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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 May 2025

Content : Does Article 21 include right to digital access? Should NOTA be included in all elections compulsorily? Gig workers’ meeting demands minimum wages, social security ISRO set to launch earth observation satellite using PSLV rocket on Sunday Unemployment at 5.1%, women labour force rises: PLFS data Raising healthy hearts: reimagining school nutrition to tackle childhood hypertension Does Article 21 include right to digital access? Supreme Court’s Interpretation of Article 21 The Supreme Court expanded Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) to include the ‘right to digital access’. Emphasized that digital accessibility is a constitutional right, especially for persons with disabilities (PwDs). Based on principles of substantive equality, the Court mandated that digital KYC norms must be made accessible. Relevance : GS 2(Fundamental Rights) Digital KYC and Exclusion of PwDs Current KYC framework under the RBI’s 2016 Master Directions includes video-based verification (V-CIP) using: Selfies, handwritten/digital signatures, Reading on-screen codes, OTP verification within 30 seconds. These processes exclude blind users, acid-attack survivors, and others with visual or facial impairments. Legal Frameworks Supporting PwDs Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016: Adopts a social-barrier approach to disability. Section 42 mandates accessible media and universal-design for electronic systems. Constitutional backing: Articles 14, 15, 21, and 38 provide for equality, non-discrimination, and dignified life. Obligates the State to ensure equal access to digital public infrastructure. Why is KYC Mandatory? Under the Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002, KYC is essential to: Prevent illegal finance and money laundering. Enable access to banking, SIM cards, insurance, pensions, DBT benefits, etc. Challenges Faced by PwDs KYC systems lackaccessibility: No screen-reader support for camera or lighting. No audio instructions or feedback. No support for thumb impressions (common for blind users). Aadhaar-based systems often reject visually impaired users. PwDs often face rejection or forced in-person visits, violating their rights to digital access and dignity. Key Supreme Court Rulings Rajive Raturi vs. Union of India (2024): Affirmed that accessibility is central to Article 21. Declared digital exclusion = rights violation. Previous interventions during COVID-19 and other public service rollouts also stressed digital inclusivity. Wider Impact Beyond PwDs The SC noted that digitalinaccessibility affects: Rural populations, senior citizens, Economically weaker sections, Linguistic minorities. Emphasized building inclusive digital infrastructure as a State obligation. Should NOTA be included in all elections compulsorily? Arguments in favour of compulsory inclusion of NOTA: Democratic expression: NOTA provides voters the right to reject all candidates, reinforcing democratic choice even when only one candidate is contesting. Protects secrecy: It enables voters to exercise dissent without compromising ballot secrecy, aligning with the SC’s 2013 judgment. Symbolic pressure: Even if NOTA doesn’t lead to re-election, its presence acts as a signal to political parties to nominate better candidates. Unopposed wins countered: Prevents automatic victory in uncontested seats and ensures voter agency is respected in such rare cases. No major administrative burden: As uncontested elections are rare (only 6 Lok Sabha instances since 1971), adding NOTA in such cases wouldn’t significantly burden the Election Commission. Supports electoral reform: Could pave the way for more meaningful electoral reforms, like re-election mandates if NOTA crosses a threshold. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Elections ) Arguments against compulsory inclusion of NOTA: Low usage: Historical data shows NOTA consistently receives only ~1% of votes; thus, its practical influence is limited. Lacks legal impact: NOTA doesn’t currently lead to rejection or re-election; even if majority votes for it, the candidate still wins. Legislative roadblock: Mandating NOTA would require amending the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and Election Rules, 1961 — a process beyond EC’s domain. EC’s resistance: The Election Commission opposes mandatory NOTA in uncontested elections, citing rarity and legal constraints. Declining trend: States like Gujarat and Bihar saw higher initial NOTA use (2.48% in Bihar 2015), but the trend hasn’t grown significantly. Statistical Insights: NOTA use in Lok Sabha: 2014, 2019, 2024: Around 1% of total voters opted for NOTA. High State usage: Bihar (2015): 2.48% Gujarat (2017): 1.8% Uncontested elections: Only 9 cases since 1952; 6 in Lok Sabha since 1971. Suggested Reforms: Re-election trigger: If NOTA exceeds a certain percentage, a re-election could be mandated. Minimum benchmark: Set a minimum vote threshold for candidates to be declared elected. Strengthen NOTA’s legal impact: Amend laws to give teeth to the NOTA option, making it more than symbolic. Conclusion: While NOTA currently holds symbolic power with limited practical consequence, compulsory inclusion — even in uncontested elections — enhances voter agency and democratic legitimacy. But to make it truly impactful, legislative backing and electoral reforms are essential. Gig workers’ meeting demands minimum wages, social security Key Demands Raised at the Roundtable Minimum wages/income: Based on logged-in hours, not just deliveries or rides completed. Social security policy: Urged the Central government to create a dedicated social security policy for online platform workers. Legal protections: Emphasized the need for formal legal recognition and safeguards for gig and platform workers. Tripartite Welfare Board: Proposed at both State and Central levels. To include representatives from workers, employers, and government. Objective: Build dialogue among stakeholders and influence policymaking for a fairer gig economy. Relevance: GS 2(Social Justice) ,GS 3(Indian Economy) Worker Testimonies: Harsh Realities Arbitrary termination: Worker IDs frequently blocked, often without cause or due process. Lack of grievance redressal: No formal mechanisms exist for resolving disputes. Hostile corporate behavior: Companies seen as insensitive and dictatorial. Union-busting tactics: Attempts to organise or protest are met with termination or suppression. Social stigma: Gig workers feel disrespected and unrecognized by society. Economic Exploitation Issues Declining rate cards: Continuous reduction in pay rates despite rising costs. Unfair surcharge sharing: Companies do not equitably distribute surcharges paid by customers. No income stability: Earnings fluctuate heavily due to algorithmic control and unregulated practices.  Policy Suggestions Legal classification: Clearly define gig workers under labour laws. Wage floor: Implement minimum wage standards across platforms. Universal social security: Cover gig workers under pension, health, insurance, and maternity benefits. Protect union rights: Recognize gig worker collectives and allow collective bargaining. Conclusion: The roundtable highlighted the urgent need for institutional reforms, legal recognition, and economic justice for gig workers — who form the backbone of the digital service economy but remain vulnerable and unprotected under current frameworks. ISRO set to launch earth observation satellite using PSLV rocket on Sunday PSLV-C61 / EOS-09 Launch Scheduled Launch: May 19, 2024, at 5:59 a.m. from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Mission Type: Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-09). Launch Vehicle: PSLV-C61 (ISRO’s 101st launch). Satellite Capability: Equipped with C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Provides high-resolution images. Operational in all-weather and round-the-clock conditions. Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s surveillance and remote sensing capabilities, useful for applications like agriculture, forestry, disaster management, and border monitoring. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Chandrayaan-5 / LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration) Collaboration Joint Mission: ISRO (India) + JAXA (Japan). Purpose: Explore lunar polar volatiles, particularly water ice. Target: Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) in the lunar South Pole. Legacy: Follows Chandrayaan-1 (orbital), Chandrayaan-2 (orbiter + failed lander), Chandrayaan-3 (successful lander-rover), and upcoming Chandrayaan-4 (sample return). Chandrayaan-5 = fifth lunar mission, first ISRO-JAXA full collaboration. Mission Architecture Launch Vehicle: JAXA’s H3-24L rocket. Payload: Lunar Lander: Developed by ISRO. Lunar Rover: Developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI), Japan. Scientific Instruments: To be provided by: ISRO JAXA ESA (European Space Agency) NASA Instruments will focus on exploration and in-situ analysis of volatiles (e.g., lunar water). Technical Interface Meeting (TIM-3) Held on May 13–14, 2024, at ISRO HQ, Bengaluru. Attended by: Senior officials and project teams from ISRO, JAXA, and MHI. Objective: To review and finalize technical collaborations and mission readiness for Chandrayaan-5. Strategic & Scientific Significance Earth Observation (EOS-09): Strengthens India’s disaster preparedness, resource mapping, and border security. Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX: Key step in deep space collaboration. Advances global understanding of lunar water, crucial for future sustainable lunar habitation and deep space missions. Unemployment at 5.1%, women labour force rises: PLFS data Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Data from PLFS (April 2025, CWS Method) Unemployment Rate (UR): Overall (15+ years): 5.1% Male UR: 5.2% Female UR: 5.0% Rural UR (all ages): 4.5% Urban UR (all ages): 6.5% Urban Female UR (15–29 years): 23.7% (alarming youth unemployment) Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) (15+ years): Overall: 55.6% Rural Areas: 58.0% Urban Areas: 50.7% Worker Population Ratio (WPR) (15+ years): Rural Areas: 55.4% Urban Areas: 47.4% Overall: 52.8% New Features of Revamped PLFS First Monthly Bulletin issued (previously quarterly/annual). Covers employment data for rural areas monthly — a methodological improvement. Expanded household sample size for more accurate representation. Aims to capture seasonality and short-term labour market trends. Women’s Labour Participation Slight increase in women’s participation, especially in rural areas. Yet, youth urban female unemployment (23.7%) shows deep structural issues. Indicates lack of adequate skilled job opportunities and barriers to women’s sustained employment in urban settings. Expert Commentary: Dr. Sridhar Kundu Praises monthly tracking initiative as a positive institutional reform. Criticisms of PLFS: Lacks data on labour market-oriented schemes like MGNREGA. Does not cover wage trends across sectors and sub-sectors. No concrete roadmap for addressing skilled vs. unskilled employment dynamics. Policy Implications Need to bridge rural-urban employment gap (rural UR: 4.5%, urban UR: 6.5%). Address high female youth unemployment with targeted skilling and job creation. Revamp PLFS to include: Wage data MGNREGA impact assessment Sector-wise job quality metrics. Better data-driven labour policy formulation required. Raising healthy hearts: reimagining school nutrition to tackle childhood hypertension Context : Rising Concern: Childhood Hypertension in India Hypertension is no longer an adult-only issue — Indian children increasingly show elevated blood pressure. CNNS (2016–18): 7.3% adolescents hypertensive; urban rate even higher at 9.1%. NFHS-5: 12% of teenagers (15–19 years) have elevated blood pressure. Implication: Early intervention is critical — the disease often goes unnoticed until adolescence or adulthood. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Social Issues ) Primary Causes of the Trend Unhealthy diets: Processed and packaged snacks, high in salt and low in nutrition. Salt intake in adolescents: 8+ grams/day, almost double the WHO adult limit. Lifestyle changes: Reduced physical activity. Indoor and online-based routines. Food addiction cycle: Early preference for hyper-palatable foods → reduced acceptance of healthier options → long-term habits. Role of PM POSHAN (Mid-Day Meal Scheme) World’s largest school meal programme: Covers 120 million children in 1.27 million+ schools (as of 2025). Current strength: Provides basic nutrition. Opportunity: Transform meals into tools for habit formation and food literacy. Proposed Reform Directions Reimagine PM POSHAN as a “food literacy engine”. Integrate: Regional menus using local, fresh produce. Nutrition education embedded in curriculum. Student participation in food prep, planning, and serving. International Models to Emulate Japan’s ShoKuiku model: Children plan meals, learn about nutrition, serve food to peers. Leads to lower obesity and healthier eating culture. Vietnam’s adaptation: Ministry of Education + Ajinomoto = improved school meals with ShoKuiku philosophy. Policy Takeaways & Recommendations Shift from calorie-centric to behavior-centric nutrition policies. Make PM POSHAN a platform for: Early intervention against NCDs (like hypertension). Changing food environments in schools. Build structured food education as part of national nutrition strategy.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 May 2025

