Dec 16, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 December 2025

Content Viksit Bharat – Guarantee For Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill (VB-GRAM Bill) Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA) Bill, 2025 One in Six People Exposed to Conflict Worldwide (ACLED Report, 2025) Biosecurity in India: Risks, Preparedness, and the Need for a Unified Framework Amicus Suggestions on Disabled Cadets Similar to DMA’s 2022 Plan GRAP-IV in Delhi–NCR Viksit Bharat – Guarantee For Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill (VB-GRAM Bill) Why is this in News? The Union Government is set to introduce the VB-GRAM Bill in the Lok Sabha to replace MGNREGA, 2005. The Bill proposes a structural shift: From demand-driven employment guarantee → supply-driven, budget-capped framework. Strong Opposition objections on: Dilution of legal right to work. Increased State financial burden. Removal of Mahatma Gandhi’s name. Centralisation of power via area notification by the Union. Relevance GS II: Welfare schemes, rights-based vs executive-driven governance Federalism, Centre–State fiscal relations Decentralisation, role of Panchayati Raj Institutions GS III: Inclusive growth, rural employment, poverty alleviation Public finance, fiscal discipline vs social protection MGNREGA (2005): Core Basics Legal right to employment under Article 21 (Right to livelihood – judicial interpretation). Guarantees: 100 days of unskilled manual work per rural household per year. Work on demand within 15 days, failing which unemployment allowance is payable. Cost sharing: Centre: ~90% (wages + material). States: ~10% (mainly unemployment allowance). Decentralised: Gram Panchayat as principal planning and implementing authority. Key objectives: Livelihood security. Creation of durable rural assets. Strengthening grassroots democracy. What is VB-GRAM Bill? Replaces MGNREGA with a new employment and livelihood mission. Key shifts: Supply-driven scheme (no statutory demand guarantee). Fixed annual budget cap decided by Union Government. Employment only in Centre-notified rural areas. Guaranteed workdays increased from 100 → 125 days. State contribution raised to 40% of total expenditure. Demand-Driven vs Supply-Driven: Conceptual Difference Demand-Driven (MGNREGA) Employment is a right, not discretion. Fiscal outlay expands automatically with demand. Strong shock absorber during: Droughts. Pandemic-like crises. Agrarian distress. Supply-Driven (VB-GRAM) Employment limited by budget ceilings. Government decides: Where work is provided. How much work is available. Converts entitlement into welfare discretion. Key Changes at a Glance Aspect MGNREGA VB-GRAM Bill Nature Legal right Welfare scheme Workdays 100 125 Trigger Worker demand Govt allocation Budget Demand-responsive Fixed, capped Area coverage All rural India Centre-notified areas State share ~10% ~40% Federal tilt Decentralised Centralised Constitutional & Federalism Concerns Article 246 + Seventh Schedule: Rural employment, agriculture, land → State List/Concurrent List orientation. Increased State share: Unfunded mandate. Violates spirit of cooperative federalism. Central notification of eligible areas: Weakens Gram Sabha autonomy (Article 243). Socio-Economic Implications Positive Arguments (Government’s Likely Rationale) Fiscal predictability and expenditure control. Better targeting of backward regions. Alignment with Viksit Bharat 2047 productivity narrative. Shift from relief-oriented work to “livelihood mission”. Negative Implications Exclusion risk for distress-hit but non-notified areas. Loss of automatic safety net during economic shocks. Higher State burden may lead to: Delays in wage payments. Reduced work provision. Weakens women’s participation (MGNREGA had ~55–60% women workers). Potential rollback of poverty reduction gains: MGNREGA contributed significantly to fall in rural poverty and distress migration. Political Economy Dimension Removal of Mahatma Gandhi’s name: Symbolic break from rights-based welfare architecture. Shift reflects broader trend: From rights-based legislations (RTI, MGNREGA, NFSA) To executive-driven missions. Raises question: Welfare state → Developmental state with fiscal discipline? Governance & Accountability Issues No clarity on: “Parameters” for budget allocation. Criteria for area notification. Reduced legal enforceability: No unemployment allowance guarantee. Potential erosion of social audit effectiveness. Way Forward Retain statutory demand-based core, even with budget rationalisation. Transparent, rule-based criteria for area notification. Restore balanced Centre-State cost sharing. Strong social audit and grievance redress mechanisms. Parliamentary scrutiny via Standing Committee. Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA) Bill, 2025 Why is this in News? The Union Government has introduced the VBSA Bill, 2025 to replace the University Grants Commission (UGC). Government has proposed referring the Bill to a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) amid strong Opposition resistance. Opposition alleges: Executive overreach in higher education. Erosion of federalism and institutional autonomy. Imposition of Hindi through nomenclature. Excessive regulatory and penalty powers. Relevance GS II: Governance, regulatory institutions, executive accountability Federalism (education in Concurrent List) Parliamentary processes (JPC, legislative scrutiny) GS I: Education, linguistic diversity, cultural pluralism UGC: Background and Role Established under UGC Act, 1956. Constitutional basis: Entry 66, Union List – coordination and determination of standards in higher education. Core functions: Funding universities. Setting minimum standards. Recognition of institutions. Criticism of UGC: Over-centralisation. One-size-fits-all regulation. Slow approvals and compliance-heavy culture. What is the VBSA Bill, 2025? Proposes creation of Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA) as a single, overarching regulator for higher education. Aligns with NEP 2020 vision of regulatory overhaul and graded autonomy. Seeks to subsume or replace existing regulatory architecture led by UGC. Key Features of the VBSA Bill Regulatory Restructuring UGC replaced by VBSA with: Expanded powers over recognition, compliance, penalties, and closure. Stronger executive involvement in appointments and oversight. Graded Autonomy Framework Institutions categorised based on performance. Autonomy linked to: Accreditation scores. Compliance history. Critics argue autonomy is conditional, not inherent. Compliance and Penalty Regime Introduces: Intrusive inspections. Heavy financial penalties. Powers to suspend or shut institutions. Shift from facilitative regulation → command-and-control oversight. Language and Nomenclature Issue Naming the authority and Bill in Hindi. Opposition from non-Hindi-speaking States: Seen as cultural centralisation. Contradicts linguistic pluralism under Articles 29–30. Federalism Concerns Education is in the Concurrent List (Entry 25). VBSA centralises: Regulatory power. Norm-setting. Enforcement mechanisms. States fear: Reduced say in higher education governance. Marginalisation of State universities. Kerala and Tamil Nadu objections reflect: Long-standing Centre–State friction in education policy. Executive Overreach: Core Criticism Concentration of powers: Rule-making. Enforcement. Penalisation. Weak parliamentary or independent checks. Undermines: Institutional autonomy. Academic freedom. Risks politicisation of: Curriculum. Appointments. Institutional functioning. Implications for Higher Education Potential Advantages Uniform national standards. Faster decision-making. Alignment with global benchmarks. Reduced multiplicity of regulators. Serious Risks Chilling effect on academic freedom. Compliance burden on public universities. Disproportionate impact on State-funded institutions. Possible decline in diversity of pedagogical models. Comparison: UGC vs VBSA Aspect UGC VBSA (Proposed) Nature Statutory regulator Statutory super-regulator Autonomy Limited but institutional Conditional, performance-linked Federal balance Relatively accommodative Strong central tilt Penalty powers Limited Extensive, including closure Language sensitivity Neutral Hindi-centric nomenclature Why JPC Reference Matters Allows: Detailed clause-by-clause scrutiny. Stakeholder consultations (States, universities, faculty). Signals: Political sensitivity. Federal and cultural contestation. However: Final outcome still depends on government majority. Constitutional & Governance Lens Article 246 + Seventh Schedule: Balance between Centre and States. Academic freedom as part of: Article 19(1)(a) (judicial interpretation). Risk of undermining university autonomy, a core democratic institution. Way Forward Clearly demarcate: Standard-setting vs day-to-day regulation. Independent appointments mechanism. Strong appellate and grievance redress bodies. Linguistically neutral nomenclature. Formal role for States in regulatory councils. One in Six People Exposed to Conflict Worldwide (ACLED Report, 2025) Why is this in News? ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Event Data) released its 2025 global conflict assessment. Key headline: 831 million people exposed to conflict in 2025. Roughly one in six people globally. Reveals: Sharp rise in violent events. Increasing state involvement in violence, including against civilians. Changing nature of warfare, especially use of commercial drones by non-state actors. Relevance GS II: International relations, global conflict trends Role of UN, multilateralism, peacekeeping GS III: Internal security: non-state actors, emerging technologies in warfare What is ACLED? An independent, globally recognised conflict data collection and analysis organisation. Tracks: Political violence. Armed conflict. Protest events. Used by: UN agencies. Governments. Researchers and humanitarian organisations. Key Global Findings (2025) Scale of Conflict ~200,000 violent events recorded globally. Nearly double compared to four years ago. 10% of global population exposed to conflict environments. Nature of Contemporary Conflicts 1. Increased Violence, Reduced Restraint Armed actors show: Higher willingness to use force. Disregard for civilian harm. Reflects erosion of: International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Norms protecting non-combatants. 2. Rising Role of State Forces 74% of violent events involved state forces in 2025. State-led violence against civilians: Increased from 20% (2020) → 35% (2025). Indicates: Militarisation of internal conflicts. Shrinking space for civilian protection. Civilians at the Centre of Violence 56,000+ incidents of violence directed at civilians. Highest in the last five years. Two critical patterns: States increasingly targeting civilians. Non-state groups causing the majority of fatalities. Region-wise Trends Europe Largest increase in violence globally. Driven overwhelmingly by: Russia–Ukraine war. Highest number of people affected since 2022 invasion. West Asia 48% decline in violent events compared to 2024. Key reasons: End of Syria’s civil war. Ceasefires in Gaza and Lebanon. Reduced Israeli and Turkish air campaigns: Led to 17% global drop in aerial warfare. Africa Continues to bear: High civilian fatalities. Complex multi-actor conflicts. Sudan, DRC, Myanmar remain major hotspots. State vs Non-State Actors: A Nuanced Picture State Actors Israel and Russia: Responsible for ~90% of cross-border state violence targeting civilians. Myanmar military: Accounted for ~33% of state violence against its own civilians. Non-State Armed Groups Responsible for ~60% of civilian fatalities. Major perpetrators: Rapid Support Forces (RSF), Sudan: 4,200 civilians killed. ~11% of all non-state group fatalities globally. Allied Democratic Forces (ADF): ≥1,370 civilian deaths. M23 movement (DRC): 1,100 civilian deaths. Numbers likely undercounted due to reporting gaps. Technological Shift in Warfare Weaponisation of Commercial Drones 469 non-state armed groups have used drones at least once in last five years. 14% increase over the previous year. Significance: Democratisation of military technology. Low-cost, high-impact tools bypass traditional state monopoly on force. Raises challenges for: Airspace control. Counter-terrorism. Civilian safety. Broader Implications International Humanitarian Law (IHL) Rising civilian targeting signals: Weak enforcement of Geneva Conventions. Normalisation of civilian harm. Global Security Conflicts are: More frequent. More lethal. More fragmented. Multi-actor conflicts harder to resolve diplomatically. Humanitarian Impact Increased displacement. Food insecurity. Collapse of health and education systems in conflict zones. India and Global Governance Lens Reinforces need for: Stronger multilateral conflict prevention. UN Security Council reform. Regulation of emerging military technologies (drones, AI). Relevant for India’s role in: UN peacekeeping. Global South diplomacy. Norm-building on warfare ethics. Biosecurity in India: Risks, Preparedness, and the Need for a Unified Framework Why is this in News? Renewed policy focus following expert commentary highlighting: Gaps in India’s biosecurity preparedness. Absence of a unified national biosecurity framework. Concerns amplified by: Rapid advances in biotechnology. Rising role of non-state actors. India’s low response capacity score on the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) (Rank: 66). Relevance GS II: Governance, institutional coordination, national security architecture GS III: Internal security, disaster management, science & technology Health security, bioterrorism, dual-use technologies What is Biosecurity? Biosecurity: Set of practices, policies, and systems to prevent intentional misuse of: Biological agents. Toxins. Biotechnology. Covers: Laboratory security. Surveillance and early detection. Containment of deliberate outbreaks. Protection of human, animal, and plant health. Biosecurity vs Biosafety: Biosafety: Prevents accidental release of pathogens. Biosecurity: Prevents deliberate misuse. Strong biosafety protocols are a prerequisite for biosecurity. Global Context: Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Adopted in 1975. First treaty to: Prohibit development, production, stockpiling of biological weapons. Mandate destruction of existing stockpiles. India: A signatory to the BWC. Participates in export-control regimes like the Australia Group. Why Does India Need Robust Biosecurity? Structural Vulnerabilities Geography: Porous borders → cross-border bio-risks. Ecology: Biodiversity-rich zones vulnerable to zoonotic spillovers. Demography: High population density → rapid transmission potential. Economy: Heavy dependence on agriculture and livestock. Emerging Threat Landscape Non-state actors exploring biological tools: Example: Alleged preparation of Ricin toxin for terror use. Rapid spread of new-age biotechnologies: Gene editing. Synthetic biology. Lower entry barriers: Dual-use research increasingly accessible. India’s Existing Biosecurity Architecture Legal Framework Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Governs hazardous microorganisms and GMOs. Biosafety Rules, 1989 2017 Guidelines Recombinant DNA research. Biocontainment standards. WMD Act, 2005 Criminalises biological weapons and delivery systems. Institutional Mechanisms Department of Biotechnology (DBT): Research governance and lab safety. National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC): Outbreak surveillance and response. Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying: Livestock biosecurity, transboundary animal diseases. Plant Quarantine Organisation of India: Agricultural import-export regulation. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Guidelines on biological disaster management. Key Gaps in India’s Biosecurity System Fragmentation Multiple agencies with overlapping mandates. Lack of: Central coordination. Unified command during bio-emergencies. Capability Deficits GHSI Ranking: 66 Detection score: Improved. Response capacity: Declined. Indicates: Surveillance without commensurate response readiness. Inadequate surge capacity. Governance Gaps No dedicated National Biosecurity Policy or Authority. Limited integration of: Health. Agriculture. Defence. Internal security. Risks Ahead if Gaps Persist High-impact, low-probability events: Bioterror attacks. Engineered pandemics. Massive human cost: Lives of billions potentially at risk. Economic consequences: Food security shocks. Supply-chain disruptions. Strategic vulnerability: Biosecurity as a national security issue, not just public health. Way Forward: Building a National Biosecurity Framework Core Elements Needed Unified National Biosecurity Strategy: Clear roles and responsibilities. Central Coordinating Authority: Inter-ministerial integration. Capability Mapping: Identify lab, surveillance, response gaps. Regulation of Dual-Use Research: Ethical oversight. Capacity Building: Skilled workforce. Rapid response units. International Cooperation: Intelligence-sharing. Norm-setting on emerging biotechnologies. Amicus Suggestions on Disabled Cadets Similar to DMA’s 2022 Plan Why is this in News? The Supreme Court, in a case concerning medically discharged officer cadets, received amicus curiae recommendations. The amicus suggested adopting provisions similar to the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) 2022 proposal. The issue highlights: Disability rights in armed forces. Gaps between policy intent and implementation. Constitutional guarantees of equality and dignity. Relevance GS II: Welfare of armed forces, role of judiciary Executive accountability and policy implementation GS I: Disability issues, social justice Who are Medically Discharged Cadets? Officer cadets discharged due to: Injuries or disabilities attributable to or aggravated by military training. Many are released before commissioning, leading to: Denial of pensions and post-service benefits. Unequal treatment compared to commissioned officers. Legal & Constitutional Background Constitutional Provisions Article 14: Equality before law. Article 21: Right to life with dignity. Article 33: Permits restrictions on armed forces, but not arbitrary discrimination. Statutory Framework Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPwD Act): Recognises service-related disability. Mandates non-discrimination and reasonable accommodation. Judicial trend: Courts have repeatedly held that training-related injuries are service-related. What Did the DMA Propose in 2022? A comprehensive welfare package for disabled officer cadets, including: Statutory disability pension with parity: Same benefits as commissioned officers. Broad-banding of disability percentage: Prevents denial due to marginal assessment differences. Family pension provisions. Healthcare coverage: Access to Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS). Rehabilitation support: Prosthetics. Physiotherapy. Mental health care. Resettlement assistance: Skill development and alternative employment. Status: Proposal approved by Service Headquarters. Yet to be implemented by the government. Amicus Curiae’s Key Suggestions Implement DMA 2022 plan in toto for disabled cadets. Extend statutory disability pension even if discharge occurs pre-commission. Apply broad-banding to ensure parity and fairness. Ensure continuity of medical and rehabilitation support. Avoid ad hoc, case-by-case relief; adopt a uniform policy. Core Issues Highlighted Arbitrary Classification Cadets injured: Before commissioning → denied benefits. After commissioning → eligible. Violates reasonable classification test under Article 14. Gap Between Policy and Practice DMA framework exists. Non-implementation reflects: Bureaucratic inertia. Weak accountability mechanisms. Dignity and Moral Obligation Cadets injured while preparing to serve the nation. Denial of support undermines: State’s duty of care. Military morale and ethical governance. Broader Implications Military Human Resource Management Discourages talented youth from joining armed forces. Weakens trust in institutional fairness. Disability Rights Discourse Tests inclusivity within uniformed services. Aligns with India’s commitments under: UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Civil-Military Relations Welfare of soldiers and cadets central to: Democratic oversight. Professional armed forces. Way Forward Immediate implementation of DMA 2022 proposal. Statutory backing to avoid executive discretion. Time-bound decision-making in disability assessment. Independent medical boards with transparency. Harmonisation with RPwD Act, 2016. GRAP-IV in Delhi–NCR Why is this in News? On 13 December 2025, air quality in Delhi–NCR deteriorated to ‘Severe+’ levels. Daily average AQI crossed 450, prompting authorities to invoke GRAP-IV, the strictest stage of India’s air-pollution emergency framework. Decision taken by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) following an emergency meeting, citing: Rising AQI trend. Unfavourable meteorological conditions (low wind speed, temperature inversion). Relevance GS III (Environment & Disaster Management) Air pollution and urban environmental challenges Public health emergencies due to environmental degradation Disaster management: response to severe air-quality events Sustainable urban development What is GRAP? GRAP – Graded Response Action Plan: A pre-defined, stage-wise emergency response framework to tackle air pollution in Delhi–NCR. Approved by the Supreme Court in 2016 (MC Mehta case). Statutory backing: Implemented and enforced by CAQM under the CAQM Act, 2021. Objective: Move from ad-hoc bans → predictable, rule-based escalation of actions as pollution worsens. GRAP Stages and AQI Thresholds GRAP Stage AQI Range Air Quality Category GRAP-I 201–300 Poor GRAP-II 301–400 Very Poor GRAP-III 401–450 Severe GRAP-IV >450 Severe+ / Hazardous What is GRAP-IV? Emergency pollution control stage activated when: AQI exceeds 450. Reflects conditions posing serious health risks, even to healthy individuals. Focus: Immediate reduction of pollution sources, regardless of economic disruption. Measures Enforced Under GRAP-IV Transport Restrictions Ban on entry of BS-IV trucks into Delhi. Exceptions: Vehicles carrying essential commodities. Emergency services. Construction and Infrastructure Complete ban on: Construction and demolition (C&D) activities. Highways, roads, flyovers, overbridges. Power transmission, pipelines, telecom infrastructure. Rationale: C&D dust is a major PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ contributor. Educational Institutions Hybrid mode for: Classes VI–IX and XI. Objective: Reduce exposure of children to toxic air. Lower transport-related emissions. Offices and Workplaces 50% capacity rule for: Public, municipal, and private offices. Remaining staff: Work From Home (WFH). Aim: Curtail vehicular movement and congestion. Institutional Framework Behind GRAP Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Statutory body (2021). Jurisdiction: Delhi + NCR states (Haryana, UP, Rajasthan). Powers: Issue binding directions. Override State government actions if required. Addresses: Fragmentation in air-quality governance. Why Does Delhi–NCR Repeatedly Enter GRAP-IV? Structural Causes Geography & meteorology: Landlocked region. Winter temperature inversion. Emission sources: Vehicular emissions. Construction dust. Biomass and waste burning. Industrial emissions. Seasonal factors: Crop residue burning (October–November). Low wind speeds in winter. Critical Evaluation of GRAP-IV Strengths Rule-based, predictable response. Judicial backing ensures compliance. Region-wide coordination via CAQM. Immediate health protection focus. Limitations Reactive, not preventive: Triggered after pollution becomes hazardous. High economic and social cost: Construction halt. Disrupted livelihoods. Weak enforcement at local levels. Does not address year-round emission sources. GRAP-IV vs Long-Term Air Pollution Control Aspect GRAP-IV Long-Term Measures Nature Emergency response Structural reform Time horizon Short-term Continuous Focus Source suppression Emission reduction Examples Bans, WFH, closures Clean energy, transport reform, urban planning Way Forward Short-Term Better forecasting and early activation of lower GRAP stages. Strict enforcement of dust-control norms year-round. Medium to Long-Term Shift from seasonal firefighting to: Clean transport transition. Industrial emission standards. Waste management reforms. Strengthen airshed-based governance beyond NCR. Integrate GRAP with: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). State-level clean air action plans.

