 1.19 crore businesses, including ₹2.42 lakh crore to 1.13 crore MSMEs. b) Credit Appraisal Reforms New Credit Assessment Model for MSMEs (2025) – Uses digital, verifiable data and automated risk scoring; covers both Existing-to-Bank (ETB) and New-to-Bank (NTB) borrowers. c) Strengthening CGTMSE Guarantee cover up to 85% for loans ≤ ₹10 crore to MSEs. Reduced annual guarantee fee (0.37% – 1.20%). Cumulative guarantees as on 31 July 2025: 1.22 crore guarantees worth ₹10.50 lakh crore. Impact Assessment Credit discipline improved via IBC deterrence, CRILC monitoring, and early warning systems. NPA recovery & resolution efficiency enhanced through NARCL and market-based transfer frameworks. Governance quality in PSBs significantly upgraded via FSIB, EASE, and mergers. MSME credit penetration widened through targeted guarantees and digital credit appraisal. Digital payments ecosystem transformed, making India the global leader in real-time transactions. Co-operative bank stability improved via 2020 Banking Regulation amendments.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 August 2025

Content A Court ruling with no room for gender justice Reviving civic engagement in health governance Assuaging concerns A Court ruling with no room for gender justice Background of the Law Section 498-A, IPC (now Section 85, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita) Enacted in 1983 to address cruelty by husband or relatives towards a wife. Punishment: Up to 3 years imprisonment + fine. Cruelty broadly defined to include: Dowry harassment. Driving the woman to suicide. Causing injury to life, limb, or health. Introduced after increasing dowry deaths and recognition that many cruelty cases end in suicide/murder. Works in conjunction with Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 and other women-protection laws. Legislative intent: Rights-based protection in marriage, considering India’s socio-cultural context. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Justice , Governance) Practice Question : The recent Supreme Court endorsement of a two-month “cool-off” period before arrest in Section 498-A IPC cases has reignited debates on judicial overreach, gender justice, and protection of victims of domestic violence. Critically analyse the judgment in light of constitutional principles, legislative intent, and the socio-legal realities of domestic violence in India.(250 Words) The Recent Supreme Court Judgment Origin: Allahabad HC directions in an individual matrimonial dispute: No arrest or coercive action for two months (“cool-off” period) from complaint. Creation of Family Welfare Committees at district level to examine cases before action. SC’s Role: Endorsed HC’s blanket protection from arrest for two months. Did so without detailed socio-political analysis or hearing State govt fully. Effect: Even with strong evidence, police cannot arrest for 2 months. Risk to complainant’s safety. Encourages police inaction in domestic violence cases. Creates a precedent overriding legislative intent in criminal law. Legal & Constitutional Concerns Separation of Powers: Parliament enacted law after social study & deliberation; SC effectively modifies operational enforcement. Judicial Overreach: Venturing into policy terrain without empirical basis. Goes against SC’s own principle (Sushil Kumar Sharma, 2005) that misuse is no ground to dilute a law. Equality Before Law: Selectively subjecting this criminal provision to more rigorous procedural barriers undermines uniformity of criminal law. The ‘Misuse’ Narrative Past SC Observations: Preeti Gupta (2010) – non-bona fide cases. Sushil Kumar Sharma (2005) – “legal terrorism” remark. Arnesh Kumar (2014) – strict guidelines before arrest under 498-A. Empirical Reality: NCRB (2022): Conviction rate ~18%—higher than many other IPC crimes. Low conviction ≠ misuse; can be due to: Investigative lapses. Social/familial pressure on women to withdraw. Difficulty proving crimes in private/domestic spaces. High burden of proof (beyond reasonable doubt). NFHS-5: Massive under-reporting of violence against women. Rising case numbers linked to greater legal awareness, not necessarily false cases. Humsafar report: Misuse claims reflect institutional bias. Social & Gender Justice Dimensions Structural Inequalities: Patriarchal family structures make women dependent and vulnerable. Domestic violence is often hidden, with minimal outside witnesses. Impact of Blanket Protection: Chilling effect on filing complaints. Increases physical & emotional risk for victims. Sends a signal that domestic violence is a “private matter” rather than a serious criminal offence. Victim Vulnerability: Immediate police action is crucial in many cases for safety & evidence preservation. Delay enables intimidation, destruction of evidence, and coercion into compromise. Criminal Justice System Implications Operational Challenges: Police may deprioritise domestic cruelty cases. Creates confusion in enforcement due to differing treatment from other IPC offences. Uniformity Principle: Criminal law requires consistency; special procedural hurdles for one category may lead to fragmentation. Precedent Risk: Similar “cool-off” mechanisms may be sought in other crimes, weakening deterrence. Balancing Misuse vs. Protection Potential for misuse exists in all laws, but safeguards already exist: Arrest guidelines (Arnesh Kumar). Judicial scrutiny at bail stage. Quashing under Section 482 CrPC for false cases. Better Solutions: Improve investigation quality. Sensitise police & judiciary. Fast-track genuine cases. Penalise proven false complaints without diluting protection for victims. Key Takeaway This judgment, while perhaps well-intentioned to prevent misuse, risks weakening legal protection for victims of domestic violence, creates procedural inequality in criminal law, and intrudes into policy space reserved for Parliament. The challenge is not in the existence of Section 498-A, but in ensuring its fair, efficient, and sensitive implementation. Reviving civic engagement in health governance Scheme Context & Comparative Perspective Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam (Tamil Nadu, Aug 2021): Focus: Doorstep healthcare for NCD patients. Achievements: Reached 1.5 crore people (as per TN govt data, 2024). Gruha Arogya (Karnataka, Oct 2024; expanded June 2025): Focus: Home-based care, NCD screening, and follow-up services. Coverage: All districts from June 2025. Similar Models: Mohalla Clinics (Delhi), Arogya Mithra (Andhra Pradesh), Mobile Medical Units (Assam, Odisha). Global Parallel: Brazil’s Family Health Strategy – community-based teams delivering preventive and primary care at households. Similar schemes across States reflect proactive healthcare delivery, but they raise questions on citizen participation in governance—a critical component for accountability and rights-based healthcare. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Practice Question : Doorstep healthcare delivery schemes such as Tamil Nadu’s Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam and Karnataka’s Gruha Arogya represent a shift towards proactive service provision. However, without active citizen participation in health governance, such initiatives risk remaining top-down and exclusionary. Examine the structural and mindset barriers to meaningful public engagement in India’s health governance, and suggest measures to overcome them.(250 Words) Key Issues Identified Mindset Problem: Policymakers view people as beneficiaries rather than rights-holders or co-creators of health systems. Performance Metrics Bias: Success measured by targets met (beneficiaries reached) rather than process quality or community experience. Governance Capture: Decision spaces dominated by medical professionals trained in western biomedical models, with little exposure to public health administration. Structural Weakness in Engagement Platforms: Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committees (VHSNCs), Rogi Kalyan Samitis, Mahila Arogya Samitis often inactive or poorly functioning. Issues: infrequent meetings, poor fund utilisation, lack of inter-sectoral coordination, entrenched social hierarchies. Resistance Factors: Fear of increased workload, loss of elite control, and exposure to accountability pressures. Implications Democratic Deficit in Health Governance: Without inclusive participation, health policy risks becoming top-down, technocratic, and inequitable. Erosion of Trust: Treating citizens as passive recipients reduces community trust and service uptake. Perpetuation of Health Inequities: Ignoring structural determinants (poverty, discrimination) while blaming individuals for poor health-seeking behaviour worsens marginalisation. Citizen Engagement in Health Governance Why it matters: Strengthens accountability and transparency. Counters epistemic injustice (exclusion of lived experiences from policy). Enhances trust and uptake of services. Platforms in India: Rural: VHSNCs, Rogi Kalyan Samitis. Urban: Mahila Arogya Samitis, Ward Committees. Challenges: Non-functional or token committees in many areas. Ambiguous roles, poor intersectoral coordination, fund underutilisation. Social hierarchies excluding marginalised voices. Structural & Mindset Barriers Dominance of biomedical, doctor-led administration → limited public health perspective. Promotions based on seniority, not public health expertise. “Beneficiary” terminology reduces citizens to passive aid receivers instead of rights-holders. Policymakers often focus on targets (beneficiaries covered) rather than process quality (participatory planning, inclusivity). Lessons from Existing Frameworks NRHM (2005) & NHM: Institutionalised public engagement via VHSNCs and untied funds, but success uneven due to poor activation. Urban Civic Bodies: Ward Committees, NGO-led health committees show potential but face capacity and legitimacy gaps. Alternative Channels: Citizens resort to protests, media, and litigation when formal participation mechanisms fail—indicative of unmet demand for accountability. Key Constitutional & Legal Linkages Article 21 – Right to health as part of Right to Life (Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity vs State of West Bengal, 1996). Directive Principles – Article 38, 39(e), 41, 42, 47 mandate improving public health. 73rd & 74th Amendments – Empower local bodies for health and sanitation services. National Health Mission Framework – Mandates bottom-up planning with community participation. Way Forward – Two-Pronged Approach Empowering Communities: Disseminate health rights awareness. Early civic education on health governance. Ensure representation of marginalised groups. Provide tools/resources for meaningful participation. Sensitising Health System Actors: Shift from “poor awareness” blame to addressing structural determinants (poverty, access barriers). Promote collaborative governance between citizens & health professionals. Assuaging concerns Background: Ethanol Blending in India Ethanol blending = mixing ethanol (biofuel) with petrol to reduce fossil fuel use. Origins: Introduced globally after the 1970s oil shock to reduce import dependence. Global leaders: Brazil (E27+), U.S. (E10–E85 flex-fuel vehicles). India’s current target: 20% blending (E20) by 2025. Policy rationale in India: Import substitution: Save ~$10 billion annually in crude import bills. Price advantage: Ethanol is cheaper than petrol (though price benefits not always passed to consumers). Carbon footprint reduction: Ethanol is considered carbon-neutral as plant growth offsets emissions during combustion. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Science , Technology , Environment) Practice Question : Ethanol blending in petrol promises import substitution, carbon reduction, and rural economic benefits, but also raises concerns over vehicle compatibility, consumer protection, and food security. Discuss the key challenges in India’s ethanol blending policy implementation and suggest measures to ensure sustainable and consumer-friendly adoption.(250 Words) Economic & Agricultural Dimensions Feedstock sources in India: C-heavy molasses (by-product of sugar industry, not used for sugar production). Broken rice (often surplus, rots in FCI godowns). Maize (lower input crop; less water and fertiliser-intensive than sugarcane). Food security concern: If ethanol demand grows rapidly, crop allocation could shift from food to fuel. In shortage years, prioritising fuel production over PDS foodgrain supply may create conflict. Import substitution limitations: Fertiliser imports (~$10 billion/year) offset some forex savings from ethanol-related crude import cuts. Technical & Vehicle Compatibility Issues Efficiency penalty: Ethanol has lower energy density than petrol → reduced mileage. Material durability & corrosion: Ethanol can degrade fuel lines, tanks, seals. Global compatibility norms: Vehicles meeting Euro 2 / U.S. Tier 1 / India’s BS 2 (since 2001) can use up to E15 safely. BS 2 mandates closed-loop fuel control systems for optimal combustion & reduced emissions. Material upgrades in BS 2 vehicles reduce corrosion risk. India’s scenario: Vehicles since 2023 are designed for E20. Many older models (pre-2023) may be compatible only with E5 or E10. No consumer choice at pumps — same fuel for all vehicles. Price reduction promised earlier is not visible at retail level. Regulatory & Standardisation Efforts Two ethanol-specific fuel standards already adopted in India. Proposed E27 norm (drawing from Brazil’s model) in pipeline. Government stance: Internal research shows no significant harm to vehicles. Transparency gap: Automakers have not clearly disclosed ethanol compatibility of older models. Example: Models sold ~5 years ago accepted only E5. Policy & Consumer Concerns Older vehicle owners at risk: May face engine issues or reduced performance without mitigation. No voluntary opt-in: Unlike Brazil, India does not offer pure petrol option alongside ethanol blends. Insurance protection: Risk of claim rejection if engine/fuel system damage attributed to ethanol. Editorial urges government-backed insurance guarantees. Need for automaker disclosure: Public lists of past models and their ethanol tolerance. Recommended mitigation steps for incompatible models (e.g., part upgrades). Policy Recommendations (Editorial + Value Add) Transparency: Automakers to publish compatibility lists for older models. Mitigation Support: Govt to mandate and facilitate retrofit kits for older vehicles. Insurance Protection: Govt-backed claims for ethanol-related damage. Feedstock Planning: Dynamic policy to prioritise food over fuel in shortage years. Consumer Choice: Separate dispensing lines for E0, E10, E20. Global Comparisons Brazil: Flex-fuel vehicles run on 0–100% ethanol. E27 is standard at pumps. Price incentives for ethanol maintained consistently. USA: E10 widespread; E85 (85% ethanol) available for flex-fuel vehicles. EU: E10 is common; strict sustainability criteria for biofuels. Editorial’s Central Argument Ethanol blending is economically & environmentally beneficial but: Must be implemented with consumer protection, transparency, and choice. Full disclosure by manufacturers is necessary. Government must underwrite risks for vehicle owners, especially with older vehicles. Price benefits must reach the consumer at the pump.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 August 2025

