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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 July 2025

Content Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat   Empowering Minds, Building the Nation India’s Commitment to Global Security Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat   Empowering Minds, Building the Nation India’s fight against drug abuse is entering a transformative phase with youth at the centre of action. The “Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat” initiative mobilises spiritual, institutional, and grassroots forces to build a drug-free, empowered nation. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health) , GS 3(Internal Security ) Strategic Vision: Youth as the Torchbearers Demographic Dividend: 65% of India’s population is under 35; average age ~28 years — core strength in Amrit Kaal journey. Youth-Centric Approach: Substance abuse seen not just as a health issue, but a threat to national development. Summit Highlights: Youth Spiritual Summit, Varanasi (18–20 July 2025) Theme: Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat “Kashi Declaration”: A youth-led national roadmap for a drug-free India. Institutional Convergence: Ministries (Youth Affairs, Health, Culture, Social Justice), NCB, AIIMS, spiritual organisations & youth networks. Review Mechanism: Progress to be assessed in Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue (VBYLD 2026). Law Enforcement Outcomes (2024 Data) Drugs Seized: ₹25,330 crore — up 55% from ₹16,100 crore in 2023. Synthetic Drug Crackdown: Methamphetamine, Mephedrone, Cocaine, Hashish — increasingly intercepted. 4,134 kg seized from deep seas alone. Narco-Terror Nexus: 3,132 kg offshore seizure (largest ever); 700+ kg meth busted in Gujarat; 82.53 kg cocaine in Delhi. Institutional Strengthening: NCB Reforms Expansion: Regional Offices: 3 → 7 Zonal Offices: 13 → 30 Staff strength increased by 536. Nar-K9 Units: Deployed in 10 zonal offices. Inter-Agency Coordination: Navy, Coast Guard, BSF, RPF integrated under NDPS Act powers. Policy and Governance Tools 4-Tier NCORD Mechanism: Apex → State → District → Local level. Anti-Narcotics Task Forces: Dedicated teams in each State/UT. Darknet & Crypto Task Force: MAC-level unit monitoring digital drug trafficking. Forensics & Surveillance: National Forensic Support + Maritime Security Group (NSCS, est. 2022). Public Engagement: Jan Andolan Elements Citizen Participation: Take digital pledge on NMBA portal. Volunteer/intern for awareness & rehabilitation campaigns. Share intel with authorities. IEC Material: Visual, audio, and digital tools for institutions & public places. Tech Platforms: NMBA App: Real-time updates, volunteer data. MANAS Helpline (1933): 24×7 drug-related support. NMBA Portal: FAQs, pledges, expert videos. Welfare-Oriented Response Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA) (launched 15 Aug 2020): 16.5 crore+ people sensitised. 27.76 lakh individuals treated. 730+ free rehab centres; 10,000+ trained Master Volunteers. National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR): 342 IRCAs: In-patient de-addiction + reintegration. 47 CPLIs: Youth life skills and awareness. 74 ODICs: Drop-in centres for counselling & referral. 83 ATFs & 53 DDACs in government hospitals. Legal and International Framework NDPS Act, 1985: India’s principal anti-drug legislation — strict penalties + rehabilitation provisions. Global Cooperation: Bilateral talks with Myanmar, Iran, Bangladesh. International maritime & land route monitoring. Conclusion: India’s Vision for a Drug-Free Future Aligns with PM’s vision of fit, self-reliant youth for Viksit Bharat. Combines policy, enforcement, community mobilisation, and spiritual leadership. Shifts from top-down policing to youth-led national movement against substance abuse. India’s Commitment to Global Security India, as a responsible global player, has strengthened its anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing frameworks in line with FATF standards. Its proactive engagement reflects a deep commitment to securing financial systems from global threats like terror financing and proliferation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) FATF: Global Standard-Setter Against Financial Crimes Established: 1989, G7 Summit, Paris. Mandate: Set global standards to combat money laundering, terrorist financing (TF), and proliferation financing (PF). Reach: 40 members, 200+ jurisdictions committed to FATF recommendations. India & FATF Observer Status: 2006 | Full Member: June 25, 2010 (34th member). Legal Backbone: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967. Zero-tolerance stance on terror financing & money laundering. FATF Grey & Black Lists (As of June 13, 2025) Grey List: 25 countries (e.g., Nepal, Nigeria, South Africa) under Increased Monitoring. Blacklist: 3 nations — North Korea, Iran, Myanmar — under Call for Action. Reforms Achieved: 86 of 139 reviewed countries have addressed AML/CFT deficiencies. FATF Reports: June–July 2025 1. “Complex Proliferation Financing and Sanctions Evasion Schemes” New-age PF threats: Use of virtual assets, maritime loopholes, beneficial ownership obfuscation. India’s Best Practices: Recognized for multiple PF coordination mechanisms. Global Red Flags: DPRK’s cyber-heist: $1.5 billion theft (ByBit exchange). Pakistan’s National Development Complex flagged for PF links. Compliance Gap: Only 16% of assessed countries effective in Immediate Outcome 11 (PF control) — India among few with high/substantial effectiveness. 2. “Comprehensive Update on Terrorist Financing Risks” Key Trends: Rise in state-sponsored terrorism (India flags Pakistan in NRA 2022). Increasing regional decentralisation and fragmented TF networks. Emerging TF Methods: Crypto, e-commerce, mobile wallets, online crowdfunding. Case study: E-commerce used in terror procurement in India. Criminal Nexus: Terrorists using proceeds of human trafficking, drug smuggling, extortion. Microfinancing of lone actors via legal income sources. Case study: Indian lone-wolf attack funded via VPN & online payments. New-Age Platforms: Gaming & streaming platforms for income and recruitment. Social media & encrypted apps used for donations & propaganda. Key Policy Challenges & FATF Recommendations Weaknesses Identified: Ineffective investigations. Poor cross-border cooperation. Gaps in financial intelligence use. Recommendations: Strengthen regulation for virtual assets & social media. Enhance public–private partnerships. Integrate risk assessments into national frameworks. Strengthen regional cooperation & enforcement networks. India’s Global Role & Commitments Recognised by FATF for high compliance in PF detection (IO 11). Advocates coordinated response to cyber-financing threats. Highlights Pakistan’s continued TF risk — important for India’s counter-terror diplomacy. Actively contributes case studies and strategic insights in FATF reports. Conclusion: FATF’s recognition of India’s robust legal and institutional mechanisms underscores its leadership in the global fight against financial crimes. By aligning national policy with international standards, India reinforces its role in safeguarding global peace and security

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 July 2025

Content : Safe havens no more A tectonic shift in thinking to build seismic resilience Safe havens no more Recent incidents across Indian educational institutions and workplaces highlight an alarming rise in sexual violence in spaces once considered safe. The Odisha college student’s suicide underscores institutional apathy and systemic failure in addressing such grievances. Relevance : GS 1: Indian Society; GS 2: Governance; GS 4: Ethics Practice Question : Despite the presence of legal frameworks like the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, sexual violence in educational and professional institutions persists. Critically examine the systemic issues involved and suggest comprehensive reforms. (10 Marks, 150 words) Key Issues Highlighted: Disturbing Trend: Sharp rise in sexual violence cases in presumed “safe” spaces — schools, colleges, workplaces. Trigger Case: Suicide of a student in Odisha after harassment complaints were ignored — reflects systemic apathy. Recurring Pattern: Cases from Bengal, Karnataka, and Delhi show institutional failure is widespread, not isolated. Legal Framework and Failure: POSH Act 2013: Mandates Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in all workplaces, including educational institutions. Compliance Gaps: ICCs often non-functional or absent — Odisha govt’s 24-hour directive to colleges shows reactive rather than proactive approach. Nirbhaya Case Aftermath: Despite stricter laws post-2012, implementation remains weak and sporadic. Data Insights (NCRB 2022): Total crimes against women: 4,45,256 (↑ 4% over 2021) Cruelty by husband/relatives: 31.4% Assault to outrage modesty: 18.7% Rape: 7.1% Underreporting: Real incidence likely higher; stigma and fear deter reporting. Critical Analysis: Systemic Breakdown: Bureaucratic inertia, absence of grievance redressal, and power asymmetries enable repeat violations. From Protectors to Predators: When authority figures (teachers, principals) are the accused, it erodes trust in institutions. Justice Delayed is Death Delivered: The Odisha case reflects how delayed justice can lead to tragic consequences. Way Forward: Mandatory ICC Audits: Annual public disclosures on ICC constitution and functioning. Gender Sensitisation: Include modules in school/college curriculum. Whistleblower Protection: Legal and psychological support for complainants. Independent Oversight: Ombudsman for educational institutions to prevent internal collusion. Ethical Dimensions : Responsibility of Institutions: Failure to act is not neutral — it’s enabling harm. Moral Courage: Need to build a culture where speaking up is safe and valued. Public Accountability: Justice must go beyond symbolism to sustained structural change. Conclusion While legal safeguards like the POSH Act exist, mere enactment is insufficient without enforcement, accountability, and gender-sensitive reform. Institutional silence must end to ensure that justice and safety are non-negotiable rights, not distant promises. Legal & Policy Framework against sexual violence Article 21: Right to life includes dignity and safety of women. Article 15(3) & 42: State can make special laws for women; ensures humane work conditions. POSH Act, 2013: Mandatory ICC in all institutions; weak implementation on campuses. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: Sec 73: Sexual harassment Sec 63: Rape Sec 109: Abetment of suicide POCSO Act, 2012: Strict action in cases involving girls below 18 years. UGC SAKSHAM Guidelines: Safety framework in universities. SHE-Box: Centralized online harassment complaint portal. NEP 2020: Pushes gender-inclusion and safe learning spaces. A tectonic shift in thinking to build seismic resilience The 4.4 magnitude tremor felt in Delhi on July 10, 2025, was mild in intensity but deeply symbolic in impact. It has reignited urgent concerns about India’s seismic vulnerability, especially in rapidly urbanising and structurally fragile cities. Relevance : GS1 – Geography, GS3 – Disaster Management, Infrastructure; GS2 – Governance Practice Question : India’s seismic vulnerability is more a failure of governance than geology. Examine with reference to recent tremors and the Himalayan seismic zone. Suggest structural and policy reforms for earthquake disaster preparedness. (250 words) Key Concerns Raised: -Delhi as a High-Risk Seismic Zone Lies in Seismic Zone IV (PGA: 0.24g), near the Himalayan plate boundary. Over 80% of buildings (especially pre-2000) non-compliant with seismic code IS 1893:2016. Over 5,000 high-rises, many on liquefaction-prone soils, face structural instability. -Rising Global Seismic Activity (2025 Highlights) Myanmar–Thailand quake (7.7) – March 28 Tibetan quake (5.7) – May 12 Greece quake (6.2) – May 22 Signals tectonic restlessness in the Himalayan belt and beyond. -Himalayan Seismic Gap: A Ticking Time Bomb Indian Plate moves 4–5 cm/year, colliding with Eurasian Plate. Region overdue for a “Great Himalayan Earthquake” (Magnitude 8+). Estimated impact zone: 300 million+ people in India, Nepal, Bhutan. -Failures in Preparedness Weak enforcement of IS codes, poor retrofitting, lax urban planning. Odisha, Guwahati, Bhuj, and the Northeast need tailored seismic action plans. Bhuj 2001 (M7.7, 20,000 deaths) and Nepal 2015 (M7.8) are precedents ignored. Recommendations & Way Forward – Infrastructure Upgradation Steel jacketing, ductile detailing, deep pile foundations, and base isolation must be standard. Avoid construction on floodplains (e.g., Brahmaputra, Yamuna). Annual retrofitting budget: ₹50,000 crore (as per expert estimates). –Code Enforcement Strict compliance with IS 1893:2016 across Zones IV & V. Delhi Development Authority (DDA) and local bodies must lead audits. Establish clear penalties for non-compliance in both public and private sectors. -Public Awareness & Early Warnings Expand IndiaQuake App coverage to rural and hilly zones. Conduct mock drills, promote emergency kits, and educate on evacuation. – International Best Practices Bangkok: High-strength concrete & mandatory ductile detailing. Myanmar’s failure: Collapse due to unreinforced masonry — a warning for India. Zones of Critical Concern Seismic Zone States/Regions Risk Level Zone V NE states, Andaman Very High (PGA > 0.36g) Zone IV Delhi, Uttarakhand, J&K High Risk (PGA ~0.24g) Zone III/II Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab Moderate Risk Critical Analysis Urbanisation without seismic consideration is a disaster multiplier. The seismic gap is not just geographic, but governance-related — between laws on paper and action on ground. Earthquake preparedness must shift from reactive to anticipatory governance. Conclusion Delhi’s tremor is a stark reminder that nature may not give a second warning. India must build resilience now — through code compliance, retrofitting, and public education — or face irreversible loss when the “Great Himalayan Earthquake” strikes. Basics of Earthquakes Definition: A sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. Causes of Earthquakes Tectonic Movements (most common) – movement of lithospheric plates. Volcanic Activity – due to magma movement. Human-Induced – mining, reservoir-induced, nuclear tests. Collapse Earthquakes – due to cavern collapse (localized). Types of Seismic Waves P-Waves (Primary): Fastest, travel through solids, liquids, gases; compressional. S-Waves (Secondary): Slower, travel only through solids; shear waves. Surface Waves: Travel along Earth’s surface; cause maximum destruction. Focus and Epicenter Focus (Hypocenter): Point inside Earth where energy is released. Epicenter: Point directly above focus on the surface. Measurement Scales Richter Scale: Measures magnitude (energy released); logarithmic. Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw): More accurate, especially for large quakes. Mercalli Scale: Measures intensity (impact) on a 1–12 scale. Distribution Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries (Pacific Ring of Fire, Himalayan Belt). Intraplate earthquakes also occur (e.g., Latur 1993). Earthquake Zones in India Zone V (Highest risk): J&K, NE States, Uttarakhand, parts of Himachal and Bihar. Zone IV: Delhi, parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and West Bengal.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 July 2025

Content : Govt. Merges 36 Schemes to Float Farm Plan Share of Clean Energy in Electricity Still Below 30% Govt. Cracks Down on Dumping and Import Surges Study Flags High Summer Ozone Levels in Big Cities Green’ Power Capacity Outpaces Thermal, But Storage Woes Weigh on Grid Stability Govt. merges 36 schemes to float farm plan Context : Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) Announced in Union Budget 2025–26. Approved by the Union Cabinet in July 2025. Aims to enhance agricultural productivity and promote sustainable farming practices. Scheme will run for 6 years starting from 2025-26, with an annual outlay of ₹24,000 crore. Expected to benefit 1.7 crore farmers across India. Termed as a “first-of-its-kind” agriculture-focused mega scheme. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ) , GS 2(Schemes) Convergence and Integration 36 existing schemes from 11 ministries will be merged into PMDDKY. The integration will ensure resource optimization, better coordination, and holistic agricultural development. Implementation will involve: Central schemes State government initiatives Local partnerships, including private sector collaborations. Target Areas Initially focused on 100 districts identified using: Low agricultural productivity Low cropping intensity Low credit disbursement Criticism: Experts argue that credit disbursement is not the best indicator for district selection. Annual net agricultural income per hectare recommended as a better metric. Key Components & Interventions Post-Harvest Infrastructure Creation of storage facilities at the panchayat and block levels. Aim: Reduce crop wastage and enable better price realization for farmers. Improved Irrigation Focus on expanding and modernizing irrigation systems. Promotes water-use efficiency and reduces dependence on rainfall. Access to Credit Facilitation of both short-term and long-term institutional credit. Aims to reduce dependence on informal lenders. Sustainable Agriculture Promotion Encourages: Natural farming Organic farming Conservation of soil health and water Part of a larger push towards resilient and eco-friendly agriculture. Crop Diversification Shift from mono-cropping to diverse cropping systems. Enhances resilience to climate and market shocks. Promotion of Allied Activities Support for: Animal husbandry Fisheries Beekeeping Horticulture Boosts income diversification for farmers. Value Addition and Livelihoods Encourages local processing, branding, and market linkages. Will promote local employment and entrepreneurship. Institutional Mechanism District-level Committees: District Dhan Dhaanya Samiti will finalize the District Agriculture and Allied Activities Plan. Members will include progressive farmers, officials, and stakeholders. State and National Level Committees: Ensure planning, fund utilization, and policy alignment. Monthly monitoring for outcome-based evaluation. Conclusion PMDDKY represents a strategic consolidation of India’s fragmented agricultural schemes. If implemented effectively, it can: Improve sustainability Foster innovation Support inclusive rural development However, its success will hinge on effective implementation, accurate district targeting, and robust monitoring mechanisms. Share of clean energy in electricity still below 30% Context & Significance India has achieved a major milestone in its clean energy journey by ensuring that 50% of its total installed electricity capacity now comes from non-fossil fuel sources. This target was achieved five years ahead of its commitment under the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Climate Agreement. However, despite this success in installed capacity, the actual share of clean energy in electricity supplied to consumers remains below 30%. Relevance : GS 3(Energy and Environment) Installed Capacity vs. Actual Electricity Supply Installed Capacity: Refers to the total potential a power source can produce under ideal conditions. India’s installed clean energy capacity has now reached 484 gigawatts (GW). This includes solar, wind, hydro, biomass, nuclear, and other non-fossil fuel sources. Actual Electricity Supplied: Represents the amount of electricity actually generated and delivered to consumers. Despite 50% of capacity being clean, only 28–30% of electricity generation currently comes from these sources. This gap is due to the lower efficiency and variability of renewable sources. Historical Progress (2014–2024) In 2014, the share of clean energy in total electricity generated was around 17%. By April 2024, this increased to 28%, highlighting steady growth but also the limitations of renewable energy output. The growth in capacity is attributed to policy pushes and leadership focus, especially under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Understanding Capacity Utilisation Factor (CUF) CUF = (Actual energy generated / Maximum possible energy generation) × 100 It measures how effectively installed capacity is used. Clean energy sources generally have lower CUF compared to conventional ones: Solar CUF: ~20% Wind CUF: 25–30% Coal CUF: ~60% Nuclear CUF: ~80% Hence, although clean energy’s installed capacity is high, its actual output remains limited. Technical & Structural Challenges Intermittency of Renewables: Solar and wind are weather-dependent and time-bound. Solar generation peaks during the day, but evening demand remains unmet. Energy cannot be stored efficiently with current technologies. Inflexible Grid Infrastructure: India’s grid does not yet allow time-of-day pricing for electricity. Consumers pay the same price per unit, whether it’s cheap solar in the afternoon or expensive coal at night. High Coal Dependence: Coal still supplies ~75% of India’s daily electricity needs. Coal remains more reliable due to its ability to run continuously. Even when renewable output increases, the base-load requirement is still met by coal. Solutions and the Way Forward Grid Flexibility & Smart Management: Implement time-differentiated tariffs to encourage day-time electricity usage. Adopt smart meters and smart grid