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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 November 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Sets Limits on Government Power Over Private Property Supreme Court Upholds Hindu Succession Act, Emphasizes Cultural Norms Over Gender Inequality China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) PM Vishwakarma Yojana Airships  Supreme Court Sets Limits on Government Power Over Private Property Context: In the recent Property Owners Association v State of Maharashtra Case 2024, the Supreme Court set precedents limiting governmental authority to take over private resources for public distribution. The petitioners contended that private properties should not be appropriated by the state under the pretext of implementing constitutional schemes referenced in Articles 39(b) and 31C of the Constitution. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Verdict The Evolution of the Right to Property in India Significance of the Supreme Court’s Judgment Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Verdict Selective State Acquisition The court specified that only resources that are scarce or crucial to the community’s well-being are eligible for state acquisition, rather than all private properties. Guidance from Public Trust Doctrine Decisions on what qualifies for state acquisition may be informed by the “public trust doctrine,” which posits that the state manages certain resources as a trustee for the public. Criteria for Acquisition The court established two essential tests for a resource to qualify for acquisition: it must be “material” and must “belong to or serve the community.” Case-by-Case Assessment The materiality of a resource and its significance to the community must be evaluated individually, emphasizing a tailored approach to each scenario. Definition of Materiality Materiality is defined as the significance of resources like land, minerals, or water, and their impact on economic, social, and environmental aspects. Reversal of Previous Judgments The verdict overturns the 1982 Sanjeev Coke ruling, which itself had upheld the 1977 Ranganath Reddy case. This earlier case broadly classified all private property as “material resources of the community,” a stance the court now rejects. Dissenting Opinion Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia dissented, advocating for broader legislative freedom in defining what constitutes “material resources” of the community. Interpretation of Article 39(b) The court cautioned against an expansive interpretation of Article 39(b) of the Constitution, which could potentially infringe upon property rights protected under Article 300A. Protection of Property Rights Article 300A ensures that no person shall be deprived of their property except by the authority of law, reinforcing legal safeguards against arbitrary property seizure. Conversion of Private Resources The Supreme Court delineated five methods through which private resources can be transformed into community resources: nationalization, acquisition, operation of law, purchase by the state, and donation by the owner. The Evolution of the Right to Property in India: Pre-44th Constitutional Amendment (Before 1978): Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 of Part III of the Indian Constitution guaranteed the right to purchase, possess, and dispose of property, and safeguarded against deprivation of property. Article 31 provided an absolute right against deprivation of property, limiting the state’s ability to acquire movable property in the public interest due to its status as a fundamental right. The 44th Constitutional Amendment: Abolished Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31, replacing them with a modified version, Article 300-A. This transformed the right to property from a fundamental right to a legal/constitutional right. Provisions of Article 300-A: Article 300-A states that “no person shall be deprived of his property except by authority of law,” granting the government authority to seize property for the general welfare. Court Interpretations of Article 300-A: The Madhya Pradesh High Court (2022) emphasized that property acquisition laws must be legitimate, and state acquisition must benefit the public. In Vidya Devi v. the State of Himachal Pradesh (2022), the Supreme Court ruled that even government authorities in a welfare state cannot seize property without following legal procedures. In Vimlaben Ajitbhai Patel vs. Vatslaben Ashokbhai Patel, the Supreme Court affirmed that while no longer a fundamental right, the right to property remains a human right. Significance of the Supreme Court’s Judgment Balanced State Power Maintains the possibility of state intervention in economic matters. Prohibits unchecked governmental acquisition of private assets. Support for Economic Democracy Reflects Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s vision by ensuring flexibility in economic governance. Allows citizens the freedom to define their own economic and social systems, in line with democratic principles. Directive Principles and Modern Realities Stresses that policies should adhere to the Directive Principles, specifically Article 39(b), adapting to contemporary social and economic conditions. Avoids enforcing a stagnant economic ideology, advocating for responsive and progressive governance. Democratic Influence on Economic Policies Confirms the crucial role of democratically elected bodies in developing economic and welfare strategies. Suggests that future policies should focus on effectively managing vital resources through precise and thoughtful measures like progressive taxation and specialized public programs. -Source: Hindustan Times Supreme Court Upholds Hindu Succession Act, Emphasizes Cultural Norms Over Gender Inequality Context: The Supreme Court recently upheld the inheritance provisions of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (HSA), focusing on cultural norms and legislative consistency. This decision comes in the wake of several petitions that challenged the Act’s validity, advocating for equal treatment of men and women in matters of inheritance. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court’s Observations on Inheritance Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Supreme Court’s Observations on Inheritance The Supreme Court of India has made several critical observations regarding inheritance laws, especially in the context of a woman’s rights and responsibilities after marriage. These observations provide insights into the court’s approach to balancing traditional values with contemporary legal principles. Key Observations: Integration into Husband’s Family: The Supreme Court highlighted that upon marriage, a woman traditionally integrates into her husband’s family, gaining corresponding rights to inheritance within that family structure. Beyond Gender Equality: The court noted that while gender equality is crucial, inheritance laws should also consider broader cultural and societal values, implying that these laws are not solely about equality but also about familial and societal continuity. Cultural Underpinnings of Hindu Inheritance: The court pointed out that Hindu inheritance practices are deeply embedded in cultural values, which often dictate that parents of a married woman should not interfere with her inheritance affairs, especially concerning properties inherited from her husband’s family. Ancestral Lineage and Property Return: Upholding what it termed a “scientific and logical” framework, the court maintained that property acquired by a woman from her parents or in-laws should revert to the source family in the absence of direct heirs, thus preserving an ancestral lineage-based property distribution. Role of Legislation: The Supreme Court stressed that any modifications to inheritance laws should be the purview of Parliament, as these laws impact the broader society and should reflect widespread societal consensus rather than judicial intervention in specific cases. Autonomy in Property Distribution: The court reinforced that a woman has the autonomy to decide how her property is distributed after her death through a will, emphasizing the importance of individual rights within the framework of existing legal norms. Recommendations for Equal Rights: Notably, the court acknowledged recommendations for equal inheritance rights from significant bodies like the 174th Law Commission Report (2000) and the National Commission for Women. However, it recognized that the implementation of such reforms depends on the collective will of the states and Union Territories, reflecting the diverse legal and cultural landscapes across India. Hindu Succession Act, 1956 Scope and Applicability: The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 is a codified law that governs the succession and inheritance of property among Hindus. It applies to individuals who are not Muslims, Christians, Parsis, or Jews. Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, and followers of Arya Samaj and Brahmo Samaj are also considered Hindus under this law. Male-Centric Tradition: Traditionally, the law recognized only male descendants as legal heirs in a joint Hindu family, along with their mothers, wives, and unmarried daughters. They held the family property jointly. Amendment in 2005: The Act was amended in September 2005 to grant equal rights to women as coparceners. Section 6 of the Act was amended to make daughters of coparceners coparceners by birth, with the same rights and liabilities in the ancestral property as sons. Class I Heirs: The Act categorizes relatives into different classes of heirs. Class I heirs include the deceased’s children, grandchildren, and their respective mothers. If there are no Class I heirs, the property passes to Class II heirs, which include the father, son’s daughter’s son, brother, sister, father’s widow, brother’s widow, etc. Testamentary Succession: The Act recognizes testamentary succession, allowing individuals to dispose of their property through a valid will, subject to legal requirements and restrictions. Rights of Widows: The Act acknowledges the rights of widows to inherit property from their deceased husbands. A widow has a share in the property left by her husband, along with other legal heirs. -Source: Hindustan Times China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Context: Despite having strong economic ties with China, Brazil has opted not to join China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), making it the second BRICS nation to make this choice after India.  Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) India’s Stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Issues Concerning the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a comprehensive development strategy launched in 2013 with the goal of enhancing global connectivity and cooperation. Initially named ‘One Belt, One Road,’ it was later rebranded as the BRI to emphasize inclusivity and openness rather than Chinese dominance. Components of BRI: The BRI consists of two primary components: Silk Road Economic Belt: This focuses on improving overland transportation routes, infrastructure, and trade links across Eurasia. Maritime Silk Road: Emphasizes maritime connections, including ports, shipping routes, and maritime infrastructure projects, extending from the South China Sea through Indo-China, Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and reaching Africa and Europe. Objective: The primary objective of the BRI is to enhance international connectivity by improving infrastructure, trade, and economic cooperation. It encompasses a wide range of projects, including the development of railways, ports, highways, and energy infrastructure. Geographic Corridors: The land-based Silk Road Economic Belt includes six key development corridors: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) New Eurasian Land Bridge Economic Corridor China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor China-Myanmar Economic Corridor Economic Impact: Participation in the BRI has led to increased trade and investments with China for the involved countries. Trade with BRI partners experienced an annual growth rate of 6.4%, reaching USD 19.1 trillion between 2013 and 2022. India’s Stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Opposition Based on Sovereignty and Transparency: India opposes the BRI project primarily due to concerns related to sovereignty and transparency. India chose to boycott BRI summits organized by China in 2017 and 2019 and refrained from endorsing BRI joint statements issued by the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). Objection to CPEC and PoK: India’s primary objection to the BRI is the inclusion of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which traverses through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), a territory claimed by India. India asserts that PoK is an integral part of its territory. Call for International Norms and Financial Sustainability: India emphasizes the need for BRI projects to adhere to international norms, uphold the rule of law, and ensure financial sustainability. India is concerned about the potential creation of debt traps, as well as environmental and social risks for the countries hosting BRI projects. Promotion of Alternative Initiatives: Instead of participating in the BRI, India has been actively promoting alternative connectivity initiatives. One such initiative is the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), a G7 effort aimed at funding infrastructure projects in developing nations. Issues Concerning the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Debt Sustainability and Transparency: One of the primary issues associated with the BRI is the debt sustainability and transparency of its projects, especially in countries with weak governance, high corruption, and low credit ratings. Accusations of “debt-trap diplomacy” have arisen, with critics suggesting that countries like Sri Lanka and Zambia, unable to repay BRI-related loans, have faced pressure to surrender strategic assets or make political concessions. Decentralized and Bilateral Nature: The BRI consists of primarily bilateral projects rather than a centralized, multilateral initiative. This decentralized approach can lead to coordination and governance challenges. Unlike initiatives like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the BRI lacks a centralized governing structure, making collective issue resolution challenging. Geopolitical Rivalries and Disputes: Geopolitical rivalries and disputes, such as the India-China border dispute, have had repercussions on the implementation of BRI projects in certain regions. Political tensions can undermine the progress of the initiative, affecting project timelines and outcomes. Environmental and Social Impacts: BRI infrastructure development projects have faced criticism regarding their potential environmental and social impacts. The challenge is to ensure that BRI projects prioritize environmental sustainability and consider the well-being of local communities. Geopolitical Concerns and Influence: The BRI has raised geopolitical concerns, especially regarding China’s growing influence and control over critical infrastructure in partner countries. These concerns have led some countries to reevaluate their participation in the initiative and seek to balance their interests. -Source: The Hindu PM Vishwakarma Yojana Context: Since the launch of the PM Vishwakarma Yojana in 2023, it has made significant strides in supporting traditional craftspeople and artisans across the country. –  a substantial number of applications, with a large portion successfully completing the multi-step registration process.   Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Vishwakarma Yojana: Empowering Artisans and Craftsmen Empowering Rural Women: The Lakhpati Didi Scheme Vishwakarma Yojana: Empowering Artisans and Craftsmen The Vishwakarma Yojana is an innovative initiative aimed at uplifting skilled traditional craftsmen, particularly from the Other Backward Classes (OBC) community. This scheme is named after Vishwakarma, the divine architect and craftsman, and aims to perpetuate the guru-shishya parampara or teacher-pupil tradition within artisan families. Key Features: Recognition and Identity: Artisans and craftsmen enrolled in the scheme will be granted a PM Vishwakarma certificate and an official identity card. Financial Support: Beneficiaries are eligible for collateral-free credit support of up to ₹1 lakh (first tranche) and ₹2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional interest rate of 5%. Budget Allocation: The Vishwakarma Yojana has been allocated a budget ranging from ₹13,000 crore to ₹15,000 crore for five financial years from 2023-2024 to 2027-2028. Skill Training and Tools: The scheme offers a stipend of ₹500 for skill training and ₹1,500 for the acquisition of modern tools. Diverse Traditional Trades: Encompassing both rural and urban areas, the scheme covers 18 traditional trades such as carpentry, boat-making, blacksmithing, pottery, sculpting, cobbling, tailoring, and more. Registration Process: Registration for the Vishwakarma Yojana can be completed at common services centers situated in villages. Collaborative Support: While the central government provides funding, collaboration with state governments is also sought for the successful implementation of the scheme. Market Integration: A significant goal of the scheme is to seamlessly integrate artisans into domestic and global value chains, opening doors to improved market access and opportunities. -Source: The Hindu Airships Context: Recently, a few companies are attempting to control the buoyancy of airships — a longstanding challenge that has prevented their use for cargo transportation. Relevance: Facts for prelims Overview of Airships Airships are a type of lighter-than-air aircraft that have played a unique role in the history of aviation. These vertical-lift vehicles achieve flight through the use of buoyant gases, such as helium or hydrogen, which are less dense than the surrounding air. Known for their distinctive bullet-shaped design, airships were once considered the future of aerial travel in the early 20th century. Types of Airships Non-rigid Airships (Blimps): These airships lack an internal structural framework and maintain their shape only when fully inflated. Semi-rigid Airships: These feature some form of structural support but rely largely on gas pressure to maintain their shape. Rigid Airships: Constructed with a complete metal framework, rigid airships maintain their shape regardless of the gas pressure within. Components of Airships Hull: The large balloon-like body of the airship, traditionally filled with a lifting gas. Gondola: The cabin attached to the underside of the hull where passengers and crew are carried. Propulsion System: Includes engines and rudders that control the airship’s movement and direction. How Airships Work The principle of flight for airships is similar to that of a helium balloon. The key to their buoyancy lies in using a gas that is lighter than the air around them: Hydrogen: Initially favored for its lightness and ease of production, hydrogen’s highly flammable nature made it a risky choice. Helium: Now the preferred choice due to its non-combustible properties, although more expensive and less readily available than hydrogen. Current Uses and Advantages Despite their decline in general transportation, airships still find niche applications across various sectors: Advertising: Often used as flying billboards due to their size and slow flight capabilities. Aerial Observation: Utilized by scientists for environmental research and by military forces for surveillance due to their ability to hover and provide stable platforms. Tourism: Offers unique leisure experiences, giving tourists a slow-moving panoramic view of landscapes. Environmental Impact Reduced Pollution: Airships are considered eco-friendlier than airplanes as they do not require large amounts of fossil fuels to stay aloft. Their operation leads to significantly lower emissions of pollutants. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 November 2024

CONTENTS Maha Kumbh Mela 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR Maha Kumbh Mela Context: The Mahakumbh Mela is scheduled to take place in the holy city of Prayagraj from January 13 to February 26. Relevance: GS I: Festivals Maha Kumbh Mela: A Profound Pilgrimage of Faith The Maha Kumbh Mela is not only a significant religious gathering in India but also the world’s largest peaceful assembly of pilgrims. This sacred pilgrimage occurs four times every 12 years, rotating among four sacred river locations in India: Haridwar, Ujjain, Nashik, and Prayagraj. Celebrating the Maha Kumbh Mela Each of the four locations holds its unique religious significance, closely tied to the holy rivers of India. Pilgrims flock to the Ganges in Haridwar, the Shipra in Ujjain, the Godavari in Nashik, and the sacred confluence (Sangam) of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Sarasvati in Prayagraj. During the Mela, millions of devotees immerse themselves in the holy waters, a ritual believed to cleanse sins and assist in attaining Moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death). Historical Significance Ancient Origins: The Kumbh Mela’s origins trace back to ancient India, with early references found during the Maurya and Gupta periods. These periods highlight the long-standing spiritual and cultural importance of the Kumbh Mela. Royal Patronage and Diverse Participation: Throughout the medieval period, the festival received support from various dynasties across India—from the Cholas and Vijayanagar in the south to the Mughals in the north. Notably, Mughal Emperor Akbar participated in the festivities, reflecting an era of religious inclusiveness. British Observation: In the 19th century, British colonial administrators like James Prinsep documented the festival, intrigued by its vast scale and the mix of different cultures and traditions. Post-Independence Era: After India’s independence, the Maha Kumbh Mela gained heightened national importance, symbolizing unity and the resilience of India’s cultural heritage. UNESCO Recognition and Modern Relevance In 2017, UNESCO recognized the Kumbh Mela as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, underscoring its global cultural significance. This recognition helps ensure that the traditions and spirit of the Kumbh Mela are preserved and celebrated, even as India continues to modernize and evolve. 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR Context: Recently, the 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR, an Indian Navy’s flagship outreach for virtual interaction among IOR littorals, was conducted. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges MAHASAGAR MAHASAGAR, an acronym for Maritime Heads for Active Security And Growth for All in the Region, is a significant maritime initiative started in 2023. It focuses on fostering maritime security and cooperation among Indian Ocean Region (IOR) countries. The event is conducted bi-annually, bringing together maritime leaders and experts to address shared challenges and opportunities in the region. Purpose and Activities of MAHASAGAR Objective: The primary goal of MAHASAGAR is to enhance maritime security and promote sustainable growth among the nations within the Indian Ocean Rim. It serves as a platform for collaborative training, sharing of knowledge, and strategic discussions on maritime safety and security. Theme: The theme for MAHASAGAR centers around “Training Cooperation to Mitigate Common Maritime Security Challenges in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).” This theme underscores the commitment to collectively address and manage maritime security issues, such as piracy, illegal fishing, and maritime pollution, that affect the region. Participation and Impact 3rd Edition Participation: The 3rd edition of MAHASAGAR saw active participation from IOR littorals including Bangladesh, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. The involvement of these nations highlights the inclusive and cooperative spirit of the initiative. Collaborative Efforts: By bringing together maritime heads from various IOR countries, MAHASAGAR facilitates a unified approach to regional challenges. The bi-annual meetings are crucial for setting common goals, devising regional strategies, and implementing coordinated actions to ensure maritime security and economic growth.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 November 2024

Content : All eyes on Baku and the climate finance goal All or any India, Pakistan and modifying the Indus Waters Treaty Are pro-natalist policies the way to address the ageing population problem? All eyes on Baku and the climate finance goal Context: COP29 Details: Set to take place in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 11 to 22, 2024.  Referred to as a “Finance COP” due to its special focus on climate finance. New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG): It is a climate finance target set by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to replace the previous target of $100 billion annually by 2020, focusing on meeting the “needs and priorities of developing countries” per Article 9 of the Paris Agreement. Relevance: GS 3 ( Environment ) Practice Question: Discuss the key expectations from the Baku Conference, with a focus on climate finance. Examine how the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) surpasses the previous $100 billion climate finance target. (250 words) Key Challenges: Scope of NCQG: countries have different perspectives on financial structure, contributions, and timeframe. Developing Countries’ viewpoint: Demand equitable climate finance with clear targets and a strong emphasis on public funding, grants, and concessional loans. Advocates for fair financial responsibility. Call for transparent timeframes, e.g., five- or ten-year commitments. Developed Countries’ Approach: Emphasise flexible finance structures. Prioritise results-focused strategies around low emissions and climate resilience. Distrust Rooted in Past Financial Commitments $100 Billion Pledge (2009): Originally set for 2020, the target was only met in 2022. Trillions Needed: Current climate action needs far surpass the $100 billion, with estimates reaching between $5 trillion and $7 trillion. Adaptation Funding Gap : Adaptation vs. Mitigation: While clean energy projects attract private investments, adaptation efforts (like infrastructure resilience) are underfunded. Debt Concerns: Heavy reliance on loans is increasing the debt of vulnerable countries, stressing the need for grant-based support. Expanding the Contributor Base: Canada and Switzerland’s Proposals: Demands strong contributions based on emissions and income levels, indirectly targeting China and oil-rich countries. Developing countries argue this undermines equity and historical responsibility principles. Risks of Delayed Negotiations: Expanding contributors may stall NCQG negotiations at COP29, jeopardising timely action. Climate Finance Definition and the Issue of Additionality Updated Definition by Standing Committee on Finance (SCF): lacks mention of “additionality”—the need for new and incremental support. Investment vs. Finance: Counting private investments within NCQG risks weakening accountability, as private funds prioritize profits and lack climate-specific oversight. Developing Countries’ Needs Beyond Finance Technology Transfer and Capacity Building: Critical to supporting both mitigation and adaptation efforts. Barriers to Funding Access: Multilateral mechanisms often prioritise cost-efficiency over genuine climate needs, complicating fund access for poorer nations. Path Forward: Trust in Multilateralism: For NCQG to succeed, it must bridge the trust gap and address historical responsibilities. Core Question: Will COP29 deliver genuine outcomes for developing countries or just promises? Conclusion: As COP29 looms, the world watches to see if climate finance negotiations will prioritise equitable solutions or lean toward promises that lack substantive impact. All or any Constitutional Background : The Indian Constitution supports socialist principles, aiming to prevent wealth concentration and resource sharing. Articles 39(b) and 39(c) direct the state to: Distribute resources for the common good. Prevent economic systems that harm society. Relevance: GS 2 (Indian Polity ) Practice Question: Analyze how Articles 39(b) and 39(c) of the Indian Constitution guide the state’s role in resource distribution for social welfare. Discuss the verdict’s implications on legislative discretion and economic equity in modern India. (250 words ) Supreme Court’s Key Ruling : The Court clarified that not every private asset falls under “material resources of the community.” Only specific resources, based on necessity and impact, qualify. Factors for State Action: Nature and Scarcity of the Resource: Is it crucial for society? Community Need: Would public access to this resource help society? Impact of Private Ownership: Does private control harm public interest? Approach to Modern Economic Needs Flexible Interpretation: The Court ruled that Articles 39(b) and (c) should be applied with today’s economic realities in mind, not through a strict ideological lens. Land and Natural Resource Rules: Land Acquisition: Justified under eminent domain for public necessity. Natural Resources: These should be distributed transparently to avoid unfair monopolies. Nationalization: Requires careful constitutional justification. Dissenting View : Justice Dhulia’s Opinion: He argued that the scope of “material resources” should stay broad, allowing the legislature to act more freely, especially with existing social inequalities. Verdict’s Implications Balance of Public Good and Private Rights: The decision supports state responsibility for public welfare but respects private rights by limiting unnecessary intervention. Emphasis on Legislative Discretion: The ruling suggests that elected lawmakers, not the courts, should lead on economic policy to address present challenges. Conclusion The verdict calls for a balance between economic equity and individual rights. States need to be flexible in adopting strategies as per dynamic economic needs. India, Pakistan and modifying the Indus Waters Treaty Context: On August 30, 2024, India formally served a notice under Article XII(3) of the IWT to review and modify the treaty. Indus Water Treaty: It is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank and signed on September 19, 1960. The treaty was signed by then-Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and then-Pakistani President Ayub Khan India controls the three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej), while Pakistan has control over the three western rivers (Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum) Relevance GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question Why is India seeking changes to the Indus Waters Treaty? Discuss the challenges between India and Pakistan regarding water use and the impact of climate change. Reasons Cited by India: Growing Domestic Water Needs: Addressing water needs with rising population and agricultural demands. Clean Energy Goals: Ensuring water use aligns with India’s sustainable energy targets. Cross-Border Tensions: Highlighting terrorism’s impact on smooth IWT operations. Treaty Modification: Article XII