Dec 15, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 December 2025

Content Lok Adalats: Justice That Speaks for the People From Red Corridor to Naxal-Free Bharat: A Decade of Decisive Gains (2014–2025) Lok Adalats: Justice That Speaks for the People Why is it in News? PIB release (13 December 2025, Delhi) highlighted Lok Adalats as a key pillar of people-centric justice delivery. Emphasis on: Expansion of National Lok Adalats and E-Lok Adalats. Strengthening Permanent Lok Adalats (PLAs) for public utility services. Their role in reducing pendency, speedy justice, and inclusive access. Context: India’s courts face over 5 crore pending cases (NJDG). Push towards ADR mechanisms aligned with Article 39A (Access to Justice). Relevance GS-II (Polity & Governance) Access to justice. Judicial reforms. Alternative Dispute Resolution. Article 39A. What are Lok Adalats? (Basics) Lok Adalat literally means People’s Court. A statutory Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanism. Core philosophy: Consensus, not contest Conciliation, not adjudication Objective: Speedy, inexpensive, informal, and amicable settlement of disputes. No strict application of: Civil Procedure Code (CPC) Indian Evidence Act Constitutional & Legal Basis Constitutional Foundation Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid. State obligation to ensure justice is not denied due to economic or social disability. Statutory Backbone Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 Institutionalised free legal aid and Lok Adalats nationwide. Converted a social experiment into a legally enforceable justice mechanism. Key Legal Features (LSA Act, 1987) Lok Adalats can take up: Pending court cases Pre-litigation disputes No court fee; if already paid → refunded. Procedure: Purely non-adversarial. Award of Lok Adalat: Deemed a civil court decree. Final and binding. No appeal permitted. Enhances: Finality Certainty Speed Institutional Architecture (4-Tier Structure) Ensures justice from Supreme Court to grassroots. National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) Head: Chief Justice of India Functions: Policy formulation. National Lok Adalat calendar. Monitoring & coordination. State Legal Services Authority (SLSA) Head: Chief Justice of High Court Functions: Implement NALSA policies. Organise State & High Court Lok Adalats. Legal aid delivery. District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) Head: District & Sessions Judge Functions: District-level Lok Adalats. Coordination with Taluk committees. Local legal aid. Taluk Legal Services Committee (TLSC) Head: Senior-most Judicial Officer Functions: Grassroots access. First contact point for citizens. Rural & semi-urban justice delivery. National Lok Adalats (NLAs): Mission-Mode Justice Conducted simultaneously across India on pre-notified dates. NALSA releases annual calendar. Covers: Pre-litigation matters. Pending cases at all judicial levels. Process: Pre-Lok Adalat sittings. Identification of settlement-prone cases. Technology: Disposals updated on National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG). Innovation: E-Lok Adalats during COVID → virtual participation. Significance Massive scale settlement in single-day drives. Reduces backlog with: Speed Uniformity Administrative coordination Permanent Lok Adalats (PLAs) Legal Basis Sections 22B–22E, LSA Act, 1987. Scope Public Utility Services, such as: Transport Electricity Water supply Postal services Telecom Key Features Pre-litigation forum only. Jurisdiction: Disputes up to ₹1 crore. Composition: Chairperson (judicial background) Two members (subject expertise). Unique power: If conciliation fails → PLA can adjudicate. Award: Final and binding. Importance Prevents routine service disputes from entering courts. Ensures certainty and continuity of essential services. Performance & Impact Millions of cases resolved annually through: National Lok Adalats State/District Lok Adalats Permanent Lok Adalats E-Lok Adalats Tangible outcomes: Reduced pendency. Faster compensation (MACT, bank recovery, service disputes). Cost and time savings. Intangible outcomes: Increased public trust. Reduced litigation fatigue. Humanised justice delivery. Advantages Speedy disposal. Zero or minimal cost. Informal, citizen-friendly process. Enforceable outcomes. Strengthens participatory justice. Limitations & Critiques Only compoundable / settlement-friendly cases. Risk of: Pressure to settle. Unequal bargaining power. Limited scope in: Serious criminal offences. Complex constitutional disputes. Conclusion Lok Adalats represent procedural justice with a human face. They shift focus from: Winning vs losing → mutual settlement. In a system burdened by pendency, Lok Adalats demonstrate that: Justice can be fast yet fair, Efficient yet empathetic, Legal yet humane. They reaffirm a core constitutional promise: Justice must reach the last person, not wait at the last step. From Red Corridor to Naxal-Free Bharat: A Decade of Decisive Gains (2014–2025) Why is it in News? PIB release (13 December 2025) highlighted near-elimination of Left Wing Extremism (LWE). Key claims: LWE-affected districts reduced from 126 (2014) → 11 (2025). Most-affected districts down from 36 → 3. Target announced: Naxal-free India by March 2026. Significance: One of the largest internal security turnarounds since Independence. Demonstrates shift from reactive policing to integrated counter-insurgency + development strategy. Relevance GS-III (Internal Security) LWE strategy. Counter-insurgency doctrine. Role of development in security. GS-II (Governance) Cooperative federalism. State capacity building. What is Left Wing Extremism (LWE)? Ideology: Based on Maoist–Marxist revolutionary thought. Advocates armed struggle against the Indian State. Organisational core: CPI (Maoist) and its armed wing PLGA (People’s Liberation Guerrilla Army). Geography: Historically concentrated in the Red Corridor: Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh–Telangana belt, parts of Bihar, MP, WB. Nature of threat: Internal security challenge under Seventh Schedule – Union responsibility. Targets state authority, infrastructure, elections, and civilians. Why Did Naxalism Grow? Chronic underdevelopment and tribal alienation. Land and forest rights issues. Weak local governance and service delivery. Poor connectivity enabling insurgent sanctuaries. Exploitation of grievance narratives by armed cadres. Strategic Shift After 2014: The Core Doctrine From fragmented responses → unified national strategy Guiding Principles Dialogue → Security → Development → Coordination Clear political resolve and time-bound target (March 2026). Measurable Outcomes: 2014–2025 Decline in Violence (2004–14 vs 2014–24) Violent incidents: –53% Security force deaths: –73% Civilian deaths: –70% Territorial Shrinkage Total affected districts: 126 → 11 Most-affected districts: 36 → 3 Police stations reporting incidents: 330 (2013) → 52 (2025) Operational Successes (2024–2025) 2025 (till date): 317 Naxals neutralised. 862 arrested. 1,973 surrendered. Leadership decapitation: 28 top leaders neutralised since 2024. Major operations: Operation Black Forest. Clearing of Abujhmad and PLGA core zones. Result: Collapse of Tactical Counter Offensive Campaign (TCOC) 2024. Security Perimeter Strengthening 586 fortified police stations (vs 66 pre-2014). 361 new forward camps in last 6 years. 68 night-landing helipads for rapid deployment. Bastions liberated after 30 years: Budha Pahad, Parasnath, Chakrabandha, Baramasia, Abujhmad. Financial Choking of Naxals Dedicated anti-Naxal vertical in NIA. Asset seizures: NIA: ₹40+ crore. States: ₹40+ crore. ED attachments: ₹12 crore. Impact: Disruption of logistics, propaganda, and urban support networks. Capacity Building of States Security Funding ₹3,331 crore under SRE scheme (155% increase). Special Infrastructure Scheme (SIS): ₹371 crore (SF & SIB). ₹620 crore + ₹140 crore for fortified police stations. SCA to LWE districts: ₹3,817.59 crore. ACALWEMS: Camp infrastructure + hospitals. Human Resources Bastariya Battalion: 1,143 recruits. Local youth from worst-affected districts. Converts former conflict zones into security manpower hubs. Infrastructure as Counter-Insurgency Roads 12,000 km constructed (2014–25). 17,589 km approved, ₹20,815 crore. Ends Maoist geographical isolation. Telecom 2G towers: 2,343. Additional towers: 2,542. 4G saturation: 8,527 towers approved. Strategic impact: Intelligence flow. Civilian–state integration. Governance reach. Financial Inclusion 1,804 bank branches. 1,321 ATMs. 37,850 banking correspondents. 5,899 post offices. Result: Weakens parallel Maoist “taxation” system. Integrates locals into formal economy. Education & Skill Development 48 ITIs (₹495 crore). 61 Skill Development Centres. Focus: Youth employment. Reducing recruitment pool. Long-term deradicalisation through livelihoods. Surrender & Rehabilitation Policy High-rank cadres: ₹5 lakh. Middle/lower rank: ₹2.5 lakh. Monthly stipend: ₹10,000 for 36 months. Result: 1,000+ surrenders recently. Collapse of cadre morale and cohesion. Strategic Assessment Why the Strategy Worked ? Simultaneous pressure: Security + Development + Finance + Ideology. No safe havens: Physical, financial, or informational. Local participation: Tribal youth in forces. Institutional coordination: Centre–State–Agency alignment. Challenges Ahead Residual pockets in dense forests. Risk of ideological mutation into: Urban networks. Digital propaganda. Need for: Sustained governance. Rights-based development. Post-conflict reconciliation. Conclusion Between 2014 and 2025, India has broken the territorial, financial, and ideological spine of Naxalism. The Red Corridor has been reduced to isolated remnants. While vigilance must continue till March 2026, the evidence is decisive: LWE is no longer a pan-Indian insurgency but a residual security issue. The transition from guns to governance marks one of India’s most consequential internal security successes.

Dec 15, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 December 2025

Content Courts must protect, not regulate free speech The right moment to boost India-Ethiopia ties Courts must protect, not regulate free speech Why is this in the News? Supreme Court observations (Nov 27, 2025) in Ranveer Allahbadia vs Union of India raised concerns by: Suggesting creation of neutral, autonomous bodies to regulate online content. Asking the government to publish draft regulatory guidelines for public consultation. The Court also expanded the scope of the case (March 3, 2025) to examine regulation of content “offensive to moral standards”, triggering debate on judicial overreach in free speech regulation. Relevance GS II – Polity & Constitution Fundamental Rights: Scope and limits of Article 19(1)(a) and Article 19(2). Judicial Role: Constitutional umpire vs policy-maker. Separation of Powers: Judicial restraint, institutional competence. Judicial Overreach: Expansion of case scope beyond pleadings. Practice Questions “Courts must act as sentinels of free speech, not as architects of its regulation.”Critically examine this statement in light of recent Supreme Court observations on online content regulation.(250 words) Free Speech: Constitutional Basics Article 19(1)(a): Guarantees freedom of speech and expression. Article 19(2): Permits reasonable restrictions, only on enumerated grounds: Sovereignty and integrity of India Security of the State Friendly relations with foreign states Public order Decency or morality Defamation Contempt of court Incitement to an offence Key principle: Grounds under Article 19(2) are exhaustive, not illustrative. Existing Legal Framework Regulating Speech Criminal & Statutory Provisions IT Act, 2000: Section 66: Computer-related offences. Section 66E: Violation of privacy (publishing personal images). Section 66F: Cyber terrorism. Section 67: Obscenity online. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023: Sections 294–296: Obscenity and offences against religious sentiments. Subordinate Legislation IT (Intermediary Guidelines & Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021: Central government oversight mechanism. Prior restraint obligations on publishers. Clause II(c): Requires “due caution and discretion” regarding religious or racial groups. Criticism: Overbreadth. Chilling effect. Executive dominance in oversight. Core Concern Raised by the Editorial Nature of the Case Case concerned quashing FIRs against accused creators. Online content regulation was not the original subject matter. Judicial expansion of scope raises issues of: Procedural propriety. Separation of powers. Separation of Powers: Constitutional Red Line Legislation and policy design fall within the legislative domain. Common Cause vs Union of India (2008): Court cautioned itself against entering policy-heavy areas beyond institutional competence. Constituent Assembly Debates: Pandit Thakur Dass Bhargava: Supreme Court as constitutional umpire, not law-maker. Role limited to testing reasonableness of restrictions, not creating them. Implication: Courts must adjudicate validity, not initiate regulatory frameworks. Regulation vs Unlawful Restraint Thin constitutional line between: Permissible regulation. Impermissible prior restraint. Sahara India Real Estate Corp. vs SEBI (2012): Five-judge Bench: Blanket pre-censorship must be avoided at all costs. Postponement orders on media only as last resort, with strict proportionality. Judicially driven regulatory enthusiasm risks: Prior censorship. Statutory gag on speech. Exhaustiveness of Article 19(2) Kaushal Kishor (2023) — Constitution Bench: No additional restrictions beyond Article 19(2). Competing fundamental rights cannot justify new speech restrictions. Direct relevance: Court cannot invent new moral or societal standards as independent grounds. Judicial Self-Restraint: Past Practice Adarsh Co-operative Housing Society vs Union of India (2018): Court refused to mandate disclaimers in films. Held: Decision lies with Censor Board, not judiciary. Even Censor Board acts post-creation, not as pre-emptive censor. Indicates a tradition of restraint, now at risk. Comparative Perspective: Global Democracies Liberal Democracies EU – Digital Services Act, 2022: Focus on content removal, not pre-censorship. Germany – Network Enforcement Act, 2017: Time-bound takedown of unlawful content. UK – Online Safety Act, 2023: Removal + fines for non-compliance. Australia – Online Safety Act, 2021: Penalties for failure to act, not prior control. Illiberal States China, Russia: Surveillance-driven. Pre-censorship. Draconian controls. Risk: Democratic backsliding when courts enable restrictive regimes. Scholarly Warning David Landau & Rosalind Dixon (2020): Courts can be captured by “would-be authoritarians”. Judicial review itself may become a tool of democratic erosion. Relevance: Judicial endorsement of speech regulation legitimises executive excess. Broader Democratic Implications Court-driven calls for stricter laws + executive readiness: Normalise censorship. Shrink civic space. Undermine marketplace of ideas. Salman Rushdie’s dictum captures the core: Free speech is foundational to all liberties. Conclusion In a constitutional democracy, courts must act as sentinels of free speech, not as architects of its regulation, lest protection turn into pre-censorship and guardianship into democratic erosion. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. The right moment to boost India-Ethiopia ties Why is Ethiopia in the News? Renewed high-level engagement: Meeting between PM Narendra Modi and PM Abiy Ahmed Ali on the sidelines of the G20 Summit, Johannesburg has reinvigorated bilateral ties. Ethiopia’s entry into BRICS: Enhances its geopolitical weight and opens new multilateral convergence with India. Post-conflict political transition: Ethiopia is rebuilding after civil conflict, creating a strategic opening for external partnerships. Strategic churn in the Horn of Africa: Red Sea security, access to ports, and great-power competition have brought Ethiopia into sharper focus. Relevance GS II – International Relations India–Africa Relations: Strategic partnerships, South–South cooperation. Multilateralism: BRICS, G20, AU engagement. Diplomacy: Post-conflict engagement, capacity building, defence cooperation. GS III – Economy & Security Critical Minerals: Supply-chain security. Energy Security: Renewables, hydropower diplomacy. Defence Exports: Indigenous defence manufacturing. Trade Architecture: AfCFTA, DFTP scheme. Practice Question Why is Ethiopia emerging as a pivotal partner for India in Africa? Analyse the strategic, economic, and geopolitical dimensions of India–Ethiopia relations.(/250 words) Ethiopia: Basic Profile Population: ~109 million (2024) – second-largest in Africa. Political system: Federal parliamentary republic. Capital: Addis Ababa. Strategic location: Horn of Africa; close to Red Sea trade routes. Special status: Headquarters of the African Union (AU). Economy: Among Africa’s fastest-growing; large domestic market. Energy potential: Hydropower-driven renewable energy hub (GERD). Strategic Importance of Ethiopia Regional anchor state in a conflict-prone Horn of Africa (Somalia, Sudan, Eritrea). Military capacity: One of Africa’s largest and most experienced armed forces. Energy geopolitics: Potential exporter of renewable electricity to East Africa. Logistics ambition: Landlocked but seeks diversified access beyond Djibouti. Outreach to Somaliland and Eritrea reflects push for strategic autonomy. Gateway role: Under AfCFTA, Ethiopia can serve as a manufacturing and trade hub. Historical Depth of India–Ethiopia Relations Education as foundation: Indian teachers and professors shaped Ethiopia’s modern education system for over a century. High social capital and goodwill for India. Digital education pioneer: Ethiopia was the pilot country (2007) for India’s Pan-African e-Network Project. Long-standing tele-education partnership with IIT Delhi. Human capital linkage: One of the largest African student cohorts in India. Highest number of African PhD students in India. Graduates helped staff Ethiopia’s newly established universities. Education Cooperation: Future Potential Priority domains: Digital learning platforms. Vocational and skill-based training. University-to-university linkages. Revised scholarship frameworks. Strategic value: Soft power amplification. Capacity building aligned with Ethiopia’s demographic dividend. Economic & Investment Relations Current Status Indian investment stock: Over $4 billion. Indian investors: ~2,500 companies. Sectors: Earlier focus: Agriculture (many exited due to taxation and operational issues). Emerging focus: Pharmaceuticals, agro-processing, light manufacturing, mining. Structural Challenges Foreign exchange shortages. Regulatory inconsistency. Taxation disputes. Approval delays. What India Can Do Update DTAA and Bilateral Investment Treaty. Align investments with IMF conditionalities Ethiopia is operating under. Promote export-oriented manufacturing with buy-back arrangements. Mining & Critical Minerals: Strategic Opportunity Untapped potential: Gold. Critical minerals. Rare earth elements. Indian Embassy mining survey: Identifies high potential with regulatory and logistics constraints. Strategic relevance for India: Renewable energy. Batteries. Semiconductors. Way forward: Joint commissioning and operation of mines. Mining as a pillar of strategic economic partnership. Defence & Security Cooperation Historical roots: Establishment of Harar Military Academy (1956) with Indian assistance. Ongoing engagement: Indian defence training teams active since 2009. Current Ethiopian needs: Post-conflict military modernisation. Replacement of Soviet-era platforms. India’s advantage: Cost-effective, battle-tested defence platforms. Recent developments: New Defence Cooperation MoU. First meeting of Joint Defence Cooperation Committee. Financing: Ethiopia’s credible repayment record under IDEAS strengthens case for defence LoCs. Multilateral & Trade Convergence Platforms: BRICS. G20. South–South cooperation frameworks. Trade architecture: AfCFTA enables Ethiopian-based Indian firms to access continental markets. Global context: Uncertainty in US–EU trade regimes (e.g., AGOA). India’s Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) scheme remains crucial for Ethiopian exports. Indian Diaspora Factor Influential and organised via the India Business Forum. Acts as a bridge for investment and policy feedback. Highlights foreign exchange access as the single biggest bottleneck. Challenges in the Relationship Domestic political fragility in Ethiopia. Regulatory unpredictability affecting investors. Infrastructure and logistics gaps. Foreign exchange controls. Way Forward: Strategic Roadmap Align India–Ethiopia partnership with: Ethiopia’s post-conflict reconstruction. India’s supply-chain diversification goals. Prioritise: Education and skills. Mining and critical minerals. Defence exports and training. Export-oriented manufacturing. Leverage: BRICS membership. AfCFTA market access. Long-standing people-to-people trust. Conclusion With historical goodwill, converging strategic interests, and Ethiopia’s political regeneration, India–Ethiopia relations are poised to emerge as one of India’s most consequential partnerships in Africa over the next decade.

