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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 August 2024

CONTENTS The Road to 2047 for Indian Agriculture Lateral Entry in Bureaucracy: A Double-Edged Sword The Road to 2047 for Indian Agriculture Context: India’s centennial year of independence in 2047 is still some time away, but the goal of becoming a developed nation is pressing. To achieve this, a significant increase in per capita Gross National Income (GNI) is necessary, requiring it to rise to about six times its current level. This calls for a comprehensive development strategy, particularly in agriculture. Relevance: GS3- Direct and Indirect Farm Subsidies Public Distribution System (PDS) Buffer Stocks & Food Security Agricultural Marketing Mains Question: The road to 2047 for Indian agriculture presents both challenges and opportunities. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Transforming Indian Agriculture: Transforming Indian agriculture is crucial and depends on adopting sustainable practices that maintain long-term productivity and environmental health. Innovations such as precision farming, genetically modified crops, and advanced irrigation techniques like drip and sprinkler systems are key to this transformation. For example, the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has covered 7.8 million hectares, promoting water-use efficiency through micro-irrigation. The scheme’s ₹93,068 crore allocation for 2021-26 highlights the government’s dedication to sustainable water management. Associated Challenges: India’s agricultural sector faces several challenges, including climate change, land degradation, and market access issues. The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), launched in 2016, offers financial assistance for crop losses. With 495 million farmers enrolled and claims exceeding ₹1.45 lakh crore, the scheme is a cornerstone of agricultural risk management. Additionally, the Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM), introduced in 2016, integrates existing markets through an electronic platform. By September 2023, 1,361 mandis had been integrated, benefiting 1.76 million farmers and facilitating trade worth ₹2.88 lakh crore. This initiative enhances market access and ensures better price realization for farmers. A Growing Disparity: Despite nearly 46% of the workforce being employed in agriculture, the sector contributes only about 18% to the GDP, revealing a significant imbalance. If current trends persist, this disparity is likely to widen. Since 1991-92, the overall GDP has grown at an annual rate of 6.1%, while agricultural GDP has lagged behind at 3.3%. Under the current administration, overall GDP growth was 5.9%, with agriculture growing at 3.6%. However, this growth is insufficient for a sector that is so vital to the nation’s socio-economic structure. By 2047, agriculture’s share of GDP might decrease to 7%-8%, yet it could still employ over 30% of the workforce if substantial structural changes are not made. This suggests that maintaining the current growth path will not be enough. Although the expected 7.6% overall GDP growth for 2023-24 is encouraging, the agricultural GDP’s weak growth of 0.7%, largely due to unseasonal rains, is concerning. Moreover, United Nations projections estimate that India’s population will reach 1.5 billion by 2030 and 1.59 billion by 2040. Addressing the food needs of this growing population will be critical, especially considering an estimated food expenditure elasticity of 0.45, leading to an expected annual food demand growth of approximately 2.85%, given a population growth rate of 0.85%. India’s real per capita income increased by 41% from 2011-12 to 2021-22 and is expected to accelerate further. However, after 2023, the expenditure elasticity is anticipated to decline, meaning a 5% increase in per capita expenditure will correlate with only a 2% growth in demand. The demand for different commodities will vary, with meat demand expected to grow by 5.42% and rice demand by just 0.34%. To meet these challenges, it is crucial to rationalize food and fertilizer subsidies and redirect the savings toward agricultural research, development, innovation, and extension services. Several Initiatives: Numerous initiatives have been introduced to enhance farmer prosperity and promote sustainable agricultural growth. The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN), launched in 2019, provides ₹6,000 annually to farmers in three installments. This scheme has already benefited over 118 million farmers, offering essential financial support. Another significant initiative is the Soil Health Card (SHC) scheme, which aims to optimize soil nutrient use and boost agricultural productivity. Over 230 million SHCs have been distributed, giving farmers valuable insights into soil health and nutrient management. In 2023, the government also led the promotion of millets during the International Year of Millets, raising awareness of these nutritious grains both domestically and internationally. The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, with a ₹1 lakh crore financing facility, supports the development and modernization of post-harvest management infrastructure. In just three years, over 38,326 projects have been approved, mobilizing ₹30,030 crore in the agricultural infrastructure sector. These initiatives have generated employment for more than 580,000 people and increased farmer incomes by 20%-25% through better price realization. Additionally, the Survey of Villages and Mapping with Improvised Technology in Village Areas (SVAMITVA) initiative aims to ensure transparent property ownership in rural areas. As of September 2023, more than 16 million property cards have been issued, enhancing land security and improving credit access for farmers. Strategic Planning: The government’s strategic planning for agriculture up to 2047 focuses on several key areas: forecasting future demand for agricultural products, learning from past growth drivers, addressing current challenges, and exploring potential opportunities in the agricultural sector. Projections indicate that the total demand for food grains in 2047-48 will range from 402 million to 437 million tonnes, with production expected to exceed demand by 10%-13% under the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario. However, meeting this demand sustainably will require substantial investments in agricultural research, infrastructure, and policy support. The 2024-25 Budget, with an allocation of ₹20 lakh crore for targeted agricultural credit and the launch of the Agriculture Accelerator Fund, underscores the government’s proactive approach to fostering agricultural innovation and growth. Conclusion: The road to 2047 presents both challenges and opportunities for Indian agriculture. By adopting sustainable practices, leveraging technological innovations, and implementing strategic initiatives, India can enhance farmer incomes, meet the food demands of its growing population, and achieve inclusive, sustainable development. Lateral Entry in Bureaucracy: A Double-Edged Sword Context: The introduction of lateral appointments in India’s bureaucracy has ignited significant debate, particularly because these appointments lack reservations for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other Backward Classes (OBC), and Economically Weaker Sections (EWS). The issue gained attention following a recent UPSC advertisement for 45 senior positions, which did not include the constitutionally mandated quotas, sparking concerns about social justice and the representation of disadvantaged groups in top government roles. Relevance: GS2- Appointment to various Constitutional Posts, Powers, Functions and Responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies. Statutory, Regulatory and various Quasi-judicial Bodies. Mains Question: The implementation of lateral entry has sparked serious concerns about social justice and the representation of marginalised groups in the Indian bureaucracy. Analyse in the context of the recent UPSC advertisement for 45 senior positions via lateral entry. (15 Marks, 250 Words). What is the Lateral Entry Scheme? Overview: Lateral entry refers to the process of appointing individuals from outside the government directly into mid-level and senior positions. The scheme aims to introduce domain-specific expertise and fresh perspectives to enhance governance. These “lateral entrants” are typically appointed on contracts for three years, which can be extended up to a maximum of five years. Origin and Implementation: The concept of lateral entry was first introduced during the 2004-09 period and was strongly endorsed by the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) established in 2005. The idea gained further traction in 2017 when NITI Aayog recommended it to bring in specialized expertise and new perspectives. In its 3-year Action Agenda in 2017, NITI Aayog, along with the Sectoral Group of Secretaries (SGoS) on Governance, recommended the induction of personnel at middle and senior management levels in the central government. Eligibility: Eligible candidates for lateral entry are those with domain expertise and a proven track record in relevant fields, such as the private sector, state governments, autonomous bodies, or public sector undertakings. The selection criteria focus primarily on professional accomplishments and subject matter expertise. Reservation in Lateral Entry: Lateral entry positions are exempt from the reservation system due to the “13-point roster” policy. This policy calculates a candidate’s placement on a list of job openings based on their group’s quota percentage (SC, ST, OBC, and EWS) as a fraction of one hundred. Since each lateral entry position is considered a “Single Post,” the reservation system does not apply, allowing these appointments to bypass reservation guidelines. Current Round of Recruitment: In the current round of recruitment, 45 vacancies have been advertised separately for each department. If these positions were grouped together, reservations would apply, with specific allocations for SC, ST, OBC, and EWS candidates. However, because the vacancies are treated as individual posts, they effectively bypass the reservation policy, resulting in the exclusion of candidates from reserved categories. The lateral entry system, introduced by the government in 2018, aimed to improve transparency and efficiency by addressing the opaque practices of previous administrations. However, the absence of reservation provisions in this system has led to widespread criticism. The Leader of the Opposition, accused the NDA government of violating the Constitution by excluding reservations from these appointments. He argued that this decision undermines social justice, marginalizes the underprivileged, and reduces their representation in the higher levels of bureaucracy. In response, the past practices of the Congress party were highlighted, pointing to the appointments of former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as Finance Secretary in 1971 and Montek Ahluwalia as Planning Commission Chairman, both of which were made without transparent procedures. Since the lateral entry system was introduced in 2018, the government has received 6,077 applications, leading to the appointment of 63 individuals to senior positions across various ministries, with approximately 35 of these appointees coming from the private sector. While the goal of these appointments is to infuse expertise and fresh perspectives into the government, the absence of reservations for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other Backward Classes (OBC), and Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) has overshadowed the intended benefits. Addressing the backlog of vacancies relative to these 63 officials will require the government to create new posts specifically for candidates from these underrepresented categories. The introduction of lateral appointments has sparked mixed reactions within the bureaucracy. While it does bring in specialized knowledge and fresh perspectives, it also poses significant risks to the traditional bureaucratic structure. Impact on Bureaucracy: A Mixed Bag: The introduction of lateral appointments has been a double-edged sword. On one hand, it introduces specialized knowledge and new perspectives that can drive innovation and improve efficiency. On the other hand, it challenges the existing bureaucratic framework and raises several concerns. Demoralization of Bureaucrats: Traditional career bureaucrats, who have risen through the ranks through rigorous training and years of service, may feel demoralized when lateral entrants are appointed to senior positions. This could foster a perception that meritocracy is being undermined, creating uncertainty about career progression and potentially lowering morale among long-serving officials. Integration Challenges: Lateral entrants may face difficulties integrating into the established bureaucratic culture, which could lead to friction with traditional bureaucrats. The differing work styles and priorities of lateral entrants and career officials might result in tensions that could undermine collaboration and effectiveness. Potential Conflicts of Interest: Lateral entrants from the private sector may face conflicts of interest, as their decisions could be influenced by previous affiliations. This raises concerns about policy bias and the risk of prioritizing private sector interests over the public good. Ensuring that these officials act impartially and in the best interest of the public sector is a significant challenge. Accountability and Transparency Issues: Unlike career bureaucrats, lateral entrants may not be subject to the same level of public scrutiny and evaluation. This lack of oversight could lead to concerns about transparency in decision-making processes. Additionally, lateral entrants’ limited institutional knowledge could impact the quality of their decisions, particularly in complex policy areas. Impact on Administrative Cohesion: The presence of lateral entrants in senior roles could fragment authority within the bureaucracy, potentially leading to inefficiencies, delays, and a lack of cohesive leadership. This fragmentation could weaken the overall effectiveness of government operations. Positive Takeaways: Despite these challenges, lateral entry into senior government positions offers several notable benefits: Expertise Infusion: Lateral entrants bring specialized knowledge from various sectors, which can enhance the quality of policy-making and help address complex issues that require expert insights. Diverse Perspectives: The introduction of new viewpoints fosters innovative solutions and encourages fresh approaches to governance, which can drive progress and modernization within the government. Increased Efficiency: Professionals from the private sector often emphasize performance and efficiency, which can lead to more effective and results-oriented governance practices. Skill Gap Bridging: Lateral appointments can address deficiencies in key areas such as technology and finance, where specialized skills are crucial for effective governance. Meritocracy Promotion: The focus on skills and expertise over seniority can promote a culture of meritocracy, potentially leading to improved leadership quality and more effective decision-making. Governance Flexibility: By bringing in experienced professionals, the government can quickly adapt to new challenges and evolving circumstances, enhancing its ability to respond to emerging issues. Public-Private Collaboration: Lateral entrants strengthen ties between the government and the private sector, fostering collaboration and the exchange of ideas that can benefit both sectors. Conclusion: Overall, while the lateral entry system has its challenges, it also holds the potential to bring about significant positive changes in governance if implemented thoughtfully and inclusively.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 August 2024