High Bar for Amendment: Modifications require a new ratified treaty agreed upon by both nations. Historical Precedent: Past disagreements (e.g., Kishenganga arbitration) suggest finding a mutual modification formula is challenging. Key Differences in Water Use Approaches : India (Upper Riparian): Aims for optimal use of water resources within treaty allowances. Pakistan (Lower Riparian): Prioritises uninterrupted flow of western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab). Case Reference: The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) allowed India’s hydropower projects on the Kishanganga River but required a minimum flow to prevent harm to Pakistan. Structural Challenges in Resource Management River Partition: The IWT divides rivers by region (eastern for India, western for Pakistan), disrupting natural hydrological connections. Cooperation Gaps: Lack of joint resource management undermines effective use and adaptation to modern challenges. No-Harm Rule: Though not explicitly in the treaty, this customary international law requires avoiding significant harm in shared water projects, especially those with potential cross-border impacts. Climate Change and Equitable Utilisation ERU Principle: The 1997 UN Watercourses Convention’s Equitable and Reasonable Utilisation (ERU) principle may guide resource-sharing adjustments in response to climate changes, such as glacial depletion. Joint Engineering Projects: Article VII of the IWT allows for collaborative projects, potentially enabling both nations to manage climate-driven water variability better. Recommendations Memorandum of Understanding (MoU): Establish MoUs within the IWT framework to address emerging issues without full treaty renegotiation. Enhanced Cooperation: Building trust through cooperative projects could help both countries better manage shared resources amidst environmental and political challenges. Are pro-natalist policies the way to address the ageing population problem? India’s Population Landscape : Declining Fertility: India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) dropped to 1.9 in 2021, below the replacement level fertility of 2.1. Regional Variations: Northern states have a younger population, while southern states (like Kerala and Tamil Nadu) are ageing faster due to lower fertility and increased longevity. Pro-Natalist Policies : Government initiatives are designed to encourage higher birth rates and support families in having more children. These policies aim to counteract declining population growth and address ageing demographics. Relevance: GS 1(Society ), GS 2 (Social Justice). Practice Question: Are pro-natalist policies the way to address the ageing population problem? Suggest key measures .(250 words ) Issues with Pro-Natalist Policies : Previous Policy Shifts: India once discouraged large families (e.g., forced sterilizations during the 1970s). Shifting to encourage more births can create chaos due to non-alignment with people’s actual desires or needs. Challenges in Encouraging Higher Birth Rates: High Living Costs: Raising children is costly due to housing, education, and healthcare. Opportunity Cost for Women: Women often bear the burden of childcare, which affects their careers and financial independence. Global Experiences: Countries like Hungary, Poland, and Sweden offer incentives (maternity/paternity leave, tax breaks) but still face resistance due to economic and social pressures. Alternatives to Pro-Natalism: Dynamic View of Ageing: Rather than viewing ageing populations as a burden, consider life expectancy and productivity. Silver Economy: Older adults can continue contributing to less physically demanding, skill-based jobs. Care Economy : Promote opportunities for trained caregivers for the elderly, addressing both ageing population needs and employment challenges. Healthcare and Social Support: Build robust healthcare, affordable eldercare, and social security for an ageing population to reduce dependency on family size. Ecological Considerations: Moving towards a sustainable population size aligns with environmental needs, supporting resource conservation and balanced development. Key Takeaways : Supportive structures focus on ageing, balanced resource use, and gender equality. Policies should prioritise human rights, work-life balance, and the quality of life. Representation metrics should recognise demographic shifts without pressuring families to increase size artificially. Conclusion : The focus should be on holistic social and economic policies that support ageing gracefully, equitably, and sustainably, which are likely to be more effective in addressing India’s demographic challenges.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 November 2024

CONTENTS Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Trump’s Economic Plans: Implications for the US and India World Cities Report 2024: Highlighting Urban Challenges in Climate Action Spinal Muscular Atrophy Al-Natah Okinawicius tekdi Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Context: Recently, the Supreme Court partially upheld the constitutional validity of the Uttar Pradesh Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004, overturning the Allahabad High Court ruling (March 2024) which declared it unconstitutional. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Why the Supreme Court Upheld the UP Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004? Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Why the Supreme Court Upheld the UP Madrasa Education Board Act, 2004? The Madrasa Act, 2004 effectively regulates the standards of education which aligns with the state’s obligation to ensure that students achieve a level of competency to participate actively in society. Hence, the Supreme Court held that the Madarsa Act falls well within the legislative competence of the State Legislature as the Entry 25 of List 3 (Concurrent List) of the Constitution falls in its fold. The Court made a difference between religious education and religious instruction. The Court held in Ms. Aruna Roy vs Union of India, 2002 that religious education promoting communal harmony is permissible, while religious instruction in the nature of mandatory worship is prohibited in state-recognized institutions under Article 28. Even though no one can challenge the constitutional validity of a statute against the violation of the Basic Structure of the Constitution (Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Raj Narain Case, 1975), in order to declare the legislation unconstitutional, statute should violate provisions of the Constitution regarding secularism. Striking down legislation for violating vague concepts like democracy, federalism, and secularism at the behest of courts creates unpredictability in constitutional adjudication. The Court also noted that the state government can pass legislation under the Act so that, without offending the principles of secularism, madrasas impart secular education along with the religious instructions. Appropriate directions should be given by the State in this regard so that the students studying in madrasas are not deprived of the quality of education which is made available by the State in other institutions. This move protected the Act and restated the entitlement of religious minorities to have educational institutions under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution . The instruction given to the court to make it possible that the madrasa students are availed of quality education also supports the integration of madrasa education into the overall plan of education of the state. Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 Purpose and Objectives The Act was introduced to regulate and oversee the operations of madrasas (Islamic educational institutions) within Uttar Pradesh. It established a structured framework for the establishment, recognition, curriculum, and administration of these madrasas across the state. The Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education was set up under this Act to supervise and monitor the activities of madrasas in Uttar Pradesh. Concerns and Criticisms Regarding the Act Constitutional Concerns The Allahabad High Court (HC) has declared the Act unconstitutional, asserting that it promotes education based on religious segregation. Such a provision contradicts the secular principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution and fundamental rights. Quality of Education Criticisms were raised about the Act’s failure to guarantee compulsory education up to the age of 14 years, as stipulated by Article 21 A of the Constitution. Madrasas being excluded from the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 raised concerns about potentially depriving students of universal and quality school education. Curriculum Focus Examination of the madrasa syllabi revealed a heavy emphasis on Islamic studies, with modern subjects receiving limited attention. Students were obligated to study Islamic doctrines to progress, whereas modern subjects were either optional or offered minimally. Compatibility with Higher Education Standards The Act was found to be in conflict with Section 22 of the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act, 1956, raising doubts about its alignment with higher education standards. Court’s Verdict and Recommendations The Allahabad HC declared the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 unconstitutional due to its violations of secular principles and fundamental rights. The court directed the state government to accommodate madrasa students in recognized regular schools and expressed concerns about the limited focus on Islamic studies in the curriculum. This ruling underscored potential negative impacts on students’ access to quality education and spurred legal discussions about constitutional infringements. -Source: Indian Express Trump’s Economic Plans: Implications for the US and India Context: Donald Trump’s proposed economic measures include imposing a 20% tariff on all imports, over 200% duty on cars, mass deportations of undocumented immigrants, and maintaining extended tax cuts despite a soaring budget deficit. These strategies, while potentially bolstering American stocks and the Dollar, raise concerns for US treasuries due to the risk of fiscal profligacy. For India, Trump’s policies could disrupt global supply chains, escalate trade wars, increase forex volatility, and affect global fund flows, thereby posing significant challenges for its economic growth. Additionally, these changes in the US macroeconomic landscape may prompt the Federal Reserve to revisit its rate-cut agenda, influencing the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to adopt a more cautious approach in its monetary policy decisions amid these uncertainties. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Analyzing the Economic Risks of Trump’s Policies Trump’s Immigration Policies: Implications for Indian Students and the IT Sector Impact of Potential H-1B Visa Policy Changes Under Trump Administration Analyzing the Economic Risks of Trump’s Policies Inflation and Fiscal Deficits Under Trump Donald Trump’s administration has been characterized by policies that have sparked considerable debate regarding their long-term economic impact: Trade Policies: Increased tariffs and ongoing trade wars are anticipated to drive up inflation within the U.S. Fiscal Health: Trump’s approach, combining significant tax cuts with protectionist trade measures, may stimulate immediate economic growth but also raises concerns about ballooning fiscal deficits. Such fiscal policies could potentially end the Federal Reserve’s rate-cutting cycle prematurely due to heightened inflation. Global Trust and U.S. Debt: Rising deficits, coupled with a potential decline in institutional trust, might lead foreign lenders to reconsider their stance on U.S. Treasury debt, echoing concerns similar to those triggered by the 2022 freeze of Russian assets, where global central banks shifted their preference towards physical gold. Global Market Uncertainties Monetary Policy Impact: Trump’s economic strategies could also influence global monetary policies. For instance, central banks like India’s RBI might delay rate cuts to maintain financial stability amidst market volatility. Currency Valuation: A weaker U.S. dollar, experienced during Trump’s first term, along with ongoing fiscal pressures, might further complicate the global interest rate environment. Trump’s Immigration Policies: Implications for Indian Students and the IT Sector Immigration Reforms: Trump’s mixed stance on immigration could tighten the job market in a full-employment economy, adding further inflationary pressures. However, his proposal to grant automatic green cards to foreign graduates in the U.S. could benefit Indian students. Corporate Tax Cuts: Plans to reduce the corporate tax rate could lead to increased budgets for U.S. clients of Indian IT service providers, potentially boosting demand for their services and positively impacting Indian IT stocks. Potential Influence of Elon Musk in U.S. Administration Policy Influence: Elon Musk’s possible role in the U.S. administration could bring significant changes to India’s trade and economic policies, especially concerning technology and energy sectors. Negotiations and Pressures: Enhanced influence might lead India to revisit earlier decisions, such as import duties for Tesla, potentially resulting in more favorable terms for Musk-led ventures. Global Economic Landscape: Key Events and Their Implications Federal Reserve Policies: The upcoming Fed policy meeting is critical, with expected insights into future inflation trends, which could signal shifts in U.S. economic strategies. China’s Economic Moves: China’s potential massive stimulus package could significantly impact global growth dynamics, possibly reducing growth in other emerging markets like India by diverting foreign investment towards China. Impact of Potential H-1B Visa Policy Changes Under Trump Administration The H-1B visa program is a crucial pathway for skilled foreign professionals to work in the U.S., especially in sectors with significant skill shortages. Here’s an analysis of how Trump’s policies might reshape the H-1B visa landscape, particularly affecting Indian professionals and U.S. employers reliant on this talent pool. Overview of the H-1B Visa Program Purpose and Eligibility: The H-1B visa allows U.S. employers to hire foreign professionals in specialty occupations that require highly specialized knowledge and at least a bachelor’s degree, aiming to address skill gaps in the U.S. workforce. Annual Visa Caps and Exemptions: The program is subject to an annual limit of 65,000 visas, with an additional 20,000 for holders of a U.S. master’s degree or higher. Exemptions exist for certain employers such as higher education institutions and government research organizations. Dominance of Indian Nationals: Indian nationals significantly dominate the H-1B visa approvals, comprising 72.3% of the total in fiscal year 2023. Historical H-1B Restrictions Under Trump’s First Term Increased Scrutiny and Denial Rates: There was a marked increase in visa denial rates and Requests for Evidence (RFEs), with denial rates peaking at 30% by 2020, a substantial rise from the 3.2% denial rate during Obama’s presidency. Higher Wage Requirements: An attempt was made to increase the wage requirements for H-1B visa holders by 43-71%, although this was ultimately blocked in court. Speculation on Visa Limits: There were discussions about further reducing the number of visas issued and potentially prioritizing applicants with advanced skills. Planned Restrictions and Their Implications “America First” Policy: Trump’s campaign for stricter immigration controls suggests major reforms that may limit H-1B visas and enforce stricter eligibility criteria, potentially affecting major tech companies that heavily rely on this visa. Shorter Visa Durations: Proposals for shorter visa durations, particularly for those placed at third-party locations, could introduce more uncertainty for both employers and employees, complicating project planning and execution. Impact on Indian Professionals Reduced Job Prospects: Tighter H-1B policies could lead to decreased job opportunities for Indian professionals in the U.S. tech industry. Complications in Family Reunification: Stricter visa rules may also complicate the process of family reunifications for current H-1B visa holders. -Source: Indian Express World Cities Report 2024: Highlighting Urban Challenges in Climate Action Context: The UN-Habitat’s “World Cities Report 2024: Cities and Climate Action” reveals a critical dynamic: while cities are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, they also suffer disproportionately from the impacts of climate change. This report underscores the urgent need for targeted climate action within urban areas to mitigate these effects and transition towards sustainability. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the World Cities Report 2024 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) Key Findings of the World Cities Report 2024 The World Cities Report 2024 provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities cities will face by 2040 due to climate change. Here are the critical insights from the report: Climate Impact on Urban Areas Temperature Increases: By 2040, nearly two billion people in urban settings will face a temperature rise of at least 0.5°C, which could exacerbate living conditions and increase energy demands for cooling. Shift in Climate Patterns: Approximately 14% of cities will experience drier climates, while around 900 cities are expected to see a shift towards more humid, tropical climates. Rising Sea Levels: More than 2,000 cities, particularly those in low coastal areas and less than 5 meters above sea level, will expose over 1.4 billion people to increased risks from sea-level rise and storm surges. Urban Contribution to and Risks from Climate Change Disproportionate Impact: Urban areas not only contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions but are also highly vulnerable to climate-induced shocks like floods and cyclones. Financial Shortfall for Climate Resilience: An estimated $4.5 to $5.4 trillion per year is required to develop climate-resilient infrastructures in cities. However, the current financing is drastically lower, at just $831 billion annually. Increased Flood Risk and Urban Sprawl Growing Flood Exposure: Since 1975, flood exposure has increased 3.5 times faster in urban areas than in rural areas. By 2030, 517 million urban residents will be at risk of riverine flooding. Decline in Green Spaces: Urban greenery has decreased from 19.5% in 1990 to 13.9% in 2020, intensifying environmental issues and reducing quality of life in cities. Socioeconomic Impacts Vulnerability of Informal Settlements: Informal settlements are particularly vulnerable to climate impacts due to their precarious locations and lack of legal recognition, which inhibits residents’ ability to invest in property improvements. Green Gentrification: Efforts to introduce green infrastructure like parks can lead to green gentrification, where the original, less affluent residents are displaced by wealthier newcomers, further complicating social dynamics in cities. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) is mandated by the UN General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities.  UN-Habitat is the focal point for all urbanization and human settlement matters within the UN system. UN-Habitat works with partners to build inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and communities. UN-Habitat promotes urbanization as a positive transformative force for people and communities, reducing inequality, discrimination and poverty. Mission UN-Habitat works in over 90 countries to promote transformative change in cities and human settlements through knowledge, policy advice, technical assistance and collaborative action. UN-Habitat’s strategic plan 2020-2023 adopts a more strategic and integrated approach to solving the challenges and opportunities of twenty-first century cities and other human settlements. UN-Habitat’s mission embodies the four main roles of the organization, which can be summarized as: think, do, share, and partner. THINK: UN-Habitat’s normative work, including groundbreaking research and capacity-building, sets standards, proposes norms and principles, shares good practice, monitors global progress and supports formulation of policies related to sustainable cities and human settlements. DO: UN-Habitat’s operational work takes various forms of technical assistance, drawing on its unique expertise in sustainable urbanization and crisis response. UN-Habitat implements projects to provide value-added and tailored support to countries. SHARE: Through advocacy, communication and outreach, UN-Habitat mobilizes public, political and financial support and collaborative action to inspire qualitative change in national development plans, policy frameworks, development practice and investment choices for sustainable urban development at the local, national and global level. PARTNER: UN-Habitat collaborates with governments, intergovernmental, UN agencies, civil society organizations, foundations, academic institutions and the private sector to achieve enduring results in addressing the challenges of urbanization. -Source: Down To Earth Spinal Muscular Atrophy Context: Recently, A 16-month-old child with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) was chosen for gene therapy and was administered the drug at a private hospital. Relevance: GS II: Health Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the motor neurons—nerve cells in the spinal cord—resulting in muscle wasting and weakness. Here’s a closer look at this debilitating condition. Overview of SMA Nature of the Disease: SMA targets the central and peripheral nervous systems and impacts voluntary muscle movement across the body. Motor Neuron Degeneration: The disease involves the progressive loss of motor neurons, classifying it as a motor neuron disease. This degeneration leads to muscle weakness and atrophy, particularly in the muscles closer to the body’s center. Types of SMA SMA is categorized into several subtypes based on the age of onset and severity: Type 0: Evident at birth, extremely severe. Type 1: Appears in infants, highly severe. Type 2: Develops in toddlers, moderate severity. Type 3: Begins in childhood or adolescence, milder form. Type 4: Manifests in adulthood, least severe. Symptoms of SMA Muscle Weakness: The primary symptom is muscle weakness that worsens over time, particularly affecting the muscles near the trunk. Mobility Issues: As the condition progresses, symptoms can range from mild to disabling, leading to challenges in daily movement but not typically affecting involuntary muscles such as those in the heart or digestive tract. Treatment Approaches While there is no cure for SMA, treatments focus on managing symptoms and minimizing complications: Physical Therapy: Aims to improve posture, prevent joint problems, and maintain mobility. Occupational Therapy: Helps individuals manage daily activities and maintain independence. Assistive Devices: Includes braces, walkers, or wheelchairs to aid movement. Speech and Swallowing Therapy: Addresses difficulties in speech and eating. Nutritional Support: Includes feeding tubes for those who have difficulty swallowing. Respiratory Care: Assisted ventilation may be necessary for those with advanced respiratory weakness. Advances in Medications Recent breakthroughs in treatment have provided new hope for those affected by SMA: Disease-Modifying Therapies: These include drugs approved by the FDA that can alter the progression of the disease. Gene Replacement Therapy: A revolutionary approach that introduces a new gene to make up for the defective one causing SMA. -Source: The Hindu Al-Natah Context: Archaeologists have uncovered a 4,000-year-old fortified town in Saudi Arabia, illustrating the gradual shift from nomadic to urban lifestyles. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Discovering Al-Natah: A Bronze Age Marvel The excavation at Khaybar oasis, led by French archaeologist Guillaume Charloux, has unearthed Al-Natah, shedding light on a sophisticated Bronze Age town that existed between 2400 and 1500 BCE. This significant archaeological find challenges previous notions about societal structures during that era and highlights the advanced urban planning of the time. Features of Al-Natah Organized Settlement: Al-Natah demonstrates the presence of an organized settlement during a period traditionally thought to be dominated by nomadic pastoral societies. This finding indicates a more complex social and economic structure than previously recognized. Town Structure: The town was strategically enclosed by a 14.5-kilometer wall and spanned an area of 2.6 hectares. It supported a population of up to 500 residents, suggesting a well-established community. Architecture: Residents lived in multi-story dwellings made of stone and mudbrick, arranged around narrow paths that connected the various parts of the town. This layout not only optimized space but also facilitated social and economic interactions among the inhabitants. Socioeconomic Role: Al-Natah likely functioned as a center for agricultural production and trade. The cooperative society here managed to sustain itself in an arid environment, indicating advanced knowledge of agriculture and resource management. Cultural and Social Insights: The layout of the town included designated burial sites, with the presence of some graves and tiered towers possibly indicating higher social status among certain residents. Comparison with Al Faw Al-Natah shares similarities with another ancient town in southern Saudi Arabia, Al Faw, which was recently designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Both towns highlight the region’s historical significance and the unexpected complexity of early urban settlements in what is now Saudi Arabia. -Source: The Hindu Okinawicius tekdi Context: Researchers have found a new species of jumping spider on Baner hill, yet again highlighting the region’s rich biodiversity and the need to protect the city’s natural landscapes. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Okinawicius Tekdi A remarkable discovery has been made in the field of arachnology with the identification of a new species of jumping spider named Okinawicius tekdi. This addition enriches the already diverse spider fauna of India, bringing the total number of known jumping spider species in the country to 326. Discovery of Okinawicius Tekdi Naming and Significance: The spider is named after the Marathi word for hill, “tekdi,” reflecting its likely habitat or discovery location. This name underscores the cultural linkage and local biodiversity significance. Research and Discovery: The species was first described by Atharva Kulkarni, an MSc student in environmental science from MIT-World Peace University in Pune, marking a significant contribution to the local scientific community. Historical Context: This discovery is particularly notable as it marks the first new spider species identified in Pune in over 30 years, highlighting a breakthrough in regional biodiversity research. Overview of Spider Species Spiders, belonging to the class of arthropods, are fascinating creatures known for their complex behaviors and diverse adaptations. Physical Characteristics: Spiders are characterized by their segmented bodies, hard exoskeleton, and eight jointed legs, setting them apart from insects, which have six legs. Web Spinning: One of the most distinctive features of spiders is their ability to spin webs. These webs are used for various purposes such as trapping prey, shelter, and laying eggs. Diversity and Adaptation: Spiders exhibit a wide range of feeding and habitat preferences, contributing significantly to ecological balance by controlling insect populations. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 November 2024

CONTENTS IL-35 Protein PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme IL-35 Protein Context: Scientists at the Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) in Guwahati, an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology, have discovered a specific protein IL-35 that can aid in new treatments for type I and autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology IL-35 Protein IL-35 is an immunoregulatory protein composed of the IL-12α and IL-27β chains. It plays a critical role in the immune system by regulating various immune cells and mechanisms: Immune Regulation: IL-35 is involved in regulating macrophage activation, T-cell responses, and regulatory B cells, which are all pivotal in maintaining immune homeostasis. Protection Against Diabetes: The protein is particularly significant in the context of autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes. It inhibits the activity of immune cells that attack pancreatic beta cells, which are crucial for insulin production. By reducing the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the pancreas, IL-35 helps mitigate the progression of autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, T1DM) Autoimmune diabetes mellitus, commonly known as Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas:  In T1DM, the body’s immune system mistakenly targets and destroys beta cells in the pancreas, which produce insulin. This autoimmune attack leads to a reduction in insulin production, resulting in high blood sugar levels. The development of T1DM is influenced by both genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Potential environmental triggers include viral infections, dietary influences like vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies, and changes in gut microbiota. Individuals with T1DM require lifelong insulin therapy since their bodies can no longer produce sufficient insulin. This dependency is due to the irreversible damage to pancreatic beta cells caused by the autoimmune response. Challenges and Research Directions Currently, there are no preventive treatments or immunosuppressive therapies that effectively prevent the onset or progression of T1DM. This highlights the need for ongoing research into innovative treatment strategies, such as those involving immunoregulatory proteins like IL-35, which might offer new pathways for managing or even preventing autoimmune diabetes in the future. The exploration of IL-35’s role in autoimmune responses and its potential therapeutic applications represents a promising area of study that could lead to significant advancements in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including T1DM. PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme Context: The Union Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has unveiled the PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme, a pivotal initiative under the National Education Policy 2020. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About PM Vidyalaxmi: This scheme is designed to ensure that financial constraints do not hinder meritorious students from pursuing higher education. It offers financial assistance in the form of collateral-free, guarantor-free loans covering tuition fees and other related expenses. Eligibility and Coverage PM Vidyalaxmi targets students admitted to top-tier Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) as ranked by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF). This includes: HEIs ranked within the top 100 overall, category-specific, or domain-specific rankings. State government HEIs ranked within 101-200. All central government governed institutions. Initially, 860 HEIs qualify under the scheme, potentially benefiting over 22 lakh students. Loan and Credit Guarantees The scheme facilitates educational loans up to ₹7.5 lakhs, with a 75% credit guarantee on the outstanding default to mitigate the risk for banks and encourage the provision of loans. Interest Subvention Benefits For families with an annual income of up to ₹8 lakhs not eligible for other government subsidies, the scheme offers a 3% interest subvention on loans up to ₹10 lakhs during the moratorium period. This benefit is aimed at supporting one lakh students annually, prioritizing those from government institutions and enrolled in technical/professional courses. Financial Outlay and Impact An allocation of ₹3,600 Crore has been set aside for the period from 2024-25 to 2030-31, with an expectation to assist 7 lakh new students through the interest subvention. Digital and Simplified Processes The Department of Higher Education will manage the PM Vidyalaxmi scheme through a unified digital portal, which simplifies the application process for both loans and interest subventions. Payments for interest subvention will be executed using E-vouchers and Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) wallets, streamlining transactions and ensuring transparency. Supplementary Initiatives PM Vidyalaxmi complements existing programs like the Central Sector Interest Subsidy (CSIS) and the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme for Education Loans (CGFSEL), part of the PM-USP. These schemes collectively aim to enhance access to quality higher education and support students pursuing technical and professional courses. Conclusion The PM Vidyalaxmi scheme is a significant step forward in making quality higher education accessible to all aspiring students across India. By removing financial barriers and integrating digital solutions, the scheme promises to broaden educational opportunities and foster an environment where merit trumps economic status, reinforcing the government’s commitment to educational and financial inclusion.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 November 2024