Dec 15, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 December 2025

Content Are Methane Emissions in India Being Missed? MH-60R Seahawk Helicopters Bill for overhaul of higher education regulatory framework likely soon Trat province Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 Are methane emissions in India being missed? Why is this in News? Satellite-based studies (ISRO, 2023–25) reveal actual methane emissions from major Indian landfills far exceed official model-based estimates. NGT has constituted committees to verify satellite-detected methane hotspots (e.g., Ghazipur, Bhalswa, Pirana, Kanjurmarg). Highlights a critical data gap in India’s waste-sector emissions, directly affecting: Climate commitments (NDCs) Urban safety (landfill fires) Public health and air quality Renewed policy relevance under Swachh Bharat Mission, GOBARdhan, and revised Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Rules. Relevance GS III – Environment & Climate Change Methane as a short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP) Waste management and landfill emissions India’s NDCs and climate mitigation strategies GS III – Urban Development Solid waste management, landfill fires, urban safety Methane: The Basics What is Methane (CH₄)? A short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP). 84 times more potent than CO₂ over a 20-year period (GWP-20). Atmospheric lifetime: ~12 years. Why dangerous in landfills? Generated via anaerobic decomposition of organic waste. Accumulates in open dumps → fires, explosions, toxic smoke. Paradox: Useful fuel (Bio-CNG, PNG, power generation). Severe climate and urban hazard if unmanaged. Landfills as Methane Factories Processes mimic natural gas formation, but at accelerated rates: High organic content (wet waste). Poor segregation. Inadequate capping and gas capture. India-specific context: Large open dumpsites, not sanitary landfills. High moisture + heat = faster methane generation. India’s Methane Profile (Waste Sector Focus) ~15% of India’s methane emissions come from the waste sector. Key advantage: Unlike agriculture or energy, waste offers quick mitigation wins. Technology, policy, and incentives already exist. The Core Problem: Measuring an Invisible Gas Model-based Estimation (Traditional) Uses: Waste inflow volumes. Standard decay coefficients. Limitations: Outdated data (State-level, often 2018). Aggregated → cannot locate specific hotspots. Heavily assumption-driven. Ground-based Monitoring Challenges: Expensive sensors. Skilled manpower. Continuous maintenance. Difficult to scale across India’s urban landscape. Satellite Monitoring: The Game Changer Types of Satellite Data Regional-scale monitoring Covers km-level grids. Tracks national/regional trends. High-resolution hotspot detection Detects emissions at few square metres. Crucial for targeted action. Key Missions & Platforms ISRO methane study (2023). International missions: CarbonMapper (Tanager). SRON (Netherlands). Data aggregators: ClimateTRACE WasteMap What Satellites Are Revealing: The Discrepancy ? Global finding: Actual landfill methane ≈ 1.8× higher than model estimates. Indian City Examples Delhi Official (2018): 1.07 Mt CO₂e (entire waste sector). Satellite: Ghazipur + Bhalswa alone → 0.85–0.96 Mt CO₂e. Mumbai Model: Kanjurmarg ≈ 11% of city waste emissions. Satellite: 1.05 Mt CO₂e (~10× higher; ~50% of Maharashtra’s waste emissions). Ahmedabad Gujarat total (model): 0.73 Mt CO₂e. Pirana landfill alone: 0.60–0.81 Mt CO₂e. Inference Indicates: Gas capture failures. Accelerated decomposition. Engineering flaws. Risks were invisible earlier due to data blindness. Why This Matters Beyond Climate ? Urban safety: Methane-driven landfill fires. Public health: Toxic emissions, PM spikes. Governance: Weak accountability of ULBs. Economy: Lost opportunity for Bio-CNG and power. The Way Forward: A Three-Pillar Strategy Expand Satellite Coverage Mandatory monitoring of all major dumpsites. Public, transparent emission dashboards. Ground Validation Systems Rapid-response teams for satellite-flagged hotspots. Diagnose: Poor capping. Gas collection leaks. Illegal dumping. Integrated Data Architecture Standardised data-sharing between: ULBs. SPCBs. NGT, CAQM (for NCR). Expand proposed centralised waste data portal under MSW Rules to include methane tracking. Institutional & Policy Linkages Swachh Bharat Mission: Integrate methane reduction targets. GOBARdhan Scheme: Scale Bio-CNG plants (Indore model). CAQM (NCR): Regional oversight for landfill emissions. State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs): Update with satellite-based waste data. Key Observation Methane mitigation from waste is India’s lowest-hanging climate fruit: High impact. Low cost. Immediate gains. Core governance lesson: “What gets measured gets managed.” Data integration can convert urban waste from a liability into a climate asset. Conclusion By synchronising satellites, street-level action, and standardised data governance, India can turn landfill methane—from a fire hazard and climate threat—into its smartest, fastest climate solution. MH-60R Seahawk Helicopter Why is this in News? The Indian Navy will commission its second MH-60R Seahawk helicopter squadron (INAS 335 – “Ospreys”) on December 17 at INS Hansa, Goa. Marks a key milestone in naval aviation modernisation and strengthening India’s blue-water and Indian Ocean Region (IOR) presence. Follows the commissioning of the first MH-60R squadron at Kochi in March 2024. Relevance GS III – Internal Security & Defence Military modernisation Naval aviation and force multipliers GS II – International Relations India–US defence cooperation Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean Region (IOR) security MH-60R Seahawk: The Basics Origin: US-made, Lockheed Martin / Sikorsky. Type: Multi-role naval helicopter. Role spectrum: Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW) Surveillance & reconnaissance Search and Rescue (SAR) Maritime interdiction Replaces: Ageing Sea King helicopters. Key Technical Capabilities Sensors & Avionics Advanced maritime surveillance radar. Dipping sonar + sonobuoys (critical for ASW). Electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) systems. Weapons Air-launched torpedoes. Anti-ship missiles. Network-centric warfare Fully integrated with fleet operations. Real-time data sharing with ships and command centres. Strategic Significance for India Boost to Blue-Water Navy Ambitions Extends operational reach far from the coastline. Enables sustained deployments in the IOR. Anti-Submarine Warfare Edge Direct response to: Expanding Chinese submarine presence in the IOR. Growing undersea contest in the Indo-Pacific. Enhances India’s sea denial and deterrence posture. Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) Persistent aerial surveillance over: Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs). Chokepoints such as Malacca Strait approaches. Supports QUAD and IOR security architecture. Operational Impact of INAS 335 (Goa) Western Seaboard focus: Arabian Sea. Protection of critical maritime trade routes. Complements assets deployed on: Aircraft carriers. Destroyers and frigates. Improves rapid response to asymmetric threats: Piracy. Maritime terrorism. Grey-zone operations. Conclusion By inducting the second MH-60R squadron, the Indian Navy decisively strengthens its maritime strike, surveillance, and deterrence capabilities, reinforcing India’s role as a net security provider in the Indian Ocean Region. Bill for overhaul of higher education regulatory framework likely soon Why is this in News? The Union Government has listed the Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA) Bill, 2025 for introduction in Parliament’s Winter Session. Proposes a complete overhaul of higher education regulation by: Creating a single umbrella commission (VBSA). Subsuming UGC, AICTE, and NCTE. Seen as the legislative backbone for implementing NEP 2020 in higher education. Relevance GS II – Governance Regulatory reforms and institutional restructuring Centre–State relations in education GS III – Human Capital Higher education quality, research, innovation ecosystem GS II – Social Sector Education reforms under NEP 2020 Background: Existing Regulatory Architecture UGC: Funding + regulation of universities. AICTE: Technical education regulation. NCTE: Teacher education regulation. Problems identified: Overlapping jurisdictions. Excessive compliance and inspections. Input-based regulation over outcomes. Weak coordination between funding, accreditation, and standards. What is the VBSA? (Basic Design) Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan (VBSA): A 12-member umbrella commission. Three functional councils under VBSA: Viksit Bharat Viniyaman Parishad – Regulation. Viksit Bharat Gunvatta Parishad – Accreditation. Viksit Bharat Manak Parishad – Standards. Each council: Up to 14 members. Key Structural Changes Proposed Single Regulator Model Ends the multi-regulator fragmentation. Clear separation of: Rule-making (standards). Oversight (regulation). Quality assurance (accreditation). UGC’s Funding Role Removed Grants to be disbursed through mechanisms devised by the Ministry of Education. Regulatory body no longer controls funding → reduces conflict of interest. Scope of Applicability Covers: All Central and State universities. Colleges and HEIs. Technical, teacher, architectural education. Institutions of National Importance. Institutes of Eminence. Explicit exemptions: Medicine. Dentistry. Law. Pharmacy. Nursing. Veterinary sciences. Rationale: Sector-specific statutory councils already exist. Accreditation Reform: Outcome-Based Model Gunvatta Parishad mandated to: Develop outcome-based institutional accreditation. Shift from: Infrastructure/input metrics → learning outcomes, research output, innovation, governance. Aligns with global best practices (OECD, QS/THE frameworks). Internationalisation of Higher Education Foreign Universities in India Regulatory Council empowered to: Set standards for Centre-approved foreign universities operating in India. Ensure quality control and academic parity. Indian Campuses Abroad Facilitate high-performing Indian universities to establish overseas campuses. Supports India’s ambition as a global education hub. Preventing Commercialisation VBSA tasked with developing a coherent policy against commercialisation of higher education. Balancing: Autonomy and competition. Public purpose and accessibility. Alignment with NEP 2020 Reflects NEP principles: Light but tight regulation. Institutional autonomy. Outcome-based evaluation. Internationalisation. Reduced inspector raj. Mirrors earlier proposal of Higher Education Commission of India (HECI), now rebranded and refined. Key Concerns & Debates Centralisation vs Federalism Applies to State universities. Potential friction with States over regulatory autonomy. Ministry-Controlled Funding Shifting grants to Ministry mechanisms may: Increase executive discretion. Reduce arms-length academic governance. Capacity & Transition Risks Smooth merger of UGC, AICTE, NCTE functions critical. Risk of regulatory vacuum during transition phase. Takeaway The VBSA Bill marks a paradigm shift from control-based to coordination-based regulation. Success hinges on: Transparent accreditation. Protection of academic autonomy. Federal consensus-building. Conclusion If implemented with safeguards, the Viksit Bharat Shiksha Adhishthan Bill, 2025 can transform India’s higher education governance from fragmented control to coherent quality-led regulation, aligning education with the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. Trat province Why is this in News? Thailand imposed a curfew in five districts of Trat province after armed clashes with Cambodia spread to coastal border areas. Fighting continues despite Cambodia reiterating openness to a ceasefire and US mediation claims. First confirmed civilian death in the current escalation reported in Thailand. Conflict has displaced hundreds of thousands on both sides, signalling a serious regional security escalation. Relevance GS II – International Relations Border disputes and conflict escalation ASEAN’s role in regional security GS III – Security Regional instability and humanitarian consequences Where is Trat Province? Location: Southeastern Thailand, bordering Cambodia’s Koh Kong province. Geostrategic importance: Coastal access to the Gulf of Thailand. Proximity to disputed land and maritime boundary zones. Curfew area: Five mainland districts bordering Cambodia. Tourist islands Koh Chang and Koh Kood excluded (economic protection). Thailand–Cambodia Border Dispute: Background Rooted in colonial-era boundary demarcations (French Indochina maps vs Thai interpretations). Historically volatile regions: Preah Vihear temple area (earlier flashpoint). Eastern and southeastern border zones (current focus). Periodic military skirmishes despite ASEAN norms of peaceful dispute resolution. Why Coastal Expansion Matters ? Indicates horizontal escalation beyond traditional land flashpoints. Raises risks of: Maritime incidents in the Gulf of Thailand. Disruption to trade and fishing. Increases international concern due to proximity to sea lanes. Strategic Implications Regional Security Undermines ASEAN’s credibility as a peace-maintaining bloc. Risks militarisation of Southeast Asian coastal borders. Humanitarian Dimension Large-scale displacement. Civilian casualties mark a shift from controlled skirmishes to population-impacting conflict. Great Power Context External mediation attempts highlight: Growing interest of extra-regional powers in Southeast Asian stability. Strategic sensitivity of the Indo-Pacific periphery. Conclusion The curfew in Thailand’s Trat province marks a dangerous widening of the Thailand–Cambodia border conflict, exposing the limits of regional diplomacy and the enduring volatility of colonial-era boundary disputes in Southeast Asia. Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Why is this in News? The Union Cabinet has approved the Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025, to be introduced in Parliament. The Bill proposes structural reforms in India’s insurance regulatory framework, including: Raising FDI limit from 74% to 100%. Expanding IRDAI’s regulatory and enforcement powers. Introducing new capital norms and easing business operations. Aimed at aligning India’s insurance sector with global best practices and boosting penetration under the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. Relevance GS III – Economy Financial sector reforms Insurance penetration and risk management FDI liberalisation GS II – Governance Role and powers of regulatory institutions (IRDAI) Background: India’s Insurance Framework Governed by: Insurance Act, 1938 IRDA Act, 1999 Persistent challenges: Low insurance penetration (~4% vs global ~7%). Capital constraints. Limited product innovation. Fragmented regulation and slow approvals. Key Provisions of the Bill FDI Liberalisation FDI cap raised to 100% (from 74%). Objective: Attract stable, long-term foreign capital. Strengthen solvency and balance sheets. Enable scale, technology infusion, and risk management. Expected impact: Entry of global insurers and reinsurers. Increased competition and consumer choice. Capital & Entry Norms Reform Proposal to lower minimum capital requirements: Currently: ₹100 crore (insurers) ₹200 crore (reinsurers) Rationale: Existing norms seen as entry barriers, especially for: Micro-insurance. Digital-only insurers. Health and specialised insurers. Outcome: Encourages niche, region-specific, and low-cost insurance models. More Powers to IRDAI IRDAI to be empowered with: SEBI-like enforcement powers. Authority to recover illegally earned profits. Stronger penalties for violations. Significance: Shifts regulator from procedural oversight → outcome-based supervision. Enhances consumer protection and market discipline. Simplified Regulatory Processes One-time registration instead of repeated approvals. Risk-based supervision replacing rule-based micromanagement. Introduction of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to: Improve predictability. Reduce regulatory delays. Faster approvals for: Product launches. Business expansion. Intermediary operations. Reinsurance & GIFT-IFSC Boost Greater operational freedom for: Foreign reinsurance branches. IFSC-based insurance entities (LICI). Objective: Position India as a regional reinsurance hub. Reduce capital flight to overseas markets. Improve domestic risk absorption capacity. What the Bill Does Not Allow Composite licences rejected: Life + non-life + health under a single licence not permitted. Reason: Underwriting risks, liabilities, and actuarial models differ sharply. Prevents systemic risk and regulatory arbitrage. Captive Insurers: Deferred Reform Proposal to allow captive insurance companies shelved for now. Why controversial: Parent companies could underprice risks. Potential for profit shifting and solvency concerns. However: Long-term possibility remains under tighter safeguards. Economic & Governance Significance Insurance as Growth Infrastructure Mobilises long-term savings. Reduces household vulnerability. Supports infrastructure, health, and climate risk coverage. Market Structure Impact Encourages: Consolidation where inefficient. Competition where entry barriers fall. Improves product diversity: Health, crop, climate, and catastrophe insurance. Risks & Criticisms Over-centralisation of power in IRDAI. 100% FDI may: Reduce domestic promoter control. Lead to profit repatriation. Consumer protection depends on regulatory capacity, not just law. Takeaway The Bill marks a shift from protectionist regulation to competitive, capital-driven insurance governance. Success depends on: Strong IRDAI enforcement. Prudential safeguards. Consumer-centric supervision. Conclusion The Insurance Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2025 seeks to transform India’s insurance sector into a capital-rich, competitive, and innovation-driven market, making insurance a core pillar of economic resilience under Viksit Bharat 2047. Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 Why is this in News? The Karnataka government has tabled the Karnataka Hate Speech and Hate Crimes (Prevention) Bill, 2025 in the State Legislative Assembly. The Bill proposes: A new, expansive statutory definition of hate speech. Stricter punishments than existing central laws. Executive powers to block online content deemed hateful. Has triggered debate on free speech, overcriminalisation, federal overlap, and constitutional validity, especially in light of recent Supreme Court jurisprudence. Relevance GS II – Polity Fundamental rights: Article 19(1)(a) vs Article 19(2) Federalism and concurrent legislative powers GS III – Internal Security Social cohesion, communal harmony, online hate Existing Legal Framework on Hate Speech Indian Penal Code (now BNS): Section 153A / 196 BNS: Promoting enmity. Section 295A: Outraging religious feelings. Section 505: Statements conducing to public mischief. Judicial position: No single codified definition of “hate speech”. Courts rely on context, intent, and tendency to incite violence or disorder. Supreme Court trend: Repeated emphasis on “bail, not jail”. Caution against chilling effect on free speech. What Does the Karnataka Bill Propose? Broad Definition of Hate Crime Includes any communication of hate speech: Spoken, written, signs, symbols, electronic communication. Targets speech against individuals or groups based on: Religion, race, caste, sex, gender, sexual orientation. Language, place of birth, residence, tribe, disability, etc. Objective: To meet a “prejudicial interest”. Key Changes Introduced by the Bill Expanded Definition of Hate Speech Hate speech can be invoked even without direct incitement to violence. Covers: Insults. Humiliation. Promotion or justification of hatred. Concern: Vagueness and overbreadth, risking arbitrary application. Increased Punishment Mandatory minimum imprisonment: 1 year. Maximum punishment: Up to 7 years. If offence invites punishment under other laws: Enhanced punishment up to 10 years. Contrast: Many BNS hate speech offences carry lower or non-mandatory sentences. Government’s Takedown Powers State empowered to: Order removal of online content. Direct service providers, intermediaries, platforms to block material. Based on Information Technology Rules, 2009. Appeals mechanism: Bureaucratic and executive-dominated. Limited immediate judicial oversight. Collective Liability Provisions Organisations and institutions can be punished if: Hate crimes are committed by members. They fail to show “due diligence” to prevent it. Shifts burden of proof: Accused must prove lack of knowledge or preventive action. Raises presumption-of-guilt concerns. Constitutional & Legal Concerns Article 19(1)(a) vs Article 19(2) Free speech can be restricted only on enumerated grounds. Critics argue: The Bill goes beyond “reasonable restrictions”. Punishes speech without clear nexus to public order or violence. Vagueness Doctrine Supreme Court has repeatedly struck down laws that: Use open-ended, undefined terms (e.g., Shreya Singhal case). Terms like: “Prejudicial interest” “Humiliation” “Promotion of hatred” lack precise legal thresholds. Chilling Effect Fear of prosecution may: Deter legitimate dissent. Affect academic, journalistic, and artistic expression. Though the Bill provides exemptions for: Academic inquiry. Fair reporting. Critics argue exemptions are narrow and discretionary. Federalism Issue Criminal law is in the Concurrent List. Risk of: State law conflicting with central statutes (BNS, IT Act). Fragmentation of hate speech regulation across States. Supreme Court Context Amarnath Kumar Guidelines (procedural safeguards). Recent observations: Hate speech enforcement failures often stem from selective application, not absence of law. Courts have questioned whether new laws are needed or better implementation of existing ones. Arguments in Favour of the Bill Addresses: Rising identity-based violence. Online hate ecosystems. Provides: Victim-centric framework. Strong deterrence. Signals political commitment to social harmony. Arguments Against the Bill Overcriminalisation of speech. Executive overreach via takedown powers. Risk of misuse against political opponents, activists, journalists. Inconsistency with SC’s free speech jurisprudence. Takeaway The Karnataka Bill reflects a shift from harm-based regulation to speech-based criminalisation. The core question is not intent, but constitutional proportionality and precision. Without narrow tailoring and strong safeguards, the law risks curing hate by chilling liberty. Conclusion While the Karnataka Hate Speech Bill aims to combat rising social polarisation, its expansive definitions, harsh penalties, and executive-heavy enforcement raise serious concerns about free speech, federal balance, and constitutional overreach.