Content U.S. Criticism of India for Trade with Russia is Factual but Illogical Impact of Google Antitrust Case Why Can’t Army Deploy Women to Fight Terror, Asks SC Supreme Court Order on Stray Dogs and Delhi’s Shelter Infrastructure 10-Foot Caste Wall U.S. criticism of India for trade with Russia is factual but illogical Core Development Policy Action: U.S. President Donald Trump imposed a 25% tariff on Indian goods (in addition to an earlier 25% tariff). Stated Reasons: India’s high dependence on Russian crude oil imports at discounted rates. India’s continued military equipment purchases from Russia. Timing: Tariff to take effect in a few weeks; announced August 2025. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) , GS 2(International Relations) Factual Findings vs. Trump’s Claims Oil Imports: India’s Russian crude imports surged after 2022, doubling its share in overall oil imports (Chart 1 in source). This was encouraged indirectly by the U.S. to stabilize global energy markets after the Ukraine war price-cap mechanism. EU has imported more fossil fuels from Russia during the same period than India — contributing ~22% (€212B) of Russia’s fossil fuel export earnings (Feb 2022–Aug 2025). China’s imports of Russian crude also exceed India’s. Arms Imports: Over 50% of India’s arms imports since 2022 came from Russia. Long-term trend: steady decline in Russian share since 1990s, replaced partly by France, U.K., and U.S. U.S. itself is Israel’s largest arms supplier; Israel’s actions in Gaza have been labelled genocidal by some institutions — raising double-standard concerns. Hypocrisy & Double Standards Energy Trade: U.S. and EU continue certain Russian imports (fertilizers, critical minerals, steel) despite sanctions. U.S. imported over $800M worth of Russian fertilizers in 2025 (till Feb). Arms Trade: Criticizing India’s Russia arms trade while U.S. arms exports to Israel remain high undermines moral consistency. Indirect Energy Links: EU and U.S. import petroleum products refined in India from Russian crude — effectively circumventing direct crude sanctions. Strategic Context India’s Position: Maintains decades-old Russia ties for energy security & defence. Uses discounted crude for economic advantage (inflation control, energy stability). U.S. Position: Uses tariffs as pressure tool to reshape India’s Russia relationship. Likely aims to push India toward Western-aligned energy and arms supply chains. Global Ripple Effects: Tariffs may strain U.S.–India trade partnership (bilateral goods trade >$190B in 2024). Could push India to diversify export markets (ASEAN, Africa, Gulf). Economic Impact Projection For India: Targeted goods will face reduced competitiveness in U.S. market. Sectors at risk: textiles, gems & jewellery, certain auto components, pharma intermediates (depending on scope). For U.S.: Tariffs may marginally increase input costs in sectors relying on Indian imports. Could hurt U.S. consumers in price-sensitive goods. For Russia: Minimal direct impact; India likely to maintain some crude & arms trade due to cost-benefit calculus. Geopolitical Significance This is less about pure economics and more about geoeconomic coercion: Part of U.S. strategy to deter middle powers from deepening economic ties with sanctioned Russia. Tariffs signal linkage diplomacy — using unrelated trade levers to influence security and foreign policy decisions. India faces test of its strategic autonomy doctrine — balancing ties with U.S., EU, and Russia without conceding policy independence. What will be the impact of Google antitrust case? Background Parties Involved: Google / Alphabet Inc. – Dominant player in mobile OS (Android) and app distribution (Google Play Store). Competition Commission of India (CCI) – National competition regulator enforcing the Competition Act, 2002. National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) – Appellate body reviewing CCI’s orders. Alliance Digital India Foundation (ADIF) – Industry coalition advocating for Indian startups against Big Tech dominance. Market Context: Android powers over 95% of smartphones in India. Google Play Store is the primary distribution platform for Android apps. Market dominance allows Google to shape both consumer experience and developer economics. Relevance : GS 3(Competition , Economy) CCI’s Findings (2022) Allegation: Abuse of Dominance under Section 4 of the Competition Act, 2002. Key Anti-Competitive Practices Identified: Mandatory Google Play Billing System (GPBS): Developers forced to use Google’s billing for in-app purchases. Commission charged: 15–30%. Exemption for Google’s own services (e.g., YouTube) → unfair cost advantage. Pre-installation & Bundling of Google Apps: Search, Chrome, YouTube, etc., pre-installed as a condition for Play Store access. Restricted consumer choice and deterred competing services. Data Advantage: Access to transactional data from GPBS could be used to promote Google’s own apps/services. Penalties & Remedies: Financial penalty: ₹936.44 crore. Behavioural remedies: Decouple GPBS from Play Store access, stop data misuse, ensure transparency in billing policies. Google’s Defence Business Model Argument: Android is open-source; OEMs can license core Android without Google’s proprietary apps. Pre-installation seen as a convenience for users, not a barrier to competition. Security & Quality Justification: GPBS ensures secure transactions and reduces fraud/payment failures. Commission rates consistent with industry standards; funds global distribution and security infrastructure. Competition Evidence: Indian apps (PhonePe, Paytm, Hotstar) have grown successfully on Android → market still competitive. Service Exemption Logic: Different business models justify exemptions for certain Google apps. NCLAT Judgment (March 2024) Upholding of CCI’s Core Findings: Agreed: Mandatory GPBS & bundling of apps = abuse of dominance. Penalty Reduction: From ₹936.44 crore → ₹216.69 crore. Reason: Original fine disproportionate to specific conduct proven. Modification of Remedies: Struck down some CCI directives as over-broad or lacking sufficient evidence. Initially removed data-use restrictions; reinstated in May 2025 review. Final Binding Remedies (Post-Review): Google must be transparent about billing data policies. Google cannot use billing data to gain competitive advantage for its own services. Why Penalty Was Reduced Proportionality Principle: Penalty should correspond to gravity, duration, and impact of anti-competitive conduct. NCLAT found the ₹936 crore fine was excessive given: Limited scope of proven violations (mainly GPBS & bundling). Absence of conclusive harm metrics quantifying consumer loss. Some CCI remedies were unsupported by strong empirical evidence. Current Status (Aug 2025) Supreme Court: Admitted appeals from Google, CCI, and ADIF. Will examine: Legal definition and scope of “abuse of dominance” in platform markets. Balance between innovation, consumer protection, and market fairness. Final hearing scheduled for November 2025. Stakeholder Positions: Google: Wants full reversal of CCI’s findings and remedies. CCI: Wants original penalties and remedies reinstated. ADIF: Argues NCLAT was too lenient; seeks strong pro-CCI outcome. Implications For Consumers: If CCI prevails: More payment options, possibly lower app prices, more competition. If Google prevails: Status quo with tighter control over Android ecosystem. For Indian Startups: CCI win could increase bargaining power, reduce dependency on Google’s terms. For Global Regulation: India’s verdict may inspire similar antitrust actions globally (mirroring EU’s Digital Markets Act trends). For Google: Possible need to unbundle services, open billing systems, and adapt its global Android model. Why can’t Army deploy women to fight terror, asks SC Background & Context JAG Branch in the Army: The Judge Advocate General’s Department is the Army’s legal arm. Officers here deal with military law, court-martials, legal advice to commanders, and legal awareness in units. Despite being a legal service, it is considered a “combatant” branch because JAG officers are commissioned Army officers and can be mobilized in wartime. Pre-judgment Status: The Army had a policy restricting women officers in JAG and reserving a higher number of posts for men. Justification given: JAG officers are “combatant personnel” and a reserve for mobilisation; women were allegedly unsuitable for such mobilisation. Petitioners’ Stand: Represented by Senior Advocate Gopal Sankaranarayanan. Challenged the gender-based restriction as unconstitutional and discriminatory. Relevance : GS 2(Gender Equality) Supreme Court’s Key Findings Policy Unconstitutional: Discrimination based on gender in appointments violates Articles 14 (Equality before law) and 16 (Equality in public employment) of the Constitution. Mere “combatant” label does not justify excluding women without evidence-based reasoning. No Legal Basis for Exclusion: No legislation prevents women from serving in combat-support roles like JAG. Army’s reasoning that women are not deployed in counter-terror or counter-insurgency roles was unsupported in law. Comparative Services Reference: Indian Air Force: Women serve as fighter pilots, helicopter pilots, and in airborne missions. Indian Navy: Women deployed on warships and in combat-support roles. Army itself has women in operationally risky roles (e.g., elite airborne and parachute units in emergencies). Judicial Philosophy: Court emphasized it is not imposing its military views, but enforcing constitutional mandates. Quote: “No nation can be secure when half of its population is held back.” Directives Issued Publish a common merit list for all JAG candidates (men and women). Make marks public to ensure transparency. End gender-based reservation of posts in JAG. Constitutional & Legal Principles Article 14: Prohibits arbitrary classification; classification must be reasonable and have a rational nexus to the objective. Article 15(1): Prohibits discrimination on grounds of sex. Article 16(1) & (2): Equal opportunity in public employment; exceptions only for specific service-related conditions backed by law. Supreme Court Precedents: Babita Puniya vs Union of India (2020): Permanent commission for women in Army’s non-combat roles. Indira Jaising v. Supreme Court of India (1982): Gender cannot be a bar unless justified by compelling necessity. Strategic & Operational Implications Talent Pool Expansion: More qualified officers (irrespective of gender) can serve in legal branches, strengthening military justice. Operational Flexibility: Women officers already handle high-risk operations; expanding their legal combat-support presence is operationally feasible. Cultural Shift: Encourages institutional acceptance of gender-neutral postings, aligning military norms with global practices. Broader Social & Policy Dimensions Gender Equality in Forces: Women’s participation in combat and combat-support roles reflects societal progress. Challenges outdated stereotypes about women’s operational capability. International Comparison: Many advanced militaries (US, UK, Israel, France) allow women in combat-support and combat roles. Civil-Military Relations: Court has reinforced that military policies must conform to constitutional principles unless backed by explicit legislative mandate. Supreme Court order on stray dogs and Delhi’s shelter infrastructure Context & Background Supreme Court Order (August 2025): Directed civic bodies and authorities in Delhi-NCR to relocate stray dogs from streets to shelters. Objective: Address rising dog bite incidents and improve public safety while adhering to animal welfare norms. Legal Background: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 – provides safeguards for animals, but also allows regulation to protect public health. Animal Birth Control (ABC) Rules, 2023 – mandate sterilisation, vaccination, and relocation to shelters for unclaimed dogs. Previous SC & High Court observations have balanced animal rights with public safety. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Justice)   Current Situation in Delhi Infrastructure Gap: No dedicated large-scale government shelters in the capital. Reliance on NGO-run ABC sterilisation centres, already overburdened. Data from MCD: Sterilisation/Immunisation: 2021–22: 91,326 2022–23: 59,076 2023–24: 79,959 2024–25: 1,31,137 2025 (Apr–Jul): 65,000 Dog Bite Cases: 2021: 6,691 2022: 17,874 2023: 25,210 Trend: Despite increased sterilisation, dog bite cases rising — points to inefficiency in controlling stray population or behavioural issues. Key Challenges Infrastructure Deficit: Capacity shortfall — shelters & sterilisation facilities cannot accommodate the estimated 4–5 lakh stray dogs in Delhi. NGOs report they can house only 100–400 dogs at a time. Financial Constraints: Shelter construction & operation requires substantial budget allocation. Dependence on NGOs without long-term government funding. Operational Barriers: ABC programs disrupted due to lack of space, legal hurdles, and delays in municipal decision-making. Public Health Concern: Rising dog bite incidents leading to rabies risk, increased healthcare burden. Legal & Ethical Balancing: Balancing Article 21 (Right to Life & Safety) for humans with animal welfare under the PCA Act and constitutional principles (Article 51A(g)). Stakeholder Perspectives NGOs: Concerned about feasibility — moving thousands of strays without shelter capacity may worsen conditions. Fear ABC programs may halt completely if shelters become overfilled. RWAs (Resident Welfare Associations): Welcome SC’s intent for safety but sceptical about timely execution. Demand accountability — “heads should roll” if order not implemented. Civic Authorities (MCD): Acknowledge constraints but lack clear roadmap for large-scale shelter setup. Public Sentiment: Divided — some advocate immediate removal for safety; others demand humane treatment and gradual relocation. Policy & Governance Issues Absence of Urban Animal Welfare Planning: No integrated Urban Animal Management Policy in Delhi. Data & Tracking Gaps: No real-time stray dog census; reliance on estimates. Coordination Failure: Poor coordination between MCD, NGOs, and Delhi Government. Judicial Overreach Debate: Experts question if courts should mandate operational timelines without ensuring feasibility. Comparative Perspective International Examples: Turkey: Large-scale municipal shelters, mandatory registration, microchipping. Romania: State-funded sterilisation & adoption drives. Singapore: Strict licensing, penalties for abandonment, high adoption rates. Learning for India: Need for sustained municipal funding, community adoption incentives, and strict abandonment laws. Way Forward Infrastructure Creation: Build regional shelters with modern facilities; integrate veterinary services and adoption centres. Strengthening ABC Programs: Increase sterilisation targets with mobile veterinary units. Public Participation: Incentivise adoption; promote responsible pet ownership. Legislative Strengthening: Amend PCA Act for stronger penalties on abandonment. Data-Driven Action: Conduct annual stray dog census for planning and monitoring. Balanced Approach: Phase-wise relocation, combining sterilisation, vaccination, and adoption — avoiding mass capture without capacity. 