technologies for real-time monitoring and flexibility. Investment in Battery Storage: Efficient storage will help store excess solar/wind energy and use it during peak demand (especially evenings). Storage will improve overall CUF and reliability of clean energy. This will reduce coal demand during peak hours. Hybrid Energy Projects: Combine solar + wind + hydro + storage to balance intermittency. Hybrid systems offer round-the-clock power supply. Such integrated models are being promoted for peak and base load balance. Policy Innovations: Encourage differential power tariffs based on time and source. Shift incentives toward dispatchable renewables. Prioritize investment in energy storage, inverter technology, and load management systems. Expert Opinions Saurabh Kumar, Vice-President, Global Energy Alliance: Highlights need for “differential pricing” similar to the early telecom sector (e.g., night-call pricing). Emphasizes the need for battery storage and grid reform to fully utilize clean energy. Arunendra Kumar Tiwari, Fellow, TERI: Stresses that solar’s CUF is low, limiting its contribution despite high capacity. Notes that coal and nuclear outperform renewables in actual energy generation. Broader Implications India’s clean energy journey demonstrates policy success in capacity building. However, future efforts must focus on: Efficiency, not just installation. Technology adoption, especially in storage and smart grids. Consumer behaviour change, through time-of-day pricing. Balancing energy security, affordability, and sustainability remains the core challenge. Govt. Cracks Down on Dumping and Import Surges Context To protect domestic industry from unfair trade practices, the Indian government has intensified scrutiny of import surges and dumping. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy- Anti Dumping , Import, Export) Key Developments Anti-Dumping Actions (June 2025): Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) initiated 8 anti-dumping investigations. Targeted products from 12 countries/groupings: Countries involved: China, Taiwan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Switzerland, EU, Egypt, Indonesia. Products: Industrial chemicals, glass wool, paperboards. Import Monitoring Mechanism: Department of Commerce is monitoring all commodities for unusual import surges. Data shared with other ministries to enable coordinated monitoring. Use of DGFT to Counter Malpractices: Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) empowered to restrict imports suspected of malpractice. Example: DGFT restricted imports of alloys (palladium, rhodium, iridium with >1% gold) as gold was being misdeclared to evade duty. Static Concepts: Anti-Dumping & Import Surge Dumping: Exporting a product at a price lower than its normal value (often below cost or domestic price). Harms domestic industries through unfair price competition. Anti-Dumping Duty: Levied by importing countries to counteract dumping and restore fair trade. DGTR (Directorate General of Trade Remedies): Apex authority for investigating trade remedy cases: anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures. Import Surge: Sudden spike in imports, potentially harming domestic producers even without dumping. Why It Matters? Ensures a level playing field for Indian industries. Prevents misuse of free trade provisions and duty evasion. Strengthens Atmanirbhar Bharat and domestic manufacturing. Anti-Dumping: Basics Definition: Dumping refers to exporting goods at prices lower than their normal value (often below cost or domestic price). Anti-Dumping Duty: A tariff imposed by a country to protect its domestic industry from unfairly priced imports. Anti-Dumping in India Authority: Investigated and recommended by the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) under the Ministry of Commerce. Legal Basis: Governed by the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 and WTO Agreement on Anti-Dumping (to which India is a signatory). Objectives Protect domestic industries from injury due to dumped imports. Ensure fair competition, not to restrict legitimate trade. Provide a level playing field, not as protectionism. Study flags high summer ozone levels in big cities Key Findings: Summer 2025 Ozone (O₃) Crisis Ozone levels exceeded prescribed limits for over ⅓ of summer days (March–May) in major cities. Study by: Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) Data Source: 80 ambient AQ monitoring stations in Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Delhi. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Climate Change ) City-wise Breaches in Ozone Standards City Days O₃ exceeded standard (out of 92) Change vs 2024 Delhi 33 days — Bengaluru 45 days ↑ 29% Mumbai 32 days ↑ 42% Chennai 15 days ↑ (from 0) Kolkata 22 days (↓ from 40) ↓ 45% Technical Insight Standard Breach Definition: 8-hour average > 100 µg/m³, as per National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). O₃ is not directly emitted, but forms via photochemical reaction (sunlight + NOx + VOCs). Not monitored over 24-hour avg (unlike PM2.5/PM10) due to high reactivity. Public Health Implications Ground-level ozone: Triggers respiratory illnesses, asthma, infections. Reduces lung function, especially in children & elderly. High temperatures + solar radiation → higher O₃ spikes in summers. Expert View “If unchecked, ozone pollution could become a serious public health crisis.” – Anumita Roychowdhury, CSE Broader Pattern Indian megacities now consistently exceed ozone norms in summers. Northern India (e.g., Delhi) most affected due to: Temperature inversion Vehicular + industrial pollution Ozone: Basics Ozone (O₃) is a triatomic molecule made of three oxygen atoms. Found in two layers: Stratospheric ozone (good ozone): Forms the ozone layer, protects life by absorbing harmful UV-B radiation. Tropospheric ozone (bad ozone): Acts as a pollutant and greenhouse gas, harmful to health and crops. Ozone Layer & Its Importance Located in the stratosphere (10–50 km altitude). Absorbs 97–99% of the Sun’s medium-frequency ultraviolet light. Prevents skin cancer, cataracts, and damage to plants/marine ecosystems. Ozone Depletion Caused by Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) like: CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) Halons, Carbon tetrachloride, Methyl bromide Major ozone hole detected over Antarctica. Global Measures Vienna Convention (1985): Framework for international cooperation. Montreal Protocol (1987): Legally binding treaty to phase out ODS. Kigali Amendment (2016): Added phase-down of HFCs (climate pollutants, not ODS). Green’ power capacity outpaces thermal, but storage woes weigh on grid stability India’s Key Milestone 50.1% of India’s installed electricity capacity now comes from non-fossil fuel sources. Target achieved 5 years ahead of 2030 Paris commitment (40% originally, revised to 50% in 2022). Relevance : GS 3(Energy and Environment) Installed Capacity (in GW) Year Thermal Large Hydro Renewables Non-Fossil Share June 2015 191.26 42.62 35.78 30.4% June 2020 230.90 45.7 87.67 37.8% June 2025 242.04 49.38 184.62 50.1% Total Installed Capacity (2025): 484.82 GW Thermal Share: 49.9% (still dominant in absolute capacity) Thermal Still Dominates Despite non-fossil surpassing in % share, thermal plants are critical for base load. India’s thermal capacity rose by just 11 GW in 5 years, but still forms the grid backbone. Storage Capacity – Major Bottleneck India’s storage capacity (2024): Pumped Hydro: 4.75 GW Battery Storage: 110 MW Total < 5 GW, insufficient for smooth renewable integration. Grid Instability Events May 30, 2024: Peak demand unmet due to low renewables and lack of backup. Erratic pricing and curtailments seen when solar/wind exceeds demand. Policy Measures Underway CEA Advisory (Feb 2025): Co-locate storage with solar. Viability Gap Funding Scheme: ₹5,400 crore for 31 GWh battery storage. 51 GWh pumped hydro expected by 2032. ISTS Waiver Extended till June 2028 to boost storage projects. Strategic Implications Capacity milestone ≠ energy transition success. Storage, grid flexibility, and real-time pricing are the next frontiers. India needs policy speed, not just policy vision, to match non-fossil growth with reliability.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 July 2025

Content : The Indian Monsoon: Nature’s Pulse and Nation’s Lifeline Nationwide Financial Inclusion Saturation Campaign sees a Significant Progress The Indian Monsoon: Nature’s Pulse and Nation’s Lifeline What is the Indian Monsoon? Derived from Arabic “Mausim“, meaning season. Seasonal reversal of winds due to differential heating of land and sea. Summer: Low pressure over land → Moist air from sea → Rainfall. Winter: High pressure over land → Dry offshore winds → Retreating monsoon. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ) Types of Monsoon Southwest Monsoon (June–Sept) Brings 75% of India’s total rainfall. Vital for agriculture (esp. rice, cotton, sugarcane). Two branches: Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal. Orographic rainfall prominent in Western Ghats & NE India. Northeast Monsoon (Oct–Dec) Retreating monsoon; winds from land to sea. Key for Tamil Nadu and SE coast (rain-shadow regions). Moisture gained over Bay of Bengal → Rains in south India. Key Climatic Drivers Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Shifts northwards in summer → Triggers SW monsoon. Shifts south in winter → Causes NE monsoon. Forms monsoon trough → Responsible for cloud bursts and active spells. El Niño Warming of Pacific waters → Weak monsoon → Drought risk. 7 out of 16 El Niño years post-1950 showed below-normal rainfall. La Niña Cooling of Pacific waters → Stronger monsoon → Flood risks. Helps rain-fed farming but may trigger crop damage in excess.   Distribution & Variability of Rainfall Annual average rainfall: ~125 cm, with wide regional variation. >400 cm/year in Western Ghats & NE Hills (e.g., Mawsynram). <60 cm/year in western Rajasthan, Ladakh, and rain-shadow areas. Monsoon variability: Sub-seasonal: Active-break cycles. Interannual: Linked to ENSO. Decadal/Centennial: Observed long-term shifts. Economic Significance 64% of Indians depend on agriculture. 45% of farmland is rainfed → Highly vulnerable. Good monsoon → GDP growth, rural demand, low inflation. Poor monsoon → Crop failure, inflation, distress migration. Recent Monsoon Trends (2021–2024) IMD’s forecasts were accurate (within ±5% of LPA). 2024 rainfall: 934.8 mm (108% of LPA) – well distributed. 78% districts received normal to excess rainfall. Monthly trend (2024): June: 89% of LPA July: 109% August: 115% September: 112% Climate Change & Monsoon Shift in rainfall geography: ↓ Kerala, NE & East-Central India ↑ Rajasthan, Maharashtra, North Karnataka Extreme Rain Events ↑ by 75% (1950–2015). Dry Spells ↑ by 27% (1981–2011 vs. 1951–1980). July rainfall declining, September gaining. 