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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 September 2025

Content Decisive step The long march ahead to technological independence Decisive step Why in News The Supreme Court of India ordered the Election Commission of India (ECI) to include Aadhaar as one of the 12 valid documents for the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Bihar’s electoral rolls. This came after over 65 lakh electors were excluded from the draft rolls, raising concerns of disenfranchisement. Relevance : GS II – Polity & Governance (Electoral reforms, Election Commission of India’s role ,  Judicial oversight on electoral processes) , GS II – Welfare & Social Justice (Impact on vulnerable groups (migrants, women, poor). Practice Question : The Supreme Court’s direction to include Aadhaar among valid documents for voter verification balances inclusivity and procedural rigour. Discuss in light of electoral integrity and democratic principles. (250 Words) Basics Electoral Roll Revision: Periodic updating of voter lists to ensure accuracy. ECI’s Position: Aadhaar was excluded on grounds that it proves only residency, not citizenship. SC’s Intervention: Held that Aadhaar can be used subject to verification. Noted inconsistency: most accepted documents (except passport/birth certificate) also don’t prove citizenship. Ensured inclusivity by removing procedural barriers. Overview Constitutional & Legal Dimension Upholds fundamental right to vote (though statutory, linked with Article 326 – Universal Adult Franchise). Balances between procedural rigour and citizen enfranchisement. Reaffirms judicial oversight over electoral integrity. Administrative Dimension Reduces hurdles for verification during roll revision. Aadhaar’s wide coverage (90% in Bihar) makes the process more inclusive and efficient. Mitigates anomalies: disproportionate deletion of women, inflated death rates, misclassified migration. Social Dimension Protects vulnerable groups — poor, women, migrant workers — most at risk of being excluded. Corrects a situation where lack of certain documents disproportionately affected disadvantaged communities. Political Dimension Strengthens legitimacy of elections by ensuring comprehensive voter rolls. Responds to civil society and political activists’ concerns over disenfranchisement. Sets a precedent for future electoral roll revisions across India. Technological & Data Dimension Aadhaar authentication provides a reliable, digital verification tool. But also raises data privacy concerns — surveillance risks, misuse of voter identity. Court’s stance: Aadhaar use allowed only with verification safeguards. Democratic & Ethical Dimension Reinforces principle: inclusivity over procedural rigidity in a democracy. Electoral roll seen as foundation of representative democracy. Mandates diligent, humane, house-to-house verification over bureaucratic shortcuts. Implications Going Forward Sets a national precedent for inclusion of Aadhaar in voter verification across states. Compels the ECI to recalibrate policies — balancing inclusivity, accuracy, and privacy. Opens up debates on: Privacy vs. convenience in Aadhaar usage. Need for a comprehensive voter identity law to standardize acceptable documents. The long march ahead to technological independence Why in News India celebrated its 79th Independence Day (15 August 2025). Editorials stressed that true independence today goes beyond political freedom — it requires technological sovereignty, given the risks of dependence on foreign-controlled software, cloud, and hardware systems. Relevance: GS III – Science & Technology (Digital sovereignty, cybersecurity, indigenous technology development, semiconductor ecosystem) , GS III – Economy (Electronics manufacturing, reducing import dependence, Atmanirbhar Bharat, Digital India) Practice Question: “Political independence in 1947 gave India sovereignty over territory; independence in the digital era requires sovereignty over technology.” Critically examine the significance of technological sovereignty for India’s security and development. (250 Words) Basics Technological Sovereignty: Ability of a nation to independently design, develop, and maintain critical digital infrastructure (software + hardware). Present Dependence: Software ecosystems (OS, databases, cloud) dominated by a few foreign companies. Hardware sovereignty harder — semiconductor fabs, chip design, supply chains require massive investment. Emerging Threats: Cyberattacks, AI control, cloud service shutdowns can cripple essential sectors (banks, trains, power grids). Example: Recent denial of cloud services to a company shows risks are real. Proposed Path: Open-source adoption, indigenous ecosystem building, partnerships in chip design and assembly, collective IT community effort. Overview Strategic & Security Dimension Cyberwarfare is now more decisive than conventional warfare — dependence creates national security vulnerabilities. Critical infrastructure (banking, energy, transport) is at risk if foreign service providers withdraw or manipulate access. Sovereign technology strengthens strategic autonomy in geopolitics. Political & Constitutional Dimension Extends the meaning of sovereignty (Article 1, Preamble) beyond political to technological. Ensures digital self-determination consistent with democratic values. Economic & Industrial Dimension Indigenous tech ecosystem → boosts employment, startups, MSMEs in IT and electronics. Reduces import dependence in electronics (currently >60% of India’s electronics import bill is from China). Long-term investment in semiconductor design/fabs critical for Atmanirbhar Bharat and Digital India goals. Technological Dimension Software sovereignty: Build Indian OS, database, cloud ecosystem using open-source foundations (Linux, Android). Hardware sovereignty: Focus on chip design & assembly, gradually moving to fabrication. Open-source adoption ensures transparency, trust, and security (no hidden backdoors). Social Dimension Protects ordinary citizens, small businesses, and marginalised users from digital exclusion or service disruption. Builds public trust in Indian systems. A collective national tech movement (professionals, academia, industry) needed. Global Dimension Aligns with global debates on digital sovereignty (EU, US, China already pursuing indigenous models). Enhances India’s bargaining power in tech supply chains and partnerships (e.g., QUAD Critical Tech, MSP for semiconductors). Ethical Dimension Dependence on foreign-controlled AI/cloud creates risks of data colonisation and loss of privacy. Indigenous systems → ensure accountability and democratic control over data. Way Forward Launch a National Mission for Technological Independence (implementation-driven, not just research). Build product-like teams for continuous development of software & hardware solutions. Create a self-sustaining financial model for open-source development (beyond govt funding). Focus first on client-side & server-side components (email, databases, cloud servers). Parallel investment in semiconductor ecosystem (chip design, fabless models, global partnerships). Conclusion Political independence (1947) ensured sovereignty over territory and governance. 21st-century independence = technological independence. India must treat tech sovereignty as the new freedom struggle, mobilising industry, academia, and civil society to secure its digital future.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 September 2025

Content Radhakrishnan elected Vice-President of India Poor NARI ranking exposes women safety gaps in Delhi China digs in on ‘rare earth’, commands global market Lessons for India: how Kerala is tackling rapid urbanisation Governors must act as true guides and philosophers to States, says CJI Gavai Could our everyday artificially intelligent chatbots become conscious? Radhakrishnan elected Vice-President of India Why in News C.P. Radhakrishnan, Governor of Maharashtra and NDA nominee, was elected as the 17th Vice-President of India (2025). He secured 452 first-preference votes, defeating the joint Opposition candidate Justice B. Sudershan Reddy, who got 300 votes. 98.2% turnout of the electoral college; cross-voting noted from the Opposition camp. Relevance: GS II (Polity – Constitution, Executive, Parliament, President & Vice-President, Electoral processes, Articles 63–66, Judicial review)   Vice-President of India Constitutional Provision: Article 63: There shall be a Vice-President of India. Article 64: Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. Article 65: Acts as President in case of vacancy, resignation, removal, or absence. Election Process (Article 66): Elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament (nominated members included). Proportional Representation by means of Single Transferable Vote (STV); election held by secret ballot. Value of vote is equal for all MPs (unlike Presidential election where vote value differs). Eligibility (Article 66 & 84): Citizen of India. At least 35 years old. Qualified for election as a member of Rajya Sabha. Not hold any office of profit. Term & Removal: Term: 5 years, eligible for re-election. Can resign to the President or be removed by a resolution of Rajya Sabha (effective if agreed by Lok Sabha). Comparative Dimension First Vice-President: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (1952–1962). Longest-serving VP: Hamid Ansari (2007–2017). Precedent: Several Vice-Presidents (Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, Dr. Zakir Husain, V.V. Giri, R. Venkataraman, Shankar Dayal Sharma, K.R. Narayanan) later became Presidents. Static Knowledge Vice-President vs Speaker of Lok Sabha: VP: Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha, elected by both Houses, does not vote except in case of tie. Speaker: Elected only by Lok Sabha members, has casting vote in case of tie. Removal Procedure Difference: VP can be removed only by Rajya Sabha resolution agreed by Lok Sabha. President can be impeached by both Houses with 2/3rd majority. Important Case Law: Mohd. Akbar vs Union of India (1969): VP’s election disputes are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court. Poor NARI ranking exposes women safety gaps in Delhi Why in News The National Annual Report & Index on Women’s Safety (NARI) 2025 revealed serious gaps in women’s safety in Delhi, 13 years after the 2012 Nirbhaya case. Delhi ranked 28th out of 31 cities on the safety index, ahead only of Kolkata, Srinagar, and Ranchi. Relevance: GS II (Polity – Fundamental Rights: Articles 14, 15, 21; Social Justice – Women safety, Nirbhaya Fund, Urban Governance, Law enforcement, Criminal Law), GS III (Social Issues – Gender equality, SDG 5, Urban development) Basics NARI Index 2025: Conducted by Pvalue Analytics, ideated with the National Commission for Women (NCW). Survey Size: 12,770 women across 31 Indian cities. Indicators: Women-friendly infrastructure, harassment experiences, policing, perceptions of safety (day vs. night). Key Findings of NARI Report (2025) Infrastructure gaps: 31% of Delhi women said women-friendly infrastructure was minimal/non-existent. Safety perception: 8% unsafe during day; 35% unsafe at night. Harassment: National avg: 7% women faced harassment in public spaces. Delhi: 12% (highest disparity). 61% of victims faced harassment more than twice → failure to deter repeat offenders. Unsafe spaces: Neighbourhood areas (34%) most unsafe. Transport facilities (32%). Deserted/unlit areas cited as key reasons for fear. Demands from women: 51% → stronger policing. 17% → timely police action. Overview Constitutional & Legal Dimension Article 14: Equality before law. Article 15(3): State can make special provisions for women. Article 21: Right to life includes dignity and safety. Laws enacted post-2012: Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 – expanded definitions of sexual offences. Justice Verma Committee Report (2013) – recommended police reforms, faster trials, gender sensitisation. Nirbhaya Fund (2013) – financial support for women’s safety initiatives. Governance & Policing Dimension Poor enforcement of CCTV coverage, street lighting, police patrolling. Low trust in police action (timeliness, sensitivity). Underutilisation of Nirbhaya Fund – CAG reports flag delays. Need for smart policing (apps, helplines, gender desks in police stations). Social Dimension Patriarchal attitudes → normalisation of harassment. Underreporting due to stigma, fear of reprisal. Safety concerns reduce women’s mobility, education, and workforce participation. Urban Planning Dimension Lack of gender-sensitive urban infrastructure: Poor street lighting. Isolated bus stops, unsafe last-mile connectivity. Inadequate public toilets for women. Safe Cities Mission (2018) exists but patchy implementation. Economic Dimension Unsafe environments reduce women’s participation in the economy (India’s female LFPR ~37% in 2024). Impacts productivity, urban growth, and SDG 5 (Gender Equality). Comparative Perspective Cities like Kohima, Visakhapatnam, Aizawl, Mumbai ranked better due to stronger community policing, civic culture, and infrastructure. Delhi, despite being the national capital, lags behind, raising credibility concerns. Static Knowledge Schemes/Initiatives: Nirbhaya Fund (2013). Safe City Project under Nirbhaya Fund – being implemented in 8 metro cities. One Stop Centres (OSCs) – for violence survivors. Women Helpline (181). SHE Teams (Telangana model). Judicial Cases: Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) – workplace harassment guidelines. Laxmi v. Union of India (2014) – acid attack regulations. Nirbhaya case (2012–2020) – strengthened criminal law framework. Way Forward Urban Safety Audits: Gender-sensitive city planning (lighting, transport, toilets). Policing Reforms: Increase women in police force (current ~11%), fast-track women’s safety cases. Technology Integration: Panic apps, AI surveillance, predictive policing. Community Participation: Involve RWAs, NGOs, student groups in monitoring. Education & Sensitisation: Change in public attitudes through awareness campaigns. Effective Utilisation of Nirbhaya Fund with transparent monitoring. China digs in on ‘rare earth’, commands global market Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Definition: Group of 17 chemically similar metallic elements (15 lanthanides + scandium + yttrium). Categories: Light Rare Earths (LREEs): Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium. Heavy Rare Earths (HREEs): Gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium. Exclusion: Promethium (radioactive, no mineable reserves). Uses: Clean energy: EV batteries, wind turbine magnets (NdFeB). High-tech devices: Smartphones, hard drives, fibre optics, ceramics, phosphors. Defence: Aerospace, radar, precision-guided weapons, stealth technology. Relevance: GS III (Economy – Minerals & Resources, Critical minerals, Trade & Industrial Policy; Science & Technology – Clean energy tech, EVs, high-tech devices; Security – Strategic minerals, Defence applications; International Relations – India–China trade, MSP, global supply chains) China’s Dominance Reserves: Nearly 50% of world reserves (IEA). Production: >60% of global production in last 5 years. Refining: 92% of global refining capacity. Exports: Largest exporter (≈30% of global demand). Restrictions: 2023 – banned export of processing tech. April 2025 – curbed export of 7 REEs (esp. for NdFeB magnets). 