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Aug 2, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 August 2025

Content The Business of Selling Babies Tamil Nadu’s Engine of Progress: Education for All ISRO’s PSLV-C61 Failure and Upcoming BlueBird Launch Himachal on the Brink: Supreme Court Flags Ecological Collapse Tariffs, Trump & Tensions: Navigating India’s Trade and Strategic Balancing Act The business of selling babies Introduction and Background India was once a major hub for commercial surrogacy due to medical tourism and regulatory loopholes. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 and the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021 banned commercial surrogacy and sought to regulate ART practices. A 2024 incident involving a Secunderabad-based fertility clinic exposed a baby-selling racket under the guise of surrogacy and IVF, prompting legal and ethical scrutiny. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice), GS 3(Internal Security-Organised Crimes) Key Facts and Case Highlights A Rajasthan couple was charged ₹30 lakh and handed over a baby unrelated to their own gametes; DNA tests revealed the fraud. Police raids at Universal Srushti Fertility Centre uncovered a network of egg and sperm donors, surrogate mothers, and forged medical records. The clinic operated without a valid license and violated both the Surrogacy Act and ART Act. Multiple women, including surrogates from poor states, were exploited, unpaid, and even abandoned post-delivery. A woman from Odisha died while escaping sexual assault, highlighting physical and sexual abuse risks. Brokers and clinics were found to be operating across multiple states in a coordinated network. Governance and Social Justice Dimensions Failure in enforcement of Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 and ART (Regulation) Act, 2021. Weak monitoring by State Appropriate Authorities allowed unlicensed clinics to function. Reflects poor coordination between medical councils, local police, and regulatory bodies. Ethical concerns regarding the treatment of poor women as surrogacy supply sources. Violation of reproductive rights, right to dignity, and child protection norms. Science and Technology, Internal Security Dimensions ART and IVF technologies were misused due to the absence of real-time gamete tracking and verification. Lack of tech tools like RI Witness allowed sample swapping and fake parentage. The scam shows how reproductive technology without ethical safeguards leads to child trafficking. Highlights emerging threats in the form of tech-enabled organized crime in the healthcare sector. Society Dimensions The case underscores how medical tourism and commodification of childbirth impact societal norms and vulnerable populations. Surrogacy, which can be empowering, turned exploitative due to lack of informed consent and economic coercion. Shows the intersection of gender, class, and regional inequalities in reproductive health access. Ethics and Integrity Dimensions The doctor in charge had a history of malpractice but resumed work due to absence of long-term accountability. Gross violation of medical ethics, informed consent, and the principle of non-maleficence. Local complicity by lodges and brokers shows the erosion of ethical values in both private and public domains. Treating children as saleable commodities challenges the basic tenets of human dignity and integrity in healthcare. Legal and Policy Dimensions The clinic violated sections of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 — specifically sections banning commercial surrogacy. Also violated the ART Act, 2021, which mandates licensed clinics, donor regulation, and traceability. Criminal charges under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Sections 61, 316, 335, 336, 340) for conspiracy, fraud, and trafficking. Recommendations and Way Forward Create a real-time, Aadhaar-linked national registry for IVF and surrogacy clinics to track licenses and patient records. Mandate digital gamete tracking systems like RI Witness in all ART facilities. Strengthen the enforcement capacity of State Appropriate Authorities through audits and inter-state intelligence sharing. Establish fast-track courts for surrogacy and ART-related violations to ensure timely justice. Develop a victim compensation framework for abandoned surrogate mothers and defrauded parents. Introduce whistleblower protection and community-based reporting systems in medical zones. Conclusion The Telangana surrogacy scam reveals the gap between law and practice in India’s reproductive healthcare sector. Despite a robust legal framework, the absence of technological safeguards, ethical accountability, and administrative vigilance has turned reproductive services into a front for human trafficking. A multidimensional approach — combining legal reform, digital oversight, institutional strengthening, and ethical enforcement — is essential to safeguard reproductive rights and public trust. Tamil Nadu’s engine of progress: education for all Introduction / Background The article reflects on Tamil Nadu’s sustained efforts to use education as a tool for social inclusion, particularly for students from historically disadvantaged communities. It is contextualised around a recent development: 135 students from Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Schools in Tamil Nadu have secured admission into some of India’s most prestigious higher education institutions. The article credits these achievements to systemic policy design, administrative consistency, and a long-standing commitment to social justice through education. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Governance) Historical Context and Legacy Early 20th Century: Tamil Nadu (then Madras Presidency) pioneered education-led welfare with: 1920: Launch of India’s first mid-day meal in a school at Thousand Lights, Chennai. 1921: Introduction of a Communal Government Order (GO) ensuring representation in education and public employment. These policies, originally influenced by the Justice Party’s emphasis on equity, later evolved under successive governments into institutional frameworks promoting access to education. Key Policy Instruments and Schemes Policy / Scheme Purpose Mid-Day Meal (Expanded) Encourage school attendance and improve child nutrition. Free Breakfast Scheme (2022) Further reduce classroom hunger; especially for children in rural and poor households. Pudhumai Penn Thittam Monthly ₹1,000 stipend to promote girls’ higher education from government schools. Illam Thedi Kalvi Community-based tutoring to address learning loss post-COVID. Hostel and Scholarship Support Financial aid, free accommodation, and travel relief for students from remote regions. Recent Outcomes (2025 Highlights) 135 students from marginalized communities admitted to elite institutions such as: IITs, NITs, NLUs, NIFTs, Miranda House, and other top universities. All 6 ST-reserved seats at Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University were secured by Tamil Nadu students. Students were felicitated with laptops and appreciation certificates, recognizing both their merit and the policy ecosystem that supported them. Administrative Interventions Supporting These Outcomes Entrance Exam Preparation: Special training and mentorship to help students compete nationally. Financial Incentives: Full or partial fee waivers, scholarships, and support for entrance exam fees. Basic Learning Tools: Free textbooks, uniforms, and digital learning kits for school students. Nutrition & Welfare: In-school meals and residential hostels for those from remote areas. Skilling & Career Support: Vocational programs to bridge education and employability. Educational Indicators and Performance Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education: Tamil Nadu: 47% National Average: 28.4% GER for Women: Tamil Nadu: 47.3% National Average: 28.5% These numbers reflect not just enrolment, but also inclusive participation in higher education, across gender and caste lines. Systemic Approach over Isolated Successes The article stresses that these are not isolated instances of success, but outcomes of structured interventions implemented over decades. By starting early (school-level) and sustaining support till higher education, Tamil Nadu has built a continuum of care and opportunity for students. Broader Governance Philosophy (As Interpreted in the Article) The model of governance aligns with: Equity-driven service delivery rather than exclusive focus on test-based merit. Balancing access, quality, and social inclusion in educational outcomes. While rooted in regional history, these efforts are described as replicable for other Indian states seeking inclusive development. Critical Evaluation and Outlook Strengths: Data-backed outcomes in GER and elite institution access. Holistic integration of health, nutrition, gender equity, and education policy. Clear alignment between policy design and social goals. Challenges (noted briefly or implicitly): Ensuring long-term support through college and into employment or research pathways. Tackling infrastructure and digital divides in rural or tribal belts. Maintaining political and fiscal sustainability of welfare-heavy education schemes. Conclusion Tamil Nadu’s recent achievements in educational inclusion reflect the maturity of a century-long effort combining policy, politics, and administrative innovation. The success of students from Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Schools is both an individual and systemic win, suggesting that with adequate state support, social mobility through education is achievable. The approach illustrates how education policy can become a lever for inclusive growth, especially when backed by historical commitment and consistent governance. ISRO’s PSLV-C61 Failure and Upcoming BlueBird Launch Background & Context PSLV-C61/EOS-09 Mission: Launched: May 18, 2025 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Objective: Place the EOS-09 Earth Observation Satellite in a Sun-synchronous polar orbit. Platform: Launched aboard the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C61), ISRO’s most reliable launch vehicle with over 95% success rate. Outcome: Mission failed due to a snag in Stage 3 of the rocket. Significance of PSLV: Often referred to as ISRO’s “trusted workhorse” with 59 previous successful missions before C61. Used for launching a wide range of satellites, including remote sensing, navigation, and commercial payloads. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Failure Analysis of PSLV-C61/EOS-09 Failure Details: PSLV-C61 had a perfect lift-off and functioned normally till Stage 2. A technical snag in Stage 3 caused mission failure, preventing orbital insertion of EOS-09. Investigation Committee: A Failure Analysis Committee (FAC) was constituted by ISRO. The issue is described by ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan as a “small” problem. Detailed report finalized; to be submitted to Prime Minister Narendra Modi shortly. Details to be disclosed post submission. Implications: This marks a rare setback for PSLV’s otherwise robust record. Critical for ISRO to restore global confidence in PSLV ahead of upcoming satellite launches. Upcoming Indo-U.S. Collaboration: BlueBird Satellite Launch About BlueBird Satellite: Developed by AST SpaceMobile, a U.S.-based firm. Purpose: Communications satellite, enhancing global mobile broadband connectivity via satellite-to-smartphone services. Mass: Approx. 6,500 kg — significantly heavier than average PSLV payloads. Launch Details: Launch Timeline: Within 3–4 months (Expected by late 2025). Vehicle: Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), ISRO’s most powerful launcher (formerly GSLV Mk-III). Launch Site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Satellite arrival in India scheduled for September 2025. Strategic Relevance: Continues trend of Indo-U.S. cooperation in space after the NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) mission. Builds India’s reputation as a trusted commercial launch partner. Boosts ISRO’s entry into high-throughput communication satellite launches — a new niche beyond Earth observation. Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight Programme: Parallel Developments Mission Overview: India’s first human spaceflight mission. Scheduled uncrewed test missions: First in December 2025, followed by two more in 2026. Manned launch targeted for first quarter of 2027. Progress Update: Human-rating of the launch vehicle is completed. Orbital module development is in an advanced stage. Crew escape system nearing finalization. Relevance: Technological readiness crucial post-PSLV-C61 setback. Demonstrates India’s advancing capabilities in safe, human-rated space systems. Key Takeaways & Strategic Significance ISRO’s transparent failure audit and timely corrective measures maintain global trust. The BlueBird mission will test India’s capacity to handle heavy foreign commercial payloads. LVM3’s increasing role post-Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan highlights India’s next-gen launcher maturity. Indo-U.S. space ties continue to strengthen via commercial, scientific, and strategic cooperation. Setback in PSLV-C61 underscores the importance of redundancy, stage-wise validation, and telemetry upgrades in future missions. Himachal on the Brink: Supreme Court Flags Ecological Collapse Introduction The Supreme Court of India has raised a grave environmental alarm over the deteriorating ecological health of Himachal Pradesh, a Himalayan state frequently battered by floods and landslides. A two-judge bench comprising Justices J.B. Pardiwala and R. Mahadevan warned that “the day is not far when the entire state of Himachal Pradesh may vanish“. The remarks came while hearing a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging a Himachal Pradesh High Court order restricting constructions in green zones. Himachal Pradesh has become a case study in ecological degradation owing to rapid urbanisation, unchecked tourism, and poorly regulated infrastructure expansion in a geologically fragile zone. Relevance : GS 3( Environment and Ecology) Current Disaster Impact and Data (2025 Monsoon Season) Monsoon onset: June 20, 2025. Losses (as of August 1): ₹1,539 crore (as per State Emergency Operation Centre). Human casualties: Deaths: 94 Missing: 36 Houses damaged: 1,352 fully/partially Frequent landslides, flash floods, and road blockages across Bilaspur, Kullu, Mandi, and Shimla. Supreme Court’s Key Environmental Concerns 1. Climate Change The Court emphasized the visible and alarming impacts of climate change in the region. Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (cloudbursts, glacial melt, erratic rainfall) are cited as direct consequences. 2. Deforestation Unregulated tree felling for hydropower, roads, and construction has weakened slope stability and disturbed natural drainage. Forest degradation is reducing natural carbon sinks and biodiversity. 3. Hydropower Projects Linked to water scarcity, aquifer depletion, and landslides. Violations of minimum environmental flow norms cited — e.g., Sutlej River now resembles a “rivulet.” Structural damage reported by communities living near these projects. 4. Unplanned and Excessive Construction Multi-storey buildings, four-lane highways, and tunnels are being constructed even in ecologically sensitive zones. Lack of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and compliance checks. 5. Unchecked Tourism Massive influx of tourists during peak season strains local resources (water, waste management, traffic). Increase in solid waste, vehicular pollution, and illegal construction in scenic areas. Policy and Governance Issues Himachal Pradesh’s Town and Country Planning Department issued construction restrictions in green zones — but implementation is weak. Delay in proactive ecological zoning and land-use regulations. Ineffectiveness of environmental clearance systems and post-clearance monitoring. Broader Implications For Himalayan States: The Himachal case reflects a pattern across the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) — including parts of Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. For National Disaster Resilience: Highlights the failure to align infrastructure development with ecological carrying capacity. For Legal and Constitutional Accountability: Article 21: Right to life includes right to a clean and safe environment. Directive Principles (Article 48A) and Fundamental Duties (Article 51A(g)) reinforce environmental protection. Way Forward Enforce green zone protections through legal and executive action. Review and audit all hydropower projects for environmental compliance and local impact. Moratorium on large-scale constructions in ecologically fragile belts until cumulative impact assessments are conducted. Limit tourism footfall using smart regulation (e.g., e-permits, eco-tourism norms). Strengthen disaster early warning systems and slope stabilization efforts. Promote sustainable livelihoods for local communities to reduce dependency on tourism and construction sectors. Central-state coordination on Himalayan ecological policy needed under a National Himalayan Mission framework. Tariffs, Trump & Tensions: Navigating India’s Trade and Strategic Balancing Act Background & Context US-India Relations: The India–US strategic partnership has expanded in defence, tech, energy, and trade, especially after the 2005 nuclear deal. Bilateral trade reached $191 billion in 2023–24, making the US India’s largest trading partner. India enjoys GSP (Generalized System of Preferences)-style benefits for some sectors, though the formal GSP was revoked in 2019. Recent Trigger: On August 1, 2025, former US President Donald Trump announced sweeping 25% tariffs on Indian goods, labelling India a “dead economy”. This marks the harshest tariff regime for India among over 50 countries targeted by the US, with countries like Bangladesh, Vietnam, and China spared harsher duties. Pakistan Angle: Trump also claimed Pakistan had “massive oil reserves”, suggesting future oil exports to India — seen as a strategic jibe aimed at both countries. These remarks drew criticism for lacking geoeconomic credibility, given Pakistan’s limited hydrocarbon exploration capacity. Key Developments Trump’s Tariff Offensive on India Tariff Hike: 25% tariff imposed on a broad range of Indian exports, particularly textiles, garments, auto parts, and electronics. The hike is higher than that for 50+ other countries — indicating a strategic rebuke. Sectoral Impact: Apparel Exporters (like AEPC) warn of: Loss of price competitiveness vs. Vietnam, Bangladesh. Potential mass layoffs and below-cost exports to survive. Demand for government support (interest subsidies, RoDTEP, alternate market access). Indian Textile Exports to US: Worth over $8 billion annually. Account for 28% of India’s apparel exports. Already under stress due to higher labour and compliance costs. India’s Diplomatic Response MEA Statement: Reiterated commitment to “substantive agenda” with the US. Emphasized that India-US ties have weathered transitions and shocks. Stressed that India’s “time-tested friendship” with Russia will not hinder its global partnerships. Tone of Response: Measured, strategic, and forward-looking, avoiding confrontation. Reflects New Delhi’s focus on: De-risking foreign policy via multipolar partnerships. Preserving long-term ties amid short-term political turbulence. Trump’s ‘Massive Oil Reserves in Pakistan’ Claim Reality Check: Pakistan imports ~85% of its oil and gas needs. Past exploration (e.g., Indus Basin, Balochistan) yielded limited results. No major global oil firm is actively investing in Pakistani oil fields. Strategic Reading: The claim is viewed as a geopolitical distraction or provocation: Aimed to poke India with economic insecurity. Attempt to boost Pakistan’s relevance in US foreign policy discourse. Expert View: Analysts call it “hot air, not hydrocarbons” — symbolic, not substantial. Reflects Trump’s style of populist diplomacy rather than grounded strategic direction. Broader Implications India’s Economic Exposure India’s dependence on exports to the US means such tariffs can severely hurt labour-intensive sectors (textiles, gems, leather). Tariffs coincide with India’s manufacturing push under Make in India + PLI, making trade disruptions even more critical. Geopolitical Balancing India remains committed to: A non-aligned, multi-vector foreign policy. Maintaining strategic ties with Russia (defence, energy) while strengthening the QUAD alliance with the US. Need for Domestic Support Exporters’ Ask: Immediate support via interest subvention, RoDTEP enhancements, and diversification into EU and African markets. Long-term: Focus on quality, brand, and technology upgradation to withstand tariff shocks. Conclusion This episode underlines the volatile nature of India’s external economic environment, where political rhetoric, tariffs, and geopolitical posturing can disrupt sectoral growth. India must: Deepen trade resilience by expanding FTAs (e.g., EU, EFTA). Maintain diplomatic maturity amid provocations. Invest in domestic capacity and export competitiveness to withstand global headwinds.

