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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 September 2024

CONTENTS Gender Budget Statement NGT Fines Punjab Government for Waste Mismanagement India’s Unique Challenges with China Highlighted by External Affairs Minister Environmental Impact of Lithium Mining in Chile Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Payment Passkey Service Bonda Tribe Gender Budget Statement Context: The 2024-25 Budget marks a significant milestone in promoting women-led development by allocating 1% of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the Gender Budget Statement (GBS) for the first time. This allocation translates into more than ₹3 lakh crore directed towards initiatives and programs aimed at empowering women, showcasing a robust commitment to gender equality and women’s economic and social advancement. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Enhanced Focus on Gender-Specific Initiatives in the GBS 2024-25: Exploring Gender Budgeting: A Strategic Framework Challenges Impacting Gender Budgeting in India Enhanced Focus on Gender-Specific Initiatives in the GBS 2024-25: Increased Financial Commitment: The allocation for women-centered programs has increased to about 6.8% of the total budget for 2024-25, up from the usual 5%. Structural Changes in Reporting: Introduction of Part C in the budget, focusing on schemes that allocate up to 30% for women, including prominent initiatives like the PM Kisan scheme. Allocation Distribution: Part A: Targets schemes exclusively for women like SAMARTHYA and now includes the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), making up nearly 40% of the allocations. Part B: Covers schemes with 30% to 99% of spending directed towards women-related components, such as PM AJAY – Adarsh Gram Yojana. Exploring Gender Budgeting: A Strategic Framework Definition and Application: Gender budgeting is a strategic methodology adopted by governments to allocate public resources efficiently, catering to the varied needs of different gender groups within the population. It emphasizes integrating women’s specific needs into the existing financial frameworks without necessitating a separate budget. Legal and Policy Framework: In 1993, India endorsed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), demonstrating its dedication to fostering gender equality. The first Gender Budget Statement was incorporated into the Indian national budget for 2005-2006, marking a consistent practice in subsequent budgets. Institutional Mechanisms: The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) serves as the pivotal body for gender budgeting initiatives, supported by Gender Budget Cells established across various central ministries. Operational Strategy under Mission Shakti: Gender budgeting is operationalized under the Samarthya initiative, part of the broader Mission Shakti campaign aimed at empowering women. Methodology of Gender Budgeting: The process involves a series of steps to ensure gender considerations are reflected throughout the budget cycle: Situation Analysis: Evaluating the status quo of gender groups in different sectors. Policy Assessment: Scrutinizing policies to ascertain their impact on gender issues. Budget Evaluation: Checking the adequacy of budget allocations for gender-focused actions. Expenditure Monitoring: Ensuring allocated funds are utilized as intended. Impact Assessment: Measuring the effectiveness of policies on initial gender-related conditions. Significance and Impact: Gender budgeting aims to direct funding to areas with notable gender disparities, thus addressing key societal needs. It aligns with global commitments such as the Sustainable Development Goal 5, promoting gender equality. This approach enhances transparency in budget management, ensuring that gender equality commitments are fulfilled effectively. By integrating gender perspectives into fiscal planning, gender budgeting fosters more inclusive and effective governance. Challenges Impacting Gender Budgeting in India Inaccurate Allocation Reporting: Programs such as the PM Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) have reported inflated allocations in the Gender Budget Statement (GBS), with instances like a reported ₹920 crore representing 40% of the total allocation without adequate justification. Underreporting of Women’s Needs: Essential programs intended for women, such as the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM), have historically been underreported, although recent updates show improvements in accuracy. Discrepancy in Allocation vs. Utilization: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) illustrates this issue, where only 33.6% of its budget is allocated to women, despite them accounting for 59.3% of all person days worked, suggesting a misalignment between allocation and actual beneficiary engagement. Incomplete Coverage of Women-Centric Schemes: Entrepreneurial schemes targeting women, including PM Vishwakarma, PM SVANidhi, and Stand-Up India, are not comprehensively reported within the gender budgeting framework. Neglected Sectors: Critical sectors that significantly affect women, such as transportation, water collection, and water security, are often overlooked in gender budgeting efforts. -Source: The Hindu NGT Fines Punjab Government for Waste Mismanagement Context: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has recently levied a hefty fine of Rs 1,000 crore on the Punjab government due to its consistent failure to effectively manage the state’s solid and liquid waste. This punitive measure comes after multiple warnings were disregarded by the state authorities. The imposed fine must be paid to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) within the upcoming month, highlighting the urgency of addressing environmental management failures. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for NGT’s Penalty on Punjab Government National Green Tribunal (NGT) Reasons for NGT’s Penalty on Punjab Government Inadequate Waste Management: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) imposed a penalty on the Punjab Government for its failure to effectively manage solid and liquid waste across the state. Calculation of Penalty: The fine was based on environmental assessments conducted over six months, addressing 5.387 million tonnes of unprocessed legacy waste and deficiencies in sewage treatment capacity. Regulatory Framework: The NGT cited non-compliance with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, and Section 15 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, which govern waste management practices. Non-compliance with Previous Orders: The tribunal highlighted the state’s failure to adhere to its 2022 directives, which included establishing a ring-fenced account containing Rs 2,080 crore as per Section 26 of the NGT Act, 2010. Legal Follow-up: The NGT has issued show cause notices to senior administrative officials in Punjab, including the Chief Secretary and Additional Chief Secretary (Urban Development), demanding explanations for the non-compliance. National Green Tribunal (NGT) The NGT was established on October 18, 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010, passed by the Central Government. National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of India which enables creation of a special tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal of the cases pertaining to environmental issues. NGT Act draws inspiration from the India’s constitutional provision of (Constitution of India/Part III) Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty, which assures the citizens of India the right to a healthy environment. The stated objective of the Central Government was to provide a specialized forum for effective and speedy disposal of cases pertaining to environment protection, conservation of forests and for seeking compensation for damages caused to people or property due to violation of environmental laws or conditions specified while granting permissions. Structure of National Green Tribunal Following the enactment of the said law, the Principal Bench of the NGT has been established in the National Capital – New Delhi, with regional benches in Pune (Western Zone Bench), Bhopal (Central Zone Bench), Chennai (Southern Bench) and Kolkata (Eastern Bench). Each Bench has a specified geographical jurisdiction covering several States in a region. The Chairperson of the NGT is a retired Judge of the Supreme Court, Head Quartered in Delhi. Other Judicial members are retired Judges of High Courts. Each bench of the NGT will comprise of at least one Judicial Member and one Expert Member. Expert members should have a professional qualification and a minimum of 15 years’ experience in the field of environment/forest conservation and related subjects. Powers of NGT The NGT has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues and questions that are linked to the implementation of laws listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act. These include the following: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This means that any violations pertaining ONLY to these laws, or any order / decision taken by the Government under these laws can be challenged before the NGT. Importantly, the NGT has NOT been vested with powers to hear any matter relating to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and various laws enacted by States relating to forests, tree preservation etc. -Source: Indian Express India’s Unique Challenges with China Highlighted by External Affairs Minister Context: External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar recently highlighted that India faces a unique set of challenges with China, termed as the “special China problem,” which extends beyond the global issues commonly associated with China. During his speech at a forum, Jaishankar emphasized the need for careful scrutiny of Chinese investments, especially considering the ongoing border tensions and the broader state of bilateral relations between India and China. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the External Affairs Minister’s Speech on India-China Relations India-China Border Dispute: Key Points Current Infrastructure Developments by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) along the India-China Border Highlights of the External Affairs Minister’s Speech on India-China Relations Unique Challenges with China: India faces distinctive challenges with China, separate from the broader global issues posed by China’s rise. The “special China problem” in India goes beyond the general concerns of countries like the USA or European nations. Investment Scrutiny: India’s scrutiny of Chinese investments is deemed justified due to strained border relations. Similar scrutiny is observed in countries without direct borders with China due to security concerns. Diplomatic Progress: Recent India-China talks, initiated in May 2020, have shown progress in resolving border disputes, marked by the new approach to “narrow down the differences,” signaling a constructive development in negotiations. Trade Deficit Concerns: The External Affairs Minister, Jaishankar, discussed the trade deficit with China, noting it results from China’s unique production advantages, which were previously overlooked by India and other countries. Economic and Security Nexus: The intersection of economics and national security is becoming more pronounced, especially concerning reliance on Chinese technology in sectors like telecommunications, which could pose security risks. Ongoing Border Standoff: The longstanding border standoff between India and China has seen extensive troop deployments along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Eastern Ladakh, with ongoing issues in areas like Depsang Plains and Demchok, despite some resolutions. India-China Border Dispute: Key Points The India-China border dispute centers around several crucial aspects: Complex Territorial Disputes: The dispute involves the lengthy and intricate territorial disagreements along the 3,488-kilometer shared border between India and China. Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh: The main contested regions are Aksai Chin in the west and Arunachal Pradesh in the east. Aksai Chin: China administers Aksai Chin within its Xinjiang region, while India regards it as part of Ladakh. This area’s significance lies in its proximity to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its potential military importance. Arunachal Pradesh: China claims the entirety of Arunachal Pradesh, referring to it as “South Tibet,” but India administers it as a northeastern state. Undefined Demarcation: The border lacks a clear demarcation, and certain stretches lack a mutually agreed Line of Actual Control (LAC). The LAC was established post the 1962 Sino-Indian War. Three Sectors: The India-China border is divided into Western (Ladakh), Middle (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand), and Eastern (Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim) sectors. Historical Military Standoffs: The dispute has resulted in multiple military confrontations and conflicts, notably the 1962 Sino-Indian War. Both nations have pursued agreements and protocols to manage tensions and maintain peace along the border. Recent Confrontations: Notable recent conflicts occurred in Ladakh’s Galwan Valley in 2020 and Arunachal Pradesh’s Tawang in 2022. Escalation Trend: Observers on both sides of the Line of Actual Control (LAC) recognize an increase in significant military confrontations since 2013. Current Infrastructure Developments by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) along the India-China Border Alternate Route to Leh: The BRO is nearing the completion of crucial road patches, ensuring all-weather connectivity on an alternate route to Leh. Key Projects: Nimu-Padam-Darcha Road: This project involves enhancing the connectivity on this critical route. Shinku La Tunnel: Initiating construction of what will be the world’s highest tunnel at 15,800 feet, aiming to enhance strategic connectivity. Leh Access Routes: Currently, Leh can be accessed via: Srinagar-ZojiLa-Kargil route Manali-Rohtang route Nimu-Padam-Darcha road Shinku La Tunnel Impact: This tunnel will cut the distance between Manali and Leh by 60 km, providing a third reliable all-weather route. Strategic Road Development: LAC Connectivity: Focus on establishing roads parallel to the Line of Actual Control in Eastern Ladakh, including critical routes from Leh to Demchok and from Durbuk to Nyoma via Chushul. ICBR Programme: Under the India-China Border Roads initiative, there is a concerted effort to complete 73 strategic roads in the first two phases in regions like Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh. Major Frontier Highway: Construction of a nearly 1,800-km highway in Arunachal Pradesh to improve access to key locations near the Myanmar border. Additional Projects: Sungal Tunnel: This tunnel on the Akhnoor-Poonch National Highway is prioritized along with the Lipulekh Pass Road on the Mansarovar Yatra route. Increased Budget and Development: Since 2020, there has been a notable increase in the budget allocations for infrastructure development in Ladakh and the Northeast, underlining the strategic importance of these projects for national security. -Source: The Hindu Environmental Impact of Lithium Mining in Chile Context: A recent study has revealed that the Atacama salt flat in Chile is experiencing land subsidence as a direct result of lithium mining activities. This highlights the environmental challenges associated with the extraction of lithium, a vital component in modern technologies. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key findings of the study related to lithium mining’s environmental impact About Lithium Key findings of the study related to lithium mining’s environmental impact: Subsidence in Atacama: The Atacama salt flats in Chile are sinking between 1 to 2 centimeters annually due to lithium brine extraction. This method involves pumping salt-rich water from underground, which exceeds the natural recharge rate of the aquifers, causing the ground to sink. Water Usage: The lithium extraction process is highly water-intensive, requiring about 2,000 tons of water to produce just one ton of lithium. This significant water usage exacerbates existing water scarcity issues in the Atacama Desert, adversely impacting both the local communities and the broader ecosystem. Environmental Contamination: Chemicals such as sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, used in the lithium extraction process, contribute to soil and water contamination. This contamination poses risks to various species and harms the ecological balance. Impact on Wildlife: A notable decline in flamingo populations in the Atacama region has been observed, attributed to lowered water levels from the extraction process, which impacts the birds’ reproduction rates. Implications for Reasi, J&K: Water Crisis: The region already faces water access challenges, particularly after the construction of the Chenab Rail Bridge which led to the drying up of perennial streams. Lithium mining, which requires substantial water resources, could exacerbate these issues. Biodiversity Risks: The Himalayan region of J&K, known for its biodiversity and status as an eco-sensitive area, could see significant ecological damage. The mining operations threaten the habitats of migratory birds such as the Common Teal and Northern Pintail, which rely on the region’s lakes, marshes, and wetlands. Food Security: The extensive use of resources for mining, including high carbon emissions and significant alterations in land and water use, could jeopardize food security in the region. Riparian Pollution: Given that the Himalayas are the source of numerous rivers, the mining activities risk polluting these critical water bodies, affecting the entire riparian ecosystem downstream. About Lithium: Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is the lightest of all the metals and the least dense solid element. It is highly reactive and flammable, and easily oxidizes in air or water. Occurrence: Lithium is a rare element and is mostly found in minerals such as spodumene, lepidolite, and petalite. It is also found in brines and clays in certain regions of the world, such as the “Lithium Triangle” in South America, which includes Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. Uses: Lithium has a range of industrial applications, including: Lithium-ion batteries: It is a critical component of rechargeable batteries used in mobile devices, laptops, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. Aerospace industry: Lithium is used in the manufacturing of aircraft parts due to its lightweight and strong structural properties. Glass and ceramics: Lithium is used in the production of heat-resistant glass and ceramics, such as ovenware and laboratory equipment. Pharmaceuticals: Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Lubricants: Lithium is used in greases and lubricants due to its ability to reduce friction and wear. In conclusion, lithium is a rare and highly reactive metal that has a wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the manufacture of rechargeable batteries, aerospace industry, glass and ceramics, pharmaceuticals, and lubricants. -Source: Indian Express Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) Context: A 55-year-old man posing as an officer of intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) was recently arrested after the suspect was caught intimidating locals. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW): R&AW was established in 1968 with the primary role of handling India’s international intelligence affairs. The agency operates under the Prime Minister’s Office. R&AW’s operations encompass gathering military, economic, scientific, and political intelligence through both covert and overt methods. The agency is also tasked with monitoring and combating terrorist activities and smuggling networks involved in the illegal transport of weapons and ammunition into India. Initially, the Intelligence Bureau (IB) was tasked with both internal and external intelligence. However, post the 1962 Sino-Indian war and the Indo-Pakistani war in 1965, the need for a dedicated external intelligence agency led to the formation of R&AW. Since its inception, R&AW has played a crucial role in supporting significant international operations and enhancing India’s foreign intelligence capabilities. -Source: Hindustan Times Payment Passkey Service Context: Mastercard, a global technology in the payments industry announced the worldwide launch of its new Payment Passkey Service. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Payment Passkey Service: The service leverages device-based biometric methods such as fingerprints or facial scans for user identification. It provides an alternative to one-time passwords (OTPs), enhancing the ease and security of transaction management. Operational Mechanism: Encryption and Key Management: Utilizes encryption algorithms to ensure secure and swift identity verification. Upon initial sign-in, the system generates a pair of keys: a public key shared with the service provider for passkey validation and a private key stored on the user’s device to unlock the account. Cross-Device Functionality: The passkey setup is versatile, working across multiple devices sharing the same operating system, allowing seamless access whether logging in from a phone, laptop, or tablet. Benefits: Enhanced Security and Speed: Replaces traditional passwords and OTPs, significantly reducing the transaction time and increasing protection against fraud and scams. Broad Usability: Passkeys are suitable for a wide range of payment and e-commerce transactions, offering a simplified and secure authentication process for users. -Source: The Hindu Bonda Tribe Context: Recently, a 19-year-old student cracked the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET), who is set to become the first member of the Bonda tribal community. Relevance: Facts for Prelims The Bonda Tribe: Found exclusively in Malkangiri district, Odisha, primarily concentrated in the Khairaput block. Recognized as a particularly vulnerable tribal group and one of India’s oldest tribes. Also known as Bondo, Bondas, Bonda Paraja, and Bhonda. Ethnicity and Language: Part of the Austro-Asiatic racial stock, speaking the Remo dialect, an Austro-Asiatic language. Cultural Division: Lower Bondas: Reside in the southern part of Malkangiri district, close to the borders of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Upper Bondas: Inhabit the remote hilly terrains of the district. Women typically wear minimal clothing adorned with various rings and jewelry, while men’s attire includes notable accessories. Primarily engaged in farming, hunting, gathering forest products, and other labor activities, reflecting their deep connection to their land and natural resources. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 September 2024

CONTENTS Guru Padmasambhava Dispute Resolution Scheme Guru Padmasambhava Context: International Buddhist Confederation, in collaboration with the Nava Nalanda Mahavihara organised a two-day International Conference on the Life and Living Legacy of Guru Padmasambhava Conference at Nalanda, Bihar. Relevance: GS I: History Guru Padmasambhava: Guru Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, is a seminal figure in the spread of Buddhism in the Himalayan regions during the eighth century. He is credited with propagating the teachings of Lord Buddha across various regions, including India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Tibet. Legacy: Known for his diverse cultural impact, he integrated elements of Yogic and Tantric practices into Buddhist teachings and played a significant role in the development of Tibetan Buddhism. Academic Involvement: He was associated with Nalanda, an ancient center of Buddhist learning in India, where he was both a student and a teacher. About International Buddhist Confederation: This New Delhi-based organization acts as a global umbrella body for Buddhist communities and organizations. It encompasses over 320 member organizations from 39 countries, representing both monastic and lay Buddhists. Objective: The Confederation aims to unify and promote Buddhist teachings and practices worldwide. Dispute Resolution Scheme Context: The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has introduced the Dispute Resolution Scheme (e-DRS), 2022, as a streamlined and efficient platform for taxpayers to resolve their income tax disputes. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dispute Resolution Scheme Objective: To reduce litigation and offer a quicker, more cost-effective way for taxpayers to resolve disputes. Method: Disputes are resolved electronically through Dispute Resolution Committees (DRCs). Eligibility Criteria Taxpayers: Must meet specific conditions outlined in section 245MA. Financial Limits: Disputes involving amounts not exceeding Rs. 10 lakh and where the taxpayer’s income for the relevant year does not exceed Rs. 50 lakh. Scope of Disputes: Does not cover disputes involving information from searches or international agreements. Dispute Resolution Committees (DRCs) Location: Established in all 18 regions across India. Powers: Can modify orders, reduce penalties, or waive prosecution. Decision Timeframe: Required to make decisions within six months of receiving the application.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 2nd September 2024

Slow But Steady Context: The article discusses India’s GDP growth in the first quarter of 2024-25, highlighting a 6.7% increase. Relevance: GS Paper 3 – Indian Economy Mains Question: What are the main factors contributing to India’s GDP growth? What challenges might affect the economic progress in the future? (10M, 150 words) Main Body: GDP Growth: India’s economy expanded by 6.7% in the first quarter of 2024-25, marking a steady but slow improvement compared to previous projections. This growth reflects a combination of improved agricultural output and increased government expenditure. Agricultural Sector: Agriculture showed robust growth at 4%, contributing significantly to the overall economic activity. This sector’s performance is crucial, especially given the reliance on a good monsoon season, which has positively impacted farm productivity. Government Spending: There was a notable increase in government capital expenditure, which played a pivotal role in boosting economic activity. This spending is expected to drive further growth, especially in infrastructure and public sector projects. Industrial Output: The industrial sector, however, presented mixed results, with a modest growth of 2.7%. The slowdown in manufacturing activities, partly due to subdued private investments, remains a concern for sustaining high growth rates. Private Consumption: Private consumption saw some recovery but was still impacted by inflationary pressures, particularly in food and fuel prices. The overall demand remains subdued, requiring policy interventions to stimulate spending. Investment Climate: The investment climate remains cautious, with private firms hesitant to invest in new capacities. This hesitation is driven by uncertainties in both domestic and global markets, affecting the momentum for industrial expansion. Monsoon Dependency: The economic outlook is heavily dependent on the performance of the monsoon. While initial signs are positive, any irregularities in rainfall could disrupt agricultural output, impacting overall GDP growth. Policy Implications: The article stresses the need for continued government intervention, particularly in addressing supply chain disruptions and ensuring timely execution of infrastructure projects. These actions are essential to maintaining economic momentum in the face of global uncertainties. Conclusion: India’s economic performance in the first quarter of 2024-25 indicates a slow but steady recovery. While the agricultural sector and government spending have provided a much-needed boost, challenges remain in the industrial sector and private investment. The coming quarters will require sustained policy support to ensure that the growth momentum is not only maintained but also accelerated. Strategic interventions in infrastructure, investment incentives, and inflation management will be critical to achieving the government’s broader economic goals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 September 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Ruling on the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act Impact of Reduced PM2.5 Pollution on Life Expectancy in India Advancing Biotechnology in India through Ethanol Production Support Classical Language Mimetus spinatus and Mimetus parvulus Acetanilide Supreme Court Ruling on the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act Context: The Supreme Court of India recently delivered a crucial decision concerning the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, focusing on whether verbal insults or intimidations against individuals from Scheduled Castes (SC) or Scheduled Tribes (ST) are inherently considered offenses under the Act. This judgment was particularly relevant in a case involving anticipatory bail for a YouTube channel editor accused under this legislation. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court Ruling on Insults Under SC/ST Act, 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Recent Amendments to Enhance Protections Challenges associated with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Supreme Court Ruling on Insults Under SC/ST Act, 1989: Background: The case involved allegations against a YouTuber who made derogatory remarks about an MLA belonging to the Scheduled Caste community. Legal Interpretation: Scope of the Act: The Supreme Court clarified that not all insults or intimidations against SCs or STs constitute offenses under the Act. For the Act to be applicable, the derogatory act must be directly connected to the victim’s caste identity. Intent Requirement: The Court emphasized that mere knowledge of the victim’s SC/ST status is insufficient. The offensive act must be intended to humiliate the victim specifically because of their caste. Legal Precedent on Bail: Section 18 of the Act restricts anticipatory bail but does not outright prevent it. The Court can grant bail after a preliminary inquiry establishes that the allegations likely do not meet the Act’s criteria for constituting an offense. Court’s Decision: Preliminary Inquiry: The Court mandated a preliminary inquiry to assess whether the allegations genuinely meet the legal criteria for an offense under the Act. Anticipatory Bail: Anticipatory bail was granted to the YouTuber, with the Court finding insufficient evidence at the preliminary stage that the remarks were intended to humiliate the MLA based on caste. Conclusion on Intent: It was determined that the remarks did not show an intent to insult based on the MLA’s caste, thus not meeting the stringent requirements of the Act for escalating to an offense. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: The Act was enacted to protect Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes from caste-based discrimination and violence, reinforcing the provisions of Articles 15 and 17 of the Indian Constitution. The legislation builds upon earlier laws like the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, aimed at abolishing untouchability and discrimination based on caste. Key Provisions of the Act: Defined Offenses: The Act categorizes acts of physical violence, harassment, and social discrimination against SC/ST individuals as “atrocities,” subject to stringent legal penalties. Legal Framework: The Central Government crafts the implementing rules, while State Governments and Union Territories provide local enforcement. Special courts and SC/ST Protection Cells, led by senior police officers, are established for efficient case handling and trials. Investigations must be led by officers at least at the Deputy Superintendent level and completed swiftly within a set timeframe. Legal Protections and Bail Conditions: Anticipatory Bail Restrictions: Section 18 bars the application of anticipatory bail for accused under this Act, as outlined in Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act includes provisions for the relief and rehabilitation of victims, offering financial compensation, legal aid, and other support services. Recent Amendments to Enhance Protections: 2015 Amendment: Introduced tougher provisions and broadened the definition of offenses to include actions like garlanding with footwear, forced manual scavenging, social or economic boycotts, and other forms of ostracism. Offenses Added: Sexual exploitation and unauthorized physical contact with SC/ST women. Outlawing traditional practices such as dedicating SC/ST women as devadasis. Public Accountability: Imposes penalties on public servants who fail to perform their duties in protecting SC/ST rights. 2018 Amendment: Simplified the arrest process by removing the requirement for Senior Superintendent approval before detaining an accused. Scope Limitation: Intra-community Offenses: The Act does not address offenses committed within the SC/ST communities against each other. Challenges associated with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: Resource Limitations: These courts often struggle with insufficient resources and infrastructure, affecting their functionality and efficiency. There is a notable backlog and slow processing of atrocity cases, which can extend beyond the intended scope of the SC/ST Act. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act provides limited and unclear details on the rehabilitation of victims, primarily focusing on social and economic support without concrete measures. Victims often encounter physical, psychological, and social challenges. There is a crucial need for more detailed and comprehensive rehabilitation strategies to aid victims towards economic self-sufficiency. Awareness and Training: Both beneficiaries, including victims and law enforcement personnel, frequently lack sufficient understanding of the Act’s specific provisions. Legal and Misuse Concerns: The Act includes provisions for warrantless arrests and non-bailable offenses, which have occasionally led to misuse. The broad and stringent nature of the law has led to concerns about false accusations and harassment, particularly impacting individuals from non-SC/ST backgrounds. Coverage of Offenses: Certain crimes that lead to atrocities, such as blackmailing among SC/ST communities, are not explicitly addressed within the Act. The current definition of atrocities may not fully cover all forms of abuse experienced by SCs and STs, suggesting a need for legislative amendments to include a broader array of crimes. -Source: The Hindu Impact of Reduced PM2.5 Pollution on Life Expectancy in India Context: A recent study by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC) highlights a positive correlation between improved air quality and life expectancy in India. Favorable weather conditions and a slight reduction in emissions from 2021 to 2022 led to decreased PM2.5 levels, which have, in turn, contributed to extending the average life expectancy in India by one year. Moreover, the study suggests that aligning with the World Health Organization’s pollution guidelines could potentially increase life expectancy in Delhi by an additional 7.8 years. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: WHO’s Revised Air Quality Guidelines (2021) Key Findings from the “Air Quality Life Index” 2024 Report WHO’s Revised Air Quality Guidelines (2021) WHO updated its guidelines to recommend stricter air quality levels for six pollutants: ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, PM10, and PM2.5. The new recommendations mark a significant tightening of the levels from those set in 2005, aiming to further protect public health. These guidelines are advisory and are not mandatory for countries to adopt. Key Findings from the “Air Quality Life Index” 2024 Report Publication: Released by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC). Purpose: Provides an annual global assessment of air quality, highlighting areas where air quality standards are unmet alongside policy successes and failures. Specific Highlights India’s Air Quality Progress: Reduction in Pollution: In 2022, India saw a 19.3% reduction in particulate pollution from the previous year, marking the second-largest decline globally after Bangladesh. Impact on Life Expectancy: The reduction in pollution potentially adds an average of 51 days to the life expectancy of Indian citizens. Meteorological Influence: Favorable weather conditions and fewer thermal inversions contributed to the pollution decline. Life Expectancy Risk: There is a potential loss of 3.6 years in life expectancy for Indians if the WHO’s PM2.5 guideline of 5 µg/m³ is not met. In 2022, India’s PM2.5 level was approximately 9 µg/m³. Regional Analysis: Notable Improvements: Significant declines in PM2.5 were observed in districts like Purulia and Bankura in West Bengal and several districts in Jharkhand, with reductions exceeding 20 µg/m³. Population Exposure: Approximately 42.6% of India’s population resides in areas that exceed national air quality standards. National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Overview: Launched in 2019, NCAP aims to reduce particulate pollution by 20-30% by 2024 from 2017 levels, with a more ambitious target of a 40% reduction by 2026. Scope: Covers 131 cities that have historically failed to meet set air quality standards, noting a 19% average PM2.5 reduction in monitored cities. Innovative Policies and Impacts: Particulate Pollution Market: Initiated in Gujarat in 2019, leading to a 20-30% reduction in pollution in cities like Surat, with plans for expansion. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: Credited with reducing emissions from residential cooking by promoting clean cooking facilities. Transport Emissions: Declines attributed to reduced diesel use in transport. -Source: The Hindu Advancing Biotechnology in India through Ethanol Production Support Context: The Department of Biotechnology is exploring the development of enzyme-manufacturing facilities to enhance ethanol production. This initiative aligns with the recent launch of the BioE3 policy—Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment—aimed at fostering biotechnology-driven manufacturing in India. This move is part of a broader strategy to integrate more biotechnology solutions into India’s industrial landscape, with a focus on boosting economic growth, environmental sustainability, and job creation. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Overview of BioE3 Policy for Enhanced Biomanufacturing Ethanol Production and Utilization in India Enhancing Ethanol Production in India Through Innovative Methods Overview of BioE3 Policy for Enhanced Biomanufacturing: Definition of High-Performance Biomanufacturing: Involves production of a wide range of products, including medical and material goods, while addressing agricultural challenges. Focuses on crafting bio-based products via sophisticated biotechnological methods. Strategic Focus Areas: Development of high-value bio-based chemicals, enzymes, and biopolymers. Innovation in smart proteins and functional foods. Advancements in precision biotherapeutics. Promotion of climate-resilient agricultural methods. Enhancements in carbon capture and utilization. Research in marine and space sectors. Key Policy Features: Encourages research and entrepreneurship across targeted sectors. Aims for rapid technology development and market introduction through Bio-AI hubs and biofoundries. Supports government initiatives for a ‘Net Zero’ carbon economy and sustainable living. Advocates for ‘Green Growth’ through a ‘Circular Bioeconomy’. Envisions a sustainable and innovative future addressing global challenges, aligned with the Bio-vision for a Developed India. Policy Significance: Addresses critical issues like climate change, food security, and public health. Seeks to establish a robust biomanufacturing ecosystem to foster innovative bio-based product development. Ethanol Production and Utilization in India: Annual Ethanol Demand: NITI Aayog projects a need for approximately 13.5 billion liters of ethanol annually by 2025-26. Approximately 10.16 billion liters are expected to fulfill the E20 fuel-blending requirements. Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in 2003- and this initiative is pursued aggressively in the last 4 to 5 years to reduce import dependence of crude oil as well as mitigate environmental pollution. The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) seeks to achieve blending of Ethanol with motor sprit with a view to reducing pollution, conserve foreign exchange and increase value addition in the sugar industry enabling them to clear cane price arrears of farmers. Although the Government of India decided to launch EBP programme in 2003 for supply of 5% ethanol blended Petrol, it later scaled up blending targets from 5% to 10% under the Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP). The Government of India has also advanced the target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. Currently, 8.5% of ethanol is blended with petrol in India. Enhancing Ethanol Production in India Through Innovative Methods: Introduction of 2G Ethanol Plant in Panipat, Haryana: Utilizes second-generation bioethanol technology, which converts agricultural waste such as rice straw into ethanol, diverging from traditional molasses-based methods. Established by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. in 2022, this pioneering facility has the capacity to produce 100,000 liters of ethanol daily. Although it offers a sustainable use for rice stubble, the process can increase air pollution due to the burning of stubble. BioE3 Policy Implementation: Aims to innovate within biotechnology by creating ‘bio-foundries’ for developing new types of feedstock and catalysts, enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of bio-manufacturing processes. Development of Enzyme Manufacturing Units: Enzymes for ethanol production are being developed from genetically modified Penicillium funiculosum, a fungus that breaks down rice stubble and soil. A facility planned in Manesar, Haryana, is expected to supply enzymes to both the Panipat plant and forthcoming facilities in Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) and Bhatinda (Punjab). Importance of Local Enzyme Production Facilities: Essential for the conversion of agricultural waste to ethanol, these enzymes can significantly decrease production costs. By producing enzymes domestically, India could significantly reduce its import costs, potentially cutting the overall expense of ethanol production by approximately two-thirds, aligning with national energy and environmental goals. -Source: Indian Express Classical Language Context: Recently, the centres for the promotion of classical Telugu, Odia, Kannada and Malayalam demand autonomy for proper functioning. Relevance: GS I: History Criteria for Classical Language Status The language must have a documented history of at least 1,500-2,000 years, evident in early texts. It should have a substantial body of ancient literature, highly regarded as a cultural heritage. The literary tradition of the language must be original and not borrowed from another speech community. There should be a clear distinction between the classical form of the language and its modern forms or offshoots. Recognized Classical Languages in India Tamil: First declared in 2004. Sanskrit: Recognized in 2005. Telugu: Declared in 2008. Kannada: Also recognized in 2008. Malayalam: Added in 2013. Odia: Recognized in 2014. Benefits of Classical Language Status Promotion and Support: The Ministry of Education offers various supports to promote these languages: International Awards: Two major international awards are given annually to scholars of eminence in the language. Centers of Excellence: Establishment of a Centre of Excellence for Studies in the Classical Language. Professional Chairs: The University Grants Commission (UGC) is requested to create Professional Chairs in Central Universities dedicated to the classical language. -Source: Indian Express Mimetus spinatus and Mimetus parvulus Context: The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) recently discovered two new species of spiders named Mimetus spinatus and Mimetus parvulus from the southern Western Ghats. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Mimetus Spinatus and Mimetus Parvulus Mimetus spinatus was found in the Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary in Karnataka, while Mimetus parvulus was collected from Ernakulam district in Kerala. Both species belong to the Mimetidae family, known for their predatory behavior akin to pirates or cannibals of the spider world. These spiders are adept at infiltrating the webs of other spiders, where they mimic vibrations to deceive and prey on the resident spiders. Distinctive Features Mimetus Spinatus: Appearance: Medium-sized with a pale yellow head and a dull grey-white abdomen featuring scattered light green mottling. Notable Characteristics: Named for its distinctive long, black, flattened spine-like hairs on its dorsal head. Mimetus Parvulus: Appearance: Noted for its pale creamy-rose head with dense grey-black mottling and a triangular-shaped, dull grey-white abdomen. Significance of Discovery This discovery marks the first report of new Mimetus species after 118 years since the last recorded species, Mimetus indicus, in India. The addition of these species increases the known diversity of Mimetus in India to three, highlighting the ecological richness of the Southern Western Ghats. -Source: Indian Express Acetanilide Context: Five persons fell unconscious and were hospitalised when they were engaged in shifting acetanilide bags from one container to another in Visakhapatnam recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Acetanilide: Acetanilide, with the molecular formula C8H9NO, is also known as N-phenylacetamide, acetanil, or acetanilid. It appears as a white, odorless solid. Chemical Relationship: It is functionally related to acetic acid. Historical and Medical Significance: First used in 1886, primarily as a fever-reducing drug. Found effective for relieving pain, it served as an alternative to aspirin for treating headaches, menstrual cramps, and rheumatism. Side Effects: Prolonged or excessive use can lead to toxic effects, specifically interfering with hemoglobin function. Current Medical and Industrial Use: Replacement in Therapy: Now largely replaced by acetaminophen (paracetamol) in medical treatments due to lower risk of inducing blood disorders. Industrial Use: Employed as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, and various chemicals. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 August 2024

CONTENT National Teachers Awards National Teachers Awards Context: Recently, the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education selected 16 teachers in HEIs and Polytechnic for National Awards to Teachers (NAT) 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims National Teachers Awards: To celebrate outstanding teachers who have significantly enhanced school education and impacted the lives of their students across India. Exemplary teachers and faculty members from higher education institutions and polytechnics. Eligibility Criteria: Institutional Affiliation: Must be affiliated with colleges, universities, or polytechnics in India. Employment Status: Must be a regular faculty member. Experience: Must have at least five years of full-time teaching experience at the undergraduate or postgraduate level. Age Limit: Must not exceed 55 years of age at the time of the award application deadline. Ineligibility: Vice-Chancellors, Directors, or Principals are generally ineligible unless they are below 55 and still in active teaching roles. Award Details: Prize: Winners receive a medal and a certificate along with a cash prize of Rs 50,000.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 August 2024

CONTENTS Connecting the Dots in the Kyiv Visit Moving the Spotlight to Grassroots Democracy Connecting the Dots in the Kyiv Visit Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Kyiv marked a historic and strategic engagement with Ukraine amid the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. This visit was not just a symbolic gesture but a significant move in India’s foreign policy, positioning India as a key player in global diplomacy and conflict resolution. The visit also highlighted India’s support for peace and deepened the bilateral relations between India and Ukraine. Relevance: GS Paper 2: International Relations Mains Question: “What is the significance of India’s recent diplomatic visit to Ukraine during the Russia-Ukraine conflict? How does this align with India’s foreign policy goals and impact India-Ukraine relations?” (15M, 250 words) India-Ukraine Bilateral Relations: India and Ukraine have maintained diplomatic relations since 1992. The relationship encompasses political, economic, defence, and cultural ties. Economically, the bilateral trade in the first half of 2024 amounted to $1.07 billion.   Defence ties include Ukraine’s provision of military technology, such as R-27 air-to-air missiles used by the Indian Air Force. The cultural relationship is also strong, with a significant interest in Indian culture in Ukraine and many Indian students studying in Ukrainian universities, particularly in medicine.   Key Highlights of the Visit: PM Modi’s visit emphasized India’s support for peace and non-violence, drawing on India’s historical figures like Buddha and Gandhi.   The visit included presenting four BHISHM Cubes, part of India’s humanitarian aid initiative under Project Aarogya Maitri, to provide emergency medical care to Ukraine.   The visit also saw the signing of four landmark agreements, enhancing cooperation in agriculture, medicine, culture, and humanitarian assistance.   Strategic Implications:   Modi’s visit to Kyiv signals a broader strategic move by India to assert itself as a mediator in global conflicts, particularly within the Global South.   This visit positions India as a key player in European peace efforts, potentially balancing the influence of other global powers like China and the U.S.   The engagement with Ukraine also represents a revival of India-Ukraine relations, which had been relatively neglected post-Soviet Union, aiming to restore a strategic partnership.   Impact on India-Ukraine Relations:   The visit marks a renewed commitment to strengthening India-Ukraine relations, focusing on enhancing bilateral ties through economic, defense, and cultural cooperation.   It also underscores India’s intention to play a more proactive role in global geopolitics, particularly in conflict resolution. This engagement may lead to increased collaboration between India and Ukraine in various sectors, further solidifying their partnership.   India’s Role in Global Diplomacy:   The visit highlights India’s evolving role in global diplomacy, especially in conflict zones. By engaging with both sides in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, India is positioning itself as a neutral party capable of facilitating dialogue and peace.   This move is consistent with India’s broader foreign policy strategy of maintaining strategic autonomy while engaging with global powers to protect its national interests.   Conclusion:   Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Ukraine is a significant milestone in India’s foreign policy, reflecting a shift towards more active global engagement.   The visit not only strengthens India-Ukraine relations but also positions India as a potential mediator in the ongoing conflict.   This diplomatic initiative is aligned with India’s broader goals of maintaining strategic autonomy and enhancing its role in global conflict resolution. As the geopolitical landscape continues to evolve, India’s ability to navigate these challenges will be crucial in shaping its future international standing.   Moving the Spotlight to Grassroots Democracy Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) is recognized for conducting free and fair elections, but the State Election Commissions (SECs) are increasingly disempowered. There are 34 SECs in India, responsible for conducting elections to panchayats and urban local governments, but they face systemic challenges. Relevance: GS Paper 2: Polity and Governance Mains Question: “What are the challenges faced by State Election Commissions in India, and how can they be empowered to strengthen grassroots democracy?” (10M, 150 words)   1. Systemic Disempowerment of SECs: The State Election Commissions were established with the intent of ensuring fair and transparent local elections, free from the influence of state governments. However, in practice, SECs have frequently been undermined. Their autonomy is often compromised by state governments, which, in some cases, have resulted in legal battles.   For example, the Karnataka SEC faced significant delays in conducting elections due to the state government’s reluctance to proceed with the delimitation of panchayat raj institutions. This conflict, which stretched over three and a half years, highlights the growing trend of state governments exerting undue influence over SECs, thereby undermining their constitutional mandate.   2. Legal and Institutional Challenges: The Karnataka case is not isolated. Other states have similarly witnessed the weakening of SECs.   In Andhra Pradesh, the Supreme Court had to intervene to address the state government’s actions that hindered the SEC’s ability to conduct timely elections. Such instances demonstrate that SECs are increasingly caught in legal tussles, which prevent them from fulfilling their role effectively.   These challenges are further compounded by the absence of clear guidelines and protections for SECs against state interference.   3. Performance Audit by CAG: A recent audit by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) highlighted the severe disempowerment of SECs across India.   The audit found that a significant number of urban local governments did not have elected councils, primarily due to delays in conducting elections. For instance, 70% of urban local bodies in Karnataka lacked elected councils, which the CAG attributed to the SEC’s weakened position. This not only delays the democratic process at the grassroots level but also erodes public trust in these institutions.   4. Electoral Reforms Needed:   For meaningful grassroots democracy to thrive, regular and timely elections to local governments are non-negotiable. The Supreme Court, in its judgment in Kishan Singh Tomar vs. Municipal Corporation of the City of Ahmedabad (2006), emphasized that the SECs should be fully empowered, similar to the ECI, to oversee all aspects of local elections.   This includes the delimitation of wards and reservation of seats, which should be done regularly, and without undue delays caused by state government interference. SECs should also have the authority to manage the election process for key local government positions such as mayors and chairpersons, thereby reducing the risk of state-level political manipulation.   5. Key Recommendations: Strengthening the SECs requires a multi-faceted approach. One proposal is to amend the 74th Constitutional (Amendment) Act to establish a more robust selection process for SEC members, involving a committee with representatives from the ruling party, the opposition, and the judiciary.   Additionally, there is a need to mandate the regular delimitation of wards and reservation of seats to prevent arbitrary delays. Empowering SECs to handle the election of local officials without state government interference would also help safeguard the integrity of local elections.   These reforms are essential for restoring the SECs’ role as independent bodies that can effectively contribute to the deepening of democracy at the grassroots level.   Conclusion: The State Election Commissions, crucial for the health of India’s grassroots democracy, are in dire need of empowerment and reform. Ensuring that SECs are granted autonomy and authority on par with the Election Commission of India is critical for maintaining the regularity and integrity of local elections. The proposed reforms, including a more transparent appointment process and greater operational independence, will help restore public confidence in these institutions and ensure that democracy flourishes at every level of government.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 August 2024