2025 interim measures – quotas + govt approval for trade. Research Strength: 30% of global REE research papers (vs. U.S. & Japan ≤10%, India ≈6%). Funding: $14 billion annually (2022–24) in mineral exploration (highest in decade). India’s Position Imports: 75%+ of rare earth imports from China (since 2021). Reserves: Significant monazite sands (Odisha, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu). Production: Limited; India contributes <2% of global REE output due to policy restrictions. Institutions: Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL): PSU under DAE for mining/processing. Atomic Minerals Directorate (AMD): Exploration of monazite and other RE-bearing minerals. Challenges: Monazite contains thorium → falls under Atomic Energy Act, limiting private sector participation. Processing & refining bottlenecks → India exports raw ores but imports refined products. Overview Strategic & Security Dimension Rare earths are “critical minerals” → essential for Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence & clean energy. Over-dependence on China creates strategic vulnerability (supply disruptions, price manipulation). U.S.–China tensions show weaponisation of REEs as a geopolitical tool. Economic Dimension Global clean energy transition (EVs, wind) → REE demand projected to triple by 2040 (IEA). India’s electronics & EV targets (30% EV penetration by 2030) → rising REE demand. Import dependence threatens current account stability. Technological Dimension Refining & separation of REEs is highly complex, polluting, and capital-intensive. China’s dominance lies not just in reserves, but mastery of refining tech. India lags in R&D, recycling, and processing capacity. Environmental Dimension REE mining/refining causes radioactive & chemical waste → ecological concerns. Need for green processing methods, circular economy (REE recycling from e-waste). Political & Global Dimension Rare earths are now at the heart of critical mineral diplomacy. U.S., Japan, EU, Australia diversifying supply chains via alliances (e.g., Minerals Security Partnership – MSP). India is part of MSP (2023) → chance to collaborate on exploration, refining, and supply chain resilience. Social Dimension Local communities near REE-rich coasts (Kerala, Odisha) face livelihood & displacement issues from mining. Balancing resource exploitation with social/environmental safeguards is key. Ethical Dimension Resource nationalism vs. equitable access debate. Data parallels with “resource curse” → risk of exploitation without inclusive growth. Way Forward for India Policy Reforms: Amend Atomic Energy Act to allow private/foreign participation in non-nuclear REEs. Exploration: Accelerate surveys under NMET (National Mineral Exploration Trust). Processing Tech: Invest in refining & separation technologies (AIIMS + CSIR collaborations). Recycling: Promote urban mining of e-waste (rare earth recovery). Strategic Stockpiling: Build reserves for critical sectors (defence, EVs, power). Global Partnerships: Deepen cooperation via MSP, Quad, and bilateral deals with Australia, U.S., Japan. Static Knowledge IEA Definition: REEs = 17 metals, critical for clean energy transition. India’s Monazite Reserves: ~12 million tonnes, mostly in beach sands. Institutions: IREL, AMD, BARC’s rare earth metallurgy division. Global Context: REEs included in U.S. “Critical Minerals List” & EU “Strategic Raw Materials Act (2023)”. Lessons for India: how Kerala is tackling rapid urbanisation Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC) Set up: December 2023 by Kerala Cabinet. Report submitted: March 30, 2025 (2,359 pages). Nature: First State-level Urban Commission in India. Mandate: To prepare a 25-year urban roadmap tailored to Kerala’s unique “rurban” context (villages merging into towns, high climate risks). Why needed: Kerala urbanisation > national average; projected 80% urban by 2050. Frequent climate disasters: 2018–19 floods, recurring landslides, coastal erosion. Mismatch between national urban frameworks and Kerala’s sub-national realities. Relevance: GS II (Polity – State governance, 73rd & 74th Amendments, Urban Local Bodies, Municipal governance), GS III (Infrastructure – Urbanisation, Disaster management, Climate-resilient planning, Municipal finance, SDG 11) Key Recommendations of KUPC Climate & Risk-Aware Planning Mandatory hazard zoning: floods, landslides, coastal inundation. Integration of LIDAR, satellite, tide gauges, real-time data. Digital Data Revolution A Data Observatory at Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA). Dashboards with community-generated indicators. Crowd-sourced inputs: fishermen’s experiences, bazaar vendors’ mobility issues. Finance Empowerment Municipal Bonds: Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode to issue; pooled bonds for smaller towns. Green Fees: Levies on eco-sensitive projects. Climate Insurance: Parametric model for quick disaster payouts. Governance Recalibration City Cabinets led by mayors, replacing bureaucratic inertia. Specialist municipal cells (climate, waste, mobility, law). Jnanashree Programme: Recruit youth technocrats for urban governance. Place-Based Economic Revival Thrissur-Kochi → FinTech hub. Thiruvananthapuram-Kollam → Knowledge corridor. Kozhikode → City of literature. Palakkad & Kasaragod → Smart-industrial zones. Commons, Culture, and Care Revive wetlands, waterways, heritage zones. City health councils for migrants, students, gig workers. Overview Constitutional & Governance Dimension Falls under State List (urban development, local government – 7th Schedule). Strengthens 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendments: empowerment of municipalities. Brings in decentralised planning + climate governance. Administrative Dimension Moves from reactive disaster management → proactive resilience planning. Enhances municipal autonomy with financial tools. Reduces dependence on centrally driven schemes (e.g., Smart Cities Mission). Climate & Environmental Dimension Urban planning integrates hazard mapping and resilience. Green levies + insurance → internalising climate risk. Unique: embeds resilience as a core pillar, not an add-on. Economic & Financial Dimension Municipal bonds + pooled financing → fiscal autonomy for local bodies. Encourages private & community investment in climate-safe infrastructure. Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat Urban Finance Agenda. Technological & Data Dimension Urban Data Observatory: first state-driven “living intelligence engine”. Integrates satellite, GIS, LIDAR, crowd-sourced citizen data. Facilitates evidence-based policymaking. Social Dimension Protects vulnerable groups: migrants, gig workers, women. Blends lived experience with formal planning (e.g., fisherfolk voices in hazard maps). Recognises Kerala’s rurban identity → continuity of village–town–city. Political & Ethical Dimension Democratizes urban governance by empowering mayors, youth technocrats. Upholds principles of participatory planning. Ensures inclusivity, reducing elite capture of urban development. Value Addition 74th Amendment Act, 1992 → Constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). NITI Aayog’s SDG Index → Kerala ranks high in SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities & Communities). Urban Finance Tools in India: Municipal bonds (Pune, Ahmedabad were pioneers). Pooled finance model → Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF). Climate-Urban Nexus: IPCC AR6 stresses urban vulnerability in coastal & hilly states like Kerala. India’s National Urban Policy Framework (2018) had climate mentions, but not as central as KUPC. Why KUPC is Unique & Lessons for Other States First state-level urban commission → tailored to sub-national context. Integrates data, finance, governance, and identity into one framework. Template for others: combine technical + social knowledge, empower local bodies, mandate resilience in planning. Governors must act as true guides and philosophers to States, says CJI Gavai Why in News The Supreme Court’s five-judge Presidential Reference Bench, headed by CJI B.R. Gavai, is hearing whether timelines can be imposed on Governors and the President for deciding on Bills under Articles 200 & 201. Kerala and other opposition-ruled States highlighted the indefinite delay of assent to Bills by Governors, calling it unconstitutional and adversarial. Court observed that Governors must act as “true guides and philosophers” to State governments, ensuring a collaborative federal relationship. Relevance: GS II (Polity – Centre–State relations, Federalism, Role of Governors, Articles 163, 200–201, Presidential Reference under Article 143, Judicial review, Constitutional morality, Sarkaria & Punchhi Commission recommendations) Basics Articles 200 & 201: Article 200: Governor may assent, withhold assent, or reserve the Bill for President’s consideration. Article 201: President may assent, withhold assent, or return the Bill. No explicit timeline prescribed in the Constitution. Presidential Reference (Art. 143): Allows President to seek SC’s advisory opinion on questions of law or constitutional interpretation. Governor’s Role in Legislature: Nominal head of the State. Part of State Legislature (like President at the Centre). Expected to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers (Article 163). Governor’s Discretion: Limited to certain situations (e.g., hung assembly, reserving Bills for President, recommending President’s Rule). Overview Constitutional Dimension Right to legislate is with the elected legislature, not the Governor. Unreasonable delay violates Article 14 (fairness) and undermines parliamentary democracy. Indefinite pendency → undermines basic structure: federalism, democracy. SC in Shamsher Singh (1974): Governor must act on aid & advice except in exceptional circumstances. Judicial Dimension April 2024 SC ruling: Fixed a 3-month timeline for Governors/President on Bills. Debate: Should SC read timelines into Articles 200 & 201 (like substantive due process into Article 21)? Risk: Court-imposed timelines could trigger fresh litigation (as in medical admission cases). Federal Dimension Conflicts mostly in opposition-ruled States (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Punjab, Telangana, West Bengal). Seen as Governors acting as agents of the Union, undermining cooperative federalism. Creates perception of dyarchy (dual authority in States). Administrative Dimension Indefinite delay in assent disrupts governance and welfare measures. Kerala cited 8 Bills pending with Governor for 7–23 months. Lack of timelines leads to policy paralysis and undermines public trust. Political Dimension Disputes reflect the Centre–State political tussle. In BJP-ruled States, Bills get assented faster; opposition-ruled States face hurdles. Raises concerns about neutrality of Governors. Ethical & Democratic Dimension Democracy demands legislative supremacy of elected representatives over unelected authorities. Delays harm citizens’ welfare → ethical question of accountability. Governor should be a constitutional statesman, not a political actor. Comparative Perspective UK: Royal Assent is a formality; refusal not practiced since early 18th century. Canada & Australia: Governors-General largely act as rubber stamps on advice of ministers. India: Retains vestiges of colonial discretionary powers → need for reform. Value Addition Constituent Assembly Debates: Dr. Ambedkar clarified Governor is not an independent authority, but bound by advice of ministers. Sarkaria Commission (1988) & Punchhi Commission (2010): Recommended limiting Governor’s discretion, ensuring neutrality, and specifying timelines. ARC Reports: Suggested reforms in appointment, tenure, and role of Governors to prevent misuse. Judgments: Shamsher Singh (1974) – Governor is a constitutional head, bound by aid & advice. Nabam Rebia (2016) – Governor cannot act as an “all-pervading super-constitutional authority”. Way Forward Specify timelines: Clear constitutional/legislative mandate (e.g., 3 months). Governor reforms: Neutral appointments, fixed tenure, adherence to constitutional morality. Judicial clarity: Balanced approach → prevent misuse without judicial overreach. Strengthen cooperative federalism: Build trust between Centre and States. Could our everyday artificially intelligent chatbots become conscious? Why in News? Rapid proliferation of chatbots across customer service, healthcare, education, and entertainment has raised debates about whether advanced AI systems can achieve consciousness. Ethical dilemmas (trust, emotional attachment, liability, and job displacement) are emerging. The 2022 Google LaMDA controversy (Blake Lemoine claiming AI sentience) highlighted the sensitivity of the issue. Relevance: GS III (Science & Technology – AI/ML, Emerging technologies, Neuromorphic computing, AI ethics), GS IV (Ethics – Responsible AI, Ethical dilemmas, Governance frameworks), GS II (Governance – AI regulation, NITI Aayog initiatives, UNESCO AI ethics framework) Basics Chatbots: Software applications using AI/ML (esp. Large Language Models – LLMs) to simulate human-like conversations. Consciousness: Phenomenal consciousness – subjective “what it feels like” experiences (pain, joy, awareness). Access consciousness – ability to access and use information for reasoning/action. The ELIZA Effect (1966): People tend to anthropomorphize chatbots, attributing emotions/intent to algorithmic outputs. Core Debate: Chatbots simulate intelligent conversation but do not experience it. Overview Philosophical & Cognitive Dimension For consciousness: If human consciousness emerges from physical brain processes, theoretically, advanced computational models could mimic it. Against consciousness: No subjective experience (qualia). No intentionality (no goals beyond programmed tasks). No self-awareness (they simulate “I” but do not experience it). Lack of embodiment (no sensorimotor engagement with the world). Chinese Room Argument (John Searle, 1980) – machines manipulate symbols but don’t understand meaning → strong case against machine consciousness. Technological Dimension Current