CONTENTS Passive Euthanasia U.S. Urges India to Halt Dual-Use Exports to Russia India Bans Certain Fixed Dose Combination Medications Vaccine-Derived Polio World’s Second-Largest Diamond in Botswana Gongronema Sasidharanii Passive Euthanasia Context: Recently, the Supreme Court of India denied a petition from an elderly couple seeking “passive euthanasia” for their comatose (deeply unconscious) son, who has been bedridden for 11 years following a fall.  Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: What is euthanasia, and what is a living will? SC rule in 2018 Changes to Living Will Guidelines in India What is euthanasia, and what is a living will? Euthanasia refers to the practice of an individual deliberately ending their life, oftentimes to get relief from an incurable condition, or intolerable pain and suffering. Euthanasia, which can be administered only by a physician, can be either ‘active’ or ‘passive’. Active euthanasia involves an active intervention to end a person’s life with substances or external force, such as administering a lethal injection. Passive euthanasia refers to withdrawing life support or treatment that is essential to keep a terminally ill person alive. Passive euthanasia was legalised in India by the Supreme Court in 2018, contingent upon the person having a ‘living will’ or a written document that specifies what actions should be taken if the person is unable to make their own medical decisions in the future. In case a person does not have a living will, members of their family can make a plea before the High Court to seek permission for passive euthanasia. SC rule in 2018 The Supreme Court allowed passive euthanasia while recognising the living wills of terminally-ill patients who could go into a permanent vegetative state, and issued guidelines regulating this procedure. A five-judge Constitution Bench headed by then Chief Justice of India (CJI) Dipak Misra said that the guidelines would be in force until Parliament passed legislation on this. However, this has not happened, and the absence of a law on this subject has rendered the 2018 judgment the last conclusive set of directions on euthanasia. The guidelines pertained to questions such as who would execute the living will, and the process by which approval could be granted by the medical board. “We declare that an adult human being having mental capacity to take an informed decision has right to refuse medical treatment including withdrawal from life-saving devices,” the court said in the 2018 ruling. Changes to Living Will Guidelines in India The 2018 Guidelines A living will was required to be signed by an executor in the presence of two attesting witnesses, countersigned by a Judicial Magistrate of First Class The treating physician was required to constitute a board comprising three expert medical practitioners with at least 20 years of experience to decide whether to carry out the living will or not If the medical board granted permission, the will had to be forwarded to the District Collector for his approval The Collector was to then form another medical board of three expert doctors, including the Chief District Medical Officer Only if this second board agreed with the hospital board’s findings would the decision be forwarded to the JMFC, who would then visit the patient and examine whether to accord approval Changes Made by the Supreme Court Instead of the hospital and Collector forming the two medical boards, both boards will now be formed by the hospital The requirement of 20 years of experience for the doctors has been relaxed to five years The requirement for the Magistrate’s approval has been replaced by an intimation to the Magistrate The medical board must communicate its decision within 48 hours The 2018 guidelines required two witnesses and a signature by the Magistrate; now a notary or gazetted officer can sign the living will in the presence of two witnesses instead of the Magistrate’s countersign In case the medical boards set up by the hospital refuses permission, it will now be open to the kin to approach the High Court which will form a fresh medical team. Different countries, different laws NETHERLANDS, LUXEMBOURG, BELGIUM allow both euthanasia and assisted suicide for anyone who faces “unbearable suffering” that has no chance of improvement. SWITZERLAND bans euthanasia but allows assisted dying in the presence of a doctor or physician. CANADA had announced that euthanasia and assisted dying would be allowed for mentally ill patients by March 2023; however, the decision has been widely criticised, and the move may be delayed. UNITED STATES has different laws in different states. Euthanasia is allowed in some states like Washington, Oregon, and Montana. UNITED KINGDOM considers it illegal and equivalent to manslaughter. -Source: Indian Express U.S. Urges India to Halt Dual-Use Exports to Russia Context: Recent initiatives by the United States involve advising Indian companies and exporters against supplying dual-use technologies to Russia. Such exports, which include chemicals and aeronautic components potentially applicable in defense equipment, could lead to Western sanctions. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Dual Use Goods and Technologies Dual-Use Technology Developments Concerning Russia: Conclusion Dual Use Goods and Technologies Definition and Examples: Dual-use goods are items applicable in both civilian and military settings. Examples include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technologies, and night vision devices. Specific Technologies: Hypersonics: Systems capable of flight at speeds five times greater than the speed of sound, useful for satellite launches and defense applications. Integrated Network Systems-of-Systems: Enhances the integration of various mission systems, bolstering networked command and control. Microelectronics: Fundamental in both civilian tech like smartphones and military equipment. Regulatory Frameworks: Governed by international dual-use export control regimes aiming to prevent misuse while allowing legitimate trade. Global Export Control Regimes: Wassenaar Arrangement (WA): Promotes transparency and responsibility in arms and dual-use goods transfers; India joined as the 42nd member in 2017. Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): Focuses on curtailing nuclear arms proliferation; India is not a member but follows voluntary non-proliferation practices. Australia Group: Ensures that exports do not contribute to chemical or biological weapons development; India became a member in 2018. Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR): Aims to prevent missile proliferation capable of delivering large payloads; India joined in 2016. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC): India is a signatory, committing to non-proliferation of chemical and biological weapons. UN and Dual-Use Goods: UN Security Council Resolution 1540: Mandates member nations to regulate exports that could harm global peace or security. Dual-Use Technology Developments Concerning Russia: Sanctions Risk: Indian companies face potential U.S. sanctions under CAATSA for dealings with Russia’s military-industrial sectors. Trade Insights: Indian exports to Russia surged by 40% in 2023, emphasizing the significant role of engineering goods. Global Supply Chains: The U.S. has flagged China as a major supplier of critical items like machine tools and microelectronics to Russia, impacting global defense manufacturing networks. Conclusion: India faces the intricate task of regulating the export of dual-use items, balancing between adhering to international norms and protecting its economic sovereignty. In the delicate geopolitical landscape, particularly concerning Russia, it is vital for India to conform to global regulations to evade sanctions while preserving its strategic autonomy. By enhancing regulatory oversight and raising industry awareness, India can ensure its export practices meet global standards, thus supporting both innovation and national security. -Source: Indian Express India Bans Certain Fixed Dose Combination Medications Context: The Union Health Ministry has prohibited the use of 156 fixed dose combination (FDC) medications, noting a lack of therapeutic justification and potential risks to patient health. These medications, which blend multiple active ingredients, are often used for treating conditions such as tuberculosis and diabetes. However, concerns arise because they may also introduce unnecessary or harmful components to patients. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Ban on 156 Fixed-Dose Combination Drugs Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs Challenges and Criticisms of FDC Drugs Ban on 156 Fixed-Dose Combination Drugs Overview: The Indian government has banned 156 fixed-dose combination (FDC) medications citing health risks. These include antibiotics, painkillers, and multivitamins. Legislative Action: The Union Health Ministry has issued a gazette notification under Section 26 A of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 to halt the production, sale, and distribution of these drugs. Regulatory Insight: The decision is backed by recommendations from the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and an expert committee, which concluded that the ingredients in these FDCs lack therapeutic justification. Specifics of the Ban: Drugs affected include combinations such as anti-allergics with decongestants, antibiotics with acne creams, and migraine treatments paired with anti-nausea medications. Noteworthy inclusions in the ban are drugs like the mefenamic acid-tranexamic acid combo and sildenafil with vascular relaxants. Historical Context: This action marks the most extensive ban since 2016, when 344 drugs were prohibited—a decision upheld in 2018 for 328 of those drugs. Industry Impact: The ban extends to some drugs that were previously exempt, specifically those introduced before 1988, causing surprise and concern among pharmaceutical manufacturers regarding the sudden removal of these long-standing products from the market. Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Drugs Definition and Concept: FDC drugs combine two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients into a single dosage form, commonly known as cocktail drugs. The FDA defines a combination product as any product made up of a drug and a device, or a drug and a biological product, or all three combined. Formulation Guidelines: Most medications are typically formulated as single compounds. FDCs are deemed acceptable only if each component’s dosage meets specific population needs and offers clear advantages in efficacy, safety, or compliance over separate administration. Benefits of FDCs: These include a synergistic mechanism of action, enhanced drug tolerability, extended product lifecycle, and potential cost savings. FDCs aim to optimize therapeutic outcomes while reducing the number of pills a patient must take. Challenges and Criticisms of FDC Drugs Increased Risks: FDCs may heighten the likelihood of adverse drug reactions and interactions compared to administering drugs individually. Controversy and Irrational Use: Many FDCs introduced in India lack rational justification, posing unnecessary health risks and increasing the potential for adverse reactions. Economic and Legal Concerns: Irrational FDCs can place a financial burden on consumers. Healthcare providers who recommend these combinations may face legal challenges, especially if the combinations are not recognized in authoritative medical texts or journals. Pharmaceutical Practices: Despite these issues, pharmaceutical companies continue to aggressively market FDCs due to their substantial profit margins. -Source: Indian Express Vaccine-Derived Polio Context: Recently, a child from Meghalaya was diagnosed with vaccine-derived polio (VDP). Relevance: GS II- Health Dimensions of the Article: Vaccine-Derived Polio What is Polio? Polio in India India’s Pulse Polio Programme Steps taken by the Government to maintain polio free status in India Vaccine-Derived Polio Vaccine-derived polio (VDP) occurs when the attenuated (weakened) poliovirus in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) mutates and regains the ability to cause paralysis. VDP is more likely in regions with low immunization coverage, poor sanitation, or among immunocompromised individuals. Over 90% of VDP outbreaks are linked to the Wild Poliovirus Type 2 (WPV2) present in OPV. Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis (VAPP): This is a rare condition linked to the OPV but is not classified as polio by the Indian government due to its sporadic nature and minimal threat to the broader population. Polio Status in India: The WHO declared India polio-free in 2014, a status not undermined by the presence of VAPP. Types of Poliovirus: WPV1, WPV2, WPV3: These are wild strains of the poliovirus with the same symptoms but distinct genetic makeups. WPV2 and WPV3 have been eradicated as of 2015 and 2019, respectively. Polio Endemic Regions: Wild poliovirus remains endemic in regions like Pakistan and Afghanistan. Polio Vaccines: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV): Developed by Jonas Salk, this vaccine uses an inactivated virus. Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV): Developed by Albert Sabin, this vaccine contains a live, attenuated virus. What is Polio? The World Health Organization (WHO) defines polio or poliomyelitis as “a highly infectious viral disease, which mainly affects young children.” The virus is transmitted by person-to-person, spread mainly through the faecal-oral route or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g., contaminated water or food) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis. Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs. In a small proportion of cases, the disease causes paralysis, which is often permanent. There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented by immunization. There are three individual and immunologically distinct wild poliovirus strains: Wild Poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) Wild Poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) Wild Poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) Symptomatically, all three strains are identical, in that they cause irreversible paralysis or even death. However, there are genetic and virological differences, which make these three strains separate viruses which must each be eradicated individually. Polio in India India received polio-free certification by the WHO in 2014, after three years of zero cases. This achievement has been spurred by the successful pulse polio campaign in which all children were administered polio drops. The last case due to wild poliovirus in the country was detected on 13th January 2011. India’s Pulse Polio Programme With the global initiative of eradication of polio in 1988 following World Health Assembly resolution in 1988, Pulse Polio Immunization programme was launched in India in 1995. Children in the age group of 0-5 years administered polio drops during National and Sub-national immunization rounds (in high-risk areas) every year. The Pulse Polio Initiative was started with an objective of achieving hundred per cent coverage under Oral Polio Vaccine. It aimed to immunize children through improved social mobilization, plan mop-up operations in areas where poliovirus has almost disappeared and maintain high level of morale among the public. Steps taken by the Government to maintain polio free status in India Maintaining community immunity through high quality National and Sub National polio rounds each year. An extremely high level of vigilance through surveillance across the country for any importation or circulation of poliovirus and VDPV is being maintained. All States and Union Territories in the country have developed a Rapid Response Team (RRT) to respond to any polio outbreak in the country. To reduce risk of importation from neighbouring countries, international border vaccination is being provided through continuous vaccination teams (CVT) to all eligible children round the clock. Government of India has issued guidelines for mandatory requirement of polio vaccination to all international travelers before their departure from India to polio affected countries namely:  Afghanistan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Syria and Cameroon. -Source: Indian Express World’s Second-Largest Diamond in Botswana Context: A 2,492-carat raw diamond discovered in Botswana is believed to be the world’s second-largest, behind only the famed Cullinan diamond. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Exploring Recent Developments and Global Dynamics of Diamond Production A recently unearthed diamond has emerged as a close second to the famed 3,106-carat Cullinan Diamond discovered in South Africa over a century ago. Advanced X-ray transmission technology facilitated its extraction, minimizing damage and preserving the integrity of the large stone.  The full assessment of the diamond’s quality and potential is pending. Diamond Characteristics: Formation: Diamonds originate from the Earth’s mantle and reach the surface through volcanic activities, specifically within dykes and sills. Utility: Their exceptional hardness makes them ideal for various applications including jewelry, industrial cutting tools, and polishing. Diamonds in India: Key Locations: Panna belt in Madhya Pradesh Wajrakarur Kimberlite pipe in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh Krishna River basin gravels in Andhra Pradesh Recent Discoveries: Notable are the new kimberlite fields in Raichur-Gulbarga districts, Karnataka. Processing Hubs: Major cutting and polishing operations are centered in Surat, Navasari, Ahmedabad, and Palampur. -Source: Hindustan Times Gongronema Sasidharanii Context: A plant with smooth stems and small urn-shaped flowers spotted in Idukki district has been identified as an entirely new species of the genus Gongronema. Equally importantly, this is the first time Gongronema has been reported from south India. Relevance: Facts for Prelims New Botanical Discovery: Gongronema Sasidharanii A new plant species found in Pampadum Shola National Park, Kerala. Characterized by smooth stems and small urn-shaped flowers transitioning from creamy white to purplish-green. Marks the first report of the genus Gongronema in South India, expanding its known range beyond northeastern states and parts of North India. Overview of Pampadum Shola National Park Situated in the eastern Southern Western Ghats, Idukki District, Kerala. Covers approximately 12 square kilometers. The name translates to ‘the forest where the snake dances,’ reflecting the park’s dynamic landscape. Features undulating terrain with hillocks, with elevations ranging from 1600 to 2400 meters. Characterized by a misty and cloudy atmosphere year-round, with significant rainfall during the North-East monsoon. Ecological Attributes Vegetation: Comprises a diverse assembly of evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, shola grasslands, and semi-evergreen formations. Flora: Hosts an array of 22 tree species, 74 herb species, and 16 climber species. Fauna: Mammals: Inhabited by tigers, leopards, giant gizzard squirrels, rare flying squirrels, Nilgiri Tahr, and spotted deer. Special Mention: The Nilgiri marten, unique to South India, is a notable inhabitant. Butterflies: Home to approximately 100 butterfly species, highlighting its rich biodiversity. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 August 2024

CONTENTS Prime Minister Employment Generation Program (PMEGP)  Prime Minister Employment Generation Program (PMEGP) Context: KVIC and Department of Posts collaborate to boost PMEGP Implementation across India. Relevance: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Prime Minister Employment Generation Program (PMEGP) Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) Prime Minister Employment Generation Program (PMEGP) The Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) the result of the merger of two schemes – Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) and The Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP). PMEGP is a credit-linked subsidy scheme which promotes self-employment through setting up of micro-enterprises, where subsidy up to 35% is provided by the Government through Ministry of MSME for loans up to ₹25 lakhs in manufacturing and ₹10 lakhs in the service sector. PMEGP was established for generation of employment opportunities through establishment of micro enterprises in rural as well as urban areas. PMEGP is a central sector scheme administered by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME). At the national level, the Scheme is being implemented by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), a statutory organization under the administrative control of the Ministry of MSME as the single nodal agency. At the State level, the Scheme will be implemented through State KVIC Directorates, State Khadi and Village Industries Boards (KVIBs) and District Industries Centres (DICs) and banks. Objectives of PMEGP To generate continuous and sustainable employment opportunities in Rural and Urban areas of the country To provide continuous and sustainable employment to a large segment of traditional and prospective artisans, rural and urban unemployed youth in the country through setting up of micro enterprises. To facilitate participation of financial institutions for higher credit flow to micro sector. Eligibility to avail this scheme: Individuals above 18 years of age VIII Std. pass required for project above Rs.10.00 lakhs in manufacturing and above Rs. 5.00 lakhs for Service Sector Self Help Groups and Charitable Trusts Institutions Registered under Societies Registration Act- 1860 Production based Co-operative Societies In addition, Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is also implementing the following programmes to provide self employment opportunities in rural and backward areas: Honey Mission: Under this programme, bee boxes with bee colonies, tool kits and training are provided to supplement the income of farmers, adivasis and rural youth as beekeepers. Kumhar Sashaktikaran Programme: Under this programme, rural potters have been provided with training and new energy efficient equipment like Electric Pottery Wheels, Blungers, etc. Agarbatti Industry: Under this initiative, pedal operated machines are being distributed to the artisans for making agarbattis through maximum utilization of bamboo. Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is a statutory body formed in 1957 by the Government of India, under ‘Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act of 1956’. It is an apex organisation under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, with regard to khadi and village industries within India Aim of KVIC is: plan, promote, facilitate, organise and assist in the establishment and development of khadi and village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 August 2024

CONTENTS Monsoon Mayhem: Tackling Urban Flooding India- Maldives Ties Monsoon Mayhem: Tackling Urban Flooding Context: In a warming world, sea surface temperatures are rising, leading to increased evaporation and the formation of moisture-laden clouds. When conditions are right, this results in continuous rainfall, often with half the annual precipitation occurring within 24 to 48 hours. Urban infrastructure struggles to cope, leading to flooding on roads, in public spaces, and in the basements of buildings, causing disruptions to rail, road, and air traffic, as well as to businesses. Rural areas are severely affected, with crop losses, landslides, and landslips in hilly regions claiming lives, livelihoods, and destabilizing the economy. Relevance: GS3- Disaster Management Mains Question: There is urgent need for comprehensive disaster management and infrastructure reforms to protect lives and property from future monsoon fury. Discuss in the context of rising disasters triggered by heavy rainfalls in urban areas. (15 Marks, 250 Words). The Disaster in Wayanad: This situation places additional pressure on public finances, as funds must be redirected to rebuild damaged infrastructure and compensate for private property losses. The disaster that struck Wayanad on July 30th, claiming over 400 lives and injuring an equal number, stands out as one of the most devastating in recent memory. In that event, large boulders and stones from an 8.26-hectare area at 1550 meters above sea level rolled down a 7 km slope, causing destruction to buildings, roads, and bridges in villages located 650 meters above sea level. A one-ton boulder gained the energy of 9 megajoules, enough to destroy a reinforced concrete building in a rural area. Monsoon havoc has caused similar damage in other regions, including the Western Ghats and the Himalayas, where landslides and road and bridge damage have created significant challenges for residents and tourists in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The Issues Facing Metropolitan Cities: The deaths of three civil service aspirants in the basement flooding of Rau’s coaching centre in Rajendranagar, Delhi last month, along with another aspirant who died from electrocution, serve as stark reminders of the negligence of civic authorities. It is essential to understand the precautions that agencies and building occupants must take to prevent such tragedies from recurring. Previously, Mumbai’s civic body had designed stormwater drains and related infrastructure to handle 25 mm of rain per hour. In recent years, severe flooding has repeatedly occurred, forcing authorities to redesign their drainage systems to handle more intense rainfall, up to 50 mm per hour. However, in places like Mumbai, Ratnagiri, Satara, Mahabaleshwar, and other locations, rainfall rates of 80 to 100 mm per hour have been recorded. Similarly, certain regions in the country are experiencing frequent cloudbursts, resulting in 80 to 100 mm of rainfall per hour for three to four hours. The Wayanad tragedy was triggered by 570 mm of rain in just 48 hours. In many metropolitan cities, stormwater drains are partially encroached upon, with small huts erected for living. These occupants should be relocated, and the drains fully opened to allow the proper flow of water. It is important to note that the existing stormwater drains are insufficient to handle more than 25 mm of rainfall per hour. Many urban lake beds have been encroached upon, reducing their capacity to store water. This reduction means that during heavy rainfall, water flows into the basements and ground floors of buildings, causing significant hardship for residents. In November 2015, Chennai experienced one of its worst disasters due to continuous rainfall of approximately 483 mm in 24 hours. The flooding claimed 500 lives, submerged nearly 1 million homes, and displaced 1.8 million people. Two main factors contributed to this catastrophe: the encroachment on lake beds in Chennai and the delay in regulating the water levels in the Chembaram Bakkam reservoir. The situation was brought under control only after 1.5 lakh cusecs of water from the reservoir were released into the Adiyar River. In Chennai, many wetlands have been occupied by communities. The Pallikarnai wetland, which once covered over 5,000 hectares, has now shrunk to just 500 hectares, or 10% of its original size. If these encroachments are not cleared, similar tragedies are likely to occur in the future. In cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Gurugram, floodwaters often get trapped in the basements of homes, requiring time and energy to pump out. Way Forward: Drains should be regularly de-silted and cleared of debris such as plastics, polythene bags, and silt, which should be disposed of at distant locations. The lakes in cities, which act as balancing reservoirs, should have their water levels regulated by properly managing the sluice gates. Periodic de-weeding and de-silting of lakes are also necessary to keep the water clean and maintain them at maximum flood levels. All lake inlets must be monitored to ensure that untreated sewage is not entering these reservoirs. To prevent lake water from entering homes during flash floods, it is crucial to ensure that sewage water does not backflow into residences. Civic authorities in cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Delhi, Gurugram, and others should upgrade their drainage systems to accommodate at least 100 mm of rain per hour. Additionally, encroachments on stormwater drains and lake beds must be removed. Civic bodies must take precautions when working on drainage systems for stormwater and sewer lines, ensuring that drains and manholes are covered to prevent accidental falls, especially when flooded roads resemble flowing rivers. It is advisable to construct a sump beneath the basement to harvest rainwater, which can later be used for various purposes. If the basement is kept clean, the collected floodwater could be of drinkable quality. While many civic bodies require water harvesting structures for new constructions, these often focus only on rooftop water collection, overlooking basements that are prone to flooding during cloudbursts. Conclusion: Water harvesting in basements should be made mandatory and strictly enforced. Building by-laws should be amended by civic agencies to ensure that basements are used solely for parking vehicles, storing unserviceable items, and water harvesting/storage. Under no circumstances should basements be permitted for use as living spaces, hotels, or businesses. India- Maldives Ties Context: India’s recent outreach to the Maldives, marked by the Indian External Affairs Minister’s visit to the island nation a few weeks ago, signals an effort to reset the currently strained bilateral relationship. After the new President, Mohammed Muizzu, took office, there was a surge of anti-India sentiments that disrupted decades of strategic defense partnerships. Relevance: GS2- Bilateral Groupings and Agreements Groupings and Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India’s Interests Effect of Policies and Politics of Countries on India’s Interests Important International Institutions Mains Question: What have been the recent areas of contention in India- Maldives ties? Is the Maldives now trying to mend fences with India? Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Historical Ties: The diplomatic and political relationship between India and the Maldives dates back to 1965, when the British relinquished control of the islands. Since the Maldives transitioned to democracy in 2008, India has invested significant time in cultivating deep relationships with various stakeholders in the country, including political, military, business, and civil society leaders. Maldives’ Significance for India: Strategic Location: Situated to the south of India, the Maldives holds considerable strategic importance in the Indian Ocean, serving as a gateway to the Arabian Sea and beyond. This strategic position allows India to monitor maritime traffic and bolster regional security. Cultural Link: Buddhism was the predominant religion in the Maldivian islands until the first half of the 12th century, with evidence of Vajrayana Buddhism’s presence in ancient times. Regional Stability: A stable and prosperous Maldives is aligned with India’s “Neighbourhood First” policy, which aims to promote peace and security in the Indian Ocean region. India’s Significance for the Maldives: Essential Supplies: India is a vital supplier of everyday essentials to the Maldives, including rice, spices, fruits, vegetables, and medicines. Education: India is the primary destination for Maldivian students pursuing higher education, offering scholarships and opportunities in Indian institutions. Disaster Assistance: India has consistently provided aid during crises, such as tsunamis and drinking water shortages. During the Covid-19 pandemic, India supplied essential items, demonstrating its role as a reliable partner. Security Provider: India has a history of offering security assistance, notably intervening during a coup attempt in 1988 through Operation Cactus and conducting joint naval exercises to safeguard the Maldives. These exercises include “Ekuverin,” “Dosti,” and “Ekatha.” Tourism Dominance: Since the Covid-19 pandemic, Indian tourists have become the leading source market for the Maldives. In 2023, they made up a significant 11.2% of total tourist arrivals, with 1.842 million visitors. A Downward Trend in Relations: Tensions have recently escalated due to undiplomatic remarks made by Maldivian ministers targeting Prime Minister Narendra Modi specifically, and Indians in general. The new government, led by President Mohamed Muizzu, has requested the withdrawal of Indian military personnel and selected China as one of the destinations for his early overseas visits. During this visit, President Muizzu also encouraged China to reclaim the top position in tourist arrivals, a spot that has been dominated by India in recent years. The