Context: Semiconductor unit in Uttar Pradesh Historic Operation: 31 Naxalites killed at Karreguttalu Hill Cabinet approves semiconductor unit in Uttar Pradesh Context : Cabinet Approval: Union Cabinet, chaired by PM Narendra Modi, approves 6th semiconductor unit under India Semiconductor Mission. Joint Venture: The approved unit is a collaboration between HCL and Foxconn, two major players in hardware and electronics manufacturing. Location: The plant will be established near Jewar Airport in the Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA) zone, Uttar Pradesh. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) What is a Semiconductor? A semiconductor is a material with conductivity between a conductor and an insulator. Key trait: Conducts electricity under specific conditions. Common materials: Silicon, Germanium, Gallium Arsenide. Used in: Chips for phones, computers, cars, defense, etc. What is a Semiconductor Unit? A semiconductor unit is a facility that makes semiconductor devices (chips/ICs). Includes: • Design (fabless) • Fabrication (fabs/foundries) • Assembly & Testing (ATMP/OSAT) Unit Specifications Purpose: Manufacture display driver chips for: Mobile phones Laptops Automobiles PCs Other digital display devices Design Capacity: 20,000 wafers per month 36 million chips output per month Investment & Economic Impact Investment: ₹3,700 crore (approx. $450 million) Strategic Value: Boosts India’s semiconductor ecosystem & contributes to Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India). Semiconductor Ecosystem Development National Spread: 5 other units already in advanced construction stages across India. Design Ecosystem: Present in multiple states Backed by state governments actively promoting design firms Academic & Start-up Collaboration: 270 academic institutions involved 70 start-ups working on chip design 20 chip designs by students taped out by SCL Mohali Eco-System Partnerships Equipment Suppliers in India: Applied Materials, Lam Research (global semiconductor equipment leaders) Chemical & Gas Suppliers: Merck, Linde, Air Liquide, INOX, and others preparing to meet the rising demand. Why It Matters Growing Demand: Surge in semiconductor use due to: Laptops, smartphones, and servers Medical and power electronics Defence & consumer electronics Strategic Autonomy: Reduces import dependence, aligns with national security and economic goals. Achieving a historic success in the resolve of a ‘Naxal-free India’, security forces kill 31 Naxalites in the biggest-ever operation against Naxalism at Karreguttalu Hill (KGH) on Chhattisgarh-Telangana border Strategic Success in Anti-Naxal Operations Historic Operation: Largest-ever anti-Naxal operation in India. Conducted at Karreguttalu Hill (KGH) on the Chhattisgarh–Telangana border. 31 Naxalites killed . 21-day-long operation (April 21 – May 11, 2025). Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Key Forces Involved: Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Special Task Force (STF) District Reserve Guard (DRG) Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) Coordinated under Joint Action Plan by Centre and Chhattisgarh Government. Significance of Karreguttalu Hill (KGH) Former stronghold of PLGA Battalion 1, CRC, DKSZC, Telangana State Committee. Used for training, planning, weapon-making by Naxalites. Region is 60 km long, 5–20 km wide, with rugged and cave-filled terrain. Planning and Intelligence Coordination A multi-agency special team handled: Tech and human intelligence Real-time updates to field commanders Precision planning avoided IED casualties and enabled detection of hideouts. Logistics mobilization, continuous troop rotation ensured sustained operation. Impact and Recoveries Bodies of 31 Naxalites recovered; 28 identified with ₹1.72 crore bounty. Destroyed 214 hideouts/bunkers, 4 technical units (for BGL shells/IEDs). Seized: 450 IEDs, 818 BGL shells, 899 Codex bundles, detonators 12,000 kg food, arms, explosive materials, medicines. Casualties and Health Zero fatalities among forces; 18 personnel injured by IEDs — all stable. Operations continued despite 45°C+ heat, dehydration, and hostile terrain. Statements by Leadership Amit Shah: KGH now hoists the tricolour, once ruled by “Red Terror”. “India will be Naxal-free by March 31, 2026.” “An example of Whole-of-Government approach and centre-state coordination.” Forces praised for bravery, discipline, and morale under adverse conditions. Trends & Statistics (2014 vs 2025) Metric 2014 2024–2025 Most affected districts 35 6 Total affected districts 126 18 Naxal incidents 1080 374 Naxal-hit police stations 330 (76 districts) 151 (42 districts) Security forces martyred 88 19 Naxalites killed (annual) 63 2089 Surrenders — 718 (Jan–Apr 2025), 928 (2024) Fortified police stations 66 555 Security camps set up (2019–2025) — 320 Night helipads — 68 6 most affected districts : 4 districts from Chhattisgarh (Bijapur, Kanker, Narayanpur, and Sukma), 1 from Jharkhand (West Singhbhum), and 1 from Maharashtra (Gadchiroli).  Long-Term Outcomes Fragmentation of Naxal groups into smaller units. State control expanding in strongholds like Maad (Narayanpur) and National Park area (Bijapur). Development initiatives + security build-up helping reduce Naxal influence.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 May 2025

Content: Trumpeting claims Operation Sindoor — a reshaping of confrontation Principled criminalisation and the police as pivot  Trumpeting claims Context : Problematic Nature of Trump’s Claims Repeated Assertion: Trump has claimed five times that he mediated a ceasefire between India and Pakistan on May 10, hinting he averted a nuclear conflict. Contradicted by India: The MEA has consistently rebutted these claims, asserting that the ceasefire was a bilateral military agreement between DGMOs of both countries. Indian Narrative: India maintains that Pakistan reached out after suffering setbacks from Indian strikes during Operation Sindoor. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Discuss how third-party mediation attempts, like those claimed by U.S. President Donald Trump, challenge India’s core diplomatic principles. (15 marks) Violation of India’s Core Diplomatic Principles No Third-Party Mediation: Trump’s claims violate India’s long-held stance of not accepting third-party involvement in bilateral issues like Kashmir. Internationalisation of Kashmir: His remarks undermine India’s position that Kashmir is an internal matter and not open to international negotiation. False Equivalence: Trump’s framing of both India and Pakistan as equal contributors to conflict promotes hyphenation, which India strongly opposes. Misleading Statements and Diplomatic Concerns Trade Threats & Promises: Trump falsely claimed he used trade deals as leverage to push for peace, which MEA categorically denied. Ignoring Terrorism: No mention of India’s key concern—cross-border terrorism from Pakistan—weakens India’s global case. Trivialisation: Trump’s suggestion of a Modi-Sharif “dinner” makes light of serious geopolitical tensions. Larger Strategic Implications From Friend to Friction?: India must assess whether Trump’s statements reflect: A personal eccentricity (“Trump being Trump”), or A shift in U.S. policy towards South Asia. Quad & Regional Balance: As a Quad member, the U.S. must not appear to side with narratives that contradict India’s security concerns. China Factor: The growing China-Pakistan nexus may be reshaping U.S. calculus, causing indirect pressure on India.  India’s Required Response Clear Messaging Needed: India must firmly communicate its red lines to Washington, especially on: No foreign mediation Terrorism as the central issue Preserve Credibility: India’s policy integrity and diplomatic credibility are at stake; hence strong diplomatic engagement is necessary. Operation Sindoor — a reshaping of confrontation Evolution of Warfare and Strategic Posture Operation Sindoor marks a paradigm shift in South Asian military confrontation. Moves beyond the traditional India-Pakistan bilateral conflict to represent a global model of modern warfare. Warfare now involves a combination of technology, strategy, and psychological manipulation, not just physical combat. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : Operation Sindoor marks a new phase in India’s military doctrine. Critically evaluate the shift towards drone warfare and information warfare in the Indian strategic context. (15 marks) Rise of Drone Warfare Drone deployment is the centerpiece of this shift, replacing manned aircraft. Use of swarms of inexpensive, expendable drones signifies an asymmetric technological leap. India reportedly intercepted 300–400 Pakistani drones, showing the scale of drone-based warfare. India’s use of SkyStriker kamikaze drones reflects the new trend of precision, low-risk, and intelligence-driven strikes. Air Defence Transformation India’s layered air defence integrates indigenous (Akash, QRSAM) and imported (S-400, Barak-8) systems. Akashteer system enables real-time, digital integration of radar data for smarter threat response. Defence strategy has shifted from static systems to adaptive, dynamic networks capable of neutralising simultaneous threats. Information Warfare as a Strategic Weapon Psychological operations and disinformation campaigns are now central to warfare. Pakistan employed digital propaganda — doctored videos, fake narratives, and social media manipulation — to weaken morale and shift perceptions. Similar trends seen in Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Palestine conflicts, where information control is as crucial as military power. Strategic Deterrence and Escalation Control India’s response showcases escalation management without total war, allowing military assertion with diplomatic space. The PM’s speech (May 12) reflects doctrinal evolution with three pillars: Rapid, proportionate response to provocation. Comprehensive offensive-defensive integration. Advanced escalation control avoiding full-scale war. Technological Independence and Self-Reliance Emphasis on indigenous platforms like Akash and Project Kusha reflects: Reduced foreign dependence Boost to defence exports Enhanced technological sovereignty Jointness and Inter-Service Integration Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) enabled real-time coordination between Army, Navy, and Air Force. Transition from conceptual jointness to operational synergy. Unified intelligence support improved precision targeting and strategic planning. Democratisation of Warfare Technology — Double-Edged Sword Advanced tech is now accessible to state and non-state actors, including Pakistan. Increases potential for asymmetric threats and hybrid warfare. Necessitates overhauling India’s defence and intelligence architecture to remain ahead. Redefining Victory and Warfare Modern victory is not about territory but multi-dimensional dominance: Technological superiority Information control Psychological edge Traditional metrics of military success have become outdated. Key Takeaway Operation Sindoor symbolizes India’s shift from reactive defence to proactive, tech-savvy, multi-domain warfare—setting a template for future strategic conflicts. Principled criminalisation and the police as pivot Central Thesis Criminalisation must be guided not only by substantive criminal law (what is criminal) but also by procedural criminal law (how it is enforced). The police plays major role of this process, and their discretion must be regulated and principled. The Supreme Court’s Imran Pratapgarhi v. State of Gujarat case highlights the need for procedural restraint and responsible policing. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Polity) Practice Question : What do you understand by “principled criminalisation”? Critically analyse the role of police discretion in shaping criminal justice outcomes in India. (15 marks) Understanding Principled Criminalisation It refers to legitimising the state’s power to label an act as criminal and impose punishment. Criminalisation should align with: Collective interests of society. Violent attacks against individuals. Violation of personal autonomy or rights (non-intervention principle). Despite well-structured laws (like the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita), ground-level criminalisation can still be disproportionate or misused. Importance of Procedure in Criminal Law Procedural law (BNSS) is not just about ‘how’ but determines whether and how fairly criminalisation occurs. Real criminalisation occurs through: Detection → FIR → Investigation → Arrest → Prosecution → Conviction → Sentencing. Discretion and bias in this process often lead to over-criminalisation or under-criminalisation of certain groups. Police as the Pivot Police are the primary agents in implementing criminal law. Their discretionary powers (who to arrest, what to register) shape the actual reach of criminalisation. Risks: Overzealous policing of minor/non-harmful infractions. Neglect of serious, harmful offences. Frivolous or politically motivated FIRs. Section 173(3) of BNSS: A Check on Overreach Allows police 14 days for a preliminary inquiry before registering an FIR for certain offences (punishable between 3–7 years). Intended to prevent misuse of police powers and unnecessary criminalisation. Empowers police to filter out frivolous cases before formal proceedings. Imran Pratapgarhi Case: A Procedural Landmark Case facts: FIR registered against a Rajya Sabha MP for an allegedly inflammatory poem. Police failed to conduct mandatory preliminary inquiry as per Section 173(3). Supreme Court quashed the FIR, citing non-compliance and misuse of procedural powers. Emphasised that police have a duty to apply procedural safeguards, especially when fundamental rights (like speech) are involved. Conclusion Principled criminalisation = Substantive + Procedural discipline. Police must act with accountability and restraint, especially when fundamental rights are at stake. Judicial oversight is essential to ensure that the state’s coercive power is used responsibly and constitutionally.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 May 2025