chatbots (GPT, LaMDA, etc.) rely on statistical pattern recognition → not true comprehension. They generate probabilistic word predictions, not conscious thought. Limitation: lack of memory, emotions, beliefs, or continuity of self. Ethical Dimension Over-trust in chatbots (esp. in healthcare, legal advice) may cause harm. Emotional attachment risks psychological manipulation. Accountability issues: Who is liable if a chatbot provides harmful/bias-laden output? Asimov’s Laws of Robotics – attempt to govern ethical AI behaviour. Social Dimension Increased anthropomorphism → risk of users mistaking chatbots for sentient beings. May deepen loneliness or cause dependency in vulnerable groups. Psychological concerns: emotional manipulation, echo chambers. Legal & Governance Dimension No legal framework yet on “machine personhood.” Question: If AI ever becomes conscious (hypothetically), what rights would it have? Current AI governance debates (EU AI Act, UNESCO’s AI Ethics Framework, India’s NITI Aayog AI for All). Economic Dimension Job displacement concerns in customer service, education, content creation. Simultaneously, chatbots improve efficiency, reduce costs, and expand access. Dual challenge: protecting workers + harnessing productivity. Security Dimension Deepfakes, misinformation, and malicious chatbot deployment are growing threats. Consciousness is not the issue here → misuse is. UPSC GS III (Internal Security) – disinformation and AI misuse. The Case Against AI Consciousness Current chatbots are input-output machines → sophisticated but mechanistic. No scientific proof of AI consciousness. Most experts caution against anthropomorphizing. Future Possibilities Some argue advanced neuromorphic computing or quantum AI might mimic neural substrates → raising new debates. But consciousness may require more than computation → possibly biological substrates. If achieved, raises dilemmas on AI rights, ethical treatment, and redefining “personhood.” Conclusion Chatbots are not conscious beings; they are advanced statistical systems. The debate reflects technological optimism, philosophical inquiry, and ethical caution. For UPSC: Focus on governance frameworks. Ethical deployment of AI. Distinction between simulation and consciousness.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 September 2025

Content Sanchar Saathi App: Telecom Empowerment at Citizens’ Fingertips GST Reforms in Agriculture A Farmer-Friendly, Pro-Rural, and Pro-Sustainability Step Sanchar Saathi App: Telecom Empowerment at Citizens’ Fingertips Context and Background India’s telecom landscape: 1.1+ billion subscribers; 2nd largest telecom ecosystem globally. Mobile phones central to banking, e-learning, healthcare, entertainment, and governance services. Rising cyber threats: Cybercrime incidents rose from 15.9 lakh (2023) to 20.4 lakh (2024) (CERT-In). Digital arrest scams & cyber fraud: 1.23 lakh cases in 2024; 17,718 cases already by Feb 2025. Need for intervention: Protecting mobile users became a national security + citizen welfare priority. Relevance : GS III (Internal Security – Cybersecurity, Telecom Regulation, Digital Governance, Citizen Empowerment in Cybercrime Prevention). Launch and Adoption Launched: 17 January 2025 by DoT. Adoption milestones (as of Aug 2025): 50 lakh+ downloads (Android + iOS). 37.28 lakh lost/stolen devices blocked. 22.76 lakh devices traced. Impact of broader Sanchar Saathi ecosystem: 3 crore+ fraudulent mobile connections terminated. 3.19 lakh devices blocked. 16.97 lakh WhatsApp accounts disabled. 20,000+ bulk SMS senders blacklisted. Citizen-Centric Features Chakshu: Report fraud calls/SMS/WhatsApp, esp. fake KYC-update scams. IMEI Tracking & Blocking: Nationwide mechanism for stolen/lost phone tracking + prevention of counterfeit/clone devices. Verify Number of Mobile Connections: Detect & block unauthorized SIMs issued via forged KYC. Check Device Genuineness: Ensures handset authenticity before/after purchase. Report Spoofed International Calls: Illegal foreign-origin calls disguised with +91. Know Your ISP: Pin-code/address-based search of wireline ISPs. TRAI-TCCCPR Compliance: Strengthens UCC/spam reporting under telecom regulations. Governance and User Empowerment Jan Bhagidari model: Encourages citizen participation in fraud detection. Transparency: Real-time dashboards publicly display fraud reports, blocked numbers, and traced devices. Ease of access: Available in Hindi + 21 regional languages. Inclusive reach across urban and rural users. Legal and Regulatory Framework IT Act 2000: Governs cybercrime, secure data transmission, hacking/data theft. DPDP Act 2023: Minimization of data collection. Consent-driven processing. Strict restrictions on third-party sharing. Privacy safeguards: No profiling/marketing use of data. Data shared only with law enforcement when legally required. Strategic Significance National Security: Prevents telecom misuse by fraudsters, cyber criminals, and cross-border spoofing operations. Digital Confidence: Reinforces trust in mobile-based governance and financial services. Economic Implications: Reduces fraud losses. Supports growth of digital payments and e-commerce by ensuring safer telecom ecosystem. Global positioning: India emerges as a case study in large-scale citizen-driven telecom security innovation. Limitations and Challenges Digital literacy gaps: Rural/elderly citizens may face difficulties in adoption. Dependence on user reporting: Requires active citizen participation for full effectiveness. Implementation capacity: Coordination with police, telecom operators, and CERT-In is resource-intensive. Privacy skepticism: Despite safeguards, some users may fear misuse of personal data. Way Forward Wider outreach: Awareness campaigns in rural areas and vernacular media. Integration with Fintech & Banks: Automatic fraud alerts linked with payment gateways. AI-driven fraud detection: Enhance predictive analytics for early scam detection. Cross-border cooperation: Collaboration with global telecom regulators to curb spoofed calls originating abroad. Periodic audits: Independent reviews of privacy practices to sustain citizen trust. Conclusion The Sanchar Saathi App is more than a telecom utility—it is a citizen empowerment + national security tool. By combining fraud detection, mobile tracking, and KYC verification with privacy-first design, it strikes a balance between user empowerment and state oversight. With sustained adoption and awareness, it has the potential to become a global benchmark for telecom fraud prevention in large, diverse democracies GST Reforms in Agriculture A Farmer-Friendly, Pro-Rural, and Pro-Sustainability Step Context and Rationale Agriculture’s role: Engages ~60% of India’s workforce; consumption-driven economy still heavily reliant on rural demand. Pre-reform issues: High input costs (tractors, fertilisers, machinery). Inverted duty structures burdened manufacturers. Post-harvest losses due to poor processing/cold storage. Government’s objective: Farmer welfare + rural growth. Encourage sustainable practices. Support allied activities (dairy, honey, aquaculture). Align with Atmanirbhar Bharat and sustainable agriculture vision. Relevance : GS III (Economy – Agriculture, Rural Development, Inclusive Growth, Sustainable Farming Practices). Major GST Reforms by Sector a) Farm Mechanisation Tractors (<1800 cc): GST cut to 5% → affordable for small/marginal farmers. Tractor components (tyres, tubes, hydraulic pumps): 18% → 5%. Impact: Expands mechanisation, boosts productivity. Encourages cooperative/FPO-based shared usage. Creates demand for rural tractor finance and leasing models. b) Irrigation & Harvesting Equipment Diesel engines ≤15 HP, threshers, harvesters, composting machines: 12% → 5%. Impact: Affordable access to small farmers. Promotes water-saving irrigation (drip, sprinklers). Improves sowing, harvesting, and crop yields. c) Fertilisers Raw materials (Ammonia, Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid): 18% → 5%. Impact: Corrects inverted duty structure. Lowers fertiliser production costs. Ensures stable, affordable fertiliser prices during sowing seasons. d) Bio-Pesticides & Micronutrients Bio-pesticides & micronutrients: 12% → 5%. Impact: Boosts natural farming and organic cultivation. Improves soil health & reduces chemical dependence. Supports small organic farmers and aligns with Natural Farming Mission. e) Fruits, Vegetables & Food Processing Prepared/Preserved fruits, vegetables, nuts: 12% → 5%. Impact: Encourages cold storage & food processing investment. Reduces wastage, raises farmer returns. Enhances agri-exports & competitiveness. f) Dairy Milk & paneer: No GST. Butter, ghee: 12% → 5%. Milk cans: 12% → 5%. Impact: Raises rural incomes, especially women-led SHGs. Promotes nutritional security (milk as affordable protein). Strengthens cooperatives (e.g., Amul). g) Aquaculture Prepared/preserved fish: 12% → 5%. Impact: Boosts pisciculture and coastal economy. h) Honey Natural honey: Lower GST. Artificial honey (with/without natural): 18% → 5%. Impact: Benefits beekeepers, tribals, rural SHGs; strengthens allied incomes. i) Renewable Energy Solar-based irrigation devices: 12% → 5%. Impact: Reduces irrigation costs, aligns with green energy goals. j) Tribal Livelihoods Kendu leaves: 18% → 5%. Impact: Supports tribal collectors in Odisha, MP, Chhattisgarh. Enhances incomes via higher procurement & sales volumes. k) Logistics Commercial vehicles (trucks, delivery vans): 28% → 18%. Insurance of goods carriers: 12% → 5%. Impact: Reduces freight & logistics costs (65–70% of goods move by road). Improves export competitiveness. Reduces cascading tax burden on food distribution. Strategic Implications Economic: Cuts farm input costs, boosts disposable income. Encourages rural consumption & demand revival. Social: Benefits small farmers, women-led enterprises, and tribals. Enhances income diversification through allied activities. Environmental: Promotes bio-inputs, drip irrigation, and solar-based devices. Reduces dependence on chemical-intensive farming. Institutional: Strengthens FPOs, cooperatives, and rural NBFCs. Limitations & Challenges Awareness gap: Farmers may not fully understand GST benefits. Implementation: Risk of dealers not passing GST cuts to end-users. Revenue concerns: Lower GST rates may impact govt. revenue in short run. Structural issues: Beyond GST, farmers need credit access, infrastructure, and market reforms. Way Forward Awareness campaigns in rural & tribal areas about GST benefits. Strict monitoring to ensure dealers pass on GST rate cuts. Integration with PM-KUSUM, PMFBY, FPO schemes for maximum impact. Periodic review of GST rates based on farmer adoption & sectoral needs. Export push: Incentivise agro-processing & value-added exports. Conclusion The 2025 GST rationalisation in agriculture is a farmer-friendly, pro-rural, and pro-sustainability step. By lowering input costs, boosting mechanisation, encouraging natural farming, and supporting allied activities, the reform strengthens farm incomes, rural enterprises, and food security. It is not just a tax adjustment but a holistic policy intervention driving India towards Atmanirbhar Krishi and sustainable rural development.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 September 2025

Content: The ‘domestic sphere’ in a new India Iran and India, ancient civilisations and new horizons The ‘domestic sphere’ in a new India Context and Background Policy narratives increasingly highlight “Nari Shakti” and “women-led development”. At the same time, challenges in the domestic sphere—violence, unequal workload, undervaluation of women’s labour—remain significant. Example: RSS chief’s 2025 remark urging families to have “at least 3 children” highlights debates on women’s autonomy and demographic concerns. Relevance : GS I (Indian Society – Women’s Empowerment, Gender Inequality, Social Institutions, Family and Marriage) & GS II (Governance – Rights of Women, Domestic Violence, Labour Laws, Constitutional Equality). Practice Question : Policy narratives emphasise women-led development, yet domestic realities reflect persistent gender inequalities in labour, safety, and recognition. Critically examine this contradiction in light of recent data on domestic violence and unpaid work in India.(250 Words) Domestic Violence and Safety Dowry deaths: Average 7,000 annually (2017–2022) → 35,000 lives lost in 5 years. Intimate partner violence: NFHS-5 → 30% women reported violence; only 14% lodged police complaints. Crime statistics: 1/3rd of 4.45 lakh registered crimes against women relate to domestic violence. Policy gap: Public discourse often emphasises external threats (e.g., “love jihad”) but less on intra-family/domestic violence. Legal and Policy Dimensions Historical debates: Resistance to B.R. Ambedkar’s Hindu Code Bill reforms that expanded women’s rights in marriage and divorce. Present issues: Concerns about dilution of domestic violence laws under claims of “misuse”. Ongoing Supreme Court debate on criminalisation of marital rape—arguments include impact on institution of marriage and cultural norms. Women’s Work: Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024 Formal/recognised work: 25% women engaged in employment (avg. 5 hrs/day) vs. 75% men (8 hrs/day). 