current government came to power on an ‘India Out’ campaign. A report by the EU Election Observation Mission of Maldives noted that the ruling coalition used anti-India sentiments and spread disinformation during the 2023 presidential elections, which resulted in Mr. Muizzu’s victory. Additionally, the Maldives has decided not to renew an agreement with India regarding a hydrographic survey of its waters. This agreement, signed in 2019, allowed India to conduct surveys of Maldivian territorial waters, including studying and charting reefs, lagoons, coastlines, ocean currents, and tide levels. A Significant Shift: However, things began to change earlier this year, with President Muizzu being invited to attend Prime Minister Modi’s third swearing-in ceremony in June. During his speech at the inauguration of India-assisted water and sewerage projects across 28 islands in the Maldives, President Muizzu expressed deep gratitude to Indian Prime Minister, the Indian government, and the people of India for their continued support. This speech indicated a shift in thinking regarding relations with India and perhaps an unspoken recognition that the Maldives needs India’s help to overcome its financial challenges. The Maldives requires millions of dollars in budgetary support, and while the President has sought assistance from China, Türkiye, and some Middle Eastern nations, these potential bailouts come with stringent conditions that could pose risks in the future. Meanwhile, India, despite facing difficulties, has shown its commitment by rolling over nearly $100 million in payments due from the Maldives to alleviate its financial burden. The Maldives seems to have recognized that beyond the “India Out” rhetoric, recalibrating its bilateral relationship with India, particularly in economic and security matters, would be a wise move for a stronger partnership. Notably, several critical India-assisted infrastructure projects, initiated before President Muizzu’s tenure, played a significant role during S. Jaishankar’s visit to Malé. The press release from the ministry emphasized that “EAM visited the India-assisted Greater Male Connectivity Project (GMCP) site and jointly reviewed the progress of this flagship development project, which will link Malé with the neighboring islands of Villingili, Gulhifalhu, and Thilafushi. EAM also visited Addu City on August 11, 2024, where he, along with the Foreign Minister and the Minister of Construction and Infrastructure, jointly inaugurated the Addu Reclamation and Shore Protection Project and the Addu Detour Link Bridge Project.” This visit highlights the importance of the Maldives, India’s maritime neighbor, as a vital partner in the ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy and India’s Vision ‘SAGAR’ (Security and Growth for All in the Region). The Maldives continues to be a key ally for India in ensuring peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indian Ocean region. India and the Maldives are mutually dependent when it comes to addressing economic, security, and climate change-related challenges. Conclusion: The tensions in the Maldives-India relationship also send a broader message to the new government in Bangladesh, which has historically not fully aligned with India’s concerns. While the interim government in Bangladesh has maintained a moderate approach to bilateral relations with India, the political parties in power might not be as accommodating in the future. Like many of India’s neighbors, Bangladesh is also facing a severe economic crisis, and it may eventually realize that fostering a good relationship with India is in its best interest.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 August 2024

CONTENTS Strengthening India-Japan Relations Amid Regional Tensions Alarming Environmental Decline in the Aravallis Navigating E-Commerce Expansion in India Multidimensional Vulnerability Index Atomic clocks- Lunar Time Standard Dhangar Community Strengthening India-Japan Relations Amid Regional Tensions Context: India and Japan recently convened their third 2+2 Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting in New Delhi, focusing on reinforcing their strategic alliance amidst escalating geopolitical challenges in the Indo-Pacific region. This meeting underscored a mutual commitment to deepen cooperation across multiple sectors, highlighting the critical nature of their partnership in balancing China’s growing assertiveness in the area. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Understanding 2+2 Meetings: A Diplomatic Framework Highlights of the India-Japan 2+2 Dialogue India-Japan Relationship Understanding 2+2 Meetings: A Diplomatic Framework Participation Dynamics: Involves two high-level representatives, namely Ministers responsible for Foreign Affairs and Defence, from each participating country. Aims to elevate the depth and breadth of dialogue between the nations. Enhanced Communication and Understanding: Establishes a mechanism for better comprehension and appreciation of each other’s strategic concerns and sensitivities. Takes into consideration political factors on both sides to foster a more integrated and robust strategic relationship. Adapting to Global Changes: Facilitates engagement in the context of a rapidly changing global environment. Offers a platform for addressing evolving geopolitical dynamics and challenges. India’s 2+2 Partners: United States: Holds the distinction of being India’s oldest and most significant 2+2 talks partner. Other Nations: Engaged in 2+2 meetings with ministers from Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Russia. Diverse Dialogues: Covers a spectrum of strategic aspects, promoting a comprehensive understanding between nations. Highlights of the India-Japan 2+2 Dialogue Indo-Pacific Cooperation: Both nations reiterated their commitment to maintaining a free and rules-governed Indo-Pacific region, influenced by the increasing military activities of China. ASEAN Integration: There was a strong endorsement for the unity and central role of ASEAN, specifically through the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific, which emphasizes peace and cooperation in the region. United Nations Principles: The discussions underscored ASEAN’s dedication to upholding a regional order based on United Nations guidelines. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD): The meeting included discussions from the recent QUAD Foreign Ministers’ Meeting, reinforcing their commitment to deeper cooperation. Defense and Security Collaboration: Intentions were set to extend security support to third countries to promote regional stability, highlighting the defense cooperation as a cornerstone of their Strategic and Global Partnership. Security Strategy and Exercises: Updates on Japan’s 2022 National Security Strategy and progress in multinational military exercises like Veer Guardian and Malabar were noted. Innovations in Defense Technology: Advances in unmanned ground vehicles and robotics were acknowledged, and the transfer of Japan’s advanced radar system, UNICORN, was discussed, aiming to reduce radar detectability of warships. Joint Security Declaration Update: Both countries agreed to modernize the 2008 Joint Declaration to reflect the new security challenges and priorities in the evolving global landscape. Counterterrorism Efforts: There was a unified voice against terrorism and violent extremism, emphasizing the elimination of terrorist safe havens and the disruption of their financial and operational networks. Role of Women in Peace Processes: Both nations supported the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda, which promotes women’s involvement in peacekeeping and conflict resolution, rooted in the principles of UNSCR 1325. India-Japan Relationship Historical Beginnings: The relationship initiated in the 6th century with Buddhism’s introduction from India to Japan, influencing Japanese culture and philosophy significantly. Post-World War II Initiatives: In 1949, a symbolic gesture by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru involving the donation of an elephant to Tokyo’s Ueno Zoo marked the renewal of post-WWII relations. Diplomatic Milestones: The 1952 peace treaty established formal diplomatic connections as one of Japan’s initial post-war agreements. Economic Support Post-WWII: Post-war economic recovery in Japan was significantly aided by Indian iron ore, with financial support through yen loans starting in 1958. Strategic Partnerships and Cooperation Deepening Ties in the 2000s: The partnership was enhanced to a Global Partnership and later to a Special Strategic and Global Partnership by 2014, emphasizing the increasing significance of bilateral relations. Vision for Future Cooperation: The “Japan and India Vision 2025” formulated in 2015, outlines continued collaborative goals. Security Collaborations: The 2008 Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation laid the groundwork for ongoing dialogues, including the “2+2” meetings and the signing of the Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) in 2020. Economic Relations: By 2021, Japan stood as India’s 13th largest trading partner and fifth largest investor, showcasing robust economic ties. Initiatives and Agreements Industrial and Energy Partnerships: Initiatives like the “India-Japan Industrial Competitiveness Partnership” and “Clean Energy Partnership” focus on mutual investments and enhancing energy cooperation. Cultural and Social Exchanges: The sister-city agreement between Ahmedabad and Kobe in 2019 builds on previous agreements, promoting cultural exchanges and enhancing city-level cooperation. Significant Investments: Japan’s commitment includes a substantial investment of approximately 5 trillion yen aimed at future projects, evidencing deep financial engagement. Official Development Assistance: India remains the largest beneficiary of Japanese ODA, with key projects like the Delhi Metro and the High-Speed Railway initiative showcasing significant cooperation. Cultural and Regional Engagements Promoting Cultural Ties: 2017 was marked as the Year of Japan-India Friendly Exchanges, enhancing cultural relations between the two nations. Broadening Regional Cooperation: The Japan-Southwest Asia Exchange Year in 2022 highlights Japan’s efforts to strengthen ties with India and other regions in Southwest Asia, promoting broader regional connectivity and cooperation. -Source: The Hindu Alarming Environmental Decline in the Aravallis Context: A recent scientific study has exposed the severe environmental repercussions of ongoing land use changes in the Aravallis. The study reveals that the continuous destruction of these hills is causing significant biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and a decline in vegetation cover, signaling an urgent need for comprehensive conservation strategies to reverse these damaging trends. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Challenges Facing the Aravallis Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) Explained Future Projections and Biodiversity Aravalli Range Challenges Facing the Aravallis Loss of Land: Between 1975 and 2019, about 8% (5,772.7 sq km) of the Aravalli region was lost, including 5% turned into barren land and 1% into settlements. Environmental Impact: This degradation facilitated the expansion of the Thar Desert towards the National Capital Region, increasing desertification and erratic weather patterns. Mining Expansion: The area used for mining increased from 1.8% in 1975 to 2.2% in 2019, contributing significantly to the degradation of the Aravalli hills. Urbanization and Mining: Rapid urbanization alongside unchecked mining practices are major factors in the degradation, with over 25% of the Aravallis lost to illegal quarrying. Air Pollution: Mining activities significantly contribute to air pollution in the NCR, particularly through respirable particulate matter (RPM). Decline in Forest Cover: The central range’s forest cover has reduced by 32% from 1975 to 2019, paralleled by an increase in cultivated land. Water Resource Impact: Mining activities have disrupted aquifers, altering water flows, drying up lakes, and creating new water bodies. Protected Areas’ Impact: Wildlife sanctuaries like Todgarh-Raoli and Kumbhalgarh have positively impacted the eco-sensitive zones, showing minimal forest depletion. Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI): EVI least value of 0 to -0.2 in upper central Aravali region (Nagaur district) – indicating unhealthy vegetation. Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) Explained EVI Overview: EVI is an advanced vegetation index designed for higher sensitivity to biomass, atmospheric conditions, and soil quality, serving as a modified version of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). EVI Significance: The index ranges from 0 to 1, where values closer to 1 indicate healthier vegetation, while values closer to 0 suggest unhealthy vegetation, providing a crucial tool for environmental monitoring. Future Projections and Biodiversity Projected Loss: By 2059, it is projected that 22% of the Aravalli area could be lost, with 3.5% potentially used for mining purposes. Biodiversity Decline: There has been a significant decrease in local wildlife, including leopards, striped hyenas, and golden jackals. River Impacts: Key rivers originating from the Aravallis, such as Banas, Luni, Sahibi, and Sakhi, are now dead, reflecting the severe environmental stress in the region. Human-Wildlife Conflicts: The loss of natural forests has escalated conflicts between humans and wildlife in the area, highlighting the urgent need for conservation and sustainable management strategies. Aravalli Range The Aravalli Range extends 692 km from Gujarat to Delhi, passing through Rajasthan, with a width ranging from 10 to 120 km. Approximately 80% of the range is situated within Rajasthan, with the remaining 20% spread across Haryana, Delhi, and Gujarat.  The range is segmented into two primary sections: the Sambhar Sirohi Range and the Sambhar Khetri Range in Rajasthan, spanning about 560 km. The Aravallis serve as an ecotone, acting as a transition zone between the Thar Desert and the Gangetic Plain, where diverse ecosystems and biological communities converge. Gurusikhar, located in Rajasthan, is the highest peak of the Aravallis, standing at an elevation of 1,722 meters. Significance of the Aravallis The Aravallis play a crucial role in halting the advancement of the Thar Desert towards the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains, also serving as vital catchment areas. Home to 300 native plant species and 120 bird species, the range is a sanctuary for various animals, including jackals and mongooses. During the monsoon season, the Aravallis guide monsoon clouds eastward, benefiting the sub-Himalayan rivers and North Indian plains, while in winter, they protect the fertile valleys from harsh westerly winds. The range significantly contributes to groundwater replenishment by capturing rainwater, thereby enhancing the groundwater levels. Often referred to as the “lungs” of Delhi-NCR, the Aravallis mitigate some of the severe air pollution effects experienced in the region. -Source: Down To Earth Navigating E-Commerce Expansion in India Context: The Union Minister of Commerce and Industry has expressed concerns regarding the swift growth of the e-commerce sector in India, particularly highlighting the impact of global giants like Amazon. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: E-commerce Government Efforts to Enhance E-commerce in India Challenges in the Indian E-commerce Sector E-commerce E-commerce involves the buying and selling of goods and services or transferring funds or data, over the internet. Advantages of E-commerce Wider Reach: Products are delivered to the remotest areas, enhancing competition and connecting suppliers and customers. Reduced Costs: The economy of scale and reduced miscellaneous expenses lower the prices of products. Customer Interaction: Feedback mechanisms allow customers to learn more about products and influence improvements. Business Growth: E-commerce expands the customer base, increases sales, and facilitates quick transactions. Disadvantages of E-commerce Security Concerns: There’s a need for stronger security measures to protect personal and financial data. Customer Service Challenges: Online stores may struggle to address customer concerns as effectively as physical stores. Legal Ambiguity: Unclear regulations regarding online sales can foster distrust between buyers and sellers. Physical Inspection: Customers cannot physically inspect products before purchase, relying solely on images. Accountability Issues: There is often less accountability regarding product quality in e-commerce. Catalysts for E-Commerce Growth in India Online products tend to be cheaper than their offline counterparts, providing a competitive edge. Payment Innovations Digital Advances: The Government’s Digital India initiative boosts internet accessibility, enhancing e-commerce. Modern Payment Solutions: The rise of digital wallets and UPI (Unified Payments Interface) offers diversified payment methods. Preference for COD: Despite digital advances, Cash on Delivery remains popular due to substantial cash circulation in India. Market Dynamics: The high demand from India’s aspiring consumers drives e-commerce growth. Language Factor: The predominance of English on Indian e-commerce platforms caters to a large English-speaking middle class, propelling industry growth. Government Efforts to Enhance E-commerce in India: Initiatives Supporting E-commerce Growth: Key programs like Digital India, Make in India, Start-up India, Skill India, and Innovation Fund have been pivotal since 2014, boosting e-commerce development. Government e-Marketplace (GeM): Introduced in 2016, this platform facilitates public procurement efficiently and transparently, ensuring fair competition. National Retail Policy Goals: Streamlining business operations. Simplifying licensing procedures. Promoting digital retail strategies. Encouraging comprehensive reforms. Establishing an Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) to foster interoperability across e-commerce platforms. Consumer Protection Measures: The E-commerce Rules 2020 mandate transparency in product origins and decision-making criteria for product listings. 5G Deployment: Significant governmental investment in 5G technology aims to further enhance e-commerce capabilities across India. Challenges in the Indian E-commerce Sector: Rapid Growth and Its Implications: As per the Pahle India Foundation report, e-commerce is expanding rapidly, with an annual growth rate of 27%, suggesting a doubling of the sector every three years. Employment Impact: The sector has created approximately 15.8 million jobs, including substantial employment for women. Around 1.76 million retail enterprises are now engaged in e-commerce. Concerns Over Predatory Pricing: The practice of setting artificially low prices to eliminate competition has been noted, with specific accusations directed at major players like Amazon. Such strategies, although boosting consumer access to lower prices, are viewed critically for potentially undermining small retail businesses. Potential Social Disruption: The expansion of large e-commerce platforms could negatively impact an estimated 100 million small retailers, posing risks of significant social and economic disruptions. -Source: Indian Express Multidimensional Vulnerability Index Context: The UN General Assembly has introduced the Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) to aid Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in obtaining low-interest financing. This new measure seeks to address the unique challenges faced by these nations, particularly their high susceptibility to climate change impacts, despite having relatively higher GDPs per capita which previously excluded them from certain financial aid programs. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) Index Application and Observations Conclusion Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) Overview The MVI serves as a comprehensive metric designed to assess both the structural vulnerabilities and resilience of nations within the context of sustainable development. It complements traditional measures like Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, offering a broader perspective on a nation’s stability and developmental needs, especially in the face of external shocks. Purpose and Utility National Income Shortcomings: While GNI per capita has been the standard, it often fails to reflect the true vulnerabilities that affect nations, particularly those exposed to external shocks. Enhancing Aid Efficiency: The MVI aims to refine development assistance criteria by focusing on vulnerability rather than just income levels, thus targeting aid more effectively. Composition of the MVI Universal Assessment: This component ranks countries based on a set methodology that evaluates their vulnerability and resilience. Country-Specific Profiles (VRCP): Offers a detailed analysis tailored to the individual characteristics of each country. Core Principles of the MVI Multidimensional Scope: It includes indicators across economic, environmental, and social spheres to ensure a holistic assessment. Universal and Exogenous: Designed to apply universally, the index distinguishes between factors within and outside a country’s control. Data Integrity: Uses reliable, recognized data ensuring comparability and transparency. Structural Insights Vulnerability Aspects: Economic: Susceptibility to external economic disruptions. Environmental: Risks from natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. Social: Vulnerabilities arising from internal social dynamics. Resilience Components: Economic Resilience: Inherent capabilities aiding in recovery from economic shocks. Environmental Resilience: Natural and infrastructural strengths mitigating environmental risks. Social Resilience: Social cohesion and capital that bolster societal recovery and adaptation. Index Application and Observations Independent of Income: MVI findings are not directly correlated with national income levels, providing a unique standpoint to assess vulnerability and resilience. Relevance to SIDS: Proves particularly useful for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), often highlighting greater vulnerability than indicated by income alone. Global Application: Encourages a unified approach among international donors and financial institutions to integrate MVI assessments into policy frameworks and aid allocations. Debt and Financial Assessments: Suggested as a tool for evaluating debt sustainability and the necessity for targeted financial restructuring beyond traditional income-based assessments. Conclusion The Multidimensional Vulnerability Index (MVI) serves as an innovative tool for tackling the intricate difficulties encountered by nations prone to various vulnerabilities. By delivering an all-encompassing evaluation of both vulnerability and resilience across multiple facets, the MVI stands to transform international development strategies, guiding resources more effectively to areas most in need. -Source: The Hindu Atomic clocks- Lunar Time Standard Context: Recently. An international astronomical group has called for a lunar time standard to facilitate future missions, addressing time discrepancies on the Moon due to its unique gravitational effects. Relevance: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Atomic Clocks Mechanism of Atomic Clocks Types of Atomic Clocks Overview of Atomic Clocks: Definition and Function: An atomic clock is a device that measures time based on the vibrations of atoms. Specifically, it uses the oscillations of electrons in atoms for timekeeping. It is the most precise time-keeping device available, with an accuracy margin of only a few billionths of a second per day. Atomic clocks are significantly more precise than conventional clocks due to the high frequency and stability of atomic oscillations. Applications: These clocks are crucial in applications requiring high precision timing, such as GPS systems, telecommunications networks, and scientific research. Mechanism of Atomic Clocks: Operational Principles: Atomic clocks utilize a type of atom known as a “cesium atom.” Cesium atoms are highly stable and have a specific frequency at which their electrons oscillate. This frequency is fundamental to the atomic clock’s timekeeping. To measure time using cesium atoms, the clock employs a “microwave cavity.” The microwave cavity, filled with cesium vapor, receives a microwave signal that causes the cesium atoms to vibrate. As cesium atoms vibrate, they emit radiation at a specific frequency. This frequency is detected and compared to a standard frequency by a detector. The difference between these frequencies is used to adjust the clock’s timekeeping. Types of Atomic Clocks: Cesium Atomic Clocks: The most common type, used to define the international standard for time, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Hydrogen Maser Atomic Clocks: These are even more accurate than cesium atomic clocks and are primarily used in scientific research. -Source: The Hindu Dhangar Community Context: A large group of Dhangars recently marched to the office of the sub divisional officer in Khamgaon of Maharashtra’s Buldhana district, demanding a “grazing corridor” for their sheep and goats. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dhangar Community The Dhangar community, primarily shepherds, resides across multiple Indian states including Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and predominantly in Maharashtra. Classified under the Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes (VJNT) in Maharashtra, they lead a secluded lifestyle, roaming forests, hills, and mountains. Family Structure and Demographics Household Dynamics: Characterized by small, tightly knit family units, with familial bonds playing a pivotal role. Population Insight: The Dhangar community comprises approximately 1 crore individuals, constituting about 9% of Maharashtra’s total population. Cultural and Sub-Caste Distinctions Sub-Castes: The tribe consists of about 20 sub-castes, each with unique traditions and customs. Livelihood and Economic Activities Primary Occupation: Dependence on sheep and goat herding for livelihood, embracing both nomadic pastoral and semi-nomadic agrarian lifestyles. Seasonal Migration: Post-bajra harvest in October, they migrate annually seeking fertile pastures for their livestock. Cultural Practices Customs and Rituals: The journey includes ancestral worship and a variety of traditional rituals. Cultural Significance of Music: Night-time singing plays a critical role, serving both cultural and communal functions. Oral Traditions: Engage in ‘sumbaran,’ a traditional form of storytelling integral to their cultural identity. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 August 2024

CONTENT RISE Accelerator RISE Accelerator Context: The Atal Innovation Mission – in partnership with CSIRO, Australia – is inviting applications from start-ups and MSMEs from India and Australia for the Climate Smart Agritech cohort of India Australia. Relevance: Facts for Prelims RISE Accelerator: The RISE (Rapid Innovation and Start-up Expansion) Accelerator is a collaborative effort between CSIRO and the Atal Innovation Mission under NITI Aayog, focusing on fostering India-Australia cooperation. Introduced in 2023, the program specifically supports the advancement of innovative agritech solutions that address climate and environmental challenges affecting both nations. Aimed at nurturing start-ups and MSMEs, the RISE Accelerator helps these enterprises to refine, adapt, and test their technologies for international markets. Program Design and Objectives: Target Sector: The initiative is keenly focused on the agriculture sector, promoting technologies that boost farm productivity and sustainability amid changing climate conditions and increasing food demands. Support Structure: Participants in the program benefit from a comprehensive support system, including nine months of mixed online and in-person training, which features immersive experiences in both India and Australia. Special Emphasis: There is a strong emphasis on supporting start-ups and MSMEs that develop solutions tailored to the specific needs and practices of farmers, enhancing their ability to manage resources efficiently and sustainably. Activities: The latter part of the program includes practical field trials and pilot testing of technologies to ensure real-world applicability and effectiveness.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 August 2024

CONTENTS The Environmental Costs of Hydropower Projects Imports Weaken Indian Pharma The Environmental Costs of Hydropower Projects Context: While Wayanad in Kerala is gradually returning to normal after last month’s devastating landslide, a landslide in Sikkim on Tuesday caused damage to six houses and a building belonging to the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) at its Teesta-5 hydropower station in Gangtok. Relevance: GS3- Environmental Pollution and Degradation Disaster Management Mains Question: Hydropower projects in the Himalayan region need to factor in the environmental costs too. Discuss in the context of recent disasters effecting hydropower projects. (15 Marks, 250 Words). India’s Hydroelectric Power Capacity: India ranks 5th in the world for installed hydroelectric power capacity. As of March 31, 2020, the country had an installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity of 46,000 MW, accounting for 12.3% of its total utility power generation capacity. In addition, smaller hydroelectric power units with a combined capacity of 4,683 MW (representing 1.3% of the total utility power generation capacity) have also been installed. The Himalayan region, known for its abundant water bodies and favorable topography for electricity generation, is often referred to as India’s powerhouse. Government estimates indicate that the region has the potential to generate 115,550 MW of electricity, with an installed capacity currently at 46,850 MW. As of November 2022, the region’s 10 states and two Union territories had 81 large hydropower projects (over 25 MW) in operation and 26 projects under construction. Additionally, the Central Electricity Authority under the Union Ministry of Power reports that another 320 large projects are in the planning stages. Disasters Effecting Hydropower Projects: Although the impact of the events in both locations cannot be directly compared, as no lives were lost or injuries reported in Sikkim, the situation is concerning. This marks the second natural disaster to affect a hydropower project along the Teesta River. Last October, a deluge from the South Lhonak glacier in North Sikkim destroyed the Chungthang dam, which was vital to the Teesta-3 power station (not operated by NHPC). The Teesta-3 project, which was the largest hydroelectric power project in the state at 1,200 MW, has been largely non-operational since the incident, with only a tenth of its original power output currently available. The 510 MW Teesta-5 project has also been rendered non-functional since the glacial lake outburst. The Debate Surrounding Hydropower Projects: The disaster has reignited the ongoing and complex debate surrounding hydropower projects, highlighting the persistent challenges they pose. Despite initial plans dating back nearly three decades to establish 47 hydropower projects along the Teesta River in Sikkim and West Bengal, only five have materialized, with around 16 others in various stages of planning and consideration. The Teesta, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, originates from Tso Lhamo Lake at an elevation of about 5,280 meters in north Sikkim. It flows for approximately 150 kilometers in Sikkim, 123 kilometers in West Bengal, and another 140 kilometers through Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The river’s journey through challenging and varied terrain makes it an attractive prospect for governments seeking to maximize power generation potential. However, over the years, the process of developing these projects has been fraught with difficulties. Numerous companies have bid on projects auctioned by state governments, yet the process has rarely been smooth. Balancing environmental risks, the costs of adequately mitigating those risks, public perception, and the pursuit of profit has proven to be a complex task. For instance, in the case of the Teesta-3 project, reports suggest that developers opted for a concrete-faced rock-fill dam instead of a more robust concrete gravity dam to reduce costs, which may have contributed to its complete destruction. Conclusion: This incident underscores the need for thorough and accurate environmental impact assessments for hydropower projects in the region. Such assessments should provide a realistic estimate of the actual costs involved, which is crucial for maintaining public trust in these projects and ensuring their environmental sustainability. By doing so, it would not only enhance public confidence but also promote the long-term viability of these projects in an environmentally responsible manner. Imports Weaken Indian Pharma Context: The government has recently introduced two initiatives that rely on imports to meet domestic needs of medicines, which could have a detrimental impact on the domestic pharmaceutical industry. Although the Drugs Price Control Order of 2013 aims to regulate the prices of existing medicines, a more effective approach would be to foster a competitive environment for essential medicines by encouraging local production. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies and Interventions Issues Relating to Development GS3- Industrial Growth Mains Question: Reliance on imports could have a chilling effect on the pharmaceutical industry, weakening its ability to remain relevant. Analyse in the context of recent initiatives taken by the government. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Initiatives Undertaken: Procurement through Global Tenders: The first initiative is a Department of Expenditure (DoE) order allowing the Ministry of Health to procure 120 medicines through global tenders for Union government schemes. This list includes several top-selling anti-diabetes and anti-cancer drugs, which are currently dominated by a few companies in India due to patent protection, regulatory barriers, or both. Additionally, the DoE order specifies a particular brand for over 40 of these medicines, further enhancing the monopoly of foreign companies. Removing Customs Duty: The second initiative, proposed in the 2024-25 Union Budget, involves removing the 10-12% customs duty on three cancer medicines marketed by AstraZeneca, ostensibly to lower their prices. However, given the extremely high cost of these medicines, the proposed reduction in import duties would do little to make them more affordable. Challenges Associated with These Measures: These measures risk disincentivizing domestic producers and increasing the country’s reliance on imports. More critically, they could reinforce two significant entry barriers faced by the domestic industry: the product patent regime and the stringent regulatory guidelines for marketing bio-therapeutics. New medicines are typically under patent protection, which prevents Indian companies from producing affordable generics or biosimilars. Meanwhile, the regulatory guidelines impose expensive and time-consuming requirements for obtaining marketing approval for biosimilars, potentially harming domestic producers. Way Forward: These entry barriers can be addressed through proactive government intervention. The Patents Act contains several public interest provisions that can be invoked to promote local production. Similarly, the regulatory guidelines for marketing bio-therapeutics can be revised to ease the burden on domestic companies. Section 83 of the Patents Act emphasizes that patents are granted not just to encourage inventions, but also to ensure that these inventions are commercially utilized within India to the fullest extent possible without undue delay. The Act specifies that patents should not simply enable patentees to monopolize the importation of the patented item. It also mandates that patents should make the benefits of the invention available to the public at reasonably affordable prices. Substantive provisions within the Act uphold these principles, ensuring that while patent holders are entitled to their rights, they must not act in ways that harm the public interest. If a patented medicine is not available to the public at a reasonably affordable price, compulsory licenses (CL) can be issued to any company willing to produce the product in India. CLs are an effective tool to ensure the affordability of medicines, though they have been used only once when an originator company priced a medicine at nearly ₹3 lakh. An Indian company, using a CL, was able to produce it for ₹8,000. Despite the high cost of many medicines, the Patent Office has not issued any other CLs, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is in stark contrast to the U.S. government, which granted licenses on multiple patents during the pandemic. India’s Patents Act also allows for the granting of government-use licenses under Section 100, which states that patents do not restrict the Central government from taking measures to protect public health. This section permits the government to issue licenses to facilitate the domestic production of generic versions of patented medicines. In addition, the guidelines for marketing approval of biosimilars in India are outdated and resource-intensive. For example, current guidelines mandate animal studies, which are no longer required in developed countries with strict regulatory standards, such as the U.S. and the EU. The World Health Organization (WHO) and U.K. guidelines treat clinical trial requirements as exceptions rather than rules, whereas Indian guidelines still mandate clinical trials. These outdated requirements create further obstacles for Indian producers. The International Generic and Biosimilar Medicines Association recently highlighted that eliminating these redundant requirements could significantly improve patient access by saving time and resources. The proposed duty waiver on cancer medicines and the global tendering for critical medicines contradict Parliament’s intentions to enhance access and affordability of medicines through domestic production, as outlined in the Patents Act. Conclusion: Relying on imports could stifle the domestic pharmaceutical industry, diminishing its relevance. The government needs to reassess these recent decisions and, more importantly, align its policies to support the growth of the domestic pharmaceutical sector. Ensuring the affordability of pharmaceuticals is crucial for managing healthcare costs, particularly in India, where out-of-pocket health expenses made up nearly 47.1% of the total health expenditure in the year 2021.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 August 2024

CONTENTS India and Malaysia Elevate Ties to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Voice of the Global South Summit India’s Ethanol Blending Initiative Faces Challenges CBI Authorized for Polygraph Test in Kolkata Medical College Case Discovery of Liquid Water on Mars Teesta-V Hydropower Station Shiveluch Volcano India and Malaysia Elevate Ties to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Context: India and Malaysia have recently advanced their bilateral relations by upgrading to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. This significant enhancement in their diplomatic ties occurred during the visit of the Malaysian Prime Minister to India. The discussions held between the leaders of both nations have paved the way for deeper cooperation, emphasizing a renewed commitment to mutual interests and strategic collaboration. This partnership marks a pivotal development in strengthening the ties between the two countries, promising a future of increased collaboration in various sectors. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Outcomes from the Malaysian Prime Minister’s Visit to India Highlights of India-Malaysia Relations Key Outcomes from the Malaysian Prime Minister’s Visit to India Upgraded Strategic Partnership: The existing Enhanced Strategic Partnership from 2015 was upgraded to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Trade Achievements: Bilateral trade hit a record of USD 19.5 billion, highlighting strong economic ties and expanding trade relations. Investment Encouragements: There was a push for further investments in sectors like fintech, energy, digital technologies, and startups to boost economic cooperation. ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA): Commitment to support and expedite AITIGA’s review to enhance its effectiveness and the supply chain between India and ASEAN by 2025. Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs): Multiple MoUs were signed to enhance cooperation in: Worker management between the two countries. Ayurveda and traditional medicine, including the establishment of an Ayurveda Chair at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Digital fields such as cybersecurity, AI, quantum computing, and digital public infrastructure, including integration of India’s UPI with Malaysia’s PayNet. Cultural and Tourism Initiatives: Promotions to enhance cultural exchange and heritage preservation. Easier travel facilitation between the two countries, highlighting Malaysia’s designation of 2026 as Visit Malaysia Year. Defense and Security Collaboration: Increased cooperation through regular exchanges, joint exercises, and a focus on expanding defense industry capabilities. Counter-Terrorism Efforts: Joint commitment to combat terrorism and its ties with transnational organized crime. Education and Training: Malaysia received 100 seats under India’s ITEC Programme for fields like cybersecurity and AI. ASEAN Relations: Support for Malaysia’s role in ASEAN and upcoming chairmanship in 2025, including efforts to join BRICS. UN Collaboration: Support for India’s bid for permanent membership in a reformed UN Security Council. Sustainable Energy and Climate Initiatives: Collaboration on sustainable energy and climate change mitigation, including Malaysia’s participation in the International Big Cat Alliance. Global Climate Commitments: Recognition of India’s leadership through the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. Highlights of India-Malaysia Relations: Historical Connections: Rooted in history, the ties between India and Malaysia date back to the times of the Chola Empire between the 9th and 13th centuries. This era was marked by the establishment of vital maritime trade routes from South India to the Malay Peninsula. Chola Dynasty Influence: Notable emperors such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I expanded their realm to include regions of modern-day Malaysia, influencing its cultural and historical landscape. Trade Relations: Currently, Malaysia ranks as India’s 13th most significant trade partner, notably within the top ten in ASEAN. Major exports to Malaysia include mineral fuels and metals, while imports feature palm oil and electronic components. Economic Agreements: The Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) has been in effect since 2011, enhancing trade and investment flows. Currency Exchange: As of July 2022, transactions between the two nations can be conducted in Indian Rupees, thanks to facilitation by the India International Bank of Malaysia. ASEAN Collaboration: The ASEAN-India Business Summit in 2023 marked 30 years of progressive engagement, highlighting strong ties between India, Malaysia, and other ASEAN members. Defense and Security: The foundational 1993 Memorandum of Understanding on Defense Cooperation has fostered joint military projects and operations, with recent expansions during Defense Minister Rajnath Singh’s visit in 2023. Military Exercises: Joint military exercises like Harimau Shakti, Samudra Lakshmana, and Udara Shakti have bolstered military relations between the nations. Cultural and Community Ties: Malaysia is home to the second-largest community of Persons of Indian Origin globally, with a vibrant mix of Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Punjabi speakers. Cultural Projects and Immigration Concerns: While there are concerns over immigration and labor issues, cultural projects like the Indian Cultural Centre in Kuala Lumpur (renamed after Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) promote Indian arts and language. Cultural Influence: The epic Ramayana resonates deeply within Malaysian culture, influencing local adaptations and artistic expressions. Shared Heritage Sites: The Sri Veera Hanuman Temple in Malaysia stands as a significant symbol of shared Indo-Malaysian heritage. -Source: Indian Express Voice of the Global South Summit Context: India hosted the 3rd Voice of Global South Summit on 17th August 2024, in virtual format, with the overarching theme, “An Empowered Global South for a Sustainable Future”. 123 countries participated in the 3rd  VOGSS. However, China and Pakistan were not invited. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Voice of the Global South Summit Key Outcomes of the 3rd Voice of the Global South Summit 2024 Understanding the Global South Voice of the Global South Summit Launched by India, this initiative aims to unite nations from the Global South, providing a shared platform to discuss and align on various global issues. Rooted in the Indian ethos of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, meaning “One Earth, One Family, One Future”, this initiative aligns with the Prime Minister’s vision for collective progress and trust. Addressing urgent global issues such as the Covid pandemic, conflicts, financial instability, and environmental challenges, which disproportionately affect less developed nations. There’s a general oversight on the plights of these nations on global platforms, often overshadowed by wealthier states. Current international mechanisms are often inadequate in meeting the specific needs of these countries. The summit serves as a proactive medium for discussing and formulating solutions that consider the unique positions of these countries. Key Outcomes of the 3rd Voice of the Global South Summit 2024 Global Development Compact Proposal: Introduced by the Prime Minister of India, this proposal includes four strategic areas: trade enhancement, capacity building, technology exchange, and targeted financial aid. Financial Initiatives: Trade Promotion Fund: Allocated $2.5 million to stimulate trade-related activities. Capacity Building Fund: Set aside $1 million to enhance trade policies and negotiations. Health and Agriculture Initiatives: Efforts to distribute affordable generic medicines, enhance the training of drug regulators, and promote sustainable practices in agriculture such as natural farming. Global Governance and Institutional Reform: Emphasized the need for equitable global governance and reforming international institutions to prioritize and effectively address the issues of the Global South. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The summit highlighted a collective vision to fully achieve the SDGs and propel rapid development across the Global South, targeting substantial progress by 2030. Comprehensive Efforts: Focus on broad sectors including finance, health care, climate action, technological advancement, governance, energy solutions, trade dynamics, youth involvement, and digital transitions. Understanding the Global South Emergence: Initially denoted countries excluded from industrialization. Ideological Divide: Shaped by Cold War conflicts between capitalist and communist nations. Encompassing Continents: Encompasses Asia, Africa, and South America. Economic Contrast: Opposite of ‘Global North’, marked by economic disparity. Challenges Faced by the Global South Geopolitical Shifts and Emerging Challenges Disruption Catalysts: Coronavirus pandemic and prolonged Ukraine-Russia War. Resulting Challenges: Food and energy supply security, technology transfer, energy transition, climate change impact. Securing Supply Chain Supply Chain Concerns: Escalating energy costs and fertilizer prices. Necessity of Supply Chain Security: Reevaluating essential commodity distribution to ensure availability in the Global South. Ensuring Adequate Energy Supply Energy Transition Hurdles: Sustainable energy transition entails technological and financial challenges. Disproportionate Impact: Global South nations most affected due to financial constraints. Sustainable Transition Imperative: Vital for socio-economic development across Global South nations. Adapting to Climate Change Disproportionate Impact: Historical polluters from Global North, adverse climate change effects on Global South. Broader Climate Change Perspective: Need to consider climate change consequences holistically for Global South. Advocating for Multilateralism Genuine Multilateralism Demand: Call for equitable representation in global governance institutions. UNSC Reform: Necessity to reform United Nations Security Council and other multilateral bodies for fair Global South representation. India’s Role in the Global South Historical Leadership and Global Influence Non-Aligned Movement: India’s historical leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement underscores its role in global politics. Economic and Geopolitical Clout: India’s growing economic and geopolitical influence drives its increased involvement in global geopolitics. G-20 Presidency: Assumes G-20 Presidency in 2022-23, reflecting its greater global role. Leader of the Global South Voice of the Global South: As a leader of the Global South, India provides representation and a platform for the Global South Movement. Proactive Engagement: Active participation in international forums on climate change, energy transition, and normative issues. Championing Global South’s Interests Alternative Narrative: India contributes to an alternative narrative in global geopolitics by voicing Global South concerns. Climate Summits: Protecting Global South interests in climate financing, emission norms, and historical polluter responsibility. Global Energy Transition and Security Leading Energy Transition Discourses: Initiatives like International Solar Alliance and hydrogen-based fuel promotion. Energy Security Emphasis: Prime Minister Modi’s call for energy market stability at the G-20 Summit in 2022. Democratizing International Relations and UN Reform Consistent Approach: India aligns with Global South demands for international relations democratization and United Nations reform. Leadership and Narrative Shift: India’s leadership reshapes global geopolitics and provides a new perspective. -Source: The Hindu India’s Ethanol Blending Initiative Faces Challenges Context: India is progressing towards its ambitious goal of blending 20% of petrol with ethanol by 2025-26, aiming to enhance energy security and reduce carbon emissions. However, this initiative is not without its challenges. Concerns persist regarding the fuel efficiency of existing vehicles when using blended fuel, which could potentially impact performance and maintenance. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Overview of Ethanol Production Expansion in India Challenges Impacting India’s Ethanol Sector Regional Variations in Ethanol Use and Policy What is Ethanol fuel? Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline. Ethanol is commonly made from biomass such as corn or sugarcane. Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that can be produced from agricultural feedstocks. It can be made from very common crops such as hemp, sugarcane, potato, cassava and corn. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol is in replacing gasoline. Concerns about its production and use relate to increased food prices due to the large amount of arable land required for crops, as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn. Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in 2003- and this initiative is pursued aggressively in the last 4 to 5 years to reduce import dependence of crude oil as well as mitigate environmental pollution. The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) seeks to achieve blending of Ethanol with motor sprit with a view to reducing pollution, conserve foreign exchange and increase value addition in the sugar industry enabling them to clear cane price arrears of farmers. Although the Government of India decided to launch EBP programme in 2003 for supply of 5% ethanol blended Petrol, it later scaled up blending targets from 5% to 10% under the Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP). The Government of India has also advanced the target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. Currently, 8.5% of ethanol is blended with petrol in India. Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 The central government has released an expert committee report on the Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 that proposes a gradual rollout of ethanol-blended fuel to achieve E10 fuel supply by April 2022 and phased rollout of E20 from April 2023 to April 2025. The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) had instituted an Expert Group to study the issues such as pricing of ethanol, matching pace of the automobile industry to manufacture vehicles with new engines with the supply of ethanol, pricing of such vehicles, fuel efficiency of different engines etc. Advantages of Ethanol Blending Use of ethanol-blended petrol decreases emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The unregulated carbonyl emissions, such as acetaldehyde emission were, however, higher with E10 and E20 compared to normal petrol. However, these emissions were relatively lower. Increased use of ethanol can help reduce the oil import bill. India’s net import cost stands at USD 551 billion in 2020-21. The E20 program can save the country USD 4 billion (Rs 30,000 crore) per annum. The oil companies procure ethanol from farmers that benefits the sugarcane farmers. Further, the government plans to encourage use of water-saving crops, such as maize, to produce ethanol, and production of ethanol from non-food feedstock. Overview of Ethanol Production Expansion in India: Niti Aayog’s Plan: It has been projected that the production capacity for sugarcane-based distilleries is set to rise from 426 crore litres in 2021 to 760 crore litres by 2026, and grain-based distilleries are expected to increase capacity from 258 crore litres to 740 crore litres. Supportive Measures: The implementation of two interest subvention programs has significantly contributed to enhancing ethanol production capacities across the country. Challenges Impacting India’s Ethanol Sector: Focus on First-Generation Ethanol: Predominantly, ethanol in India is produced directly from food grains and sugarcane. Notably, sugarcane processing yields sugarcane juice and syrup, along with B-heavy and C-heavy molasses, with the latter being utilized for ethanol production. Shift in Crop Utilization: There has been a governmental push to reallocate resources from sugar production to boost ethanol output, using the first two byproducts of sugarcane. Agricultural Sustainability Concerns: The expansion of sugarcane cultivation for ethanol production is diverting essential irrigation resources away from food grain cultivation, raising sustainability issues. Moreover, to offset the limitation on sugarcane utilization, there has been an increased reliance on maize for ethanol production, leading to a significant rise in maize imports, which totaled $103 million from April to June 2024. Maize Cultivation Expansion: To achieve the set target of 20% ethanol blending, an additional 4.8 million hectares of maize cultivation will be necessary, which constitutes about half of the current cultivation area. Impact on Fuel Efficiency: It has been observed that the use of ethanol has reduced the fuel efficiency of vehicles not specifically adapted for ethanol usage by an average of 6%. Regional Variations in Ethanol Use and Policy: Uniform Ethanol Pricing: Across India, the pricing of fuel ethanol remains uniform, whereas the pricing for Extra Neutral Alcohol (ENA), used in beverages and other applications, varies by state. State-Specific Approaches: In Uttar Pradesh (UP), the state government reserves approximately 25% of its ethanol production for ENA, aligning closely with the central government’s ethanol objectives. Conversely, in Tamil Nadu, the adoption of fuel ethanol is less pronounced due to the lucrative nature of the liquor market within the state. -Source: The Hindu CBI Authorized for Polygraph Test in Kolkata Medical College Case Context: The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has recently received authorization to conduct a polygraph test on the primary suspect involved in the rape and murder of a postgraduate doctor at Kolkata Medical College. This measure is aimed at verifying the consistency of the suspect’s statements and detecting any possible deceit. The use of a polygraph test is part of a broader investigative effort to ascertain the truth and ensure justice in this high-profile case. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Polygraph Tests Legal Considerations for Polygraph Tests in India NHRC Guidelines on Conducting Polygraph Tests Polygraph Tests A polygraph, commonly known as a lie detector test, monitors multiple physiological functions like blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, and skin conductivity while the subject answers a series of questions. The test operates under the premise that specific physiological reactions associated with lying are distinctly different from normal responses. The concept was initially explored by Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist in the 19th century, who developed a device to measure blood pressure variations during suspect interrogations. Comparison with Narco-Analysis Narco-Analysis Method: This technique involves administering sodium pentothal to the subject to induce a state that lowers their inhibitions, purportedly making them incapable of lying. Purpose: The induced state is believed to facilitate the extraction of honest information as it temporarily diminishes the subject’s control over their responses. Reliability and Use Scientific Accuracy: Both polygraph and narco-analysis are not universally accepted as foolproof methods for determining truthfulness. Their reliability and accuracy remain subjects of debate within the scientific community. Application in Law Enforcement: Despite the controversy surrounding their accuracy, these methods are employed by investigative bodies as less coercive alternatives to harsher interrogation techniques to glean truth from suspects. Legal Considerations for Polygraph Tests in India Constitutional Constraints: Polygraph tests, along with narco-analysis and brain mapping, when conducted without the consent of the individual, contravene Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution. This article safeguards individuals from being compelled to incriminate themselves. Consent Requirement: For these tests to align with constitutional mandates, voluntary consent from the individual is crucial. Without it, such tests infringe upon personal rights and liberties. Human Rights Concerns: There is considerable judicial scrutiny concerning these tests as they potentially impinge on the right to life and personal liberty as enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution due to their intrusive nature. NHRC Guidelines on Conducting Polygraph Tests Voluntary Participation: Individuals must voluntarily consent to undergo polygraph tests, and they retain the right to decline. Informed Consent: The individual must be thoroughly briefed by law enforcement and legal counsel about the test’s intentions, methodologies, and potential legal ramifications. Documentation of Consent: Consent must be formally documented and validated by a Judicial Magistrate to ensure it meets legal standards. Legal Representation and Evidence: During legal proceedings, law enforcement is required to demonstrate that consent was freely given, with appropriate documentation prepared by legal representatives. Treatment of Statements: Any declarations made during the polygraph are considered general statements to the police and should not be interpreted as confessions. Judicial Evaluation: Judges assess the polygraph results by considering the context of the individual’s detention, the interrogation’s nature, and other relevant factors to ensure a fair evaluation. -Source: Economic Times Discovery of Liquid Water on Mars Context: A recent study has revealed significant quantities of liquid water hidden beneath the rocky crust of Mars. This discovery is pivotal in enhancing our comprehension of Mars and opens up new possibilities for future exploration and the potential for life on the Red Planet. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Discovering Liquid Water on Mars: For the first time, researchers have detected liquid water on Mars, extending beyond the previously identified water ice at the poles. The findings were detailed in the article “Liquid water in the Martian mid-crust,” published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), with contributions from the University of California team. Importance of the Discovery: Enhancing Mars’ Water Cycle Knowledge: This discovery could revolutionize our understanding of the water cycle on Mars, shedding light on its climatic history, surface activities, and core composition. Potential for Life: The discovery of liquid water significantly increases the potential for habitable conditions on Mars, intensifying the pursuit for extraterrestrial life. Research Methodology: Data Gathering: Data was collected by NASA’s InSight Lander from 2018 to 2022, which included over 1,300 recorded Marsquakes and meteorite impacts. Seismic Analysis: Researchers analyzed the speed of seismic waves with a geophysical model to pinpoint the presence of liquid water.  Core Findings: Location of Water: A significant layer of water was located between 10 to 20 kilometers beneath the Martian surface. Historical Context: It’s believed that this water migrated from the surface billions of years ago when Mars had a warmer and more permeable crust, akin to Earth’s groundwater movements. Planetary Impact: If these findings are consistent across Mars, the trapped water in rock fractures could potentially fill a Martian ocean up to 1-2 kilometers deep. Broader Implications: Life Sustenance Potential: The presence of liquid water might support life forms, similar to organisms in Earth’s extreme deep-sea environments. Colonization Challenges: The depth at which the water is located presents substantial hurdles for extraction, complicating future human settlement efforts on Mars. -Source: The Hindu Teesta-V Hydropower Station Context: A landslide damaged six houses and a building of the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) at the site of its Teesta-V hydropower station in Sikkim’s Gangtok district recently. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Teesta-V Hydropower Station: The Teesta-V is a significant hydropower station generating 510 MW, located in the Teesta River basin within the Gangtok district of Sikkim. The facility features an 88.6-meter tall and 176.5-meter long concrete gravity dam that manages a reservoir used for daily power peaking. Construction began in 1999, with the station becoming operational in 2008. The station is managed and owned by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC). Teesta River The Teesta River traverses the regions of Sikkim and West Bengal in India before entering Rangpur in Bangladesh. It serves as a tributary to the Brahmaputra River. The river marks the boundary between Sikkim and West Bengal. River Course Details: Originates near Chunthang in Sikkim, descending southwards through the Siwalik Hills near Darjiling. Changes direction southeast towards the Sivok Khola pass, leading onto the West Bengal plains. Historically, it flowed south to the upper Padma River but shifted east around 1787 to join the Jamuna River in the Rangpur area of Bangladesh. The river spans approximately 309 kilometers and oversees a drainage area of around 12,540 square kilometers. Key Tributaries: Left-bank: Includes Lachung Chhu, Chakung Chhu, Dik Chhu, Rani Khola, and Rangpo Chhu. Right-bank: Comprises Zemu Chhu, Rangyong Chhu, and Rangit River. -Source: The Hindu Shiveluch Volcano Context: Shiveluch volcano in Russia erupted after a 7.0-magnitude earthquake struck off the eastern coast of the country recently. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Shiveluch Volcano: Shiveluch Volcano is situated approximately 280 miles from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the Kamchatka region of eastern Russia. It is categorized as a stratovolcano, characterized by its steep slopes and composed of layers of solidified ash, lava, and volcanic rock. Shiveluch is one of the largest volcanoes in Kamchatka, reaching a height of 3,283 meters (10,771 feet). It is known for its frequent activity, including roughly 60 major eruptions over the last 10,000 years, and has been in a state of continuous eruption since August 1999, with significant explosive episodes noted, such as in 2007. Kamchatka Peninsula Insights: Located in the far eastern part of Russia, bordered by the Sea of Okhotsk to the west and the Pacific Ocean along with the Bering Sea to the east. The peninsula is a hotspot for geothermal activity, home to about 30 active volcanoes. It stretches about 1,200 km from north to south and is 480 km wide at its broadest point, covering an area of approximately 370,000 square kilometers—making it one of the world’s largest peninsulas. The region experiences harsh climates with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. The regional capital is Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and the peninsula features the Kuril Island chain, extending close to Japan’s northern Hokkaido Island. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 August 2024