Content : Arunachal Pradesh was, is, and will always remain part of India’ The road to safety Value of new govt. projects announced hits a six-year high How did India develop genome edited rice? Tackling Pakistan’s proxy wars and the dangers posed by Lashkar-e-Taiba Indigenous weapon systems highly effective, says Centre Birth rates in Delhi, Kerala, and T.N. declining at twice the rate of national average: report Centre revamps PLFS, includes rural jobs data Scientists make unique 2D metals much sought after for future tech Arunachal Pradesh was, is, and will always remain part of India’ Context : MEA’s Firm Response MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal categorically rejected China’s attempt to rename places in Arunachal Pradesh. Asserted that “creative naming will not alter the undeniable reality” — Arunachal Pradesh is, was, and will remain an integral part of India. Emphasized that Arunachal Pradesh is inalienably Indian territory and no external naming can change the ground reality. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and International Relations) China’s Repeated Attempts China’s Foreign Ministry, through spokesperson Lin Jian, announced “standardisation” of names in Arunachal Pradesh (which it refers to as Zangnan). This is part of a pattern of provocation — similar renaming attempts: April 2024: ~30 places renamed. April 2023: 11 places, including mountain peaks, renamed. These actions are aimed at asserting its territorial claim over Arunachal Pradesh, which China claims as part of “South Tibet.” India’s Consistent Position India has consistently protested these actions, terming them “vain and preposterous.” Maintains that such acts hold no legal or territorial validity. Asserts sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh in all diplomatic engagements. Underlying Geopolitical Context Part of broader India-China border tensions, especially post-Galwan (2020). China’s renaming is a soft power and cartographic aggression strategy to reinforce its claims. India’s strong rebuttal reflects its resolve to maintain territorial integrity and counter information warfare tactics. Conclusion Renaming places is a symbolic move with no impact on sovereignty or legal status. India continues to vigilantly guard its borders and respond diplomatically to such provocations. The message: Territorial integrity cannot be redrawn through words. The road to safety Scale and Severity of India’s Road Safety Crisis India has one of the largest road networks and also the highest number of road traffic deaths globally. 1.68 lakh fatalities in 2022 → ~12.2 deaths per 1 lakh population. In contrast: Japan (2.57), UK (2.61) per 1 lakh population. Road crashes cost ~3% of India’s GDP annually, impacting development and economic productivity. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) ,GS 3 (Infrastructure, Environment) Right to Safe Mobility = Right to Life Safe road travel is a constitutional right under Article 21 – Right to Life. Emphasizes that road safety is a human right, not just a technical issue. Calls for treating roads as public spaces for all, not just vehicle corridors. Urbanisation and Mobility Challenge By 2047, 50% of India will be urban → sharp rise in vehicle ownership. This urban growth must be met with people-centric urban planning: Focus on vulnerable road users: pedestrians, cyclists, elderly, public transport users. Safe System Approach: Paradigm Shift Recognises human error is inevitable, but deaths are preventable. Prioritises: Pedestrian-first design Wider footpaths, dedicated cycle tracks Raised intersections, refuge islands Speed limits & traffic calming Shifts accountability from individuals to system design resilience. Government Initiatives (MoRTH) 5000+ black spots on highways identified and being rectified. Mandatory road safety audits, stricter norms (airbags, ABS). Electronic enforcement: Speed cameras, CCTVs for compliance. Launch of driver training centres & vehicle fitness centres in every district. Funding Road Safety: CSR Route Proposal: Auto manufacturers to channel 100% CSR funds to road safety for 20–25 years. Target areas: Black spot removal Awareness campaigns Emergency trauma care Driver education and research Encourages industry-government collaboration to build safer roads. 4 Es of Road Safety Strategy Engineering – Infrastructure upgrades and black spot fixes. Enforcement – Stricter penalties, digital surveillance. Education – Road user awareness and driver training. Emergency Care – Timely trauma response and medical infrastructure. Global Insights & Investment Needs World Bank 2020 report: $109 billion needed in 10 years to cut fatalities by 50%. Returns: Up to 4x economic benefit per ₹1 spent on proven safety interventions. iRAP Four States Report also confirms high benefit-cost ratio for safety investments. Vision for Viksit Bharat 2047 Road safety is not a luxury, but essential for sustainable development. Mobility should prioritise inclusivity, safety, and human dignity over speed. Calls for data-driven policies, accountability, and rethinking civic values around public space usage. Value of new govt. projects announced hits a six-year high Surge in New Investment Announcements (March 2025 Quarter) New projects worth₹19.8 lakh crore announced — highest in six years. Private sector: ₹13.4 lakh crore (~2x the previous quarter). Government sector: ₹6.4 lakh crore — a five-fold increase over Dec 2024 quarter. Relevance : GS 3 (Economy & Infrastructure) Sectoral and Contextual Drivers Power sector led the surge — ~₹9 lakh crore worth of announcements, especially in renewables. Announcement boost aided by global investor summits in four states. Companies are investing cash reserves post-COVID — indicating cyclical recovery. Government Investment Factors Bump in Q4 due to delayed capex during election period (Lok Sabha 2024). PSU expansion plans contributed significantly to govt. announcements. Possibly a strategic push to counter revised lower growth forecasts by RBI (6.5%), IMF (6.2%), and World Bank (6.3%). Ground Reality: High Drop and Low Completion Rates Government projects dropped in FY25: ₹7.6 lakh crore (↓ from ₹8.5 lakh crore in FY24). Private sector dropped over₹10 lakh crore in FY25 — 10% ↑ from last year. Completed projects: ~₹2.9 lakh crore (govt.); <₹3 lakh crore (private) — both significantly lower than previous years. Dropouts > Completions, especially in post-COVID years. Gestation Period and Implementation Challenges Gestation period increased: 16.5 months (FY19) → 19+ months (FY25). Longer gestation in private sector than in government projects. Reasons for abandonment: lack of clearances, financial infeasibility, shifting demand, and bureaucratic delays. ~90% of dropped projects in FY25 due to “lack of information”, reflecting poor tracking and monitoring. Investment vs Execution Gap Investment announcements reflect intentions, not outcomes. Projects frequently shelved mid-way, exposing systemic bottlenecks in execution. Experts caution against overinterpreting the surge without accounting for high attrition rates. Outlook Ahead Despite potential U.S. tariffs, India’s exposure is limited; ongoing trade talks may cushion impact. Domestic demand will remain key driver for investments. Export-driven sectors may slow down, but overall capex momentum could sustain if execution improves. Conclusion The surge in announcements is encouraging, but marred by a low success ratio. Without addressing implementation inefficiencies, project announcements will not translate into real economic gains. Emphasis must shift to project completion, transparency, and policy support to sustain momentum. How did India develop genome edited rice? Development and Varieties India becomes the first country to develop rice varieties using genome editing technology. Developed by scientists from ICAR and allied institutions. Two new rice varieties announced: DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala): Derived from Samba Mahsuri. Pusa DST Rice 1: Derived from Maruteru 1010 (MTU1010). Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Science) Unique Characteristics of the Varieties DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala): Higher yield: 5.37 tonnes/ha vs. 4.5 tonnes/ha of Samba Mahsuri. Drought-tolerant and climate-resilient. High nitrogen use efficiency. 20 days earlier maturity, saving water, fertilizers, and reducing methane emissions. Pusa DST Rice 1: Yield under stress: 3,508 kg/ha vs. 3,199 kg/ha of MTU1010. Tolerant to inland and coastal salinity, and alkaline soils. 9.66% to 30.4% yield advantage under various stress conditions. Technology Used Employed genome editing techniques: Site-Directed Nuclease 1 (SDN-1) and SDN-2. SDN-1: Induces mutation without external guidance. SDN-2: Repairs gene with guided editing but without inserting foreign DNA. No use of SDN-3, which involves foreign gene insertion (true GMOs). Hence, these are not considered Genetically Modified (GM) crops. Significance for India Addresses climate change-related stress: drought, salinity, pest resistance. Aligns with food security goals amid growing population and limited resources. Potential to reduce dependence on GM imports and improve domestic seed innovation. Controversies and Objections Farmer backlash: Venugopal Badaravada (ex-ICAR governing body member) called the claims premature and demanded transparency and accountability. Expelled from ICAR after his remarks. Activists’ concerns: Alleged lack of field-level data and trials. Legal concerns over India’s deregulation of gene-edited crops. IPR issues: Fears of corporate control and erosion of seed sovereignty. Genome editing not necessarily precise or risk-free, per some scientific literature. Regulatory and Legal Status Genome editing using SDN-1 and SDN-2 is exempt from GM crop regulations in some countries (including India currently). ICAR claims no foreign gene is present, hence no GM label. Supreme Court is still hearing a case on GM crop regulation; any precedent here could influence future approvals. Next Steps Seeds to be available after regulatory clearance within 6 months. Large-scale seed production expected over 3 crop seasons. Tackling Pakistan’s proxy wars and the dangers posed by Lashkar-e-Taiba Background Context Pakistan has employed proxy wars as a long-term strategic tool to undermine India, described as “bleed India through a thousand cuts.” Key militant groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed have been central to these proxy operations. Notable incidents include: 2016 Uri attack by JeM 2019 Pulwama attack by JeM 2025 Pahalgam massacre claimed by TRF, a front for LeT India responded with cross-border strikes, escalating tensions including aerial dogfights and missile/drones exchange. Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT): Characteristics and Role LeT is Pakistan’s most loyal militant proxy, integral to the country’s geopolitical strategy. It operates with ideological convergence with Pakistan’s military and establishment. While other groups have sometimes challenged Pakistani military’s authority, LeT restricts its militancy outside Pakistan (mainly India and Afghanistan), maintaining social and philanthropic activities inside Pakistan. This dual role grants LeT protection from Pakistani state action and allows it to rebrand under different names (e.g., Jamaat-ud-Dawa) to avoid bans and international pressure. LeT survived despite bans and international designation as a terrorist group, with extensive organizational networks for recruitment, fundraising, and activism. Pakistan’s Strategic Use of Militants (“Double Game”) Pakistan’s proxy war strategy extends beyond India — also involves complicity with Taliban in Afghanistan. During the U.S. war on terror in Afghanistan (2001-2021), Pakistan acted as both an ally to the U.S. and protector of the Taliban. Pakistan’s intelligence agency (ISI) reportedly provided support and shelter to al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden despite global scrutiny. This “double game” allowed Pakistan to pursue its strategic interests while avoiding full international consequences. Challenges in Countering Proxy Wars Options to deal with Pakistan’s proxies as per experts include: Maintaining the status quo (limited responses, diplomatic efforts) Decapitating militant leadership (targeted elimination or disruption of groups) Escalating tensions (cross-border strikes, controlled military operations) India’s strategy has leaned towards “controlled escalation,” calibrating responses below the nuclear threshold to retain strategic leverage without triggering all-out conflict. Pakistan’s proxy warfare continues to test India’s resilience and strategic patience. Strategic Implications & Way Forward Pakistan’s proxy war doctrine is deeply embedded in its geopolitical ambitions to challenge India’s regional dominance. India must maintain a multi-dimensional approach including intelligence operations, diplomatic pressure, and calibrated military responses. International cooperation is crucial to dismantle militant networks and cut off their funding and support. Long-term peace requires addressing underlying regional disputes alongside counter-terrorism measures. Indigenous weapon systems highly effective, says Centre Performance of Indigenous Defence Systems Indigenous systems like the Akash short-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system proved highly effective during Operation Sindoor. All Indian offensive strikes on Pakistan