Dec 13, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 December 2025

Content Cabinet approves scheme of Conduct of Census of India 2027 A Sprinting Revival: The Return of the Cheetah Cabinet approves scheme of Conduct of Census of India 2027 Why is this in news? Union Cabinet approved the Census of India 2027 with a financial outlay of ₹11,718.24 crore (PIB, 12 Dec 2025). First fully digital census and first to include nationwide caste enumeration (as per decision of 30 April 2025). Census delayed from 2021 due to COVID; 2027 becomes India’s 16th Census and 8th after Independence. Relevance GS-I: Indian Society Caste enumeration enables updated understanding of social stratification, inequalities, and demographic changes. Migration, literacy, fertility, and religious composition data help assess population dynamics and their impact on society. Urbanisation and housing data reflect changing social patterns, amenities, and living conditions. GS-II: Governance, Constitution & Social Justice Census Act, 1948 → Statutory basis of data governance. Strengthens evidence-based policymaking in health, education, welfare, federal transfers, reservations, and targeted schemes. Enhances cooperative federalism through Centre–State execution, digital monitoring, and training. Real-time digital census contributes to transparency, accountability, and administrative efficiency. What is the census? World’s largest administrative and statistical exercise. Legal basis: Census Act, 1948 and Census Rules, 1990. Provides granular, village/ward-level data on: Housing, amenities, assets Demography, religion SC/ST population Language, literacy, education Migration, economic activity Fertility indicators Structure of census 2027 Two phases Houselisting & housing census: April–September 2026 Population enumeration: February 2027 Exception: Ladakh, snow-bound J&K, HP, Uttarakhand → September 2026 Scale 30 lakh field functionaries deployed nationwide. 1.02 crore man-days of employment generated. Key features and new digital initiatives Digital-first census: Data collected using mobile apps (Android & iOS). Self-enumeration option: Citizens can submit their own data online. CMMS portal: Real-time, nationwide monitoring of enumerators and progress. HLB Creator web mapping: Geospatial mapping of every houselisting block. Census-as-a-service (CaaS): Clean, machine-readable datasets for ministries. Enhanced security protocols: Encryption, authentication, secured digital storage. Caste enumeration: Integrated into the population enumeration questionnaire. Nationwide publicity campaign: Awareness, inclusive participation, last-mile reach. Benefits and governance significance Higher quality & faster data: Digital capture reduces errors and improves speed. Micro-level targeting: Enables accurate beneficiary identification and resource allocation. Support for SDGs: Better planning in health, education, sanitation, gender indicators. Skill development: 18,600 technical personnel trained in GIS, data systems. Improved public access: Data dissemination with dashboards and visualisation tools. Administrative process and implementation Census work conducted by government teachers as enumerators, supervised by a multi-tier structure (district → charge officers → supervisors). Two detailed questionnaires used: Houselisting & housing schedule Population enumeration schedule (includes caste details) State governments appoint most field staff; Centre coordinates design and training. Macro significance Strengthening digital state capacity: Comparable to Aadhaar and UPI in scale. Evidence-based policymaking: Caste + socio-economic data enables redesign of welfare architecture. Cooperative federalism: Requires close Centre–State coordination for staff and real-time reporting. Privacy & data sovereignty debates: Digital census raises issues of consent, encryption, access control. Implications of delay: Policies like delimitation, poverty estimates, population projections were operating on 2011 data; 2027 data will reset baselines. A Sprinting Revival: The Return of the Cheetah Why is this in news? India has reported a revived cheetah population of 30 individuals (12 adults, 9 sub-adults, 9 cubs) as of December 2025. Marks the completion of the world’s first inter-continental translocation of a large carnivore, with 20 cheetahs brought from Namibia and South Africa (2022–23). Birth of second-generation cheetahs in 2025 (Mukhi’s litter of five cubs) signifies ecological success. India is on track to establish a self-sustaining metapopulation of 60–70 cheetahs across 17,000 km² by 2032, with Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary prepared for the next phase. Over 450 Cheetah Mitras, 380 jobs, and 5% eco-tourism revenue are already benefiting local communities. Relevance: GS-III: Environment, Ecology, Biodiversity Species reintroduction programme aligned with IUCN translocation guidelines. Restores a keystone/umbrella species → improves ecological health of grassland & scrub ecosystems. Contributes to SDG-15 (Life on Land) and CBD commitments. Demonstrates success in metapopulation planning, habitat restoration, prey base augmentation. Use of tech such as GPS collars, GIS mapping, distance sampling → scientific wildlife management. Community involvement (Cheetah Mitras, eco-tourism revenue) reflects inclusive conservation. Addresses challenges: human–wildlife conflict, carrying capacity, mortality reduction, genetic viability. What is Project Cheetah? India’s official programme to reintroduce the cheetah, declared extinct in India in 1952. Led by MoEFCC and NTCA, launched on 17 September 2022 when the PM released the first 8 cheetahs in Kuno NP. Based on the 2013 Action Plan, updated in 2022, and implemented as per Supreme Court directions permitting experimental reintroduction. Aligns with CBD mandates and SDG-15 (Life on Land). Uses cheetah as a flagship species to restore India’s grasslands and savanna ecosystems. Historical context: extinction to revival Cheetahs historically ranged across Punjab to Tamil Nadu and Gujarat to Bengal, occupying scrublands, savannas, and semi-arid habitats. Last confirmed sighting: 1947 in Koriya district (present-day Chhattisgarh). Declared extinct in 1952 due to: Over-hunting and coursing Habitat loss from agriculture Decline of prey base Genetic limitations and low reproduction Kuno NP chosen after relocation of 24 villages (1,545 families), creating 6,258 ha of inviolate habitat. Prepared under guidelines of NTCA, WII, and IUCN. Key milestones Sept 2022: First 8 cheetahs from Namibia released by PM. Feb 2023: 12 cheetahs from South Africa arrive under bilateral MoU. 2023–24: First births in India in 70 years; multiple litters follow. Nov 2025: Botswana gifts 8 more cheetahs; Mukhi (India-born) gives birth to 5 cubs. 2024–25: Phase-wise open releases, expansion beyond Kuno. Objectives and strategic framework Establish a metapopulation of 60–70 cheetahs in the 17,000 km² Kuno–Gandhi Sagar landscape. Restore grassland and semi-arid ecosystems, improving prey availability and ecological functioning. Treat the cheetah as an umbrella species for savanna conservation. Maintain 5% annual population growth toward long-term viability. Phased ecological strategy Start with 12–14 genetically diverse founder animals; supplement as needed. Expand from Kuno’s 748 km² core to 3,200 km² landscape. Link with Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary (368 km²) and wider 2,500 km² potential habitat. Monitoring tools: GPS collars Camera traps Distance sampling (734–816 km transects) Budgeting Phase-1 budget: ₹39 crore, integrated into CSS–Project Tiger, plus additional funds for prey augmentation and infrastructure. Population status 30 cheetahs as of Dec 2025: 11 founder animals 19 India-born individuals Presence of second-generation births (e.g., Mukhi’s cubs) confirms successful adaptation. Community and livelihood impact 450+ Cheetah Mitras trained across 80 villages. Employment creation: 80 local trackers 200 protection staff (“Suraksha Shramik”) Youth trained as safari guides Eco-development works in 100+ villages: roads, water structures, sanitation. 5% eco-tourism revenue shared with local communities. Model aligns with UNEP–CBD community-led conservation principles. International collaboration Formal MoUs with Namibia (2022) and South Africa (2023) for translocation, training, and joint management. Expertise exchange in: Carnivore capture and transport Quarantine and boma design Radio-collaring and post-release protocols Project documented internationally as a case study in rewilding. India’s leadership reinforced through the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA): Global platform for seven big cat species ₹150 crore support up to 2027–28 Strengthens research, technology transfer, and multilateral cooperation Why ecological scientists consider Project Cheetah a success ? Early reproduction indicates stress-free habitat adaptation. Adequate prey base and stable social behaviour observed. Minimal mortality relative to global relocation benchmarks. Clear evidence of site fidelity, territory formation, and sustained breeding cycles. Foundation laid for long-term genetic and demographic stability. Challenges and critical evaluation Ensuring prey augmentation to sustain carrying capacity. Managing human–wildlife interface as populations expand beyond core zones. Addressing collar-related injury risks and refining monitoring tech. Diversifying habitats beyond Kuno to avoid overcrowding and inbreeding. Maintaining political and financial commitment over decades. Significance for India and global conservation Restores an extinct species after 70+ years, a rare global achievement. Revives neglected grassland ecosystems, often overshadowed by forest-centric conservation. Positions India as a leader in rewilding science and large carnivore diplomacy. Enhances India’s environmental soft power through IBCA and CBD frameworks. Provides a replicable model for transboundary species recovery. Conclusion Project Cheetah marks a turning point in India’s ecological narrative—an experiment that has matured into a scientifically validated, community-inclusive revival of a lost species. With breeding success, metapopulation planning, and global partnerships, India has transformed an extinct echo into a living, thriving presence. The cheetah’s sprinting revival is not just a conservation milestone—it is a statement of national commitment to biodiversity stewardship.