50% of monsoon rain now occurs in just 20–30 hours. Role of IMD (India Meteorological Department) Established: 1875; under Ministry of Earth Sciences. Key roles: Seasonal forecasts (April & June updates). District-wise rainfall tracking. Cyclone early warning & disaster management. Achievements 100% forecast accuracy (2021–24). Cyclone death toll: ↓ from 10,000 (1999) to zero (2020–24). Radar network ↑ from 15 (2014) → 39 (2023). Technological innovations: HRRR & EWRF models. Mausamgram portal launched in Jan 2024. Mission Mausam (Launched: Sept 2024) Goal: Make India weather-ready & climate-smart. Merged with PRITHVI’s ACROSS scheme. Nine verticals: OBSERVE_All, DEVELOP, IMPACT, FRONTIER, ATCOMP, DECIDE, Weather_MOD, LEAD, NEAT. Focus areas: Extreme weather prediction, AI/ML integration, public-private partnerships. Lightning Strikes: A Rising Concern One strike can carry up to 1 billion volts. Heat > 35,000°F – hotter than the Sun’s surface. ↑ frequency in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab; no longer limited to NE India. IITM & NRSC data confirm trend shift.  Conclusion Monsoon = economic engine + ecological rhythm + cultural soul. Forecasting advances, policy readiness, and scientific missions like Mission Mausam enhance resilience. But climate variability demands constant vigilance, innovation, and adaptation. Nationwide Financial Inclusion Saturation Campaign sees a Significant Progress Campaign Overview Launched by: Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Finance Duration: 1st July – 30th September 2025 (3 months) Goal: Achieve saturation-level coverage of financial inclusion schemes across 2.7 lakh Gram Panchayats (GPs) & Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) Focus Schemes: PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) PM Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) Atal Pension Yojana (APY) Relevance : GS 3(Banking ) , GS 2(Governance) Progress So Far (As of 15 July 2025) Camps organized: 43,447 across districts Progress data compiled for: 31,305 camps Objective: Boost enrolment, update KYC/nomination, improve financial literacy Key Achievements Banking Access New PMJDY Accounts opened: 1,39,291 KYC Re-verified: PMJDY Accounts: 96,383 Other Savings Accounts: 1,01,778 Nomination Updates: PMJDY: 66,494 Other Accounts: 63,489 Social Security Enrolments PMJJBY: 1,83,225 new enrolments PMSBY: 2,88,714 Atal Pension Yojana (APY): 67,668 Claims Settled (PMJJBY + PMSBY): 1,665 Financial Literacy Drives Topics Covered: Digital fraud awareness Access to unclaimed deposits Grievance redressal mechanisms Strategic Importance Aims to eliminate financial exclusion at the last mile. Empowers marginalized & rural populations via access to: Savings & insurance products Pension benefits Affordable credit and digital banking Reinforces SDG Goal 1 (No Poverty) and Goal 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Broader Vision Builds upon India’s Financial Inclusion architecture since 2014. Complements Digital India, Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) Trinity, and Social Security for All. Supports inclusive growth by integrating the unbanked, uninsured, and unpensioned into the formal financial system.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 July 2025

Content : More than symbolic Contesting the future of forest governance More than symbolic Context & Immediate Developments Health Ministry directive (2025): All govt departments to display oil, sugar & trans-fat content in common Indian snacks (e.g. samosas, jalebis, laddoos). Pilot city: AIIMS Nagpur → Gradual national rollout. CBSE move (May 2025): Schools to install “sugarboards” — show: Daily sugar limits Sugar content in food Related health risks Healthy alternatives Relevance : GS 2(Governance and Policy) Practice Question : “Behavioural nudges are important, but insufficient in addressing India’s growing public health challenges related to food.” Examine in light of recent government initiatives on food labelling and regulation. (250 words) Data Behind the Policy Push Obesity Trends (NFHS Data): Men: ↑ from 15% (2005–06) → 24% (2019–21) Women: ↑ from 12% → 23% Unlabelled Local Foods: Traditional snacks are high in hidden oils, sugar, and fats. Visual cues (like tobacco-style warnings) can serve as behavioural nudges. Symbolism vs. Structural Change Current moves = educational & symbolic. But lacking: Binding regulations on packaged and marketed foods. Gaps in Existing Food Policy – Front-of-Package Labelling (FOPL) Delayed implementation despite FSSAI’s 2020 amendment. Supreme Court direction (July 15, 2025): Enforce FOPL. No definition yet by FSSAI for: Safe upper limits for sugar, salt, and fat. HFSS (High Fat, Salt, Sugar) thresholds. – Marketing to Children No national-level regulation on: Junk food advertising Promotions targeting children Children remain highly vulnerable to HFSS marketing across digital/TV platforms. – Taxation Measures No ‘sin tax’ on HFSS foods, unlike in Mexico, Chile, or Hungary. Global evidence shows fiscal disincentives reduce consumption of unhealthy food. What Global Evidence Shows ICMR-NIN Study (2022): Warning labels and Nutristar ratings helped reduce consumption, even of moderately unhealthy foods. International Meta-Study (2022): Warning labels outperform other labelling styles (GDA, Nutri-Score, etc.) in dissuading HFSS intake. Mexico & Chile: 10–20% tax on sugary drinks & junk food → reduced sales and obesity trends. National Frameworks That Call for Action National Multisectoral Action Plan (NMAP) for NCDs (2017–22): Mandated FSSAI regulation reform → FOPL & nutrient warning labels. FSSAI 2020 Amendments: Remain under-implemented due to: Industry pushback Lack of defined nutrient thresholds Why Symbolism Isn’t Enough Awareness is necessary but insufficient. Without: Regulatory caps on sugar/salt/fat Mandatory FOP labels Advertising restrictions Fiscal disincentives (taxes) → Impact of behavioural nudges will be limited and class-biased. The Way Forward Finalise nutrient cut-offs for HFSS food categories. Enforce mandatory FOP warning labels (not just voluntary/interpretive). Ban or restrict child-targeted junk food ads (especially online). Levy health taxes on HFSS food and beverages. Ensure compliance at the level of street food vendors and informal eateries. Expand school-level interventions (e.g. healthy canteens, regulated menus). Conclusion The Health Ministry’s new initiatives are important awareness milestones. However, without strong legislative teeth, they risk being performative. India needs a robust, rights-based, regulation-driven approach to food policy, aligned with public health imperatives and the growing NCD burden. Contesting the future of forest governance Context: CFRR and Chhattisgarh Incident In July 2025, the Chhattisgarh Forest Department attempted to designate itself as the nodal agency for implementing Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR). This violated the FRA, 2006, which vests management authority in Gram Sabhas, not government departments. The department also: Mandated a centralised model plan (from MoTA) for CFR management — not required by law. Prohibited support from NGOs and other departments to Gram Sabhas. Outcome: Letter was withdrawn following grassroots mobilisation by Adivasi rights groups, local representatives, and Gram Sabhas. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance) Practice Question : The implementation of Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR) under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, remains constrained by institutional inertia and policy contradictions. Critically analyse. (250 words) Forest Rights Act, 2006: Core Vision Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR) under FRA: Recognises the customary rights of communities to manage forest resources. Aims to reverse colonial forest consolidation that excluded locals from governance. Gram Sabha’s role: Central to forest governance. Empowered to formulate, implement, and integrate CFR management plans. Plans must reflect local needs — livelihood, ecosystem conservation, cultural values. Legacy of Forest Working Plans: Colonial Hangover Forest Working Plans (FWPs): Rooted in “scientific forestry” focused on timber maximisation, not ecological sustainability. Often included clearfelling and monoculture plantations. Criticised by ecologists like Madhav Gadgil for promoting degradation, invasive species spread, and undermining biodiversity. Despite ecological and social criticism, FWPs remain central to forest department operations and fund mobilisation. Conflict Between FRA and Forest Bureaucracy Forest Departments continue to: Delay CFRR recognition and reject titles. Block funding and question local competence to manage forests. Push for NWPC (National Working Plan Code) compliance, imposing complex, data-heavy templates unsuited to local realities. This is seen as an attempt to retain bureaucratic control over forest resources under the guise of “scientific management”. Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA): Inconsistencies 2015 MoTA Guidelines: Allowed simple, locally developed formats for CFR plans. 2024 MoTA + MoEF Letter: Reversed course — called for NWPC conformity and forester involvement. This shift undermines FRA’s decentralised governance model and contradicts its legal spirit. Why NWPC is Incompatible with CFRR NWPC structure: Designed to optimise timber yield. Data-intensive and linear; poorly suited to adaptive and participatory management. Emphasises forest crop, not ecosystem or community needs. Gram Sabha plans, by contrast: Based on lived experience and multi-livelihood objectives. More capable of responding to climate variability and local conservation challenges. Don’t require abstraction of local knowledge into bureaucratic jargon. Current Ground Realities CFRR Titles Issued: Over 10,000 Gram Sabhas. Management Plans Developed: Fewer than 1,000 (due to resistance from forest bureaucracy). Implementation Hurdles: No access to financial resources. Constant delegitimisation of local planning efforts. Bureaucratic insistence on outdated, centralised forest science. The Way Forward Reject NWPC compliance for CFR areas — legally unjustified under FRA. Scale up the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan: Offers an indicative, flexible framework for CFR planning. Encourages iterative learning by Gram Sabhas. Role of MoTA: Must stand firm in support of decentralised governance. Avoid compromising to pressure from forest departments or MoEF. Forest Departments must: Provide funding and legal protection to CFR-holding communities. Transition from timber-centric to ecosystem and livelihood-centric science. Broader Significance CFRR is not just about forest management — it is a constitutional decentralisation of power to marginalised, Adivasi communities. The shift from colonial forest science to community-based ecological governance is central to achieving climate resilience, biodiversity conservation, and social justice.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 July 2025