military targets were executed without loss of any Indian assets, highlighting excellent surveillance, planning, and weapon delivery. India’s long-range drones and guided munitions played a crucial role in making strikes precise and well-calibrated. Indian Air Force successfully jammed and bypassed Pakistan’s Chinese-supplied air defence systems (HQ-9 SAMs), showcasing technological superiority. The entire operation was completed in just 23 minutes, demonstrating operational efficiency and preparedness. Relevance : GS 3(Defence) Defence Sector Growth and Export Potential Defence exports surged from₹686 crore (2013-14) to ₹23,622 crore (2024-25), reflecting rapid growth driven by Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliance) initiatives. Countries in Southeast Asia, West Asia, and Africa have shown increasing interest in Indian systems like Akash and BrahMos, validating their global appeal. Operation Sindoor served as a live demonstration of indigenous systems’ real-time performance, likely boosting export inquiries. Air Defence and Electronic Warfare Capabilities Indian air defence network showed resilience against hundreds of drones, UAVs, and high-speed missiles launched by Pakistan. Most hostile aerial targets were successfully intercepted or neutralized; only a few caused damage. Several key Pakistani air defence radar sites were struck, including disabling the HQ-15 SAM system in Lahore. Integration of Army and IAF air defence networks, supported by Akashteer system and Integrated Air Command and Control Systems (IACCS), proved robust. Pieces of foreign-supplied hostile technologies recovered included Chinese PL-15 air-to-air missiles, Turkish UAVs, long-range rockets, and commercial drones, confirming Pakistan’s reliance on foreign weaponry. Despite Pakistan’s advanced foreign-supplied armaments, India’s indigenous air defence and electronic warfare capabilities remained superior. Akashteer System and Network Automation Akashteer, a networking and automation air defence project by Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL), was fielded within a year after contract signing. Akashteer integrated ground-based defence systems and significantly enhanced air defence response. BEL highlighted Akashteer’s battlefield performance as exceeding expectations and effectively countering Pakistani aerial threats. Current Border Situation and Diplomatic Notes Situation along western borders remained calm as of May 13-14 post-Operation Sindoor. No confirmed schedule yet for the next Directors-General of Military Operations (DGMOs) talks between India and Pakistan. The calmness suggests a phase of strategic consolidation after the operation’s high-intensity engagement. Birth rates in Delhi, Kerala, and T.N. declining at twice the rate of national average: report Key Findings on Birth Rate Decline Delhi, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu show birth rates declining at roughly twice the national average rate. Tamil Nadu: birth rate decline of 2.35% per year (2016-2021) Delhi: decline of 2.23% per year Kerala: decline of 2.05% per year The national average birth rate decline during 2016-2021 was 1.12% per year (crude birth rate 19.3 in 2021). Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) States with Slowest Decline or Increase in Birth Rates States with the slowest birth rate decline: Rajasthan (0.48%) Bihar (0.86%) Chhattisgarh (0.98%) Jharkhand (0.98%) Assam (1.05%) Madhya Pradesh (1.05%) West Bengal (1.08%) Uttar Pradesh (1.09%) Uttarakhand was the only state to witness a rise in birth rate during this period. Other States with Faster than Average Decline Besides Tamil Nadu and Kerala, other southern states also recorded faster decline rates than the national average: Andhra Pradesh (1.26%) Telangana (1.67%) Karnataka (1.68%) Other large states with faster declines: Maharashtra (1.57%) Gujarat (1.24%) Odisha (1.34%) Himachal Pradesh (1.29%) Haryana (1.21%) Jammu & Kashmir (1.47%) Punjab’s birth rate decline was nearly equal to the national average. Civil Registration System (CRS) Registered Births Trends Some states with slow birth rate decline showed rising number of registered births: Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep Indicates possible improvements in birth registration or population growth factors in these states. Fertility and Reproduction Rates (TFR & GRR) States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh have: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) above national average — indicating more children per woman on average. Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) also above national average — implying higher number of daughters surviving to reproductive age. TFR: average children born per woman over her reproductive years. GRR: average daughters born who survive to reproduce. Implications and Context Southern states’ faster decline aligns with higher socio-economic development, education, and healthcare access. Northern and central states with slower decline or birth rate rise may face challenges like lower female literacy, poverty, and traditional fertility preferences. Birth registration improvements in some states may partly explain the rise in registered births despite slow birth rate decline. Data signals regional disparities in demographic transition within India.  Key Terms & Definitions Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year. Birth Rate Decline (%): Annual percentage decrease in the crude birth rate over a specified period. Total Fertility Rate (TFR):The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years. Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR):The average number of daughters a woman would have who survive to reproductive age. Civil Registration System (CRS):A government system for recording vital events like births and deaths for statistical and administrative purposes. Demographic Transition:A shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a society develops economically. Fertility Rate:The number of births per 1,000 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in a year. Replacement Level Fertility:The level of fertility (TFR ≈ 2.1) at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next. Population Stabilization:A condition where the birth rate and death rate are balanced, leading to a steady population size over time. Registered Births: Births officially recorded under the Civil Registration System, used to assess population trends and service delivery. Centre revamps PLFS, includes rural jobs data Key Points of PLFS Revamp Inclusion of rural employment and unemployment data in PLFS, which earlier covered mainly urban areas quarterly. PLFS to provide monthly estimates of key labour indicators — Labour Force Participation Rate, Worker Population Ratio, and Unemployment Rate — for both rural and urban areas at the all-India level in the Current Weekly Status (CWS). Quarterly estimates from PLFS will now also cover rural areas at the country level and major States. PLFS will estimate employment/unemployment indicators annually for both usual status (one-year reference) and current weekly status (last 7 days). Relevance : GS 3(Labour Force) Sampling and Coverage Enhancements From January 2025, revamped PLFS started with an enlarged sample size: 22,692 First Stage Units (FSUs) surveyed annually (12,504 rural FSUs; 10,188 urban FSUs). From each FSU, 12 households will be surveyed. Total sample size of around 2,72,304 households, a 2.65 times increase from previous ~1,02,400 households. Larger sample size aims to provide more reliable and precise labour market estimates. Release Schedule and Scope First monthly PLFS bulletin covering rural and urban areas for April 2025 to be released soon (May 2025). First quarterly bulletin for April-June 2025 (rural + urban) scheduled for August 2025. PLFS will now serve as a high-frequency labour market indicator source for policymakers and researchers. Implications and Significance Extending coverage to rural areas is crucial given India’s large rural workforce. Monthly data availability will improve timeliness and responsiveness of labour market analysis. Enhanced granularity at state and national levels will support better policy formulation on employment generation, unemployment, and workforce participation. Important step for India’s statistical system to capture labour market dynamics more accurately, especially in the post-pandemic economic context. Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat goals by providing data-driven insights to optimize skill development, job creation, and social security programs. Scientists make unique 2D metals much sought after for future tech Background: Quantum confinement causes electrons in extremely small materials to behave differently, leading to unique properties. Quantum dots (0D materials) and graphene (2D carbon sheets) are examples of materials with such confined electron behavior. These materials have revolutionized tech sectors like LEDs, solar cells, and sensors. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Challenge with 2D Metals: Metals naturally form 3D bonds, making it difficult to isolate atomically thin 2D metal sheets. Previous attempts produced metal sheets only a few nanometers thick, far thicker than ideal atomic scale (angstrom level). Metal surfaces often oxidize, reducing material stability and performance. New Breakthrough by Chinese Scientists: Researchers created ultra-thin (6.3 Å, about 2 atoms thick) 2D sheets of metals like bismuth, gallium, indium, tin, and lead. The method involves sandwiching molten metal powder between layers of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and sapphire, then applying immense pressure and controlled cooling. MoS2 and sapphire provide strong, smooth, non-reactive surfaces essential for preserving the 2D structure. Significant Findings: The bismuth sheets show strong field effect (electric conductivity tunable by external electric field) and nonlinear Hall effect (voltage generated perpendicular to electric field). These effects are unique to 2D metals and not found in 3D metals. The technique is scalable and simpler compared to prior complex and costly methods. Potential Applications: 2D metals could enable next-gen technologies such as super-sensitive sensors for medical diagnostics and military use. 2D bismuth and tin may act as topological insulators—conducting electricity only on edges, promising faster and more energy-efficient computing. Future Directions: Exploration of multi-metal 2D sheets and larger-area production. Tuning materials to operate as room-temperature topological insulators. Integration of 2D metals with other materials for advanced electrical and photonic devices. Deepening understanding of the novel electronic properties of 2D metals beyond bismuth. Broader Context: The discovery parallels the impact of quantum dot research recognized by the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Represents a major advancement towards harnessing unique quantum phenomena in metals for practical use.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 May 2025

C-DOT and Synergy Quantum Sign MoU to Jointly Develop Quantum Key Distribution Technology suited for Drone based systems. The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) has signed an MoU with Synergy Quantum India to jointly develop drone-based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems. This collaboration aims to enhance India’s indigenous capabilities in quantum-secure communications under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that uses quantum mechanics to generate and share encryption keys between parties. It ensures ultra-secure data transmission by detecting any eavesdropping attempts through quantum principles like superposition and entanglement Strategic Significance Partnership Between Public & Private Sector: C-DOT (Govt. R&D body) + Synergy Quantum (private deep-tech firm) = synergy of research depth + industry agility. Aligned with Atmanirbhar Bharat: Supports indigenous development in emerging telecom and quantum-secure technologies. Technological Highlights Focus: Development of Drone-based QKD systems using: Decoy-based BB84 protocol. Polarization encoding for quantum communication. Targeted at TRL-6 or above (prototype demonstration in relevant environment). QKD: Uses quantum mechanics to securely distribute encryption keys. Crucial for quantum-resistant secure communication. Use Case Relevance Optimized for drone-based deployments, enabling: Mobile secure communication in remote or tactical zones. Applications in defence, disaster response, critical infrastructure, and secure governance. Collaborative Activities Joint R&D efforts in QKD for drones. Co-creation of grant proposals (national & international). Dissemination through: Research papers, whitepapers. Conferences, workshops, expert talks. Vision and Goals Quantum Innovation Leadership: Aims to position India as a global leader in drone-based quantum communications. Quantum-safe Telecom Infrastructure: Expected to lay the groundwork for next-gen secure communication frameworks. Stakeholders Involved Key personnel from C-DOT and Synergy Quantum present at MoU signing. Senior officials involved show high-level institutional commitment. Implications for India Boosts India’s quantum ecosystem and supports secure digital infrastructure. Contributes to strategic autonomy in cyber and telecom security. Encourages public-private innovation ecosystem in frontier tech.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 May 2025