Dec 13, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 December 2025

Content From Licence Raj to Jan Vishwas, what we need to set our entrepreneurs free The Indian Ocean as cradle of a new blue economy From Licence Raj to Jan Vishwas, what we need to set our entrepreneurs free Why is this in news? The editorial discusses the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, a major reform aimed at decriminalising business laws, reducing compliance burdens, and improving ease of doing business. The context includes India’s long struggle with overregulation, inspector raj, and criminalisation of minor business offences. With new measures such as rule simplification, perpetual self-registration, randomised inspections, and performance management of civil servants, the article argues India is moving from a permission-based state to a trust-based governance system. The discussion becomes relevant amid global slowdown, unemployment concerns, and the push for India to become a productivity-driven, innovation-led economy. Relevance GS-II Governance reforms. Decriminalisation of minor offences. Administrative reforms (randomised inspection, performance management). Policy-making and legislative processes. Role of the state in enabling vs controlling enterprise. GS-III Economic growth and job creation. Ease of doing business. Regulatory reforms in industries and MSME sector. Technology-driven monitoring and compliance. Practice Question “India’s entrepreneurship crisis is rooted more in regulatory overreach than in lack of enterprise.” Examine in the context of the Jan Vishwas Act.(15 marks) What is the Licence Raj? A system between 1950s–1991 where entrepreneurs required approvals for almost every business decision. Characterised by: Heavy state control over private enterprise Red-tapism and inspector raj Criminal penalties for administrative lapses Restrictions on scale, pricing, production, imports 1991 LPG reforms reduced but did not eliminate the regulatory overhang. The Editorial argues that many “licence raj instincts” still survive within Indian bureaucracy. What is the Jan Vishwas Act? A legislative reform passed to amend 180+ provisions across 42 laws. Core objectives: Decriminalise minor offences (especially where no harm is caused) Replace jail terms with monetary penalties Enable voluntary compliance Establish perpetual self-registration for many licences Reduce the interface between businesses and inspectors Make the system less adversarial, more trust-driven Areas amended include: environment, agriculture, media, IT, patents, trade, and archival laws. India’s entrepreneurship problem is regulatory, not cultural Indians are naturally entrepreneurial but are held back by: Excessive permissions Criminal penalties for routine errors Opaque decision-making Arbitrary inspections Discretionary powers Example cited: Parents in the 1980s asking “ijazat hai?”—a mindset shaped by prior approval cultures. India suffers from four core regulatory pathologies Prior approval culture Too many activities require prior permission, often discretionary. Over 3,000 forms, licences and permissions required for business activity. This slows down job creation and investment. Compliance overload 1,000+ acts, 58,000 compliances, 26,000 criminal provisions. Entrepreneurs spend excessive time on compliance instead of innovation. Many laws impose criminal liability for technical, non-malicious errors. Criminalisation of economic activity Minor lapses (late filings, non-material compliance errors) can lead to arrest or jail. Creates fear, reduces risk-taking, and pushes MSMEs into informality. Leads to case backlogs in judiciary. Punitive enforcement instead of facilitation Government tends to punish rather than guide. Most cases filed by government are those where no harm has occurred—yet prosecution continues. Only 5% of cases result in conviction, showing systemic inefficiency. Missing priority: non-rule instruments The editorial stresses not just laws (“Acts”) but rules and subordinate legislation (“Act–rules–punishments” chain). India has: 1,600+ central rules 700+ state rules Hundreds of circulars, FAQs, guidance notes Entrepreneurs struggle because while Acts are well-known, rules are numerous and complex. State capacity constraints With 25 million civil servants, the state spends ₹10 lakh crore annually on salaries, but performance is often poor. Emphasis on: Reducing inspector discretion Randomised inspections Third-party evaluation Digitisation The Jan Vishwas Act is a structural leap, not a patch It decriminalises approx. 150+ minor offences. Introduces self-certification, perpetual registration, compounding, and ease-of-compliance norms. Central message: “Government should trust first, verify later, punish only if harm occurs.” Consequences of over-criminalisation Backlogs in courts: 3.4 crore cases. Criminalisation increases fear, costs, and delays. Instead of fostering entrepreneurship, system becomes punitive. Compliance officers spend more time avoiding penalties than creating value. A modern regulatory philosophy required The article proposes three pillars: Aspirational, facilitative state Predictable, transparent rules Proportionate punishments and risk-based regulation This aligns with global norms of smart regulation. Macro significance of reforms Economic Lower cost of doing business. Higher formalisation. Boost to MSMEs and startups. Encourages FDI and global competitiveness. Governance Reduces bureaucratic discretion. Increases regulatory clarity. Frees judicial capacity from low-value cases. Societal Promotes job creation and economic mobility. Reduces harassment of small business owners. Strengthens trust between state and citizen. Conclusion The editorial argues that India’s economic future depends not only on capital and labour, but on creating a regulatory environment that unleashes entrepreneurship. The Jan Vishwas Act is an important step toward shifting India from inspector raj to trust-based governance, reducing criminalisation, and positioning the country for innovation-driven growth. The Indian Ocean as cradle of a new blue economy Why is this in news? India is emerging as a key player in global ocean governance, with major milestones occurring in 2025–26, including: COP30 (Belém) prioritising ocean-climate linkages. UNOC3 (Nice) outcomes pushing new commitments for sustainable oceans. Entry into force of the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement. Surge in global blue economy financing, including: €8.7 billion new commitments at BEFF 2025 $20 billion One Ocean Partnership (COP30) India’s preparation to ratify the BBNJ Agreement and potential leadership role in IORA. The article highlights how India, historically a champion of “common heritage of mankind” during UNCLOS negotiations, now stands at a pivotal moment to lead ocean sustainability in the Indian Ocean, the world’s most climate-stressed basin. Relevance GS-III Blue economy & sustainable development Climate resilience and ocean-based mitigation Marine biodiversity conservation IUU fishing, coral reef loss, coastal degradation Financing sustainable oceans (blue bonds, blended finance) Marine technology transfer and innovation Maritime security through sustainability Practice Question “Security in the Indian Ocean will increasingly depend on sustainability rather than naval power.” Analyse.(15 marks) What is UNCLOS and India’s legacy? UNCLOS (negotiated 1973–82) is the global “constitution of the oceans”. India aligned with small island states, arguing that the international seabed should be a global commons, not controlled by powerful states. India advocated fairness, equity, and resource sharing—strengthening its moral leadership in ocean diplomacy. Post-independence vision: 1950s Nehru recognized seas as central to security and prosperity. India consistently promoted freedom of navigation, sustainable resource use, and equitable ocean governance. Why new ocean leadership is needed now ? Oceans face unprecedented stress: Climate warming Ocean acidification Sea-level rise Illegal, unreported, unregulated (IUU) fishing Habitat & coral degradation The Indian Ocean: Home to 1/3rd of humanity One of the most climate-vulnerable marine regions Key for global shipping, food security, energy routes Hence, India must lead not just law-making but practice-setting. India’s Blue Ocean Strategy — three pillars Stewardship of the commons Promote the Indian Ocean as a shared space, not strategic battleground. Lead efforts on: Marine ecosystem restoration Biodiversity conservation Sustainable fisheries Cooperative resource management Build frameworks that prioritise sustainability over competition. Climate and ocean resilience Establish a Regional Resilience and Ocean Innovation Hub for: Ocean observation systems Early warning systems Climate adaptation technology Technical support for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and African littoral nations Inclusive and sustainable blue growth Unlock the Indian Ocean’s economic potential through: Green shipping & maritime decarbonisation Offshore renewable energy Sustainable aquaculture Marine biotechnology Blue bonds and blended finance Ensure benefits reach all littoral states, not just large economies. Financing momentum: Why this moment matters ? Recent global commitments signal an unprecedented expansion of ocean finance: BEFF 2025 (Monaco): €25 billion ocean investment pipeline €8.7 billion new blue finance commitments 20 public development banks pledging $7.5 billion annually Dev Bank of Latin America: doubles blue economy target to $2.5 billion by 2030 COP30 Belém: One Ocean Partnership: $20 billion for ocean action India can now: Mobilise funds Direct financing to Indian Ocean priorities Establish an Indian Ocean Blue Fund for regional projects Security through sustainability: a shift in India’s maritime doctrine Current discourse focuses on: Indo-Pacific Naval competition Freedom of navigation Securing Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) But the article argues real security threats begin with ecological collapse, not military imbalance. Examples of ecological security threats IUU fishing undermines food security Coral reef loss destroys livelihoods Storm surges intensify Marine ecosystem collapse fuels instability Alignment with SAGAR India’s SAGAR doctrine (2015) positions the Indian Ocean as a: Zone of peace, Stability, and Prosperity for all Not a theatre of geopolitical rivalry. India’s Navy, Coast Guard, and civilian agencies can jointly lead: Marine domain awareness Disaster response Ecosystem monitoring Capacity building for island nations This reframes the Indian Ocean as a zone of responsibility, not dominance. Global governance moment: Why 2026 is pivotal ? Three global processes converge: UNOC3 outcomes BBNJ Agreement entering into force COP30 aligning climate & ocean agendas India’s readiness to ratify BBNJ strengthens its credibility as a leader in: Equitable marine biodiversity conservation Fair access to marine genetic resources Inclusive marine technology transfer Blue carbon and ocean-based climate mitigation Opportunity: India can shape norms for emerging fields like: Green shipping corridors Blue bonds Ocean-based CO₂ removal Fair governance of high-seas resources India’s historic responsibility India has moral authority from its UNCLOS-era leadership. It now has global expectations due to its economic and geopolitical rise. Indian Ocean, cradle of old civilisations, can become cradle of a new blue economy founded on: Sustainability Inclusive prosperity Climate justice Conclusion The editorial argues that India is at a historic juncture: It once shaped global norms through UNCLOS; It can now lead global practice by transforming the Indian Ocean into a model of sustainability, innovation, and shared prosperity. India’s leadership—rooted in ambition, humility, inclusivity, and climate justice—can ensure the Indian Ocean becomes a beacon of cooperation rather than conflict.

Dec 13, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 December 2025

Content Census of India 2027 Strengthening India’s Framework Against Fake News and Deepfakes Ozempic (Semaglutide) MGNREGA Likely to be Renamed ‘Pujya Bapu Gramin Rozgar Yojana’ Private Entry in Nuclear Sector & 100% FDI in Insurance Census of India 2027 Why is this in News? Union Cabinet approved the Scheme for Conduct of Census of India 2027 with a financial outlay of ₹11,718.24 crore (PIB, 12 Dec 2025). First fully digital census with self-enumeration, mobile apps, geospatial mapping, and real-time monitoring. First nationwide caste enumeration in independent India (as per Cabinet decision of 30 April 2025). Census postponed from 2021 due to COVID-19; 2027 becomes India’s 16th Census and 8th after Independence. No separate allocation for NPR; government stated no decision yet on NPR update. Relevance GS-I: Indian Society Caste enumeration offers updated insights into social stratification and inequalities. Data on migration, fertility, religious composition → understanding population dynamics. Housing and urbanisation data → trends in living conditions, amenities, and social change. GS-II: Governance and Social Justice Census Act, 1948 provides statutory foundation for population data governance. Enables evidence-based policy in health, education, welfare, reservations, and fiscal transfers. Digital census → higher transparency, accountability, and administrative efficiency. Strengthens cooperative federalism through joint Centre–State operations. What is the Census? World’s largest administrative and statistical exercise. Statutory basis: Census Act, 1948; Census Rules, 1990. Mandatory, confidential, and decennial. Provides granular village/ward-level datasets on: Population composition, religion SC/ST population Caste (2027 onwards) Literacy, education, fertility Economic activity, migration Housing, amenities, assets Languages and demographic transitions Structure of Census 2027 Two-phased operation Houselisting & Housing Census: April–September 2026 Population Enumeration: February 2027 Exceptions (snow-bound): Ladakh, J&K (selected areas), HP, Uttarakhand → September 2026 Scale 30 lakh field functionaries, mostly government teachers. 1.02 crore man-days of employment. Supervision structure: District Collectors → Charge Officers → Supervisors → Enumerators. Key Features and Digital Innovations Digital-first Census Mobile app (Android/iOS) for data collection. Digital identity verification and encrypted storage. Self-enumeration Households can submit data online via a secure portal. CMMS (Census Management & Monitoring System) Real-time tracker of enumerators, progress dashboards, exception flags. HLB Creator Geospatial mapping of every Houselisting Block (HLB) for high geographic precision. Census-as-a-Service (CaaS) Clean, machine-readable datasets for ministries Facilitates automated integration with dashboards Enhanced Cybersecurity Encryption, two-factor authentication, restricted access, audit trails. Nationwide Awareness Campaign Inclusion of migrants, nomadic groups, remote habitations, digital-poor regions. Caste Enumeration Integrated into Population Enumeration Schedule. First time since 1931 (except SECC 2011, which produced non-usable caste data). Administrative Process and Implementation Enumerators: Government teachers conducting survey in addition to regular duties. Detailed training modules on digital tools, GIS mapping, cybersecurity. Two questionnaires: Houselisting & Housing Schedule Population Enumeration Schedule (includes caste) Centre handles design, IT backbone, and training; States deploy field staff → cooperative federalism in execution. Benefits and Governance Significance Higher-quality, faster data Digital capture reduces human error and improves validation. Faster release of tables through automated pipelines. Micro-targeting of welfare Identification of caste groups, vulnerable households, slum populations, migrant clusters. Supports targeted schemes: education, health, nutrition, reservation calibration. Supports SDGs Better indicators on maternal health, sanitation, urbanisation, poverty, gender. Digital state capacity Infrastructure comparable to Aadhaar, UPI in administrative scale. Builds a long-term digital backbone for population statistics. Public access Dashboards, visualisation tools, and machine-readable datasets increase transparency. Comparisons Difference from Earlier Censuses First fully digital census First nationwide caste enumeration Geo-tagged houselisting Self-enumeration Real-time digital audit trails Machine-readable datasets Policy Significance of Caste Enumeration Enables redesign of OBC reservation matrix. Helps identify intra-group inequalities (dominant vs. marginalised OBCs). Supports evidence-based social justice strategies. NPR, NRC and 2027 Census 2019 NPR budget absent in 2027 allocation. Political sensitivities lowered; technical pathway still possible under Citizenship Rules 2003. Census 2027 remains a standalone demographic exercise. Implications of Census Delay (2011 → 2027 gap) India’s key baselines (poverty, urbanisation, fertility rates, population projections) were outdated. Delimitation post-2026 will require updated population numbers. 2027 dataset will reset national planning parameters. Macro Significance Deepens digital governance capacity comparable to Aadhaar ecosystem. Caste + socio-economic + demographic data → redesign India’s welfare architecture. Strengthens cooperative federalism through joint Centre–State operations. Sparks debates on privacy, data sovereignty, access governance, and algorithmic use of population data. Challenges Digital divide in remote regions. Enumerator workload (teachers juggling dual duties). Cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Political sensitivities around caste data release. Harmonising State-level objections (e.g., to NPR earlier). Tight timelines for training and digital readiness. Strengthening India’s Framework Against Fake News and Deepfakes Why is this in News? Union Minister for Information & Broadcasting Ashwini Vaishnaw told the Rajya Sabha that India has significantly strengthened its framework to combat fake news and AI-generated deepfakes across media platforms. The Minister stated that while Article 19(1)(a) protects free speech, fake news threatens public order, democratic processes, elections, and social harmony. He highlighted the existing statutory and institutional mechanisms: Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act Press Council norms IT Rules, 2021 Press Information Bureau (PIB) Fact Check Unit (FCU) The statement comes against a backdrop of rising AI-enabled deepfakes, misinformation during elections, and regulatory debates over digital platforms. Relevance GS II – Governance Regulation of digital platforms; IT Rules, 2021. Role of statutory bodies: PCI, PIB FCU, Programme Code. Balance between free speech (Art. 19(1)(a)) and reasonable restrictions (Art. 19(2)). Impact on elections, public order, democratic processes. GS III – Internal Security Deepfakes as emerging cyber threat. Misinformation risks to national security & communal harmony. Need for AI-governance, detection tools, cyber-regulation. What is Fake News? False, misleading, manipulated or fabricated information presented as authentic news. Includes text, images, videos, voice clones, AI-generated content and deepfakes. Deepfakes use AI (GANs, diffusion models) to synthetically modify faces/voices, making false content appear real. Consequences Distorts democratic decision-making. Fuels polarisation, hate speech, violence. Undermines institutional trust. Manipulates markets, public health behaviour, disaster response. Data and Facts India is among the world’s largest consumers of social media content; misinformation spreads fastest in high-trust WhatsApp ecosystems. 2023 Microsoft Threat Assessment Report called India a “global hotspot” for deepfake proliferation. 65% of Indians surveyed by LocalCircles (2023) reported receiving fake news at least once a day. 2018–2023: Police registered thousands of FIRs under IPC Sections related to misinformation, but conviction rates remain low due to tech complexity. Lok Sabha elections 2024 saw a 300–400% rise in deepfake content, including doctored political speeches. UNESCO 2023: Deepfakes globally are doubling every 6 months. These trends justify the government’s stronger regulatory posture. Constitutional Context Article 19(1)(a) → Freedom of speech and expression. Article 19(2) → Reasonable restrictions: public order, defamation, sovereignty/security of State, decency/morality. Fake news often breaches public order and defamation, framing the basis for regulatory intervention. Statutory Framework to Combat Fake News The Minister emphasised that India already has a broad legal and institutional architecture. Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act Content must follow the Programme Code. Prohibits: obscene or defamatory content, “deliberately false” content, half-truths, suggestive innuendos, material harming public order. Three-tier grievance redressal system: Self-regulation by channel Self-regulatory bodies Oversight by government (I&B Ministry) Press Council of India (PCI) – Print Media Norms of Journalistic Conduct prohibit fake, defamatory, misleading, or sensational reporting. PCI can: issue warnings, censure publications, conduct inquiries, examine complaints. Limited power: cannot impose monetary penalties. IT Rules, 2021 – Digital News Platforms Code of Ethics for digital news publishers. Three-tier grievance system: Publisher Self-regulatory body Government oversight (Inter-Departmental Committee) Ensures accountability of digital newsrooms and aggregators. Press Information Bureau (PIB) Fact Check Unit (FCU) Fact-checks government-related news. Can flag false information on: government policies, schemes, official data, public statements. Social media intermediaries often rely on FCU flags for content moderation. Gaps and Challenges in India’s Anti-Fake News Architecture Reactive, not preventive: FCU checks only government-related claims. Deepfakes are too advanced for current detection capacities. Enforcement asymmetry across States. Limited authentication infrastructure for AI content. High volume of misinformation during elections. Lack of uniform standards for platforms → safe harbour debates under IT Act. Societal vulnerabilities: low digital literacy, echo chambers, linguistic diversity. Government Initiatives and Strengthening Measures Deepfake Task Force (2023–24) proposed watermarking standards, rapid-takedown protocols, AI-detection tools for law enforcement. Digital India Act (draft) aims to redefine obligations of social media platforms. Fact Check Units expanded across ministries. Awareness campaigns with MeitY, NCERT, MyGov. AI-powered detection through partnerships with IITs and CERT-In. Advisory to platforms to label synthetic media. International Comparisons EU Digital Services Act → strict liability for platforms, misinformation takedown timelines. US → free speech centred; limited federal regulation. Singapore POFMA → strong powers to correct/flag misinformation. China → mandatory watermarking for AI-generated content. India’s evolving framework sits between EU-style regulation and US free-speech orientation. Ozempic (semaglutide) Why is this in News? Ozempic (semaglutide), developed by Novo Nordisk, has become officially available in India. Pricing per weekly dose: 0.25 mg → ₹2,200 0.5 mg → ₹2,542 1 mg → ₹2,794 Approved in India as a first-line therapy for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) along with diet and exercise. The launch comes amid rising interest in GLP-1 drugs globally for diabetes control and significant weight-loss effects. Relevance GS II – Health & Social Justice Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) burden in India. Regulatory role of CDSCO; drug approvals and pricing. Accessibility and affordability of advanced therapies. Public health challenges: diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk. GS III – Science & Technology GLP-1 receptor agonists as modern pharmacological innovation. Biotechnology, AI-assisted drug development, clinical trials. What is Ozempic? Ozempic is a GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). Active molecule: semaglutide, a long-acting incretin mimetic. Administered once weekly via pre-filled injection pen. Class action: enhances physiological insulin response. How GLP-1 RAs Work? Stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Suppress glucagon release. Slow gastric emptying, flattening post-meal glucose spikes. Reduce appetite (satiety effect), contributing to weight loss. Improve cardiometabolic risk markers. Why Ozempic Matters for India ? India has ~101 million diabetics (ICMR–INDIAB 2023). Another 136 million are pre-diabetic. India accounts for 1 in 7 adults with diabetes globally. T2DM prevalence increasing rapidly in 20–45 age group. Current Challenges Poor glycaemic control: only ~28% of patients achieve target HbA1c. Obesity and metabolic syndrome rising in urban and semi-urban India. High cardiovascular risk: diabetes contributes to ~30% of heart disease deaths. Relevance of Ozempic More potent lowering of HbA1c vs. many oral agents. Reduces risk of major cardiovascular events in high-risk diabetics. Particularly useful in overweight and obese T2DM patients. Regulatory Status Approved by CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation) for: Adults with Type-2 Diabetes, As first-line therapy, adjunct to diet and exercise. Not approved in India yet for obesity treatment (unlike the U.S. Wegovy version of semaglutide). Pricing and Market Impact India launch pricing places Ozempic in the premium therapy segment. Still significantly cheaper than U.S. retail price (~$900 per month). Advantages of Ozempic Large HbA1c reduction (~1.4–1.8%). Strong, consistent weight loss (~4–6 kg average in diabetes; higher in obesity trials). Proven cardiovascular risk reduction (SUSTAIN-6 trial). Once-weekly dosage improves adherence. Lower hypoglycaemia risk vs. sulfonylureas. Limitations & Concerns High cost limits access for rural and low-income patients. Gastrointestinal side effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea) common initially. Requires injection; may affect acceptance. Risk of supply constraints (global Ozempic shortages 2022–2024). Cannot fully substitute insulin in advanced diabetes. Misuse risk for cosmetic weight loss without medical supervision. MGNREGA Likely to be Renamed ‘Pujya Bapu Gramin Rozgar Yojana’ Why is this in News? Government may rename the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) to “Pujya Bapu Gramin Rozgar Yojana.” Government is also considering increasing guaranteed employment from 100 days to 125 days for eligible rural households. FY25 data shows average employment per household was just 50 days, far below the legally guaranteed 100 days. Only 40.70 lakh households completed 100 days of work in FY24; in FY25 so far, about 6.74 crore households have worked under the scheme. Proposal comes alongside a Finance Ministry approval process related to rebranding and scheme restructuring. A 2022 Rural Development Ministry committee had studied state performance and governance issues under MGNREGA; its report is guiding current changes. Relevance GS II – Governance Rights-based welfare legislation; MGNREGA Act, 2005. Centre–State financial relations; cooperative federalism. Policy redesign, renaming, administrative reforms. MIS, social audits, transparency, wage payments. GS III – Indian Economy Rural distress, labour markets, consumption effects. Fiscal burden, employment guarantees, poverty reduction. Impact of raising guaranteed days from 100 → 125. What is MGNREGA? Enacted under MGNREGA Act, 2005 — a rights-based, demand-driven wage employment programme. Guarantees 100 days of unskilled work to every rural household (likely to increase to 125). Work must be given within 15 days of demand; else unemployment allowance due. Focus on: water conservation, land development, soil and moisture works, flood control, drought-proofing, rural infrastructure. Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat central to planning and implementation. India’s Rural Labour Context FY25 average employment per household: 50 days → underutilisation of the guaranteed entitlement. Households completing full 100 days (previous year): 40.70 lakh. Total households already working in FY25: 6.74 crore. Indicates high demand but limited provision of full entitlements. Persistent mismatch between budget allocations, state delays, and actual rural distress levels. Objectives of the Scheme Provide livelihood security in rural areas. Prevent seasonal migration and income volatility. Support natural resource management and durable asset creation. Promote participatory planning through Gram Sabhas. Enhance rural women’s labour force participation; women constitute ~55% of the workforce. Why Renaming is Being Considered Aligning with Gandhian ideals of rural labour and self-reliance. Government narrative to position rural employment as productive nation-building rather than welfare. Renaming coincides with discussion on increasing guaranteed days to 125, signalling a policy shift. Finance Ministry’s involvement indicates administrative restructuring and budget recalibration. Political messaging: rural employment as core to development agenda. Legal and Administrative Implications Act name remains MGNREGA unless Parliament amends it. Scheme/operational name can be changed via executive notification. MIS, job cards, work demand registers, social audit formats must be updated. States must retrain frontline staff and modify implementation guidelines. Performance Snapshot with FY25 Updates Average days provided: 50 (FY25) → well below guarantee. Households demanding work remain high, reflecting rural distress. Low achievement of 100 days target signals: insufficient funds released on time, rationing of work by states, delays in wage payment, administrative bottlenecks. Social audits and transparency mechanisms uneven across states. Strengths of MGNREGA One of world’s largest employment programmes. Counter-cyclical economic stabiliser (proven in drought years and COVID-19). Enhances women’s earnings and rural empowerment. Builds durable assets (check-dams, ponds, contour trenches, plantations). Strong digital MIS for transparency. Persistent Issues & Governance Challenges Under-provision of work despite high demand (50 days avg.). Delayed wage payments through PFMS. Inadequate annual budget leading to states curbing demand. Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS) glitches. Material-wage ratio rigidity in states with high material costs. Weak social audit compliance in many states. Political resistance to expanding fiscal outlay. Implications of Increasing Guaranteed Days to 125 Positive Higher labour absorption, better income security. Stronger rural consumption effects. Better environmental asset creation. Concerns Significant additional fiscal burden (estimated 20–25% increase). States may struggle with administrative load without capacity enhancements. Possible widening of delays if fund releases do not match demand. Private Entry in Nuclear Sector & 100% FDI in Insurance Why is this in News? The Union Cabinet has cleared private participation in India’s civil nuclear sector and approved 100% FDI in the insurance sector, marking a major reform push. Cabinet approved: A Bill to amend FDI limits in insurance from 74% → 100%. Atomic Energy Bill, 2025 under the SHANTI framework (Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India), allowing private players to participate in nuclear energy activities. The SHANTI Bill aims to add 100 GW of nuclear capacity by 2047, a transformational expansion aligned with India’s long-term energy security and decarbonisation goals. Government also announced a Nuclear Energy Mission with ₹20,000 crore outlay for development of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), to be deployed by 2033. Relevance GS II – Governance & Policy Reforming strategic sectors; legislative amendments (Atomic Energy Act). Regulation of insurance sector; IRDAI reforms. Federal implications, institutional capacity. GS III – Economy, Energy & S&T Private participation in nuclear → technology, SMRs, decarbonisation. Energy security, climate commitments (100 GW by 2047). Insurance capital mobilisation, financial deepening, long-term funds. Strategic technology development under SHANTI framework. Background: India’s Nuclear Sector Atomic Energy Act, 1962 gives the Central government exclusive control over nuclear research, production, and power generation. Private sector participation is currently limited to: Components, EPC works Fuel supply chain (non-strategic parts) Construction services Nuclear liability governed by: Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 (CLND Act) Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC), which India joined in 2016. India aims for net-zero by 2070, requiring large-scale baseload clean energy; nuclear is crucial due to: low emissions stable load energy security Key Components of the Reform Package Private Participation in Civil Nuclear Energy SHANTI Bill allows private participants in civilian nuclear activities under regulated conditions. Targets: Add 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047 (current ~7 GW). Accelerate R&D, manufacturing, and deployment of reactors. Allows private sector roles in: reactor construction component manufacturing fuel fabrication (non-sensitive aspects) equipment maintenance operations under regulatory oversight Nuclear Energy Mission for SMRs Outlay: ₹20,000 crore. Goal: Develop at least five indigenous SMRs deployable by 2033. SMRs enable: lower cost faster installation enhanced safety suitability for remote/industrial regions 100% FDI in Insurance FDI limit raised from 74% → 100% to: attract long-term capital increase insurance penetration strengthen solvency and risk-bearing capacity Strategy aligns with expected 7% annual growth in insurance over next five years. Additional Governance Reforms Restrictions on repatriation of dividends and key management roles eased. Chairman/MD/CEO now required to be India-based for improved oversight. Nuclear liability rules may be modified to align with global investor expectations, ensuring clarity on compensation and risk-sharing. Why Private Participation in Nuclear? Current Capacity Constraints India’s nuclear capacity is stagnant at ~7 GW, far behind China (~55 GW) and U.S. (~95 GW). Large capital costs and long construction cycles have slowed expansion. Meeting Climate Targets To reach the projected clean baseload requirement for 2070 net-zero, India needs: diversification beyond solar/wind stable power for industry and grid reliability Private Sector Capabilities Strong EPC, manufacturing, and design capabilities in companies like L&T, BHEL, Tata, Reliance. Capable of reducing project delays and cost overruns. Global Precedent U.S., France, Japan, South Korea all have mixed public–private nuclear ecosystems. Private sector essential for SMRs and next-gen reactors. Expected Benefits of the Reforms For the Nuclear Sector Accelerated capacity addition (100 GW by 2047). Attracts global nuclear technology leaders. Boosts Make in India for nuclear components. Enhances safety through modern designs (SMRs, passive safety systems). Job creation in high-technology sectors. For the Insurance Sector Higher capital inflows → improved solvency norms. Greater competition → better products, digital penetration. Facilitates long-term infrastructure financing through insurance funds. Challenges and Concerns Nuclear Sector Requires amendments to the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. Liability concerns under CLND Act may deter private players. Need for strong regulatory oversight (AERB → possible independent regulator proposed). Public perception and safety concerns persist. High capital cost unless tariff arrangements stabilised. Insurance Sector Total foreign ownership may raise concerns of: capital flight data security prioritisation of shareholder interests over policyholders Need for robust IRDAI oversight. Governance, Federal and Institutional Implications Nuclear policy is Union List – restructuring requires central legislative action. Independent safety tribunal proposed for nuclear sector. Tariff-setting may shift to an independent regulator (like CERC model). For insurance, IRDAI will need strengthened surveillance and consumer protection mechanisms. Macro Significance Reform package marks India’s transition to a high-investment, technology-driven energy future. Positions India competitively in global SMR development. Enhances foreign confidence in India’s financial and strategic sectors. Enables long-term decarbonisation, energy independence, and capital mobilisation.