Aug 1, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 August 2025

Content Rising Rural Incomes and Upbeat Sentiments Major Government Initiatives for the Development of North Eastern Region (NER) Rising Rural Incomes and Upbeat Sentiments Introduction: Signals of Rural Economic Revival The July 2025 RECSS reflects a sharp revival in rural India’s economy. 76.6% of rural households reported increased consumption — the highest figure across all six rounds of RECSS. RECSS provides micro-level insights into income, credit, savings, and perception patterns in rural households. It also evaluates the impact of government welfare schemes on real economic activity. Relevance : GS 3(Rural Income) Rural Incomes and Consumption: Signs of Grassroots Growth Income Trends 39.6% of households reported higher income — the highest ever recorded in RECSS. Suggests stronger agriculture performance, wage growth, and rural enterprise activity. Consumption Growth 76.6% households noted an increase in consumption over the past year. Only 3.2% reported a decline — lowest since the survey’s inception. Households now spend 65.57% of income on consumption, up from 60.87% (Sep 2024) → indicates rising purchasing power. Implication: Rising income is translating into actual demand, reinforcing consumption-led rural growth and boosting the broader economy. Government Support: Key Driver of Resilience Fiscal Transfers Welfare transfers (food, gas, electricity, education, health, pension) account for ~10% of monthly income. These schemes cushion low-income households from inflation and income volatility. Infrastructure Upgrades Rural development boosted by visible improvements in roads, water, electricity, education, and healthcare. Only 2.6% reported deterioration in basic infrastructure. Top-Ranked Improvements (Perceived by Households): Road Connectivity Educational Institutions Drinking Water Facilities Financial Health: Stronger Savings and Formal Credit Penetration Savings Behaviour 20.6% of households reported increased savings. 13.18% of income now directed to savings; 11.85% allocated to loan repayments. Formalization of Credit 52.6% sourced loans only from formal institutions (banks, NBFCs, MFIs, cooperatives). 26.9% used both formal and informal channels. Shows shift away from exploitative lenders, improving borrower protection. Decline in Informal Interest Rates Mean informal interest rates fell to 17.53% (30 bps decline). 30% of informal loans carried zero interest, mostly borrowed from friends/relatives. Optimism in the Countryside: Sentiments at Record High Short-Term Outlook (Next Quarter) 56.4% expect income to improve. 56.2% anticipate better job opportunities. Long-Term Outlook (Next 1 Year) 74.7% expect income to increase — highest ever. Reflects confidence from favourable monsoon, policy support, and local development. Inflation and Expenditure Patterns: Signs of Stability Falling Inflation Perceptions Rural CPI dropped from 3.25% (March) → 2.92% (April) → 2.59% (May). Households perceived mean inflation at 4.28% in July. 78.4% of rural households believe inflation is ≤5%. Inflation expectation (next quarter): 4.29% | Next year: 5.51%. Stable Food Budgets Despite rising incomes, the share of food in monthly consumption held steady at 50% (median). Indicates diversification of expenditure toward non-food goods/services. Key Comparisons with Round 1 (Sep 2024) Indicator Sep 2024 Jul 2025 Households with ↑ Income 29.8% 39.6% Households with ↑ Consumption 67.2% 76.6% Monthly Income Spent on Consumption 60.87% 65.57% Formal Loan Sourcing Only 47.5% 52.6% Households Saving More 14.3% 20.6% Optimism (Income ↑ Next Year) 68.9% 74.7% Perceived Inflation ≤ 5% 72.5% 78.4% Policy Implications and Future Outlook What’s Working: Targeted fiscal transfers improving household resilience. Infrastructure-led growth feeding optimism. Continued formalization of credit reducing rural indebtedness. Price stability aiding real income gains. Way Forward: Enhance productivity through skilling, rural enterprise, and digital infrastructure. Deepen credit access for women and marginal farmers. Focus on value-added agri-processing, local job creation, and climate-resilient infrastructure. Monitor inflation-sensitive inputs like fuel and fertilizers for maintaining price stability. Conclusion The July 2025 RECSS underscores a clear inflection point in rural India’s economic trajectory. With rising incomes, expanded consumption, growing savings, formal credit access, and record optimism, rural India is showing strong macro and micro resilience. Government policies—both fiscal and infrastructural—have played a decisive role in this transformation. Going forward, sustaining this momentum through skilling, deeper financial access, and diversified livelihoods will be critical for inclusive, bottom-up growth. Major Government Initiatives for the Development of North Eastern Region (NER) The Government of India has undertaken a multi-sectoral approach for the holistic development of the North Eastern Region (NER), focusing on connectivity, infrastructure, digital inclusion, and tourism. These initiatives aim to bridge regional disparities and integrate NER with the national growth trajectory. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure , Development) Road Infrastructure Development National Highways (MoRT&H) Total Constructed: 16,207 km of National Highways across the NER. Rural Roads (PMGSY) Sanctioned: 17,637 road works covering 89,436 km 2,398 bridges Completed (as of March 2025): 16,469 road works (80,933 km) 2,108 bridges Rail Connectivity Expansion (Ministry of Railways) Projects Sanctioned: 12 (08 New Line + 04 Doubling) Length Covered: 777 km Total Cost: ₹69,342 crore Progress: 278 km commissioned ₹41,676 crore spent till March 2025 Digital & Mobile Connectivity Broadband (BharatNet via DBN) 6,355 Gram Panchayats made service-ready Mobile Connectivity 3,297 mobile towers commissioned across NER Funded via Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) Air Connectivity (UDAN – Regional Connectivity Scheme) 90 routes operationalized 12 airports/heliports connected across NE states Objective: Affordable air travel + enhanced regional integration Key Central Sector Schemes for NER (via MDoNER) a) NESIDS (North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme) Two Components: NESIDS (Roads) – Road infrastructure NESIDS (OTRI) – Other than Roads Infrastructure (e.g. water supply, education, health) b) PM-DevINE (Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region) Launched: Union Budget 2022–23 Approved: 12 October 2022 Outlay: ₹6,600 crore over 2022–26 (100% Central funding) Objectives: Infrastructure aligned with PM GatiShakti Social development projects based on local needs Youth & women livelihoods Plug development gaps in critical sectors c) Schemes of the North Eastern Council (NEC) Funding for regional planning, infrastructure, skill & livelihood promotion d) Special Development Packages (SDPs) Targeted interventions for border and underdeveloped areas Tourism Infrastructure Support Ministry of Tourism Initiatives (covering NE states): Swadesh Darshan & Swadesh Darshan 2.0 PRASHAD Scheme – Pilgrimage & heritage site development CBDD – Challenge Based Destination Development (sub-scheme of SD) SASCI – Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment These schemes complement State Government efforts by offering financial assistance. MDoNER’s Tourism Support Additional funding to NE States under Central Sector Schemes for tourism-specific infrastructure and services. Summary Snapshot Sector Key Progress National Highways 16,207 km constructed PMGSY Roads 80,933 km completed out of 89,436 km sanctioned PMGSY Bridges 2,108 completed out of 2,398 sanctioned Railway Projects 278 km commissioned (12 projects; 777 km total; ₹69,342 cr sanctioned) Rail Capex Utilized ₹41,676 crore BharatNet 6,355 Gram Panchayats connected Mobile Towers 3,297 installed UDAN Routes 90 routes across 12 airports/heliports operationalized PM-DevINE Outlay ₹6,600 crore (FY 2022–23 to 2025–26) Strategic Importance Boosts Act East Policy through integrated connectivity to Southeast Asia Bridges development deficit in remote & border districts Empowers youth, women, and rural communities via livelihood & digital access Supports tourism & culture for sustainable economic growth Enables multi-modal infrastructure through convergence (e.g., PM GatiShakti)