Content: A belated admission The educational landscape, its disconcerting shift India’s rising e-waste, the need to recast its management A belated admission Context : Excess Deaths vs. Official Toll: Civil Registration System (CRS) data for 2021 shows 21.5 lakh excess deaths. Officially reported COVID-19 deaths for 2021 were only 3.32 lakh. Suggests gross under-reporting of COVID-19 deaths. Relevance : GS2 (Governance), GS4 (Ethics – Accountability), GS3 (Disaster Management). Practice Question: “Data delayed is data denied.” In light of the delayed release of civil registration data during COVID-19, critically examine the implications of data opacity on public health policy and democratic accountability in India.(250 Words) Independent Findings Validated: RTI findings and surveys (notably by The Hindu) had earlier indicated millions of uncounted deaths. These findings were initially dismissed by the government. High Under-reporting Multiples: Excess death multiples vs. reported COVID deaths: Gujarat: 44.2x Madhya Pradesh: 19.5x Uttar Pradesh: 19.5x Telangana: 18.2x Points to state-level data suppression or non-recognition of COVID deaths with comorbidities. Governance and Accountability Concerns: Delayed Release of Data: Registrar General’s report released nearly 4 years after the second wave. Indicates a reluctance to acknowledge and assess the pandemic’s true toll. Failure to Utilize Improved Civil Registration System: CRS has become more robust and widespread, with improved death reporting. Yet, delay in publishing data undercuts progress and transparency. Lack of Medical Certification: Cause of death certification remains low. Weakens the ability to use mortality data for public health planning. Implications: Public Health Policy Impact: Delayed and inaccurate data leads to misinformed public health responses. Hampers future pandemic preparedness and resilience. Erosion of Public Trust: Undermines credibility of government statistics and damages public trust. Highlights need for data transparency and accountability in crisis management. Conclusion: The revelation of excess deaths serves as a belated but important admission. The government must ensure timely and accurate release of vital statistics. Emphasizes that data delayed is data denied, especially in a public health emergency. The educational landscape, its disconcerting shift Key Issues in the Evolving Educational Landscape Historical Role of Education: Traditionally, higher education nurtured critical thinking, dissent, and progress across disciplines. Universities were autonomous centres of intellectual inquiry and democratic engagement. Shift Toward Conformity: Modern universities are increasingly functioning under bureaucratic and ideological control, prioritising efficiency and market needs over academic freedom. Relevance : GS2 (Governance , Education), GS4 (Ethics – Integrity in institutions). Practice Question : Critically analyse how centralisation, marketisation, and ideological control are reshaping India’s higher education system. What steps can be taken to safeguard academic autonomy and foster critical thinking?(250 Words) Centralisation of Curricula: Earlier, universities had autonomy to design context-specific syllabi. Now, bodies like the UGC and policies like NEP impose standardised content, often reflecting political or economic agendas rather than academic merit. This erodes academic autonomy and leads to a monolithic intellectual ecosystem devoid of diversity and innovation. Suppression of Dissent: Critical voices, especially those citing thinkers like Chomsky or challenging dominant narratives, face reprimands or marginalisation. Self-censorship among faculty and students is rising due to fear of professional or political backlash. Rise of Corporatisation: Education is being reframed as a market commodity, prioritising revenue, branding, and investor interest. Disciplines like technology and business receive disproportionate support, while humanities and social sciences are devalued. Metrics-Driven Evaluation: Faculty are judged based on quantitative metrics (publications, rankings, ratings), not scholarly depth. Global rankings push institutions to emulate Western models, sidelining local intellectual traditions. Dilution of Academic Governance: Appointing leaders from non-academic or corporate backgrounds undermines scholarly priorities. Increasing ideological influence in appointments risks converting leadership into tools of conformity. Conclusion: The crisis in education is rooted in a crisis of imagination and purpose. Preserving universities as spaces of free thought is essential not only for academic integrity but for sustaining democracy and public reasoning. India’s rising e-waste, the need to recast its management India’s E-Waste Explosion Rapid growth: E-waste increased by 151.03% from 7.08 lakh MT (2017-18) to 17.78 lakh MT (2023-24). Annual addition: ~1.69 lakh MT of e-waste is added each year. India ranks among the top global e-waste generators (with China, USA, Japan, Germany). GS Paper: GS3 (Environment, Economy, Science & Tech). Practice Question: India’s e-waste problem reflects a larger failure to transition towards a circular economy. Evaluate the role of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and floor pricing in enabling sustainable e-waste management in India.(250 Words)  Consequences of Improper E-Waste Management Environmental loss: Water pollution from cyanide & sulphuric acid. Air pollution from lead fumes, plastic burning. Soil contamination. Economic loss: $10 billion annually in environmental damage. ₹80,000 crore (~$9.6 billion) loss from undervalued critical metals. $20 billion social loss due to unregulated informal sector. ~$20 billion in tax losses due to unaccounted cash transactions. Human cost: Informal recycling involves women and children. Average lifespan <27 years due to toxic exposure. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Concept & Potential EPR shifts waste management responsibility to producers, importers & brand owners. Promotes: Sustainable design, Lifecycle accountability, Environmental cost internalisation. Helps reduce burden on municipalities and curb informal recycling. Significance of EPR Floor Price (As per 2022 Rules) Prevents market collapse like in plastic waste management. Encourages: Formal recyclers to invest in advanced tech (gold, copper recovery). Expansion of safe, certified recycling infrastructure. Aims to formalise the sector (which is 95% informal currently). Reduces health and environmental risks by discouraging hazardous informal recycling. Towards a Circular Economy E-waste reimagined as a resource rather than a liability. Stable pricing fosters: Material recovery over landfill disposal. Investment in recycling innovation. Compliance with EPR targets. Floor price can unlock sustainability and innovation without significantly raising product costs. Balancing Concerns Critics fear consumer cost rise due to floor pricing. But: Environmental and social costs of inaction far outweigh financial concerns. Encourages product innovation and durability — key EPR goals. Way Forward: A Recycling Vision for India Formalisation of e-waste sector is essential for: Tax revenue, Health safety, Resource efficiency. A visionary floor pricing policy is the foundation for sustainable growth and global leadership. India must act decisively to convert a waste crisis into a green opportunity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 May 2025

Content: When water standards don’t hold water How is shipping industry tackling emissions? On differences in clientelism, patronage and freebies India engaged with China on germanium export restrictions, says embassy Paddy, pulses acreage has increased this kharif season: Centre U.S.-China pact a mixed bag for India’ Single-use food packaging 84% of Himalayan plastic waste When water standards don’t hold water Concept and Role of Per Capita Water Standards India useslitres per capita per day (lpcd) as a benchmark for water allocation and planning. This metric dictates how much water each person is entitled to, guiding infrastructure and policy decisions. Despite its critical role, this standard lacks scientific or empirical backing. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Lack of Uniformity and Evidence Various agencies (e.g., BIS, CPHEEO) and cities (e.g., Mumbai, Delhi) prescribe different standards. For example: CPHEEO: 150 lpcd for megacities, 135 lpcd for others. Jal Jeevan Mission: 55 lpcd for rural households. No rationale, survey data, or regional adjustment supports these standards. Discrepancy in Application Standards are applied inconsistently: Mumbai used 150 lpcd for the Gargai Dam to meet CPHEEO norms, though it uses 240 lpcd elsewhere. These numbers are often manipulated to align with project requirements or funding guidelines. Flawed Planning Implications Water demand calculations using these standards influence: Urban-rural water diversion. Large-scale infrastructure like dams and pipelines. Funding allocations from schemes like AMRUT and Smart Cities Mission. Result: Overestimation or underestimation of actual needs, leading to inefficient investments. Service Delivery Gap No effective monitoring to ensure delivery of water as per prescribed standards: Most cities lack household meters and bulk flow meters. Supply zones are not isolated — water tracking is unfeasible. MoHUA’s benchmarks measure per capita supply only at city-level, not individual level. Impact on Equity and Rights The human right to water is undermined due to arbitrary, non-transparent planning. Without accurate metrics, marginalized populations may get less than the standard. Standards serve planners and engineers, not end-users or citizens. Recommendations and Conclusion A call for evidence-based, region-specific per capita water standards. Need for: Functional water metering systems. Transparent, decentralized monitoring. Equitable distribution mechanisms. Ensuring that standards translate into actual rights-based service delivery. How is shipping industry tackling emissions? Context & Significance Shipping contributes ~2.8% of global GHG emissions (~1 billion tonnes/year). If considered a country, shipping would be the 6th largest emitter globally. Emissions could rise by 50–250% by 2050 if unregulated. The IMO (UN body for shipping) is spearheading efforts to decarbonise the sector. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Outcome of MEPC-83 Voted 63-16 in favour of Singapore’s hybrid model, inspired by India’s ‘bridging mechanism’. First global adoption of a mandatory emissions levy framework in any industry. However, full implementation awaits amendment of Annex VI of MARPOL and further consensus. Major Proposals Tabled International Chamber of Shipping: Fixed levy per tonne of CO₂. China: Market-based system for trading compliance units. EU: Fixed GHG levy managed by IMO-administered fund. India: Penalise underperformers; reward Zero/Near-Zero fuel users. Singapore: Enhanced Indian model with GHG Fuel Standard (GFS) and surplus/remedial credit units. Diverging Global Responses Oil-exporting nations (e.g. Saudi Arabia): Opposed to green fuel shift. Small Island States/LDCs: Favoured steep levies for green development funding. China & Shipping Giants: Sought minimal levies; investment in clean fuels. Scandinavian Nations: Wanted credits for early decarbonisation. Traditional maritime powers (e.g. Greece): Sceptical of feasibility. US Position Did not participate under the Trump administration. Opposed EU’s uniform carbon levy; warned of “reciprocal measures”. India’s Role and Gains Credited as co-architect of adopted Net Zero Framework. Operates ~236 large vessels; MBM applies only to 135 international ships. Limited impact on costs: +$108 million by 2030 (manageable). Green Hydrogen Opportunity: India’s National Hydrogen Mission aligns with IMO’s emissions threshold. Ports preparing for green hydrogen bunkering. Potential to emerge as a global green fuel hub. Why Green Shipping Matters Aligns with: SDG 13 (Climate Action) Paris Agreement targets Helps avoid climate disasters while ensuring trade sustainability. Ensures shipping doesn’t lag behind other sectors in emissions reduction. Equity & CBDR Principle Developed nations allegedly shifting responsibility to developing countries. Violation of the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR-RC) principle. Developing nations like India demand fairness in the transition. Future Steps & Challenges Requires two-thirds ratification of MARPOL amendment. May face resistance if 1/3 of member states (with ≥50% of global tonnage) object. Key test: balancing climate goals with economic competitiveness and equity. On differences in clientelism, patronage and freebies Clientelism: Involves a reciprocal exchange between politicians and voters, where tangible benefits (money, gifts) are offered in exchange for electoral support. Politicians ensure compliance through monitoring and local party networks (e.g., karyakartas), though this is more challenging in India due to high voter numbers and secret ballot systems. Clientelism is asymmetrical, with wealthier politicians potentially exploiting poor voters, but the secret ballot system and deepening democracy make such exploitation less feasible. Clientelism operates through individual targeting and is highly personalized (e.g., offering benefits to select voters), with the expectation of reciprocal votes or political support. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice) Patronage: Involves the distribution of long-term resources like jobs, loans, or subsidies by politicians to build loyalty among voters. Unlike clientelism, patronage relationships are ongoing and long-term. Patronage networks foster a more permanent connection, creating a recurrent exchange between politicians and their constituents. It represents a structural relationship that exists beyond the electoral cycle and typically affects larger groups. Freebies: Universally distributed goods, such as free bus rides or bicycles, are distributed without the need for electoral reciprocity. Freebies are often aimed at broad segments of the population (e.g., women, youth), and do not require monitoring by political agents, thanks to advancements like Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT). While they do not directly demand electoral support, freebies are often designed to build goodwill and indirectly influence voting behavior. Freebies can have positive societal impacts (e.g., increasing women’s participation in the workforce or education) and do not inherently violate voter autonomy. Conflation Issues: Critics often conflate clientelism, patronage, and freebies, overlooking the important distinctions between them. While freebies have more inclusive, less personalized distribution criteria, clientelism is more exclusive and targeted, undermining democratic integrity. The focus on freebies, rather than informal clientelistic practices, can distract from the negative impact of clientelism on democracy and long-term economic stability. Freebies have positive effects in certain contexts (e.g., women’s empowerment), while clientelistic networks are exclusionary and detrimental to democratic processes. Conclusion: Clientelism and patronage are more problematic because of their personalized, hierarchical nature and their long-term effects on democracy and political autonomy. Freebies, in contrast, can be viewed as a tool for inclusive welfare distribution that may positively affect the electorate, particularly if structured through DBT and other transparent mechanisms. The real focus should be on the long-term, informal clientelistic practices that undermine democratic integrity, rather than targeting more universal and potentially beneficial schemes like freebies. India engaged with China on germanium export restrictions, says embassy Context of Export Restrictions: China’s export restrictions on germanium and gallium have created challenges for global industries, including India’s, particularly in electronics and semiconductor manufacturing. Germanium is a critical mineral used in semiconductors, fibre optic cables, and solar panels, making it vital for India’s tech and infrastructure sectors. Over half of the world’s germanium production comes from China, and export restrictions have had a significant impact on India’s reliance on imports of this mineral. Relevance : GS 3(Minerals ,Technology) India’s Dependency and Issues: India has no domestic production of germanium and is fully reliant on imports. Due to export restrictions, India has been sourcing germanium through suppliers in the United Arab Emirates, leading to inflated costs for Indian businesses. This dependency has exposed vulnerabilities in India’s supply chains, particularly in high-tech industries. Grievances and Diplomatic Engagement: The Indian Embassy in Beijing noted that germanium was the only element raised by Indian industry players in complaints about China’s export restrictions on rare earth elements (REEs). While germanium is not classified as a rare earth element, it plays a critical role in technologies relying on advanced materials, adding complexity to India’s supply chain. India is actively engaging with the Chinese government to resolve these issues through formal communications and meetings with Chinese officials, although details about specific negotiations remain undisclosed. Impact on Electronics Manufacturing: Germanium oxide is integral to the production of fibre optic cables used in global communications networks. Restrictions on germanium exports have disrupted the availability of critical components needed for optical fibre production, affecting sectors beyond just electronics. Broader Political and Economic Context: The trade tensions with China come amid cooling relations and growing concerns over China’s trade practices, including export curbs and travel restrictions. For example, Foxconn, Apple’s contract manufacturer for iPhones, faced obstacles with personnel travel and machinery transport between China and India, reflecting broader challenges in the bilateral relationship. These issues underscore the growing complexity of India-China economic relations, which are being impacted by both geopolitical tensions and economic interdependencies. Conclusion: The export restrictions on germanium exemplify how resource control by China can affect India’s tech sector and supply chain stability. As India navigates this challenge, its diplomatic engagement with China will be crucial in mitigating the effects of resource monopolies and ensuring more secure and diversified supply chains for essential raw materials like germanium. Paddy, pulses acreage has increased this kharif season: Centre Increase in Crop Acreage: Paddy Sowing: Increased by 3.44 lakh hectares compared to last year, reaching 32.02 lakh hectares in 2024-25 from 28.57 lakh hectares in 2023-24. Pulses Sowing: Expanded by 2.20 lakh hectares, from 18.47 lakh hectares in 2023-24 to 20.67 lakh hectares in 2024-25. Specific pulses, such as moong and urad, saw significant increases, with moong rising by 1.70 lakh hectares and urad by 0.50 lakh hectares. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Agriculture) Increase in Other Crops: Onion and Potato: Sowing of onion increased by 2.82 lakh hectares, reaching 12.58 lakh hectares in 2024-25 from 9.76 lakh hectares in 2023-24. Potato: Sowing area increased by 0.47 lakh hectares. Water Availability and Reservoir Storage: Water Storage: Improved water storage conditions compared to last year, with 161 reservoirs having 117% of last year’s storage and 114% of the 10-year average. This indicates better preparedness for the current sowing season due to favorable water availability. Foodgrain Stocks: Rice and Wheat Stocks: Stocks of rice (389.05 lakh tonnes) and wheat (177.08 lakh tonnes) are well above the buffer stock norms, ensuring food security. The actual rice stock exceeds the buffer standard of 135.8 lakh tonnes, and wheat stock surpasses the standard of 74.6 lakh tonnes. Impact of Weather Conditions: The meeting confirmed there was no significant impact of the heatwave or high temperatures on the wheat harvest, ensuring stable foodgrain availability. Promotion of Scientific Agriculture: A campaign to promote scientific agriculture was planned, focusing on improving farming practices and efficiency. Conclusion: Kharif season sowing has been positive, with increased acreage for key crops, bolstered by favorable water storage conditions and adequate foodgrain stocks, enhancing India’s agricultural resilience. ‘U.S.-China pact a mixed bag for India’ Mixed Reactions to U.S.-China Trade Pact: Opportunities for India: Some experts see the agreement as beneficial for India, opening up export opportunities in sectors like pharmaceutical APIs, gems and jewellery, engineering goods, organic chemicals, and IT-enabled services. These sectors remain less affected by the U.S.-China trade dynamics, allowing India to strengthen its export position. Challenges for India: Investment Shift Back to China: The reduction in tariffs could lead to a reversal of the investments that previously flowed into countries like India, Vietnam, and Mexico due to high U.S. tariffs on China. Shift in Production: As tariffs decrease, companies that relocated their production outside China might consider returning, which could affect India’s manufacturing and investment inflows. Impact on U.S.-China Bilateral Trade: Increased Trade Between U.S. and China: The tariff reduction is expected to lead to a surge in high-value trade between the two countries, particularly in sectors like electronics, machinery, and chemicals. This could intensify competition for India in these sectors, especially in terms of price and market share. Unresolved Issues in the Trade Deal: The deal does not address the high trade imbalance between the U.S. and China, which was a central concern for the U.S. under the previous administration. Without addressing these underlying issues, the deal may have limited long-term impact on global trade dynamics. Potential for Reduced Dumping: Lower tariffs between the U.S. and China might lead to less dumping of Chinese goods in third-party markets, including India and Vietnam, providing some relief to these countries. However, this could also mean that India faces less competition from cheaper Chinese goods in its domestic market. Single-use food packaging 84% of Himalayan plastic waste Plastic Waste in the Himalayan Region: 84% of Plastic Waste from Single-Use Packaging: A significant portion (84.2%) of plastic waste in the Himalayan region is from single-use food and beverage packaging. Non-Recyclable Plastics: 71% of the plastic waste collected was non-recyclable, primarily multilayered plastics and Tetrapak, which are difficult to process and are not collected by waste pickers or scrap dealers. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Environmental Impact: Choking of Waterways and Landfills: Non-recyclable plastics, especially multilayered ones, contribute to environmental harm by clogging waterways and filling landfills, affecting the delicate ecosystems of the region. Mountains and Tourist Spots Littered: Popular tourist destinations, villages, schools, and protected areas across the Himalayan states have seen significant plastic waste, especially in water bodies and rivers. Waste Collection Efforts: The Zero Waste Himalaya Alliance and The Himalayan Cleanup (THC) have been organizing large-scale cleanup campaigns since 2018 to tackle the plastic waste crisis across the region. In 2024, over 15,000 volunteers from 350 organizations collected plastic waste from 450 sites across the Himalayan states. Production and Systems Issue: Root Cause Identified: The waste crisis in the Himalayan region is primarily a production and systems issue, not merely a post-consumer waste management problem. The focus needs to be on addressing the production of non-recyclable plastics, rather than only improving waste management systems. Distribution of Plastic Waste: Sikkim generated the most plastic waste (44% of total waste) followed by Darjeeling and Ladakh. The regions most affected by plastic pollution include tourist hotspots and river areas, which see significant accumulation of waste, especially during peak tourist seasons. Calls for Solutions Beyond Recycling: Recycling Limitations: Due to the predominance of non-recyclable materials, relying solely on recycling is insufficient to solve the issue. The alliance advocates for solutions that address the root causes, such as reducing the production of single-use plastics and encouraging sustainable packaging alternatives.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 May 2025

Content: India witnesses a steady downward trend in maternal and child mortality towards achievement of SDG 2030 targets Capacity Building Enhanced Through Interactive Training Under the “Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Program” India witnesses a steady downward trend in maternal and child mortality towards achievement of SDG 2030 targets India has shown remarkable progress in reducing maternal and child mortality between 2014 and 2021, aligning steadily with SDG 2030 targets. This success is driven by strong policy interventions, improved health infrastructure, and data-driven governance. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues) Progress in Key Indicators (2014–2021) Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): Reduced from 130 (2014–16) to 93 (2019–21) per lakh live births. 37-point reduction; significant step toward SDG target of ≤70 by 2030. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Declined from 39 to 27 per 1,000 live births. Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR): Decreased from 26 to 19 per 1,000 live births. Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR): Fell from 45 to 31 per 1,000 live births. Fertility Rate: Stabilized at 2.0 (from 2.3 in 2014), approaching replacement level. Sex Ratio at Birth: Improved from 899 to 913 females per 1,000 males. State-wise SDG Target Achievement (as per SRS 2021) MMR Target Achieved (≤70) in 8 States: Kerala, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Karnataka. U5MR Target Achieved (≤25) in 12 States/UTs: Includes Kerala (8), Delhi (14), Tamil Nadu (14), Maharashtra (16), Gujarat (24), etc. NMR Target Achieved (≤12) in 6 States/UTs: Kerala (4), Delhi (8), Tamil Nadu (9), Maharashtra (11), J&K (12), Himachal Pradesh (12). India’s Global Outperformance (1990–2023) MMR Reduction: India: 86% decline. Global average: 48% decline. U5MR Reduction: India: 78% Global: 61% NMR Reduction: India: 70% Global: 54% IMR Reduction: India: 71% Global: 58% Policy Interventions Driving Change Ayushman Bharat: World’s largest health assurance scheme, ₹5 lakh per family. Free Institutional Deliveries: Including C-sections, transport, medicines, diagnostics, and nutrition support. Infrastructure Strengthening: MCH Wings, SNCUs, HDUs/ICUs, NBSUs, and Mother-Newborn Care Units. Clinical Protocols: Use of antenatal corticosteroids, CPAP, early screening protocols. Human Resource Development: Skilling of birth attendants, midwives, ASHAs, and community workers. Data-Driven Governance: Real-time digital health monitoring for evidence-based decisions. Scale of Impact Supports ~300 lakh safe pregnancies and ~260 lakh healthy live births annually. Emphasis on equitable access, quality assurance, and dignified care. Capacity Building Enhanced Through Interactive Training Under the “Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Program” Program Overview Organizing Body: Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG), in collaboration with the Capacity Building Commission. Target Group: Officers from Assistant Section Officers to Under Secretaries. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance), GS 4 (Ethics & Capacity Building) Objectives and Significance Strengthen competency, accountability, and responsiveness of public servants. Promote collaborative work culture, interpersonal bonding, and enhanced administrative effectiveness. Align with the broader vision of Mission Karmayogi, India’s national civil services reform. Training Modules Covered Who is a Rashtriya Karmayogi? Expanding Our Vision of Success and Fulfillment Creating a Karmayogi Rashtriya Karmayogi as a Nation-Builder These modules aimed to inspire, transform mindset, and instill nation-first values and ethical responsibility among officers. Integration with Mission Karmayogi Launched in 2020, Mission Karmayogi is a National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB). Aims to shift civil services from rule-based to role-based performance. Ensures continuous learning through: Competency frameworks Online self-learning on the iGOT Karmayogi platform Role-specific digital content and certification Ethical & Behavioral Capacity (GS 4 Link) Builds competencies in: Emotional intelligence Ethical decision-making Service motivation and empathy Reinforces values of integrity, non-partisanship, dedication, and transparency in governance. “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.” – Mahatma Gandhi Impact and Strategic Relevance Promotes a citizen-centric, performance-oriented bureaucracy. Cultivates a culture of excellence, innovation, and adaptive leadership. Reinforces the government’s push for capacity-building, digital governance, and responsive public administration. Challenges and Way Forward Need for regular evaluation of training outcomes and officer performance. Must avoid a one-size-fits-all approach; customization per role and ministry is key. Focus on behavioral transformation rather than just knowledge delivery.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 May 2025

Content: Fire and ceasefire Right to know Why India must get the Caste Census right A fundamental reset to drive manufacturing growth Fire and ceasefire Ceasefire Announcement and External Mediation India and Pakistan reached an understanding to cease military action after three days of intense fighting. U.S. President Donald Trump announced the ceasefire; senior American officials were reportedly involved in facilitating talks. Raises concerns about third-party involvement in a bilateral issue, especially regarding Kashmir. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations and Governance) Practice Question:Discuss the implications of third-party mediation in bilateral conflicts, with particular reference to the India-Pakistan ceasefire agreement. What are the potential risks of foreign involvement in Kashmir?(250 Words) Trigger and India’s Response The conflict escalated after a terrorist attack in Pahalgam (April 22) targeting tourists. India’s military response signals a new security doctrine: overt retaliatory action for cross-border terrorism. Pakistan’s strategy of denial and indirect support to terror has been explicitly challenged by India. Impact on Civilians and Armed Forces Indian armed forces showed professionalism and bravery. Civilian suffering noted in Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab – in terms of life, property, and peace. India reaffirmed its pluralist, democratic identity, rejecting Pakistan’s attempts to sow communal discord. Domestic Political Reactions and Accountability Opposition demands transparency: calls for an all-party meeting and a special Parliament session. Public accountability urged on casualties, military operations, and decision-making processes. Emphasizes that truth must not be a casualty in the fog of war. Geopolitical and Strategic Concerns China’s reported support to Pakistan adds complexity to the regional power dynamics. U.S. mediation risks internationalising the Kashmir issue, which India has traditionally opposed. India’s stance: Kashmir is a bilateral issue, and foreign involvement undermines sovereignty. Call for Political Maturity Urges for cool-headed leadership, national unity, and respect for professional military judgment. Emphasizes that strategic security and national progress require political consensus and social harmony. Right to know Supreme Court’s Intervention On May 9, 2025, the Supreme Court set aside a Delhi High Court order that directed the Wikimedia Foundation to take down a Wikipedia page. The High Court’s earlier ruling viewed user comments on a defamation case and the judge’s order as contempt, prompting a take-down directive. A Division Bench upheld the initial decision, but the Supreme Court overturned it, emphasizing constitutional freedoms. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (Polity, Governance, and Constitution) Practice Question : Evaluate the Supreme Court’s decision to uphold the right to know in the context of the Wikimedia Foundation case. What does this ruling signify for freedom of speech and judicial transparency in India?(250 words) Fundamental Rights Emphasized The right to know is protected under Articles 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) and 21 (right to life and liberty). Justices Abhay S. Oka and Ujjal Bhuyan asserted that public debate is vital, even if a matter is sub judice. Courts must be cautious about overreacting to criticism or dissenting voices, especially on public platforms. Contempt vs. Free Speech The Supreme Court noted that mere criticism of court orders does not amount to contempt. The presumption of contempt must not override democratic values like openness, transparency, and criticism. Public engagement with court processes helps in strengthening judicial accountability. Wikimedia Foundation’s Role Wikipedia operates as a user-edited platform, with Wikimedia Foundation only providing technical infrastructure. It acts as an intermediary under the IT Act, not responsible for user-generated content unless proven complicit. The platform’s democratic nature empowers users while shielding them from undue suppression. Ongoing Legal Proceedings The related case by ANI is still pending; the Delhi High Court may need to reassess the matter considering the right to know principle. The Court is expected to evaluate Wikipedia’s intermediary status in light of free speech and public interest protections. Need for Judicial Sensitivity High Courts must be more attuned to fundamental rights, especially regarding digital platforms and public discourse. Transparency in court proceedings, as emphasized by former CJI D.Y. Chandrachud, ensures that judges are accountable in public perception. Judicial overreach in curbing online debate may threaten civil liberties and democratic norms. Why India must get the Caste Census right Significance of Caste Census Bold and transformative step: Inclusion of caste enumeration in the next Census is essential for social justice and evidence-based policymaking. Not identity politics: Caste counting reflects lived realities; ignoring it promotes caste blindness and sustains inequality. Visibility enables inclusion: Without caste data, many marginalised communities remain statistically invisible and excluded from welfare. Relevance : GS 2 (Polity, Social Justice, and Governance) Practice Question: Discuss the constitutional and legal imperatives of conducting a caste census in India. How does accurate caste data contribute to the proper implementation of social justice policies?(250 Words) Constitutional and Legal Imperatives Caste as a proxy for backwardness: Supreme Court judgments have upheld the use of caste for identifying social and educational backwardness. Constitutional mandate: Reservation policies (education, jobs, elections) require accurate, disaggregated caste data. Inconsistency in current data: SC/ST data collected since 1951; OBCs left out despite being constitutionally eligible for reservations. Administrative and Policy Needs Caste data critical for reservation rationalisation: Current policy lacks empirical basis; vulnerable to arbitrary demands and elite capture. Rohini Commission data: Only 10 OBCs take 25% of benefits; 75% of OBCs receive minimal or no benefit — highlights intra-group disparity. Need for sub-categorisation: Accurate caste data enables defining “creamy layer” and ensures equitable distribution within groups. Failures of SECC 2011 Legal and technical flaws: Not conducted under Census Act, lacked statutory authority. Execution by non-expert ministries: Rural and Urban Development ministries lacked domain expertise. Data chaos: Poorly trained enumerators, open-ended questions led to 46 lakh caste entries — unusable dataset. Success of Bihar’s Caste Survey Model example: Used a validated caste list (214 castes + “Others”), pre-tested tools, and trained enumerators. Proved feasibility: A credible caste count is achievable with proper planning and political will. Blueprint for a Robust Caste Census Legal Mandate: Amend Census Act, 1948 to include caste enumeration. Appropriate Authority: Assign task to Registrar General & Census Commissioner, not political ministries. Structured Questionnaire: Use dropdowns for caste, sub-caste, aliases, and surnames with digital codes. State-specific Lists: Collaborate with State governments, sociologists, and communities for draft and feedback. Enumerator Training: Region-specific modules to ensure understanding of local caste complexities. Digital Infrastructure: Use handheld devices with restricted, preloaded caste data to reduce error. Representative Staffing: Deploy neutral enumerators without local bias or conflicts. Independent Oversight: Set up district-level audit and monitoring committees. Pilot Testing: Trial runs in diverse States to refine methodology before full-scale implementation. Conclusion Administrative feasibility proven: India already counts 2,000+ SC/ST castes; OBC and upper caste enumeration is overdue. Political and moral urgency: Partial counting must end; the time to correct decades of data denial is now. Caste Census = Policy Justice: It is the foundation for rational, inclusive, and transparent governance. A fundamental reset to drive manufacturing growth Global Shifts in Manufacturing: Manufacturing is transitioning towards innovation-driven, medium-high, and high-tech products. Key drivers include advanced R&D, technological sophistication, high skills, and complex supply chains. The U.S.’s high tariffs and global shifts are reshaping manufacturing dynamics, requiring a reset in policies and practices. Relevance : GS 3 (Economic Development) Practice Question: Assess the current state of India’s manufacturing sector and compare it with global manufacturing standards. What are the primary factors responsible for India’s low per capita value added in manufacturing?(250 Words) Current State of India’s Manufacturing: India’s per capita value added in manufacturing ($0.32K) and productivity ($8.9K) are significantly lower than global averages ($2K and $32K, respectively). India’s total manufacturing value added ($461 billion) is far behind China ($4,658 billion) and the U.S. ($2,497 billion). Developed economies outpace India in R&D-linked productivity, underscoring the need for improvements in India’s manufacturing sector. Need for Technical Education Reform: India’s engineering education must evolve to foster creativity, problem-solving, and higher-order thinking. Focus should shift from rote learning and academic grading towards practical problem-solving and innovative application of science and technology. Engineering education needs to prioritize practical work (50% of curriculum) and establish advanced laboratories and workshops for skill development Importance of Core Engineering: While fields like AI, IT, and semiconductors are crucial, core engineering (civil, mechanical, electrical, etc.) remains foundational for robust manufacturing growth. India must build strong engineering capabilities across multiple sectors to develop critical infrastructure and machinery for diverse terrains and industries. Developing sophisticated R&D infrastructure and supply chains for core engineering will be key to driving manufacturing growth. Creating an Ecosystem for Innovation: Innovation ecosystems, like Silicon Valley, are essential for driving manufacturing success through high-skilled manpower and robust R&D infrastructure. India needs to replicate this model in the manufacturing sector, emphasizing industrial infrastructure and capital investment. State-specific manufacturing parks with advanced facilities should be established, providing quick setups for new units and supporting prototype development. Supporting Manufacturing Startups: Manufacturing startups should be encouraged around engineering infrastructure, laboratories, and innovation-driven environments. Engineering institutes must focus on enhancing R&D and aligning their curriculum with skill development, supporting innovation in manufacturing. Policy and Financial Support: To transform India’s manufacturing sector, there is a need to increase R&D expenditure from 0.65% to 2% of GDP. An additional 1% of GDP should be allocated to developing industrial infrastructure. A comprehensive policy framework must be designed to adapt to the evolving global manufacturing landscape and support long-term growth. Strategic Focus: The strategy for growth should involve: Developing advanced research labs. Building robust industrial infrastructure. Ensuring a sound policy system that supports innovation and adapts to global changes. Conclusion : India must address these critical areas—technical education reform, core engineering, innovation ecosystems, and increased R&D investment—to drive sustained growth in the manufacturing sector and remain competitive globally.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 May 2025