Dec 12, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 December 2025

Content Revival of Traditional Lakes, Ponds, and Reservoirs Conservation of Snow Leopards Revival of Traditional Lakes, Ponds, and Reservoirs Why Is It in News? PIB released updated details on Central Government schemes, funding flows, technological measures, and community-PPP models for reviving traditional water bodies. Highlights include: Rs. 545.35 crore central assistance released under PMKSY–HKKP (RRR of Water Bodies) till March 2025. 1.97 crore water-related works completed under Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch The Rain (2025). 3031 projects worth Rs. 6270.51 crore approved under AMRUT 2.0 for water body rejuvenation. Push for GIS mapping, geo-tagging, unique coding and PPP/community participation. Relevance GS1 – Geography / Society Traditional water bodies as part of India’s ecological heritage and rural socio-cultural systems. Changing land use, urbanisation, and demographic pressures degrading local hydrological systems. GS3 – Environment, Conservation, Agriculture Critical for groundwater recharge, climate resilience, drought mitigation. Boosts irrigation efficiency and reduces stress on major irrigation systems. Technological interventions (GIS, geo-tagging, unique codes) → evidence-based policymaking. Supports Jal Shakti Abhiyan, AMRUT 2.0, PMKSY-HKKP goals on water security. What Are Traditional Water Bodies? Man-made or natural storage structures: tanks, lakes, ponds, step-wells, johads, talabs, cheruvus, ooranis, ahars-pynes, etc. Ecological & socio-economic functions: Local irrigation + groundwater recharge Drinking & livestock water Flood buffer + micro-climate regulation Biodiversity habitats Support traditional livelihoods (fisheries, agriculture) Why Revival Is Critical? India’s water stress: 18% population, 4% freshwater. CGWB: 1,034 blocks over-exploited. NITI Aayog: ~75% households face water scarcity; 21 cities to hit zero groundwater. Traditional water bodies historically contributed: 10–15% irrigation in many regions (pre-Green Revolution). 30–40% recharge in semi-arid belts. Degradation drivers: Encroachments, urbanisation, siltation Catchment degradation Weak local governance post-abolition of local customary systems (e.g., Kudimaramathu decline, temple tank neglect) Current Government Framework A. Federal Context Water = State Subject → States identify, plan, implement rejuvenation. Centre provides policy direction, financial assistance, technology tools, monitoring frameworks. Major Schemes (1) PMKSY–HKKP (Har Khet Ko Pani) – RRR of Water Bodies Objective: Restore storage capacity, improve command area irrigation, groundwater recharge. States may propose individual or cluster water bodies, including transient-storage structures. GIS-based census → unique code + geo-tagging for every approved water body. Funding: Rs. 545.35 crore CA released till 31 March 2025. Components: Desiltation Catchment treatment Bund/sluice strengthening Irrigation canal repair Command area development (2) Irrigation Census Scheme (Minor Irrigation Statistics Wing) 100% centrally sponsored. Creates national database on: MI structures Major/medium irrigation Water bodies & springs Basis for planning & PMKSY approvals. (3) Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch The Rain (JSA: CTR) – 2025 Theme: “Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari: Jan Jagrukta ki Or”. Focus: 148 groundwater-stressed districts. Outcomes till 09.12.2025: 1.97 crore water-related works (desilting, recharge pits, tank repairs). 712 Jal Shakti Kendras established. Focus areas: Renovation of traditional tanks Encroachment removal Inventory creation Community awareness & behavioural change (4) AMRUT & AMRUT 2.0 Urban water security mission. Water body rejuvenation is a core component. 3031 projects approved; Rs. 6270.51 crore sanctioned. PPP provisioning: 10% of funds for water body rejuvenation projects in million-plus cities can be executed in PPP mode. AMRUT Mitra Initiative: Engaging women SHGs for water quality monitoring, demand management. Technological Interventions Geo-tagging of each water body under PMKSY. GIS mapping to assess catchment, inflow pathways, encroachment boundaries. Unique Code System for uniform identification. Scientific desiltation: Sediment analysis Capacity computation Hydrological modelling: Outflow–inflow modelling Flood cushioning behaviour Digital dashboards: Real-time monitoring (CWC, State Water Resources Departments). Best Practices (National & International) Hydrological & Structural Assessment before restoration. Catchment Area Treatment → vegetation revival, erosion control. Silt reuse protocols → for agriculture, brick making (as per sediment quality). Strengthening bunds, sluices & spillways. Integrated watershed approach (sub-basin scale). Nature-based solutions: Wetlands as bio-filters Floating wetlands for nutrient removal International templates: Japan: community-managed satoyama ponds. Spain: ancient acequia systems revived through participatory irrigation communities. Community & PPP Models Water User Associations (WUAs): planning + O&M. Panchayati Raj Institutions: ownership and monitoring. Local NGOs: technical/social mobilization support. Women SHGs (AMRUT Mitra): water testing and demand management. PPP involvement: Up to 10% fund utilization in AMRUT cities. Potential models: lakefront development + ecological restoration. Major Challenges Fragmented ownership (Revenue, WRD, Urban Local Bodies). Chronic encroachments and weak enforcement. Urban sewerage inflow into traditional lakes. Climate variability reducing inflows. Over-focus on beautification vs. hydrological restoration. Lack of post-restoration maintenance funds. Conservation of Snow Leopards Why Is It in News? Parliament reply (11 Dec 2025) detailed India’s first nationwide Snow Leopard Census (SPAI), population estimates, methodology, and follow-up conservation strategy. SPAI 2.0 launched in Wildlife Week 2025. Updated actions under NSLEP, Project Snow Leopard, and SECURE Himalaya highlighted. Reaffirmation of Schedule I protection, biosphere reserve coverage, and landscape-level conservation. Relevance GS3 – Environment, Biodiversity, Climate Change Snow leopard as a keystone & flagship species → indicator of ecosystem health. SPAI as a model for scientific wildlife monitoring in India. Landscape-level conservation planning under NSLEP and Project Snow Leopard. Climate change impacts on alpine prey species and habitat range shifts. Biosphere reserves and PA networks strengthening India’s biodiversity commitments. Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Apex predator of High Himalayas (3,000–5,000 m). Keystone species maintaining prey–predator balance. Flagship for high-altitude ecosystem conservation. Range: Ladakh, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh. The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, a status changed from Endangered in 2017 Ecological roles: Controls herbivore populations (bharal, ibex, argali). Indicator of habitat integrity and climate change vulnerability. First Nationwide Snow Leopard Census (SPAI) A. Population Estimate (2019–2023) Total = 718 individuals Ladakh – 477 Uttarakhand – 124 Himachal Pradesh – 51 Arunachal Pradesh – 36 Sikkim – 21 J&K – 9 B. Scale & Coverage 1,20,000 km² surveyed 70% of India’s potential snow leopard range covered. C. Scientific Framework Two-stage methodology: Stage 1: Occupancy-based sampling → mapping spatial distribution. Stage 2: Camera trap-based abundance estimation (stratified). Field effort: 13,450 km walked for sign surveys. 1,971 camera-trap stations. 1,80,000 trap nights. 241 distinct snow leopards identified. D. Coordination Lead: Wildlife Institute of India (WII). Partners: Range States/UTs + local NGOs. E. SPAI 2.0 (Launched 2025) Stronger scientific framework: Improved population monitoring cycle. Multi-taxa assessments (associated species). Expanded community-led conservation modules. Conservation Architecture and Government Support A. Species Recovery Programme (Centrally Sponsored: Development of Wildlife Habitats) Snow leopard is one of 24 species under targeted recovery. Funding for: Anti-poaching and patrolling Habitat restoration Scientific research Community conflict mitigation B. Foundation for Strategic Action SPAI findings are baseline for: Long-term monitoring Landscape-level interventions Habitat quality assessment Species recovery benchmarks National Snow Leopard Ecosystem Protection Priorities (NSLEP) India’s long-term strategy for high-altitude biodiversity. Prioritized actions: Habitat protection and corridor management Climate-resilient conservation planning Strengthened research and monitoring Community-based stewardship Project Snow Leopard (PSL) Multi-state initiative involving: Ladakh, J&K, HP, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh Anchored in: Landscape approach: conservation beyond PAs. Participatory management with herders and local communities. Livelihood diversification to reduce ecological pressure. Secure Himalaya India–UNDP–GEF partnership. Objective: Protect high-altitude Himalayan ecosystems. Conserve snow leopard populations. Enhance local livelihoods (eco-tourism, handicrafts, sustainable grazing). Reduce human–wildlife conflict. Legal & Policy Protection Schedule I, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 → highest protection. High-altitude PA network expansion. Enforced through: Anti-poaching units Habitat protection forces Inter-agency coordination (Army, ITBP, local forest departments) Biosphere Reserves Securing Snow Leopard Habitat Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve (HP) → part of UNESCO WNBR; 7,770 km² habitat. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttarakhand). Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve (Sikkim). These secure critical alpine, cold desert, and trans-Himalayan landscapes. Long-Term Conservation Focus Landscape-level conservation (not just PAs). Scientific monitoring (SPAI cycle). Habitat degradation prevention: Regulating grazing Reducing fragmentation Controlling infrastructure expansion Community-based programs: Insurance schemes for livestock depredation Predator-proof corrals Eco-development committees Inter-agency collaboration: MoEFCC, WII, State Forest Departments, ITBP, Local Councils Key Challenges Human–wildlife conflict (livestock predation). Climate change reducing alpine prey availability. Infrastructure expansion in fragile zones (roads, defence, tourism). Sparse population & difficult terrain → monitoring challenges. Limited baseline ecological data before SPAI.