Aug 1, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 August 2025

Content Transforming early childhood care and education New phase Transforming early childhood care and education Contextual Background: The Equity Gap in ECCE Pre-NEP Scenario: Private schools had long offered preschool/nursery education. Government schools historically admitted children only from Class 1. Public preschool was limited to Anganwadis, focused more on health and nutrition than structured education. Result: Inequity began before formal schooling, disadvantaging children relying on government systems. Relevance : GS 2( Governance, Social Justice, Welfare Schemes ) Practice Question : The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has brought a paradigm shift in India’s Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) framework. Discuss the structural changes introduced by NEP 2020 in ECCE and analyse their multi-dimensional implications and implementation challenges.(250 Words) Three Structural Shifts in ECCE under NEP 2020 Structural Shift 1: Expansion of ECCE Infrastructure Nature of the Shift: NEP recommends universalisation of ECCE by 2030. Mandates integration of 3 years of preschool education (Balvatika 1, 2, 3) in government schools. Moves beyond 14 lakh Anganwadi centres, which formed the backbone of ECCE so far. Key Implications: Massive scaling up of ECCE in public education. Need for: Recruitment and training of preschool educators. Curriculum development for Balvatika classes. Infrastructure investments in classrooms, toys, child-friendly toilets, etc. Policy Instruments: Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan includes dedicated ECCE budget provisions. Varying state response: Some states have initiated Balvatikas. Others are under-utilising funds or limiting reforms to training/materials. Challenges: Uneven implementation. Capacity gaps in managing this expansion efficiently. Need for a monitoring mechanism to track fund utilisation and rollout. Structural Shift 2: Migration from Anganwadis to Government Schools Nature of the Shift: Increasing emphasis on education over nutrition/health in ECCE. Preschool classes in schools perceived as superior, leading to a shift of 3–6-year-olds from Anganwadis to schools. Case Study: Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu Introduced preschool classes in all primary schools. Observed substantial migration of 4–6-year-olds to schools. Consequences: Anganwadis may be left underutilised or relegated to nutrition-only roles. Parental preferences reinforcing the educational orientation of ECCE. Risk of “schoolification”: Overemphasis on reading/writing. Erosion of play-based learning, which is essential at this stage. Corrective Measures: Schools must ensure: Play remains central. Learning covers social-emotional, cognitive, motor skills, not just literacy. Anganwadis must integrate structured educational components. The “Poshan bhi Padhai bhi” initiative is a timely intervention. Its effectiveness depends on ground-level implementation and outcome monitoring. Structural Shift 3: Reorientation of Anganwadis towards 0–3 Age Group and Home-Based Care Nature of the Shift: With 3–6-year-olds moving to schools, Anganwadis can focus on 0–3-year-olds. Emphasis on home visits and early stimulation activities for infants and toddlers. Rationale: Scientific consensus: First 1,000 days critical for brain development. Research Evidence: Perry Preschool Study (US): Long-term impact of early interventions. Yale-Pratham Study (Odisha): Home visits lead to better child development outcomes. Operational Challenges: Anganwadi workers overburdened with multiple responsibilities. Lack of time and capacity to conduct regular, quality home visits. ICDS framework still largely centre-based and service-heavy. Potential Transformations: Shift Anganwadi focus to: 0–3-year-olds. Pregnant/lactating mothers. Intensive home visits as a core delivery model. Align with POSHAN Abhiyaan goals on maternal and infant care. Requires: Clear job redefinition. Performance metrics (e.g., # of quality home visits). Dedicated funding and training for this new role. Multi-Dimensional Implications of ECCE Reforms under NEP Social Equity Addresses long-standing class gap between private-school and government-school children. Makes quality preschool education accessible to the most vulnerable children. Administrative Reallocation of roles between Education Ministry (3–6) and WCD Ministry (0–3). Need for inter-ministerial convergence and new accountability structures. Economic ECCE expansion requires large-scale public investment in: Educator workforce. Infrastructure. Monitoring and evaluation systems. Long-term economic gains through improved learning outcomes, productivity, and social mobility. Pedagogical Reinforces importance of play-based, experiential learning. Shift in training and mindset of preschool teachers required. Integration of mother tongue instruction and developmentally appropriate practices as per NEP. Gender ECCE reforms can ease childcare burdens on mothers, enabling workforce participation. Anganwadi reforms affect over 13 lakh female workers, needing support and reskilling. Way Forward Track state-level implementation and fund utilisation under Samagra Shiksha. Design holistic ECCE curriculum frameworks for Balvatika. Establish monitoring indicators for both school and Anganwadi ECCE quality. Institutionalise home visits for 0–3-year-olds with clear training, support, and incentives. Maintain play-centric education ethos to avoid early academic pressure. New phase Mission Overview Launch Date & Vehicle: NISAR launched aboard GSLV-F16 from Sriharikota on July 30, 2025. Orbit: Placed into Sun-synchronous orbit, ensuring consistent lighting for repeat observations. Weight & Design: A 2.8-tonne Earth observation satellite with dual-frequency SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) — NASA’s L-band and ISRO’s S-band, a global first. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Practice Question : “The NISAR satellite mission reflects a new era of strategic and scientific collaboration between India and the United States.”Examine how this collaboration advances India’s capabilities in Earth observation, disaster risk reduction, and space diplomacy.(250 words) Bilateral Collaboration: NASA–ISRO Synergy Decade-long effort: Joint development began around 2014, marking a landmark in U.S.-India space cooperation. Technology integration: NASA contributions: L-band radar, 12-metre deployable reflector, Ka-band downlink, software stack, and led most design reviews. ISRO contributions: S-band radar, satellite bus, GSLV Mk II launch. Strategic trust signal: U.S. entrusted India with high-value payload, showcasing growing strategic space confidence. Technical Capabilities Dual SAR system: Provides unprecedented resolution and penetration: Detects minute surface changes (cm-level) even through clouds or dense forests. Covers both slow geological processes (e.g. plate motion) and dynamic events (e.g. landslides, floods). Revisit cycle: 12-day repeat cycle under consistent lighting due to dawn-dusk orbit; critical for time-series analysis. High duty cycle (>50%) in L-band enables frequent observations of a given location. Scientific Agenda & Use Cases Climate & Environment: Track glacier flow, polar ice shelf calving, sea ice dynamics. Map mangrove extent, forest biomass, wetlands — critical for climate modeling and REDD+. Agriculture & Soil: Monitor crop-soil interactions, land use change, and agricultural expansion. Urbanization & Geohazards: Detect urban subsidence, fault line shifts, volcanic inflation, landslides. Disaster Risk Reduction: Supports Sendai Framework goals by offering near-real-time data for early warning, response, and recovery. IPCC Alignment: Feeds into climate models, carbon stock assessment, and hazard vulnerability mapping. Significance for ISRO Showcase for GSLV Mk II: GSLV-F16 success bolsters confidence in a rocket that once had reliability issues (“naughty boy”). Technology leap: S-band radar development pushed ISRO into higher precision RF electronics, thermal management, and data throughput. Flight-readiness: Validated ISRO’s capacity to meet stringent integration timelines and hardware quality benchmarks. Geopolitical & Strategic Relevance Global partnership credentials: Signals India’s readiness for high-tech joint missions. Strengthens India’s space diplomacy with the US amid rising geopolitical tech competition. Technology transfer enabler: Collaboration may have catalyzed access to advanced materials, avionics, and communication systems. Challenges Ahead Ground segment capacity: ISRO must scale its Ka-band ground stations to handle the satellite’s high data downlink rate. Data processing & accessibility: Needs automated cloud-based platforms to deliver analysis-ready data within hours for practical use. Data policy concerns: Balance open data access for private analytics vs. protection of sensitive national imagery. Continuity & Sustainability: Must plan successor SAR missions before 2030 to ensure long-term data series. Investment needed in deep-space communication, onboard processing, and systems integration. Way Forward Domestic capability expansion: More funding in advanced materials, software stacks, signal processing, and payload miniaturization. Scientific agenda co-leadership: Future missions must feature early Indian participation in framing scientific goals — to ensure equitable partnerships. Private sector involvement: Enabling startups and private firms to use NISAR data for geoanalytics, agritech, infrastructure monitoring, etc.