Content: The women who remain largely invisible How is Kerala handling its waste problem? Are artificial intelligence models susceptible to producing harmful content? Total Fertility Rate in India remains at 2.0; Bihar records highest count, Bengal lowest World’s longest banana infructescence found in the forests of Andamans Asteroid YR4 might miss earth; will it miss the moon, too? The women who remain largely invisible Role of Women in Environmental and Development Resistance Women in South Asia are central to grassroots environmental movements against mining, dams, and nuclear projects. Examples include: Sijimali (Odisha): Protests against forest-displacing mining. Dewas (Jharkhand): Adivasi women resisting coal operations. Tamil Nadu: Fisherwomen protesting Kudankulam Nuclear Plant. These struggles reflect community-led development and deep ecological knowledge rooted in lived experiences. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Justice) Systematic Exclusion in Decision-Making Women are excluded from formal consultations, despite being most affected by displacement and environmental degradation. FPIC (Free, Prior and Informed Consent) processes often ignore women’s participation. Women’s inputs are dismissed as emotional rather than recognised for socio-environmental insight. Legal Protections vs. Reality Legal frameworks exist but are poorly implemented: India: Forest Rights Act (2006), PESA (1996) — recognise women in Gram Sabhas. Nepal: Joint Land Ownership Policy. Bangladesh: Khas land distribution prioritises women. Barriers: Land titles usually in men’s names. Gram Sabhas are male-dominated. Displaced women often not recorded as household heads = exclusion from compensation. No national-level gender-sensitive land policy in India. Customary laws override statutory provisions, especially in tribal areas. Climate Change Deepens Gender Inequality Environmental stress (heat, water scarcity, pollution) worsens: Women walk farther for water, care for ill, work longer for less. Climate frameworks fail to incorporate women’s ecological knowledge or participation. Consultations often occur in unsafe, inaccessible, male-dominated spaces. FPIC and the Myth of Inclusion FPIC is promoted internationally but lacks gender integration. Questions raised: Can consent be valid without women’s voices? Is it “informed” if women don’t understand long-term consequences? Need for Structural Reforms Inclusive consultation practices: timing, women-only spaces, translation/legal aid. Recognise women as independent landowners. Empower women beyond symbolic participation: In negotiation rooms, policy forums, compensation boards. Amplify women’s leadership in movements — not just as supporters but decision-makers. Conclusion: From Invisibility to Leadership Women’s stories are of resilience and vision, not just victimhood. Policies and institutions must shift from token inclusion to transformative leadership. For true climate justice and inclusive development, women must lead — not merely be consulted. How is Kerala handling its waste problem? Why was the Vruthi Campaign Launched? Shift in consumption patterns: Post-liberalisation, Kerala saw a rise in inorganic and non-biodegradable waste due to market-driven products. Urbanisation pressures: Agriculture’s share in GDP fell below 10%, altering traditional waste disposal practices. Public health risks: Issues like dog bites, zoonotic diseases, and worker fatalities (e.g., canal drowning) made waste management urgent. Gap between private hygiene and public cleanliness: Despite individual hygiene awareness, public spaces remained dirty. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Environment and Ecology) What is the ‘Vruthi’ Campaign? Meaning: ‘Vruthi’ denotes purity of body and mind. Launched: October 2, 2024. Scale: Mobilised ~25,000 people across government and civil society. Successes: Household waste collection coverage rose from 40% to 75% in a year. Core approach: Behavioural change, decentralisation, inclusivity. Campaign Features and Strategies Local engagement: Haritha Karmasena, schools, artists, voluntary groups involved. Decentralised focus: Promotes localised, adaptable technologies like Black Soldier Fly composting, windrow composting. Technology-neutral: Solutions customised by locality; no one-size-fits-all model. Community-driven: Residents’ collectives, RWAs, schools, enterprises brought into waste governance. Differences from Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Vruthi / Kerala Model Swachh Bharat Mission Bottom-up, people-centric Top-down, bureaucratic model Behavioural change focus Infrastructure-focused (toilets, plants) Decentralised, contextual solutions Standardised supply-driven framework Technology-neutral Often tech-specific mandates Decentralised vs. Centralised Waste Management Not binary: Kerala explores a mixed approach, choosing what suits local needs. Successes: Centralised: Guruvayur Municipality. Decentralised: Local composting models. Failures: Centralised: Brahmapuram fire in Kochi due to mismanagement. Challenges: Local self-governments lack technical capacity despite funding increases. Current Challenges Sustainability of efforts: Momentum largely state-driven — may falter if government focus wanes. Capacity gaps: Local bodies need professionalisation and technical support. Linear waste pattern: Shift needed towards circular economy. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Requires stronger enforcement to reduce burden on public systems. Path Ahead Embed behavioural change: “My waste, my responsibility” must reach every household and institution. Strengthen local institutions: Schools, RWAs, businesses, and worker collectives should be key partners. Model for India: Kerala’s decentralised, participatory urban sanitation can inspire other states. Are artificial intelligence models susceptible to producing harmful content? General Findings Yes, AI models are susceptible to producing harmful content. Enkrypt AI’s red teaming of Mistral’s Pixtral models highlights critical security vulnerabilities. Pixtral models were found to be more easily manipulated than competitors like GPT-4o and Claude 3.7 Sonnet. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Types of Harmful Content Identified Child Sexual Exploitation Material (CSEM) Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) threats Grooming-related outputs and instructions for creating harmful agents Key Statistics 68% of harmful prompts successfully bypassed safeguards in Pixtral models. 60x more vulnerable to CSEM content than GPT-4o or Claude 3.7. 18–40x more prone to CBRN-related content generation than top competitors. Red Teaming Methodology Used adversarial datasets and “jailbreak” prompts to bypass safety mechanisms. Employed multimodal manipulation (text + images) to test robustness. Outputs were human-reviewed to ensure ethical oversight and accuracy. Detailed Threat Examples Provided synthesis methods for nerve agents like VX. Offered information on chemical dispersal methods and radiological weapons infrastructure. Model Versions Tested Pixtral-Large 25.02 (via AWS Bedrock) Pixtral-12B (via Mistral platform directly) Company Responses and Industry Context Mistral has not yet released a public response to the findings. Enkrypt AI is in private communication with Mistral regarding vulnerabilities. Echoes past red teaming efforts by OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google. Broader Role of Red Teaming in AI Analogous topenetrationtesting in cybersecurity. Crucial for uncovering hidden flaws before public deployment. GPT-4.5 Case Study Red teaming used 100+ curated CTF challenges (cybersecurity tests). Performance: High School-level: 53% success Collegiate-level: 16% success Professional-level: 2% success Demonstrates limited but non-zero potential for exploitation. Implications and Recommendations The AI safety landscape is evolving — from afterthought to proactive design priority. Enkrypt AI stresses the need for: Security-first development Continuous red teaming Greater transparency and accountability Emphasis on industry-wide collaboration to ensure societal benefit without unacceptable risk. Total Fertility Rate in India remains at 2.0; Bihar records highest count, Bengal lowest Key Findings on TFR National TFR remains stable at 2.0 in 2021, same as in 2020. Replacement level fertility (TFR of 2.1) has been achieved nationally. Bihar has the highest TFR at 3.0. West Bengal and Delhi report the lowest TFR, both at 1.4. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Governance) Demographic Shifts Share of population aged 0–14 years dropped from 41.2% (1971) to 24.8% (2021). Working-age population (15–59 years) rose from 53.4% to 66.2% over the same period. Elderly population (60+): Increased from 6% to 9%. 65+ age group rose from 5.3% to 5.9%. Elderly Population (60+ Age Group) Highest % of elderly: Kerala – 14.4% Tamil Nadu – 12.9% Himachal Pradesh – 12.3% Lowest % of elderly: Bihar – 6.9% Assam – 7% Delhi – 7.1% Fertility Rates by State Below Replacement Level TFR (≤2.1): Delhi, West Bengal – 1.4 Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, J&K, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab – 1.5 Himachal Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka – 1.6 Odisha, Uttarakhand – 1.8 Gujarat, Haryana – 2.0 Assam – 2.1 States above replacement level: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh (implied though not directly mentioned) Marriage Trends Mean age at effective female marriage increased from 19.3 (1990) to 22.5 (2021). Policy Context Despite Budget 2024’s announcement of a high-power committee on population growth, SRS data indicates demographic stabilisation, not rapid growth. Full clarity requires the 2021 Census, still pending since last held in 2011. Survey Details Conducted across 8,842 sample units. Covered a population of around 84 lakh. Largest demographic survey in India aside from the Census. World’s longest banana infructescence found in the forests of Andamans Scientific Discovery A 4.2-metre-long infructescence (fruit bunch) was recorded — longest ever among all banana species globally. Found in a wild banana species, Musa indandamanensis, endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI). Discovery published in the international journal Botany Letters in early 2024. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3(Environment) Botanical Significance Musa indandamanensis was first reported in 2012 from Little Andaman near Krishna Nala Reserve Forest. First formally documented in a scientific journal in 2014. Earlier specimens had infructescence lengths of ~3 metres; now exceeds 4 metres. Comparative Data Cultivated banana species usually have infructescences of only ~1 metre. The tree height remains consistent (~11 metres), but: Girth in Campbell Bay specimens: ~110 cm Earlier Little Andaman specimens: <100 cm Geographic Context Recent specimen recorded in Campbell Bay, Nicobar group. Reflects intraspecies variation in girth and infructescence length within ANI ecosystems. Ex-situ Conservation Efforts Species is listed as ‘Critically Endangered’. Saplings of Musa indandamanensis introduced in: Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah Botanical Garden, ANI Regional Centre Central Regional Centre, Prayagraj Specimen Display A 4.2-metre specimen is on display at the Indian Museum, Kolkata (BSI Industrial Section). Another large specimen exhibited in the Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre Museum. Scientific and Agricultural Relevance Musa indandamanensis is a valuable genetic resource. Potential for developing high-yielding, disease-resistant banana varieties through plant breeding. Asteroid YR4 might miss earth; will it miss the moon, too? Discovery and Classification Asteroid 2024 YR4 was discovered in December 2024 using the ATLAS telescope in Chile. Classified as a near-Earth asteroid (NEA) — orbits within 1.3 AU of the Sun. Initially feared as a threat to Earth; prompted NASA’s highest-ever asteroid alert in February 2025. Relevance : GS 3(Science ,Technology) Impact Risk Analysis Early estimate: 3.1% chance of Earth impact in 2032. Latest data: Negligible chance of Earth impact, but 3.8% chance of hitting the Moon on 22 December 2032. Size: Estimated 65 meters wide — not large enough to be a “potentially hazardous object” (which requires >140 m width). Trajectory Tracking and Modelling Asteroid orbits determined using: Ground-based visible light telescopes. Infrared observations from James Webb Space Telescope. Orbital models are refined with more data to improve impact predictions. NASA uses the Torino Scale for threat assessment — YR4 was at Level 3, now downgraded. Potential Moon Impact If YR4 hits the Moon: Expected crater size: 500 to 2,000 metres. Explosion would release energy 340 times greater than the Hiroshima bomb. Moon’s orbit will remain unaffected. Visibility and Scientific Value Impact flash may or may not be visible from Earth — depends on Moon’s brightness and impact location. Could yield valuable data on lunar regolith and surface composition. Spacecraft like Chandrayaan-2 could capture the event. Broader Implications Asteroids remain an ongoing threat — e.g., the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor caused serious damage. Larger impacts could induce climate change by injecting dust into Earth’s atmosphere. However, asteroid impacts are preventable with early detection and tracking — offering hope for planetary defense.

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