23% women in family enterprises (~2 hrs/day) vs. 14% men (~2 hrs/day). Unpaid domestic & care work: 93% women → 7 hrs/day in domestic work. 41% women → 2.5 hrs/day in unpaid caregiving. Men average 26 minutes/day in domestic work, 16 minutes/day in caregiving. Overall: Women’s total work hours > men; less time for leisure, sleep, and food. Economic Value and Undervaluation SBI 2023 estimate: If monetised, women’s unpaid domestic work = 7% of GDP (~₹22.5 lakh crore/year). Public service roles: Anganwadi workers, ASHAs, and mid-day meal staff often classified as “volunteers” → receive honorariums, not wages. Policy concern: Non-recognition of unpaid domestic work in the System of National Accounts (SNA). Government Narrative vs. Data Reality Official framing: PIB press release (Feb 2025) → “More acknowledgement of care-giving activities regardless of gender”. Survey findings: Inequalities persist, with women performing 3x more unpaid care work than men. Broader Structural Issues Cultural pressures: Women expected to “adjust” in marriages, limited acceptance of inter-caste or self-choice marriages. Intersectionality: Women from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes often bear greater unpaid and low-paid work burdens. Implication: Domestic sphere inequalities reinforce both social hierarchies and economic structures. Alternative Policy Approaches (as suggested in debates) Strengthen measures against domestic violence. Ensure equal wages and recognition of men and women as primary workers. Provide universal state-supported childcare and eldercare facilities. Expand quality healthcare and education access to reduce unpaid burden. Encourage shared domestic responsibility within families. Recognise scheme workers as government employees with minimum wages and benefits. Key Takeaways Contradiction: Public emphasis on “women-led development” vs. persistent challenges in domestic sphere. Domestic work: Integral to social and economic functioning, yet undervalued and largely invisible. Policy challenge: Need to balance cultural narratives, economic realities, and constitutional guarantees of equality. Iran and India, ancient civilisations and new horizons Context and Global Transition The post-WWII Western-led international order is under strain. Symptoms of crisis: Violations of international law. Trade wars and unilateral sanctions. Decline in credibility of global institutions (UN, WTO). Media manipulation and dominance of narratives. Environmental destruction and climate inaction. U.S. hegemony has weakened; its traditional tools (finance, technology monopoly, human rights discourse, media influence) are less effective. Relevance: GS II (International Relations – India’s Foreign Policy, South-South Cooperation, Role of Civilisational States) & GS I (World History – Rise of New Global Order, Civilisational Studies). Practice Question: The weakening of the Western-led order has opened space for civilisational states like India and Iran to shape a multipolar world. Discuss how their shared history, values, and strategic initiatives can contribute to building a just global order.(250 Words)   Rise of the Global South Many developing nations are asserting independence and rejecting historical domination. Tools of empowerment: Indigenous science, technology, and industrial development. Strengthened defence and security capacity. Alternative political and economic frameworks (BRICS, SCO). Shift from dependency to self-reliance and multipolarity. Civilisational Dimension: India & Iran Both represent ancient civilisations with enduring cultural influence. Historical traits: Valued peace, fought wars only in defence. Even when militarily subdued, influenced conquerors through culture, governance, philosophy, and art. Islamic influence enriched both civilisations → continuity of values such as spirituality, respect for diversity, inner purification. Modern Struggles for Independence India: Anti-colonial struggle, leadership of Non-Aligned Movement, resistance to external pressure. Iran: Nationalisation of oil (1950s), Islamic Revolution (1979), defiance against sanctions and external interference. Both faced high costs for independence but did not compromise sovereignty. Shared Contemporary Role Civilisational values: Peace, spirituality, respect for nature and diversity. Strategic collaboration: South–South cooperation. Joint role in BRICS, SCO. Strategic projects like the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). Goal: Offer an alternative model to domination-based world order → rooted in justice, equality, and participation. The Palestine Issue Seen as a litmus test of global justice for the Global South. Palestine represents resistance against occupation and Western hypocrisy on human rights. Iran frames its nuclear energy rights within the same struggle → right of developing nations to pursue technology and growth. Multilateralism and Economic Alternatives BRICS: Platform for de-dollarisation, reducing dependence on Western-dominated finance. INSTC: More than a trade corridor — civilisational link between India, Iran, Eurasia, and Africa, stabilising West Asia. Potential to create a more inclusive and participatory global economy. Critique of U.S. Role in Asia West Asia: U.S. accused of preventing indigenous security frameworks. Support to Israel and involvement in conflicts (Iraq, Syria, Yemen). South Asia: U.S. interventions shaped rise/decline of terrorist groups. Shifts between counterterrorism and tactical accommodation based on interests. Turning Point in Global Order Emerging powers and civilisational states (India, Iran, China, Brazil, etc.) are redefining the balance. Contest between: Domination-based order (West, led by U.S.). Participation-based order (multipolar Global South). India and Iran positioned as moral and cultural leaders in this shift.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 September 2025

Content GST 2.0 could undermine dietary health India–China: the need for a border settlement How does two-factor authentication (2FA) work? At least 19 killed in Nepal protests; Sharma Oli govt. revokes social media ban Vembanad Lake crisis GST 2.0 could undermine dietary health Why in News From 22 September 2025, India will implement GST 2.0 with a simplified structure: Two main slabs: 5% and 18%. A special 40% “sinful/ultra-luxury” bracket. Many everyday foods (pizza bread, confectionery, chocolates, jams, jellies) will shift to lower tax slabs (5% or zero). Aerated and sugar-based beverages will move to the 40% bracket. Concern: While simplifying GST, these changes may undermine public health goals by making unhealthy foods more affordable. Relevance : GS III (Economy – Tax Policy, Public Health, Nutrition Security, Non-Communicable Disease Prevention).   From Basics GST Basics: Introduced in 2017 → “One Nation, One Tax” indirect tax reform. Prior slabs: 5%, 12%, 18%, 28% (+ cess). GST 2.0 → rationalised to 5% and 18%, with 40% sin tax for harmful/luxury goods. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in India: Account for ~65% of deaths (WHO, MoHFW data). Diet-related risk factors: high sugar, salt, fat consumption → obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease. Front-of-Pack Labelling (FOPL): Proposed by FSSAI in 2022, still not finalised. Supreme Court (July 2025): ordered FSSAI to finalise norms within 3 months. Debate: Health Star Rating vs “High-in” Warning Labels. WHO-SEARO’s Nutrient Profile Model (NPM): recommends category-based cut-offs for sugar, sodium, fats. Advertising Rules (Current): HFSS foods banned near schools (FSSAI 2020). CCPA 2022 → restrictions on misleading ads. ASCI 2024 → expanded disclosure norms. Still no comprehensive HFSS advertising regulation comparable to Chile or UK. Comprehensive Overview Positive Aspects of GST 2.0 Simplification of structure → reduces compliance burden. 40% sin tax on aerated drinks → aligns with global best practices. Studies (Asia, Africa) show 2.5–19% consumption decline after sugar taxes. Can nudge reformulation of sugary drinks if linked with labelling and ad restrictions. Public Health Concerns Unhealthy foods becoming cheaper: Pizza bread (including maida-based) exempted. Chocolates, jams, confectionery moved to 5%. Mismatch in taxation: sugary beverages penalised, but sugary foods incentivised. Risk of substitution: adolescents may shift from taxed beverages to untaxed sugary snacks. Weakness in Regulatory Ecosystem Food Labelling Gaps: Without mandatory FOPL, consumers can’t differentiate healthy vs unhealthy products. “Per serving” labels misleading → need per 100g/ml thresholds. Advertising Gaps: No restriction on HFSS ads across TV, social media, print. Chile’s model (ban on child-directed advertising of “high in” foods) more effective. Policy Corrections Needed Link GST with FOPL: Products breaching “high in” thresholds → taxed 18% or higher. Compliant products → taxed 5% or lower. Mandatory Warning Labels: Adopt WHO-SEARO or ICMR-NIN thresholds. Apply per-quantity norms to avoid loopholes. Stronger Ad Regulation: Ban ads for “high in” products to children. Restrict ad slots during peak child-viewing hours. Use of Sin-Tax Revenues: Redirect to NCD prevention, labelling enforcement, reformulation incentives. Long-Term Implications If uncorrected, GST 2.0 could increase NCD burden, straining healthcare. Integrated approach needed: Tax Policy + Labelling + Advertising Regulation. India can set a global example by aligning fiscal and health policies. India-China: the need for a border settlement Why in News On 19 August 2025, India and China held the 24th round of Special Representatives (SR) talks on the boundary issue. Talks resumed after a five-year gap (2019–2024) due to the 2020 border crisis. Both sides reiterated commitment to the 2005 “Political Parameters and Guiding Principles” agreement as the framework for settlement. Agreed to focus on: Early harvest settlement of the Sikkim–Tibet boundary. New border management mechanisms to prevent 2020-like incidents. Relevance : GS II (International Relations – Boundary Dispute, Security, Diplomacy, Strategic Affairs).   From Basics Historical Context: Boundary dispute dates back to colonial demarcations → McMahon Line (Arunachal Pradesh) and Aksai Chin (Ladakh). 1962 war → unresolved borders, mistrust. 1979 Vajpayee’s visit to China → beginning of normalization. Vajpayee’s Role: 1998 nuclear tests soured ties, but reconciliation followed. 2003: Vajpayee’s visit → Special Representatives (SR) mechanism set up (NSA-level talks). Aim: political, not purely technical, resolution. 2005 Political Parameters Agreement: Settlement to consider strategic interests and settled populations. Suggested swap deal: China keeps Aksai Chin (strategically vital for it). India retains Arunachal Pradesh (populated, culturally tied to India). Articles: Art. IV – “mutual and equal security”. Art. VII – “interests of settled populations” to be protected. Subsequent Developments: 2007: China reasserted claim on Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh) despite Article VII. 2013: Both sides reached 18-point consensus (per Menon & Chinese Ambassador Wei Wei). Doklam crisis (2017) → revealed partial agreements (Sikkim-Tibet watershed alignment). 2020 Galwan crisis → major breakdown of trust, collapse of existing CBMs. Comprehensive Overview Strategic Significance of Settlement For India: Secure borders → reduce military costs of LAC deployment. Focus on core strategic challenges (Indian Ocean, Pakistan). Normalize relations with China → boost trade & diplomacy. For China: Stable border allows focus on Taiwan, South China Sea. Secures Aksai Chin (vital for Xinjiang–Tibet connectivity). Prevents India–U.S. alignment from hardening further. Key Roadblocks Tawang Issue: China insists India concede Tawang, despite India’s settled populations argument. Mistrust: 2020 Galwan clash → CBMs (1993, 1996, 2005, 2013) undermined. Domestic Politics: Both leaderships risk being seen as compromising on sovereignty. Geopolitical Factors: U.S.–China rivalry makes Beijing cautious about India’s growing alignment with Quad. Present Status (2025) 24th SR talks revived the 2005 framework. Agreement to: Prioritize Sikkim–Tibet boundary finalization (low-hanging fruit). Devise new border management mechanisms beyond failed 1996/2005 CBMs. Military deployments remain high → both sides paying heavy economic and strategic costs. The Way Forward Political Will Required: A deal exists in principle since 2005–2013; execution stalled by lack of leadership consensus. Incremental Approach: Start with Sikkim-Tibet “early harvest”, expand to Ladakh–Arunachal. Revived CBMs: Joint patrolling, hotlines, no-weapons protocols must be reworked. Strategic Compromise: Both sides must accept “as is, where is” logic — Aksai Chin with China, Arunachal with India. Key Takeaways The 2005 Political Parameters Agreement remains the only negotiated document on India–China boundary. Settlement is technically feasible but blocked by political reluctance and trust deficit. Without resolution, both countries bear escalating military and economic costs at the LAC. A breakthrough requires top-level political push, as Vajpayee once attempted in 2003. How does two-factor authentication (2FA) work? Why in News Growing cyber threats have exposed the limitations of password-only authentication. Increasing adoption of Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) by services like Google, Facebook, banks, and government portals. Popular implementations: Google Authenticator, Authy, Microsoft Authenticator, YubiKey. Relevance : GS III (Internal Security – Cybersecurity, Authentication Technologies, Digital Governance). From Basics Passwords Alone Are Not Enough: Vulnerable to theft, phishing, brute-force attacks. If compromised, attackers gain full access without user awareness. What is 2FA? Authentication via two factors: Something you know → Password. Something you have → Authenticator app/device. Example: Even with a stolen password, attacker also needs access to your phone. One-Time Passwords (OTPs): Short numeric codes valid for a few seconds. Prevents reuse → intercepted code becomes useless. Time-based One-Time Passwords (TOTP): Defined by open standard (RFC 6238). Uses secret key + current time to generate 6-digit code every 30 seconds. Widely supported across platforms → interoperability. How TOTP Works: Service shares a secret key (via QR code). Both server and authenticator app calculate code using: Shared secret. Time counter (increments every 30 seconds). Cryptographic hash function. Result → 6-digit code displayed on app, verified by server. Hash Functions: Convert variable-length input → fixed-length output (e.g., SHA-256 → 256-bit). Properties: one-way, collision-resistant, sensitive to small input changes. HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code): Combines secret key with message using hash function securely. Provides integrity + authenticity. Formula involves XOR mixing with pads (inner & outer). XOR in Cryptography: Logical operation: outputs 1 if inputs differ, 0 if same. Reversible → crucial in encryption and authentication schemes. Comprehensive Overview Security Strengths Layered defence: requires both password + device. Time sensitivity: codes valid only for 30 seconds. Unpredictability: without secret key, output cannot be derived. Compatibility: TOTP standard ensures same method across apps. Limitations & Risks Device Loss: if phone is lost, access recovery can be difficult. Phishing Attacks: real-time phishing kits can capture OTPs. Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: attacker intercepts OTP during login. User Inconvenience: setup and backup keys often neglected. Alternatives & Variants HOTP (HMAC-based OTP) → counter instead of time, less common. Push-based 2FA → approval via notification, not manual code. Hardware Tokens (e.g., YubiKeys) → physical device generates secure codes. Biometrics → fingerprint, face, or iris as second factor. Broader Implications Cybersecurity Policy: governments, banks, and enterprises encourage 2FA adoption. Digital India/UIDAI Context: Aadhaar-enabled authentication also uses multi-factor. Global Cyber Norms: alignment with zero-trust security architecture. Key Takeaways 2FA and TOTP provide significantly higher protection than passwords alone. Based on cryptographic principles (hash, HMAC, XOR) and time-based counters. Adoption challenges remain (phishing, user convenience), but it is a necessary global cybersecurity standard. At least 19 killed in Nepal protests; Sharma Oli govt. revokes social media ban Why in News Nepal witnessed unprecedented protests led mainly by Gen Z youth against the government’s ban on social media platforms. Trigger: Government ordered registration of digital platforms, curbs on “objectionable posts”, and blocked apps like TikTok, Viber, and Bigo Live. Protests escalated into violent clashes near Parliament in Kathmandu; 19 killed, many injured. The movement reflects deeper anger at corruption, political dynasties, and lack of accountability. Relevance : GS II (International Relations – India–Nepal, Democracy, Governance, Civil Liberties, Political Movements). From Basics Nepal’s Democracy: Transitioned from monarchy → democracy (2008). Federal democratic republic with frequent political instability. Social Media in Nepal: Primary platform for youth expression, activism, and dissent. Used to highlight corruption, nepotism (“Nepo Babies”), and demand accountability. Especially critical for Gen Z (large share of Nepal’s population is below 30). Legal Context: Government claimed regulation was needed to curb misinformation and harmful content. Critics: Seen as muzzling dissent, shrinking civic space, undermining free speech. Comprehensive Overview Political Context Youth anger directed at entrenched political class (Pushpa Kamal Dahal ‘Prachanda’, Sher Bahadur Deuba, K.P. Sharma Oli). Allegations: misuse of power, corruption in aid, infrastructure contracts, and wealth accumulation by political elites. Rotational politics among same leaders since 2006 peace process → perception of stagnation. Social Dimension Gen Z frustration: lack of jobs, poor governance, and corruption. Social media as only outlet for voice → crackdown triggered massive backlash. “Nepo Babies” trend: exposing privileges of children of leaders. Legal & Governance Issues Government rationale: curb fake news, hate speech, and “objectionable posts”. Reality: disproportionate restrictions → violation of free expression, association, and privacy. Opposition parties & rights groups: called it an authoritarian overreach. Economic Concerns Nepal’s weak economy, high youth unemployment, and migration reliance (remittances). Social media bans hurt small businesses, digital creators, and diaspora communication. Geopolitical Angle Nepal caught between India and China’s influence. Social media restrictions could push Nepal closer to China-style digital authoritarianism. Impacts Nepal’s democratic credentials regionally and globally. Broader Implications Ban symbolises clash between youth aspirations vs. entrenched elite politics. Raises questions about state control over digital spaces in fragile democracies. May fuel long-term distrust in institutions and radicalisation of youth movements. Key Takeaways Social media ban is only the trigger → the real issue is youth disillusionment with corruption, dynastic politics, and lack of accountability. Nepal faces a democratic backsliding risk if bans and curbs on free expression continue. Stability requires reforms: youth participation in governance, anti-corruption measures, transparency, and balancing digital regulation with rights. Vembanad Lake crisis Why in News Vembanad Lake, Kerala’s largest wetland and a Ramsar site, faces severe ecological degradation. Unchecked tourism (luxury houseboats), encroachment, sewage, and reclamation threaten its survival. A CWRDM report shows boat numbers have exceeded carrying capacity → pushing the ecosystem to collapse. Relevance : GS III (Environment – Wetlands, Ramsar Sites, Ecological Degradation, Sustainable Tourism, Climate Resilience). From Basics Location: Spans Alappuzha, Kottayam, Ernakulam districts in Kerala. Ecological importance: Largest Ramsar site in Kerala. Regulates floods, nourishes paddy fields (Kuttanad region – “Rice Bowl of Kerala”), sustains fisheries. Habitat for mangroves, migratory birds, and aquatic life. Socio-economic role: Supports fishing communities. Central to Kerala’s backwater tourism (houseboats, shikaras). Comprehensive Overview Tourism Pressure Traditional kettuvalloms turned into luxury floating resorts. Safe capacity: 461 houseboats → Actual: 954 + 241 shikaras + 404 motorboats + 1,625 country boats. Impact: Sewage discharge, diesel pollution, boat congestion → erosion, breeding ground destruction. Water Pollution Coliform levels near Punnamada: 8,000 → lake turning into “floating septic tank”. Sewage treatment infrastructure largely idle. Churning wakes disturb sediments → ecological imbalance. Impact on Communities Fisherfolk displaced from traditional fishing grounds. Declining fish catch → loss of livelihoods. Increased vulnerability to floods and droughts. Wetland Degradation Area shrinkage: 130.68 sq. km (1967) → 3.29 sq. km (2011). Ongoing annual reduction: ~0.3 sq. km. Encroachments: illegal resorts, land reclamation, high-rises. Example: 2019 Maradu flats demolition → exposed 26,000+ violations. Governance & Policy Issues Tourism-politics nexus → reluctance to regulate. Judicial interventions (SC orders demolitions) address visible violations, but invisible pressures (houseboat sewage, congestion) remain unchecked. Lack of integrated wetland management plan. Proposed Solutions Ban non-local boats, regulate carrying capacity. Waste treatment mandatory at hubs. Declare Vembanad a fish sanctuary (as proposed by KSSP). Promote eco-tourism, restrict entry into sensitive zones. Balance tourism revenue with ecological sustainability. Broader Significance Environmental: Wetland collapse → loss of biodiversity, flood regulation capacity. Economic: Threat to fisheries, paddy cultivation, and long-term tourism viability. Social: Marginalisation of local communities, cultural displacement. Climate Change Context: Kerala’s recurrent floods make Vembanad’s survival critical for resilience.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 September 2025

Content BioE3 Policy New GST rates will prove to be a boon for farmers BioE3 Policy Why in News On 6 September 2025, ICGEB New Delhi commemorated the first anniversary of the BioE3 Policy through the event BioE3@1. Theme: “Institute–Industry Interaction for Climate Resilient Agriculture and Clean Energy.” Objective: Accelerate lab-to-market translation of biotech innovations in agriculture, clean energy, and allied sectors. Relevance : GS-3 (Science & Technology – biotechnology, bioeconomy, microbial biomanufacturing, bio-AI hubs, space-based biotech experiments), GS-3 (Economy – entrepreneurship, startups, commercialization, innovation-driven employment), GS-3 (Environment – climate-resilient agriculture, clean energy, sustainable practices, Net Zero 2070) BioE3 Policy Full Form: Biotechnology for Economy, Environment & Employment. Approval: By Union Cabinet in August 2024. Purpose: Augment R&D and entrepreneurship in 6 thematic sectors. Accelerate technology development and commercialization via Biomanufacturing & Bio-AI hubs and the Biofoundry. Promote industrialization of biology for sustainable and circular practices. Address critical societal challenges: climate change mitigation, food security, human health. Core Objectives: Strengthen India’s bioeconomy. Support climate-resilient agriculture, clean energy, and biomanufacturing. Generate employment through innovation-driven biotech industries. Contribute to Net Zero carbon emissions by 2070.   Biofoundry & Technological Initiatives Biofoundry at ICGEB, New Delhi: Focus: Microbial biomanufacturing using bacteria and yeast platforms. Production capacity: up to 20 L scale, targeting higher Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for industry transfer. Operates on DBTL model – Design, Build, Test, Learn: Design: AI, bioinformatics, pathway analysis, host selection. Build: DNA assembly, organism transformation. Test: Screening, product analysis, pathway optimization. Learn: Machine learning-based outcome optimization. Applications: Food, agriculture, chemicals, drugs, energy sectors. Promotes: Innovation, startups, entrepreneurship, education, training, collaborations. Space-based Biotechnology Experiments: Microalgae: Chlorella sorokiniana-I, Parachlorella kessleri-I, Dysmorphococcus globosus-HI studied on ISS for microgravity, CO₂, O₂ impact. Cyanobacteria: Spirulina (Indian isolate) and Synechococcus strains tested for C and N recycling under microgravity. Applications: Earth: Value-added industrial products. Space: CO₂ capture, nutrient production, life support for astronauts.   BioE3 Policy Significance Policy-Industry Synergy: Strengthens industry-academia collaboration for commercialization of research. Event highlighted lab-to-market pathways in agri-biotech, clean energy, and microbial biomanufacturing. Technological Impact: Supports climate-resilient agriculture, renewable energy, and bio-based products. Biofoundry catalyzes microbial synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and biomanufacturing innovations. Space-based biotech experiments expand India’s strategic biotech capabilities for future missions. Strategic & Economic Importance: Positions India as a global leader in bioeconomy and biomanufacturing. Aligns with sustainable development goals and national Net Zero 2070 commitment. Facilitates inclusive growth via innovation, entrepreneurship, startups, and education. Long-term Vision: BioE3 Policy represents a transformative framework anchoring biotechnology in economy, environment, and employment. Drives resilient, innovation-led growth, addressing societal and global sustainability challenges. New GST rates will prove to be a boon for farmers Focus: Reduce the cost of agricultural inputs and equipment, boost farm income, and promote organic, bio-based, and integrated farming practices. Relevance : GS-3 (Economy – GST reforms, reduced input costs, value addition, rural economy, GDP growth), GS-3 (Agriculture – organic, bio-based, integrated farming, modern equipment, efficient irrigation, allied sectors) Key Details GST Reforms in Agriculture & Allied Sectors: GST on agricultural equipment reduced from 18% to 5% (tractors, harvesters, rotavators, power tillers, seed drills, planters, etc.). Bio-pesticides and micro-nutrients: GST reduced to encourage natural and organic farming. Dairy sector: No GST on milk, cheese, butter, ghee, and milk containers, benefiting farmers and milk producers. Fertilizers (raw materials like ammonia, sulphuric acid, nitric acid): GST reduced from 18% to 5%, lowering fertilizer costs. Processed fruits, vegetables, dry fruits, preserved fish, natural honey: GST reduction to boost value addition and income of farmers. Energy-based agricultural equipment and drip irrigation: GST reduced to 5%, encouraging efficient and sustainable farming. Cement and iron for rural infrastructure: GST reduction supports Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana and rural development projects. Financial Impact on Farmers: Example savings on tractors: 35 HP: ₹41,000 saved 45 HP: ₹45,000 saved 50 HP: ₹53,000 saved 75 HP: ₹63,000 saved Savings extend to power tillers, planters, harvesters, and seed/fertilizer drills. Lowered GST reduces overall cost of production, increasing farmer profits. Integrated Farming and Rural Benefits: Encourages allied sectors like animal husbandry, fish farming, beekeeping, agro-forestry, poultry, and sheep-goat rearing. Boosts women-led SHGs, handicrafts, dairy, and small-scale rural enterprises (“Lakhpati Didi” initiative). Significance Economic Benefits: Reduced GST lowers input costs and enhances farmers’ net income. Increased demand for equipment, organic inputs, and processed farm products will strengthen rural economy and overall GDP. Agricultural Transformation: Promotes natural, organic, and integrated farming, reducing dependency on chemical inputs. Encourages modern farming techniques, efficient irrigation, and renewable energy adoption in agriculture. Rural Development and Infrastructure: GST reduction on cement and iron lowers construction costs for rural houses, schools, Panchayat Bhawans, Anganwadis, supporting infrastructure development. Sectoral Boost: Dairy, fisheries, and processed agricultural products will see higher production and market competitiveness. Allied rural sectors gain direct benefits from lower GST, promoting inclusive rural growth. Strategic Policy Impact: Supports Prime Minister’s vision of next-generation GST reforms. Facilitates integrated farming systems, linking crop production with livestock, fisheries, and agro-processing. Strengthens self-reliance and sustainability in the agricultural sector.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 September 2025