CONTENTS Bhavishya Software Green Tug Transition Program Bhavishya Software Context: Department of Pension & Pensioners’ Welfare (DOPPW) introduced a unique innovative centralized pension processing software called ‘Bhavishya’ for all central government Ministries/Departments Relevance: Facts for Prelims Bhavishya Software: Bhavishya Software serves as an online system for sanctioning and tracking pension payments, developed by the Department of Pension & Pensioners’ Welfare. As of January 1, 2017, its use has been mandated across all central civil ministries and departments. Launched to tackle delays and clerical mistakes in pension processing that cause financial losses and grievances among retirees. Key Features of Bhavishya Software: Directly integrates with payroll systems to automatically capture and populate essential data of employees nearing retirement, enhancing the management information system (MIS) across departments. Implements stringent deadlines for each pension processing phase to ensure timely operations. Proactively issues alerts to both pensioners and stakeholders to adhere to set timelines. Ensures clear visibility and accountability in the pension processing workflow, simplifying identification and resolution of delays. Electronic Pension Payment Order (e-PPO): Integrated with the Public Financial Management System (PFMS) for seamless electronic processing and distribution of pension payments through the Central Pension Accounting Office (CGA) to banks. Green Tug Transition Program Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Port Shipping and Waterways officially launched the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Green Tug Transition Program: The program was initiated on May 22, 2023, as part of the ‘Panch Karma Sankalp’ initiative. Aimed at phasing out traditional fuel-based harbor tugs in favor of environmentally friendly tugs that utilize sustainable alternative fuels across major Indian ports. Implementation Strategy: Phase 1 Duration: From October 1, 2024, to December 31, 2027. Participating Ports: Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority, Deendayal Port Authority, Paradip Port Authority, and V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority, each will acquire or lease a minimum of two green tugs adhering to the specifications provided by the Standing Specification Committee (SSC). Administrative and Future Goals: The National Centre of Excellence in Green Port & Shipping (NCoEGPS) is designated as the lead agency. Vision for 2030: India’s ambition to become a global leader in green shipbuilding by the end of the decade, facilitated by the innovations from the Green Tug Transition Programme. The new tugs will incorporate Green Hybrid Propulsion systems and plan to transition to non-fossil fuel sources like Methanol, Ammonia, and Hydrogen in future iterations.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 August 2024

CONTENTS The Tyranny of Inequality Protecting Indian Capital in Bangladesh The Tyranny of Inequality Context: Honoré de Balzac, the French novelist, once wrote, “Behind every great fortune there is a crime.” However, this statement is only partially true, as it fails to acknowledge that the accumulation of income and wealth also fosters serious offenses and crimes. Relevance: GS3- Inclusive Growth Mains Question: Higher income inequality causes more widespread corruption, while greater confidence in the judiciary curbs it. Analyse. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Studies on Inequality: Based on an analysis of the Gallup World Poll (GWP) Survey for India (2019-23) and the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)’s Consumer Pyramid Household Survey, we argue that income inequality fuels corruption, particularly at the intersection of government and business. For instance, the approval of contracts for major infrastructure projects like highways, bridges, and ports by public officials often benefits wealthy and influential private investors. Once individuals become rich, their desire for more wealth can override moral concerns, leading to corrupt practices. Wealth accumulation then becomes easier, facilitated by tactics like share market manipulation, political lobbying to secure contracts, and investments in offshore funds. In a recent study, Thomas Piketty and his colleagues highlighted the staggering rise in wealth and income inequality in India over the past few decades, particularly between 2014 and 2022. Today, the top 1% of the population controls more than 40% of total wealth in India, up from 12.5% in 1980. The top 1% of income earners now receive 22.6% of total pre-tax income, compared to 7.3% in 1980. As a result, India has become one of the most unequal countries in the world, yet recent studies have largely overlooked the harmful effects of this growing economic inequality. Methodology: Our goal is to examine the connection between income inequality and corruption, with a specific focus on whether increased income inequality fueled corruption between the government and businesses during the 2014-22 period. Due to the lack of comparability between the two recent National Sample Survey (NSS) rounds on household expenditure for 2018 and 2022 with the NSS round for 2012, we rely on data from the Gallup World Poll (GWP) and the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) as alternatives. While the GWP has a small sample size, which limits its representativeness for a country as vast and diverse as India, it offers valuable data on variables like corruption, which are difficult to measure. We have used the Piketty measure of income inequality, defined as the ratio of the share of total income held by the top 1% to that of the bottom 50% of the population. Although inequality in the distribution of consumption expenditure is typically lower than that of income distribution, we have chosen to focus on consumption expenditure due to its greater reliability. Corruption is generally understood as the misuse of public office for private gain, which excludes corruption within businesses (such as insider trading). Therefore, a broader and more comprehensive definition considers the misuse of public resources by executives in both the public and private sectors for private gain, while also acknowledging the role of politicians. The GWP includes a question on whether corruption is perceived to be widespread, with a “yes” response scored as 1. By aggregating these responses, we obtain a measure of corruption based on individual perceptions. Corruption can manifest in three areas: within the government, within businesses, and at the intersection of government and businesses. Our focus is on the relationship between inequality and corruption at this intersection—for instance, whether government contracts for building ports are influenced by bribes from wealthy investors. Corruption has increased following globalization, as natural resources have become more valuable, and regulatory agencies responsible for allocating these resources have grown more compliant with powerful business interests and corrupt public officials. Moreover, the ‘Make in India‘ initiative has not yet achieved significant success, as macroeconomic indicators such as manufacturing, FDI, exports, and employment have not shown improvement. Even worse, as highlighted in a 2023 Carnegie India essay, increases in import tariffs and tax cuts have been distortionary. Findings: This situation suggests a higher likelihood of rent-seeking by wealthy and influential investors. Rent-seeking refers to the use of resources to obtain unwarranted financial gain from external entities, such as government or public agencies, without providing anything of value in return to them or society. Economic rents lead to resource dissipation, which can be more damaging than the waste associated with the rent itself. Groups competing for these rents invest time and money in wealth transfer rather than wealth creation.  Given that corruption at the intersection of government and business remained high between 2014 and 2022, it is likely that rent-seeking also persisted at elevated levels. Without delving into the specifics of the allegations by Hindenburg regarding the involvement of the SEBI chair and her husband with the Adani Group’s offshore fund, and the subsequent slowing of the SEBI probe, this may be indicative of a larger and growing problem. Our analysis shows that income inequality has been largely driven by speculative investments, such as mutual funds, while savings in fixed deposits and post offices have helped curb it. Trust in the judiciary is influenced by the conviction rate, but it increases at a diminishing rate. We find that higher income inequality leads to widespread corruption, whereas greater confidence in the judiciary helps reduce it. Conclusion: While the recent Budget missed the opportunity to impose higher taxes on the wealthy, achieving greater transparency and accountability in regulatory agencies remains elusive. A more competitive political system and private business sector pose significant challenges, but their potential to create a more prosperous India is undeniable. Protecting Indian Capital in Bangladesh Context: The recent dramatic events in Bangladesh, which led to the resignation and departure of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, have created a political vacuum and introduced uncertainty in India’s eastern neighbor. Beyond the political and diplomatic implications of this crisis for India, a significant concern is how it will affect Indian companies operating in Bangladesh. Relevance: GS2- India and its Neighbourhood- Relations Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests Indian Diaspora Mains Question: Examine the consequence that recent incidents in Bangladesh can have on Indian investments in the country. What can be done to minimise the impact of this crisis on the Indian capital? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Indian Investments in Bangladesh: Indian firms have invested in various sectors in Bangladesh, including edible oil, power, infrastructure, fast-moving consumer goods, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals. Despite political opposition, the Sheikh Hasina government welcomed Indian investors, implementing measures such as the establishment of designated special economic zones to attract them. However, her opponents, displeased with India’s perceived support of Hasina’s regime, initiated an “India Out” boycott movement targeting Indian products.  Now that Ms. Hasina is no longer in power, the interim or new government might adopt a hostile stance toward Indian companies, potentially altering existing laws or introducing new regulations that could negatively impact Indian investments. What Strategies can Indian Businesses Pursue in such a Scenario? Legal Protection for Indian Investors: Jeswald Salacuse outlines three primary legal frameworks that generally govern foreign investment. First, the domestic laws of the country where the investment is made. Second, contracts between the foreign investor and the host state’s government or between foreign investors and companies within the host state. Third, international law, which includes applicable treaties, customs, and general legal principles that have gained recognition as international law. Indian companies with investments in Bangladesh can rely on the first two legal frameworks to safeguard their investments against regulatory risks. For example, they can invoke Bangladesh’s Foreign Private Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act. However, relying on the host state’s domestic law has its limitations, as the state can unilaterally change these laws to the detriment of the investor at any time. Similarly, contracts may offer limited protection when challenging sovereign actions by the state that adversely affect foreign investments. Consequently, the third legal framework, international law, becomes particularly important in such situations. The India-Bangladesh BIT: International law cannot be unilaterally altered and serves as a mechanism to hold states accountable for their sovereign actions. In the realm of foreign investment protection, the most critical tool in international law is the bilateral investment treaty (BIT). A BIT is an agreement between two countries designed to safeguard investments made by investors from both nations. These treaties protect investments by setting conditions on the regulatory actions of the host state, thus preventing undue interference with the rights of foreign investors. Key provisions in BITs include restrictions on unlawful expropriation, obligations for the host state to provide fair and equitable treatment (FET) to foreign investments, and non-discrimination against foreign investors. BITs also grant foreign investors the right to directly sue the host state before an international tribunal if they believe the host state has violated its treaty obligations, a process known as investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), by the end of 2023, 1,332 known ISDS claims had been brought. In the event of adverse regulatory actions by the Bangladeshi government, Indian companies can rely on the India-Bangladesh BIT, which was signed in 2009. Although India has unilaterally terminated most of its BITs, the one with Bangladesh remains in effect. This treaty includes comprehensive investment protection measures, such as an unqualified FET provision, which could be beneficial for Indian companies challenging Bangladesh’s sovereign regulatory actions. The Complication- Joint Interpretative Notes (JIN): However, there is a complication: the Joint Interpretative Notes (JIN) that India and Bangladesh adopted in 2017 to clarify the meaning of various terms in the 2009 treaty. This JIN, now part of the BIT, was introduced at India’s insistence as part of its broader effort to revise its investment treaty practices to protect its regulatory authority. India proposed similar JINs to several other countries, without fully considering whether it had a defensive or offensive interest in relation to each specific country. The JIN has diluted the investment protection features of the BIT. For example, taxation measures are excluded from the treaty’s scope. Similarly, the FET provision is tied to customary international law, which imposes a higher standard for proving a treaty violation. The JIN was crafted from the perspective of a capital-importing country to protect its regulatory actions from ISDS claims. In the case of India and Bangladesh, however, India is the capital exporter and Bangladesh the importer. Ironically, the JIN that India developed could end up benefiting Bangladesh rather than the Indian companies operating there. Conclusion: While Bangladesh is the immediate focus, the issue extends beyond India’s eastern neighbor. India’s outbound investments have significantly increased, with outward foreign direct investment reaching approximately $13.5 billion in 2023, according to UNCTAD. India is now among the top 20 capital-exporting countries. This growth underscores the importance of legal protection for Indian companies operating abroad. Consequently, India needs to develop its investment treaty practices by considering both its role as a host and as a home country, rather than focusing solely on the former.

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