Aug 1, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 August 2025

Content Can the ICJ ruling force rich nations to pay for historical emissions? How not to identify an illegal immigrant Why the world needs better green technologies Malaria’s new frontlines: vaccines, innovation, and the Indian endgame Mystery of African Mahogany G20 sapling solved Language & division of states Can the ICJ ruling force rich nations to pay for historical emissions? Core of the ICJ Ruling Advisory nature: The ruling is not legally binding, but offers a legal interpretation of existing international obligations under climate law. Key reaffirmations: Countries are legally obligated to reduce GHG emissions. Developed nations must support vulnerable states facing disproportionate climate impacts. Reiterates the 1.5°C target from the Paris Agreement as a climate safeguard. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Legal & Scientific Challenges Causality problem: Attribution of specific climate damages to specific countries’ emissions remains scientifically difficult. Most extreme weather events are exacerbated, not uniquely created, by climate change, making legal claims tenuous. Proof thresholds: Courts require clear evidence that a country’s inaction led to measurable harm. As warming remains around 1–1.5°C, anthropogenic signals are not always dominant in many weather events. Geopolitical and Enforcement Constraints Sovereignty prevails: Nations like the U.S., China, and India are unlikely to alter energy systems due to a non-binding ruling. The ICJ has no enforcement arm; any binding action would require UN Security Council backing, which is highly political. Selective compliance: U.S. has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and continues fossil fuel subsidies. Western nations historically dodge accountability, while developing nations are overregulated by the same legal frameworks. Implications for Climate Reparations Reparations unrealistic: History shows little delivery on promised climate finance or reparations; most are repackaged development aid. Ted Nordhaus argues reliance on reparations is a “poor trade-off” that hinders energy access in developing nations Loss and Damage Fund: Though symbolically important, funding remains limited. Both Nordhaus and Grover are sceptical it will yield substantial compensation for vulnerable nations. Domestic Leverage Potential Legal value at home: Ruling offers activists and courts in treaty-ratifying countries a legal foundation to challenge their own governments. Likely to be used more in domestic courts than in international litigation. Vulnerable nations: Small Island Developing States (SIDS) may use this to bolster local climate litigation and international diplomatic leverage. Shift in Global Technological Dynamics Tech flow no longer unidirectional: China now leads clean tech exports, including to the West; India may follow. This undercuts the 1990s assumption of one-way tech transfer from rich to poor countries. Modernising frameworks: The ICJ ruling operates within the outdated “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR) model. There’s a call for a new global climate framework reflecting multi-polar tech development. Equity vs Pragmatism Ecomodernist critique (Nordhaus): Efforts to “co-opt Western legal mechanisms” for equity (e.g., Loss and Damage Fund, ICJ rulings) have failed. Advocates domestic development-first strategies using all available resources. Climate justice perspective (Grover): Acknowledges double standards in global legal norms. Urges developing nations to act for their own sake, citing examples like Delhi’s air pollution and corporate capture of energy policy. Future Outlook ICJ ruling ≠ Global shift: Unlikely to trigger a wave of international litigation, despite some political claims (e.g., U.K. Shadow Energy Secretary). Tool, not a solution: Best viewed as a strategic instrument for domestic action — not a global accountability game-changer. Political reality check: Courts alone can’t force decarbonisation; global politics, power asymmetries, and economic interests dominate. How not to identify an illegal immigrant Context & Administrative Trigger Timeframe: Winter 2024, during Delhi’s cold wave. Trigger: Order from Delhi Lt. Governor Vinai Kumar Saxena directing the police to identify “illegal” foreign nationals, especially post-regime change in Bangladesh. Result: Surge in detentions of Bengali-speaking residents across urban slums in Delhi. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Operational Pattern of Crackdown Primary Targets: Bengali-speaking residents, particularly in jhuggi settlements. Indicators Used for Profiling: Language spoken (Bangla dialects). Anonymous community tips on dialect and origin. Clothing (e.g., lungi), and remittance patterns. Key Concern: Reliance on linguistic and cultural profiling rather than legal documentation or due process. Linguistic Bias & Stereotyping Systemic Issue: A narrow perception of Indian Bengali identity, dominated by urban Kolkata dialects and pop culture. Misconceptions: Treating non-Kolkata dialects or rural Bangla as “foreign”. Misreading commonly used words like “paani” as non-Indian — despite their historical presence in early Bengali texts like Charyapada (8th century). Result: Cultural markers wrongly used as nationality tests. Legal & Structural Shortcomings Neglect of Contextual Realities: No consideration of 2015 India-Bangladesh land swap, where residents could opt for Indian citizenship. No nuance in assessing mixed-status families or cross-border remittances. Example: Indian citizen detained solely for sending money to elderly parents in Bangladesh. Ethnic & Cultural Profiling Cultural identifiers used as suspicion markers: Lungi as an alleged “foreign” garment. Remittances equated with cross-border illegality. Cultural pushback: Protest songs and local resistance narratives question this overreach — “Just because I wear a lungi… doesn’t mean I was born in Bangladesh.” Class, Caste & Identity Intersections Initially impacted: Bengali Muslims. Now widened to: Lower-caste Hindu Bengalis. Emerging Trend: A complex overlap of ethnicity, caste, class, and dialect defines vulnerability — not legal status. Public Discourse & Elite Silence Noted Absence: Limited response from Bengali public intellectuals in media, literature, or academia. Key Questions: Is there a class detachment within Bengali society? Are elite Bengalis silent due to discomfort with working-class dialects and attire? Broader Implications Xenophobic Normalization: Language and attire increasingly seen as proxies for illegality. Institutional Fragility: Weak documentation processes. Absence of legal aid for suspected individuals. Lack of linguistic and cultural training for enforcement agencies. Risk: Deepening intra-ethnic, class, and religious fault lines. Key Takeaways Legal due process must override cultural inference in determining immigration status. Language, class, and dress cannot serve as lawful indicators of citizenship. A balanced approach requires institutional training, community engagement, and safeguards against arbitrary profiling. Why the world needs better green technologies Context & Key Question Backdrop: Global climate targets and energy independence goals are driving a massive push for renewable energy. Core Issue: Are silicon photovoltaics (Si-PV) still the best option, or should we invest in next-gen solar technologies with higher efficiency and lower environmental impact? Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Silicon Photovoltaics (Si-PV): Overview Invented: 1954, Bell Labs (USA). Efficiency: Lab efficiency: 18–21%. Real-world (in-field) efficiency: 15–18%. Global Production: 80% of supply from China. India: Domestic capacity at ~6 GW, expected to rise. Efficiency vs. Land Constraints Efficiency matters: Doubling efficiency → halves land requirement. Land crunch: Rapid urbanization. Environmental concerns limiting greenfield solar expansion. Implication: Silicon PV’s lower efficiency makes it less viable in space-constrained or high-demand areas. Alternative Photovoltaic Technologies Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Thin-Film: Up to 47% efficiency. Commercial-readiness: Many next-gen PVs are lab-tested, demonstration-ready, and awaiting commercial deployment. Energy & Climate Dynamics Renewable Energy Installed (India): 4.45 TWh (by end-2024). Atmospheric CO₂: Increased from 350 ppm (1990) to ~425 ppm (2025). Implication: Renewable expansion isn’t keeping pace with energy demand. Green Hydrogen: Promise vs. Reality Production method: Electrolysis using renewable power. Challenges: Electrolysis is energy-intensive. Storage & transport of hydrogen is difficult (leaky, low-density). Energy cascade losses: From Si-PV → electrolysis → storage → reconversion = compounding inefficiencies. Proposed Alternatives Molecular Carriers: Convert H₂ to green ammonia (NH₃) or green methanol (CH₃OH) for transport. But reverse conversion still demands high energy. Artificial Photosynthesis (APS): Directly produce fuels from H₂O, CO₂/N₂, and sunlight. Still in lab-stage, but promising for future. CO₂ Recycling: Turn CO₂ into useful fuels = climate mitigation + energy solution. Europe’s Lead: RFNBO Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin (RFNBO): Fuels made using renewables but not from biomass. Includes green hydrogen, methanol, ammonia from sunlight and air. Policy push: India urged to follow suit to reduce 85% energy import dependence. India’s Strategic Needs Current import dependence: 85% of energy (oil, coal, gas). Geopolitical vulnerability: Global conflicts + price shocks. Recommendation: Ramp up R&D spending, foster public-private innovation. Conclusion & Takeaways Green hydrogen & Si-PV are helpful but not enough. Efficiency and energy economics need urgent innovation. India must diversify energy strategies to: Improve energy density. Optimize land use. Enable cleaner, scalable fuels. Proactive R&D investment today is more cost-effective than reactive damage control tomorrow. Malaria’s new frontlines: vaccines, innovation, and the Indian endgame Malaria control in India has entered a decisive phase, powered by vaccine breakthroughs and innovation. Yet, persistent tribal hotspots and policy gaps challenge the 2030 elimination goal. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) India’s Progress & Persistent Challenges Achievements: >80% reduction in malaria burden between 2015–2023. National ambition: Elimination of malaria by 2030. Persisting Hotspots: Tribal districts still highly affected: Lawngtlai (Mizoram): 56+ cases/1000 people. Narayanpur (Chhattisgarh): 22+ cases/1000 people. Mixed infections: In Jharkhand, 20% of cases involve both P. falciparum & P. vivax. Asymptomatic carriers: Silent transmission even in low-incidence zones. Malaria Parasites in India P. falciparum (Africa-dominant): More lethal. P. vivax (Asia-dominant): Dormant liver stage → late relapses. P. cynomolgi (monkey malaria): Crucial research model for P. vivax, but underutilized in India. First-Generation Vaccines 1. RTS,S (Mosquirix) Approved in 2021. Protection: ~55% initially, wanes in 18 months. Requires 4 doses. 2. R21/Matrix-M (Oxford–Serum Institute) WHO-approved in 2023. Up to 77% efficacy in Phase 3. Low-cost, fewer doses, room-temperature stable → ideal for India. Limitations of Current Vaccines Target only one life stage (pre-erythrocytic). Vulnerable to reinfection and continued transmission. Need for multi-stage or whole-parasite strategies. Next-Gen Vaccine Approaches A. Whole-Parasite Vaccines PfSPZ (Sanaria): Uses radiation-weakened sporozoites. 96% antibody response, up to 79% protection after 3 doses. PfSPZ-LARC2: Modified version with potential for single-dose use. Targeted use in outbreaks/migrant populations. B. Blood-Stage Vaccines PfRH5: Blocks red blood cell invasion. Strain-transcending protection. Promising Phase 1a/2b trials in UK, Gambia, Burkina Faso. C. Transmission-Blocking Vaccines (TBVs) Pfs230D1 (Mali): Blocks fertilization in mosquito gut. 78% reduction in transmission (Phase 2). India’s TBV candidate – AdFalciVax: Combines PfCSP + Pfs230/Pfs48/45. Completed preclinical testing in 2025. Mice: >90% protection with long immune memory (4+ months). Room temp stable (9 months) → ideal for rural India. P. vivax TBV (Pvs230D1M): First human trial in Thailand: up to 96% transmission reduction. Immune Boosting & Novel Platforms Protein-Based Innovations Ferritin nanoparticle + CpG adjuvant: Cut liver-stage parasite burden by 95% in mice. PfCSP–MIP3α fusion: Enhances antibody + T-cell response. Reduced infection by 88% in mice. mRNA-Based Platforms Pfs25-mRNA (CureVac + NIH): Complete transmission block in mice. Antibodies lasted 6+ months after 2 doses. BNT165e (BioNTech): Blood-stage mRNA candidate. Trial paused by FDA in 2025. Parasite Evasion & Immune Engineering RIFIN proteins bind to LILRB1 receptors, silencing immune cells. Antibody D1D2.v-IgG (India): Binds RIFIN 110x stronger than natural receptor. Restores immune response in lab tests. Vector Control Innovations CRISPR Gene Drives Fertility-suppressing drives: Eliminated entire Anopheles gambiae colonies in lab within a year. FREP1 gene edit: Blocks parasite growth inside mosquito. Spread to 90% of lab mosquitoes in 10 generations. Smart Mosquito Designs Engineered to die early if infected → self-limiting transmission. Prevents ecological disruption by preserving uninfected mosquito populations. Institutional & Policy Gaps Key Challenges: Lack of: Trained doctors, Surveillance for resistance, and Robust vector control systems. India’s P. vivax research underutilised due to: Restricted monkey access, outdated priorities. Steps Ahead: ICMR Expression of Interest (2025): For industrial partners to co-develop AdFalciVax. Critical needs: GMP-grade production, immune biomarkers, and efficacy benchmarking vs RTS,S & R21. Takeaways Category Key Insight Burden >80% reduction, but pockets like Mizoram & Chhattisgarh remain high Parasites India fights both P. falciparum & P. vivax (harder to eliminate) Vaccines RTS,S, R21, PfSPZ, PfRH5, TBVs like AdFalciVax under rapid development Tech mRNA, nanoparticle, CRISPR gene drives, immune-modulating antibodies Goal Malaria elimination by 2030 Need Vaccine innovation + ecosystem of diagnostics, training, and policy support Mystery of African Mahogany G20 sapling solved Background: G20 Plantation at Nehru Park Occasion: India’s G20 Presidency (2023). Event: Ceremonial plantation of saplings by G20 member countries and invited international organisations. Location: Designated plantation area in Nehru Park, New Delhi. Objective: Symbolic diplomacy using ecologically significant trees representing each country. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) The Mystery Issue Raised: A citizen-led platform (X, formerly Twitter) flagged that the sapling labelled “African Mahogany” didn’t resemble the actual species. Trigger: Viral post with over 28 lakh views, prompting questions on whether species verification had occurred. Official Clarification: The currently standing sapling is a substitute, not the original African Mahogany gifted by Nigeria. The original sapling died after being planted due to non-acclimatisation. Scientific & Bureaucratic Process Plant Quarantine: Imported plants underwent a required quarantine at ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. Pre-plantation Vetting: Involved expert species identification to maximize survival in Delhi’s climate. Sources Confirmed: Substitutes like Jamun (Indian species) were temporarily planted to maintain visual and aesthetic consistency. Country-wise Sapling Details South Korea & South Africa: Their original saplings failed to survive post-plantation. Embassies confirmed it was within expected parameters. South Korea has already replaced its original species. Nigeria’s African Mahogany: Has now been sourced again and will be planted after the monsoon, as per ideal conditions. Broader G20 Tree Representation A total of 17 tree species were planted by G20 countries and international organisations. Symbolism & Environmental Relevance: Turkey, Spain, Italy: Olive trees. South Korea: Silver tree. Egypt, Saudi Arabia: Date Palm. Indonesia: Frangipani. China: Camphor Laurel. African Union: Sausage Tree, Red Frangipani. Coordination & Logistics Nodal Agency: New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Coordination: Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). Challenges Faced: Survival in new climate. Visual aesthetics of the ceremonial area. Ensuring embassy-level approval before using substitutes. Key Takeaways Plant survival in alien climates is a known challenge; substitution is a standard protocol. Visual consistency maintained via indigenous look-alike species (like Jamun). Embassies remained involved in the replacement process, ensuring diplomatic sensitivity. The episode reflects eco-diplomacy, biosecurity procedures, and public accountability. Language & division of states Background Context Triggering Event: TN Governor R. N. Ravi criticized the linguistic basis of state formation, arguing it led to second-class citizenship for some populations. Core Debate: Whether the linguistic reorganisation of states in 1956 was a divisive or unifying force for India. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ) India Before First Reorganisation (1956) Dual System of Administration: British India: Directly administered provinces. Princely States: Indirect rule through native rulers. Constitutional Classification (1950): Part A: Former British provinces, governed by elected legislatures. Part B: Former princely states, governed by Rajpramukhs. Part C: Commissioners’ provinces + some princely states. Part D: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (governed by the Centre). Total States/UTs on 26 January 1950: 28 states + 6 Union Territories. Linguistic Reorganisation of States (1956) Key Trigger: Demands for states based on linguistic and cultural identity surged post-Independence. Major Catalyst: Potti Sriramulu’s death (1952) during a fast for a Telugu-speaking state (Andhra) sparked widespread protests → creation of Andhra State. Political Response: Fazl Ali Commission (SRC) formed in 1953. Submitted report: 30 September 1955. Recommended reorganisation of India into 16 states & 3 UTs based on administrative efficiency + linguistic affinity. Data Highlights: After 1956 Reorganisation States created based on dominant languages: Andhra Pradesh (Telugu) Kerala (Malayalam) Karnataka (Kannada) Tamil Nadu (Tamil) Maharashtra (Marathi) Gujarat (Gujrati) States that were reorganised or merged: Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Bombay, Madras, etc. Part A, B, C, D classifications abolished. New structure: Unified system with elected legislatures and clearer administrative boundaries. Key Arguments For Linguistic Reorganisation Unity Through Identity: Linguistic states ensured that diverse language groups felt included, preventing alienation. Nehru’s Pragmatic Approach: Despite early caution, Nehru eventually supported linguistic states to manage unrest and enhance governance. Democratic Accommodation: Recognised linguistic identities as part of a plural democratic ethos. Successful Model: Scholar Ramachandra Guha and others note that linguistic reorganisation helped unify rather than divide India. Governor R. N. Ravi’s Criticism (2025) Core Concern: Linguistic division has made many feel like second-class citizens. Quote: “In my own state Tamil Nadu… people live together but once it became a linguistic state, one-third became second-class.” Implication: Suggests that linguistic politics led to exclusion, particularly for linguistic minorities in each state. Counterpoints to Governor’s View SRC’s Balanced Approach: Rejected rigid linguistic determinism; argued for unity & cultural balance. Historical Complexity: Bombay and Punjab saw violent protests during their linguistic splits (e.g. Bombay’s bilingual state demand). State Unity Beyond Language: Example: Maharashtra and Gujarat, despite being split, remained stable politically and economically. Broader Implications for Indian Federalism Language as a Unifying Principle: While controversial, it has remained core to India’s identity management. Limits of Linguistic Logic: Not applied uniformly — e.g., Punjab-Haryana division also involved religious and regional considerations. Ongoing Challenges: Demands for new states (e.g., Gorkhaland, Vidarbha) still persist. Need to address intra-state linguistic minorities’ rights. Conclusion: A Mixed Legacy Reorganisation of 1956 was a pragmatic response to post-Independence challenges. Despite criticisms, it largely succeeded in: Reducing secessionist tendencies. Ensuring regional representation. Preserving national unity amidst cultural diversity. However, interior exclusions and new grievances require renewed attention within federal policy frameworks.