Content The making of an ecological disaster in the Nicobar A complex turn in India’s FDI story The making of an ecological disaster in the Nicobar Why in News The ₹72,000 crore Great Nicobar Mega Infrastructure Project (port, airport, township, power plant) has triggered strong criticism. Allegations: Displacement of tribals, violation of constitutional/statutory safeguards, destruction of 8.5–58 lakh trees, threat to biodiversity, and construction in a seismically vulnerable zone. A recent editorial by Sonia Gandhi (Sept 2025) highlights concerns of environmental catastrophe and violation of tribal rights. Relevance : GS I (Society & Tribal Issues): Threats to PVTGs, violation of FRA. GS II (Governance & Constitution): Bypassing NCST (Art. 338A), due process failures. GS III (Environment & Security): Ecological destruction, CRZ violations, seismic vulnerability, IOR strategic security. Practice Question : Critically examine how the Great Nicobar mega-infrastructure project threatens the survival of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) such as the Shompen.(250 Words)   Basics Location: Great Nicobar Island, southernmost island of the Andaman & Nicobar group, strategic location near Malacca Strait. Communities: Nicobarese tribe (Scheduled Tribe) – displaced by 2004 tsunami, ancestral villages fall in project zone. Shompen tribe (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group) – dependent on forests, protected by “Shompen Policy”. Project Components: ₹72,000 cr investment. Deep-water transshipment port (130 ships capacity). International airport (4,000 m runway). Township (3.5 lakh people). Gas-based power plant. Strategic Rationale: Enhance Blue Economy, connectivity, logistics hub; counterbalance Chinese presence in IOR. Comprehensive Overview Tribal Rights Concerns Constitutional Provisions ignored: Article 338-A: Consultation with NCST mandatory → bypassed. 5th/6th Schedule principles: Spirit of tribal self-governance violated. Statutory safeguards neglected: Forest Rights Act (2006): Shompen not consulted despite being custodians of forests. Right to Fair Compensation & Transparency in Land Acquisition Act (2013): SIA excluded tribals as stakeholders. Local Governance bypassed: Tribal Council’s consent “rushed”; later revoked. Environmental & Ecological Issues Deforestation: Govt estimate: 8.5 lakh trees. Independent: 32–58 lakh trees. Loss of old-growth rainforest (globally unique). Compensatory Afforestation farce: Planned in Haryana (different ecology). 25% land auctioned for mining. CRZ Violation: Port site overlaps CRZ 1A (turtle nesting, coral reefs). HPC “reclassified” zone; report not public. Biodiversity at risk: Nicobar long-tailed macaque, turtle nesting, dugongs. Flawed assessments: nesting studied off-season; drones for dugongs ineffective in deep waters. Disaster & Security Risks Seismic Zone: 2004 tsunami: land subsidence of 15 feet. 2025: 6.2 magnitude earthquake reminder of risks. Infrastructure highly vulnerable to quakes/tsunamis. Strategic Paradox: Project aimed at boosting national security in IOR. But locating critical assets in high-risk seismic zone = jeopardizes long-term viability. Governance & Process Concerns Bypassing due process: NCST, SIA, FRA consultations skipped. Opaque decision-making: HPC reclassification not public. Conflict of Interest: Environmental assessments conducted under alleged duress. Mockery of legal safeguards: Tribal autonomy and environmental laws undermined. Ethical & Developmental Dimensions Humanitarian question: Shompen (PVTG) face existential threat. Nicobarese permanently uprooted from ancestral land. Development vs Rights Debate: Govt projects economic & strategic gains. Critics argue ecological limits + social justice being ignored. Intergenerational equity: Destruction of fragile ecosystems contradicts SDG commitments. Conclusion The Great Nicobar project epitomises the development vs rights paradox, where economic and strategic goals are being pursued at the cost of constitutional safeguards, tribal autonomy, and ecological sustainability. Ignoring due process, displacing PVTGs like the Shompen, and bypassing statutory protections reflects a governance failure that risks creating an irreversible humanitarian and environmental catastrophe. True national interest lies not in short-term infrastructure gains but in upholding intergenerational equity, ecological resilience, and inclusive development that respects both tribal rights and strategic security. A complex turn in India’s FDI story Why in News Gross FDI inflows in FY 2024–25 touched $81 billion (↑13.7% YoY). Yet, net FDI inflows after disinvestments and repatriations fell sharply — retained capital just $0.4 billion. Rising outward FDI by Indian firms (up to $29.2 billion in FY 2024–25) raises questions about the domestic investment climate. Debate: FDI quality vs. quantity — capital increasingly short-term, profit-seeking, routed via tax havens. Relevance GS I: Globalisation, socio-economic impacts of FDI. GS II: Policy frameworks, regulatory bodies, governance challenges. GS III: Economy (investment climate, BoP, industrial growth), short vs. long-term capital flows. Practice Question : How has Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) shaped India’s economic and social landscape since 1991? Evaluate the changing sectoral trends.(250 Words) Basics of FDI in India Definition: Investment by non-residents in Indian companies (equity, reinvested earnings, intra-company loans). 1991 Liberalisation: Opened up most sectors to FDI → inflows rose from ~$100 million in 1990 to >$80 billion by 2020s. Major Sources of FDI: Singapore, Mauritius: ~45% of inflows (often tax-arbitrage driven). USA, UK, Germany: Traditional industrial investors (now retreating). Key Recipient Sectors: E-commerce, IT, Computer hardware/software, Financial services, Telecom. Manufacturing share declining → fell to 12% of FDI by FY 2024–25. Comprehensive Overview Trends in Inflows & Outflows FDI inflows (gross): $46.6 bn (2011) → $84.8 bn (2021). Peaked at $84.8 bn in FY 2021–22. Declined to $71 bn in FY 2023–24, rebounded to $81 bn in FY 2024–25. Disinvestments & Repatriations: Surged 51% in FY 2023–24 ($44.4 bn). Rose further to $51.4 bn in FY 2024–25 (63% of inflows). Net inflows: 2021–22: robust. 2024–25: just $0.4 bn retained after outflows. Outward FDI by Indian firms: $13 bn (2011–12) → $29.2 bn (2024–25). Motivations: tax efficiency, stable regimes abroad, regulatory hurdles at home. Sectoral Shifts Growth sectors: IT, fintech, e-commerce, energy distribution, hospitality. Declining sectors: Manufacturing, infrastructure, high-tech industrial bases. Implication: Weak multiplier effect on jobs, exports, technology. Structural Concerns Short-termism: Capital chasing quick returns (tax arbitrage, treaty routing) vs. long-term development. Regulatory opacity: Frequent policy changes, compliance burdens discourage durable investments. Geographic concentration: Mauritius, Singapore dominate → signals tax-driven capital, not industrial commitment. Confidence erosion: Parallel behaviour of foreign disinvestment & Indian outward FDI shows systemic weaknesses. Macroeconomic Implications Balance of Payments: FDI is a stable source of forex; declining net inflows = higher vulnerability. Currency & RBI Policy: Lower net inflows reduce RBI’s cushion for rupee stability. Industrial Growth: Without manufacturing-linked FDI, “Make in India” & employment potential weakens. Technology Transfer: Outflows to advanced economies deprive India of domestic tech absorption. Comparative Perspective China (for contrast): Retains higher share of inflows in manufacturing/tech sectors. India’s reliance on services-driven FDI = weaker long-term industrial upgrading. Global trend: Emerging economies see rising outward FDI, but India’s case is sharper due to weak domestic climate. Way Forward Policy & Regulatory Reforms: Simplify compliance, ensure predictability, remove retrospective taxation fears. Sectoral Targeting: Attract FDI in advanced manufacturing, clean energy, semiconductors, R&D hubs. Infrastructure & Logistics: Address cost disadvantages, improve power, transport, and urban capacity. Human Capital: Skill development aligned with Industry 4.0 and global supply chains. Balanced Strategy: Focus on quality & durability of capital, not just headline numbers.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 September 2025

Content India-China: the inability to define a border Lost in space? You might need just two stars to find your way Building a city of the future The foreign capital question BTR (Bodoland Territorial Region) GI-tagging initiative The Vanishing Practice of Apatanis India-China: the inability to define a border Why in News The 1993 Border Peace and Tranquillity Agreement (BPTA) between India and China marked a turning point in managing border tensions. It remains central to understanding the evolution of India-China border mechanisms, especially after later violations (e.g., Ladakh 2020). Relevance: GS II (International Relations – Border Disputes, Bilateral Agreements), GS III (Security – LAC Management, Confidence-Building Measures). Basics Background: India-China border dispute intensified post-1962 war. Rajiv Gandhi’s 1988 Beijing visit revived dialogue after decades of hostility. Six rounds of talks (1988–1993) via the Joint Working Group (JWG). BPTA (1993): Signed during PM P.V. Narasimha Rao’s visit to Beijing. First formal document recognizing the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Nine-article framework for peaceful border management. 1996 Agreement: Expanded on 1993 provisions. Introduced military confidence-building measures (CBMs) (force limits, arms restrictions, exercise regulations). Comprehensive Overview Diplomatic Breakthrough (1988–1993) Revival of bilateral ties: reopening border trade, consulates, defence exchanges. BPTA set the principle of peaceful consultations and non-use of force. Key Features of BPTA (1993) Commitment to resolve boundary issue peacefully. Both sides to respect and not overstep the LAC. Troop presence limited to “minimal forces,” reductions based on mutual and equal security. Agreement to jointly verify disputed LAC segments. Aim: Freeze the situation and expand cooperation in other fields. Strengthening with 1996 Agreement Codified CBMs: Force ceilings in sensitive sectors. Restrictions on heavy armaments near the LAC. Prohibition of large-scale military exercises near LAC or directing them towards the other side. Acknowledged that implementation required common LAC understanding → exchange of maps was crucial but failed. Failure of LAC Clarification Map exchanges (2000–2002) failed due to maximalist claims. By 2005, process abandoned. Disputed points: Depsang, Pangong Tso, Demchok, Chumar, etc. → later became flashpoints (e.g., Galwan 2020). Strategic Significance Shift from outright hostility to a framework of managed competition. Agreements reflected parallel economic liberalisation in both nations—peace on the border was prerequisite for growth. However, absence of a common LAC definition left the door open for recurring standoffs. Lessons & Legacy Agreements created a peace management regime, not a resolution of the dispute. Worked for two decades (relative peace until 2013–14). Violations (especially in 2020) exposed fragility of the framework. Reinforces the need for clear demarcation mechanisms, not just CBMs. Lost in space? You might need just two stars to find your way Why in News A June 2024 study (published in The Astronomical Journal) demonstrated that NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft could determine its position in deep space using only two stars (Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359) through stellar parallax. This provides a potential low-cost navigation method for future interstellar missions, where Earth-based tracking becomes impractical. Relevance: GS III (Science & Technology – Space Exploration, Navigation Systems), GS II (International Cooperation – NASA Missions, Global Research). Basics New Horizons Mission: Launched: 2006, by NASA. Major milestones: Pluto flyby (2015), Kuiper Belt exploration. As of 2024: 60+ AU (astronomical units) from Earth, setting a distance record. Current Navigation: Uses NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN): global radio antennae tracking spacecraft relative to Earth. Limitations: Earth-centric → delays increase with distance. Weakening signal strength → less reliability in deep space. Stellar Parallax Method: Same principle used historically to measure star distances. Observed shift in star positions when viewed from two widely separated vantage points. In 2020, New Horizons was 7 billion km from Earth, providing an unprecedented “baseline” for stellar parallax. Comprehensive Overview The Experiment Stars used: Proxima Centauri (4.2 light years) and Wolf 359 (7.9 light years). Measured parallax: Proxima Centauri → 32.4 arcseconds. Wolf 359 → 15.7 arcseconds. Derived spacecraft distance: 46.89 AU, closely matching DSN estimate of 47.11 AU. Tools needed: only a camera, spacecraft computer, and stellar catalogue. Significance Proof-of-concept: shows navigation possible without Earth’s beacons. Cost-effective: no specialized equipment beyond standard payload. Scalable: accuracy improves with better cameras/sensors. Limitations Accuracy insufficient for current navigation of New Horizons. Still reliant on DSN at present distances (~60 AU). Intended as a demonstration, not operational deployment. Future Applications Interstellar Missions: critical once signals from Earth become too delayed or weak. Self-reliant spacecraft: reduces dependence on ground stations. Can integrate with: Stellar Astrometric Navigation: uses multiple stars, accounts for relativity. Pulsar Navigation: uses neutron stars as “cosmic GPS beacons,” more precise but needs initial positioning input (where stellar parallax can assist). Broader Perspective Represents a shift from Earth-dependent navigation to autonomous celestial navigation. Parallels “explorers at sea using stars as compass,” but scaled to interstellar distances. Strengthens capability for long-duration missions (Voyager successors, exoplanet probes). Building a city of the future Why in News The World Bank report “Prosperous Cities in India” highlights the urgency of building resilient, climate-ready, and inclusive urban infrastructure as India prepares for rapid urbanisation. By 2070, India’s urban housing demand will require building twice the existing stock, presenting both risks and opportunities. Urban flooding, climate change, and weak planning currently make Indian cities highly vulnerable, requiring systemic reforms. Relevance: GS I (Urbanisation – Demographic Shifts), GS II (Governance – Urban Planning, Policy Reforms), GS III (Environment – Climate Resilient Infrastructure, Disaster Management). Basics Urbanisation Context: India’s urban population is expected to nearly double in the next 25 years. By 2070, India’s population will approach 1 billion in urban centres. Nearly 70% of infrastructure needed by 2070 is yet to be built. Key Risks for Indian Cities: Extreme weather (floods, cyclones, heatwaves). Rapid housing demand: 140 million new houses required by 2070. Inadequate transport & drainage infrastructure. Informal housing in hazard-prone areas. Opportunity Window: Current phase of infrastructure creation allows India to build climate-resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities. Requires large-scale investment, better governance, and citizen participation. Advanced Overview Urbanisation as an Opportunity & Challenge Demographic Dividend: With millions of young people entering the workforce, cities will be hubs of innovation and job creation. Megacity Transition: Several Indian cities are projected to exceed populations larger than many countries, requiring new governance models. Risk of Disorderly Growth: Without proactive planning, urbanisation could worsen slum proliferation, congestion, and inequity. Housing Demand & Climate Vulnerability Over 50% of housing stock for 2070 is yet to be built, meaning decisions taken now will determine resilience for decades. Current housing patterns: Informal, unregulated, often in floodplains or unstable slopes. Lacks adequate drainage, ventilation, and disaster preparedness. Implication: Without climate-sensitive planning, new housing could lock in high-risk vulnerabilities. Floods & Infrastructure Weaknesses Urban Flooding Trends: Increasingly common in Bengaluru, Chennai, Mumbai. Causes: Encroachment on wetlands and floodplains. Impervious surfaces preventing water absorption. Outdated stormwater drainage. Data Point: Three-fourths of India’s urban roads are directly exposed to flooding risks. Integrated Urban Resilience Approach Nature-based solutions: Restore wetlands, rivers, and urban forests to absorb excess water. City-wide drainage with sponge-city models (e.g., China’s urban planning reforms). Green-Blue Infrastructure: Treat stormwater not as waste but as a resource. Multi-sectoral Planning: Linking housing, transport, waste management, and energy grids under climate-proof frameworks. Transport and Connectivity India’s urban productivity depends heavily on efficient transport systems. Flood-disrupted roads cause productivity loss, logistical delays, and economic damage. Investments in resilient road networks and public transport are essential to maintain mobility during extreme weather. Economic & Social Implications Cost of Inaction: By 2030, climate-related urban damages could exceed $150 billion annually. Equity Concern: Poor and vulnerable populations are most exposed—living in hazard-prone areas with least adaptive capacity. Urban Productivity Loss: Flooding and extreme heat reduce labour productivity, increase healthcare costs, and disrupt supply chains. Governance & Policy Framework Institutional Reforms Needed: Strengthen municipal finance for infrastructure investment. Enhance urban planning capacity with data-driven GIS mapping of risks. Foster public–private partnerships for affordable housing and resilient infrastructure. Citizen Engagement: Community-level early warning systems, participatory planning, and neighbourhood-scale resilience building. Strategic Way Forward Adopt National Urban Resilience Mission integrating housing, transport, water, and waste management. Scaling Nature-based Solutions: Expand green buffers, wetlands restoration, rainwater harvesting. Financing Innovation: Climate bonds, municipal bonds, and World Bank-led climate funds. Technology Integration: Satellite data for flood risk prediction, AI-based urban modelling. Inclusive Growth: Ensure resilience planning does not marginalize urban poor but integrates affordable housing and basic services. Conclusion India’s urbanisation path is at a crossroads: it could either lock in fragile, climate-vulnerable cities or become an opportunity to create resilient, productive, and inclusive urban hubs. With more than half of future housing and infrastructure yet to be built, the next 25 years are decisive. Investing in climate-smart housing, resilient transport, and nature-based infrastructure will be crucial to sustain urban productivity, reduce risks, and unlock India’s full economic potential. The foreign capital question Why in News Despite being the world’s fastest-growing major economy (7.4% in FY 2023-24, 7.8% in Apr–Jun 2025 quarter), India’s foreign capital inflows are at a decade-and-a-half low. FY 2023-24 saw net FPI inflows of just $2.5 billion, lowest since FY 2018-19, with FDI also stagnating compared to previous years. Raises concerns about why India’s growth momentum has not translated into higher foreign investments. Relevance: GS III (Economy – Foreign Capital, BoP, FDI/FPI), GS II (Policy – Ease of Doing Business, Investment Climate). Basics Foreign Capital Inflows = Investment from abroad into Indian economy. Two key types: FDI (Foreign Direct Investment): Long-term, in productive assets. FPI (Foreign Portfolio Investment): Short-term, in stocks/bonds. Balance of Payments (BoP): Record of all economic transactions. Capital Account (inflows like FDI/FPI, external commercial borrowings). Current Account (trade deficit + invisibles like remittances). India’s BoP history: Net capital inflows peaked at $107.9 bn (2007-08). Declined to $15.8 bn in FY 2023-24, despite high GDP growth. Advanced Overview The Paradox Strong GDP growth + low capital inflows = mismatch. Normally, higher growth attracts more foreign capital. India’s inflows in FY 2023-24 are just 15% of 2007-08 peak levels, despite being the fastest-growing major economy. Factors Behind Low Inflows Shift in FPI preference: Earlier FPI went into equities; now focus is on debt, commercial bonds, and alternative assets. Risk aversion post-Global Financial Crisis & COVID-19: Preference for stable, safe assets globally. Rising domestic savings in India: Less dependence on foreign capital. High valuations in Indian equity markets: Discourage foreign investors. Policy environment: Public sector-led capex growth crowds out FDI/FPI interest. Global monetary tightening: Higher US interest rates pull capital to developed markets. Balance of Payments Implications Merchandise trade deficit widening due to strong domestic demand and high imports. Remittances (~$125 bn in 2023-24) and IT/other service exports partly offset trade deficit. But low capital inflows strain BoP, limiting RBI’s ability to build forex reserves. Strategic Concerns Dependence on domestic savings makes growth self-reliant, but foreign inflows remain crucial for: Infrastructure financing. Technology transfer. Reducing current account vulnerability. FDI stagnation reflects concerns about India’s business environment despite “ease of doing business” claims. Key Numbers 2007-08 peak inflows: $107.9 bn. FY 2021-22 inflows: $88.2 bn. FY 2022-23 inflows: $53.4 bn. FY 2023-24 inflows: $15.8 bn (lowest in 15 years). Current Account Deficit (Apr-Jun 2025): $10.2 bn. Conclusion India’s rapid GDP growth has not translated into higher foreign capital inflows, which are now at their lowest in 15 years, creating a growth–capital mismatch. Global monetary tightening, high domestic equity valuations, and policy-driven public capex dominance have made India less attractive for FPI/FDI compared to safer or alternative assets. While domestic savings and remittances cushion the BoP, sustained low foreign inflows could constrain forex reserves, infrastructure financing, and long-term investment climate. BTR (Bodoland Territorial Region) GI-tagging initiative Why in News The Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) government and community groups have secured GI tags for 21 traditional items (Nov 2023–May 2024), covering textiles, musical instruments, beverages, and cuisine. A special drive has been launched to secure GI tags for more traditional items of all 26 indigenous communities living in BTR. Initiative aligns with cultural preservation, rural development, and the upcoming BTR Council elections (Sept 22, 2025), making GI a key governance and identity issue. Relevance: GS I (Culture – Tribal Heritage, GI Products), GS II (Governance – Bodo Peace Accord, Identity Politics), GS III (Economy – Rural Development, IPR). Basics Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: A form of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Identifies goods as originating from a specific territory where quality, reputation, or characteristics are essentially attributable to geography. Benefits of GI Tagging: Provides legal protection against unauthorized use. Enhances market value and export potential. Preserves cultural identity and heritage. Builds consumer trust by ensuring authenticity. Fosters rural development through direct benefits to artisans and farmers. Comprehensive Overview Context of BTR Initiative BTR spans 8,970 sq. km across five districts bordering Bhutan; governed by the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC). The All Bodo Students’ Union (ABSU) had passed a resolution nearly a decade ago to pursue GI tagging of unique Bodo products. After the Bodo Peace Accord (2020), Chief Executive Member Pramod Boro prioritized recognition of indigenous heritage, aligning state support with community efforts. A youth-led team, including technocrats, artists, and social entrepreneurs, spearheaded the identification and documentation of items. Items Registered (Nov 2023 – May 2024) Textiles: Aronai, Dokhona, Zwmgra (motif-rich designs). Musical Instruments: Kham, Serza, Siphung. Alcoholic Beverages: Maibra Zwu Bidwi, Zwu Gisi. Cuisine: Gwkha Gwkhwi, Napham. Others: Gongar Dundia, traditional artefacts. Inclusive Approach Beyond the dominant Bodo community, the drive covers 26 indigenous groups: Adivasis, Gurkhas, Koch-Rajbongshis, Hajongs, Kurukhs, Madahi Kacharis, Hiras, Patnis, etc. Supported by Gandhi Hindustani Sahitya Sabha, which trains local scholars and leaders in documentation and filing of GI applications. Aim: Establish “GI Villages”, clusters where artisans/farmers receive training, infrastructure, and direct market linkages. Economic & Socio-Cultural Implications Economic Growth: Higher market value and branding of products can boost local incomes, exports, and tourism. Rural Development: Direct benefits for artisans and farmers, reducing dependence on middlemen. Cultural Preservation: Recognition of textiles, instruments, and food ensures safeguarding of intangible heritage. Political Significance: With BTC elections imminent, GI initiative doubles as a governance achievement and identity assertion tool. Comparative Example: Similar initiatives in Darjeeling tea, Pochampally Ikat, and Kodaikanal garlic show that GI-tagging can generate global recognition and premium markets. Challenges Ahead Commercialisation Risks: Without adequate marketing and distribution networks, GI tags may remain symbolic. Capacity Building: Need for sustained workshops, legal aid, and financial support to communities. Global Branding: Translating GI tags into actual export competitiveness requires quality assurance and certification mechanisms. Equity Concerns: Ensuring benefits flow to grassroots artisans and not just traders or intermediaries. The Vanishing Practice of Apatanis Why in News The Apatani tribe of Ziro Valley (Arunachal Pradesh) is witnessing the disappearance of its traditional facial tattoos and wooden nose plugs, once integral to women’s identity. The practice was banned in the 1970s due to social stigma and employment barriers, and now survives only among older Apatani women. Highlights the tension between cultural preservation and modernization in tribal societies. Relevance: GS I (Culture – Tribal Traditions, Identity), GS II (Governance – Tribal Rights, Policies), GS III (Society – Modernisation vs Tradition). Basics Community: Apatanis, living in Ziro Valley, Lower Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh. Geography: Ziro Valley – a UNESCO Tentative World Heritage site, bowl-shaped valley in the eastern Himalayas. Cultural Practice: Facial Tattoos (Tippei): Done around age 10 by elder women. Wooden Nose Plugs (Yaping Hullo): Inserted to make women “less attractive” to invaders; later became a symbol of beauty and tribal identity. Ban: Government prohibited the practice in the 1970s, citing social mobility barriers, especially for women seeking urban employment. Comprehensive Overview Origins and Evolution Protective Origins: Practice began as a strategy to deter abduction of Apatani women by rival tribes and outsiders. Cultural Identity: Over generations, it evolved into an honourable symbol of beauty, dignity, and tribal belonging. Ritual Process: Carried out during adolescence; nose plugs crafted from forest wood (after cleaning to avoid infection). Current Scenario Decline: Almost vanished among younger generations; now seen only in elderly women. Pride vs Modernity: Older women still consider tattoos and plugs integral to being Apatani, while younger generations see them as obstacles to education, employment, and social integration. Social Shifts: Globalisation, urban exposure, and inter-community marriage discourage continuation. Cultural Significance Represents unique indigenous aesthetics, differing from mainstream Indian concepts of beauty. Acts as a marker of community solidarity and oral history of resilience against external threats. Comparable to other indigenous body modification traditions worldwide (e.g., Maori tattoos in New Zealand, Ethiopian lip plates). Challenges of Preservation Government Ban: Initially imposed to promote assimilation and modern opportunities, inadvertently accelerated cultural erosion. Generational Gap: Younger Apatanis are ambivalent—balancing pride in heritage with aspiration for modern identity. Documentation Needs: Without active recording (photographs, ethnographic studies, digital archiving), the practice risks being lost completely. Larger Implications Anthropological Value: Important case study of how cultural practices transform under pressures of state policy, modernity, and globalization. Identity Politics: For many Apatanis, revival or remembrance of this practice ties into broader questions of tribal autonomy and heritage preservation. Policy Dimension: Raises debate on whether banning such practices protects or erodes cultural diversity. Tourism & Cultural Economy: Ziro Valley’s heritage, festivals (e.g., Ziro Music Festival), and unique traditions can be leveraged for sustainable cultural tourism.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 September 2025