Contents : What Trump 2.0 means for India A win that will affect the global economy What Trump 2.0 means for India Context: A second Trump administration may reshape India-U.S. relations, offering both strategic opportunities and renewed challenges. Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question: Analyse the possible opportunities and challenges for India-U.S. relations in the event of a second Trump regime. (150 words ) Positive Areas for India-U.S. Relations under Trump: Economic co-operation : Trump aims to strengthen trade with India, reviving Free Trade Agreement discussions from 2019-2020. India could benefit from technology transfer, defence purchases, and greater access to U.S. markets. Energy Collaborations:  Trump likely favours increasing India’s purchase of U.S. oil and LNG, as seen in the past MoU for investment in the Driftwood LNG plant. Democratic Norms:  Unlike the Biden administration, Trump’s policies may reduce scrutiny on India’s human rights, minority issues, and NGO regulations. On Khalistan Activism: Expected a stricter approach towards Khalistani groups, promoting India’s stance. Stronger Stance on Canada:  Trump’s stance may align with India’s current tensions with Ottawa, particularly around the Nijjar case and related diplomatic disputes. Potential Trouble Areas : Trade Disputes: Trump’s tariff policies led to U.S.-India trade frictions, including WTO disputes and the removal of India’s GSP ( The Generalized System of Preferences )status. Unpredictable Communication: Trump’s tendency to reveal or exaggerate private discussions with world leaders potentially complicate diplomatic relations. For Instance, his comments on Kashmir with Pakistan’s Imran Khan and statements on the LAC standoff with China. Pressure on Allies : Trump can adopt a coercive approach to allies. For example, his pressure on India to halt Iranian oil imports strained India-Iran relations, affecting India’s energy security. Inconsistent South Asia Focus: Pakistan and Bangladesh may experience policy shifts. Reduced U.S. aid and attention might increase these countries’ dependency on other powers, like China, shifting regional balances. Complex Middle East Relations: With Trump’s warm relations with Russia, India may find it easier to balance ties with Moscow. Trump’s approach to Israel, Iran, and the Gulf countries may affect India’s trade, energy interests, and security. Conclusion: Trump 2.0 promises deeper economic and strategic ties, but India must cautiously navigate the complexities of his unpredictable approach to maintain a balanced and mutually beneficial partnership. A win that will affect the global economy Context: Trump’s victory may reshape the global economy, with significant implications for trade, inflation, and international relations. Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question:Evaluate how a Trump-led U.S. administration’s protectionist policies might impact global trade and inflation, with a special focus on emerging economies like India. (250 words ) Trade Sector : The USA may shift back to protectionist policies, particularly with China and India. This could involve raising tariffs on imported goods, particularly targeting China with tariffs as high as 60%. The U.S. is India’s second-largest trading partner, with a trade surplus in India’s favour ($36.74 billion). Trump’s protectionist approach could involve tariffs or import restrictions on Indian goods. Focus on Bilateral Deals: Trump’s preference for bilateral over multilateral trade could undermine global institutions like the WTO and may impact smaller economies. Inflation : Proposed import tariffs (e.g., 10% on all imports) could drive up consumer prices in the U.S., leading to increased inflation domestically and ripple through global supply chains. China’s Concerns : China as a Key Target: China’s substantial trade surplus with the U.S. ($380 billion) makes it a primary focus for Trump’s trade policies. China may face significant trade barriers on certain products (e.g., electric vehicles in the EU and steel in India) limiting its reach. Impact on India’s Key Sectors : Trump’s policies could again limit H1B and L1 visa approvals for skilled Indian workers, particularly affecting the IT sector. Indian companies might need to hire more U.S.-based workers, as seen with Infosys, which employed 10,000 American workers in response to prior restrictions. Pharmaceuticals: Indian Pharma and generic drugs could face more stringent regulatory or tariff barriers. Energy Sector Increased Fossil Fuel Production: Trump’s pledges to expand oil and natural gas exploration which hampers U.S. commitment to climate goals. NATO and Allies Strained NATO Partnerships: During his first term, Trump’s often contentious approach toward NATO and European allies signalled a shift from U.S.-EU cooperation. Conclusion: Trump’s policies may drive economic shifts worldwide, affecting trade balances, sectoral growth, and international alliances.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 November 2024

CONTENTS Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)  A New Study Reports a Dietary Diversity Gap for Young Children in India Major Ralengnao ‘Bob’ Khathing Gravity Energy Storage Visible Emission Line Coronagraph Proba-3 Mission  Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS)  Context: The Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) remains a debated topic in India, with proponents arguing it empowers representatives to address local needs and critics claiming it undermines constitutional principles, particularly the separation of powers.   Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: MPLAD Scheme Background of the Court’s Ruling 2018 CIC Order: The Central Information Commission (CIC) raised concerns about Members of Parliament (MPs) strategically saving their MPLADS funds until the final year of their term. The CIC suspected this tactic was used to gain an unfair advantage during elections. MoSPI Suggestion: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) was advised by the CIC to prevent this “abuse” by implementing guidelines to ensure the funds were distributed equally over each year of the five-year term. Legal Challenge: The MoSPI filed a legal challenge in the Delhi High Court against the CIC’s ruling related to a Right to Information (RTI) application. Court’s Ruling No Jurisdiction: The Delhi High Court ruled that the CIC does not have jurisdiction to comment on the utilization of funds by MPs under the MPLADS. RTI Act Scope: The court noted that the RTI Act is limited to providing access to information under the control of public authorities. Section 18 of RTI Act: According to Section 18 of the RTI Act, the CIC can only deal with issues related to the information sought under the RTI Act or any issue leading to the dissipation of such information. Publication of Details: The Court upheld the CIC’s instruction for public authorities to publish details of the funds, MP-wise, Constituency-wise, and work-wise under the RTI Act. MPLAD Scheme: MPLADS is an ongoing Central Sector Scheme which was launched in 1993-94.  The Scheme enables the Members of Parliament to recommend works for creation of durable community assets based on locally felt needs to be taken up in their constituencies in the area of national priorities namely drinking water, education, public health, sanitation, roads etc. Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has been responsible for the policy formulation, release of funds and prescribing monitoring mechanism for implementation of the Scheme. Features The annual MPLADS fund entitlement per MP constituency is Rs. 5 crore. MPs are to recommend every year, works costing at least 15 per cent of the MPLADS entitlement for the year for areas inhabited by Scheduled Caste population and 7.5 per cent for areas inhabited by S.T. population. In order to encourage trusts and societies for the betterment of tribal people, a ceiling of Rs. 75 lakh is stipulated for building assets by trusts and societies subject to conditions prescribed in the scheme guidelines. Lok Sabha Members can recommend works within their Constituencies and Elected Members of Rajya Sabha can recommend works within the State of Election (with select exceptions). Nominated Members of both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha can recommend works anywhere in the country. All works to meet locally felt infrastructure and development needs, with an emphasis on creation of durable assets in the constituency are permissible under MPLADS as prescribed in the scheme guidelines. Expenditure on specified items of non durable nature are also permitted as listed in the guidelines. Release of Funds: Funds are released in the form of grants in-aid directly to the district authorities. The funds released under the scheme are non-lapsable. The liability of funds not released in a particular year is carried forward to the subsequent years, subject to eligibility. Execution of works: The MPs have a recommendatory role under the scheme. They recommend their choice of works to the concerned district authorities who implement these works by following the established procedures of the concerned state government. The district authority is empowered to examine the eligibility of works sanction funds and select the implementing agencies, prioritise works, supervise overall execution, and monitor the scheme at the ground level. -Source: Business Standards A New Study Reports a Dietary Diversity Gap for Young Children in India Context: A new study has thrown open the lid on a nutrition issue of massive proportions in the Indian context, as 77 pecent of children aged 6-23 months do not meet WHO standards for dietary diversity.  Almost the worst failure rates for minimum dietary diversity are reported in central India. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) What are the Major Limitations to Dietary Diversity in India? Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) The concept of Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) serves as a critical nutritional benchmark set by the World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate and ensure adequate dietary intake for children aged 6-23 months. According to this standard, a child’s diet must include items from at least five of the eight designated food groups within a 24-hour period to be deemed sufficient. These groups encompass breast milk, grains, legumes, dairy products, flesh foods, eggs, and fruits and vegetables. Failure to meet this diversity threshold is a strong indicator of inadequate nutritional intake. Key Insights from Recent Findings Historical Progress: There has been a noteworthy reduction in the MDD failure rate from 87.4% in the earlier NFHS-3 survey (2005-06) to over 75% in the latest survey. Although this represents progress, the high percentage indicates that a significant number of children still do not receive sufficiently diverse diets. Regional Discrepancies: The study highlights stark differences across states, with Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh showing more than 80% inadequacy in dietary diversity. In contrast, states like Sikkim and Meghalaya reported better outcomes, with failure rates below 50%, suggesting more effective local nutritional policies. Nutritional Challenges: Despite global advances in child nutrition, inadequate nutrition continues to contribute significantly to child mortality and disease. In India, the statistics are particularly concerning, with a substantial proportion of children underweight, stunted, and wasted. Dietary Trends: There has been a slight decline in the consumption of breast milk and dairy products among Indian children, which could impact nutritional outcomes negatively. Breastmilk consumption decreased from 87% in NFHS-3 to 85% in NFHS-5, and dairy intake from 54% to 52%. Undernutrition and Anaemia: Undernutrition and anaemia remain prevalent, especially among children from rural areas or those born to mothers with limited education or access to health resources. Improvement Recommendations The study underlines the urgent need for focused government action to improve nutrition among children. Recommendations include: Stregthening the ICDS and PDS: This would also increase the scope and productivity of the Integrated Child Development Services and Public Distribution System for a very long time so that food items available can be more diverse in nature and richer in nutrients. Targeted Interventions: All interventions that focused on bringing regional inequalities and the most disadvantaged populations under closer examination would help reduce dietary inadequacies in India and improve child health outcomes. What are the Major Limitations to Dietary Diversity in India? Poverty and Regional Inequality: Significant spatial variations characterize poverty rates in India. Food diversity is severely limited by large regional inequalities, especially in central and western states. Lack of Awareness among Caregivers: Low levels of awareness among caregivers, especially in rural areas, restrict information on proper well-balanced diets and is a significant cause of undernutrition. PDS mainly focuses on staple grains. There is hardly any diversification and no nutrient-dense foods such as pulses, fruits, and vegetables. Inadequate access to health facilities and nutrition education lacks the desired information. Children’s eating habits are influenced by poor nutrition counseling. Certain food groups are not included in