Dec 12, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 December 2025

Content The stark reality of educational costs in India Is the falling rupee a cause for alarm? The stark reality of educational costs in India Why Is It in News? New findings from the NSS 80th Round (April–June 2025) on education expenditure reveal: Rising costs of schooling and private tuition in India despite Article 21A’s guarantee of free and compulsory education. Increased enrolment in private schools across rural and urban sectors compared to the 75th Round (2017–18). Private tuition has become a major cost burden, with expenditure sharply rising with educational level. The data exposes a contradiction: a constitutional right to free education coexists with significant household spending, raising concerns about equity, affordability, and the future of universalisation goals under NEP 2020. Relevance GS2 – Polity & Social Justice Article 21A, RTE Act, NEP 2020. State’s responsibility vs household burden. Inequality in access to education. GS2 – Governance Public service delivery; affordability barriers; need for reform. Fee regulation, teacher quality, public school revitalisation. GS1 – Society Urban–rural divides, gender disparities, socio-economic stratification. Practice Question Rising private schooling and coaching expenditure in India reveal a widening contradiction between constitutional guarantees and educational reality.Discuss in the light of NSS 80th Round findings.(250 Words) Constitutional & Policy Framework Article 21A (86th Amendment, 2002) Guarantees free and compulsory education for children aged 6–14 years. Operationalised through the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. NEP 2020 Expansion Extends the universalisation goal to ages 3–18, covering: Pre-primary Elementary Secondary education Target: Universal school education up to Class 12 by 2030. Contradiction Despite guarantees, large household expenditures on schooling reveal: Gaps in public provisioning Quality deficiencies Rising dependence on private education and coaching Key Findings of NSS 80th Round – School Enrolment Pattern Overall School Enrolment (National) Government schools: 55.9% Private aided: 11.3% Private unaided: 31.9% Urban vs Rural Private school enrolment: Urban: 51.4% Rural: 24.3% Gender gap: modest Boys: 34% private Girls: 29.5% private Level-wise Trends Urban private school enrolment declines with level: Pre-primary: 62.9% Higher secondary: 42.3% Rural private enrolment: fairly stable across levels (21–28%). Long-term Rise (vs NSS 75th Round) Rural private school share increasing across primary, middle, secondary. Urban private school share also rising significantly, especially in primary and middle levels. Interpretation: India is witnessing a steady shift toward privatisation of schooling, driven by perceived quality differences. Costs of Schooling – The Affordability Crisis Fee Payments Government schools: Rural: 25.3% pay fees Urban: 34.7% Private schools: ~98% pay fees across rural & urban. Annual Fee Levels Government Schools Rural: ₹823 (pre-primary) → ₹7,308 (higher secondary) Urban: ₹1,630 → ₹7,704 Private Schools Rural: ₹17,988 → ₹33,567 Urban: ₹26,188 → ₹49,075 Monthly Burden vs Household Income Private schooling costs (monthly): Rural: ₹1,499–₹2,797 Urban: ₹2,182–₹4,089 MPCE comparison: Pre-primary private school cost ≈ income of poorest 5% households. Higher secondary private school cost ≈ MPCE of 3rd income decile. Meaning: Basic schooling is unaffordable for large sections of households despite RTE guarantees. Private Tuition: Incidence & Cost Share of Students Taking Tuition Rural: 25.5% Urban: 30.7% Rising sharply with education level, highest at secondary/higher secondary. Expenditure per Student (Annual) Rural: ₹7,066 (average) Urban: ₹13,026 Highest at: Rural higher secondary: ₹13,803 Urban higher secondary: ₹22,394 Why is Tuition so Widespread? Household income & parental education strongly correlated. Private schools often have underpaid, underqualified teachers, pushing students to tuition. Tuition seen as prestige, a marker of “good parenting.” Tuition supplements poor school quality and exam-centric culture. Structural data from Research Rising private schooling → rising household burden → widening inequality. Tuition is negatively associated with school quality: Better school quality → less need for tuition (2024 study by Agrawal, Gupta & Mondal). Thus, quality improvement in public schools reduces both inequality and household expenditure. Implications for Equity & Universalisation A. Financial Inequality Poor households forced into: High private school costs High tuition costs Threatens principle of free & universal education. B. Social Inequality Wealthier students access private schooling + tuition → better outcomes → entrenched privilege. C. Public School Decline Falling enrolment → shrinking budgets → quality deterioration → negative cycle. D. NEP Goal at Risk Universalisation to age 18 by 2030 is jeopardised if: Public education remains underfunded Private costs continue rising Coaching culture expands Why Revival of Public Schools Is Critical ? Reduces financial burden on households. Ensures equal learning opportunities. Bridges social divides in outcomes. Enhances trust in government institutions. Supports SDG-4: Inclusive & equitable quality education. Policy Way Forward Improve teacher availability, training, accountability. Invest in infrastructure, labs, digital access. Expand early childhood care through Anganwadi–school linkage. Provide free supplementary classes to counter tuition reliance. Regulate private school fee structures transparently. Use school quality audits to strengthen public trust. Ensure NEP 2020 implementation with focus on inclusion & affordability. Is the falling rupee a cause for alarm? Why Is It in News? Over the past few days, the rupee fell below ₹90 per US dollar and has remained around that level. Political debate intensified in Parliament, but economists emphasise understanding macro drivers, not rhetoric. The editorials presents insights on: Why the rupee is falling How India compares with other currencies Whether the fall is harmful What this means for policy and RBI action The question: Is the falling rupee a cause for alarm? Relevance GS3 – Economy Currency depreciation External sector management Balance of payments FPI flows, forex reserves RBI’s role in exchange rate stability GS3 – Inflation & Macroeconomic Stability Imported inflation, fiscal implications Sectoral impact: exports vs. imports Practice Question India’s recent rupee depreciation reflects more sentiment-driven pressures than structural weakness. Discuss the drivers, macroeconomic implications, and the appropriate policy response.(250 Words) What Determines an Exchange Rate? Exchange rates depend on: Demand and supply of foreign currency Trade deficit / current account deficit Capital flows (FPI/FII inflows/outflows) Forex reserves position Global dollar strength Market sentiment & expectations RBI interventions Depreciation = more rupees needed to buy a dollar. Why Is the Rupee Falling? A. Weakening Fundamentals Higher trade deficit → more demand for dollars. Rising current account deficit (CAD). Negative FPI flows → capital leaving Indian markets. Falling (or reduced build-up of) forex reserves. B. Sentiment Factors Uncertainty over the India–U.S. tariff agreement → negative market expectations. Expectations of global slowdown → FPI shifts to other markets with better short-term returns. C. Market Mechanics RBI’s limited intervention indicates: Depreciation is within “acceptable limits” Central bank aims to prevent volatility, not defend a fixed level D. Trade Imbalances (as per Banerjee) Import growth > export growth → structural dollar demand. Portfolio investors shifting to markets where valuations are cheaper. Is the Rupee an Outlier Compared to Other Currencies? Recent short-term performance Rupee is one of the worst performers in the last 3 months. Medium-term performance Over the past 2 years, rupee has done better than most EM currencies except South Korea. Many emerging economies have seen far steeper depreciation. Meaning: The rupee’s fall is not proportionate to weakness in fundamentals but is driven by short-term pressures. Does a Falling Rupee Benefit India? Possible Benefits Exports become more competitive Particularly helpful when facing tariff headwinds from the U.S. Service exporters gain Higher rupee realisation = improved margins Potential productivity spillover (bonuses → consumption) Theoretical Advantage Depreciation of 4–5% can improve Indian export prices relative to competitors. Costs and Downsides Imports become more expensive India is a large importer of crude oil, fertilizers, electronics. Imported inflation 5% depreciation → 0.3–0.4% rise in CPI inflation. Current low inflation means this impact is manageable. Business volatility Exchange rate instability → hard for importers/exporters to plan. Fiscal pressure Higher fertilizer subsidy Higher cost of government imports But not enough to break fiscal arithmetic Does a Falling Rupee Indicate Economic Weakness? Economists’ View: No GDP growth strong. CAD manageable. Forex reserves cover 11 months of imports. Inflation benign. Capex cycle robust. Monetary and fiscal policy stable. Conclusion: The fall is not structural; it is sentiment-driven and temporary. Should the RBI Intervene More? Current RBI stance Prevent volatility, not defend a specific rate. Intervention appears limited but calibrated. Experts’ view No major intervention needed unless: Volatility spikes Depreciation becomes self-fulfilling Moderate depreciation is acceptable and even useful. Overall Assessment: Is This an Alarm Situation? Not alarming because: Macro fundamentals strong. Inflation impact limited. Exporters benefit. Depreciation aligned with other EM currencies. Concerns remain: Volatility hurts business planning. Tariff uncertainty with U.S. affecting sentiment. FPI outflows may continue if global returns elsewhere look better.