Content India: A Global Bioeconomy Powerhouse GST Reforms 2025: Relief for Common Man, Boost for Businesses India: A Global Bioeconomy Powerhouse Growth Trajectory Expanded from USD 10 bn (2014) → USD 165.7 bn (2024). CAGR: ~35% over the decade, contributing 4.25% of GDP. Target: USD 300 bn by 2030, USD 1.4–2.7 tn by 2050 (6.5–12% of GDP). Global context: Bioeconomy expected to hit USD 30 tn by 2050 (12% of world GDP). Relevance : GS III (Economy, S&T, Environment) – Biomanufacturing, energy independence, innovation ecosystems. GS II (Governance) – Policy initiatives like BioE³, regulatory frameworks. GS I (Geography & Society) – Regional contribution, rural bio-agri impact. Essay & Ethics – Sustainability, bio-innovation, and climate justice.   Subsectoral Distribution (2024) BioIndustrial (47% | USD 78.2 bn) Biofuels, bioplastics, enzymes, green chemicals. Key driver of circular and green economy. BioPharma & BioMedical (35.2% | USD 58.4 bn) Affordable generics, vaccines, biologics, diagnostics, MedTech. Global reputation for cost-effective biopharma. BioAgri (8.1% | USD 13.5 bn) GM crops, Bt cotton success, precision farming, biofertilizers, biopesticides. BioResearch & BioIT (9.4% | USD 15.6 bn) Contract research, clinical trials, bioinformatics, biotech software. Strengthens India’s role as a global R&D hub.   State & Regional Contribution (2024) Top States: Maharashtra (USD 35.45 bn | 21.4%), Karnataka (USD 32.4 bn | 19.5%), Telangana (USD 19.9 bn | 12%). Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh follow. Regional Share: South (45.4%), West (30.3%), North (18.5%), East (5.8%). South dominates due to biotech clusters (Bengaluru, Hyderabad). Major Policy Interventions BioE³ Policy (2024): Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, Employment. Biomanufacturing & Biofoundry Initiative: Move from consumptive → regenerative production. 21 BioEnabler facilities: Shared infra for startups & R&D (focus on microbial biotech, smart proteins, marine biotech, gene therapy). BioE³ Youth Challenge (2025): Monthly innovation contest, prizes (₹1L to ₹25L), incubation & mentoring for grassroots biotech talent. Breakthrough Achievements Ethanol Blending: 20% blending (2025) → achieved 5 years ahead of target. Benefits: ₹1.21 lakh crore to farmers, elimination of sugarcane arrears, forex savings ₹1.44 lakh crore, crude substitution 245 LMT. Vaccine Leadership: Serum Institute: global share rose from 19% (2021) → 24% (2024). 3 Indian firms (Serum, Bharat Biotech, Biological E) among world’s top 10. Supplied 40% of WHO vaccines; 20% exports went to Africa. Precision Medicine & AMR: Launch of Nafithromycin (anti-AMR antibiotic). CAR-T therapies, AI-driven diagnostics, oncology gene sequencing.   Climate Change & Sustainability Role Bioeconomy enables: Emission reduction via biofuels, recycling, bioplastics. Carbon capture in agriculture, afforestation, food waste reduction. Greener manufacturing processes → reduced fossil dependence. Central to India’s net-zero roadmap by 2070. Startup & Investment Ecosystem Startups: 13,000 in 2025 (from 5,365 in 2021; +142%). Products: 800+ launched; $600 mn follow-on funding. FDI: MedTech FDI grew from $370 mn (2022) → $618 mn (2024). Ecosystem backed by BIRAC, DBT, venture funding, incubation infra. Global Positioning India is: Vaccine hub (low-cost, mass production). Ethanol leader (fastest adoption curve globally). Emerging precision medicine hub in the Global South. R&D outsourcing base for pharma & bioinformatics. By 2050, India may rival US, EU, and China as a bioeconomy power centre. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges: Regulatory harmonisation across subsectors. Biosafety, bioethics, and AMR management. Funding volatility & global competition in biotech patents. Need to scale from pilot → industrial-level biomanufacturing. Way Forward: Strengthen IP regime, clinical trial capacity, and global partnerships. Incentivise R&D tax breaks, green financing, and rural biotech adoption. Enhance regional biotech clusters in East & North India. Foster public trust via awareness on biotech safety and benefits. GST Reforms 2025: Relief for Common Man, Boost for Businesses Historical Context Pre-GST Era (Before 2017) Fragmented indirect tax system (VAT, excise, service tax, octroi, entry tax). Multiple levies created cascading effect (“tax on tax”). Different state laws caused compliance burden & litigation. Weak input tax credit provisions → high cost of goods & services. GST Introduction (2017) Rolled out on 1st July 2017 via 101st Constitutional Amendment. Subsumed 17 taxes & 13 cesses into a single national tax. Created “One Nation, One Tax, One Market” framework. Brought IT-based filing, improved transparency, and widened the tax base. Relevance : GS III (Economy) – Tax simplification, inflation relief, MSME competitiveness, boost to agriculture & manufacturing. GS II (Governance) – GST Council (Art. 279A), cooperative federalism, welfare-linked exemptions. GST Performance till 2025 Taxpayer base: Grew from 66.5 lakh (2017) → 1.51 crore (2025). Revenue Growth: FY 2017–18: ₹82,000 crore avg. monthly collection. FY 2024–25: ₹2.04 lakh crore avg. monthly collection. CAGR ~18%, gross collections doubled to ₹22.08 lakh crore in 4 years. Formalization: Stronger compliance + technology adoption increased revenues. 2025 GST Reform Highlights Simplification of Tax Structure Shift from 4 slabs (5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) → two slabs: 5% & 18%. 40% slab retained for luxury & sin goods (tobacco, aerated drinks, luxury cars, yachts, private aircraft). Focus: Relief to common man, lower input costs for MSMEs, boost to agriculture & manufacturing, and correction of inverted duty structures. Sector-Wise Impact A. Household & Food Daily essentials: soaps, toothpaste, shampoos, bicycles → down to 5%. Indian breads, paneer, UHT milk → NIL GST. Packaged foods (sauces, pasta, chocolates, coffee, preserved meat) → 18/12% → 5%. TVs (>32”), ACs, dishwashers → 28% → 18%. Impact: Boost in affordability + demand for FMCG & consumer durables. B. Housing & Construction Cement: 28% → 18%. Marble, granite, bricks, bamboo products → 12% → 5%. Impact: Lower construction costs, cheaper housing, push to infra sector, job creation. C. Automobiles Two-wheelers ≤350cc & small cars: 28% → 18%. Buses, trucks, three-wheelers, auto parts: 28% → 18%. Impact: Relief for middle-class + push for auto manufacturing & exports. D. Agriculture Tractors: 12% → 5%. Tires & tractor parts: 18% → 5%. Irrigation equipment, harvesters, sprinklers: 12% → 5%. Bio-pesticides, natural menthol: 12% → 5%. Impact: Lower input costs, farmer relief, boost to sustainable farming. E. Services Hotels (<₹7,500/day): 12% → 5%. Gyms, salons, yoga: 18% → 5%. Impact: Boost to hospitality, wellness, and tourism sectors. F. Textiles, Toys & Handicrafts Manmade fibre: 18% → 5%; yarn: 12% → 5%. Handicrafts, statues, paintings, toys: 12% → 5%. Impact: Boost exports, support artisans, rural jobs, cultural preservation. G. Education Exercise books, pencils, erasers, crayons, sharpeners → 0% GST. Geometry boxes, trays: 12% → 5%. Impact: Reduced education costs, student-friendly. H. Healthcare Life-saving drugs & diagnostic kits: 12% → 0%. Other medicines (Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy): 12% → 5%. Medical oxygen, surgical instruments: 12–18% → 5%. Spectacles: 28% → 5%. Impact: Affordable healthcare, support for domestic pharma & MedTech. I. Insurance Life & health insurance premiums → GST exempt. Impact: Promotes financial security, supports Insurance for All by 2047. Broader Economic Impact Consumers: Lower costs → higher disposable income → demand growth. MSMEs: Lower input costs, corrected inverted duty structure → competitiveness. Manufacturing: Boost to domestic value addition, exports. State Revenues: Simplified rates + wider base → higher compliance → stable revenues. Employment: Growth in construction, auto, textiles, handicrafts. Inflation: Expected moderation due to lower GST on essentials. Formalization: Simple two-slab system reduces disputes, encourages compliance. Challenges Ahead Revenue Neutrality: Risk of revenue loss from sharp rate cuts; must be offset by better compliance. State Compensation: Concerns of revenue shortfall for some states (esp. after cess phase-out). Transition Issues: Businesses must quickly adapt to new slabs, possible IT challenges. Luxury/Sin Goods Taxation: High 40% rate may sustain black market activity. Long-Term Significance Reinforces GST as citizen-centric & business-friendly. Aligns with India’s goal of Ease of Living + Ease of Doing Business. Supports Viksit Bharat @2047 vision by: Affordable healthcare & education. Strong MSME & manufacturing base. Sustainable agriculture. Formalized, transparent tax system. Conclusion: GST Reforms 2025 mark the biggest overhaul since 2017 rollout—from a complex multi-slab system to a simpler, fairer, two-rate structure. By lowering tax burdens across essentials, housing, health, and education, while supporting businesses and states, these reforms aim to create a virtuous cycle of lower costs → higher demand → wider tax base → stronger growth.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 September 2025

Content: Trump’s tariff war as opportunity for the Global South GST 2.0 is a landmark in India’s tax journey Trump’s tariff war as opportunity for the Global South Basics Global Context: Rising economic nationalism and protectionism led by the U.S. under Trump. Challenges to liberal international order: free trade, multilateralism, global institutions. U.S. tariffs and sanctions reshaping global trade dynamics. India caught in cross-currents: balancing ties with the U.S., China, Russia, and Global South. Key Issue: U.S. tariffs, sanctions, and unilateralism disrupt India’s economy (textiles, gems, metals, auto parts). Erosion of 25 years of India-U.S. strategic convergence. Need for India to recalibrate strategy amid polycrisis (economic, geopolitical, technological). Relevance : GS II (IR, Governance) – India–US relations, impact of protectionism on multilateralism, strategic autonomy, Global South leadership. GS III (Economy, Trade) – Effects of tariffs on exports, FDI flows, supply chains, energy security. GS I (Society & Diaspora) – Indian diaspora in U.S. facing racism and visa uncertainties. Practice Question :  How can India leverage the ongoing global protectionist wave to strengthen its leadership role in the Global South? (250 Words) Trump’s Motivations Domestic Politics Pandering to “silent majority” resentful of globalisation’s inequities. Instead of structural reforms, resort to xenophobia, racism, and economic populism. Sanctions (30+ nations), tariffs (70+), attacks on immigration, trade blocs reshaped. Economic Strategy Tariffs = disguised tax on American consumers (70% burden). Goal: maintain U.S. economic dominance, curb China’s rise (26% vs 17% of global GDP). Protectionism, subsidies, and coercive trade tactics with hypocrisy (criticises India’s farm protections while imposing huge tariffs on tobacco, dairy, fruits). Geopolitics & Security Bipartisan consensus in U.S. on reversing deindustrialisation and checking China. Tariffs weaponised for leverage on Russia–Ukraine war. China seen as ultimate challenge → tariffs aligned with U.S. security and strategic interests. Impacts on India Economic Impact Tariffs hurt textiles, jewellery, auto parts, metals. Farmers face pressure as U.S. demands India cut protections while it maintains high tariffs. India conceded on oil imports from Iran/Venezuela and cotton duties, weakening bargaining power. Geopolitical Impact U.S. re-hyphenating India–Pakistan; renewing ties with Islamabad. Quad commitments uncertain; U.S. firms hesitant in India. India–China tensions exploited; two-front security problem intensifies. Societal Impact Indian diaspora facing racism amid U.S. political climate. What New Delhi Must Do Re-examine Assumptions Don’t overestimate “democratic counterweight to China” narrative. Recognise limits of U.S. convergence; protect national interests. Adopt Firm Negotiating Posture U.S. respects strength, not compliance. Avoid unnecessary concessions (Iran oil, cotton duties). Balance ties with multiple powers (multi-alignment > symbolic alliances). Correct Foreign Policy Adventurism Limit over-personalised diplomacy, diaspora theatrics. Prioritise strategic interests over symbolic gestures. Leverage Polycrisis Champion multipolarity as an alternative to U.S. unipolarity or China–U.S. bipolarity. Push for a New Economic Deal – fairer rules for Global South, reform of multilateral institutions. Address Domestic Structural Weaknesses Revive manufacturing (lowest in 40 years). Tackle unemployment, private investment stagnation, poor R&D. Use PSUs strategically like China’s SOEs. Build bipartisan consensus at home, coordinate with Global South abroad. Larger Significance for India Short-Term: Protect economy from tariffs, secure energy supplies, manage U.S. unpredictability. Medium-Term: Avoid two-front security trap; balance U.S. and China ties. Long-Term: Lead Global South by advocating equitable globalisation, inclusive multilateralism, and multipolar world order. GST 2.0 is a landmark in India’s tax journey Basics GST (Goods and Services Tax): A destination-based indirect tax introduced in 2017, subsuming multiple central & state taxes (excise, VAT, service tax). GST Council (Art. 279A): Apex decision-making body chaired by Union Finance Minister with state FMs as members. Earlier Structure: Multiple slabs (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%), causing complexity, inverted duty structures, and compliance burden. Relevance : GS III (Economy) – Tax simplification, inverted duty correction, MSME relief, green growth incentives. GS II (Governance & Federalism) – GST Council (Art. 279A), cooperative federalism, dispute resolution via GSTAT. GS I (Society) – Relief on essentials, healthcare, insurance, rural/agri impact, job creation in labour-intensive sectors. Practice Question : Critically analyse the role of GST reforms in advancing the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. (250 Words) Structural Simplification Shift from 4 major slabs → 2 slabs: 18% Standard Rate 5% Merit Rate 40% De-merit Rate for luxury/sin goods (e.g., tobacco, high-end SUVs). Impact: Reduces complexity, boosts predictability, and aligns with global “simple tax” practices. Relief for Households & Consumers Exempted: UHT milk, paneer, chapati, paratha (essentials). 5% bracket: Soap, shampoo, toothpaste, bicycles, kitchenware. Reduced: Packaged foods, noodles, chocolates, beverages. Outcome: More disposable income, higher consumption, improved equity. Health & Insurance Boost Zero GST on life and health insurance – improves penetration, supports senior citizens and low-income families. Exemptions/reductions on drugs & devices for cancer, rare diseases, chronic conditions → affordable healthcare, lower out-of-pocket expenditure. Agriculture & Farmers Tractors, farm machinery @ 5%. Fertilizers & key inputs (sulphuric acid, ammonia) @ 5% (down from 18%). Outcome: Lower cultivation costs, higher productivity, better farm incomes. Labour-Intensive & Traditional Sectors Rate cuts for handicrafts, marble, granite, leather goods. Impact: Demand revival, job protection, export competitiveness, preservation of traditional industries. Key Sectoral Corrections Textiles: MMF & yarn @ 5% → removes inverted duty anomaly, boosts exports & jobs. Cement: From 28% → 18% → reduces construction cost, boosts housing & infra growth. Renewables & auto parts: Lower rates → accelerates green growth & EV ecosystem. Hospitality & wellness: Rationalized → tourism revival & service sector growth. Institutional & Process Reforms GST Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT): Operational by end-2025 → faster dispute resolution, legal consistency. Provisional refunds for inverted duty cases → liquidity support to businesses. Risk-based compliance checks & harmonized valuation rules → lower compliance burden, less litigation. Fiscal & Economic Balance Phased implementation from Sept 22, 2025 → protects revenue while ensuring immediate consumer benefits. Demand push + investment revival → short-term growth stimulus, long-term revenue buoyancy. Stakeholder Alignment Many CII recommendations accepted → simplification, healthcare relief, farm support, textile competitiveness. Reflects consultative federalism & partnership with industry. Big Picture – GST 2.0 A citizen-centric reform rather than just a technical tax change. Promotes inclusive growth: benefits households, farmers, workers, MSMEs, and traditional industries. Aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047 by simplifying taxation, boosting competitiveness, and strengthening institutions.

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