CONTENTS Strategic Defense Agreements Between India and the U.S. India’s Natural Rubber Shortage: Production Falls Short by 550,000 Tonnes Himachal Pradesh Raises Minimum Marriage Age for Women to 21 Voluntary Vehicle-Fleet Modernization Program Leptospirosis Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme Qutb Shahi Tomb Complex Strategic Defense Agreements Between India and the U.S. Context: India and the United States have recently solidified their defense cooperation by signing two significant agreements. The first is a non-binding Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA), and the second is a Memorandum of Agreement for the Assignment of Liaison Officers. These pacts aim to enhance mutual support and streamline defense operations between the two nations. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Security of Supplies Arrangement (SOSA) Memorandum of Understanding on Liaison Officers Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) Agreement Differences between SOSA and RDP Evolution of India-US Relations Challenges to India-US Relations Security of Supplies Arrangement (SOSA) SOSA is an agreement between the US and India to prioritize each other’s goods and services for national defense, ensuring supply chain resilience during emergencies. It facilitates expedited deliveries between US defense contractors and India, based on mutual goodwill rather than legally binding commitments. The agreement is supported by the US’s Defense Priorities and Allocations System (DPAS), managed by the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Department of Commerce (DOC). Memorandum of Understanding on Liaison Officers To enhance information-sharing between India and the US by establishing a system of Liaison Officers. Begins with India deploying an officer to the US Special Operations Command in Florida. Builds on previous defense cooperation agreements from 2013 and 2015, aiming to strengthen bilateral defense ties. Reciprocal Defence Procurement (RDP) Agreement Currently under discussion and yet to be finalized. Designed to enhance the rationalization, standardization, interchangeability, and interoperability of defense equipment between the US, India, and other allied nations. Allows US companies to bypass certain procurement restrictions under India’s “Make in India” initiative, which could lead to establishing manufacturing bases in India and fostering closer collaboration with local firms. Differences between SOSA and RDP SOSA: Focuses on maintaining the defense supply chain during crises without creating legally binding obligations. RDP: Aims to establish a legally binding framework that prioritizes defense orders to facilitate greater joint production and technological collaboration between the participating countries. Evolution of India-US Relations: Cold War Era: India followed a non-alignment policy, whereas Pakistan was aligned with the US. Post-Cold War and Economic Liberalization: Relations improved significantly in the 1990s following India’s economic liberalization. Strategic Partnerships and Agreements: Key milestones include President Clinton’s visit in 2000, the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership in 2004, and the 2008 Civil Nuclear Agreement, which recognized India as a responsible nuclear power. Broadening Cooperation: Bilateral trade reached USD 118.28 billion in 2023-24. Collaborations have expanded into clean energy, digital economy, healthcare, AI, quantum computing, and 5G technologies. Space and Strategic Initiatives: Initiatives like the Artemis Accords and participation in the US Indo-Pacific strategy emphasize strategic cooperation. Geopolitical Alignment: The rise of China as a common strategic challenge has brought India and the US closer. Challenges to India-US Relations: Domestic Policies and Human Rights: US concerns regarding the treatment of minorities in India, particularly in light of the Citizenship Amendment Act and the changes in Jammu and Kashmir’s status. Divergent Approaches to China: While both nations view China as a strategic threat, economic ties between India and China present conflicts of interest with the US. Trade Disputes and Protectionism: Ongoing disputes over trade, market access, and intellectual property rights hinder the achievement of a comprehensive trade deal. Historical Non-alignment Legacy: India’s historical tilt towards the Soviet Union during the Cold War still affects bilateral perceptions. Balancing Relations with Russia: India’s relationship with Russia, especially evident during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, poses a challenge in aligning fully with US geopolitical stances. -Source: The Hindu India’s Natural Rubber Shortage: Production Falls Short by 550,000 Tonnes Context: India is currently facing a substantial deficit in natural rubber production, which falls short of meeting the demand by about 550,000 tonnes. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Fundamental Insights About Rubber Shortages and Challenges in Indian Rubber Industry National Rubber Policy 2019 Strategies to Boost Rubber Production in India Fundamental Insights About Rubber Rubber is a flexible material that changes shape under pressure but quickly returns to its original form once the pressure is removed. Rubber can be either natural, derived from latex found in certain plants, or synthetic, created through industrial processes using polymers like isoprene. Natural and Synthetic Rubber Sources of Natural Rubber: Primarily obtained from the latex of rubber trees, it includes compounds such as proteins and alkaloids. Synthetic Rubber Creation: Manufactured through various chemical synthesis methods. Rubber Production and Consumption in India Status: India ranks as the third-highest producer and fourth-largest consumer of natural rubber globally. Leading Producers: Kerala tops the production in India, followed by Tripura. International Trade Dynamics Exports: During 2022-23, India exported 3,700 tonnes of natural rubber, mainly to the USA, Germany, UAE, UK, and Bangladesh. Imports: Significant imports of 528,677 tonnes were recorded, coming from countries like Indonesia, Thailand, China, South Korea, and Japan. Growth Conditions for Natural Rubber Thrives in a tropical climate with temperatures between 20°-35°C. Best grown in loamy or laterite soils with excellent drainage, needing over 200 cm of rainfall annually. Production is labor-intensive, requiring a substantial workforce. Shortages and Challenges in Indian Rubber Industry Production vs. Consumption: Despite a slight increase in production, consumption outpaces supply significantly. Industrial Usage: 70% of natural rubber is used by the tyre industry, stressing the supply further. Dependence on Imports: High reliance on imports due to inadequate domestic production, with major imports coming from Vietnam and Indonesia. Customs and Taxation: Imported natural rubber faces a 25% customs duty or Rs 30 per kg, with latex products for medical use attracting much lower duties, leading to an inverted duty structure. Supply Disruptions: Political and environmental issues in supplier countries like Bangladesh and local monsoon patterns significantly affect supply stability. National Rubber Policy 2019 Introduced by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry in 2019. Foundation of the Policy: Developed from both short-term and long-term strategies created by a dedicated Task Force to address challenges in the rubber sector. Main Elements: The policy encompasses initiatives for new plantations, support for rubber growers, enhancing processing and marketing, addressing labor shortages, and promoting both local and international trade. It also focuses on integrated efforts across different government levels, research initiatives, and considerations related to climate change and the carbon market. Execution: Managed by the Rubber Board under the Sustainable and Inclusive Development of Natural Rubber Sector framework, spanning from 2017-2018 to 2019-2020. Development Actions: Includes financial and technical support for planting, distribution of high-quality planting materials, establishment of support forums for growers, and comprehensive training and skill development programs. Strategies to Boost Rubber Production in India Support Enhancement: Amplifying subsidies and financial aid for new plantings and replanting efforts. Training Improvement: Expanding educational programs to enhance cultivation methods and overall productivity. Research Investment: Increasing investment in research for developing high-yield and disease-resistant rubber strains, supported by government-backed institutions. Public-Private Partnerships: Encouraging cooperative investments between governmental bodies and the private sector for the development of rubber plantations and processing facilities. -Source: Times of India Himachal Pradesh Raises Minimum Marriage Age for Women to 21 Context: The Himachal Pradesh Assembly recently approved an amendment to the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act through the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2024. This amendment increases the legal minimum age for marriage of women from 18 to 21 years, aligning it with the existing law enacted by Parliament in 2006. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Himachal Pradesh’s Legislation to Increase Marriage Age Debate on Raising Marriage Age for Girls in India Challenges and Constitutional Implications Himachal Pradesh’s Legislation to Increase Marriage Age Key Aspects of the Himachal Pradesh Bill The bill modifies the existing Prohibition of Child Marriage Act by setting the minimum marriage age at 21 for both genders, removing any prior age distinctions. Defines individuals under 21 as children, which supersedes any other legal or traditional practices allowing earlier marriages. It expands the period during which an individual can file for annulment of a child marriage to five years after reaching adulthood, effectively allowing until the age of 23 for such actions. Legislative Process and Constitutional Considerations Bill’s Objective: Aims to amend the national child marriage laws by setting a new standard age for marriage at 21, which currently contradicts the federal mandate of 18. Jurisdiction: As marriage falls under the Concurrent List, the legislation requires collaborative governance from both state and central authorities. Legal Hierarchy and Approval: In cases where state legislation conflicts with central laws, the state law is invalidated unless ratified by presidential consent per Articles 254(1) and 254(2) of the Constitution. Presidential Review: The bill, mirroring the procedural requirements seen in other significant legislative reforms like the Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code, must be forwarded to the President through the Governor of Himachal Pradesh for final approval. Debate on Raising Marriage Age for Girls in India Reasons for Raising the Marriage Age Educational and Career Benefits: Increasing the marriage age to 21 allows girls to complete their education and enhance career prospects. Health and Maturity: Older marriage age leads to safer pregnancies and better maternal health, as it allows women to reach physical and emotional maturity. Financial Independence: Delaying marriage provides women more time to develop essential skills and gain financial independence. Social and Emotional Readiness: Older marriage age prepares women better emotionally and economically. Reduction in Child Marriages: Aims to mitigate social issues like child marriage prevalent in parts of India, which often leads to domestic violence and educational deficits. Workforce Participation: Higher marriage age could potentially boost women’s participation in the workforce, promoting economic development. Challenges and Constitutional Implications Age Discrepancy: The proposal aligns the marriage age for females with males at 21, conflicting with the legal majority age of 18, which might affect the rights and responsibilities of young adults. Legal Inconsistencies: There are inconsistencies with Supreme Court judgments affirming the right to marry as part of the right to life, raising questions about the appropriateness of the new age restriction between 18 and 21 years. Fundamental Rights Considerations: Any law restricting fundamental rights must have a justified public purpose, be directly connected to this purpose, and be the least restrictive means to achieve the intended goal. Implementation Challenges: Past efforts to curb underage marriages have seen limited success, questioning the effectiveness of raising the marriage age in combating child marriages. -Source: Indian express Voluntary Vehicle-Fleet Modernization Program Context: Auto manufacturers have agreed to offer discounts on commercial and passenger vehicles against a scrappage certificate of an old vehicle for a limited period of time. This scrappage discount will replace the discount customers were getting for exchanging their vehicles from car dealers. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Voluntary Vehicle-Fleet Modernization Program (V-VMP) Incentives Provided Under V-VMP Disincentives Provided Under V-VMP Voluntary Vehicle-Fleet Modernization Program (V-VMP) The V-VMP aims to remove old and unfit vehicles from Indian roads by preventing their re-registration after they reach a certain age—20 years for cars and 15 years for commercial vehicles. Recent Developments in V-VMP: Incentives for Vehicle Replacement: Automakers are offering discounts between 1.5% and 3%, or up to Rs 25,000, to encourage vehicle owners to scrap old vehicles and purchase new ones. Support from Commercial and Passenger Vehicle Sectors: There are incentives from commercial vehicle manufacturers for two years and from passenger vehicle manufacturers for one year, backed by a scrappage certificate. Implementation Details: State Government Participation: Various state governments are actively involved, offering up to 30% discounts on road tax for vehicles that are bought as replacements for scrapped ones. Fitness Tests and Vehicle Scrapping: Private vehicles require a fitness test after 15 years; if passed, registration can be renewed for another five years. Commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks have different testing frequencies based on their age, with mandatory scrapping after 15 years of service. Government vehicles over 15 years old are also mandated to be scrapped. Vintage vehicles are exempt from this policy due to their infrequent use and maintenance status. Benefits of the V-VMP: Environmental Impact: Estimated to reduce pollution significantly by scrapping approximately one crore vehicles, leading to a 15-20% reduction in vehicular emissions. Boost to Auto Industry: Expected to increase demand for newer, safer, and technologically advanced vehicles. Recycling and Economic Growth: The policy is likely to energize the recycling industry, creating jobs and enhancing waste and recycling management research and development. Safety and Efficiency Improvements: Promotes road and passenger safety and enhances fuel efficiency, particularly noting a 25% reduction in NOx emissions from upgraded BS VI compliant petrol engines. Incentives Provided Under V-VMP Scrap Value Offer: The scrapping centers provide a scrap value approximately equal to 4-6% of the ex-showroom price of a new vehicle, encouraging owners to scrap old vehicles in exchange for a new purchase. Manufacturer Discounts: Auto manufacturers offer a 5% discount to consumers who show scrappage certificates when purchasing a new vehicle. Tax Concessions: Up to 25% tax concession on motor vehicle taxes for non-transport vehicles. Up to 15% tax concession for transport vehicles. Waiver of Registration Fees: New vehicle purchases following a scrappage will have registration fees waived, reducing overall costs. Disincentives Provided Under V-VMP Increased Fees for Older Vehicles: Commercial vehicles older than 15 years face higher charges for fitness tests and fitness certificates. Private vehicles older than 15 years incur higher registration renewal fees. Green Cess: An environmental tax ranging from 10-15% is levied on older vehicles, aimed at discouraging the continued use of environmentally harmful vehicles. -Source: The Hindu Leptospirosis Context: In Kerala, the threat from the Nipah virus has recently subsided after a critical 42-day observation period without any new cases. However, the relief was short-lived as an outbreak of Leptospirosis, often referred to as “rat fever,” has emerged. This bacterial infection poses a new public health challenge, especially following the monsoon season, highlighting ongoing health management struggles in the region. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Leptospirosis Leptospirosis: The disease is caused by pathogenic bacteria from the genus Leptospira, which are transmitted zoonotically from animals to humans. Transmission and Reservoirs: Animal Reservoirs: Key carriers include rodents, cattle, pigs, and dogs, harboring the bacteria primarily in their kidneys and genital areas. Modes of Transmission: Human infection occurs via direct contact with infected animal urine or through environments contaminated with such urine (water, soil, or food). Symptoms and Diagnosis: Symptom Range: Symptoms vary from mild, flu-like effects to severe conditions such as Weil’s syndrome, meningitis, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Incubation Period: Typically 7-10 days with symptoms like fever, headache, and jaundice. Diagnosis Challenges: The disease’s broad symptom range often mimics other illnesses, leading to frequent underdiagnosis. Epidemiology: Prevalence: Most common in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly South-East Asia (India, Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka) during rainy seasons. High-Risk Populations: Individuals frequently in contact with animals or contaminated environments, such as farmers, veterinarians, and sewer workers. Prevention and Treatment: Preventive Measures: Includes controlling animal reservoirs, avoiding contact with contaminated areas, wearing protective clothing, and maintaining stringent sanitation practices. Vaccination: Available for animals (dogs, pigs, cattle) to reduce transmission, though it may not prevent the bacteria from persisting in kidneys. Treatment Protocol: Effective treatment with antibiotics such as penicillin G, doxycycline, and ceftriaxone. -Source: Down To Earth Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme Context: The government recently expanded the scope of the Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme to make it more attractive, as part of its objective to strengthen farm-related infrastructure facilities in the country. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme: Characteristics of the AIF Scheme: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme: It is a Central Sector Scheme which was launched in 2020. Duration: From FY2020 to FY2032 (12 years) Purpose: To offer medium to long-term debt financing for viable projects focused on post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets. This includes interest subvention and financial support. Eligibility: Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) Marketing Cooperative Societies Farmer Producers Organizations (FPOs) Farmers Self Help Groups (SHG) Joint Liability Groups (JLG) Multipurpose Cooperative Societies Agri-entrepreneurs and Startups Central/State agency or Local Body sponsored Public-Private Partnership Projects Exclusions: Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) are not eligible unless involved in PPP projects. Financing and Support: Participating Financial Entities: Includes all scheduled commercial banks, cooperative banks, RRBs, Small Finance Banks, NBFCs, and the NCDC. Refinance Support: NABARD will provide need-based refinance support to eligible lending entities. Characteristics of the AIF Scheme: Loan Limit and Interest Subsidy: Each loan under this facility is eligible for up to ₹2 crores with a 3% annual interest subsidy lasting up to seven years. Project Allocation: Entities in the private sector, including farmers, agricultural entrepreneurs, and startups, can manage up to 25 distinct projects nationwide, each qualifying for financial support up to the specified loan cap. Exclusions for Certain Groups: The 25-project limit does not extend to state agencies, cooperative societies, or any federations thereof, including those for Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and Self-Help Groups (SHGs). Project Cap in a Single Location: It’s permissible to undertake multiple projects within the same locality, maintaining an aggregate funding limit of ₹2 crores. Equity Contribution Requirement: Borrowers are required to fund at least 10% of the total project cost, notwithstanding the extent of capital subsidy provided. Repayment Flexibility: The repayment moratorium spans a minimum of six months to a maximum of two years, varying by case. Special Provisions: Targeted Support: 24% of grants-in-aid are allocated specifically for SC/ST entrepreneurs (16% for SC and 8% for ST). Priority for Weaker Sections: Women and other weaker segments get priority in loan provision. Credit Guarantee: Coverage is available under the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) for loans up to ₹2 crores. The government covers the fee for this guarantee. Aim of the Scheme: The scheme aims to bolster India’s agricultural infrastructure, thereby enhancing productivity and ensuring better returns for farmers while fostering a more structured and efficient agricultural sector. -Source: Indian Express Qutb Shahi Tomb Complex Context: After a decade-long restoration effort by the Telangana government’s Department of Heritage and Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) the Qutb Shahi Heritage Park was opened to the public. Relevance: GS I: History Qutb Shahi Tomb Complex: Constructed by the Qutb Shahi dynasty, which governed from 1518 to 1687 AD, this site is situated in Ibrahim Bagh, Hyderabad. The complex comprises 30 architectural elements including tombs, mosques, and a mortuary bath dedicated to the Qutb Shahi rulers. Notable for being 500 years old, the site includes expansive mausoleums, idgah, graves, ritual mosques, a traditional hammam (bath), and baolis (stepwells). Architectural Significance: The site exemplifies an Indo-Muslim dynastic necropolis. Situated on an elevated platform, the tombs merge Persian, Pathan, and Hindu architectural influences, featuring grey granite and elaborate stucco decorations. This unique necropolis is globally distinguished as the burial site of an entire dynasty, set within meticulously landscaped gardens adorned with detailed stonework. Insights into the Qutb Shahi Dynasty: The Qutb Shahis were Muslim rulers of the Golconda kingdom, positioned in the southeastern Deccan region of India, which was one of the five successor states of the Bahmani Sultanate. Founded by Quli Qutb Shah, originally a Turkish administrator for the eastern provinces of the Bahmani realm. Spanning from 1518 to 1687, this period saw the establishment of Golconda as the initial capital by Qutb Shah after declaring sovereignty in 1518. Later, towards the late 17th century, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah initiated the development of Hyderabad, which lies a short distance from the original capital. The territorial expanse of the kingdom included regions from the Godavari River in the north to the borders of Tamil Nadu in the south, extending west to Bijapur and east to the Bay of Bengal. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 August 2024

CONTENTS Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana PRAGATI Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana Context: On August 28, 2024, the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) accomplished a decade, marking a significant milestone in financial inclusion. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana: Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana – PMJDY was announced by Prime Minister in 2014, and has been a key initiative towards the commitment to provide financial inclusiveness and support to the marginalized and hitherto socio-economically neglected classes. Background   Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is National Mission for Financial Inclusion to ensure access to financial services, namely, Banking/ Savings & Deposit Accounts, Remittance, Credit, Insurance, Pension in an affordable manner. Objectives Ensure access of financial products & services at an affordable cost Use of technology to lower cost & widen reach Basic tenets of the scheme Banking the unbanked – Opening of basic savings bank deposit (BSBD) account with minimal paperwork, relaxed KYC, e-KYC, account opening in camp mode, zero balance & zero charges Securing the unsecured – Issuance of Indigenous Debit cards for cash withdrawals & payments at merchant locations, with free accident insurance coverage of Rs. 2 lakhs. Funding the unfunded – Other financial products like micro-insurance, overdraft for consumption, micro-pension & micro-credit Initial Features: 6 Pillars based on which the scheme was launched Universal access to banking services – Branch and BC Basic savings bank accounts with overdraft facility of Rs. 10,000/- to every household Financial Literacy Program– Promoting savings, use of ATMs, getting ready for credit, availing insurance and pensions, using basic mobile phones for banking Creation of Credit Guarantee Fund – To provide banks some guarantee against defaults Insurance – Accident cover up to Rs. 1,00,000 and life cover of   Rs. 30,000 on account opened between 15 Aug 2014 to 31 January 2015 Pension scheme for Unorganized sector Important approach adopted in PMJDY based on past experience: Accounts opened are online accounts in core banking system of banks, in place of earlier method of offline accounts opening with technology lock-in with the vendor Inter-operability through RuPay debit card or Aadhaar enabled Payment System (AePS) Fixed-point Business Correspondents Simplified KYC / e-KYC in place of cumbersome KYC formalities Extension of PMJDY with New features The Government decided to extend the comprehensive PMJDY program with some modifications Focus shift from ‘Every Household’ to Every Unbanked Adult’ RuPay Card Insurance – Free accidental insurance cover on RuPay cards increased from Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 2 lakh for PMJDY accounts opened after 28.8.2018. Enhancement in overdraft facilities – OD limit doubled from Rs 5,000/- to Rs 10,000/-;  OD upto Rs 2,000/- (without conditions). Increase in upper age limit for OD from 60 to 65 years Jan Dhan Darshak App A mobile application, was launched to provide a citizen centric platform for locating banking touch points such as bank branches, ATMs, Bank Mitras, Post Offices, etc. in the country. The facilities under Jan Dhan Darshak App could be availed as per the need and convenience of common people. The road ahead Endeavour to ensure coverage of PMJDY account holders under micro insurance schemes. Eligible PMJDY accountholders will be sought to be covered under PMJJBY and PMSBY. Banks have already been communicated about the same. Promotion of digital payments including RuPay debit card usage amongst PMJDY accountholders through creation of acceptance infrastructure across India Improving access of PMJDY account holders to Micro-credit and micro investment such as flexi-recurring deposit etc.  PRAGATI Context: Prime Minister chaired the meeting of the 44th edition of PRAGATI, the ICT-based multi-modal platform for Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation, involving Centre and State governments.  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About PRAGATI PRAGATI (Pro-Active Governance And Timely Implementation), as the name suggests, is aimed at starting a culture of Pro-Active Governance and Timely Implementation. It is also a robust system for bringing e-transparency and e-accountability with real-time presence and exchange among the key stakeholders. The platform was launched in 2015 is a multi-purpose and multi-modal platform that is aimed at addressing common man’s grievances, and simultaneously monitoring and reviewing important programmes and projects of the Government of India as well as projects flagged by State Governments. It is a three-tier system (PMO, Union Government Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries of the States) The PRAGATI platform uniquely bundles three latest technologies, digital data management, video-conferencing and geo-spatial technology. It also offers a unique combination in the direction of cooperative federalism since it brings on one stage the Secretaries of Government of India and the Chief Secretaries of the States. The Prime Minister will hold a monthly programme where he will interact with the Government of India Secretaries, and Chief Secretaries through Video-conferencing enabled by data and geo-informatics visuals.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 August 2024