10-foot caste wall Background of the Incident Location: Muthulapatti village, Karur district, Tamil Nadu. Structure: 200 feet long, 10 feet high concrete wall, separating two communities — Thottia Naickers and Arunthathiyars. Duration: Wall existed for nearly 3 weeks before demolition on August 9, 2025. Key Trigger: Dispute over access to shared public facilities and discrimination claims. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Communities Involved Thottia Naickers: Traditionally an intermediate caste with warrior and leadership history. Politically influential, dominant in parts of western and central Tamil Nadu. Often in control of local power structures. Arunthathiyars: Scheduled Caste, historically at the bottom of the caste hierarchy. Socially and economically marginalized; victims of historical discrimination and segregation. Faced denial of access to public spaces and facilities. Nature of the Wall Claim by Builders: A barrier to prevent “outsiders” from loitering, drinking, and causing nuisance. Reality as Per Affected Side: A “wall of untouchability” aimed at physical segregation and denial of public rights. Impact: Restricted movement, exacerbated caste-based tensions, and denied symbolic equality. Legal and Administrative Context Land Ownership: Wall was on poramboke (public) land. Violation: No government permission or building plan approval obtained. Action Taken: Tamil Nadu Untouchability Eradication Front condemned wall; official meetings failed to resolve issue. On August 7, eviction notice issued citing encroachment on public property. August 9: Police, revenue officials, and heavy machinery removed the wall under protection. Constitutional & Legal Dimensions Fundamental Rights Violated: Article 14: Equality before law — discriminatory segregation violates this. Article 15(2): Prohibition of discrimination in access to public spaces. Article 17: Abolition of untouchability — wall represents a physical manifestation of untouchability. Article 21: Right to dignity and free movement. Statutory Provisions: Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 — criminalizes the practice of untouchability. SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 — addresses intentional acts of social exclusion. Directive Principles: Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of SC/STs and protection from social injustice. Governance & Administrative Challenges Delayed Action: Multiple failed meetings before enforcement, showing administrative reluctance to confront dominant caste groups. Police’s Balancing Act: Maintaining law and order while addressing deep-seated caste tensions. Symbolic Sensitivity: Demolition was advised not to be celebrated to avoid inflaming tensions. Broader Socio-Political Analysis Caste Segregation in Rural India: Not an isolated case; similar “caste walls” and physical barriers exist across India. Reflects spatial apartheid in rural settlements (Dalit hamlets physically separated). Power Imbalance: Intermediate castes, though not at the top of the hierarchy, exercise strong local control over land, resources, and institutions. Marginalized castes often dependent on them for livelihoods, deepening vulnerability. Cultural & Ritual Exclusion: Arunthathiyars’ requests to participate in village cultural events repeatedly denied, further entrenching symbolic inequality. Lessons & Policy Recommendations Proactive Enforcement: Quick administrative intervention in caste-based barriers to prevent escalation. Mandatory annual social audit of public spaces to ensure inclusivity. Awareness & Education: Social reform campaigns at grassroots level through schools, SHGs, and panchayats. Empowering Marginalized Castes: Strengthen SC/ST grievance redressal mechanisms at district level. Promote Dalit representation in local governance. Judicial Precedent: Courts should expedite hearings on physical segregation cases and impose exemplary costs on violators.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 August 2025

Content Integrated Disaster Preparedness Drill World Lion Day 2025 Integrated Disaster Preparedness Drill Context & Significance Why important? India is among the world’s most disaster-prone countries due to its geo-climatic diversity and population density. Frequent natural and man-made disasters threaten lives, livelihoods, infrastructure,  and development gains. Drills like Exercise Suraksha Chakra operationalize preparedness, test coordination, and build community awareness before actual disasters occur. Policy Alignment: Supports the Sendai Framework (2015–2030) goal of reducing disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods, and health. Fulfills the DM Act 2005 mandate for continuous preparedness and capacity building. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Hazard Profile of India Seismic Risk: 58.6% landmass prone to earthquakes (Zones IV & V). Hydro-meteorological Risks: 12% land prone to floods; 5,700 km of 7,516 km coastline prone to cyclones & tsunamis. 68% cultivable land vulnerable to drought. Geological Risks: 15% landmass prone to landslides; Himalayan belt faces GLOFs & avalanches. Urban & Industrial Risks: 5,161 ULBs prone to urban flooding; high vulnerability to industrial, chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear hazards. Legal & Institutional Framework Disaster Management Act, 2005 Provides legal mandate, defines disaster & disaster management. Establishes NDMA (PM as Chairperson), SDMAs, and DDMAs. Creates NDRF & National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM). Mandates preparation of DM Plans at all levels. Ensures funds: NDRMF, SDRMF, DDRMF for response & mitigation. Empowers authorities for emergency resource requisition & SOP enforcement. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Apex policy-making & coordination body. Approves National DM Plan, issues guidelines for hazards, ensures inter-agency coordination. Oversees DMEx (Disaster Management Exercises) and EOC activation. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) 16 battalions (drawn from CAPFs) with specialized SAR, CBRN response, medical & engineering units. International humanitarian missions: Japan (2011), Turkey-Syria (2023). Works in synergy with SDRFs, local authorities, and armed forces. Policy Evolution National Policy on Disaster Management (2009): Shift from relief-centric to prevention, mitigation, and preparedness. National DM Plan (2019): Aligned with Sendai Framework; focuses on dynamic, actionable, multi-hazard approach. NDMA Guidelines: Hazard-specific and sector-specific SOPs for earthquakes, floods, cyclones, landslides, droughts, CBRN events, urban safety, mass-casualty incidents, etc. Disaster Management Exercises (DMEx) Purpose: Validate DM plans, identify capability gaps, improve coordination, train responders, and raise public awareness. Types: Discussion-based (tabletop exercises, workshops). Action-based (mock drills, field exercises). Four-Phase Methodology: Planning → Preparation → Conduct → Post-exercise review & integration into DM plans. Stakeholder Guidelines: Authorities: Regular, coordinated drills aligned with DM plans. First Responders: Operational readiness & SOP compliance. Local Bodies: Community mobilisation & logistical support. NGOs/Volunteers: Awareness, victim simulation, communication link. Media: Timely, factual dissemination; avoid panic. Key Drills in 2025 UP Flood Mock Exercise (June 2025): Covered all 118 tehsils in 44 flood-prone districts. Amarnath Yatra Mock Drill (June 2025): Tested pilgrim safety and emergency response on Pahalgam Axis. Exercise Suraksha Chakra (Aug 2025): First integrated multi-state, multi-agency earthquake drill in Delhi-NCR. Covered 55 locations in 18 districts (Delhi, Haryana, UP). Involved NDMA, Indian Army, SDMAs, DDMAs. Tested SOPs in schools, hospitals, metros, residential complexes. Activities: Evacuation sirens, medical simulations, structural safety checks. International Linkages Sendai Framework Priority Areas: Understand disaster risk. Strengthen governance to manage risk. Invest in resilience. Enhance preparedness for effective response. India’s DMEx approach directly supports these priorities. Challenges in Disaster Preparedness Inconsistent frequency & quality of drills across states. Limited community participation in urban areas. Resource constraints at district/local levels. Technology integration gaps in early warning & real-time coordination. Over-reliance on post-disaster relief instead of sustained pre-disaster investments. Way Forward Regularization & Standardization: Annual multi-hazard drills at all governance levels. Technology Use: GIS, AI-based risk mapping, real-time incident monitoring. Capacity Building: Expand NDRF training to more local forces & community volunteers. Integration into Development Plans: Mainstream DRR in urban planning, infrastructure, and education. Inclusive Approach: Ensure participation of women, elderly, disabled, and children in drills. Cross-Border Coordination: Joint exercises with neighbouring countries for shared hazards. World Lion Day 2025 Context & Significance World Lion Day: Celebrated annually on 10th August to raise awareness about lion conservation globally. Focuses on threats faced by lions (habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, poaching) and efforts for their protection. Gujarat’s special relevance: Home to the Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica) – found nowhere else in the wild except the Saurashtra region. Holds ecological, cultural, and tourism value; symbol of India’s successful single-species conservation. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Asiatic Lion – Ecological & Historical Background Historical range: Once spread across SW Asia, Middle East, and parts of India; now restricted to Gujarat’s Gir and surrounding landscapes. Ecological role: Apex predator; maintains prey population balance, indirectly sustaining grassland and forest ecosystems. Legal protection: Listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. IUCN Red List: Endangered. CITES Appendix I – strictest trade prohibition. Conservation milestones: Project Lion launched to replicate the success of Project Tiger for Asiatic lions. Population recovery from ~180 in 1974 to 891 in 2025. 2025 Lion Population Update Population growth: 2020: 674 lions. 2025: 891 lions – 32% increase in 5 years. Habitat range: 35,000 sq. km across 11 districts in Saurashtra (Greater Gir Landscape). Key conservation success factors: Community engagement. Anti-poaching patrols & technology (GPS collars, drones). Habitat restoration & water availability during summer. Barda Wildlife Sanctuary – Emerging Second Home Location & area: 192.31 sq. km, spans Porbandar & Devbhumi Dwarka districts. Lion presence: Natural migration in 2023. Current count: 17 (6 adults, 11 cubs). Biodiversity significance: Habitat for leopards, hyenas, chinkara, migratory birds. Potential to reduce over-dependence on Gir forest and disperse lion population. Tourism potential: Near the Dwarka–Porbandar–Somnath religious & heritage circuit. Planned 248 Ha safari park – State Government has already allocated land. 2025 World Lion Day Celebration – Key Highlights Venue: Barda Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat. Simultaneous celebrations: Across 11 districts of Saurashtra. Mass awareness initiative: Lakhs of students (school & college) joining virtually via satellite communication. 2024 participation: 18.63 lakh students. Major launches: ₹180 crore wildlife conservation works. Initiatives for habitat development, water points, prey base enhancement, anti-poaching infrastructure. Conservation Challenges Habitat pressure: Increasing lion population causing territorial spillover into human-dominated areas. Human–wildlife conflict: Livestock predation, rare but occasional human attacks. Genetic bottleneck: All wild Asiatic lions descend from a very small founder population – risk of inbreeding. Single-site vulnerability: Entire global wild population in one state – vulnerable to disease outbreaks or natural disasters (e.g., canine distemper virus outbreak in 2018 killed ~23 lions). Asiatic Lion   Taxonomy & Identification Scientific name: Panthera leo persica. Subspecies: Distinct from the African lion (Panthera leo leo). Physical traits: Slightly smaller than African lions. Males have shorter, darker manes, with ears often visible. Prominent belly fold (skin fold along belly). Less developed tufts at tail tip compared to African lions. Historical Range & Decline Past distribution: Across SW Asia, Middle East, and India. 19th century decline: Overhunting by royals and British officers; habitat loss due to agriculture. By early 20th century: Confined to Gir Forest, Gujarat; only ~20 individuals survived by 1913. Current Distribution Wild population: Entirely in Gujarat’s Saurashtra region (Greater Gir Landscape). Protected areas: Gir National Park & Wildlife Sanctuary. Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary. Mitiyala Wildlife Sanctuary. Pania Sanctuary. Barda Wildlife Sanctuary (emerging second home). Habitat range: ~35,000 sq. km across 11 districts. Conservation Status IUCN Red List: Endangered. CITES: Appendix I (highest level of protection). Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I species. Population: 2020: 674 lions. 2025: 891 lions (32% increase in 5 years). Ecological Role Apex predator of the Saurashtra ecosystem. Regulates herbivore populations (chital, nilgai, sambar). Helps maintain grassland–forest ecological balance. Key Conservation Initiatives Project Lion: Focus on habitat management, prey base augmentation, health monitoring. Community participation: Maldhari pastoralists coexist with lions inside Gir. Technology: GPS collars, camera traps, drones for monitoring. Relocation efforts: Plans to establish second viable population to reduce single-site risk. Threats Single-site vulnerability: All wild lions in one geographical area – susceptible to epidemics/natural disasters. Genetic bottleneck: Small founder population – risk of inbreeding depression. Human–wildlife conflict: Livestock depredation, occasional attacks. Habitat fragmentation: Roads, railways, industrial expansion in lion range.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 August 2025