Jul 31, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 31 July 2025

Content Leap Beyond: Elevating India’s Space Saga Rashtriya Gokul Mission Leap Beyond: Elevating India’s Space Saga Modest Beginnings to Global Leadership 1963: Launch of India’s first sounding rocket from Thumba, Kerala. 1975: Aryabhata, India’s first satellite, launched with Soviet assistance. Now: India has launched over 400 foreign satellites for 34 countries via cost-effective launch vehicles like PSLV. Relevance : GS 3(Space ) Policy Reforms and Strategic Shift Since 2014 Post-2014 space reforms: Opened doors to private sector and international collaborations. India Space Policy 2023: Defined roles of ISRO (R&D), NSIL (commercial), IN-SPACe (regulator/facilitator). FDI Liberalization (2024): 100% FDI allowed; up to 74% automatic for satellite manufacturing & operations. Up to 49% automatic for launch vehicles & spaceports. Result: Emergence of 328+ space startups, vibrant space-tech ecosystem. Landmark Missions and Achievements NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) – Launch: 30 July 2025 First NASA-ISRO Earth observation mission. Uses dual-frequency L-band (NASA) and S-band (ISRO) radar. Tracks: Earth deformation, ice sheets, forest biomass. Coastal changes, landslides, oil spills. First GSLV mission to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbit. Axiom Mission-4: India’s First Astronaut on ISS Gp. Capt. Shubhanshu Shukla became the first Indian to visit the International Space Station (ISS). Mission Duration: 18 days aboard ISS, returned on 15 July 2025. Collaborative crewed flight with Poland and Hungary, via SpaceX Dragon. Scientific Experiments Conducted: Microalgae, seed sprouting, and cyanobacteria growth for nutrition and biotech. Tardigrade survival and human muscle regeneration under microgravity. User interface in zero gravity & crop seed adaptations for future agriculture in space. Gaganyaan Programme (₹20,193 crore) Goal: India’s first independent human spaceflight by Q1 2027. Components: Human-rated LVM3, Crew Escape System, Service Module. Astronaut training for 4 IAF officers: PB Nair, Ajit Krishnan, Angad Pratap, and Shukla. Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) by 2035; crewed Moon mission by 2040. Gaganyaan to catalyze: Space station R&D, industrial innovation, high-tech job creation. Chandrayaan Missions: India’s Lunar Legacy Chandrayaan-1 (2008): Discovered water on the Moon. Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Partial success; orbiter still functional. Chandrayaan-3 (2023): First soft-landing near lunar south pole. Chandrayaan-4 (Upcoming): Sample-return mission. Will use 2 rockets, 5 modules, orbit docking, sample return module to Earth. Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) Launched: 2013, reached Mars orbit in Sept 2014. First Asian country to reach Mars on maiden attempt. Cost: Only $74 million, world’s most cost-effective interplanetary mission. Operated for 7 years (designed life: 6 months). Solar Exploration: Aditya L-1 Launched: 2017; orbits Lagrange point L1. In 2025: SUIT instrument captured rare solar flare kernel from chromosphere and photosphere. Next-Generation Technologies SpaDeX & Satellite Docking India became 4th nation to demonstrate space docking (Jan 2025). Enabled: Refueling, payload transfers, self-sustaining space stations. Next Gen Launch Vehicles (NGLV) Reusable first stage; Payload: 30,000 kg to LEO. 3-stage, 93-meter tall vehicle, with 9 engines in first stage. Orbital Re-entry Vehicle (ORV) Winged body for horizontal runway landings. Currently under testing. Global Collaborations and Commercial Engagements Key Partners: NASA: NISAR mission. Axiom Space: Human spaceflight (Ax-4). France (CNES): TRISHNA infrared resource monitoring satellite. Japan (JAXA): LUPEX lunar rover mission. Europe (ESA): Proba-3 launched aboard ISRO’s PSLV. SpaceX/Starlink: Received license (June 2025); expanding satellite broadband with Airtel & Jio. Communication & Navigation Missions NavIC (Indian GPS) 7 satellites in GEO/GSO; covers India + 1500 km radius. Applications: Military, agriculture, transportation, disaster management. GSAT-N2 (2025) High-capacity communication satellite: 48 Gbps bandwidth. Built by NSIL, launched via Falcon-9. Defence and Debris-Free Initiatives Mission Shakti (2019) DRDO successfully destroyed a satellite in LEO. Proved India’s Anti-Satellite (A-SAT) capabilities. Debris-Free Space Missions (DFSM) Announced in 2024, operational from 2025. Goal: All Indian missions to achieve 99% debris-free compliance by 2030. Managed by IS4OM, includes tracking, controlled re-entry, and de-orbiting strategies. Investment & Budget Growth Space Budget: Tripled from ₹5,615 crore (2013-14) to ₹13,416 crore (2025-26). 11 years: 100 ISRO launches completed. Private sector-led launches increasing via NSIL and IN-SPACe facilitation. Upcoming Missions in 2025 PSLV-C61/EOS-09: Microwave C-band radar imaging satellite. TV-D2: Gaganyaan abort test with full Crew Module recovery. LVM3-M5: Commercial launch for AST SpaceMobile (USA). Chandrayaan-4, Venus Mission, Mangalyaan-2, Gaganyaan. Strategic Vision: Space Vision 2047 Pillars: Bharatiya Antariksh Station (2035) Crewed lunar mission (2040) Interplanetary missions (Venus, Mars) Full spectrum public-private synergy Embedded in India’s Amrit Kaal vision of becoming a global tech and knowledge power. Conclusion India’s space journey reflects: A quantum leap from Earth observation to human spaceflight. A synergy of government reforms, private innovation, and global collaboration. Commitment to peaceful, sustainable, and inclusive use of space. With a future anchored in missions like Gaganyaan and Chandrayaan-4, and leadership in low-cost, high-impact innovation, India is now a leading spacefaring nation shaping the global space order. Rashtriya Gokul Mission Background and Objectives Launched by: Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, GoI Objective: Conservation and development of indigenous bovine breeds, genetic upgradation, and enhancement of milk productivity and production. Relevance : GS 2(Scheme ) , GS 3(Livestock) Key Achievements (2014–15 to 2023–24) Increase in Bovine Productivity Overall bovine productivity increased from 1640 kg/animal/year to 2072 kg/animal/year → 26.34% increase, the highest globally. Indigenous and non-descript cattle productivity increased from 927 kg/animal/year to 1292 kg/animal/year → 39.37% increase Buffalo productivity improved from 1880 kg/animal/year to 2161 kg/animal/year → 14.94% increase Surge in Milk Production Milk output rose from 146.31 million tonnes (2014–15) to 239.30 million tonnes (2023–24) → 63.55% increase in a decade Future Target (Vision 2030) RGM aims to boost bovine milk productivity to 3000 kg/animal/year by 2030 Major Components and Interventions 1. Nationwide Artificial Insemination Programme (NAIP) Focus: Rural areas with <50% AI coverage Services: Free doorstep AI with High Genetic Merit (HGM) bulls, including indigenous breeds Impact (as of July 2025): 9.16 crore animals covered 14.12 crore AIs performed 5.54 crore farmers benefited 2. Progeny Testing & Pedigree Selection Goal: Breed and select high genetic merit bulls, especially from native breeds Indigenous cattle breeds supported: Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Kankrej, Hariana, Rathi, Gaolao Buffalo breeds supported: Murrah, Mehsana, Jaffarabadi, Pandharpuri, Nili Ravi Outcome: 4343 high genetic merit bulls produced and provided to semen stations 3. Accelerated Breed Improvement Tools used: In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Sex-sorted semen Purpose: Rapid genetic upgradation including for indigenous breeds 4. Genomic Selection Aim: Faster and more precise breeding of superior indigenous cattle and buffaloes using DNA-based selection 5. Human Resource Development Training rural youth as: Multipurpose AI Technicians in Rural India (MAITRIs) Status (as of July 2025): 38,736 technicians trained and equipped to deliver AI services Strategic Significance Boosts India’s Position: Solidifies India’s role as the largest milk producer globally Rural Income Support: Enhances farmers’ livelihoods, especially smallholders Breed Conservation: Ensures sustainable use of native genetic resources Technological Integration: Incorporates AI, IVF, Genomics to modernize livestock rearing Inclusivity: Delivers doorstep services, particularly in underserved rural districts Conclusion Rashtriya Gokul Mission is a transformative initiative integrating genetic science, rural capacity building, and indigenous breed conservation, resulting in unprecedented productivity gains and contributing to India’s agri-dairy resilience and rural economy. The push toward 3000 kg/animal/year productivity by 2030 reflects a bold vision backed by sustained policy and technological momentum.

Jul 31, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 31 July 2025

Content India’s police must get out of Dirty Harry’s shadow Spectacle, privacy and sharing in the digital age India’s police must get out of Dirty Harry’s shadow The Central Analogy: Holmes vs. Harry Sherlock Holmes: Represents evidence-based, rational, and rights-respecting policing. Dirty Harry: Symbolizes aggressive, rule-breaking, violent enforcement prioritizing speed over accuracy. The editorial frames Indian policing at a moral and operational crossroads: whether to choose a civilised, professional law enforcement model or perpetuate a culture of intimidation and impunity. Relevance : GS 2( Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice) Practice Question : Despite constitutional safeguards and judicial guidelines, custodial torture remains pervasive in India. Critically examine the systemic causes and evaluate evidence-based alternatives to coercive policing.(250 Words) Custodial Deaths in India: A Disturbing Pattern 687 custodial deaths across India between 2018–19 and 2022–23 (Lok Sabha, 2023). Avg: 2–3 deaths per week. Top states: Gujarat (81), Maharashtra (80), MP (50), Bihar (47), UP (41), WB (40), Tamil Nadu (36). Many deaths misclassified as suicide, illness, or accident. Torture is often off-record—done in vans, abandoned structures, or unmonitored areas (as in Ajith Kumar’s case in TN, 2024). Systemic Roots of Custodial Violence Target groups: Migrants, Dalits, tribals, slum dwellers, daily-wage workers. Reflects structural injustice linked to caste, class, and power dynamics. Police force structure: 90% are constables, often undertrained and ill-equipped for sensitive enforcement. Institutional failures: Weak accountability systems. Rare disciplinary/criminal convictions. Pressure for quick results leads to shortcuts like forced confessions. Scientific and Global Evidence Against Torture Cognitive Science Findings: Shane O’Mara (2015): Torture damages brain areas (prefrontal cortex & hippocampus) vital for memory and reasoning. Leads to disorientation and false confessions. Historical and Global Evidence: French forces in Algeria: Torture yielded mostly useless or misleading intelligence. CIA “Black Sites” (2007): Confessions extracted under torture were false or unverifiable. Innocence Project (US): 375+ wrongful convictions overturned via DNA—many based on coerced confessions. Policy & Legal Frameworks: Gaps and Failures D.K. Basu vs. State of West Bengal (1996): Laid out detailed custodial safeguards. Puttaswamy (2017): Reaffirmed dignity and bodily autonomy as fundamental rights. Law Commission Report 273 (2017): Recommended a standalone anti-torture law. No progress by 2025. India has not ratified the UN Convention Against Torture (UNCAT). Global Torture Index 2025: India ranked as a “high-risk” country — a major diplomatic and moral failure. Evidence-Based Alternatives That Work UK’s PEACE Model: Adopted post-Birmingham bombing scandal (1974). Stands for: Preparation & Planning, Engage & Explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation. Focuses on: Rapport-building Open-ended questions Active listening Video recording Result: Fewer false confessions, higher conviction accuracy, improved public trust. Endorsed by the European Committee for Prevention of Torture. Adopted by Norway, Canada, New Zealand. High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG): Joint initiative of FBI, CIA, Department of Defense. Conducted peer-reviewed studies: Non-coercive methods consistently superior to torture. Najibullah Zazi (2009 plot): Cooperated after respectful treatment—his intel helped break terror networks. Norway’s Breivik Case: Anders Breivik (killed 77 in 2011) was interrogated without threats. Led to full confession and insight into extremist networks. Editorial’s Policy Recommendations Ratify UNCAT (United Nations Convention Against Torture). Enact standalone anti-torture legislation as urged by Law Commission. Embed PEACE model into state police training curricula. Declare zero tolerance for custodial abuse nationwide. Shift from confession-centric to investigation-centric policing. Democratic Implications The debate is not about efficiency vs. morality — it’s about democratic maturity. Torture dehumanises not just victims but erodes the moral legitimacy of the State. Justice should protect, not brutalise — Holmes over Harry is not a choice of method but of values. Conclusion India stands at a critical inflection point in policing reform. The evidence is overwhelming: torture doesn’t work, morally or operationally. Embracing scientific, democratic, and rights-based approaches to policing isn’t idealistic — it’s essential for a just and lawful society. It’s time India left Dirty Harry behind and trained its police force in the spirit of Sherlock Holmes. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. Spectacle, privacy and sharing in the digital age Incident Overview: At a Coldplay concert in Boston, a “kiss-cam” moment showed a CEO and an HR director sitting together. An audience member recorded the clip and posted it online without their consent. The video went viral, and people speculated it showed an extramarital affair. As the online backlash grew, the CEO resigned from his position. Fake apology notes and edited images began circulating, fueling more outrage. The situation turned into a global case of digital shaming and moral judgment. A brief, private moment became a public spectacle, raising serious concerns about privacy and online ethics. Relevance : GS 2( Governance, Media Ethics, Privacy Laws, Social Justice) ,GS 4 ( Digital Responsibility, Media Morality) Practice Question : In the age of algorithm-driven virality, digital visibility often overrides individual privacy and dignity. Examine this tension with reference to recent incidents, and suggest ethical and regulatory solutions.(250 Words) Core Themes and Deeper Issues Raised 1. Lateral Surveillance and Participatory Voyeurism Mark Andrejevic’s concept of “lateral surveillance” explains how ordinary individuals monitor and expose each other through digital tools. Unlike top-down institutional surveillance, this peer-driven oversight is informal, viral, and judgmental. Example: The video wasn’t shared by law enforcement or media, but by a concertgoer — its virality emerged from audience spectacle, not news value. 2. Surveillance Capitalism & Algorithmic Amplification Shoshana Zuboff’s theory highlights that platforms like Instagram and X are designed to amplify emotionally ambiguous, provocative content. Virality is driven by engagement, not accuracy or ethics. Algorithms reward: Speculative storytelling Moral indignation Visual ambiguity, often at the cost of truth and dignity. Global & Indian Parallels In Delhi Metro (2023), a couple’s private moment went viral, resulting in: Trolling, public shaming, and Gendered moral policing—the woman bore the brunt of societal backlash. Similar Indian incidents often target: Women, Dalits, tribal communities, and the economically marginalised. Reveals a pattern: Viral content is often a weapon against the vulnerable, not the powerful. Privacy, Consent & Contextual Integrity Philosopher Helen Nissenbaum argues privacy isn’t secrecy but contextual control over personal information. Visibility ≠ Consent: Just because a moment is visible doesn’t mean it’s fair game for public dissemination. At concerts or in metros, individuals do not expect moments to be extracted, magnified, and judged by strangers worldwide. Digital Vigilantism and Public Shaming Daniel Trottier’s concept: Users act as moral enforcers without due process, relying on speculation, outrage, and mob judgment. Consequences: Reputational harm outpaces factual verification. “Guilt by virality” becomes a substitute for justice or inquiry. The Coldplay CEO’s resignation happened amid swirling misinformation, not based on verified wrongdoing. Crisis in Journalism & Verification Legacy media often amplifies viral content instead of verifying it. Coldplay case: Major outlets echoed social media narratives without investigation. Editorial critique: Journalism today often publishes first and checks later, eroding credibility and accountability. Platform Design Flaws Platforms prioritise performance over reflection (Nancy Baym). TikTok, Instagram, and X: Encourage immediate, emotional responses. Lack safeguards for flagging or de-escalating sensitive content. Algorithms are agnostic to truth and blind to harm. India-Specific Concerns Low digital literacy + social hierarchies (caste, gender, religion) = amplified risks. Viral videos involving Dalits or tribal creators often attract casteist backlash. Existing privacy and defamation laws fail to address: Cross-border harm Speed and scale of algorithmic amplification What Needs to Change: Ethical & Policy Recommendations 1. Digital Ethics Education Introduce digital empathy in schools, colleges, and communities. Emphasize that sharing content has real consequences, even if unintended. 2. Platform Accountability Social media companies must: Develop tools to flag sensitive content. Slow the spread of morally ambiguous media. Embed contextual warnings and consent checks. 3. Responsible Journalism Reaffirm the gatekeeping role: Prioritize verification, context, and proportionality. Resist the clickbait economy and restore editorial standards. 4. User Self-Reflection Public must reflect on: When does witnessing turn into exploitation? Should every moment be recorded, uploaded, and judged? Conclusion: Digital Culture at a Crossroads The Coldplay episode is not an anomaly — it represents a global pattern of spectacle over sensitivity. We must ask: Do we want a society where every moment becomes content? Or one where privacy, consent, and dignity are respected? In an age where virality is instant but harm is lasting, digital citizenship must be guided by empathy, ethics, and restraint. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes

Jul 31, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 31 July 2025

Content Trump’s 25% Tariff, ‘Penalty’ to Hit India from Tomorrow India Launches NISAR Satellite Boost the Capacity of Legal Aid Systems Restoring Mangroves Can Turn the Tide on India’s Coastal Security Kamchatka Peninsula Earthquake Trump’s 25% tariff, ‘penalty’ to hit India from tomorrow Announcement by U.S. President Trump (Wednesday): 25% tariff on all Indian imports starting August 1. Includes an additional penalty (not yet specified). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Reasons Cited by Trump: India’s high tariffs and non-monetary trade barriers. India’s continued purchase of military equipment and energy from Russia. Criticism of India’s role as a major buyer from Russia during the Ukraine war. India’s Response (Ministry of Commerce): “Studying implications” of U.S. announcement. Will take all necessary steps to protect national interest. Trade Negotiations Status: India–U.S. Bilateral Trade Agreement expected by Fall 2025 (still under negotiation). A smaller “mini-deal” to reduce retaliatory tariffs has likely failed. Past Context: Trump had earlier threatened 26% tariffs on India. Current move slightly lower at 25%, but penalty adds uncertainty. U.S. Position (as per Trump on Truth Social): India is a “friend,” but trade has been low due to high Indian tariffs. Accused India of having the “most strenuous and obnoxious” trade barriers. India launches NISAR satellite Key Points Launched on: July 30, 2025 Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh Rocket used: GSLV-F16 (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) Relevance : GS 3(Space , Science and Technology) What is NISAR? Full Form: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar Type: Earth Observation Satellite Weight: 2,392 kg Orbit: Sun-synchronous orbit Mission Life: 5 years Launch Milestone: First time GSLV launched a satellite into a sun-synchronous orbit Joint Venture Agencies Involved: NASA (USA): Built L-band SAR, radar boom, reflector, and payload ISRO (India): Developed S-band SAR, satellite bus (I3K), solar panels, and launched the mission Technical Highlights Radar Type: Dual-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) NASA’s L-band + ISRO’s S-band Unique Feature: Uses NASA’s 12-metre unfurlable mesh reflector antenna Scans Earth every 12 days, in all weather and day-night conditions Swath: 242 km, with high spatial resolution Tech: SweepSAR, detects tiny surface changes Applications Monitoring ground deformation, ice movement, vegetation dynamics Mapping soil moisture, surface water, farmlands Assisting disaster response (earthquakes, floods, landslides) Tracking sea ice, ships, shorelines, storms Mission Phases Launch Phase – Completed by GSLV-F16 Deployment Phase – Begins Day 10 post-launch; 12-metre antenna to unfold Commissioning Phase – Tests and calibrations Science Phase – Full operation begins Boost the capacity of legal aid systems Context Legal Services Institutions, under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, aim to provide free legal aid to ~80% of India’s population, but reach remains modest — only 15.5 lakh people benefited between April 2023 and March 2024 (a 28% increase from the previous year). Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary – Reforms) Infrastructure Front offices attached to courts, prisons, and juvenile justice boards provide legal help via empanelled lawyers. Legal aid clinics operate in rural areas — 1 clinic for every 163 villages (India Justice Report 2025). Funding Constraints Legal aid budget is <1% of the total justice budget (includes police, prisons, judiciary). Total allocation (2017-18 to 2022-23): States’ share rose from ₹394 cr to ₹866 cr NALSA’s share fell from ₹207 cr to ₹169 cr Utilisation of NALSA funds dropped from 75% to 59% NALSA guidelines (2023) restricted fund usage without prior approval — e.g., staff hiring, victim compensation, equipment. Per Capita Legal Aid Spending (2022–23) India average: ₹6 Highest: Haryana ₹16 Lowest: WB ₹2, Bihar ₹3, UP ₹4 Shrinking Frontline Workforce Para-legal volunteers (PLVs): Create awareness and resolve disputes. Drop by 38% (2019–2024) – now only 3.1 PLVs/lakh (WB & UP: 1 PLV/lakh). Poor honorariums: Kerala highest (₹750/day), most States pay ₹500 or less. Legal Aid Defence Counsel Scheme (LADC) Started in 2022 — dedicated legal aid to accused persons only, modeled on the public defender system. Operational in 610 of 670 districts. ₹200 cr allocation in 2023–24 (fully used), but dropped to ₹147.9 cr in 2024–25. Early potential noted, but too soon to assess long-term success. Key Challenges Underfunding, underutilization, and manpower shortage. Low trust, inconsistent service quality, and lack of accountability persist. Without resource investment, legal aid falls short of the constitutional promise of justice for all. Restoring mangroves can turn the tide on India’s coastal security Background: What Are Mangroves? Definition: Mangroves are salt-tolerant, forested wetlands found in tropical and subtropical coastal zones. Unique Feature: Survive in saline, intertidal zones with low oxygen levels through specialized roots (e.g., pneumatophores). Global Context: Mangroves are part of “blue carbon ecosystems” — sequester CO₂ in soil, roots, and biomass. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Ecological & Social Significance of Mangroves in India Disaster Risk Reduction: Act as natural shields during cyclones, storm surges, and tsunamis. Example: 2004 Tsunami — areas with mangrove cover had reduced damage and mortality. Biodiversity Hotspots: Habitat for fish, crustaceans, molluscs, insects, and migratory birds. Support local food chains and aquatic biodiversity. Carbon Sequestration: Store blue carbon—far more per unit area than terrestrial forests. Key tool in India’s climate mitigation efforts under the Paris Agreement. Livelihoods & Culture: Source of livelihoods for coastal communities — e.g., honey gathering (Sundarbans), fishing, and eco-tourism. Integral to indigenous knowledge and traditional resource use. Key Threats to Mangroves Urban Expansion: Coastal infrastructure, ports, and real estate projects (e.g., Mumbai, Chennai). Aquaculture: Shrimp farming and commercial fisheries degrade soil, alter salinity. Pollution: Plastic, sewage, and industrial effluents reduce regeneration capacity. Climate Change: Rising sea levels → prolonged submergence. Changing rainfall and salinity disrupt growth cycles. IUCN Warning: Over 50% of global mangroves may collapse by 2050 without urgent action. India’s Mangrove Landscape Total Area: ~4,900 sq. km (India State of Forest Report 2021). Major States: West Bengal (Sundarbans), Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra. Highest Coverage: Gujarat (23.6% of India’s mangrove area). State-Level Success Stories Tamil Nadu Problem: Degradation due to shrimp farming, pollution, disrupted hydrology. Progress: Mangrove cover doubled from 4,500 to 9,000 hectares (2021–2024). Green Tamil Nadu Mission: Focused restoration in Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, and Cuddalore. Notable Projects: Muthupettai Estuary (2017): 115 ha restored by MSSRF + local committees. 19 canals dug, 4.3 lakh Avicennia seeds, 6,000 Rhizophora propagules planted. Chennai (Kazhipattur, 2024): 12,500 seedlings from 5 species planted. Invasive Prosopis juliflora removed to restore native vegetation. Maharashtra (Mumbai) Project: 2025 Amazon–BMC–Hasten Regeneration collaboration on Thane Creek. Funding: $1.2 million (₹10.3 crore). Features: 3.75 lakh mangroves planted, targeting flamingo habitat. Plastic cleanup: Trash booms to intercept 150 tonnes of waste. Livelihood Support: Women employed in plantation and maintenance. Gujarat Programme: Central government’s MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes). Achievements: 19,000+ hectares planted (2023–2025). Exceeded 5-year national target early. Focus Areas: Coastal Kutch and Saurashtra. Goals: Enhance climate resilience, ecotourism, and blue carbon goals. Policy and Institutional Support Green Tamil Nadu Mission: State-led restoration with scientific collaboration. MISHTI (2023): Central initiative for large-scale mangrove plantation. Emphasis on livelihood-linked restoration. Corporate Partnerships: Example: Amazon’s “Right Now Climate Fund” supports climate-smart restoration with social co-benefits. Role of Research Institutions: M.S. Swaminathan Foundation, ATREE, and other NGOs play a vital role in site assessment, community engagement, and ecological planning. Key Takeaways for Policy Mangroves = Natural Infrastructure: Should be prioritized in National Adaptation Plans and State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs). Community-led Conservation: Success hinges on involving local communities, Panchayats, and women’s groups. Nature-Based Solutions (NbS): Restoration with co-benefits for biodiversity, carbon, and livelihoods is emerging as a key approach. India’s Global Role: As a megadiverse nation, India’s success in mangrove conservation enhances its voice in UNFCCC, CBD, and blue economy platforms. Kamchatka Peninsula Earthquake Core Event Overview A massive 8.8 magnitude earthquake struck the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia’s far-east on July 30, 2025. Epicenter: Approximately 500 km east of Moscow, affecting northern Pacific Ocean regions. It triggered a tsunami alert across several countries, including those on both sides of the Pacific Ocean. Tsunami waves were recorded (up to 3 meters) in some places such as: Alaska Peninsula Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in Russia Hokkaido in Japan Minor flooding was reported but no significant damage or loss of life was initially confirmed. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) Seismic Context: Ring of Fire The epicenter lies on the Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt, famously known as the “Ring of Fire”: A horseshoe-shaped seismic belt encircling the Pacific Ocean. Accounts for ~80% of the world’s strongest earthquakes. This region experiences frequent and violent tectonic activity due to: Presence of multiple subduction zones. Convergent plate boundaries where oceanic plates sink beneath continental or other oceanic plates. Global Comparison: Top Earthquakes (Past 20 Years) The Kamchatka quake ties for 2nd place (8.8 magnitude) among the top 10 earthquakes since 2005: Strongest: Tohoku, Japan (2011) – 9.1 Other notable 8.8 quakes: Chile (2010), Sumatra (2005), Kamchatka (2025) Pattern: Most quakes in the top 10 have occurred within the Ring of Fire. Why So Active: Tectonic Process in Kamchatka Kamchatka Peninsula is one of the most active geological zones due to: Subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Okhotsk Plate. This tectonic movement causes: Build-up of seismic stress Sudden release of energy as earthquakes This region has recorded over 130 significant quakes of >7.5 magnitude since 1900. Notable event: 1952 earthquake of magnitude 9.0 in the same region. Mechanism of Subduction Quakes Process: Two plates collide, and one subducts under the other. This builds up immense stress until sudden rupture and energy release occurs. Subduction-zone quakes are: Longer in duration Often followed by tsunamis Deep-focus in nature, affecting a wider area Scientific and Risk Implications Earthquake in Kamchatka serves as a case study for: Seismic hazard preparedness. Plate tectonics and deep-focus earthquakes. Scientists warn of ripple effects across other Ring of Fire zones. Particularly vulnerable zones: Japan, Alaska, Indonesia, Chile Modern data collection helps predict aftershocks and assess tsunami risks. Human & Policy Implications Kamchatka is sparsely populated: ~362,000 residents, mostly in Petropavlovsk. Hence, damage and casualties were relatively low despite the quake’s strength. Had a similar magnitude quake occurred in a densely populated area (e.g., Nepal 2015), the human toll could be much higher. Underscores the need for: Seismic early warning systems Disaster readiness even in less populated but seismically active areas Geopolitical and Global Preparedness Lessons Events like this: Highlight the interconnected nature of seismic risks in the Pacific. Stress the importance of transnational cooperation on early warnings and mitigation. India, although not in the Ring of Fire, can learn from: Japan’s model of community drills, building codes, and real-time alerts. Conclusion: Key Takeaways The Kamchatka quake is among the top three strongest quakes of the century so far. It reaffirms that seismic unpredictability remains high in the Ring of Fire. Preparedness, awareness, and advances in tectonic science are critical to minimizing human impact. Russia’s quake is a warning signal for all nations vulnerable to tectonic movements—especially those along subduction zones.