CONTENTS Establishing a Carbon Market Sharpening India’s Anti-Tuberculosis Fight Establishing a Carbon Market Context: In her Budget speech, the Finance Minister indicated that industries with high pollution levels, such as iron, steel, and aluminium, will need to meet specific emission targets. She stated, “A roadmap will be developed to transition ‘hard-to-abate’ industries from energy efficiency targets to emission targets. Regulations will be introduced to shift these industries from the current ‘Perform, Achieve, and Trade‘ (PAT) scheme to the ‘Indian Carbon Market’ framework.” Relevance: GS3- Environmental Pollution and Degradation Mains Question: Climate change is not about equity concerns alone, but also about searching for viable options to move away from excessive dependence on fossil fuel. Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words). PAT vs. Emissions Trading: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency defines PAT as a regulatory tool aimed at reducing specific energy consumption in energy-intensive sectors. It incorporates a market-based mechanism that certifies and trades excess energy savings. PAT focuses on achieving energy efficiency, meaning that firms aim to produce a given output using no more than a specified amount of energy. This system does not cap total energy use, allowing firms producing more steel, for example, to consume more fuel while still being considered energy-efficient. Successful firms earn credits or certificates that they can trade. In contrast, emissions trading, often referred to as cap and trade, is a market-based approach to controlling pollution through economic incentives for reducing emissions. Unlike energy efficiency, which is based on relative standards, emissions trading sets absolute limits, or caps, on emissions. The Finance Minister’s announcement highlights that for India, a developing country, climate change is not just about equity but also about finding sustainable ways to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Decarbonizing Various Sectors: Over the past 15 years, India has been working to decarbonize various sectors to meet its development goals, including poverty reduction and providing affordable, reliable energy. India participated in the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, which allowed industrialized countries to engage in climate mitigation projects in developing nations, earning certified emission reduction units for trade. By 2011, India became the largest supplier of these units globally after China. To further this effort, India launched the PAT scheme in 2012 as part of its National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, one of eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change. Given India’s need for iron and steel to support industrialization and meet the growing demand for housing in urban areas, emissions from these sectors significantly contribute to climate change. In the context of achieving Net Zero Emissions by 2050, the International Energy Agency (IEA) notes in a policy brief that the likelihood of currently planned iron and steel projects reaching net zero emissions is very low. Carbon Market Mode:  In international law, obligations related to climate change mitigation are considered due diligence obligations or obligations of conduct. This means that countries are required to make their best possible efforts to combat climate change. An example of such an obligation is the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) central to the Paris Agreement of 2015. It is reasonable for India to refine its existing PAT scheme or develop its version of a carbon market within the framework of its NDCs. India’s NDC includes eight targets, two of which pertain to the energy sector. The first target is to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030. The second target is to achieve around 50% of cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030, contingent on international finance and technology transfer. Given that India’s NDC does not require binding greenhouse gas reductions relative to a baseline year, the country is likely to create its own version of a carbon market, distinct from the European Union Emissions Trading System (ETS). India has not formally adopted the ETS and has resisted mandatory emission cuts, as such measures would currently conflict with its development priorities. The 2021 draft blueprint by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency outlines two mechanisms: in the first phase, a voluntary market supported by a domestic project-based offset scheme (carbon offset mechanism); and in the second phase, a compliance market with mandatory participation for regulated entities (carbon credits trading mechanism). According to an International Energy Agency (IEA) policy brief, this will involve updating emissions measurement methodologies to support the launch of a domestic carbon credits trading scheme by 2026, which will include the iron and steel sector, alongside other industries such as petrochemicals, chemicals, and aluminium. Conclusion: India’s effort to establish a carbon market tailored to its needs underscores that climate change discussions must go beyond equity concerns and consider broader socioeconomic priorities. Sharpening India’s Anti-Tuberculosis Fight Context: The widespread presence of tuberculosis (TB) throughout history and literature highlights how the disease has afflicted generations worldwide and remains a significant issue today. India accounts for over a quarter of the global TB burden. Strong political will in India has contributed to substantial progress in combating the disease. However, as the nation strives toward TB elimination—a goal emphasized by the Prime Minister—there is a need to innovate and utilize proven technologies and tools. Relevance: GS2- Health Mains Question: Comment upon the continued prevalence of TB in India despite the progress made here and there. With the availability of game-changing new treatments, India must recast its TB-elimination programmes. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). TB in India: The India TB Report 2024: The report reveals a decrease in the mortality rate due to Tuberculosis (TB), from 28 per lakh population in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. Government health centers continue to report the majority of TB cases, though there has been an increase in notifications from the private sector. In 2023, about 33% or 8.4 lakh of the 25.5 lakh TB cases were reported by the private sector, a significant rise compared to the 1.9 lakh cases reported by the private sector in 2015, which serves as the baseline year for the disease elimination program. The estimated incidence of TB in 2023 slightly increased to 27.8 lakh from 27.4 lakh in the previous year. The mortality rate due to TB remained constant at 3.2 lakh. India’s TB mortality declined from 4.94 lakh in 2021 to 3.31 lakh in 2022. India achieved its 2023 goal of initiating treatment for 95% of patients diagnosed with TB. Treatment Regimens and Challenges: In 2023, efforts to address the challenge of ‘missed’ TB cases led to the diagnosis of 2.51 million TB patients, reflecting improved case-finding initiatives. One immediate priority should be the adoption of new, shorter treatment regimens for drug-resistant TB. It is promising to hear that India will soon introduce the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended shorter regimen for drug-resistant TB. Currently available regimens are long and difficult, requiring patients to take 13 to 14 tablets daily for the shorter nine to 11-month regimen or four to five tablets daily for the longer 18 to 24-month regimen. This treatment is both physically and mentally exhausting, with severe side effects such as hearing loss and even psychosis. Additionally, the prolonged nature of the treatment, which necessitates regular visits to a TB clinic for nearly two years, often results in job loss, pushing many families into poverty. In 2022, WHO recommended the shorter, safer, and more effective BPaL/M regimens for all drug-resistant TB patients, supported by recent data showing higher efficacy and better patient compliance. With only three to four tablets daily, patients can complete treatment within six months, with minimal side effects. The success rate of this regimen is significantly higher—89% compared to the 68% success rate reported in India’s 2023 TB Report. Due to its effectiveness, nearly 80 countries have already procured the BPaL/M regimen, with about 20 of the highest-burden countries already implementing it. Research suggests that adopting this regimen could reduce treatment costs by 40% to 90%, with potential global savings of around $740 million (approximately ₹6,180 crore) annually. This regimen offers a more effective and safer solution for treating drug-resistant TB, and it is crucial to expedite access to this treatment for all eligible patients across India. Maximizing the Benefits of New Treatments: The next challenge is how to diagnose more people with TB so they can access these transformative new treatments. The key lies in ensuring quick and efficient screening and testing to minimize delays in accurate diagnosis. This requires a proactive approach. It’s time to modernize and utilize health data, including GIS mapping, to identify vulnerable populations, such as those with comorbidities (e.g., malnutrition, diabetes, HIV), former COVID-19 patients, and at-risk groups in slums, prisons, or among the homeless. By conducting targeted, multi-disease screening drives, we can detect TB cases early, even in individuals without typical symptoms. Recent evidence shows that many people with pulmonary (lung) TB may not display recognizable symptoms like cough, fever, weight loss, or night sweats. The National TB Prevalence Survey (2019-21) underscores the importance of chest X-rays, which identified 42.6% of cases that would have otherwise been missed. Using advanced technology, portable X-ray machines equipped with AI-driven tools can significantly reduce diagnostic delays, particularly in remote and underserved areas. Moreover, it’s essential to expand the use of rapid molecular tests instead of less sensitive microscopy methods for faster detection and drug resistance profiling. This shift is vital for promptly identifying TB cases and determining the appropriate treatment. Conclusion: In summary, by proactively identifying at-risk populations and investing in and leveraging advanced diagnostic technologies, we can improve TB detection rates, reduce delays, and enhance treatment outcomes. As we work toward eliminating tuberculosis and making our country TB-free, prioritizing these crucial areas will be an investment in a healthier future for everyone.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 August 2024

CONTENTS Judicial Intervention on Regulatory Practices in Traditional Medicine New India Literacy Programme Legal Troubles for Telegram CEO Great Nicobar Island Infrastructure Project Sonobuoys Shompen Tribe  Judicial Intervention on Regulatory Practices in Traditional Medicine Context: The Supreme Court of India has imposed a stay on a recent notification from the Ministry of AYUSH that omitted Rule 170 from the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945. This rule grants the authority to address and take legal action against misleading or inappropriate advertisements concerning Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Drug Regulation in India Overview of Traditional Indian Medicine Regulation Supreme Court’s Role in Regulating Misleading Advertisements Drug Regulation in India: The regulation of drugs and cosmetics in India is governed by the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, and its subsequent rules established in 1945, delineating responsibilities across central and state regulators. Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO): Authority and Functions: Operates under the Directorate General of Health Services and is India’s National Regulatory Authority. Responsibilities include drug approval, clinical trial conduct, setting drug standards, quality control of imports, and coordination with state drug control organizations. Recently, there has been a move to bring all medical devices under CDSCO’s scrutiny. Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI): Serves as the head of the CDSCO. Specifically responsible for licensing blood products, vaccines, sera, and more. Sets manufacturing, sales, import, and distribution standards for drugs within India. Overview of Traditional Indian Medicine Regulation The Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 categorizes Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani treatments as medicinal products for internal or external use to address health issues in humans or animals. Establishes the Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) to standardize these traditional medicines. The Central Government retains the authority to amend or introduce new regulations post-consultation with the advisory board. Standardization Practices Good Manufacturing Practices: Detailed in Schedule T of the Act, which prescribes the manufacturing standards for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines to ensure quality and safety. Supreme Court’s Role in Regulating Misleading Advertisements Case Against Misleading Claims: Following a contempt case against Patanjali Ayurved Limited, the Supreme Court mandated in May 2024 that advertisers provide self-declarations to avoid misrepresentations in product promotions. Regulatory Update and Legal Challenge: On July 1, 2024, the Ministry of AYUSH announced the removal of Rule 170 from the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945, based on ASUDTAB’s recommendations. The Supreme Court intervened, staying the government’s decision to abolish Rule 170, citing it as contrary to judicial directives. New India Literacy Programme Context: In order to push for adult literacy under the New India Literacy Programme (NILP), the Union Ministry of Education (MoE) has defined “literacy” and what it means to achieve “full literacy” in a letter to all States. Relevance: GS II- Education Dimensions of the Article: About New India Literacy Programme Objectives of the scheme Salient Features of the scheme About New India Literacy Programme The scheme will cover non-literates of the age of 15 years and above in all state/UTs in the country. The scheme will be implemented through volunteerism through online mode. The training, orientation, workshops of volunteers, may be organized through face-to-face mode. All material and resources shall be provided digitally for easy access to registered volunteers through easily accessible digital modes, viz, TV, radio, cell phone-based free/open-source Apps/portals, etc.  