children’s diets owing to cultural practices that disregard the intake of specific groups of food. -Source: The Hindu Major Ralengnao ‘Bob’ Khathing Context: Recently, the Defence Minister inaugurated the Major Ralengnao ‘Bob’ Khathing Museum of Valour at Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: What was Bob Khathing’s Tawang expedition? Who was Bob Khathing? What is the record of his Army service? What did Bob Khathing do after the war ended? What was Bob Khathing’s Tawang expedition? In 1951, Maj Bob Khathing, then a member of the Indian Frontier Administrative Service, was tasked by the Governor of Assam, Jairamdas Daulatram, to occupy Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. It was important to secure the area as there were indications that the Chinese were preparing to walk into Tibet and possibly re-align the boundary with India. Well-versed in jungle warfare, Bob Khathing started the expedition for Tawang on January 17, 1951, from the Lokhra Camp near Assam’s Charduar with troops of Assam Rifles. The terrain was hostile and the weather extreme, but Khathing and his men persevered. Once they arrived in Tawang, Khathing held parleys with the locals, winning over their trust. He officially took Tawang under Indian administration by hoisting the Indian flag on February 14, 1951. Thereafter, Khathing started the process of establishing an administrative set-up in the area around Tawang. He appointed Gaon Buras (village elders) in each village for that purpose, in keeping with the traditional practice of one Gaon Bura for groups of three to ten villages. Who was Bob Khathing? Ranenglao ‘Bob’ Khathing was born on February 28, 1912, in Manipur’s Ukhrul district. He was a Tangkhul Naga. He studied at Sir Johnstone High School in Imphal and did his matriculation from Shillong before joining Cotton College in Guwahati. He joined Ukhrul High School as its Head Master. He also founded a school at Harasingha in Assam’s Darrang district. In 1939, after the Second World War broke out, Khathing joined the Indian Army and got an Emergency Commission as an officer. What is the record of his Army service? In a short period of time, Bob Khathing was not only given the coveted award of Member of British Empire (MBE) for his role in galvanising Naga support against the Japanese in Burma and India, but also the Military Cross (MC) for his acts of bravery above and beyond the call of duty. Bob was commissioned into the 9/11 Hyderabad Regiment (now Kumaon Regiment). In 1942, he was transferred to the Assam Regiment in Shillong. During the Second World War, he was part of a guerrilla outfit called Victor Force, raised by the British to combat the Japanese on the Burma-India road. Later, another force known as SANCOL, comprising 153 Gurkha Parachute Battalion, was formed in June 1944 under command of Major John Saunders, and Bob Khathing was appointed Advisor to this force. Lightly equipped with only two days’ rations, SANCOL was tasked with tracking Japanese soldiers around Tangkhul Hundung and preventing them from escaping to the southeast. What did Bob Khathing do after the war ended? At the end of the Second World War, the Emergency Commissioned officers in the Army were demobilised. Known to be very close to the then Maharaja Kumar Priyabrata Singh of Manipur, Khathing joined the then interim government as minister in charge of the hill areas. In 1949, when Manipur merged with India, the interim government was dissolved and he joined the Assam Rifles. Khathing served with the 2nd Assam Rifles Battalion for two years.  In 1951, he joined the Indian Frontier Administrative Service as an assistant political officer. He went on to serve as Deputy Commissioner of Mokokchung (in Nagaland), Development Commissioner in Sikkim, and Chief Secretary of Nagaland. His career ended as ambassador to Burma in 1975 — making him possibly the first person of tribal origin to be appointed ambassador in independent India. He died in Imphal on January 12, 1990. -Source: Indian Express Gravity Energy Storage Context: Gravity energy storage is emerging as a viable solution to address a major challenge of solar and wind power. Relevance: GS III: Energy Gravity Energy Storage: Harnessing Potential Energy Gravity energy storage is an innovative technology designed to store electrical energy by leveraging the gravitational force. This method provides an alternative to traditional battery storage and pumped-hydro systems, with the potential to significantly impact the renewable energy sector. How Gravity Energy Storage Works The fundamental mechanism of gravity energy storage involves: Energy Conversion: During periods of surplus energy generation, such as midday solar peak times, the excess electricity is used to elevate a heavy mass. This could be water, concrete blocks, or compressed earth blocks. The lifting of this mass converts electrical energy into potential energy. Energy Release: When energy demand exceeds the current supply, especially during peak consumption hours or when renewable sources like solar are not available, the stored potential energy is converted back to electrical energy. This is achieved by allowing the elevated mass to descend, which drives a turbine as it forces water or another fluid through it, generating electricity. System Configuration Setup Details: A typical setup includes a heavy piston situated within a fluid-filled cylindrical container. This configuration allows for a controlled release of the mass, ensuring efficient energy generation. Site Flexibility: Unlike pumped-hydro storage, which requires specific geographical features, gravity energy storage systems can be installed in a wider range of locations, offering greater flexibility in site selection. Advantages of Gravity Energy Storage Longevity and Maintenance: Gravity energy storage systems are capable of lasting for decades with minimal maintenance requirements. This contrasts sharply with batteries, which require replacements due to degradation over time. Environmental Impact: This technology avoids the chemical reactions associated with batteries, reducing the risk of environmental contamination and the challenges associated with disposal. Cost-Effectiveness: For large-scale energy storage, gravity systems can be more economical, presenting lower costs of energy storage compared to other technologies. Space and Environmental Sensitivity: The system’s relatively compact and non-invasive nature makes it suitable for areas where space is at a premium or environmental regulations limit the deployment of large-scale energy storage facilities. -Source: The Hindu Visible Emission Line Coronagraph Context: Scientists at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Bengaluru recently reported the “first significant” results from the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) payload onboard the ADITYA-L1 Mission. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) Coronagraph Overview of the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) is the primary payload of India’s pioneering Aditya-L1 Mission, which marks the country’s first venture to observe the Sun from an advantageous point about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. Designed and built by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) at its CREST facility in Hosakote, Karnataka, the VELC embodies a multifaceted approach to solar observation. Design and Functionality The VELC integrates multiple components to perform its functions: Coronagraph: This instrument is essentially designed to block the Sun’s bright face, enabling the observation of its outer atmosphere, or corona. Spectrograph: This allows for the analysis of the Sun’s light, helping to identify the presence and concentration of various elements. Polarimetry Module: Essential for measuring the magnetic fields of the solar corona. Detectors and Auxiliary Optics: These are crucial for capturing and processing the data received from the other components. Objectives of the VELC Solar Corona Observation: The VELC is capable of imaging the solar corona closer than ever before, up to 1.05 times the solar radius. This proximity provides unprecedented clarity and detail in the images captured. Scientific Analysis: The instrument will analyze various aspects of the solar corona including temperature, plasma velocity, and density. Such data are vital for understanding the physical conditions of the Sun’s outermost atmospheric layer. Study of Solar Phenomena: Key solar phenomena such as Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and solar wind will be studied extensively. These are critical for understanding space weather and its impact on Earth. Coronagraph A coronagraph is a highly specialized astronomical instrument crafted to observe the Sun’s corona, the outermost and hot layer of the solar atmosphere, which is usually obscured by the Sun’s bright light. Origins of the Coronagraph Inventor: The device was invented by French astronomer Bernard Lyot in the 1930s. Development: Lyot’s innovation allowed for detailed study of the solar corona outside of solar eclipses. Functionality of the Coronagraph The primary function of a coronagraph is to enable the observation of the Sun’s corona by blocking out the intense light from the Sun’s main body.  It employs a circular mask within a telescope to selectively filter out the sun’s light, mimicking the natural blocking effect of the Moon during a solar eclipse. Additional Uses of Coronagraphs Beyond solar studies, advanced coronagraphs are utilized in the field of exoplanetary science. These devices filter out the starlight of distant stars, making it possible to detect and study the light from orbiting exoplanets that are otherwise hidden in the star’s glare. -Source: The Hindu Proba-3 Mission Context: Recently, the union minister of Science and Technology said that India will launch the European Space Agency’s Proba-3 mission early next month from the spaceport at Sriharikota. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Overview of ESA’s Proba-3 Mission The Proba-3 mission, spearheaded by the European Space Agency (ESA), represents a groundbreaking venture in space technology and solar observation. As ESA’s first mission dedicated to precision formation flying, Proba-3 aims to enhance our understanding of the Sun’s corona through an innovative approach involving two spacecraft working in concert. Mission Design and Components Proba-3 consists of two small satellites: Coronagraph Spacecraft: Equipped to image the Sun’s corona. Occulter Spacecraft: Shaped like a solar disc, its primary function is to block the Sun’s intense light, simulating an eclipse. How Proba-3 Works Formation Flying: The two satellites will maintain a precise distance of approximately 150 meters from each other. Through this tight formation, the Occulter will cast a shadow over the Coronagraph’s telescope, effectively creating an artificial eclipse. Observation Capabilities: This setup allows the Coronagraph to capture images of the solar corona in visible, ultraviolet, and polarized light without the interference of the Sun’s bright light. Such observations can last for extended periods, providing continuous and detailed solar imaging. Scientific Objectives Study of the Solar Corona: By simulating an eclipse, Proba-3 will allow scientists to observe the solar corona in unprecedented detail. This region of the Sun, while typically obscured by its brightness, is crucial for understanding solar dynamics and the solar atmosphere. Insights into Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs): The mission will focus on the origins and properties of CMEs, which are significant eruptions of solar material. Understanding CMEs is vital for assessing their potential impacts on satellites, communication systems, and power grids on Earth. Solar Irradiance Measurements: Proba-3 will also track total solar irradiance, providing valuable data on the Sun’s energy output. Changes in solar irradiance are important for models of Earth’s climate, as they can influence global temperature and weather patterns. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 November 2024

CONTENTS Ningol Chakkouba Festival Ningol Chakkouba Festival Context: Recently, Ningol Chakkouba festival was held with religious fervour and gaiety across the State of Manipur. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Ningol Chakkouba Festival The Meitei Community Celebrating Ningol Chakkouba Ningol Chakkouba Festival: The Ningol Chakkouba Festival is an annual celebration deeply rooted in the culture of the Meitei community of Manipur, India. Held on the second day of the lunar month of Hiyangei according to the Meitei calendar, this festival has transcended its community boundaries to embrace a broader spirit of family reunion and societal harmony. Key Features of the Festival Meaning and Significance: The term ‘Ningol’ means ‘married woman’ and ‘Chakkouba’ translates to ‘invitation for a feast.’ This festival centers around the celebration of married women, who are invited to their parental homes for a grand feast. Cultural Practices: It is a tradition for the brother to send a formal invitation to his sister a week before the festival, signaling respect and the importance of the familial bond. The day is marked with lavish meals and the exchange of gifts, fostering family ties and unity. Widespread Celebration: Originally celebrated by the Meiteis, Ningol Chakkouba has found resonance across various communities, underscoring universal values of family happiness and societal peace. The festival is now celebrated by Manipuris living outside the state, including those in different parts of India and abroad, maintaining cultural identity and connection among the diaspora. The Meitei Community: The Meitei community is the dominant ethnic group in Manipur, known for its rich cultural heritage and significant contributions to the cultural mosaic of northeastern India. Cultural and Demographic Overview Language: The Meiteis speak the Meitei language, also officially recognized as Manipuri. It is one of India’s 22 scheduled languages and serves as the sole official language of Manipur State. Geographic Distribution: Predominantly settled in the Imphal Valley, Meiteis also have a significant presence in other northeastern states such as Assam, Tripura, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram. Their cultural influence extends into neighboring countries like Myanmar and Bangladesh. Social Structure: The Meitei society is clan-based, with strict rules against intermarriage within clans, preserving distinct familial lineages. Economic Foundation: Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation on irrigated fields, forms the backbone of their economy, reflecting the community’s deep connection with the land. Celebrating Ningol Chakkouba Ningol Chakkouba is more than just a festival; it is a vital cultural institution that reinforces familial bonds and community solidarity. Through its celebration, the Meitei community not only honors its women and upholds family values but also showcases the importance of cultural preservation in a rapidly changing world. This festival highlights how traditional practices can foster societal harmony and peace, making it a significant cultural touchstone for the Meiteis and an example of cultural pride for other communities.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 06 November 2024