Content Signing off on an entrenched symbol of stigma Lab Tests at Rural Health Centres – Plugging the Diagnostic Gap Signing off on an entrenched symbol of stigma Background & Context Announcement (April 29, 2025): Tamil Nadu CM M.K. Stalin declared removal of village names ending with ‘colony’ and others with derogatory caste references (Pallappatti, Paraiyappatti, Naavidhan Kulam, Paraiyan Kulam, Sakkilippatti) from official records. Objective: Replace such names with socially neutral ones (flowers, poets, scientists; avoid political leaders). Rationale: Words like ‘colony’ in rural TN have become social markers of untouchability, revealing caste identity and perpetuating stigma. Relevance : GS1 (Society – Role of language and symbolism in dismantling entrenched social hierarchies) Practice Question : “Language both reflects and reinforces social hierarchies. Discuss the significance and limitations of symbolic measures like renaming caste-linked settlements in addressing caste-based discrimination in India.” (250 words) The Problem – How Settlement Names Perpetuate Discrimination In rural Tamil Nadu: Colony = exclusively areas of historically marginalised castes (Dalits). Residential address in official documents → immediate caste identification. Triggers prejudice, condescension, and discrimination in social and institutional settings. Psychological Impact: Constant reminder of social exclusion. Feeling of being victimised for historical identity. Difference with Urban Usage: In cities: ‘Colony’ (e.g., Railway Colony) is caste-neutral. In rural TN: caste-coded term. Historical Roots of Segregated Settlements 12th century CE onwards: Evidence of caste-based settlement segregation linked to varnashrama dharma. Settlements designated for “untouchables” kept physically apart from higher castes. Bhakti movement (6th–9th centuries CE): Initially inclusive in religious devotion. Later, during Chola period temple-building, marginalised some deities & communities. Literary reference: Periya Puranam (12th century) – “theendachery” = untouchable quarters. Nayak rule (14th–17th centuries): Harsh enforcement of varnashrama dharma; physical segregation intensified. British period: Codified caste-segregated settlement names in official records. Strengthened permanence of such terms. Evolution of the Words ‘Cheri’ and ‘Colony’ ‘Cheri’ in ancient Tamil literature: Early meaning (pre-medieval): Neutral term meaning settlement (Tolkappiyam, Kurunthokai, Silappathikaram). No caste connotation until medieval period. Shift in meaning: By 20th century: ‘Cheri’ and ‘Colony’ synonymous with Dalit settlements. ‘Colony’: Original meaning (15th–18th centuries): European colonial residential quarters. Over time in India, became a general term for settlements. In rural TN, shifted to signify lower-caste habitation – an ironic reversal from elite colonial spaces to socially marginalised ghettos. 20th Century Dalit Identity & Terminology Mahatma Gandhi: Coined ‘Harijan’ (“Children of God”) – intended as respectful, but became stigmatised. Iyothee Thass Pandithar: Advocated ‘Adi Dravidar’ term. Justice Party leader M.C. Rajah: 1922 resolution to replace Parayar/Panchamar with Adi Dravidar in official use. Even this term later acquired stigma due to persistent discrimination. Result: Every successive term, however respectful in origin, risked acquiring pejorative meaning in an unchanged social mindset. Present-Day Social Reality Marginalisation not just historical – continues in daily life. Addresses with ‘colony’ or ‘cheri’ lead to: Employment discrimination. Social exclusion in housing, marriage, and public services. Rural specificity: Urban examples of ‘colony’ are socially neutral; rural ones are caste-coded. Government’s Renaming Initiative Names ending with ‘colony’ and caste identifiers to be removed from rural records. Replacement with socially inclusive names (flowers, poets, scientists). Urban names like Velachery, Pondichery, Saibaba Colony remain unaffected as they lack caste implications. Move is symbolic & historic, not a welfare scheme. Aim: Encourage social integration, dismantle linguistic caste markers. Symbolism vs. Structural Change Symbolic value: Public recognition of caste discrimination in language. Step towards normalising caste-neutral geography. Limits: Renaming does not end segregation or economic inequality. Needs parallel investment in education, jobs, housing integration. Still significant in changing state records, which have historically entrenched caste divisions. Lab Tests at Rural Health Centres – Plugging the Diagnostic Gap Background & Context Accurate diagnosis is the foundation of effective treatment. Many diseases require a combination of: Clinical history Physical examination Laboratory tests for confirmation Lack of diagnostic access → incorrect identification → mistreatment or delayed treatment. Relevance : GS2 (Governance & Health – Strengthening primary healthcare and diagnostics for achieving Universal Health Coverage) Practice Question : “Universal Health Coverage in India will remain incomplete without equitable access to diagnostics at the primary care level.” Critically analyse this statement in light of rural-urban healthcare disparities. (250 words) Universal Health Coverage (UHC) & Policy Framework National Health Policy 2017 & India’s commitment to UN SDGs mandate UHC. Key Requirements of UHC: High service coverage Financial protection Challenges: Outpatient care accounts for >60% of out-of-pocket expenditure. Significant costs include drugs, diagnostics, and transport. Health insurance mainly covers hospitalisation, not outpatient diagnostics. Rural-Urban Diagnostic Divide Urban Areas: High availability of private diagnostic services. Rural Areas: Dependent on public health infrastructure. Limited access to point-of-care devices, mobile clinics. Primary health centres (PHCs) & sub-centres lack adequate lab capacity. Result: UHC goals undermined unless diagnostics reach the “last mile”. Changing Health Priorities – Drivers of Demand Epidemiological transition: Declining infectious diseases like TB, but persistence in some areas. Rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) – cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer. Ageing population, environmental & socio-economic changes increase diagnostic needs. Advances in Diagnostic Technology Tele-diagnostics: Radiology, pathology, dermatology. Molecular diagnostics: Higher precision, increasingly usable at primary care. Automation: Semi-auto analysers, portable devices at PHCs. Examples: Portable X-rays at PHCs Blood sugar & cholesterol tests at sub-centres Sputum collection for TB at sub-centres Cost-effectiveness & Implementation Challenges Tech adoption is not just about availability — cost-effectiveness matters. Public health planners must: Evaluate multiple tests for simultaneous use. Prioritise based on evidence & health system needs. Government initiatives: ICMR recommendations for TB, sickle cell, anaemia, HIV, hepatitis testing. National List of Essential Diagnostics (NLED) – updated in 2019. Disease-Specific Diagnostic Priorities Tuberculosis (TB): Molecular testing (GeneXpert/Truenat) for faster detection. Sputum sample collection at sub-centres. Diabetes: HbA1c testing at PHC level. Sickle Cell Anaemia: Screening in endemic regions. HIV, Hepatitis B & C, Syphilis: Available at sub-centres. Workforce & Skill Gaps Shortage of trained lab technicians in rural areas. Need for: Skill development in test performance, interpretation, and equipment handling. Knowledge of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values for test quality assurance. Policy & Systemic Recommendations Extend point-of-care diagnostics to sub-centre level. Integrate diagnostics into UHC planning & budgeting. Invest in training, quality control, and maintenance. Strengthen referral chains between sub-centres, PHCs, and higher facilities. Ensure supply chain reliability for test kits and reagents.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 August 2025

Content Fast-Track Courts in Delhi Fail to Deliver Speedy Justice New Rules for Chemically Contaminated Sites in India How Artificial Intelligence is Tackling Mathematical Problem-Solving India Sets an Example in Asiatic Lion Conservation Plastics Treaty Talks – India Opposes Global Phase-Out Gaza War Stalls IMEC, India’s Key Trade Corridor India’s Agricultural Exports on the Rise Fast-track courts in Delhi fail to fulfil promise of providing speedy justice Basics & Legal Framework FTSC Objective: Expedite trials in rape and POCSO (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences) cases. Legal Mandate: Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2018 introduced stricter provisions and faster timelines. Supreme Court (July 2019) directive: Any district with 100+ pending POCSO cases must set up an exclusive special court. Implementation: Central government launched FTSCs in August 2019. 725 FTSCs functional in 30 States/UTs, including 392 exclusive POCSO courts. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Targets & Performance Target disposal rate: 165 cases annually per FTSC. Ground reality: As of June 30, 2025: 1,66,882 rape/POCSO cases instituted. Only 2,718 disposed of → extremely low clearance rate. Delhi example: 16 FTSCs (11 for POCSO) still face backlog. Structural Challenges Overloaded Dockets: Fast-tracking one case often delays others due to resource constraints. Insufficient Infrastructure: Lack of adequate judges, prosecutors, and trained staff. Underutilisation of Provisions: Despite legal timelines (2 months for certain cases), delays persist due to procedural bottlenecks. Criticisms Advocate Rebecca John: Calls FTSCs a “political gimmick” — no real capacity to handle volume. Limited benefit when the judiciary is overburdened as a whole. Advocate Shilpi Jain: Notes avoidable delays — many cases could conclude quickly due to fewer witnesses. Victim Impact: Delays prolong trauma and weaken deterrence value of the law. Policy-Level Concerns Justice Delivery Paradox: Speed in select cases may harm balance across the judicial system. Need for Systemic Reform: Increase overall judicial capacity, not just create parallel fast-track mechanisms. Strengthen witness protection, digital evidence handling, and pre-trial processes. What are the new rules on chemically contaminated sites? Background & Context Legislative framework: Notified under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 to fill the legal gap in remediation of chemically contaminated sites. Previous status: India had identification and guidance documents (post-2010), but no binding legal procedure for cleanup of contaminated sites. Scale of the problem: 103 sites identified across India by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Only 7 sites have ongoing remediation work. Many sites date back to periods without hazardous waste management regulations. Relevance : GS 2(Health), GS 3(Environment and Ecology , Science and Technology) Definition of Contaminated Sites As per CPCB: Locations where hazardous and other wastes were historically dumped, causing soil, groundwater, and/or surface water contamination. Health & environmental risk: Exposure can lead to cancer, organ damage, reproductive issues, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem degradation. Typical examples: Old landfills and dumps Waste storage/treatment sites Spill sites (industrial accidents) Chemical waste handling/storage facilities Causes & Challenges Historical dumping: Before hazardous waste rules existed (notably before Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 1989). Polluters shut down: Many responsible entities have closed operations or lack financial capacity for cleanup. Complex contamination: Requires expensive, technologically advanced remediation (soil washing, bioremediation, pump-and-treat systems). Evolution of the Legal Framework 2010: Capacity Building Program for Industrial Pollution Management Project launched. Tasks: Inventory of probable contaminated sites – Completed. Guidance document for site assessment and remediation – Completed. Legal, institutional, and financial framework – Pending till 2025. July 25, 2025: Rules notified to operationalise Step 3. Key Provisions of the Rules (2025) a. Identification & Reporting District administration: Prepares half-yearly reports on “suspected contaminated sites.” State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or reference organisation: Conducts preliminary assessment within 90 days. Conducts detailed survey within next 90 days to confirm contamination. b. Assessment Process Measures levels of 189 hazardous chemicals (as per Hazardous & Other Wastes Rules, 2016). If exceeding safe levels: Public notification of location. Restrictions on access to the site. c. Remediation Reference organisation: Drafts a remediation plan. SPCB: Identifies polluter within 90 days. Polluter pays principle: Responsible parties bear cleanup cost. If no polluter or inability to pay → Centre/State fund remediation. d. Liability Civil liability: Cost recovery from polluter. Criminal liability: If contamination caused death/injury → Punishable under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023. Exemptions from the Rules Radioactive waste contamination → governed by Atomic Energy Act, 1962. Mining-related contamination → covered under Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957. Marine oil pollution → under Merchant Shipping Act, 1958. Solid waste from dump sites → regulated under Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016. Notable Omissions & Limitations No fixed remediation timeline: Risk of indefinite delays after identification. Funding ambiguity: No dedicated national remediation fund announced. Technology readiness gap: India’s remediation industry is underdeveloped; dependence on foreign expertise likely. Overlap with other laws: Potential jurisdictional conflicts with waste, mining, and maritime laws. Broader Significance Environmental governance milestone: First structured, legalised process for contaminated site remediation in India. Public health protection: Addresses cancer-causing and toxic chemical exposures. Polluter pays enforcement: Strengthens liability culture in environmental law. Alignment with global norms: Moves India closer to US Superfund model (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act – CERCLA). How artificial intelligence is tackling mathematical problem-solving Background – The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) Nature of IMO Prestigious, annual, global mathematical problem-solving competition for high school students. Consists of 6 original problems over two consecutive days, each with a 3-hour limit per session (total 9 hours). Problems test creativity, logical reasoning, and problem-solving skills rather than advanced formal mathematics. Problems are new and unique — never published before in literature or online. Medal Criteria Gold: Score typically equivalent to solving ~5/6 problems correctly. Silver/Bronze: Lower score thresholds. Grading is strict — a single logical or calculation error invalidates the solution. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) AI’s Entry into IMO 2025 OpenAI’s Announcement Used a general-purpose reasoning model, not specialized or trained for IMO. Achieved Gold medal-level performance under the same time limits as humans. Solutions graded by former IMO medalists hired by OpenAI (led to some disputes over grading accuracy). Announcement made before the competition concluded, which some felt overshadowed human participants. Google DeepMind’s Attempt Used Gemini Deep Think (advanced reasoning model). Participated officially with IMO organisers’ permission. Scored 35/42 points — a confirmed Gold medal score. Solutions praised by IMO graders for clarity, precision, and ease of understanding. Stages of AI Mathematical Capability Development Initial Challenges (ChatGPT launch phase) Frequent hallucinations (fabricated facts). Basic arithmetic mistakes and flawed reasoning. Incapable of reliably solving even moderate-level math problems. First Major Improvement – Agents Models given ability to: Search the web for accurate info. Use Python interpreters to perform calculations and verify reasoning. Result: Dramatic increase in accuracy on moderately hard problems. Second Breakthrough – Reasoning Models Examples: OpenAI o3, Gemini-2.5-pro. Operate like internal monologue models: Consider multiple approaches before deciding. Revisit and refine intermediate reasoning. Restart if necessary. Aim for a logically consistent final answer. Proof Verification Systems Integration with formal proof checkers like the Lean prover. Used to formally verify mathematical proofs for correctness. Example: AlphaProof (Google DeepMind, 2024) — Silver medal equivalent (but took 2 days). Reinforcement Learning with Synthetic Data Models generate and test vast quantities of synthetic problems. Similar to how AI mastered chess by self-play starting only from rules. Broader Implications Research and innovation acceleration: AI can assist in generating approaches, identifying related problems, and verifying solutions at high speed. Formal proof integration can prevent errors in complex, long-term projects. Shift in intellectual benchmarks: Human-only benchmarks like IMO may no longer remain exclusive to humans. Potential need for redefining measures of human achievement. From problem-solving to sustained research: Short-term creativity ≠ long-term research reliability. Research requires sustained error-free progress over months or years — AI integration with proof systems is a step toward this. Ethical & Governance Challenges Timing of announcements: Premature disclosures risk overshadowing human achievements. Fairness in evaluation: Company-appointed graders create conflict-of-interest perceptions. Need for independent verification standards for AI competition results. Motivational impact: Risk of diminishing incentive for human participation if AI dominance becomes the norm. Originality concerns: AI combines known ideas but its capacity for truly novel insights remains debated. India has set an example in lion conservation Background – Asiatic Lion & Its Significance Species: Panthera leo persica – subspecies of the lion, genetically distinct from African lions. Distribution: Once spread across Southwest Asia to eastern India; now confined to Gujarat (Gir National Park & surrounding areas). Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Endangered. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest protection). Ecological Role: Apex predator, keystone species maintaining prey population balance in semi-arid ecosystems. Cultural Importance: Symbol of strength in Indian mythology, national emblem inspiration. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key 2025 Census Findings Population: 2020 Census: 674 individuals. 2025 Census: 891 individuals (+32% growth in 5 years). Historical Context: 1880s: Fewer than 20 lions survived in Gir due to hunting. Strict protection since 20th century led to steady recovery. Habitat Expansion: Gir → Girnar, Girnar–Barda corridor, Mitiyala, and now Barda Wildlife Sanctuary. Factors Behind Growth Strict Legal Protection: Wildlife (Protection) Act enforcement, anti-poaching patrols. Habitat Management: Grassland restoration, prey base improvement. Community Involvement: Maldhari pastoralists allowed to live in Gir; model of coexistence with lions. Compensation for livestock depredation reduces retaliation killings. Political Will: PM’s directive (2024) to boost lion population and develop Barda as new habitat fulfilled. Conservation Challenges Genetic Bottleneck: Single population increases vulnerability to disease outbreaks (e.g., Canine Distemper Virus in 2018). Habitat Saturation: Growing numbers risk human-lion conflict outside protected areas. Climate Change Impacts: Heavy rains, cyclones in Saurashtra affecting prey base and habitat. Infrastructure Development: Road, rail, and mining projects fragment corridors. Strategic Measures Mentioned by the Minister Habitat Diversification: Development of Barda Wildlife Sanctuary as alternative habitat. Global Alliances: International Big Cat Alliance – covers 7 big cat species across 97 countries. Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) – addresses climate-induced threats. International Solar Alliance – promotes renewable energy in conservation landscapes. Flagship Species Projects: Project Lion, Project Tiger, Project Elephant, Project Dolphin, Project Great Indian Bustard. Comparative Context – Other Big Cats in India Tigers: 58 tiger reserves (up from 47), hosting ~70% of global tiger population. Snow Leopards: Population ~714 in India; conservation ongoing. Cheetahs: African cheetah reintroduction in Kuno NP (Madhya Pradesh). Global Species: Jaguars & pumas in Latin America; emphasis on international cooperation for all big cat species. Governance & Policy Linkages Wildlife Corridors: National Wildlife Action Plan (2017–2031) focuses on landscape-level conservation. Species Recovery Programmes: Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Development of Wildlife Habitats funds Project Lion. Community-Based Models: Eco-development projects (₹189 crore launched) – safari park, interpretation centre, etc., linking livelihoods to conservation. Plastics Treaty Talks – India Opposes Phase-Out Background – What is the Global Plastics Treaty? Origin: Negotiations under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to create the world’s first legally binding plastics treaty, addressing plastic pollution across its life cycle. Mandate: Agreed in 2022 by UN member states to finalise the treaty by end-2024; current Geneva round is in its second and final week before the next meeting in Busan (Nov–Dec 2025). Scope: Covers measures on: Plastic production limits. Phase-out of harmful/single-use products. Waste management improvements. Financing, technology transfer, and international cooperation. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) India’s Stance in Geneva Aligned With: Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran — largely oil/petrochemical producers. Opposed Provisions: Mandatory phase-out or supply restrictions on primary polymer production. Annexed global product phase-out lists with fixed deadlines (Annex Y). Any article duplicating or overlapping with other international bodies (WTO, WHO). Demanded: No global lists/dates for product bans in the main treaty text. Focus on national discretion and flexibility. Stronger emphasis on finance, technical assistance, and technology transfer to help developing countries meet obligations. Annex Y – Controversial List Contents: Items proposed for global phase-out such as: Single-use plastic bags. Straws, cutlery. Balloon sticks. Microbead-containing cosmetics. India’s Position: Even if domestically some items are already banned, opposes binding global bans as they may limit policy flexibility and ignore local socio-economic contexts. Reasons for India’s Opposition to Global Phase-Out Developmental Concerns: Binding global limits can constrain industrial growth and petrochemical sectors. Economic Impact: Threat to jobs and export competitiveness in plastics/petrochemicals. Technology Gaps: Lack of affordable, scalable alternatives for all banned products. Trade Law Issues: Risk of WTO disputes if treaty obligations conflict with trade rules. Policy Sovereignty: Preference for voluntary/ nationally determined actions over one-size-fits-all mandates. Broader Negotiation Dynamics Pro-Phase-Out Bloc: EU, Mexico, Australia, many African nations – pushing for: “High ambition” treaty. Production caps, life-cycle controls, chemical use restrictions. Opposition Bloc: Major oil/plastics producers – focus on waste management, recycling, and downstream solutions instead of production cuts. Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDC): India among those calling for flexibility and national circumstances to dictate timelines. Practical Realities of Porting Global Bans Implementation Challenges: Infrastructure for waste collection and recycling is uneven globally. High transition costs without assured financing. Risk of Non-Compliance: If bans are too rigid, countries may simply fail to implement, undermining treaty credibility. Financing Needs: Grants/loans for waste management systems. R&D support for biodegradable and alternative materials. Technology transfer without prohibitive IP barriers. Implications for India Short Term: Maintains flexibility in domestic policy. Protects economic interests of plastics and petrochemical industries. Medium to Long Term: If the global market shifts towards reduced plastic use, India may face trade barriers on plastic exports. Will eventually need to scale up alternatives and recycling capacity to remain competitive. Environmental Trade-Off: Slower global phase-out means continued plastic leakage risks. India’s domestic bans and EPR policies still play a key role in mitigation. Way Forward – Balanced Approach India’s Negotiation Levers: Advocate phased targets tied to finance & tech transfer. Support capacity-building commitments before imposing production caps. Push for differentiated obligations for developed vs. developing countries (CBDR principle). Domestic Strategy: Strengthen enforcement of current single-use bans. Incentivise industry shift to sustainable alternatives. Enhance recycling infrastructure under Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). Gaza War Stalls IMEC, India’s Key Trade Corridor IMEC Overview Announced at G20 2023 to connect India–Middle East–Europe via two corridors (Eastern maritime + rail, Western maritime + European rail). Aims to cut India–Europe transit time by ~40% vs Red Sea route. Includes trade, digital, electricity, hydrogen links; tariff & insurance standardisation; job creation; emission reduction. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Structure Eastern leg: India’s west coast → UAE ports → freight rail across UAE–Saudi–Jordan → Haifa (Israel). Western leg: Haifa → Greece/Italy ports → European rail network. Pre-war Political Window Arab–Israel normalisation (Saudi expected to join). Geo-economic gains took precedence over Palestine issue. Enabled multi-state cooperation with EU, Gulf, and India. Gaza War Impact 61,000 killed in Gaza; deepened Arab public opposition to Israel. Saudi–Israel normalisation stalled; Jordan–Israel ties at historic low. Political legitimacy for Israel-linked corridor collapsed. Red Sea attacks disrupted shipping, raising insurance and freight costs. Operational Constraints Post-war Western leg politically blocked; transit rights unavailable. Higher marine insurance premiums in conflict zone. Delay in tariff harmonisation, financing, and customs integration. Investor confidence weakened. Current Feasibility Eastern leg viable due to India–UAE–Saudi ties (e.g., UPI integration). Western leg uncertain until Middle East stability restored. Corridor now a “day-after” plan, contingent on political resolution. Strategic Stakes for India Diversifies away from Suez chokepoint. Strengthens Gulf–India–EU value chains. Enhances India’s role in global connectivity diplomacy. Policy Priorities for India Fast-track Eastern leg with binding UAE/Saudi agreements. Create multilateral corridor insurance pool. Keep technical work alive for Western leg without political linkage. Upgrade west-coast ports & logistics for immediate readiness. Maintain backchannel diplomacy with Israel, Jordan, EU. Risks Political: Prolonged conflict freezes Western leg. Economic: Security costs make IMEC uncompetitive. Technical: Fragmented standards slow interoperability. Mitigation Modular implementation; risk-sharing finance models. Early standard-setting; customs digitalisation. Security cooperation in Red Sea & Arabian Sea. India’s Agricultural Exports on the Rise Context & Background India’s trade composition: Merchandise exports are currently flat or declining, but agricultural exports are showing resilience and growth. Significance: Agriculture trade surplus is one of the few areas where India consistently exports more than it imports, contributing positively to the trade balance. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy , Agriculture) Current Performance FY 2024–25 (Apr–Jun): Agri exports: $13.44 billion (up 5.84% YoY from $12.69 billion). Agri imports: $9.12 billion. Trade surplus in agriculture: $4.32 billion. Full FY 2023–24: $43.74 billion exports, slightly higher than $43.71 billion in FY 2022–23. Key Drivers of Growth Strong segments: Marine products, coffee, fruits & vegetables, basmati rice, and buffalo meat. Falling segments: Oilseeds, non-basmati rice, oilmeals, wheat. Government policy impact: Ban/restrictions on exports of certain commodities (rice, wheat, sugar) to manage domestic inflation and food security. Removal of such restrictions can directly impact export volumes. Trade Composition Top 5 export items (Apr–Jun 2024–25):Marine products – $4.05B (24.05% share).Basmati rice – $1.94B (14.45% share).Non-basmati rice – $1.63B.Spices – $1.45B.Buffalo meat – $0.79B. High growth items: Fruits & vegetables (+13.79%), spices (+9.49%), marine products (+19.45%). Declining items: Oilmeals (-12.25%), oilseeds (-8.57%), processed fruits & vegetables (-2.96%). Global Market Dynamics Global food price trends: UN FAO Food Price Index shows a decline from 2019–20 highs, reducing export value growth rates. Geopolitics & tariffs: US presidential trade policy (especially potential Trump return) could impose a 50% tariff on marine products, affecting $3.5B worth of exports. Brazil and other competitors could capture Indian market share in key commodities like frozen shrimp. Competition: Vietnam, Ecuador, and Indonesia are strengthening positions in seafood exports; Brazil in agri commodities. Domestic Factors Affecting Exports Inflation control measures: Export bans/restrictions on rice, wheat, sugar reduced outward shipments. Production trends: Shift in cropping patterns and yields affect exportable surplus. Logistics & port capacity: Growth in marine exports is tied to port infrastructure efficiency. Trade Surplus Trends Agriculture trade surplus decline: From $27.7B in FY 2013–14 to ~$5.9B in FY 2023–24 due to faster growth in imports. Rising imports of vegetable oils, pulses, and fruits are eroding the surplus. Import pressures: Dependence on edible oils (palm, soybean, sunflower) remains high. Seasonal fruit imports (apples, pears, citrus) and pulses (lentils, chickpeas) fill domestic supply gaps. Risks Ahead US tariff uncertainty: Could hit $3.5B marine exports heavily. Global demand slowdown: Economic weakness in importing nations may reduce demand. Commodity price volatility: Weather events (El Niño, monsoon variability) can affect yields and prices. Policy unpredictability: Sudden export bans hurt long-term buyer trust. Strategic Implications for India Need for diversification: Reduce dependence on a few commodities like marine products and basmati rice. Value addition: Increase processed and branded food exports to capture higher margins. Trade agreements: Secure preferential market access with major buyers to counter tariff threats. Import substitution: Focus on domestic oilseed and pulse production to reduce import dependency. Sustainability: Align exports with climate-resilient farming to maintain long-term competitiveness.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 August 2025