The target for Foundational Literacy and Numeracy for FYs 2022-27 is 5 (five) crore learners @ 1.00 crore per year by using “Online Teaching, Learning and Assessment System (OTLAS)” in collaboration with National Informatics Centre, NCERT and NIOS in which a learner may register him/herself with essential information like name, date of birth, gender, Aadhaar number, mobile number etc. As a progressive step, it has also been decided that from now onwards that the term “Education For All” will be used in place of “Adult Education” by the Ministry in view of the fact that the terminology “Adult Education” is not incorporating appropriately all non-literates of 15 years and above age group. Objectives of the scheme To impart foundational literacy and numeracy To impart critical life skills (including financial literacy, digital literacy, commercial skills, health care and awareness, child care and education, and family welfare); Vocational skills development (with a view towards obtaining local employment); Basic education (including preparatory, middle, and secondary stage equivalency); Continuing education (including engaging holistic adult education courses in arts, sciences, technology, culture, sports, and recreation, as well as other topics of interest or use to local learners, such as more advanced material on critical life skills).  Salient Features of the scheme School will be Unit for implementation of the scheme. Schools to be used for conducting survey of beneficiaries and Voluntary Teachers (VTs). Different strategies are to be adopted for different age cohorts. Flexibility for States/UTs will be provided to undertake innovative activities. Use of Technologies to impart Adult Education for wider coverage of the scheme. Performance Grading Index (PGI) for State/UT and district level will show the performance of States and UTs to implement the scheme and achievements on yearly basis by weighing both the physical and financial progress through UDISE portal. CSR/Philanthropic Support may be received by hosting ICT support, providing volunteer support, opening facilitation centres for learners and for providing IT access to economically weak learners in the form of cell phones, etc There will be involvement of community, participation of philanthropic/CSR organizations through volunteerism and through Vidyanjali portal. States/UTs will promote individual/ family/ village/ district success stories through various platforms. It will utilize all types of media – Electronic, Print, Folk & Inter-personal platforms including social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube, TV channels, radio, etc. Annual Achievement Survey of Learning Outcomes by samples of 500-1000 randomly selected learners from each state/UT and Outcome-Output Monitoring Framework (OOMF). Need for this scheme As per Census 2011, the absolute number of non-literates of the country in 15 years and above age group is 25.76 crore (Male 9.08 crore, Female 16.68 crore). Even after the Saakshar Bharat programme implemented during 2009-10 to 2017-18, it is estimated that currently around 18.12 crore adults are still non-literate in India. Great Nicobar Island Infrastructure Project Context: Recently, the Ministry of Environment has assured that the project will not displace or disturb the indigenous tribes and that due consultations with tribal councils were conducted. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Great Nicobar Island The Great Nicobar Island Project Concerns and Challenges Way Forward Great Nicobar Island Location and Features: The southernmost and largest of the Nicobar Islands. Area: 910 sq km of tropical rainforest. Home to India’s southernmost point, Indira Point, located 90 nautical miles from Sumatra. Part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which include 836 islands divided into two groups separated by the 10° Channel. Hosts two national parks, a biosphere reserve, and small populations of Shompen, Onge, Andamanese, Nicobarese tribal peoples, and a few thousand non-tribal settlers. The Great Nicobar Island Project Project Overview: Launched in 2021. Aimed at developing the southern end of the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Includes a trans-shipment port, international airport, township development, and a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant. Implementation and Goals: Based on a NITI Aayog report highlighting the island’s strategic position. Implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO). Includes an International Container Trans-shipment Terminal (ICTT) and a greenfield international airport. Located near the Malacca Strait, facilitating regional and global maritime trade. Strategic and Security Importance: The ICTT and power plant site is in Galathea Bay, where there is no human habitation. Enhances deployment of additional military forces, larger warships, aircraft, missile batteries, and troops. Essential for close surveillance and building a strong military deterrence. Critical for India’s national security due to proximity to key waterways and strategic choke points like the Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok Straits. Counteracts China’s military presence and expansion efforts in the region, particularly on the Coco Islands. Concerns and Challenges Impact on Tribal Communities: Potentially devastating impact on the Shompen and Nicobarese tribes, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG). Risks to their traditional way of life and the island’s natural environment. Environmental Impact: Destruction of coral reefs and threats to local species like the Nicobar Megapode bird and leatherback turtles. Large-scale deforestation, with the felling of nearly a million trees. High seismic activity zone raising safety concerns for large infrastructure projects. Administrative Issues: Accusations of inadequate consultation with the Tribal Council. National Green Tribunal (NGT) ordered the establishment of a high-power committee to review environmental and forest clearances. Way Forward Inclusion of Tribal Councils: Ensure the involvement of Tribal Councils in decision-making processes. Respect traditional knowledge and legal rights under the Forest Rights Act (2006). Oversight and Monitoring: Establish a high-power committee to oversee environmental and forest clearances. Include representatives from environmental groups, tribal councils, and independent experts. -Source: The Hindu Legal Troubles for Telegram CEO Context: Pavel Durov, the CEO and founder of Telegram, was recently detained in Paris due to allegations that his messaging service was utilized for illegal activities, specifically drug trafficking and distributing child sexual abuse content. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Telegram Impact of Pavel Durov’s Arrest Overview of Telegram Telegram, established in 2013 by Pavel Durov and his brother Nikolai, originated after Durov divested from VKontakte due to governmental pressures in Russia. Relocation to Dubai: Durov chose Dubai as Telegram’s new base, appreciating its stance on user privacy and speech freedoms. Features and Usage of Telegram Messaging Capabilities: Supports individual chats, large group discussions up to 200,000 members, and extensive broadcasting channels. Encryption Protocols: Offers end-to-end encryption selectively; default for one-on-one but not in group settings, except in ‘secret chat’ mode. User Demographics: Boasts over 950 million users worldwide, with notable use in governmental sectors in France, but has also seen adoption among extremists and traffickers. Legal Challenges in France Arrest of Pavel Durov: Durov was detained at Le Bourget airport over allegations linking Telegram to illicit activities including drug trafficking and cyberstalking. Investigation Dynamics: Initiated after multiple violations were identified, with accusations of non-cooperation by Durov, escalating to a formal arrest. Concerns Over Content: While Telegram is proactive in removing illegal content, it stands firm against politically charged censorship. Impact of Pavel Durov’s Arrest Durov’s arrest has exacerbated existing tensions between Russia and Western nations. Russian government entities, including the Kremlin, have labeled the arrest as politically motivated, criticizing the perceived double standards regarding freedom of speech. Reports from the Russian Embassy in Paris indicate that Durov was denied consular assistance during his detention. Criticism of French Actions Concerns Over Free Speech: The arrest has underscored ongoing disputes on how governments and technology companies balance free speech with the need to regulate illegal content. Public Condemnation: Prominent figures like Edward Snowden have criticized the French government for what they view as an infringement on fundamental human rights. Durov’s Advocacy for Telegram’s Neutrality Platform Neutrality: Durov has been a vocal advocate for keeping Telegram unbiased and apolitical, resisting governmental pressures. Commitment to Privacy: He continually promotes Telegram’s dedication to safeguarding user privacy and upholding free speech. Broader Context with Tech Platforms Global Tech Scrutiny: Telegram’s challenges mirror broader global issues where tech giants like Meta and X (formerly Twitter) face government scrutiny over content regulation. Specific Instances: In Brazil, X ceased operations following a Supreme Court directive that conflicted with the company’s free speech values. Meanwhile, WhatsApp in India resisted governmental pressures to compromise on user privacy by not disclosing message sources. -Source: Indian Express Sonobuoys Context: The US recently approved a USD 52.8 million government-to-government deal for the sale of Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Sonobuoys that will be integrated with the Indian Navy’s Romeo helicopters. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Sonobuoys Sonobuoys are compact, disposable units utilized in marine acoustics and sonar systems for detecting and analyzing underwater sounds, especially for submarine tracking. These devices are integral to military operations against submarines, aiding in their detection in both deep sea and coastal zones, potentially leading to targeted torpedo strikes. Historical Use: Originally deployed in World War II for identifying German U-boats. Deployment Techniques Methods of Deployment: Sonobuoys are typically released into the ocean via aircraft or from naval vessels like ships or submarines. Operation: After deployment, they descend to a set depth and start monitoring underwater sounds to identify submarine locations. Strategic Deployment: They can be arranged in specific patterns to precisely ascertain the location of underwater targets. Types of Sonobuoys Passive Sonobuoys: These devices passively record sounds without generating any signals themselves, using a hydrophone to capture sound waves from targets. Active Sonobuoys: These emit acoustic pulses and measure the echoes to identify and track objects underwater. Special Purpose Sonobuoys: Equipped to gather environmental data such as water temperature and ambient noise levels, aiding broader scientific research. Components and Additional Uses Sonobuoys are typically made up of a buoyant housing equipped with acoustic sensors, a power source, and a communication system to transmit data to a base station like a ship or aircraft. Broader Applications: Beyond military applications, sonobuoys are also employed in scientific studies, including oceanographic research and studying marine life behaviors, such as those of whales. -Source: Indian Express Shompen Tribe Context: The development of a port and airport in the pristine Nicobar Islands “will not disturb or displace” any of the Shompen, the Union Environment Minister said recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Shompen Tribe The Shompen are one of the most secluded tribes worldwide and are among the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India that are least studied. They inhabit the dense tropical rainforests of Great Nicobar Island, which is part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with approximately 95% of the land covered in rainforest. Their territory includes significant ecological sites such as Campbell Bay National Park, Galathea National Park, and the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve. Demographics and Lifestyle As of the 2011 Census, the Shompen population was estimated at 229, though current numbers remain uncertain. They maintain minimal contact with outsiders, embodying a semi-nomadic lifestyle centered around hunting, gathering, fishing, and basic horticulture. Shompen societies are organized into small groups, defined by geographic territories along rainforest rivers, moving periodically between temporary forest camps. Diet and Language Their primary diet consists of a variety of forest plants, with the pandanus fruit, locally called ‘larop,’ being a staple. The Shompen language features numerous dialects, with distinct linguistic variations even between closely situated bands. Physical Characteristics and Family Structure Physical Appearance: Typically of short to medium height, they have rounded head shapes, narrow noses, and broad facial profiles with distinct Mongoloid traits including light to yellow-brown skin and oblique eyes. Family Dynamics: Families are nuclear, typically overseen by the eldest male who manages daily activities. While monogamy is the norm, polygamy is also practiced within their culture. -Source: Indian Express

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