Contents : Aadhaar biometric data access will aid forensics Rising STEM research demands revitalised education Aadhaar Biometric Data Access Will Aid Forensics Background : Aadhaar Act: The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) imposes strict regulations on data disclosure to protect privacy and prevent misuse. Section 33(1): Permits disclosure of certain information under a court order not inferior to that of a High Court judge. Section 29(1) & Section 33:sharing of core biometric information (fingerprints and iris scans) under any circumstances is prohibited except for exceptions. Relevance: GS 2 ( Governance ) Practice Question: Evaluate the legal and ethical dimensions of permitting law enforcement access to Aadhaar biometric data for identifying unknown deceased individuals. (250 words ) Issues : Balancing Rights: The challenge lies in balancing the right to privacy with the right to life with dignity. High Court Rulings: Emphasise respectful and humane treatment of bodies, highlighting the importance of dignity even in death. Unidentified Deceased Individuals Many unidentified deceased are from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, daily wagers, migrants, or those with strained family relationships. Lack of identification documents, mobile phones, and missing person reports worsens the issue. Standard Investigative Procedures Examination and Documentation: Bodies are examined and photographed, and distinct features are noted, such as tattoos and body scars. Evidence Collection: Includes collecting evidence from the scene, analysing CCTV footage, scrutinising phone records, and checking against missing person reports. Fingerprint Analysis: collected fingerprints are analysed against criminal records available in crime records. Fingerprints Decomposition: Even in severely decomposed bodies, fingerprints can be retrieved and preserved using formaldehyde. Limited Databases: Police fingerprint databases are often limited to known criminal histories, and many states have not fully digitised them. Proposal for Aadhaar Access Identification Aid: Access to the Aadhaar database could aid in identifying bodies and assisting families with last rites. Homicide Investigations: Ensures investigations proceed effectively by identifying victims. Legal Issues Absolute Prohibition: The Aadhaar Act’s strict prohibition on sharing core biometric information is a major obstacle. U.S. Model: In the U.S., law enforcement agencies use advanced identification tools to match the fingerprints of deceased individuals against extensive databases. Re-evaluating Restrictions Case-Specific Access: There is a need to re-evaluate the Aadhaar Act to provide access for specific cases like identifying deceased persons. First Information Report (FIR): Access based on an FIR should be provided. Judicial Order: A jurisdictional judicial magistrate’s order, rather than a High Court order, could suffice, reducing the higher judiciary’s burden. Conclusion The Aadhar Act needs to be re-evaluated to address emerging demands, and identifying deceased individuals is one of them. Meanwhile, the balance between the right to privacy and the right to dignity is the need of the hour. Rising STEM Research Demands Revitalised Education Context: India’s STEM(Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics )education faces major challenges, affecting the employability and research capabilities of graduates. While private engineering colleges and newer IITs have expanded access, many students lack essential industry skills. Relevance: GS 2 ( Education ) Practice Question: Evaluate the challenges in India’s STEM education system and suggest reforms in pedagogy. (250 words ) Key Challenges in Higher Education Lack of Industry Skills: Many graduates from private engineering colleges and newer IITs lack the essential skills needed by the industry, which worsens the skill gap. Struggles in Research: Research institutes find it challenging to get students with the necessary skill set for higher studies, which hampers the quality of research outputs. Insufficiently skilled faculty and declining higher education pursuing students make the situation worse Pressure on Faculty: Education quality is compromised by faculties focusing on publishing research papers rather than improving the quality of teaching. Lack of Support: Many teaching institutions do not provide a robust environment conducive to quality research, which hinders the development of capable graduates. Proposed Reforms Separate Rankings: Teaching should be ranked based on the quality of their teaching rather than their research output. Emphasise faculty development programs, mentorship, and effective teacher evaluations to improve teaching standards. Encourage teaching institutions to collaborate with research institutions to enhance teaching methods and pedagogy. Introduce a dedicated teaching track within academic hierarchies, such as roles focused specifically on teaching (e.g., teaching assistant, associate professor). Funding agencies should incentivise collaborative projects between teaching and research institutions to improve both teaching and research outcomes. Joint Degree Agreements Strengthening Collaboration: Joint Degrees: Establish joint degree programs between teaching and research institutions, allowing top-performing students to spend their final years at research institutions and receive joint degrees. Curriculum Alignment: Align curricula between teaching and research institutions to ensure consistency and high standards in both content and pedagogy. Benefits: Enhanced Student Quality: Improves the quality of students entering research institutions. Improved Teaching Quality: Raises the standard of teaching and curriculum in teaching institutions. Faculty Exchanges: Facilitates faculty exchanges, promoting the sharing of best practices and improving pedagogical methods. Policy and Structural Changes Promotion Criteria: Focus on Pedagogy: Base faculty promotion criteria on pedagogical skills and effective teaching, assessed through suitable metrics. Centres of Excellence: Establish centres of excellence in pedagogy to enhance the quality of teaching practices. Resource Allocation: Support Partnerships: Allocate resources to support sustainable partnerships between research and teaching institutions. Scalable Programs: Implement scalable upskilling programs, outreach initiatives, internships, and online courses to meet the increasing demand for skilled professionals. Conclusion Pedagogy and improving teaching and research collaboration are key demands to build a skilled and resilient workforce.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 November 2024

CONTENTS ADB’s Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024 Unveils Massive Economic Consequences US Presidential Election Underway: Harris vs. Trump in Tight Race India’s Reservation Debate: Supreme Court Proposes “Quota-within-Quota” Orphan Drugs Tumaini Festival Yanadi Tribe ADB’s Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024 Unveils Massive Economic Consequences Context: Asian Development Bank (ADB) recently published its Asia-Pacific (APAC) Climate Report 2024, which puts forth the immense economic effects of climate change in the Asia-Pacific region. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024 About Asian Development Bank (ADB) Key Highlights of the Asia-Pacific Climate Report 2024 Economic Impacts on the Asia-Pacific Region Projected GDP Reductions: By 2070, high greenhouse gas emissions could lead to a 17% decrease in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region’s GDP, with the potential to escalate to 41% by 2100. Country-Specific Impacts: Notable declines are expected by 2070 with India seeing a 24.7% decrease, Bangladesh 30.5%, Vietnam 30.2%, and Indonesia 26.8%. Human and Environmental Consequences Coastal Flooding Risks: Up to 300 million people could face coastal flooding by 2070, with projected annual damages possibly reaching USD 3 trillion. Decrease in Labor Productivity: The region could suffer a 4.9% loss in GDP from reduced labor productivity, with India facing a steeper loss of 11.6% due to increased cooling requirements. Temperature-Related Economic Decline: Regional GDP could drop by 3.3%, with India experiencing a sharper decrease of 5.1%. Flooding and Environmental Degradation River Flooding Damages: By 2070, annual river flooding could cause damages worth USD 1.3 trillion across APAC, affecting over 110 million people. India’s Specific Losses: Residential damages could exceed USD 400 billion, with commercial damages surpassing USD 700 billion. Increased Weather Intensity: More frequent tropical storms and heavier rainfall could lead to exacerbated floods and landslides, especially in areas like the India-China border. Forest Productivity Loss: The APAC region might see a decrease in forest productivity by 10-30% by 2070, with India and Vietnam facing losses over 25%. Policy and Climate Goals Net-Zero Emission Targets: 36 out of 44 Asian economies have set targets for reaching net-zero emissions, but only four have legal backing. Comparative Lag in Targets: India and China have set their net-zero goals for 2070 and 2060 respectively, trailing behind OECD economies, many of which aim for 2050. Financial Strategies for Climate Adaptation Need for Increased Funding: The region requires an annual investment of USD 102–431 billion for climate adaptation, a steep increase from the USD 34 billion recorded between 2021 and 2022. Private Investment and Policy Enhancement: There’s a critical need for greater private investment and stronger policies to attract private climate finance. Emphasis on Renewable Energy and Carbon Markets: The report highlights significant opportunities to use renewable energy and carbon markets as cost-effective strategies for climate action. About Asian Development Bank (ADB): The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966 to promote social and economic development in Asia. It is headquartered in the city of Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. The ADB was modelled closely on the World Bank and an official United Nations Observer. Japan holds the largest proportion of shares in ADB followed by the USA, and it has a weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members’ capital subscriptions (just like the World Bank). The bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP, formerly the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East or ECAFE) and non-regional developed countries. ADB defines itself as a social development organization that is dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. ADB aids in reducing poverty through investments in the form of loans, grants and information sharing (in infrastructure, health care services, financial and public administration systems), helping nations prepare for the impact of climate change or better manage their natural resources, as well as other areas. -Source: The Hindu US Presidential Election Underway: Harris vs. Trump in Tight Race Context: The US Presidential Election kicked off on November 5, featuring a highly anticipated contest between Vice President Kamala Harris and former President Donald Trump. With the outcome heavily reliant on the Electoral College, the focus is on seven key “swing states” where the race is especially close. This tight competition across these pivotal states renders the final result of the election uncertain, capturing nationwide and global attention. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: U.S. Presidential Election Process The U.S. presidential election occurs every four years, determining the leadership for the President and Vice President of the United States. The election utilizes an indirect voting system where citizens vote for electors in the Electoral College, who in turn, elect the President and Vice President. Constitutional Requirements for Presidential Candidates Citizenship: Candidates must be natural-born citizens of the United States. Age Requirement: Candidates must be at least 35 years old. Residency: Candidates must have lived in the United States for at least 14 years. Primary Elections and Caucuses Primaries and caucuses are held in each state to help political parties choose their presidential nominees. These events occur from early in the election year through the summer. Party members vote for their preferred presidential candidates, and delegates are chosen based on these preferences to represent the party at national conventions. National Conventions After the primaries and caucuses, each party hosts a national convention where delegates formally nominate their presidential and vice-presidential candidates. Following the nominations, the candidates accept their party’s nomination and begin their general election campaigns. The General Election The general election takes place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Voters in each state select electors who will represent their preferences in the Electoral College. Electoral College Voting and Inauguration Electoral Vote: In December, the chosen electors meet in their state capitals to cast their ballots for President and Vice President. Congressional Count: These votes are tallied by Congress in early January, and the President-elect is officially announced. Inauguration Day: The President-elect is inaugurated on January 20, commencing their term in office. Election mechanics Americans do not directly vote for their President. Instead, they vote to determine the composition of the Electoral College, which elects the President. There are 538 electors in the Electoral College, and 270 is the majority mark. Each state is allocated a specific number of electors, which is somewhat based on population. A vote cast in favour of a certain candidate is, in effect, meant to elect the candidate’s slate of electors in a state, who are chosen by the parties prior to the election. To win the presidency, a candidate needs to cobble together victories in enough states to reach the 270 mark in the Electoral College. Most states (with the exception of Maine and Nebraska) have a winner-takes-all system, which means whoever wins the popular mandate in the state secures its entire allocation in the Electoral College. This makes the result in most states — which are either firmly Democratic or Republican — a foregone conclusion before the first ballot is cast. It also means that certain states where the race is particularly close have outsize importance in the election. Role of Swing Sta “Some states are known as ‘swing states’ or ‘battleground states’ for historically close races. This year, they are ‘must win’ for either Democratic or Republican candidates.” These states play a pivotal role, as the winner-takes-all system makes their outcome critical to securing the required 270 electoral votes. Swing states in this election year Currently, seven swing states in this US presidential election are Pennsylvania, Georgia, North Carolina, Michigan, Arizona, Wisconsin, and Nevada. This cluster has a total of 93 Electoral College votes and thus plays a huge role in targeting both campaigns by Kamala Harris and Donald Trump’s campaigns. -Source: Indian Express India’s Reservation Debate: Supreme Court Proposes “Quota-within-Quota” Context: India’s reservation system has played a critical role in offering access to opportunities for historically marginalized groups, particularly Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). However, ongoing debates have raised questions about the equitable distribution of these benefits among various SC subgroups. In response, the Supreme Court has suggested a “quota-within-quota” approach to tackle these disparities. This proposal has sparked a nationwide discussion, focusing on whether data justifies such redistributive measures to ensure fairness within the reservation system. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About caste quota Data from Different States: Are reservations accessible? Assessing the ‘Quota-Within-Quota’ Approach to Affirmative Action The ‘quota-within-quota’ concept involves subdividing existing reservat Conclusion About caste quota Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Indian Constitution, believed that formal legal equality (one person, one vote) would not be enough to dismantle the deeply entrenched inequalities of caste. Thus, reservations were mandated to become a mechanism to move from legal equality to substantive equality by creating opportunities for SCs and STs in higher education, public sector jobs, and government institutions. The argument underlying the Supreme Court verdict is that despite its progressive aims, India’s reservation system is plagued by uneven outcomes. Some SC groups seem to have progressed more than others over the decades. This has led to calls for a more nuanced approach to affirmative action — one that recognises the heterogeneity within the SC category itself. Data from Different States: Andhra Pradesh Our estimates reveal that while there are slight differences between the two major SC groups — Malas and Madigas — the disparities are not significant enough to warrant subdivision of the quota. By 2019, both groups had seen improvements in education and employment, and both were equally likely to benefit from white-collar jobs. Tamil Nadu The two largest SC groups — Adi Dravida and Pallan —were almost indistinguishable in terms of socio-economic outcomes by 2019. But other States paint a more complicated picture. Punjab SC quota has been subdivided since 1975, the data suggests that this policy has led to better outcomes for more disadvantaged SC groups, such as the Mazhabi Sikhs and Balmikis. These groups, once marginalised even within the SC category, have begun to catch up to more advanced groups such as the Ad Dharmis and Ravidasis. Bihar Subdividing the SC quota into a “Mahadalit” category in 2007 is a cautionary tale. Initially designed to target the most marginalised SC groups, the policy eventually faltered as political pressure led to the inclusion of all SC groups in the Mahadalit category, effectively nullifying the purpose of the subdivision. The broader takeaway from these findings is that while there is some heterogeneity within the SC category, the disparities between SC groups and upper-caste groups (general category) remain far more pronounced. In other words, the gap between SCs and the privileged castes is still much larger than the gap between different SC subgroups. Are reservations accessible? We need good jati-wise data on actual use of reserved category positions. The closest we can get is based on a question from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) that asks potential beneficiaries if they have a caste certificate — a prerequisite for accessing reserved positions in education and employment. These numbers can be seen as proxy for actual access in the absence of authoritative official data. In States like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, less than 50% of SC households report having these certificates, meaning that a large portion of SCs are excluded from the benefits that are supposed to uplift them. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh fare better, with over 60-70% of SC households holding caste certificates, but these States are the exception rather than the rule. This highlights a fundamental problem with the current system — access. Without ensuring that all eligible SCs can actually benefit from reservations, subdividing the quota becomes a secondary concern. The focus should first be on improving access to reservations across the board, ensuring that those who are entitled to these benefits can avail them. Assessing the ‘Quota-Within-Quota’ Approach to Affirmative Action The ‘quota-within-quota’ concept involves subdividing existing reservations among subgroups within Scheduled Castes (SCs) and other marginalized communities. This idea has yielded mixed results across various states in India, showing potential in some areas while raising concerns in others. Regional Variations and Efficacy Localized Success: In states like Punjab, where disparities among SC subgroups are pronounced, subdividing quotas has proven beneficial, bringing more marginalized groups into mainstream opportunities. Unnecessary Complications: Conversely, in states like Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, the data indicate that the benefits of reservations are already equitably distributed among SC groups, making further subdivisions redundant. Political Dynamics and Policy Impact Political Exploitation: The experience in Bihar suggests that political motives can compromise the integrity of affirmative action. Policy decisions based on political gain rather than factual analysis can weaken the impact of reservations, reducing them to mere tools of political leverage rather than means of genuine social advancement. Judicial Perspectives and Creamy Layer Concept Supreme Court’s Stance: The proposal to introduce a ‘creamy layer’ criterion for SCs, akin to that applied to Other Backward Classes (OBCs), lacks sufficient empirical support at present. This approach necessitates a careful review of how socio-economic advancements influence discrimination against historically marginalized groups. Economic Factors and Reservation Benefits Financial Assistance: While quotas address representational disparities, monetary benefits like scholarships and lower fees should focus on need-based criteria to ensure that support reaches the most economically disadvantaged individuals. Persistence of Stigma Despite Economic Gains Societal Bias: Advancements in economic status do not necessarily eradicate the deep-seated stigmatization faced by SCs. Instances of untouchability, though legally abolished, continue covertly and overtly, underscoring the enduring impact of social identity on discrimination. The Need for Updated Data Data Deficiency: The lack of current and comprehensive data on caste-based disparities — exacerbated by delays in conducting the national Census — hampers effective policy formulation and reform. Accurate data is crucial for tailoring affirmative action policies that genuinely reflect and address the needs of marginalized populations. Conclusion While the idea of a ‘quota-within-quota’ has potential in specific regional contexts, its overall effectiveness is contingent on nuanced implementation that is sensitive to the varying needs and conditions of SC subgroups across different states. For affirmative action to fulfill its role as a catalyst for social justice, it must be underpinned by reliable data and implemented free from political manipulation. The journey towards eliminating caste-based disparities is ongoing, and policies must evolve based on robust evidence and an unwavering commitment to equity. -Source: The Hindu Orphan Drugs Context: India faces significant challenges in ensuring the development, affordability, and accessibility of orphan drugs, especially compared to other countries like the United States and the European Union. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Orphan Drugs Classification of Orphan Drugs India’s NPRD Classification for Rare Diseases Criteria for Orphan Drug Designation Incentives for Development Orphan Drugs Orphan drugs are pharmaceutical agents developed specifically to treat rare (orphan) diseases. These diseases, though affecting only a small portion of the population, often lead to life-threatening or chronically debilitating conditions. Definitions of orphan drugs vary depending on the regulatory framework. In the U.S., a disease is considered rare if it affects fewer than 2,00,000 people, while in the European Union, a disease must affect fewer than 1 in 10,000 people to be considered rare. Although there is no formal prevalence-based definition in India, the NPRD of 2021 outlines a framework for diagnosing and treating rare diseases, with a low prevalence threshold expected. The lack of a clear definition complicates the identification of orphan drugs and the addressing of needs of patients affected by these conditions. Classification of Orphan Drugs Orphan drugs are categorized based on the diseases they target, their stage in the drug development process, and their regulatory status. This classification is crucial for understanding the availability and potential efficacy of treatments for rare diseases. Disease Categories Genetic Disorders: These include conditions such as cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which are inherited and typically require ongoing treatment throughout an individual’s life. Rare Cancers: Diseases like neuroblastoma and gliomas are categorized here. They are less common types of cancers, which often lack targeted treatments and carry a poorer prognosis. Metabolic Disorders: This category includes diseases like Gaucher’s disease and Fabry disease, which result from enzyme deficiencies affecting metabolism. Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions such as systemic sclerosis fall under this category, involving the immune system mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissues. Regulatory Status Approved Orphan Drugs: These have received approval from regulatory bodies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA), indicating they have passed rigorous testing for safety and efficacy. Orphan Drug Candidates: These are still undergoing clinical trials to gather necessary data on their effectiveness and safety before they can gain regulatory approval. India’s NPRD Classification for Rare Diseases India’s National Policy for Rare Diseases 2021 outlines a strategic classification to guide treatment approaches across different conditions: Group 1: Includes curable disorders through one-time interventions, such as Lysosomal Storage Disorders treatable with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Group 2: Encompasses diseases requiring long-term or lifelong management but are less costly to treat, such as Phenylketonuria and Maple Syrup Urine Disease. Group 3: Covers conditions where treatment is available but is often expensive and requires lifelong care, including diseases like Gaucher Disease and Pompe Disease. Criteria for Orphan Drug Designation To be designated as an orphan drug, a medication must meet specific criteria: Low Prevalence: The disease must affect a small percentage of the population. Unmet Medical Need: There must be a lack of approved treatments, or the orphan drug must offer significant therapeutic benefits over existing options. Evidence of Potential Benefit: Developers must provide scientific evidence demonstrating the drug’s potential to treat or alleviate the disease. This evidence can be from any stage of development, from preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials. Incentives for Development Orphan drugs receive several incentives to stimulate their development, crucial for encouraging pharmaceutical companies to invest in treatments for rare diseases: Market Exclusivity: This prevents competitors from entering the market with similar products for a specific period. Tax Credits: Offered for research and development costs to reduce financial risk. Fee Waivers: For regulatory applications to lower the barrier to entry in the drug approval process. -Source: The Hindu Tumaini Festival Context: Tumaini Festival in Malawi unites refugees and locals through music, art, and crafts, fostering connection and hope. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Tumaini Festival Malawi Dzaleka Refugee Camp Tumaini Festival Founded in 2014, the Tumaini Festival is a unique cultural event held annually within the Dzaleka Refugee Camp in Malawi, making it the only festival of its kind globally. Organized and managed by refugees, the festival serves as a vital platform for displaced people to promote community, solidarity, and cultural exchange. Each year, it draws thousands of attendees and features a vibrant mix of global performances. Highlights of the Festival Cultural Diversity: The festival showcases an eclectic range of artistic expressions, including music, dance, theater, and visual arts from around the world. Engagement: Managed by the refugees themselves, it encourages a deep sense of involvement and empowerment within the refugee community. Recognition: In 2024, the festival was honored with the Cultures of Resistance Award (CoR Award), recognizing its impact and contribution to cultural preservation and solidarity through the arts. Malawi: Malawi is a landlocked nation in Southeastern Africa known for its breathtaking landscapes and rich cultural heritage. Despite its scenic beauty and cultural richness, Malawi is among the world’s poorest countries, with an economy heavily reliant on agriculture. Key Facts about Malawi Geography: Malawi covers an area of 118,484 sq. km and shares borders with Tanzania, Mozambique, and Zambia. Capital and Languages: The capital city is Lilongwe, and the major languages spoken are English and Chichewa, both of which are official. Natural Features: The country is renowned for Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi), one of the deepest lakes globally, which occupies more than one-fifth of the country’s total area. Economic Overview: Agriculture is the backbone of Malawi’s economy, employing over 80% of the population. Dzaleka Refugee Camp: The Dzaleka Refugee Camp was established in 1994 as Malawi’s only permanent refugee camp, originally set up in response to the influx of people fleeing the devastating impacts of genocide, violence, and wars in regions like Burundi, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Over the years, it has expanded to accommodate refugees and asylum seekers from a broader array of countries, including Somalia and Ethiopia, serving as a crucial haven for those in dire need. Significance of the Camp Refugee Influx: For nearly three decades, Dzaleka has been a critical refuge for thousands seeking safety and a new start away from conflict and turmoil. Community and Culture: The camp has become a melting pot of cultures and stories, with the Tumaini Festival emerging as a central, unifying event that highlights the resilience and creativity of its residents. -Source: The Hindu Yanadi Tribe Context: Three runaway Yanadi tribe children traced, restored to family. Relevance: GS II: Tribes Yanadi Tribe The Yanadi tribe is one of the significant scheduled tribes in the southeastern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, particularly prevalent in the district of Nellore. Known for their deep connection to the natural environment, the Yanadis are considered one of India’s most vulnerable tribal groups due to their socio-economic conditions. Socio-Economic Conditions The Yanadi tribe faces extreme poverty and social exclusion, limiting their access to resources and opportunities for advancement. As per the 2001 census, there are approximately 462,167 Yanadi individuals in Andhra Pradesh, making them a significant cultural and demographic presence in the region. Their mother tongue is Telugu, which they share with the majority of Andhra Pradesh’s population. Cultural and Occupational Practices Historically, the Yanadis have engaged in hunting, gathering, and agriculture. Their survival has closely depended on their extensive knowledge of the local land and its resources. They possess a rich repository of traditional health knowledge, utilizing various plants to treat ailments ranging from gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders to skin conditions and reproductive health issues. Cultural Identity The Yanadi tribe has a profound spiritual connection with the forest, which is reflected in their religious practices and the celebration of numerous festivals linked to the forest flora. This traditional dance is an integral part of Yanadi cultural expression, performed during festivals and special occasions to celebrate their heritage and communal bonds. -Source: The Hindu

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