Jul 30, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 July 2025

Content DECLINE IN LEFT-WING EXTREMISM ATMANIRBHAR OIL SEEDS ABHIYAN DECLINE IN LEFT-WING EXTREMISM Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in India, once a major internal security threat, has seen a dramatic decline due to a comprehensive security-development strategy initiated under the 2015 National Policy and Action Plan. With coordinated efforts between the Centre and States, incidents of LWE violence have dropped by over 80%, and the number of affected districts has shrunk from 126 in 2013 to just 18 in 2025. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Policy & Strategic Framework National Policy and Action Plan (2015): A multi-pronged strategy combining security, development, and safeguarding community rights. Constitutional Context: Law & order is a State subject (Seventh Schedule), but the Centre supplements State efforts significantly. Focus Areas: Security reinforcement Development interventions Community engagement and entitlements Security Measures Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme (2014–2025): Total funds released: ₹3,357 crore To Jharkhand alone: ₹830.75 crore Covers operational costs, ex-gratia payments, and rehabilitation of surrendered cadres. Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS): Sanctioned Works: ₹1,740 crore For Jharkhand: ₹439.45 crore Covers strengthening of State Intelligence Branches, Special Forces, District Police, and 71 Fortified Police Stations (FPS). Security Outcomes: LWE-related violence incidents: Reduced by 81% since 2010. Civilian/Security force deaths: Declined by 85% till 2024. LWE-affected districts: Down from 126 (2013) to 18 (2025). Infrastructure Development Road Connectivity: Sanctioned: 17,589 km (Jharkhand: 3,168 km) Constructed: 14,902 km (Jharkhand: 2,925 km) Implemented via Road Requirement Plan (RRP) and RCPLWEA. Telecom Connectivity: Towers planned: 10,644 (Jharkhand: 1,755) Towers commissioned: 8,640 (Jharkhand: 1,589) Skill Development & Education Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs): Approved: 48 | Functional: 46 Jharkhand: 16 functional ITIs Skill Development Centres (SDCs): Approved: 61 | Functional: 49 Jharkhand: 20 operational SDCs Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Sanctioned: 258 | Functional: 179 Jharkhand: 47 operational schools Financial Inclusion Post Offices with Banking Services: Total: 5,899 | Jharkhand: 1,240 Bank Branches in LWE districts: Total: 1,007 | Jharkhand: 349 ATMs installed: Total: 937 | Jharkhand: 352 Special Central Assistance (SCA) SCA Scheme since 2017: Total funds released: ₹3,769 crore To Jharkhand: ₹1,439.33 crore Purpose: Bridge critical infrastructure gaps in Most LWE-Affected Districts. Surrender & Rehabilitation Initiatives Central Support to State Policies: Reimbursement of rehabilitation costs. Grant for surrender: ₹5 lakh for senior LWE cadre ₹2.5 lakh for lower cadre Incentives for weapon surrender Vocational training support: ₹10,000/month for 3 years Jharkhand Data (Jan 2024 – Jul 15, 2025): Violent incidents: 103 LWE cadres neutralized: 25 Arrested: 276 Surrendered: 32 Decline in Jharkhand Violent incidents: 2009: 742 incidents 2024: 69 incidents (92% decline) LWE-affected districts: Reduced from 21 (2013) to just 2 (2025) 7 districts categorized as “Legacy & Thrust” districts for ongoing attention Impact and Conclusion Violence and geographic spread of LWE have sharply contracted, with a sustained decline in affected districts and incidents. Comprehensive state-building measures—security, connectivity, education, skill-building, and inclusion—have created an enabling environment for governance and growth. The Jharkhand model, with significant decline in violence and heavy developmental investments, serves as a case study for counterinsurgency-led development. The Centre–State collaborative framework has proved effective in neutralizing extremism while strengthening institutions and uplifting vulnerable populations. ATMANIRBHAR OIL SEEDS ABHIYAN Core Objective Achieve Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) in edible oil production by increasing domestic oilseed production and processing efficiency. Targeting both primary oilseed crops and secondary sources (tree-borne oilseeds, rice bran, cottonseed, etc.). Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Targeted Oilseed Crops Primary crops (9): Groundnut, Soybean, Mustard, Sunflower, Sesame, Safflower, Niger, Linseed, Castor. Secondary sources: Cottonseed, Coconut, Rice Bran, Tree-Borne Oilseeds (TBOs). Research & Innovation (ICAR Initiatives) 5 All India Coordinated Research Projects (AICRPs): For location-specific high-yielding varieties. 2 Flagship Projects: Focused on hybrid development and gene editing for climate-resilient varieties. ➤ Outcomes (2014–2025): 432 High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs) released: Rapeseed-Mustard: 104 Soybean: 95 Groundnut: 69 Linseed: 53 Sesame: 34 Safflower: 25 Sunflower: 24 Castor: 15 Niger: 13 Focus on Varietal Replacement Rate (VRR) and Seed Replacement Rate (SRR) to promote new varieties. Seed Supply Ecosystem Breeder Seed Production (2019–20 to 2023–24): 1,53,704 quintals of breeder seed produced. Supplied to public/private agencies for certified seed production. District-level Seed Hubs: Ensure availability of quality seeds to farmers. Cluster-Based Approach 600+ Value Chain Clusters across India. Coverage: Over 10 lakh hectares annually. Managed by: FPOs, cooperatives, private Value Chain Partners (VCPs). ➤ Support Provided to Farmers: Free high-quality seeds. Training in Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). Weather & pest advisory services. Post-harvest infrastructure for oil extraction and recovery. Technology Transfer & Awareness Demonstration Types: Frontline Demonstrations (FLDs) – ICAR Cluster Frontline Demonstrations (CFLDs) – KVKs Block Demonstrations – State Agriculture Departments Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaigns: Promoting healthy oil consumption patterns. Insurance & Risk Management (PMFBY 2024–25) Extensive coverage of oilseed crops across 16 states/UTs under Kharif and Rabi seasons. Key crops insured: Mustard, Soybean, Groundnut, Sesame, Sunflower, Linseed, Niger, Safflower, Castor. Enables financial security for oilseed farmers. Strategic Importance India imports over 60% of its edible oil needs (~14-15 million tonnes/year). Edible oil import bill in 2023–24: USD 20 billion+. NMEO-OS aims to reduce import dependence, ensure price stability, and promote nutritional security. Challenges to Address Low productivity of oilseeds compared to global averages. Fragmented supply chains and poor oil recovery rates. Climate vulnerability impacting oilseed yield stability. Need for better infrastructure in processing and storage. Way Forward Enhance private sector participation in seed production, processing. Invest in cold-pressed oil extraction and organic oilseed farming. Integrate oilseed promotion with nutrition-focused programs (like POSHAN Abhiyan). Link clusters with e-NAM and export markets for value realization.

Jul 30, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 July 2025

Content Adopt formalisation to power productivity growth Why the Gini Index is wrong about India Adopt formalisation to power productivity growth Structural Shift in Formal Manufacturing Employment Contract labour share rose from 20% (1999-2000) to 40.7% (2022-23) across industries, per Annual Survey of Industries (ASI). Indicates a doubling in informalisation within the formal sector — a core concern among academics and policymakers. Marks a structural transformation where cost-saving trumps productivity, contrary to the intended flexibility rationale. Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Labour Force) Practice Question : Plight of Contract Workers Hired via third-party contractors, contract workers are often excluded from core protections under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. No safeguards against arbitrary dismissal, retrenchment, or fair layoff procedures. Weak bargaining power and lack of union representation enable systemic exploitation. Wage Disparities (2018–19) Contract workers earned 14.47% less than regular workers. Wage gaps sharper in larger enterprises: Large firms: 31% lower Medium firms: 23% lower Small firms: 12% lower Daily labour cost for contract workers was 24% lower on average. In 9 industry segments, contract worker costs were <50% of regular worker costs; in some cases, up to 85% lower. Impact on Labour Productivity While contract labour offers operational flexibility, excessive reliance leads to: High labour turnover Reduced investment in skill development Moral hazard and worker disengagement due to principal-agent misalignment. Empirical Findings (1999–2019, plant-level ASI data) Labour productivity in Contract Labour-Intensive (CLI) enterprises is 31% lower than in Regular Labour-Intensive (RLI) units. Small firms (<100 workers): 36% productivity gap Medium firms (100–300 workers): 23% Labour-intensive sectors: 42% Negative differentials persist even after controlling for firm- and state-level factors. Positive Deviations High-skill CLI enterprises: 5% higher productivity than low-skill CLI firms. Large, high-skill CLI enterprises: 20% productivity advantage. Large, capital-intensive CLI firms: 17% productivity gain. However, these account for only ~20% of formal manufacturing; 80% suffer due to misuse of contract labour. Policy Landscape & Critique Labour Code on Industrial Relations (2020) Aims to permit direct hiring of fixed-term workers (bypassing contractors). Mandates basic benefits (e.g., gratuity, leave). Yet to be implemented; unions fear further erosion of job security. Suggested Reforms Incentivise longer-term contracts with: Subsidies in social security contributions (e.g., EPFO/ESIC) Access to government skilling programs Could improve workforce retention, enable skill accumulation, and reduce exploitative short-termism. Revival of PMRPY Needed Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) (2016–2022): Government paid 12% employer contribution to EPF/EPS. 1 crore+ employees benefited. Discontinuation in March 2022 stalled momentum toward formalisation. Revival could deter misuse of contract labour and incentivise formal hiring. Conclusion Contractualisation, when driven by cost-cutting, has long-term costs: low productivity, weak skills, and poor job quality. Reform should balance flexibility with fairness, aligning with long-term industrial productivity and worker dignity. Formalisation is not just a social goal—it is also a strategic economic imperative for sustained manufacturing competitiveness. Why the Gini Index is wrong about India Context – Gini Paradox: Statistical Equality vs Lived Inequality India ranked among the most equal societies globally (Gini Index: 25.5) in 2025. Contradiction: Ground-level realities expose deep structural inequalities across economic, gender, digital, and social dimensions. Raises critical questions on the methodology and representativeness of the Gini Index, especially in contexts with large informal economies. Relevance : GS 2 (Inequalities ,Poverty) Economic & Wealth Inequality Income concentration: Top 1% earned 22.6% of national income in 2022–23 (Source: Income and Wealth Inequality in India, 1922–2023). Wealth inequality under-reported due to: Informal employment dominance. Low tax base (only ~10% of adults pay income tax). Real-life contrast: A chauffeur earning ₹3 lakh/year drives a ₹30 lakh luxury car — underscores systemic income disparity. Gender Inequality Workforce participation: Women form only 35.9% of the workforce. Leadership gap: Only 12.7% of mid- and senior-level leadership roles held by women in 2024. Start-up landscape: Women-run start-ups form only 7.5% of all active ventures, despite India having the 3rd largest startup ecosystem. Social factors: Norms around inheritance, education spending on girls, and domestic roles continue to limit women’s access to opportunity. Digital Divide Despite national efforts, access to functional technology remains unequal: Only 52.7% of schools have working computers. 53.9% of schools have internet access. Broadband penetration (urban + rural households): Just 41.8%. Education in emergencies (e.g., Delhi’s air pollution shutdowns) further isolates those without digital infrastructure. Educational Inequality Students from tech-access schools gain digital fluency, reinforcing class advantages. Lack of access leads to lower-skilled employment, perpetuating intergenerational poverty. Digital infrastructure inequality severely limits upward mobility for rural and low-income youth. Inequality Is Interconnected Multilayered inequalities reinforce each other: Digital inequality limits access to banking restricts financial independence aggravates gender inequality. Example: Only 25% of rural women have internet access vs 49% of rural men. Internet is a gateway to financial inclusion, education, and employment opportunities. Critique of the Gini Index Methodology Gini Index captures income distribution, but: Misses informal sector realities. Does not account for non-income-based inequality (e.g., gender, caste, digital access). India’s low Gini score masks high inequality outside the formal economic sphere. Conclusion: A Call for Grounded Equality True equality goes beyond numerical scores — requires universal access to opportunity. Without inclusive policies to address structural inequalities, rankings like the Gini Index offer a misleading sense of equity. India must invest in education, digital access, women’s empowerment, and labour formalisation to move toward real equality, not just statistical parity. Gini Index What is the Gini Index? The Gini Index is a statistical measure of income or wealth inequality within a country or group. Developed by Corrado Gini, an Italian statistician, in 1912. How does it work? Scale: Ranges from 0 to 100 (or sometimes 0 to 1 in academic texts). 0 = Perfect equality (everyone has the same income). 100 = Perfect inequality (one person has all the income, others have none). Interpretation Example Gini Score Meaning 25.5 Low inequality (as claimed for India in 2025) 35–45 Moderate inequality (common in many developing nations) 50 High inequality (often seen in Latin American and Sub-Saharan countries) How is it Calculated? Based on the Lorenz Curve, which plots: % of population (X-axis) vs % of income or wealth owned (Y-axis) Gini = Area between line of equality and Lorenz curve, divided by total area under the line of equality. Limitations Doesn’t capture non-income inequalities (e.g., gender, caste, digital access). Sensitive to data quality — especially weak in economies with large informal sectors (like India). A low Gini score doesn’t always mean a fair society.