Dec 12, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 December 2025

Content Savings shift reshapes India’s markets Narco Tests Why human-rating matters as India prepares for Gaganyaan DPIIT signals Copyright Act changes to address AI issues Mexico imposes 50% tariffs on Indian and other Asian imports 2,805 deaths while awaiting organ transplants since 2020 Savings shift reshapes India’s markets Why is it in news? NSE Market Pulse (2025) reports a major structural shift: domestic household savings (direct equity, MFs, SIPs) are now replacing Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) as the dominant force in Indian capital markets. FPI ownership: 16.9% of total equities 24.1% in NIFTY 50 Domestic investors now hold ~19%, the highest in over 20 years. This shift: Improves market stability by reducing reliance on volatile global flows. Brings millions of new retail investors into markets — many without adequate financial literacy. Raises concerns on inclusive growth, investor protection, inequality, corporate governance, and policy preparedness for Viksit Bharat 2047. Relevance GS3 – Economy Capital market deepening Household savings behaviour Financialisation FPI flows vs domestic flows IPO markets, valuation discipline Implications for inclusive growth GS3 – Financial sector reforms Passive investing Investor protection norms SEBI regulatory design Corporate governance What is happening in India’s capital markets? Declining FPI dominance Historically, FPIs moved markets; their exits triggered volatility. Their ownership share has declined sharply, reaching a 15-month low. Rise of domestic savings Mutual fund AUM hitting new highs. SIP inflows at record levels. Retail investors emerging as the new market anchor. What enabled this shift? Digital investment platforms. Low-ticket SIPs; demat penetration. Low inflation (CPI: 0.3% YoY in Oct) → higher real returns. Strong macroeconomic stability. Policy implications Lower dependence on foreign inflows → RBI gets greater flexibility. Less pressure to defend the rupee. Can focus on domestic credit expansion and the growth–inflation balance. But stability depends on broad participation, not a narrow investor base. The market structure shift: why it matters Lower volatility Domestic support acts as a buffer against FPI outflows. October NIFTY rally was driven primarily by domestic buying. Boom in primary markets FY25: 71 IPOs, raising ₹1 lakh crore+. Investment announcements: ₹32 lakh crore, up 39% YoY. Private sector share: ~70% of proposed investments. But valuations are rising faster than fundamentals in some segments. Emerging risks: unequal participation and limited returns Unequal access Higher participation in: Urban regions Higher-income households Areas with formal financial infrastructure Women, rural citizens, lower-income groups remain marginal. “Performance problem” in active funds Most active funds fail to beat the index after adjusting for: Risk Fees New investors unknowingly pay high charges for poor relative performance. IPO overvaluation Examples: Lenskart, Mamaearth, Nykaa. High P/E multiples → risk of losses for retail subscribers. Decline in household equity wealth Q4: fall of ₹2.6 lakh crore. Concentrated losses among vulnerable investors undermine: Trust Inclusivity Consumption demand (due to lower MPC) The inequality dimension Who benefits? Gains accrue mainly to: Higher-income households Those with better financial acumen Urban and already economically secure groups Wealth concentration reduces demand High-income households save more and consume less → weakens overall demand. Inclusive growth at risk Markets may become stable but unequal without safeguards. The access asymmetry problem Today’s system emphasises: Disclosure over actual protection Participation over meaningful capacity Volume over equitable outcomes Needed shifts From “more investors” → “safer investors” From expensive active schemes → low-cost passive/index funds Current imbalance Active funds: 9% of market Passive funds: 1% This skews outcomes against small investors. Corporate governance concerns Promoter holding in NIFTY 50 at a 23-year low (40%). Must ensure: Genuine capital raising — not promoter exit-driven dilution Strong disclosure and transparency norms Protection of domestic savers’ long-term value What India must do next — policy directions Strengthen investor protection Suitability norms Anti–mis-selling regulations Risk-adjusted performance disclosure Expand passive investment Reduce expense ratios Promote index funds through NPS, EPFO, PMJDY-linked products Deepen financial literacy Target groups: Rural households Women Youth First-time investors Improve corporate governance Stricter disclosure Monitor promoter selling Address IPO pricing excesses Use data-driven policy Gender-disaggregated data Location-specific investment trends Income-linked participation gaps F. Maintain market integrity Monitor bubbles Regulate overvalued IPOs Encourage long-term investing culture Narco Tests Why is it in news? The Supreme Court has set aside a Patna High Court order (Amlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, 2025) that permitted a forced narco test. The Court reaffirmed that any involuntary narco-analysis test is unconstitutional, violating: Article 20(3) – protection against self-incrimination Article 21 – right to life, privacy and autonomy SC held the High Court order to be contrary to Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010), the landmark judgment regulating narco, polygraph and brain-mapping tests. Relevance GS2 – Constitution & Polity Article 20(3), Article 21, Right to Privacy Selvi 2010 guidelines Limits of police power Due process and fair procedure GS3 – Internal Security / Criminal Justice Investigative tools vs constitutional safeguards Ethical boundaries in criminal investigations What is a narco test? A narco test involves administering barbiturates such as Sodium Pentothal to induce a sedated, trance-like state. Purpose: to reduce inhibitions, weaken reasoning ability, and encourage disclosure of suppressed or concealed information. It is part of “scientific investigative techniques”, similar to: Polygraph (lie detector) Brain mapping (BEAP test) Key point: It is a non-invasive but intrusive psychological intervention that manipulates the mental state of an individual. Why are narco tests constitutionally problematic? Article 20(3) – Right against self-incrimination No person accused of an offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Narco tests can extract involuntary verbal responses, violating mental privacy and autonomy. SC: Without free, voluntary and informed consent, the test is unconstitutional. Article 21 – Right to life, personal liberty and privacy Includes bodily integrity, mental autonomy, and right to privacy (Puttaswamy 2017). Forcibly altering a person’s mental state is a grave intrusion into liberty and human dignity. Any state action affecting personal liberty must follow just, fair and reasonable procedure (Maneka Gandhi, 1978). The “Golden Triangle”: Art 14–19–21 Violation of privacy and consent = violation of life and liberty, which affects equality and freedom as well. Narco tests without consent fall outside constitutionally permissible limits. Democratic criminal justice principles Indian justice system must balance: Victim’s right to justice Accused’s right to liberty Forced narco tests tilt the balance towards coercive state power, undermining due process. Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010): The governing framework Selvi is the controlling precedent; the Court held: No compulsory administration Narco-analysis, polygraph, brain-mapping cannot be conducted without informed consent. Consent must be: Free, voluntary, informed Recorded before a judicial magistrate Accompanied by legal and medical safeguards Test results are not standalone evidence They may only give investigative leads. Any information extracted must be independently corroborated. Protects mental privacy “The mind is the ultimate repository of personal freedom.” The state cannot forcibly access it. The recent judgment reaffirms that Selvi binds all courts. Evidentiary value: What have courts held? Manoj Kumar Saini v. State of MP (2023) Narco results cannot confirm guilt. They are at best investigative clues. Vinobhai v. State of Kerala (2025) Information from narco must be corroborated by other evidence. The test does not have probative evidentiary value on its own. Supreme Court’s position Test permissible only when voluntarily undertaken. Cannot substitute proper investigation. Results cannot be treated as confessions or admissions. No “indefeasible right” to demand such tests — even voluntary requests fall under judicial scrutiny. Can an accused volunteer for a narco test? Yes — but with strict conditions: Voluntary request allowed only at defence evidence stage, under Section 253 of BNSS. Magistrate must ensure: Free and informed consent Understanding of implications Medical and legal safeguards Even voluntary tests do not guarantee admissible evidence unless corroborated. Ethical foundations: Why consent matters Autonomy and natural justice Informed consent flows from individual autonomy — a core moral principle. Immanuel Kant: an act is ethical only when performed with consent. Forced narco tests undermine: Human dignity Mental freedom Bodily and psychological integrity Forced truth extraction violates human rights norms International legal philosophy rejects coercive interrogation. UN principles also discourage techniques manipulating consciousness. Does banning involuntary narco tests weaken investigations? No. SC emphasises: Investigative efficiency cannot override constitutional rights. Narco tests: Are not reliable Are prone to suggestion, hallucination, false narratives Cannot replace evidence-based investigation The police must rely on: Forensics Material evidence Witness statements Digital trails Narco-analysis remains a supplementary, not primary, tool. Why human-rating matters as India prepares for Gaganyaan Why is it in news? As India prepares for its first human spaceflight under Gaganyaan, the process of human-rating the LVM-3 rocket has become central to mission readiness. ISRO is upgrading LVM-3 to HLVM-3, incorporating redundancy, fault tolerance, crew safety systems, and extensive qualification tests. The article explains what human-rating means, why it is complex, and how global agencies certify their launch systems. This marks India’s entry into the league of nations capable of launching humans into space, requiring the highest safety standards. Relevance GS3 – Science & Technology Human spaceflight, launch vehicle engineering Risk management, redundancy design Cryogenic propulsion, escape systems GS3 – Indigenisation & Strategic Tech Atmanirbhar Bharat in space Indigenous capability for human spaceflight Technology sovereignty What is human-rating? Human-rating is the engineering, testing, and certification process that ensures a launch vehicle and spacecraft are safe enough to carry humans. Key features Establishes an acceptable level of risk. NASA threshold: 0.2% probability of catastrophic loss of crew during ascent/descent (1 in 500). Ensures the system can tolerate failures and still protect astronauts. Core requirements Redundant systems (triple/quadruple redundant flight computers). Crew Escape System (CES): must work instantly at any point during ascent. Fault tolerance: vehicle must survive and recover from single-point failures. Environmental control and life support system (ECLSS). Extensive qualification and documentation far beyond that required for cargo rockets. Human-rating is not just hardware modification; it is a systems-level safety philosophy. Why is human-rating so challenging? Extreme launch environment Rocket must accelerate to 28,000 km/h in 8–10 minutes. Experiences: High vibration Severe acoustic loads Maximum dynamic pressure (Max-Q) Rapid staging events Zero tolerance for failure Cargo missions can fail without loss of life; human missions cannot. Airplanes have backup landing options and glide capability; rockets do not. Reliability standards Best orbital launch vehicles: 98–99.5% success rate. Commercial aviation: 1 fatal accident per 10–20 million flights — far safer. Added mass & complexity Redundant systems and escape mechanisms: Increase mass → reduce payload capability Introduce potential new failure modes Increase development cost and documentation burden High cost Human-rating can multiply overall mission cost by 1.5–3×. Human-rating therefore demands a shift from “mission success” to “crew survival at all costs.” Which global launch vehicles are human-rated? Operational today Russia’s Soyuz-2 China’s Long March 2F SpaceX Falcon 9 + Crew Dragon Near-operational / undergoing certification ULA Atlas V with Boeing Starliner Completed crewed test flight (2024), awaits formal certification. NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) Human-rated, flew uncrewed Artemis I; first crewed flight upcoming. Reliability records Soyuz: ~150 crewed missions since 1967; two early fatal missions; 100% crew survival since 1971. Space Shuttle: 135 missions, 133 successes (98.5%); two catastrophic failures. Crew Dragon (Falcon 9): 20 crewed orbital flights → 100% success. Why aren’t all launch vehicles human-rated? High cost of certification Requires: Structural strengthening Redundancies Software certification Safety assurance processes Abort systems Reduced performance More mass → lower payload to orbit. Different mission priorities Cargo rockets maximise: Cost-efficiency Payload capacity Human-rating would make them uneconomical. Added complexity Each additional system is a potential failure point. Hence, only nations with sustained human spaceflight programmes invest in human-rating. Human-rating for Gaganyaan: ISRO’s upgrades to LVM-3 LVM-3 → HLVM-3 (Human-rated LVM-3) Modifications and upgrades Crew Escape System (CES) for rapid abort during ascent. Enhanced redundancy in avionics and flight computers. Strengthened engines: Vikas (liquid), C25 cryogenic stage, S200 solid boosters. Greater subsystem reliability through qualification tests. Fault tolerance built into critical components. Improved quality assurance & documentation, aligned with global standards. Why LVM-3 was chosen Track record of seven consecutive successful orbital flights (including Chandrayaan-3). Fully indigenous propulsion architecture → strategic autonomy under Atmanirbhar Bharat. Highest payload capability in ISRO’s fleet. Who certifies human-rating? Global frameworks NASA Sets human-rating standards for: SLS SpaceX Crew Dragon Boeing Starliner FAA licenses launch operations but does not certify crew safety. China Certification by China Manned Space Agency (CMSA). Russia Roscosmos certifies Soyuz rockets and spacecraft. India (ISRO) Human-rating certification conducted internally through: Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) Committee of national aerospace experts Final safety approval is issued only after: Flight tests Uncrewed demonstrations Abort test success How successful are human-rated rockets historically? Soyuz ~150 crewed missions Two early fatalities (1967, 1971) 100% crew safety since 1971 Crew escape system saved astronauts in 1975, 1983, 2018 Space Shuttle 133 successes / 135 missions (98.5%) Two catastrophic losses (1986, 2003) Falcon 9 + Crew Dragon 20/20 crewed missions successful Most reliable active human-rated system Long March 2F + Shenzhou 16 crewed missions; mostly successful One 2025 incident: Shenzhou-20 damaged by space debris (crew evacuated safely) DPIIT signals Copyright Act changes to address AI issues Why is it in news? The Union Government has indicated that major amendments to the Copyright Act, 1957 will be introduced within three years to address challenges arising from AI training and Generative AI (GenAI). The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) released a working paper proposing: A blanket licensing framework for AI data scraping. Creation of a Copyright Royalties Collective for AI Training (CRCAT) to collect and distribute royalties to content owners. This comes amid global legal disputes between AI firms (OpenAI, Google, Meta) and publishers alleging unauthorized use of copyrighted content for AI model training. Indian industry body Nasscom dissented, warning that the proposal may impose an unworkable burden of proof on AI developers. Relevance GS2 – Governance & Policy Regulatory challenges of emerging technologies Balancing innovation with rights protection Role of state in digital economy governance GS3 – Economy, Technology & IPR Copyright law Digital economy AI governance Tech policy reforms Why Is Copyright Relevant to AI? How AI training works Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Gemini, LLaMA etare trained on: News articles Books Websites Social media Public datasets This training copies, stores, and analyses massive amounts of text → raises copyright issues. The conflict Publishers claim: AI companies profit from their content without permission or payment. AI companies claim: Training use is “fair use” (in some jurisdictions). Output is transformative, not reproducing the original text. This legal ambiguity is what India seeks to resolve. What DPIIT Proposes ? Blanket Licensing Framework AI developers can legally crawl/scrape publicly available content. But they must pay royalties when the model is commercialised. Payments made via CRCAT, a central copyright society. Role of CRCAT Collect royalties from AI firms. Distribute them to content owners: News publishers Digital platforms Website owners Other copyright holders Opt-out debate Big Tech firms argue publishers should be able to opt out of AI training. DPIIT’s blanket licensing is effectively opt-out–resistant. Future Paper The next DPIIT working paper will examine: Whether AI-generated works are copyrightable. Who should be treated as the author: AI system? Human prompting the system? AI developer? Why Are Amendments Needed? Current law does not address AI training Copyright Act, 1957 predates AI. Key gaps: Does training = copying? Is scraping allowed without permission? Who owns AI-generated content? Global litigation pressures ANI (India), New York Times (U.S.), and others have sued AI firms for unlicensed usage and “regurgitation”. India wants legal clarity Protect content creators. Enable AI innovation. Create certainty for investors and startups. Objections from Tech Companies Big Tech firms and Nasscom raise several concerns: Burden of proof reversed Normally: Content owner must prove infringement. DPIIT model implies: AI developer must prove they did not use someone’s content. For probabilistic models, proving non-use is technically impossible. Running cost increases Royalty payments may raise entry barriers for startups. Blanket licensing may trigger global disputes Because different jurisdictions treat training data differently. Unpredictable liabilities If outputs resemble copyrighted text, developers may face legal exposure. Legal and Ethical Dimensions Fair Use vs. Copyright Infringement India does not have U.S.-style broad “fair use”. Indian law relies on “fair dealing”, which is narrower. Transparency & accountability AI models trained on copyrighted text must disclose: Whether they used copyrighted material. Nature of data sources. Moral rights Indian copyright protects: Attribution Integrity of work AI-generated transformations may impact these rights. Creator livelihood protection Especially for: News publishers Photographers Writers Digital platforms Global Context EU Artificial Intelligence Act Requires: Training data disclosure Copyright-compliant datasets UK & Japan More liberal; allow text and data mining. U.S. Ongoing lawsuits; no clear legislative framework yet. India Seeking middle path: Enable AI innovation Protect content owners Create licensing infrastructure Key Challenges Identifying data sources AI developers often lack logs at granular level. Valuation of royalties How to price data contribution? How to assess relative importance? Preventing monopolies Blanket licensing might entrench only big players. Enforcement Hard to track whether developers used Indian content. Grey area: Publicly available vs. Public domain Availability ≠ copyright-free. Way Forward Layered licensing regime Allow: Free use for research and academic training Royalty-based use for commercial LLMs Clear opt-out mechanisms Allow publishers to block crawlers. Mandatory transparency disclosures Training data sources Model architecture Safety evaluations Royalty calculation standards Views per article Weight of content Model size & commercial use Strengthen India’s copyright society infrastructure Efficient distribution Dispute resolution Audit mechanisms F. Protect Indian startups Tiered royalty slabs Exemptions for early-stage models Mexico imposes 50% tariffs on Indian and other Asian imports Why is it in news? The Mexican Senate has approved 50% import tariffs on cars and hundreds of items from India, China, and other Asian economies that do not have trade agreements with Mexico. This follows the U.S. imposing steep tariffs on Chinese and certain Indian goods, which has redirected trade flows toward Mexico — causing concerns in Mexican policy circles. India’s exports to Mexico—especially vehicles, auto components, machinery, chemicals, and nuclear reactors—face significant disruption. The tariffs come into force in January 2026, threatening India’s growing auto-export market and complicating its supply chains dependent on North America. Relevance GS2 – International Relations Trade disputes Diplomacy in economic policy Impact of U.S.-Mexico-China interactions on India GS3 – Economy Export competitiveness Tariff impact on industries Protectionism and global trade dynamics Supply chain relocation What exactly has Mexico done? Tariff Decision Mexico has imposed: 50% tariff on passenger cars Tariffs on hundreds of other items from countries without trade agreements with Mexico. Affects India, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, and others. Why Mexico Can Do This Mexico’s trade architecture is dominated by: USMCA (U.S.–Mexico–Canada Agreement) Few FTAs with Asian nations Countries without FTAs receive non-preferential MFN tariffs, which Mexico is now sharply increasing. India’s Export Exposure Top Indian exports to Mexico (Apr–Sep 2025): Vehicles & parts – $985.75 million Electric machinery – $316.06 million Nuclear reactors & parts – $284.61 million Organic chemicals – $163.55 million Total India–Mexico trade is ~$15 bn annually. Why has Mexico imposed these tariffs? Protecting Domestic Industry Mexico seeks to shield: Local automobile industry Electronics and machinery producers Given rising Asian imports, Mexican industry groups lobbied strongly for protection. Response to Rising Asian Shipments In 2024–25, exports from India and China surged, partly due to: Diversion of supply after U.S. tariffs on China/India Indian automakers scaling shipments (compact cars, parts) via Mexico to the Americas Revenue Generation Mexico aims to raise ₹37.6 billion additional revenue over three years through tariffs. Anti-circumvention of U.S. Tariffs U.S. fears “tariff-jumping”: Chinese/Asian goods entering U.S. via Mexico. Mexico is tightening controls to: Preserve USMCA Avoid retaliation from the U.S. Political & Electoral Pressure Strong lobbying by: Mexican auto workers’ unions Local manufacturers Populist political constituencies Economic impact on India Major Impact on Auto Exports India exports close to $1 billion worth of small cars and auto components to Mexico annually. Cars designed for Mexico may now become commercially unviable. 50% tariff sharply reduces price competitiveness. Potential Loss of Market Share Indian exporters may lose to: U.S. manufacturers European OEMs Mexico-based assemblers Korean and Japanese firms with FTAs Disruption to Supply Chain Linkages Several Indian component suppliers feed into: Mexican assembly lines North American EV ecosystem Tariffs could disrupt these supply chains. Industry Reaction SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) has flagged: Threat to India’s competitive position Need for urgent diplomatic outreach Possible Decline in 2026 Exports Projections indicate a 10–15% fall in India’s Mexico-bound auto exports if tariffs remain. Wider geopolitical context U.S.–China–India Trade Rivalry U.S. has imposed tariffs on: EVs Batteries Autos Steel/aluminium Asian firms redirecting exports to Mexico are now being blocked. Mexico’s Alignment with U.S. Interests To avoid violating USMCA, Mexico must prevent: Transshipment Duty evasion Over-reliance on Asian imports Latin American Protectionism Rising Other Latin American countries may consider similar measures. Implications for India’s policy and industry Need for Trade Negotiations India requires: A bilateral trade dialogue Market access guarantees Sector-specific tariff relief Reorientation Toward Other Markets Indian automakers may divert supply to: Southeast Asia Africa Middle East Latin America (non-Mexico) Opportunities to Localise in Mexico Indian firms may consider: Setting up local assembly Joint ventures CKD/SKD pathways to bypass tariffs Strengthening India’s Domestic Competitiveness Tariffs highlight need for: Higher R&D spending EV competitiveness Stronger supply-chain integration What happens next? Monitoring U.S.–Mexico–India Triangle Further U.S. tariffs could trigger more countries to adopt protectionist measures. India’s Diplomatic Strategy Inter-ministerial discussions (MEA, Commerce) underway. India may seek: Transitional relief Carve-outs for EVs or small cars Lower tariffs on intermediate goods Industry-level Adjustments Carmakers may revise: Product lines Pricing Export allocations 2,805 deaths while awaiting organ transplants since 2020 Why is it in News? The Union Health Ministry informed Parliament (Dec 2025) that 2,805 patients died while waiting for an organ transplant since 2020. Data provided by NOTTO (National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation) highlight severe organ shortages and long waiting periods. The government has introduced new digital reforms, including: Removal of mandatory domicile or registration-state restrictions. A new uniform national criterion for cadaveric organ allocation. Emphasis on centralised, equitable, need-based distribution. The figures expose the mismatch between demand and availability, and underline the urgent need to strengthen India’s cadaveric organ donation ecosystem. Relevance GS2 – Health & Governance Public health delivery Organ donation policy Ethical governance Digital systems and national registries GS3 – Science & Technology Medical logistics Transplant technologies Biomedicine and health infrastructure What is Organ Transplantation in India? Types of Donation Living donor transplants Kidney, part-liver, bone marrow Deceased (cadaveric) donor transplants Heart, lungs, pancreas, full liver, corneas Governing Framework Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994 National network: NOTTO (National level) ROTTO (Regional) SOTTO (State) India’s Organ Gap Demand far exceeds supply: Kidney: need ~2 lakh/year; transplants ~25,000 Liver: need ~50,000; transplants ~3,200 Heart: need ~30,000; transplants <250 What the New Parliamentary Data Shows ? Deaths While Awaiting Transplants (2020–2025) Total deaths: 2,805 Highest: Delhi – 1,425 Maharashtra – 297 Tamil Nadu – 233 Patients Currently on Waitlist 82,285 patients awaiting organ transplants (as of Dec 2025). State-wise waiting load Maharashtra: 20,553 Gujarat: 18,992 Tamil Nadu: 16,966 Delhi: 8,883 Karnataka: 7,405 These numbers demonstrate high geographic concentration of demand. Which Organs Are Most in Demand? Kidney Largest waiting list: ~65,090 patients nationwide. Liver 18,724 waiting. Heart 1,659 waiting. Lung Smaller numbers, but mortality is high due to scarcity. Why Do So Many Patients Die Waiting? Low cadaveric donation rate India’s deceased donation rate: <0.7 per million population Spain: ~46 pmp U.S.: ~38 pmp Limited ICU infrastructure Organ retrieval requires: Ventilator support Trained ICU staff Shortages restrict the pool of potential donors. Logistical constraints Organ viability windows: Heart: 4 hours Liver: 8–12 hours Kidney: up to 24 hours Lack of: Green corridors Air ambulance infrastructure State-level coordination → leads to lost organs. Restrictive allocation rules (earlier) Hospitals often preferred in-state patients. Lack of unified national queue led to inequitable access. Low public awareness Cultural hesitancy, myths, lack of donor pledges. F. Cost Barriers Transplants expensive: Kidney: ₹5–8 lakh Liver: ₹20–30 lakh Low insurance penetration compounds challenges. Recent Reforms Introduced by NOTTO / Union Govt. Removal of domicile restrictions Organs no longer restricted to: State of registration State of retrieval → Enables national pooling → boosts fairness. Uniform waiting-list criteria Priority now based on: Urgency Waiting time Medical compatibility Severity National-level digital registry Single national system covering: Listing Allocation Matching Transport logistics Promoting organ retrieval centres Increasing number of authorised hospitals. Linking Ayushman Bharat with transplant packages Reducing out-of-pocket burden for poorer families. Key Ethical and Policy Considerations Equity in Access Need to prevent: Hospital-level biases Regional monopolies “First come–first served” overriding urgency Transparency Algorithms for matching must be publicly auditable. Incentive alignment Non-monetary incentives for families: Honouring donors Fast-track benefits Ethical prohibition No room for: Commercial sale of organs Coercion Exploitation of the poor Strengthen Cadaveric Donation Movement Spain, U.S. models show success through: Mandatory referral Trained transplant coordinators National awareness drives

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