Content Tribal Day 2025: Building an Inclusive India Through Tribal Empowerment Shree Anna for Shreshta Bharat Tribal Day 2025: Building an Inclusive India Through Tribal Empowerment Context & Significance Occasion: World Tribal Day (International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples) – Aug 9, declared by UN in 1994 to raise awareness about indigenous peoples’ rights and contributions. India’s Indigenous Population: 10.42 crore Scheduled Tribe (ST) population (~8.6% of India’s population; Census 2011). Among 47.6 crore indigenous people across 90 countries. Government Philosophy: “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, Sabka Prayaas” – focus on inclusive development and ensuring no tribal community is left behind. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Issues) Budgetary & Institutional Framework Ministry of Tribal Affairs budget: 2014–15: ₹4,497.96 crore 2024–25: ₹13,000 crore (~3× increase). Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribes (DAPST): Mandates 4.3%–17.45% of budgets in 42 central ministries/departments for tribal development. Funding growth: ₹21,525.36 crore (2013–14) → ₹1,24,908 crore (2024–25) (~5× increase). Covers 200+ schemes across education, health, agriculture, skill development, livelihoods, sanitation. DAPST expenditure (last 5 years): 2020–21: ₹48,084.10 crore 2021–22: ₹82,530.58 crore 2022–23: ₹90,972.76 crore 2023–24: ₹1,03,452.77 crore 2024–25 (Provisional): ₹1,04,436.24 crore Flagship Village & PVTG Programs PM Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan (PM JUGA / Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan) Launched: 2 Oct 2024, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand. Budget: ₹79,156 crore (till 2029). Coverage: ~63,843 tribal-majority villages & 112 Aspirational Districts. Progress (July 2025): 4 lakh+ pucca houses completed. 26,513 villages with piped water supply. 2,212 villages with mobile connectivity. 282 Anganwadi centres operational. 692 hostels sanctioned. PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN) Target Group: 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) (~47.5 lakh people, 19 states/UTs). Budget: ₹24,104 crore. Defining traits of PVTGs: Pre-agricultural tech Low literacy Economic backwardness Declining/stagnant population Key progress (till June 2025): Pucca houses: 90,892 completed (target: 4.90 lakh). Piped water: 6,737 villages covered (target: 19,375). Mobile towers: 901 habitations covered (target: 4,543). Electrification: 92,311 households (target: 1.43 lakh). Governance & Capacity Building Aadi Karmayogi – Responsive Governance Programme Goal: Train 20 lakh grassroots tribal functionaries for better service delivery. Approach: Cascading training via Regional & State Process Labs. Integration: Works with PM JUGA & PM JANMAN to improve convergence, transparency, and participation. Livelihood & Entrepreneurship PM Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PM JVM) Started: 2021; Implemented via TRIFED. Focus: Tribal entrepreneurship, forest-based livelihoods. Events: 79 artisan melas, 50 exhibitions (2022–25). Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs) Structure: Each cluster = 15 SHGs (300 beneficiaries); funding: ₹15 lakh/cluster. Coverage: 4,661 VDVKs sanctioned; 12.8 lakh beneficiaries. Sales: ₹129.86 crore total. Tribal Startups Initiative: Dharti Aaba TribePreneurs (April 2025). Support: ₹50 crore Venture Capital Fund for ST entrepreneurs; tie-ups with IIMs, IITs, IFCI, META. Recognition: Startups from Sikkim & Nagaland awarded for D2C travel services & sustainable agri-tech. Education & Scholarships Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) Current: 479 schools, 1.38 lakh students. Planned: 728 schools for 3.5 lakh students. Funding growth: ₹922.39 crore (2020–21) → ₹4,053.87 crore (2024–25). Staffing: 9,075 filled posts out of 38,480 sanctioned. Digital & Skill Initiatives: Smart classrooms, DTH channel, computer labs, Amazon Future Engineer, skill labs. IIT-JEE/NEET coaching partnerships (Avanti Fellows, Tata Motors). Scholarships (2019–20 to 2024–25) Post Matric: 1.01 crore beneficiaries; ₹13,380.86 crore. Pre Matric: 54.41 lakh; ₹1,851.64 crore. National Fellowship: 0.16 lakh; ₹671.41 crore. Top Class Education: 0.22 lakh; ₹283.57 crore. National Overseas Scholarship: 269 students; ₹28.74 crore. Health Interventions National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission (2023–2047): Target screening 7 crore people in tribal areas. Bhagwan Birsa Munda Chair of Tribal Health at AIIMS Delhi; 15 Centres of Competence in 14 states. Rights & Legal Safeguards Forest Rights Act, 2006: 25.11 lakh land titles distributed to tribals & forest dwellers (till May 2025). NCSTGRAMS: Online grievance redressal; 1,747 cases registered in FY 2025–26 (till Aug 7). Cultural Preservation Tribal Research Institutes (29): Document heritage, languages, folk arts. Funding (2020–25): ₹265.94 crore. Tribal Freedom Fighter Museums (11 sanctioned; 3 completed): Ranchi, Jabalpur, Chhindwara. Festivals: Janjatiya Gaurav Divas (15 Nov). Aadi Mahotsav – national platform; 2025 edition saw 600 artisans, 500 performers, MoUs with corporates & NIFT. Strategic Implications for Inclusive Development Holistic approach: Combining infrastructure, health, education, livelihoods, rights, and culture. Budgetary commitment: Significant long-term scaling of central allocations. Decentralized delivery: PM JUGA & PM JANMAN’s village-level interventions target last-mile connectivity. Integration with Aspirational Districts Programme ensures high-impact targeting in lagging regions. Challenges ahead: Geographic remoteness & dispersed populations. High disease burden (sickle cell). Need for sustainable livelihoods beyond state support. Preservation of culture amid rapid integration. Shree Anna for Shreshta Bharat Basics of Millets Definition & Types Small-grained cereals, drought-resistant, adaptable to various soils and climates. Major millets: Sorghum (Jowar), Pearl millet (Bajra), Finger millet (Ragi). Small millets: Little millet (Kutki), Kodo millet (Kodo), Barnyard millet (Sawa), Foxtail millet (Kangni), Proso millet (Cheena). Nutritional Profile High in protein, fibre, vitamins (B-complex), minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium). Gluten-free, low glycaemic index → suitable for diabetics and celiac patients. Superior nutritional quality vs wheat & rice → “Nutritious Cereals” / “Shree Anna”. Climate Resilience Requires less water, grows in degraded soils, withstands temperature extremes. Short crop cycle → better fit for climate-smart agriculture. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Agriculture) India’s Global Standing & Production Trends Largest Producer Globally: 38.4% of global millet production (FAO, 2023). Production (2024–25): 180.15 lakh tonnes — ↑4.43 lakh tonnes from previous year. Top Producing States (2024–25): Rajasthan Maharashtra Karnataka Crop-wise share: Bajra (largest) > Jowar > Ragi > Small millets. Policy & Budgetary Support Cultivation Support National Food Security Mission – Nutri Cereals Covers 28 States + UTs of J&K and Ladakh. Includes major & small millets. Assistance: cluster demonstrations, HYV seeds, modern farm machinery, irrigation tools, soil health inputs, farmer training. Umbrella scheme under Krishionnati Yojana: ₹8,000 crore (2025–26). Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM RKVY) Flexible for states’ priorities including millets. Budget: ₹8,500 crore (2025–26). Processing & Value Chain Development PM-FME Scheme Focus: Micro food processing units (incl. millet-based products). Budget: ₹2,000 crore (2025–26). Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Millet-Based Products (PLISMBP) Encourages RTE/RTC millet products with ≥15% millet content (domestically sourced). ₹800 crore outlay (part of PLISFPI) — ₹793.27 crore approved for 29 companies. Linked to ≥10% annual sales growth. Export Promotion APEDA: ₹80 crore (2025–26) for millet exports. Exports (2024–25): 89,164.96 tonnes, worth $37 million. Initiatives: Export Promotion Forum, dedicated millet portal, start-up & research partnerships, branding and market linkages. Research & Development ICAR – Indian Institute of Millets Research (IIMR), Hyderabad Global Centre of Excellence (2023). Focus: HYV seeds, farmer training, value addition, FPO promotion. State collaborations (Odisha, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Chhattisgarh). Public Procurement & Distribution Integrated into PM-GKAY and NFSA. States can substitute wheat/rice with millets under PDS upon request. PM-GKAY allocation: ₹2,03,000 crore (2025–26). State-Level Best Practices Andhra Pradesh (APDMP): IFAD-supported drought mitigation via FPOs, minor millet varieties, millet-based recipes. Chhattisgarh Millet Mission (2021): Tribal inclusion, decentralised processing, ICAR-IIMR MoU for Kodo, Kutki, Ragi. Haryana – Bhavantar Bharpayee Yojana: Price compensation (up to ₹600/qtl for Bajra), crop diversification. Odisha Millet Mission (2017): Tribal focus, ragi revival, millet in Anganwadi food, Millet Shakti Cafés, incubation centres, ODOP designation. Nagaland – NFSM Nutri-Cereals: Foxtail millet promotion, seed distribution, pest/nutrient management. Millets Mainstreaming Framework Value Chain Stages: Production – HYV seeds, irrigation, training. Storage & Transport – post-harvest loss reduction, better storage. Processing – cleaning, grading, tech adoption (esp. for small millets). Packaging & Branding – nutrition labelling, organic certification, brand building. Distribution – market linkages, exports, FPO collaboration. Consumption – awareness drives, millet-based snacks in govt offices/events. Foundations: Institutional support, finance access, partnerships, policy facilitation, gender inclusion. Visibility: Millets Experience Centre at Dilli Haat. Broader Significance Economic: Diversifies farmer income, reduces crop risk, boosts exports. Nutritional Security: Tackles malnutrition and lifestyle diseases. Climate Adaptation: Low water footprint, heat/drought tolerance. Social Impact: Supports tribal farmers, women’s SHGs, rural entrepreneurship. Key Challenges Ahead Limited processing infrastructure in some regions. Consumer awareness and taste preferences still skewed towards rice/wheat. Need for stronger private sector investment in millet-based product innovation. Post-International Year of Millets momentum must be sustained through continuous policy push.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 August 2025

Content Uttarkashi Tragedy and the Urgent Call for Sustainable Development World court’s advisory opinion boosts climate action Uttarkashi Tragedy and the Urgent Call for Sustainable Development Geographical & Ecological Context Location & Terrain Uttarkashi district lies on the southern slope of the Western Himalaya. Characterised by steep slopes, narrow valleys, and glacially fed rivers like the Bhagirathi. Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) Bhagirathi Eco-Sensitive Zone (BESZ) notified in 2012, covering 4,100 sq km between Gaumukh and Uttarkashi. Objective: Restrict unregulated development, preserve ecology, regulate construction, and safeguard river systems. Himalayan Fragility Highly prone to landslides, flash floods, avalanches, and GLOFs (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods). Climate change amplifies risks due to glacial retreat, permafrost melt, and altered precipitation patterns. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ) , GS 3(Disaster Management ) Practice Question : Examine the role of unregulated infrastructure development in amplifying disaster risks in the fragile Himalayan ecosystem, with special reference to the Uttarkashi floods of August 2025.(250 words) Sequence of the August 5, 2025 Disaster Three Major Events in a Short Stretch 1:00 pm – First flood in Dharali (initially suspected as cloudburst; IMD later denied). Swept away houses, hotels, bazaar area, Kalp Kedar temple. 3:00 pm – Second flood downstream of Harsil. 3:30 pm – Third flood submerged Harshil helipad, hindering relief efforts. Casualties & Damage 4 confirmed deaths, 60–70 missing (including 9 Army personnel). Destruction of 20–25 hotels/homestays, shops, apple orchards. Cause (as per scientists like Navin Juyal) Not cloudbursts, but three near-simultaneous avalanches triggered by: Melting snow from rising temperatures. Heavy monsoon rains. Release of debris from cirques (hanging glaciers full of moraines). Avalanches carried ice, boulders, and water down steep deodar-covered slopes into streams. Underlying Structural & Policy Failures Weak Enforcement of BESZ Norms Infrastructural projects (roads, hotels) built in floodplains and on unstable slopes. Government ignored MoEF&CC monitoring committee warnings. Char Dham Highway Expansion Plans to widen the Gangotri highway through BESZ for tourism. High Powered Committee (HPC) Recommendation: Avoid cutting deodar forests. Consider elevated highway closer to river to prevent slope destabilisation. Status: Ignored – 6,000 deodar trees marked for felling. Tourism-Driven Overdevelopment Rapid construction without carrying-capacity studies. Encroachment on river corridors and para-glacial zones. Ignored Precedents Kedarnath flood (2013). Raunthi Gad avalanche destroying Tapovan-Vishnugad HEP (2021). Joshimath land subsidence (2023). GLOF in Teesta Valley (2023). Himachal monsoon landslides (2023–24). Scientific & Climatic Dimensions Climate Change Amplifiers Rising temperatures accelerate snow/glacier melt → more avalanches. Intense monsoon bursts increase flood risk. Hydrological Instability Small streams in Himalayas can swell suddenly, change course, and breach banks. Glacial Morphology Factors Cirques & hanging glaciers act as reservoirs for debris and water. Unstable moraines are prone to collapse under heat + rain stress. Governance & Preparedness Gaps Early Warning Deficiencies Lack of dense automatic weather station network in high altitudes. Inadequate satellite-based real-time monitoring for avalanches & GLOFs. Disaster Response Bottlenecks Constant rain + unstable muck hindered rescue operations. Loss of critical infrastructure (helipads, roads) during disaster slows aid. Policy Disconnect No integration of climate change adaptation into infrastructure planning. Disaster risk assessments often post-facto, not pre-emptive. Key Lessons & Imperatives Respect Mountain Ecology Avoid major HEPs in para-glacial zones. No road widening on slopes >30°. Keep human settlements away from flood-prone streams. Enforce BESZ Regulations No exemptions for tourism or “strategic” projects without environmental clearance. Infrastructure Rethink Elevated roads, slope stabilisation, tunnelling where feasible. Limit tree felling; prioritise native forest conservation. Carrying-Capacity Studies Mandatory before approving any large tourism or urban expansion project. Climate Resilience Measures Expand automatic weather & avalanche detection systems. Satellite + AI-based early warning dissemination to villages. Community-led disaster preparedness training. Policy Integration Link climate change science → hazard mapping → development planning. Apply Supreme Court’s precautionary principle in Himalayan projects. Broader Message The Himalayas are not just tourist backdrops, but a living, fragile system central to India’s water security, biodiversity, and climate stability. Unsustainable development = amplified disaster risks, where natural hazards turn into human tragedies. “Respect the Mountain” is not rhetoric – it’s a survival imperative for people, ecosystems, and the economy. World court’s advisory opinion boosts climate action Background: Role of ICJ & Nature of Advisory Opinions ICJ (International Court of Justice) – principal judicial organ of the UN; also called the World Court. Advisory Opinions: Not legally binding like judgments in contentious cases. Authoritative interpretations of international law → carry significant moral, political, and legal weight. Can generate international pressure on states to align behaviour with legal norms. Example: UK’s eventual handover of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius after ICJ advisory opinion (2019). Context: Small Island Developing States (SIDS), facing existential climate threats, led the UN General Assembly initiative to seek this opinion. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : The recent advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice marks a paradigm shift in interpreting states’ obligations under climate treaties. Critically analyse its potential impact on global climate governance and the Global South–North divide.(250 words) Key Legal Findings of the ICJ States have legal obligations under international law to: Protect the climate system. Prevent significant harm. Cooperate internationally to address climate change. Obligations are universal – transcend politics; states cannot ignore them. Failure to comply has legal consequences, even without binding treaty enforcement mechanisms. Interpretation of Climate Treaties ICJ interpreted UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement as a coherent whole. Integrated best available scientific consensus (e.g., IPCC findings) and COP decisions. Paris Agreement temperature goal: Official: “Well below 2°C” with efforts toward 1.5°C. ICJ interpretation: 1.5°C threshold is the relevant binding benchmark given current science. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): States do not have unfettered discretion. NDCs must reflect “highest possible ambition”. Duty of due diligence → states must take measures reasonably capable of meeting NDCs. Rejection of the argument that NDCs create no binding obligations. Global North–South Divide & Climate Justice Reinforced Common But Differentiated Responsibilities & Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC): Action standards vary based on historical emissions, development level, and national circumstances. Developed countries’ obligations: Legally bound to provide climate finance and technology transfer to developing nations. Applies to both mitigation and adaptation. Financial support obligation interpreted in light of: Temperature goal. Subsequent climate agreements (e.g., COP commitments). Compliance judged on good faith and due diligence standards. Rejection of “Self-Contained Regime” Argument Some states (including India) argued climate treaties operate as a self-contained regime, excluding general international law principles. ICJ rejected this, affirming: Climate obligations also arise from: Customary international law. Other environmental treaties. Law of the Sea Convention. Duties include: Duty to prevent significant harm. Duty of cooperation. Duty of due diligence. Climate change impacts human rights, especially of vulnerable groups. Obligations extend to ensuring a just transition without human rights violations. State Responsibility & Causation ICJ rejected the claim that causation is too hard to prove. Modern science enables attribution: Each state’s historical + current emissions can be calculated. Enables individual responsibility for contribution to climate harm. Withdrawal from climate treaties (e.g., US withdrawal from Paris Agreement under Trump) does not remove obligations under customary international law. Implications for Global South & Strategic Litigation Legal victory for small island states – strengthens accountability mechanisms. Potential to: Bolster climate-related human rights litigation (e.g., Ridhima Pandey v. Union of India). Pressure major emitters to raise ambition. Demand greater climate finance and technology transfer. Challenge disproportionate burden on developing countries. Provides leverage in climate negotiations and disputes. Broader International Legal Significance Climate change framed as cross-cutting legal obligation under multiple regimes, not just environmental treaties. Establishes due diligence + highest ambition as legal standards. Aligns legal interpretation with evolving scientific consensus. Strengthens link between climate action and human rights protection. Supports the development of customary international law on climate obligations.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 August 2025

Content Is the Indian economy perfectly balanced? How groundwater contamination is fuelling chronic illnesses NH Accident Crisis Was glacial lake breach over Dharali the trigger? Experts find some clues Topra Kalan Diabetes among older Indian adults Russian Oil Discount Narrows for India Is the Indian economy perfectly balanced? “Goldilocks Economy” Definition: An economic condition that is “just right” – moderate GDP growth, low inflation, and favourable monetary conditions. Origin of term: Derived from the “Goldilocks and the Three Bears” fairy tale — not too hot (overheating economy), not too cold (recession), but balanced. Implication: Sustains economic expansion without triggering high inflation or requiring restrictive monetary policy. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) India’s “Mini-Goldilocks Moment” – Official & Market View Finance Ministry claim: Moderate inflation, strong GDP growth, and stable interest rates in 2024-25. GDP growth at 7.6% (FY2024). India’s GDP size: $3.6 trillion (end of FY2024). Analysts’ assessment: Termed it a quarterly ‘mini-Goldilocks moment’. Factors: Peaking interest rates, strong corporate earnings, growth momentum into 2025. Hidden Fault Lines – Why the Label is Misleading A. Inflation – Headline vs. Reality CPI (General): Fell from 4.8% (May 2024) to 2.82% (May 2025) – appears within RBI’s comfort zone. CFPI (Food inflation): Persistently higher than general CPI, e.g.: Oct 2024: CPI 6.21%, CFPI 10.87%. Aug 2024: CPI 3.65%, CFPI 5.66%. Impact: Food ~50% of household consumption for lower-income groups. Volatile food inflation disrupts household budgeting, savings, and nutrition quality. Core inflation relevance: Excludes volatile food & fuel; better captures persistent cost pressures (housing, education, transport). Net takeaway: Low headline inflation masks high volatility in essentials that hit poorer households hardest. B. Real Wages vs. Nominal Wages Nominal wage growth ≠ actual purchasing power gain. 2023: Nominal salary hike 9.2%, real wage growth only 2.5%. 2020: Real wage growth -0.4%, despite nominal growth 4.4%. 2025 projection: Real wage growth 4% vs. nominal 8.8%. Why it matters: Inflation erodes much of the nominal gains. For households, 9% salary hike with 7% inflation = only 2% extra purchasing capacity. ILO & economists’ warning: Stagnant real wages = weak consumption demand → slows broad-based recovery. Result: Growing disconnect between GDP growth and household financial well-being. C. Income Inequality Gini coefficient (taxable income): AY13: 0.489 → AY16: 0.435 → AY23 (forecast): 0.402. Apparent decline, but formal sector data underrepresents inequality in the informal economy. Post-pandemic trend: “K-shaped” recovery – affluent & select industries thrive; lower-income groups stagnate. Wealth concentration: Surge in billionaires alongside stagnant wages for lower tiers. Socioeconomic effects: Risk of reduced social cohesion, constrained access to health & education, and weaker inclusive growth. D. Fiscal Constraints Fiscal deficit path: 6.4% (2022-23) → target 4.4% (2025-26). Revenue deficit: 4% → target 1.5%. Primary deficit: 3% → target 0.8%. Challenges: Absolute deficit levels still high. Public debt-to-GDP: ~81% (2022-23), well above FRBM target of 60%. Implications: Large debt-servicing burden reduces space for social/infrastructure spending. Risk of “crowding out” private investment due to heavy govt. borrowing. Macro Picture – Beyond the Headline Strengths: High GDP growth (7.6%), easing interest rates, declining headline CPI. Positive short-term investor sentiment. Weaknesses: Persistent food price volatility. Weak real wage growth constraining demand. Inequality in income & wealth distribution. High fiscal deficit & debt burden. Structural Risk: Growth benefits concentrated in upper-income groups & select industries. Potential long-term drag on inclusive and sustainable growth. Core Takeaway Goldilocks label risks masking structural vulnerabilities. True economic health depends on: Sustained real income growth across all segments. Reduction in inequality (both income & opportunity). Stabilised essential goods prices. Fiscal consolidation without sacrificing public investment. How groundwater contamination is fuelling chronic illnesses Groundwater’s Central Role in India Share in water supply: 85% of rural drinking water comes from groundwater. 65% of irrigation water is groundwater-dependent. Why reliance is high: Seasonal monsoon variability makes groundwater a more dependable source. Poor surface water management and storage infrastructure. Perception vs. reality: Historically considered nature’s purest reserve, but now a major source of toxic exposure. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology)   Scale & Nature of Contamination (2024 CGWB Annual Groundwater Quality Report) Nitrates: Found in >20% of samples (from 440 districts). Causes: overuse of chemical fertilizers, leaching from septic tanks. Risk: Blue Baby Syndrome (methemoglobinemia), especially fatal for infants. Fluoride: Excess (>1.5 mg/L) in 9% of samples. Health: Skeletal and dental fluorosis (66 million affected; 230 districts across 20 states). High-prevalence areas: Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, parts of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. Arsenic: Gangetic belt states: West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Assam. Exceeds WHO limit (10 μg/L) in many districts; in Bagpat (UP) recorded 40 mg/L (4,000× safe limit). Risks: Skin lesions, cancers (skin, bladder, liver, kidney, lungs), gangrene, neurological issues. Uranium: Found in Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan; in Malwa region >WHO limit (30 μg/L). Sources: phosphate fertilizers, excessive groundwater pumping. Health: Chronic kidney damage, organ toxicity. Iron: 13% samples above safe limit. Health: Gastrointestinal issues, developmental disorders. Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury): Sources: industrial effluents, mining. Risks: developmental delays, anaemia, immune suppression, neurological damage. Pathogens: From sewage/septic leaks; outbreaks of cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A & E. Real-world Groundwater “Death Zones” Budhpur, Baghpat (UP) – 13 deaths in 2 weeks from kidney failure; linked to industrial effluent contamination (paper & sugar mills). Jalaun (UP) – Petroleum-like fluids in hand pump water due to suspected underground fuel leaks. Paikarapur, Bhubaneswar – Faulty sewage treatment plant led to mass illness in hundreds. Public Health Impacts Chronic diseases: skeletal deformities, neurological decline, cancers, kidney/liver failure. Acute outbreaks: waterborne diseases in peri-urban & rural belts. Children at highest risk: developmental impairment from fluoride, lead, nitrate poisoning. Geogenic + anthropogenic interplay: natural presence of arsenic/fluoride worsened by over-extraction & pollution. Why the Crisis Persists – Structural Gaps Weak legal coverage: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 barely covers groundwater contamination. CGWB: no statutory enforcement powers. Institutional fragmentation: CGWB, CPCB, SPCBs, Ministry of Jal Shakti operate in silos. Lack of coordinated, science-based interventions. Resource constraints: SPCBs underfunded, lack trained manpower & lab facilities. Regulatory loopholes: Industries operate with minimal oversight, low compliance checks. Poor monitoring: Sparse sampling, no real-time public data, weak health-surveillance integration. Over-extraction link: Falling water tables concentrate contaminants and trigger geogenic toxin release. Key Statistics to Note Fluoride: 66 million affected; 9% of 15,259 samples exceed WHO limit. Nitrate: 56% of districts exceed safe limits; 28% rise in nitrate-toxicity hospital admissions (2018–2023). Arsenic: 1 in 100 in affected regions highly cancer-vulnerable. Uranium: 66% of sampled sites in Malwa region unsafe for children. Reform Priorities Legislative overhaul: Enact National Groundwater Pollution Control Framework with binding enforcement powers. Integrated governance: Merge efforts of CGWB, CPCB, SPCBs into coordinated national task force. Modern monitoring: Install real-time sensors, expand sampling network, public data dashboards. Polluter accountability: Strict effluent standards, mandatory zero-liquid discharge for industries. Health response: Targeted remediation (defluoridation, arsenic removal plants), nutrition programs, alternate safe water supply. Sanitation reform: Upgrade rural/peri-urban sewage systems, regulate septic tank maintenance. Community engagement: Citizen water-testing drives, groundwater literacy campaigns. Bottom Line India’s groundwater crisis has shifted from quantity to quality. It is silent, invisible, and often irreversible in damage. Without urgent, coordinated action, contamination will translate directly into avoidable deaths, disease burden, and economic loss. NH Accident Crisis Scale & Severity of the Issue First 6 months of 2025: Accidents: 67,933 Deaths: 29,018 (≈54.7% of 2024’s total fatalities already reached in half a year) Annual comparison: 2023 → 53,630 deaths in 1,23,955 accidents 2024 → 53,090 deaths in 1,25,873 accidents If 2025 trend continues, fatalities may surpass 58,000–60,000 by year-end — the highest in recent years. Share in national road fatalities: National highways (NHs) account for ~30% of road accident deaths, despite comprising only ~2% of India’s total road network. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health , Governance) Key Observations from Data Trends High fatality rate: Deaths per accident on NHs are significantly higher than on other roads due to higher vehicle speeds and traffic volumes. Stagnant or worsening safety: Despite safety drives, fatalities on NHs have not seen meaningful reduction between 2023–2024, and 2025’s pace indicates deterioration. Potential under-reporting: Data is based on state/UT inputs to the eDAR portal — while this improves accuracy, actual figures may be higher due to delays or omissions in reporting. Government’s Recognition & Measures Official target: Halve total road accident deaths by 2030, aligning with UN SDG 3.6. Remedial actions (short- & long-term): Road markings, signage, crash barriers, raised pavement markers. Geometric improvements & junction redesigns. Spot widening of carriageways. Construction of underpasses/overpasses. Root cause acknowledged: Road engineering faults identified as a primary factor; Minister Nitin Gadkari has publicly criticised poor quality designs by consultants. Structural Challenges Design flaws: Poor curvature, inadequate shoulder space, abrupt junctions, and faulty merging lanes. Speed & enforcement gap: Lack of effective automated enforcement on speed limits and lane discipline. Mixed traffic hazards: NHs are used by both high-speed vehicles and slow-moving traffic (tractors, two-wheelers, animal carts), increasing collision risks. Infrastructure vs. safety lag: Rapid NH expansion under Bharatmala has outpaced equally robust safety integration. Maintenance gaps: Faded road markings, poor lighting, and potholes persist on certain stretches. Social & Economic Impact Human cost: ~80 deaths/day on NHs alone in Jan–June 2025; many victims in economically productive age groups (18–45 years). Economic loss: India loses 3–5% of GDP annually due to road accidents (World Bank, 2021). Healthcare burden: Overstretching trauma care facilities along major corridors. Ripple effects: Loss of breadwinners, increased dependency ratios, and impact on household incomes. Way Forward – Evidence-Based Solutions Engineering audit: Mandatory independent safety audit before and after NH construction. Speed management: AI-based speed enforcement, variable speed limits based on traffic/weather. Separation of traffic streams: Dedicated lanes for slow-moving vehicles on NHs in high-risk stretches. Black spot elimination: Time-bound removal/redesign of all identified accident-prone spots. Post-crash care: Golden Hour policy with GPS-linked ambulances and trauma centres every 50 km. Community awareness: Targeted campaigns for NH users, particularly truckers and two-wheeler riders. Accountability in design: Penal provisions for consultants/contractors in case of accidents linked to design defects. Was glacial lake breach over Dharali the trigger? Experts find some clues Geographical & Geomorphological Context Location: Dharali village, Uttarakhand, near Kheer Ganga River. Terrain: Glaciated region in upper catchment. Presence of deglaciated valleys bounded by end moraines (glacially deposited sediment ridges). Alluvial fan at Dharali — formed from debris deposition of past floods/landslides. River Characteristics: Steep gradient — increases velocity and destructive potential of floods. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ), GS 3(Disaster Management) Possible Causes of Disaster (Hypotheses from Experts) Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Scenario: Evidence: September 2022 satellite images show past lake formation signatures above end moraine. Meandering stream above end moraine suggests low-gradient, ponding-prone terrain. Deglaciated valley features indicate possible historical impoundment. Trigger: Landslide from end moraine blocking drainage, forming lake; later breach due to glacier mass movement or instability. Outcome: Sudden release of water and debris → flash flood and mudflow. Glacial Snout Detachment: NDMA’s alternative hypothesis: Partial collapse of glacier nose carrying large sediment load downstream. Landslide Reactivation: Landslide 2 km upstream reportedly reactivated, potentially blocking and then breaching river channel. Contributing Factors Geological Vulnerability: Unstable moraines and steep slopes. Past flood and debris flow evidence in Kheer Ganga basin. Anthropogenic Stress: Rapid commercialisation & tourism infrastructure on alluvial fan (unstable landform). Construction of Dharasu–Gangotri highway increasing slope instability and altering drainage. Climate Link: Possible link to glacier retreat and increased meltwater ponding due to warming. Disaster Dynamics GLOF Mechanics: Dam formation (by moraine/landslide) → water accumulation → dam breach. Steep channel → high energy flood with sediment and debris entrainment. Alluvial Fan Vulnerability: Channels can shift during floods, spreading destruction beyond main river course. Floodwaters in steep terrain travel rapidly, giving minimal early warning. Remote Sensing & Investigation Current Effort: NDMA coordinating with National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) for sharper pre-disaster imagery to confirm lake presence and breach dynamics. Indicators to be checked: Pre-disaster water body size and location. Landslide activity on moraines or adjacent slopes. Glacier snout changes (fracture, retreat). Broader Significance Early Warning Needs: Regular monitoring of high-risk glacial lakes in Uttarakhand using satellites. Mapping of unstable moraines and slope movement zones. Land-use Regulation: Avoiding infrastructure and dense settlements on alluvial fans in Himalayan valleys. Climate Adaptation: Integrating glacial hazard mapping into tourism and highway development plans. Topra Kalan Geographical & Historical Context Location: Topra Kalan village, Yamunanagar district, Haryana; ~14 km from Yamunanagar city and ~90 km from Chandigarh. Historical Significance: Original site of the Delhi-Topra Ashokan Pillar carrying Emperor Ashoka’s moral edicts. Pillar moved to Delhi in the 14th century by Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Referenced by Sir Alexander Cunningham (first DG of ASI) and Hiuen Tsang (7th-century Chinese Buddhist scholar) as a major Buddhist activity centre. Relevance : GS 1(Heritage , Culture , History) Recent Discoveries (2024–2025) Artifacts Recovered: Painted Grey Ware (PGW): Typically dated to 1200–600 BCE, linked to late Vedic culture. Black-and-Red Ware, Black-on-Red Ware, Black Ware: Associated with Chalcolithic to early historic phases. Stamped pottery, moulded bricks, beads: Indicates craft specialization and urban organization. Structural Remains: Possible dome-like structure (hypothesized Buddhist stupa). Buried walls, platforms, room-like enclosures in varied orientations, at depths of 4–5 m (dense habitation layers). Shallow wall formations at 0.2–0.8 m depth (later-period constructions). Chronological Insights Estimated Age: Site likely dates back to ~1500 BCE — nearly 3,500 years old. Cultural Sequence: Early occupation with PGW (Late Vedic period). Mauryan-era Buddhist activity (3rd century BCE). Continued habitation into medieval period (Firoz Shah Tughlaq’s relocation of Ashokan Pillar). Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Findings Survey Conducted: January 2025 by IIT Kanpur, led by Prof. Javed Malik. Purpose: Map sub-surface features without excavation. Revealed: Well-planned settlement layout. Multi-layered construction suggesting successive cultural phases. Large, buried architectural elements supporting long-term, organized settlement. Buddhist Connection Evidence supports Topra Kalan as a Buddhist hub in Mauryan times: Hypothesized stupa remains. Historical accounts from Hiuen Tsang describing Buddhist establishments in the region. Link to Ashoka’s moral edicts pillar. Archaeological & Preservation Challenges No Excavation Yet: Site lies under a densely populated village — relocation is complex and sensitive. Local Reports: Residents have unearthed PGW, red ware, and other artifacts during house construction. Risk: Construction without archaeological supervision could damage remains. Tourism & Cultural Heritage Potential Ashoka Edicts Park: 27-acre park in Topra Kalan. Houses a 30-foot Ashoka Chakra replica (India’s largest, recognised by Limca Book of Records, 2020). Proposal: Reconstruction of four ancient stupas at the park to boost Buddhist heritage tourism. Strategic Relevance: Fits into India’s Buddhist circuit tourism initiatives, linking with sites like Sarnath, Nalanda, and Rajgir. Significance of Findings Archaeological Importance: Extends known habitation in Yamunanagar region back to Late Vedic period (~1500 BCE). Strengthens Haryana’s position in India’s early historic and Buddhist heritage map. Cultural Continuity: Shows transition from Vedic settlement to Mauryan Buddhist influence to medieval Islamic period. Policy Implication: Need for non-invasive archaeological methods (e.g., GPR, resistivity surveys) in populated heritage sites. Diabetes among older Indian adults Basics & Context Study Source: Lancet Global Health, based on Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), 2017–2019. Sample Size: ~60,000 adults aged 45 years and above, nationally and state-level representative. Focus: Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of diabetes in India’s ageing population. Significance: First large-scale nationally representative survey linking self-reported and measured diabetes prevalence in older adults. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Key Findings – Prevalence Overall Prevalence: ~20% of adults aged ≥45 years had diabetes in 2019. Gender Parity: Men – 19.6%; Women – 20.1% (negligible difference). Urban–Rural Gap: Urban – 30% prevalence; Rural – 15% (2x higher in urban). Regional Variation: Highest rates (age-adjusted): Chandigarh (36.9%), Puducherry (36%), Kerala (36%). Highest absolute numbers: Tamil Nadu (6.1M), Maharashtra (5.8M), Uttar Pradesh (4.7M). Southern States: Higher prevalence; Central & NE States: Lower prevalence. Awareness & Diagnosis Undiagnosed Burden: ~20 million Indians aged ≥45 years had undiagnosed diabetes. Unaware Patients: 40% of diabetics did not know they had the disease. Elderly (60+) Undiagnosed: ~8%. Awareness Rate: ~60% of diabetics knew of their condition. Treatment & Control Treatment Coverage: Once aware, 94% received treatment – a high compliance rate. Control Rates (among those diagnosed): Glycaemic control: 46% Blood pressure control: 59% Lipid-lowering medication use: Only 6% (low, despite cardiovascular risk). Treatment Status: Untreated diabetes: 5% of ≥45 population. Under-treated diabetes: 47% of diagnosed cases. Adequately treated diabetes: 36%. Public Health Implications Epidemiological Transition: Rising prevalence linked to economic development, urbanisation, sedentary lifestyles, dietary changes. Screening Gap: High undiagnosed proportion → Need for universal screening in primary healthcare. Awareness-to-Treatment Conversion: Strong (94%) → Campaigns can have significant impact. Control Gaps: Even with treatment, less than half achieve optimal blood sugar control; lipid management grossly neglected. Policy & Programmatic Takeaways Scale-up Priorities: Universal diabetes screening for ≥40 age group. Strengthen NPCDCS (National Programme for Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke). Integrate diabetes detection into Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness Centres. Regional Targeting: Focus on high-prevalence southern & UT regions with preventive interventions. Comorbidity Approach: Combine diabetes care with hypertension & dyslipidaemia management to reduce CVD risk. Health Education: Community-level lifestyle modification awareness – diet, exercise, weight control. Strategic Outlook LASI Wave 2: Will follow up same cohort for better longitudinal insights into detection, treatment, and control trends. Global Context: India is part of the global surge in type-2 diabetes prevalence; WHO and IDF project further increases without intervention. Silver Lining: High treatment compliance post-awareness suggests that the key bottleneck is early detection, not willingness to seek care. Russian Oil Discount Narrows for India Background: Russia’s Oil Discount to India Pre-Ukraine war (pre-Feb 2022): Russian oil’s share in India’s crude imports: ~2%. No significant discount; India primarily imported from Middle East suppliers (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE). Post-invasion scenario: Western sanctions forced Russia to sell crude at heavy discounts to non-Western buyers. Discount for India peaked at >$12/barrel vs. Middle Eastern grades in 2022-23. Share of Russian oil in India’s imports rose sharply to 35–40%. Savings in FY24: $7–10 billion in oil import bill. Relevance : GS 3(Energy Security ) Recent Change: Discount Erosion 2024-25 levels: Discount narrowed to $2–3/barrel (Morgan Stanley) or ~$2.2/barrel (Nomura). Causes: Increased competition for Russian crude from other Asian buyers. Logistics costs, sanctions enforcement, and Russia’s better access to “shadow fleets” reducing urgency to discount. Impact: Economic advantage to India from Russian oil purchases has reduced drastically. Potential import bill increase if fully replaced: ~$1.5 billion/year (Nomura). Diversification to West Asian/Brazilian crude could raise prices by ~$4–5/barrel, but global oil prices in 2025 are ~$9 lower than 2024 average — cushioning the blow. US Tariff Escalation and Link to Russian Oil Donald Trump’s trade stance: Imposed secondary sanctions-like tariffs on India for Russian oil and defence purchases. Tariff hike: August 1: +25% on Indian goods. August 7: Additional +25% (total 50%). Effective from August 27, 2025. Targeted sectors: Goods categories where India competes with Vietnam, Bangladesh, and China — but India now faces higher tariff barriers (50%) compared to their 19–30% range. Exempted categories (pharma, electronics) form ~50% of India’s $80 billion US goods exports. Global double standards: China imported $56.26 billion worth of Russian oil in 2024; EU imported $25.2 billion in Russian oil — yet US penalties focus on India. Current Indian Import Adjustments Russian oil imports falling: July 2025: 1.6 million barrels/day from Russia — down 24% from June (Kpler). State-run refiners cutting purchases more sharply than private refiners. US crude imports rising: Since May 2025: ~225,000 barrels/day (double early 2025 levels). Potential to scale to 300,000 bpd (2021 highs). Likely diversification sources: Traditional Middle East suppliers (Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE). Latin America (Brazil). USA (light sweet crude, strategic alignment). Economic and Policy Implications Oil import bill: Immediate rise minimal due to low current global prices. Risk: Diversification may push global prices higher, adding ~$1.8 billion to India’s bill for every $1/barrel global price rise. Domestic inflation: Retail pump prices likely to be kept constant by government. Under-recoveries absorbed by public-sector oil marketing companies (OMCs), with possible later government compensation. Fiscal deficit: Nomura sees no major upside risk to FY25 target (4–4.4% of GDP). Strategic Dimensions Geopolitical balancing: Reducing dependence on Russian oil may ease US pressure, open space for better trade terms with US energy exports. But complete halt to Russian oil unlikely due to cost, logistics, and strategic partnership considerations. India–Russia cooperation beyond oil: Ongoing talks on rare earths, critical minerals, aluminium, fertilisers, and railway transport. Areas of advanced tech cooperation: wind tunnel facilities, small aircraft piston engines, carbon fibre, additive manufacturing. Rare earth minerals context: China controls 85–95% of global rare earths; recent Chinese export restrictions have hit Indian automobile production. Diversifying supply from Russia could reduce strategic vulnerability. Risks and Outlook Short-term: Discount erosion removes Russia’s cost advantage. Tariff escalation by US could hit Indian exports by 40–50% in certain categories. Medium-term: Supply diversification feasible with minimal inflationary impact if global prices remain soft. Risk of global price uptick from India’s pivot away from Russia. Long-term: India’s energy strategy will likely involve a multi-supplier basket to balance cost, security, and geopolitics. Greater emphasis on US crude imports and non-Middle East diversification. Continued Russia cooperation in non-energy sectors to maintain strategic ties.

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