Jul 30, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 July 2025

Content: 3 Pak. terrorists behind Pahalgam killed: Centre Free bus schemes help, but rural India pays more to travel What did the ICJ say on climate obligations? Countdown on; NISAR satellite launch today Kaziranga in Assam records third-highest tiger density in India after Bandipur, Corbett Amid trade upheaval, India rethinks China blockade to further tech manufacturing 3 Pak. terrorists behind Pahalgam killed: Centre Background On April 22, 2025, a major terror attack took place at Baisaran meadow in Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir, resulting in the deaths of 26 civilians. The attack marked one of the deadliest incidents targeting civilians in the Union Territory in recent times. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ) Recent Developments On July 29, 2025, security forces conducted a targeted operation in the Dachigam area of Srinagar, leading to the killing of three foreign terrorists believed to be responsible for the April 22 attack. Details of the Operation The terrorists were identified as: Suleman alias Faizal Jatt – Categorized as an “A-category” terrorist; also involved in the Gagangir attack (October 2024). Hamza Afghani Zibran All were Pakistani nationals and affiliated with the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). The operation was carried out through coordinated efforts involving: Intelligence Bureau (IB) Indian Army Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Jammu & Kashmir Police A combination of human and technical intelligence was employed to track the terrorists’ movements. Government Response The operation was confirmed by both the Prime Minister and the Union Home Minister in the Lok Sabha during a debate on Operation Sindoor, a broader counter-terror framework. It was emphasized that while local recruitment into militant groups has declined, infiltration attempts by foreign terrorists continue. The operation was presented as part of a larger effort to maintain internal security in Jammu & Kashmir and to prevent cross-border terrorism. Operation Mahadev Separately, the Home Minister also referenced Operation Mahadev, under which the three terrorists involved in the Baisaran meadow killings were neutralized. The twin operations—Sindoor and Mahadev—are part of India’s ongoing security strategy to respond decisively to terrorist threats. Strategic Implications Reinforces the trend of foreign-led terror operations in Kashmir, as local support reportedly diminishes. Demonstrates increasing reliance on multi-agency coordination and intelligence integration. Underlines India’s continued focus on counter-infiltration and post-incident accountability in terror-related incidents. Free bus schemes help, but rural India pays more to travel Context A recent World Bank report noted that India lifted approximately 171 million people out of extreme poverty between 2011–12 and 2022–23. Extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $2.15 per day, has declined from 16.2% to 2.3% in this period. However, these statistics prompt further investigation into how household consumption patterns have evolved, particularly regarding expenditure priorities across rural and urban India. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Insights from the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023–24 1. Overview of Per Capita Expenditure Rural India: ₹4,122 per capita per month Urban India: ₹6,996 per capita per month Expenditure is divided into: Food: 47% (rural), 39% (urban) Non-food: The remaining share, which includes conveyance, health, education, housing, etc. The share of food consumption has declined over time, indicating a gradual shift in expenditure priorities. 2. Conveyance as a Major Non-Food Expense Conveyance accounts for 14% of total non-food expenditure on average. Bus travel forms the largest component of conveyance costs, particularly in rural areas: Rural: 20.6% of conveyance expenditure Urban: 16.2% of conveyance expenditure Rural dependence on buses is higher due to limited access to alternative transport modes. 3. State-Wise Trends High rural bus expenditure: Tamil Nadu, Kerala (around 25% of conveyance spending) Low rural bus expenditure: Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, Haryana (less than 20%) States offering free bus services for women as of 2025: Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir 4. Mixed Policy Impact Evidence on the impact of free bus schemes is mixed: Reduction in bus expenditure in: Delhi, Karnataka, Telangana Increase in bus expenditure in: Tamil Nadu, Kerala At a national level: Urban India saw a 4% decline in bus expenditure Rural India saw a 0.6% increase, indicating limited rural policy impact 5. Income Group and Usage Paradox Contrary to expectations, higher-income households spend a larger share of their conveyance budget on buses. Possible explanation: Lower-income households (especially in rural areas) have lower transportation needs due to engagement in agriculture. No clear link between non-agricultural employment and bus usage in urban areas, suggesting broader usage beyond commuting. Policy Recommendations Electrification of Public Transport: Transition from internal combustion engines to electric buses to reduce operational costs and ticket prices. Increase Bus Availability: Current national average: 17 buses per 1 lakh population Ministry benchmark: 60 per 1 lakh Poorly served states: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha (fewer than 10 buses per 1 lakh people) Improve Bus Quality and Affordability: Upgrading infrastructure can reduce the economic burden on households, allowing reallocation of resources to health, education, or asset creation. Conclusion India’s declining poverty rates and shifting consumption patterns reflect socio-economic progress. However, the findings from HCES underscore persistent infrastructure deficits and uneven policy impact, especially in rural areas. Addressing conveyance costs through targeted investment and systemic improvements in public transport could significantly enhance household welfare and reduce regional disparities. What did the ICJ say on climate obligations? Context On July 23, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered an advisory opinion on the obligations of states to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the legal consequences of failing to do so. The opinion arrives at a time when multilateral climate action faces significant challenges, especially with reduced commitments from some developed nations. Relevance : GS 3(Climate Change , Environment and Ecology ) Key Highlights of the ICJ Opinion 1. Reaffirmation of the Climate Regime’s Integrity The ICJ emphasised the continuity and cohesiveness of the entire international climate framework: UNFCCC (1992) Kyoto Protocol (1997) Paris Agreement (2015) This contrasts sharply with the view from some developed countries that the Paris Agreement is now the sole binding framework, making earlier instruments obsolete. 2. A Boost for the Global South The Court reaffirmed that developed countries (as listed in Annex I and II of the UNFCCC) have additional obligations, including: Climate finance Technology transfer Capacity building Reasserted the relevance of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR–RC) as the core guiding principle. Notably, it extended the applicability of CBDR–RC beyond climate treaties to potentially wider environmental law, such as biodiversity governance. 3. Nuanced View on Developmental Status Recognised the evolving nature of “developed” and “developing” country categories, citing the Paris Agreement’s addition of “in the light of national circumstances” to CBDR–RC. This introduces flexibility but may blur lines in future interpretations and negotiations. Contentious Interpretation of the Paris Temperature Target 1. Paris Agreement Language (Article 2.1(a)): Original Goal: Keep global temperature rise “well below 2°C”, while “pursuing efforts” for 1.5°C. ICJ’s View: Treats the 1.5°C target as the de facto obligation, based on recent UNFCCC COP decisions. 2. Issues Raised: The Court’s interpretation implies that implementation decisions can amend treaty obligations, a contentious legal stance. Ignores the reality that the 1.5°C threshold may be exceeded imminently, and offers no legal roadmap for that eventuality. Uncritical reliance on IPCC’s AR6 projections for emission cuts, which themselves do not account for equity or CBDR–RC, as acknowledged even in recent UNFCCC Bonn negotiations. Enforcement of Climate Obligations: Limited Advances While extensively reviewing obligations of conduct vs. obligations of result, the Court remains within existing international law paradigms: Obligations of conduct (e.g., mitigation efforts) are recognised, but are not enforceable as guarantees of outcome. Stronger enforcement is limited to procedural compliance, such as submission of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The opinion implies that any enforcement is case-specific and dependent on judicial forums with relevant jurisdiction. Gaps in the Opinion: A Global South Perspective 1. Developmental Constraints Ignored The opinion largely neglects the developmentalchallenges of the global South: Lack of carbon space threatens energy access and poverty eradication. Low-carbon transitions remain financially and technologically inaccessible for many developing countries. 2. Limited Recognition of Systemic Inequities Equity and CBDR–RC are acknowledged only as interpretive principles, not as sources of new obligations. Judge Xue Hanqin, in a separate opinion, highlights this omission, noting that a supportive international economic order is essential for sustainable development and climate justice. Potential for Litigation, but Limited Global Impact The opinion may serve as a catalyst for litigation at the domestic or regional level, especially by climate-vulnerable countries. It opens pathways for claims of reparation or compensation, contingent on establishing: Attribution Wrongfulness Causation However, its effect on international negotiations is expected to be modest. Existing fault lines between North and South remain unaddressed. Several judges’ separate opinions reflect concern that this was a missed opportunity for bold jurisprudence. Conclusion The ICJ advisory opinion reaffirms important principles such as CBDR–RC and the continued obligations of developed countries, offering some support to the global South. However, it falls short in terms of: Addressing developmental asymmetries Clarifying the legal consequences of exceeding climate thresholds Proposing a robust enforcement framework Its potential lies more in its symbolic value and litigation support, rather than in reshaping global climate governance. For policymakers and negotiators from the global South, the opinion is both an affirmation and a cautionary signal, underscoring the need to persist with demands for equity, climate finance, and technological justice. Countdown on; NISAR satellite launch today Launch Details: Satellite: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Weight: 2,392 kg Launch Vehicle: GSLV-F16 (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) Launch Site: Second Launch Pad, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota Orbit: 743-km Sun-Synchronous Orbit Launch Time: Scheduled for 5:40 p.m., Wednesday (July 30, 2025) Countdown: Began at 2:10 p.m., Tuesday (27.5-hour duration) Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology, Space) Key Features of NISAR: Joint Mission: First collaborative satellite mission between NASA and ISRO. Synthetic Aperture Radar: Carries both L-band (by NASA) and S-band (by ISRO) radar systems for dual-frequency earth observation. Observation Capacity: Global coverage every 12 days All-weather, day-night imaging High-resolution data for long-term global change monitoring. Applications: Disaster Management: Earthquakes, landslides, floods, and cyclones Agriculture & Forestry: Crop monitoring, forest biomass, and land use changes Climate Science: Glacier dynamics, sea-level rise, soil moisture Urban Planning & Infrastructure Monitoring Collaborative Dimensions: India’s Contribution: Spacecraft bus S-band radar Launch vehicle and mission operations NASA’s Contribution: L-band radar Radar reflector boom Communication subsystems, GPS, and data handling systems Institutional Collaboration: Duration: Over a decade of joint development COVID-19 Challenge: Despite the pandemic, engineers from both countries ensured continued integration and testing: ~65 ISRO engineers visited NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ~175 NASA engineers visited ISRO facilities Strategic Significance: A model for future international collaborations in space and earth science. Broader Implications: Space Diplomacy: Enhances strategic cooperation in civilian space technology Capacity Building: Mutual learning and technology transfer Earth Science Leadership: Positions both agencies at the forefront of next-gen environmental monitoring Kaziranga in Assam records third-highest tiger density in India after Bandipur, Corbett Key Highlights: Tiger Count (2024): 148 individuals 2022 Comparison: 104 tigers Method: Phase IV monitoring using camera traps (as per NTCA protocol) Duration: 103 days (Dec 2023 – Apr 2024) Area Surveyed: 1,307.49 sq. km Camera Traps: 293 units Images Captured: 4,011 images from 242 locations Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Tiger Density Ranking (India): Kaziranga Tiger Reserve now has the third-highest tiger density in India: Bandipur Tiger Reserve, Karnataka – 19.83 tigers/100 sq. km Corbett Tiger Reserve, Uttarakhand – 19.56 tigers/100 sq. km Kaziranga Tiger Reserve, Assam – 18.65 tigers/100 sq. km Reasons for Increase in Tiger Count: First-time Sampling of the Biswanath Wildlife Division (added 27 new tiger records) Core Eastern Assam Wildlife Division count increased from 104 (2022) to 115 (2024) Nagaon Wildlife Division maintained a stable count of 6 tigers Methodology: Technique Used: Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR) Considered more ecologically accurate than traditional methods Coordinating Bodies: National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Wildlife Institute of India (WII) Assam Forest Department Conservation Context: The Kaziranga landscape includes a mix of grasslands, semi-evergreen and tropical forests, and wetlands — ideal for supporting both tigers and their prey base. Conservation in the region has improved through: Anti-poaching efforts Habitat restoration Community-based initiatives Challenges: Persistent threats include: Habitat fragmentation Human-wildlife conflict Infrastructure development pressures Climate change Agricultural encroachment Political and Administrative Response: Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma emphasized Kaziranga’s dual role in tiger conservation and habitat restoration, particularly noting actions against infiltration and forest degradation. He described the tiger as the “treasure of Assam’s forests.” Tigers in India – Key Facts India hosts ~75% of the global wild tiger population. As per Status of Tigers in India, 2022 report, estimated count: 3,682 tigers. Top Tiger States (2022): Madhya Pradesh (785), Karnataka (563), Uttarakhand (560), Maharashtra (444), Tamil Nadu (306). Project Tiger (1973): Launched to conserve tigers in the wild — now administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) under the MoEFCC. Tiger Reserves (as of 2024): 54 reserves, covering ~78,000 sq km, or 2.4% of India’s geographical area. Recent Success – Kaziranga (2024): Tiger population rose from 104 (2022) to 148 (2024). Third-highest tiger density in India: 18.65 tigers/100 sq. km. Attributed to better monitoring and inclusion of new areas like Biswanath Wildlife Division. Amid trade upheaval, India rethinks China blockade to further tech manufacturing Context and Background Post-Galwan Policy Shift (2020): Following border clashes in 2020, India imposed stricter FDI rules via Press Note 3, requiring prior government approval for investments from countries sharing land borders (mainly targeting China). Key sectors like telecom, electronics, and infrastructure were effectively blocked to Chinese firms. Strategic Recalibration (2023–25): Amid changing global dynamics and growing domestic manufacturing ambitions (e.g., Make in India, PLI schemes), India is cautiously rethinking its restrictions on Chinese firms, especially in non-strategic sectors. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Developments Signs of Thaw: Gradual Allowance Dixon-Loncheer Partnership: Indian firm Dixon Technologies entered a joint venture with China-based Loncheer, with approval from India’s IT Ministry. This venture focuses on manufacturing electronics, including smartphones, tablets, wearables, and automotive components. About 74% of Dixon’s components in this space will come from China. Government Softening Stance: Policy think tanks like NITI Aayog have recommended easing FDI norms for China-linked entities in specific areas to boost exports. Recent moves include inviting Chinese firms to invest in India’s new Economic Survey 2023–24, signaling calibrated acceptance. Balancing Act: Trade vs Security Continued Strategic Restrictions: Despite softening in electronics, sectors like defense, critical minerals, and core assembly remain largely off-limits. India remains wary of supply chain dependence, particularly in view of geopolitical volatility. Diplomatic Engagements: External Affairs Minister Jaishankar visited China, stressing the need for cooperation without conflict, while acknowledging persistent challenges in border resolution. Implications for India’s Manufacturing and Trade Electronics Sector Shifts Reduced Reliance? Not Yet Fully. China and Hong Kong remain dominant in electronics imports, contributing over 50% of total inputs. India’s smartphone exports to the US rose to 36% (early 2025), with China’s share in the same market dropping to 11%, indicating India’s growing role in global value chains. However, most components still come from Chinese or Chinese-backed firms. Geopolitical and Trade Realignment India’s Dual Strategy: Aims to reduce over-dependence on Chinese capital while still using Chinese expertise to bolster manufacturing. Restrictive FDI continues in strategic sectors but is selectively relaxed in high-export-potential industries. Global Trade Tensions: China has imposed restrictions on firms doing business with India and has curbed rare earth exports. These retaliatory actions affect India’s electronics and renewable energy industries, both of which are heavily reliant on critical Chinese inputs. Takeaways Strategic Autonomy vs Economic Integration: India seeks to balance national security concerns with manufacturing competitiveness, particularly under PLI schemes and global supply chain diversification. FDI Policy Evolution: Future FDI policies may adopt a sector-specific and risk-calibrated approach, allowing non-sensitive investments from Chinese entities while shielding critical infrastructure. China’s Role in Global Supply Chains: Despite geopolitical tensions, Chinese companies remain integral to electronics manufacturing. India’s long-term success depends on developing indigenous capabilities and diversified sourcing.

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