Content : How is global shipping trying to decarbonise? The need to protect India’s linguistic secularism How vulnerable are Delhi citizens to cybercrime? Govt. data show fall in women at work in rural, urban areas 97% ‘untouchability’ cases pending in courts: govt. report Searching for extraterrestrial life means asking the right questions first How is global shipping trying to decarbonise? Global Context: Decarbonising Shipping IMO Target: Net-zero emissions from global shipping by 2050. Current fuels: VLSFO, diesel, LNG. Transition fuels: LNG (↑ 5% efficiency). Final green fuels: Green methanol, ammonia, biofuels. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure , Environment and Ecology) Green Fuels: Production & Properties Green Hydrogen: Via electrolysis of water using renewable power. Green Ammonia: From hydrogen + nitrogen; more stable than H₂. Green Methanol: From green hydrogen + captured industrial CO₂. Fuel Preferences & Industry Trends Shipping industry is technology-conservative. First phase: Methanol (10% CO₂ emissions of VLSFO); easier integration. Next phase: Ammonia (zero GHG) but complex onboard processes. Over 360 methanol-ready ships are in operation/order. Leaders: Maersk, CMA CGM, Evergreen. Financial Viability & Price Gap E-methanol cost (Feb 2024): $1,950/tonne vs. VLSFO $560/tonne. Cost drivers: Renewable power (10–11 MWh/tonne) + electrolyser capex. Projected demand by 2028: 14 million tonnes vs. supply of 11 million tonnes → price pressures. India’s Strategic Leverage Solar capacity: 2.82 GW (2014) → 105 GW (2025). Electrolyser PLI scheme + 1.5 GW local capacity by GoI. India has land, sunlight, and industrial CO₂ sources → ideal for green fuel hubs. Tuticorin & Kandla: Green fuel bunkering ports under development. Policy & Institutional Support $10 billion fund to acquire 110 ships — 10–20% to be green-fuel-capable, Indian-flagged, Indian-built. De-risking via sovereign guarantees → ↓ capital costs, ↑ global financing. Production-Linked Incentives (PLIs): For electrolysers to localise green hydrogen value chain. CCUS incentives: To scale green methanol via industrial CO₂ capture. Shipbuilding Revival & Geoeconomic Potential Demand-side incentives for domestic shipbuilding. Tie-ups with South Korea, Japan for tech & retrofitting support. Goal: Restart Indian ship-owning and build green-capable vessels at scale. Export Potential & Global Integration Singapore: Global bunkering hub (¼ of global marine fuel) needs large-scale green fuel imports. India’s goal: Become green fuel supplier to Singapore and global ports. Challenges Dependence on imported solar panels & electrolysers. High initial green fuel costs. Need for scale, global tie-ups, and strong policy alignment. Conclusion India stands at a pivotal moment to lead the global green shipping revolution by leveraging its solar dominance, industrial base, and policy innovation. By converting its maritime aspirations into a clean energy leadership model, India can decarbonise transport, boost shipbuilding, and gain strategic geoeconomic leverage in a low-carbon future. The need to protect India’s linguistic secularism India’s Linguistic Diversity: Facts First 2011 Census: 121 languages, 270 mother tongues. 96.71% of the population speaks one of the 22 scheduled languages. 99 languages not included in the Eighth Schedule. Relevance : GS 1(Indian Society ) , GS 2(Polity and Constitution ) Constitutional Safeguards Article 29: Right to conserve distinct language, script, or culture for any section of Indian citizens, including minorities. Article 343: Hindi (Devanagari script) is the official language of the Union, not the national language. Eighth Schedule: Protects 22 languages; promotes linguistic pluralism under state policy. Unique Model of Indian Secularism Western secularism = state–religion separation. Indian secularism = state neutrality + affirmative protection for religious and linguistic diversity. State is not pro-religion/language, but empowered to act against communalism, including linguistic chauvinism. Emerging Threats to Linguistic Harmony Resistance to Hindi imposition: Historic in Tamil Nadu (Dravidian movement). Seen in many Southern and Northeastern states. Recent incidents in Maharashtra: Violence against non-Marathi speakers = manifestation of linguistic identity politics. Why Linguistic Tolerance Matters Language and religion: Both cultural markers and sources of exclusion. Conservative assertions of language = risk of fragmentation, damaging national unity. India’s unity in diversity relies on liberality and tolerance across linguistic lines. Role of Political Leadership Political parties must prevent linguistic polarisation. Must uphold constitutional morality over regional chauvinism. Language-based discrimination contradicts the spirit of federalism and violates constitutional values. Globalisation vs Identity Assertion In an interconnected world, rigid linguistic nationalism can isolate communities. Need to promote multilingualism, not majoritarian language dominance. Conclusion India’s linguistic secularism is foundational to its democracy. Protecting every language — big or small — equally is not merely a cultural concern but a constitutional necessity. As India moves forward, it must uphold inclusive federalism and safeguard its plural linguistic heritage against rising linguistic nationalism. How vulnerable are  Delhi citizens to  cybercrime? Context and Scale Delhi cybercrime losses (2024): Over ₹700 crore — highest among Indian cities. Despite rising digital adoption (banking, UPI, social media), institutional response lags. IT Act, 2000 provision: Only Inspectors or above can investigate cybercrimes — but most cyber police stations lack such officers. Relevance : GS 3(Cyber Security) Public Awareness: High but Uneven 93% aware of cybercrime reporting possibility. Awareness of common scams: OTP scams, reward frauds, fake banking calls: >90% ‘Digital arrest’ scams: Only 61% aware (emerging threat). Gaps in reporting literacy: Only 42% aware of helpline 1930 Just 25% aware of cyber police stations 30% know about the cybercrime.gov.in portal Government Initiatives: Mixed Perception 72% recalled mass messages & calls as awareness campaigns. Only 19% aware of Cyber Swachhta Kendra. Perception of effectiveness: Only 16% rated govt response as “very effective” 55% said “somewhat effective”, and 24% saw it as inadequate Citizen Practices & Digital Divide Common preventive actions: Avoid suspicious links (87%) Download trusted apps (85%) Use strong passwords (79%) Advanced measures lag: Regular password changes: 50% Antivirus use: 50% Income-wise digital safety gap: Antivirus: High-income 73% vs. Low-income 20% Two-factor authentication: High-income 75% vs. Low-income 31% Confidence in Protection Overall belief in precautions: 80% trust them to a “great or some extent” Confidence levels vary by income: High-income: 89% confident Low-income: 61% confident Reporting Behaviour: Worryingly Low Cybercrime awareness: 96% have heard of online scams. Sources of awareness: Social media (38%), media (37%), friends/family (36%) Banks: Only 8% Only 21% of victims formally reported incidents. Why not? Mistrust, unawareness, or procedural complexity. Reporting channels used: Local police (29%), cyber cells (26%), banks (24%) Website (20%), helpline 1930 (15%) Redressal & Recovery: Institutional Apathy Perception of recovery: 48% believe money once lost is gone Only 33% hopeful of recovery Actual recovery (among victims): 70% recovered nothing 17% full recovery, 6% partial Complaint Process Experience Ease of filing complaints: 35%: “Very easy” 24%: “Somewhat easy” 37% found it difficult Satisfaction with institutional support: Only 27% satisfied 48% fully dissatisfied Satisfaction lower in low-income groups Nature of Cybercrime Impact Financial loss: 27% lost ₹10,001–₹50,000 14% lost over ₹50,000 Mental stress: Reported by 26% Trust in Digital Ecosystem High trust in digital payment apps despite institutional weaknesses. Preferred government action: 40% prioritised awareness campaigns over technical/legal fixes. Policy Way Forward Institutional reforms: Adequate staffing of cyber police stations Decentralised grievance redressal with trained officers Digital equity: Targeted digital literacy for low-income & elderly groups Recovery framework: Mandate banks/platforms to aid fund recovery Awareness scale-up: Focus on helplines, real-time alerts, and multilingual campaigns Behavioral nudges: Gamified learning on scams in schools & apps Govt. data show fall  in women at work in  rural, urban areas Unemployment Rate: Flatlining Overall unemployment rate (15+ age group): 5.6% in both May and June 2025. Male unemployment (15+ years): No change at 5.6%. Female unemployment: Slight improvement from 5.7% → 5.6%. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Social Justice) Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Declining Total LFPR (15+ years): June 2025: 54.2% May 2025: 54.8% Rural LFPR: 56.1% (↓) Urban LFPR: 50.4% (↓) Factors cited: Seasonal agricultural slowdown Extreme summer heat affecting physical work Shift of unpaid helpers, especially rural women, to domestic chores Women’s Workforce Participation: Falling Sharply Rural female LFPR (15+ years): June: 35.2% May: 36.9% April: 38.2% Urban female LFPR (15+ years): June: 25.0% May: 25.3% All-age female LFPR (rural + urban): June: 24.5% May: 25.5% Indicates a consistent and concerning decline in women’s labour participation. Sectoral Insights: Agriculture and Gender Rural women in agriculture: June: 69.8% May: 70.2% Shows slight withdrawal from farm-based work, possibly due to: Reduced inflation-driven household need Seasonal decline in demand for female labour Worker-Population Ratio (WPR): Not Explicitly Released But inferred decline in WPR parallels LFPR drop. Suggests fewer working-age individuals actually engaged in work. Broader Implications Employment recovery plateauing after post-COVID rebound. Female LFPR trend highlights deep structural and patriarchal constraints in India’s labour market. Climate and seasonality-sensitive jobs make informal/rural workers more vulnerable. Unpaid domestic and care work continues to limit formal workforce inclusion, especially for women. Policy Way Forward Enhance gender-responsive public employment: Expand MGNREGA and urban jobs schemes. Invest in care infrastructure: Reduce unpaid domestic burden on women. Skill development: Especially for climate-resilient jobs and digital economy. Improve labour data granularity: Disaggregate by caste, age, and region for targeted policies. Address seasonal distress: Timely agricultural interventions and alternate livelihood generation. Conclusion The static unemployment rate masks deeper vulnerabilities, especially among women and rural populations. Declining LFPR is a bigger concern than open unemployment — it reflects economic distress, social barriers, and invisible work. A shift from job-counting to quality and inclusion-focused employment policies is the need of the hour. 97% ‘untouchability’ cases pending in courts: govt. report Background: Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 Enacted to abolish and penalise practices of untouchability. Covers social and religious discrimination (e.g., denial of access to public places, temples, water sources). Mandates annual implementation reports by the Union govt based on State/UT inputs. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Judiciary) Dismal Trends in Case Registration Only 13 cases registered nationwide under PCR Act in 2022: Down from 24 (2021) and 25 (2020). States: J&K (5), Karnataka (5), Maharashtra (2), Himachal Pradesh (1). Reflects severe under-reporting and poor utilisation of the Act. Alarming Judicial Pendency and Acquittal Rate Total pending trial cases (2022): 1,242 under the PCR Act. Cases disposed (2022): 31 Convictions: 1 Acquittals: 30 From 2019–2021: All 37 cases disposed ended in acquittals. Pendency Rate: Over 97%. Indicates ineffectiveness in prosecution, possible systemic bias, or weak case-building. Policing and Prosecution Gaps 51 cases were under investigation in 2022 (including past years). Chargesheets filed: Only in 12 cases. No State/UT declared any area as “untouchability-prone” — despite ground-level reports of caste-based exclusions in water access, temples, dining, etc. Absence of special courts or dedicated police units in most States despite mandate. Contrast with SC/ST Atrocities Act (1989) Steady rise in cases under the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Indicates that while atrocity reporting is increasing under newer legal frameworks, older laws like the PCR Act are being sidelined or underutilised. Structural & Legal Challenges Outdated definitions in the PCR Act may limit relevance. Overlaps with the PoA Act but lacks stronger provisions (e.g., witness protection, relief, special courts). Implementation hurdles: Lack of awareness among officials and citizens. Weak monitoring by District Vigilance Committees. Social stigma discourages reporting. The Way Forward Review and update the PCR Act for present-day contexts. Integrate with digital grievance redressal and monitoring platforms. Capacity-building of police and judiciary to sensitively handle untouchability-related cases. Promote community-based monitoring and Dalit rights literacy. Ensure funding and autonomy for Special Courts and public prosecutors. Searching for extraterrestrial life means asking the right questions first Context & Recent Development Since the 1990s, over 5,000 exoplanets (planets outside the solar system) have been discovered. Despite technological progress, no direct evidence of extraterrestrial life has been found. A new study (2025) by researchers at ETH Zurich, published in The Astronomical Journal, reframes null findings as scientifically valuable. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Key Finding: “Absence of Evidence ≠ Evidence of Absence” Bayesian Analysis used to assess how probable life is, even when no signs are detected. Suggests that null results (no detection) still provide statistical insight into the rarity or commonality of life. Simulated Findings from the Study Researchers simulated observation of 100 exoplanets: If life exists on 10–20% of planets, it is plausible to find no evidence in a sample of 40–80. But if life is more common, some positive signs should appear in that sample. Thus, the absence of detection can help define an upper limit on life’s prevalence. The Core Argument: Better Questions, Not Just Better Telescopes Current searches often ask: “Does this planet have life?” → prone to false positives/negatives. Better question: “Does this planet show signs like water vapour, oxygen, methane, at detectable levels?” This shift improves: Scientific precision Observational efficiency Interpretation clarity Technological Outlook: Next-Gen Missions Upcoming missions like: LIFE (Large Interferometer for Exoplanets) HWO (Habitable Worlds Observatory) Aim: Study dozens of Earth-like planets for biosignatures (water, oxygen, methane, etc.). Angerhausen: These may mark the first systematic search for life in human history. Uncertainty in Observation: Acknowledging Limitations Every observation has uncertainty: False negatives (e.g., biosphere too small to alter atmosphere) Detection limits of instruments Implication: Even with large telescopes, ambiguous signals can mislead unless guided by clear hypotheses. Broader Significance for Science and Policy Reinforces need for: Interdisciplinary frameworks — physics, biology, planetary science. Global cooperation on data interpretation and space science missions. Raises ethical and philosophical questions on how humanity prepares for potential discovery of alien life. Conclusion: A Shift in Scientific Mindset The study signals a paradigm shift — from chasing definitive proof to building probabilistic knowledge frameworks. Strategic takeaway: Clarity of questions is more important than the quantity of observations in the search for life. Future efforts must blend technological innovation with theoretical refinement for effective results.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 July 2025

Content : India’s Renewable Rise: Non-Fossil Sources Now Power Half the Nation’s Grid Noise brings quantum surprise from Indian Scientists India’s Renewable Rise: Non-Fossil Sources Now Power Half the Nation’s Grid Historic Milestone Achieved India now generates 50.08% of its installed power capacity from non-fossil sources—five years ahead of the 2030 Paris NDC target. This includes renewables (38.08%), large hydro (10.19%), and nuclear (1.81%), totaling 242.78 GW of clean energy out of 484.82 GW installed capacity. Relevance : GS 3(Energy Security , Environment and Ecology) Key Drivers of the Achievement Policy Push: Flagship schemes like PM-KUSUM, PM Surya Ghar, Solar Parks, and the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy have accelerated clean energy adoption. PM Surya Ghar (2024): Enabled 1 crore households to install rooftop solar, promoting decentralised and citizen-owned energy. PM-KUSUM: Empowered lakhs of farmers with solar pumps, also pushing agrovoltaics and feeder-level solarisation. Bioenergy boom: From marginal role to mainstream contributor in rural livelihood and clean energy matrix. Sectoral Impact and Co-benefits Wind energy continues to support peak demand—especially in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Solar parks have driven record-low tariffs in utility-scale installations. Co-benefits include: Enhanced rural incomes Reduced air pollution and improved public health Job creation in green sectors Stronger local energy access and equity Global Climate Leadership India remains one of the few G20 nations on track to meet or exceed its NDC commitments. Advocates climate equity and low-carbon development at platforms like G20 and UNFCCC COPs. Low per capita emissions, yet high ambition—demonstrates growth with responsibility. Next Priorities for Energy Transition Universal access: Double per capita clean electricity access, especially in rural areas. Grid modernisation: Invest in a digitally integrated smart grid to handle: High RE variability Two-way power flows (prosumers) Real-time demand management Storage solutions: Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) Pumped hydro for round-the-clock reliability Circular economy focus: Recycling of solar panels, wind turbine blades, and batteries. Green Hydrogen Push Seen as a future-ready industrial fuel. Critical to sectoral decarbonisation—especially hard-to-abate industries (fertiliser, steel, refining). AI & Digital Transformation in Clean Energy AI’s role: Demand forecasting, predictive maintenance, automated grid control, and real-time market operations. Rise of ‘Prosumers’: Rooftop solar, EVs, and smart meters to integrate into AI-driven energy marketplaces. Cybersecurity: Increasing digital dependence demands robust data protection and infrastructure resilience. Installed Electricity Capacity by Source (as on 30.06.2025) (RE + Large Hydro Combined) Sector Capacity (in GW) Percentage Thermal 242.04 49.92% Nuclear 8.78 1.81% Renewable Energy + Large Hydro 234.00 48.27% Total 484.82 100% Challenges in India’s Clean Energy Transition (Crisp Version) Grid Bottlenecks RE-rich states face grid congestion; slow Green Energy Corridor expansion limits power evacuation. Storage & Intermittency BESS and pumped hydro remain underdeveloped; 24×7 RE still needs subsidies or hybrids. Access Divide Rooftop solar uneven due to low awareness, poor rooftop ownership, and rural financing gaps. Land & Ecology Issues Utility-scale RE projects face land conflicts; threaten biodiversity in ecologically sensitive zones. Offshore Wind & Green Hydrogen Lag Offshore wind untapped; green hydrogen hampered by high costs and weak demand ecosystem. Job Transition Gaps Fossil sector workers face reskilling issues; most RE jobs are informal and low-paid. Financing Hurdles High capital needs unmet; DISCOM dues delay payments, lowering investor confidence. Policy Instability Frequent changes in net metering/import duties; state-level inconsistency hampers scale-up. Road Ahead: Bold, Inclusive, Resilient Target: 500 GW non-fossil installed capacity by 2030 and Net Zero by 2070. Emphasis on: Equity in clean energy access Resilience in system design Quality and reliability of supply India’s clean energy leadership is now a global benchmark for combining development + decarbonisation. Noise brings quantum surprise from Indian Scientists What’s the Discovery? Scientists found that quantum noise, usually seen as harmful, can sometimes help. It can create or restore a special kind of quantum link called intraparticle entanglement—a big surprise in the quantum world. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Key Concepts Made Simple Quantum Entanglement: A mysterious connection between particles, even far apart. Used in quantum computers and secure communication. Intraparticle Entanglement: A link within a single particle (like between its spin and path), not between two particles. Quantum Noise: Disturbance from the environment that usually breaks down entanglement (called decoherence). What Did the Scientists Find? Noise can sometimes create entanglement, not just destroy it. This happens especially in intraparticle entanglement (within one particle), not between two separate particles. Under amplitude damping (a type of energy loss), noise can: Create entanglement in a particle that had none. Revive entanglement that had faded. Who Did the Research? Team from Raman Research Institute (RRI) with IISc, IISER-Kolkata, and University of Calgary. Supported by India’s Department of Science & Technology (DST) under National Quantum Mission. What Tools Did They Use? A mathematical formula to exactly predict how entanglement behaves when noise hits. A visual way (geometry) to understand how entanglement changes. Why This Matters Makes quantum systems more reliable in the real world, where noise is unavoidable. Could lead to better: Quantum computers Quantum communication Sensors and secure systems Works on different platforms: photons, trapped ions, neutrons—not limited to one lab setup. Types of Noise They Studied Type of Noise What It Does Amplitude Damping Models energy loss (like a cooling atom). Phase Damping Scrambles timing/phases of quantum states. Depolarizing Noise Randomly messes up the quantum state. What’s Next? RRI is now testing this with real photons in experiments. Future goal: use this idea in practical quantum machines. Challenges to Keep in Mind Still early stage—mostly theory so far. Only some types of noise help (like amplitude damping). Needs to be tested on large-scale systems for real-world use. Most current quantum tech uses interparticle entanglement, so applying this will take time. Why It’s Important for India Shows India is doing cutting-edge quantum research. Supports India’s push under the National Quantum Mission to lead in future tech. Can help build more robust quantum devices for global use

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 July 2025

Content : Women, STEM careers and a more receptive industry Two Unequal Women, STEM careers and a more receptive industry Source : The Hindu Context: Why This Matters World Youth Skills Day (15 July) highlights the role of skilling in employment and economic development. India shows a paradox: high share of women STEM graduates (43%), yet only 27% of the STEM workforce is female. Despite rising Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR), there is a persistent education-to-employment gap, especially in technical sectors. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : Despite a high share of female STEM graduates, women remain underrepresented in India’s STEM workforce. Discuss the structural barriers and suggest a multi-stakeholder strategy to close the education-to-employment gap for women in STEM. (15 marks) Key Data Points Indicator Value/Insight Women among STEM graduates (India) 43% – highest among major economies Women in STEM workforce (India) 27% – significant drop from education level Female Labour Force Participation (2023–24) 41.7% overall; 47.6% rural, 25.4% urban Global share of women researchers (UNESCO) 31.5% GDP gain from higher FLFP (McKinsey) $700 billion by 2025 if 68 million more women join work GDP boost (World Bank estimate) 1% increase if FLFP reaches 50% Government Efforts on STEM & Skilling 1. Policy Framework NEP 2020: Integrated academics with life skills & technical education. Skill India, Digital India, PM Vishwakarma Yojana: Expanding access to vocational training. Gender Budget (2025–26): Increased from 6.8% to 8.8%; ₹4.49 lakh crore towards gender-focused schemes. 2. Infrastructure Expansion New National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) and revitalised ITIs, especially in rural areas. 3. Budgetary Incentives Term loans for women entrepreneurs. Technology-driven training support for high-tech careers. Challenges & Barriers 1. Education-to-Workforce Disconnect STEM education doesn’t translate to jobs due to workplace culture, societal roles, and lack of structured transitions. 2. Cultural & Social Norms Deep-rooted stereotypes: “Mechanical is masculine”, “Coding is for boys”. Women exit STEM not due to capability, but due to unwelcoming environments and lack of family awareness. 3. Urban-Rural Divide Rural FLFPR is higher, but urban areas face formal sector barriers and low representation in high-paying STEM roles. 4. Life-Cycle Career Transitions Lack of workplace policies for: Maternity & caregiving support. Career breaks and re-entry pathways. Industry as the Missing Link Current scenario: Industry is passive recruiter, not active enabler. Industry must: Provide mentorship, internships, and direct hiring pathways. Ensure workplace safety, flexible policies, and gender-sensitive HR practices. Partner with communities to challenge stereotypes and build aspirational role models. Good Practices: Case Study – WeSTEM UN Women’s WeSTEM, in partnership with Micron Foundation and state govts (MP & Gujarat): Provides STEM training to young women. Engages families, conducts safety sessions, introduces women role models. Aims to shift mindsets along with skill-building. Way Forward: Blueprint for Inclusive STEM Skilling For Government: Launch dedicated STEM transition schemes for women post-graduation. Incentivize private companies hiring women in core technical roles. For Industry: Integrate skilling with employment pipelines. Institutionalise return-to-work programmes. Invest in gender-sensitive design of workplaces (infrastructure, safety, flexibility). For Society: Promote community sensitisation around non-traditional roles for women. Break the stigma of technical/vocational jobs for women. Two Unequal Source : The Indian Express Context The article critiques recent claims that India is both: The most equal country in consumption inequality, and One of the most unequal in income inequality. These claims arise from data by World Bank (via PIP) and World Inequality Database (WID). Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : India is ranked among the most equal countries in consumption inequality, yet highly unequal in income estimates. Critically examine this paradox, and discuss the implications for welfare and taxation policy. (15 marks) Key Terms and Data Term Meaning India’s Value Consumption Gini Index Measures inequality in consumption expenditure 25.5 (2022–23) – lowest globally Income Gini Index Measures inequality in income distribution No official data available WID Estimate (Income) Synthetic, model-based estimation of income inequality High (among worst globally) PIP Database (World Bank) Survey-based global consumption data Used for Gini of 25.5 Key Insights from the Article 1. India’s Gini of 25.5 is based on consumption, not income It reflects relative equality in expenditure, not earnings. Consumption inequality is generally lower than income inequality in all countries. 2. No official data exists for income Gini in India India hasn’t conducted a national income distribution survey in recent years. All income inequality estimates for India are modelled or inferred from limited sources. 3. WID uses synthetic methods for income estimation Constructs income inequality from tax data, surveys, and assumptions. These methods are not directly comparable with survey-based consumption data. 4. Comparison between income and consumption Gini is flawed Comparing Gini values across different metrics (income vs. consumption) or sources (survey vs. synthetic) leads to misleading conclusions. Gini indices are only meaningful within the same category. Why the Confusion? The same term “Gini Index” is used for both consumption and income, though they capture different dimensions. The public and media often interpret Gini values without distinguishing the source or category. Conceptual Clarification for UPSC Consumption Inequality: Affects access to goods and services; reflects actual standard of living. Income Inequality: Captures earnings and wealth gaps; often higher than consumption inequality. Gini Index (0 to 1 or 0 to 100): Closer to 0 = more equal; closer to 1/100 = more unequal. Limitations of Global Comparisons WID estimates for India are not based on complete income data—rely on assumptions due to lack of official data. Cross-country inequality rankings vary based on whether income or consumption is measured. Implications for India India is indeed low on consumption inequality — based on credible, survey-based data. Income inequality remains unclear — due to absence of official nationwide income surveys. Policy relevance: Need for official income distribution surveys to assess inequality accurately. Better distinction and communication between types of inequality in public discourse. Reliable inequality metrics are crucial for targeting welfare and taxation policy. Additional Dimensions to consider 1. Triangulating Inequality: Income, Wealth, and Consumption Consumption inequality (lowest globally for India) measures day-to-day spending—less volatile, but doesn’t capture savings or asset accumulation. Income inequality measures earnings—subject to fluctuations and underreported in surveys. Wealth inequality (not discussed in the article) is often higher and more persistent. For example, Oxfam 2024 report estimated top 10% Indians own ~77% of wealth. 2. Implications for Welfare Policy Low consumption inequality may reflect effective welfare distribution (PDS, PM-KISAN, Ujjwala, etc.). But without income data, it’s hard to assess: Labour market inequality Effectiveness of direct benefit transfers (DBTs) Policy implication: Targeting may be suboptimal if based on outdated or indirect income estimates. 3. Data Governance Gap India lacks a regular, dedicated income and wealth distribution survey. NSSO collects consumption data, not detailed income data. Suggestion for reform: Conduct a Periodic Income Distribution Survey (PIDS). Integrate with e-Shram, Aadhaar-seeded economic profiles for targeted welfare design. 4. Global Comparability Challenges Different countries use different methodologies—some tax-based, some survey-based. For example: Nordic countries use income-tax records. Developing countries like India depend on household surveys. Implication: Global inequality rankings should be taken with caution. 5. Urban-Rural and Regional Inequality Even if national Gini is low, intra-state disparities (e.g., Bihar vs Kerala) may be high. Similarly, urban India may show rising income inequality due to informal sector stress and gig economy precarity. 6. Inequality and Growth Traditional view: Some inequality spurs growth by incentivising productivity. Modern consensus: High inequality hurts growth by reducing demand and increasing social conflict (OECD, IMF studies). India’s case: Balancing growth with equity remains key for inclusive development. Conclusion : While India’s low consumption inequality is backed by credible data, the lack of official income distribution surveys makes cross-metric comparisons misleading. A clear distinction between income, consumption, and wealth inequality is essential for designing equitable and evidence-based welfare policies. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE INDIAN EXPRESSand do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 July 2025

Content : Kaziranga’s First Grassland Bird Survey Reveals High Avian Diversity Dowry Deaths in India: High Incidence, Slow Investigations, Rare Convictions SC Flags Misuse of Free Speech on Social Media, Calls for Regulatory Balance Denmark’s Copyright-Based Approach to Combat Deepfakes Environment Ministry’s New SO₂ Emission Framework for Thermal Plants Defended India Loses ₹7,000 Crore to Cyber Frauds in 5 Months: Cross-Border Scams Under Scanner Famous for its rhinos, Kaziranga records high diversity of grassland birds in survey Context & Significance A first-of-its-kind survey in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve (KNPTR) (Assam) has recorded 43 species of grassland-dependent birds. Conducted between March 18 and May 25, 2025, it marks a milestone in the documentation of avifaunal diversity in the Brahmaputra floodplains. This is important for grassland ecosystem conservation, which remains under-researched in India compared to forests and wetlands. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) About Kaziranga National Park Feature Detail Location Assam, Brahmaputra floodplains Total Area 1,174 sq. km UNESCO World Heritage Site Yes, since 1985 Habitat Type Mix of wet grasslands, forests, and wetlands Known for One-horned rhinoceros, tigers, elephants, and now, grassland birds Key Findings from the Survey Species Category Example(s) Critically Endangered Bengal florican Endangered Finn’s weaver (locally: Tukura Chorai), confirmed breeding Vulnerable (6 species) Marsh babbler, Swamp francolin, Jerdon’s babbler, Bristled grassbird, etc. Others Total of 43 species documented across 3 divisions of Kaziranga Innovative Methodology Used Passive Acoustic Monitoring Use of passive acoustic recorders for: Non-invasive, continuous monitoring Detecting shy, cryptic, or nocturnal birds Coverage of inaccessible or high-risk areas Significantly improved the depth and accuracy of avifaunal detection. Why Grasslands Matter Wet grasslands, like those in Kaziranga, are ecologically rich but poorly studied. These ecosystems support unique, endemic, and endangered species. Serve as breeding grounds, foraging zones, and indicator habitats of environmental health. Comparative Significance Kaziranga’s grassland bird diversity is now comparable to dry grasslands of Gujarat and Rajasthan, known for species like: Great Indian Bustard (critically endangered) Lesser florican Highlights importance of wet grasslands in conservation discourse, which often emphasizes forests and dry grasslands. Policy & Conservation Implications 1. Need for Ecosystem-Specific Surveys Wet grasslands are under-surveyed across India. Targeted studies like this can guide species-specific conservation plans. 2. Grassland Management Presence of Finn’s weaver breeding suggests healthy grassland ecology. Conservation of such indicator species is critical to ecosystem stability. 3. Integration with Tiger Reserves Emphasizes multi-species management in Protected Areas (PA)—not just megafauna like rhinos or tigers. Enhances landscape-level conservation under CAMPA, Project Tiger, and Biodiversity Action Plans. Challenges & Way Forward Issue Suggestion Grasslands misclassified as ‘wastelands’ Reclassify and protect under eco-sensitive zones Limited research outside flagship fauna Expand surveys to birds, insects, amphibians Human pressure & encroachment Balance tourism, local livelihoods, and habitat protection Climate vulnerability Long-term monitoring using tools like acoustic sensors + AI Dowry deaths in India: Long investigations, rare convictions Context Despite being legally banned, dowry practices and related violence persist across India. A spate of recent cases — involving torture, suicides, and murders — underlines the systemic failures in prevention, investigation, and prosecution. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Key Data: Dowry Deaths in India (2017–2022) Indicator Value/Insight Avg. Dowry Deaths Reported/Year ~7,000 (NCRB data, likely under-reported) Charge-Sheeted Cases/Year ~4,500 (rest delayed or closed for lack of evidence) Pending Investigation Cases (2022) ~3,000, of which 67% pending >6 months Delay in Charge-Sheet Filing (2022) 70% filed after >2 months of investigation Cases Sent for Trial/Year ~6,500 Convictions/Year ~100 (⟶ conviction rate < 2%) States with Highest Incidence UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Odisha, WB, Haryana, Rajasthan City with Most Cases (2017–22) Delhi (30%), followed by Kanpur, Bengaluru, Lucknow Key Insights 1. Dowry Violence Is Rampant and Under-reported The 7,000 annual cases represent only the tip of the iceberg — social stigma, family pressure, and fear of reprisal prevent reporting. Cultural normalization of dowry demands continues, especially in patriarchal setups. 2. Investigations Are Slow and Incomplete Nearly half of the reported cases are not charge-sheeted. Delays in charge-sheeting (70% take >2 months) weaken the case and reduce chances of conviction. 3. Convictions Are Rare Less than 2% conviction rate despite FIRs and trial initiation. Acquittals, withdrawals, and plea bargains are common due to weak evidence, societal compromise, or prolonged legal processes. 4. Geographic Concentration 80% of dowry deaths are concentrated in 9 states, largely in the Hindi heartland and eastern India. Delhi alone accounts for 30% of dowry death cases among cities—reflecting both high reporting and severity. Legal & Institutional Framework Law/Provision Relevance Section 304B, IPC Punishes dowry death (within 7 years of marriage) Section 498A, IPC Cruelty by husband/in-laws for dowry Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 Prohibits giving/taking dowry CrPC Sections 174 & 176 Mandate inquest/investigation into unnatural deaths of married women NCRB Data Captures only police-reported cases; no mechanism for socio-cultural reporting Challenges 1. Delayed Justice Investigation lags and evidence tampering compromise trials. Lack of forensic support and insensitive police response further aggravate the problem. 2. Social Pressures & Normalisation Silencing of victims due to family honour, fear, or economic dependence. Many families withdraw or settle cases informally, undermining justice. 3. Misuse vs Genuine Cases Debate Concerns over misuse of Section 498A IPC have led to dilution in enforcement. Judicial caution often overrides the urgency in genuine dowry harassment cases. 4. No Survivor-Centric Framework Lack of psychological, legal, and financial support for survivors and families. No centralised tracking of dowry cases from FIR to conviction. Policy Recommendations Domain Suggestions Criminal Justice Reform Fast-track dowry death cases; monitor time-bound charge-sheeting Police & Forensics Capacity-building in gender-sensitive investigation, forensic tools Social Reform Mass awareness campaigns; involve community leaders & youth groups Survivor Support Legal aid, rehabilitation funds, and safe shelter mechanisms Data Transparency Create a real-time national dowry case dashboard for monitoring Abuse of right to free speech increasing on social media, says SC Context The Supreme Court has flagged the increasing misuse of free speech on social media, especially when it incites division, hate, or undermines dignity. The Court called for a framework of regulation, not censorship, to balance constitutional rights with social responsibility. Relevance : GS 2(Fundamental Rights, Fake Speech, Misinformation) Constitutional & Legal Context Provision / Case Relevance Article 19(1)(a) Guarantees freedom of speech and expression Article 19(2) Allows reasonable restrictions for interests like public order, morality, etc. IT Act, Section 66A (struck down) Declared unconstitutional in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) IPC Sections 153A, 295A, 505 Punish speech that promotes enmity, religious insult, or false alarms Supreme Court’s Observations (July 2025) Free speech is being weaponized—particularly online—to fuel communalism, defame individuals, or erode public trust. Social media magnifies harm due to its viral nature and low accountability. The Court clarified: “We are not calling for censorship, but for self-restraint and regulatory balance.” Why the Concern Over Social Media Speech? 1. Unchecked Virality Harmful or hateful content spreads rapidly—amplifying misinformation and communal tensions. Algorithms favour sensational content, not responsible speech. 2. Weak Platform Accountability No uniform grievance redressal. Platforms often delay taking down harmful content unless legally compelled. 3. Fragmented Legal Response Multiple FIRs across states for the same post—leads to harassment, forum shopping, and misuse of law. 4. Polarising Content Politically or religiously divisive speech increases during elections, riots, or crises. Example: Communal trolling, deepfakes, disinformation campaigns. Challenges in Regulation Challenge Details Balancing Free Speech vs. Regulation Overregulation may lead to suppression of dissent or creativity Jurisdictional Conflicts Same post may invite FIRs in multiple states Platform Non-Compliance Tech giants are governed by foreign laws and may resist Indian rules Ambiguity in ‘Harmful Speech’ Difficult to define ‘hate’, ‘offensive’, or ‘divisive’ speech uniformly Lack of Digital Literacy Many users unknowingly spread false or hurtful content Policy & Institutional Framework Initiative Status & Gaps IT Rules, 2021 Mandate content takedown, grievance officers, traceability. Digital India Act (Drafted) Aims to replace IT Act, 2000 — but still under consultation. Social Media Grievance Appellate Committee (GAC) Redressal mechanism lacks user awareness and enforcement teeth Judicial Guidelines (proposed) SC hinted at laying down uniform procedural safeguards Way Forward Priority Area Suggestions Regulatory Clarity Finalise and implement Digital India Act with free speech safeguards Self-Regulation & Platform Ethics Mandate code of ethics, transparency in moderation algorithms Judicial Framework SC to evolve guidelines on multi-state FIRs, content responsibility Digital Literacy Campaigns Public education on legal rights and responsible online behavior Stronger Civil Society Role NGOs, fact-checkers, and user groups to build counter-narratives How Denmark Plans to Use Copyright Law to Protect Against Deepfakes Context Denmark has proposed a new legal approach to combat the spread of deepfakes—synthetic media generated using AI—by extending copyright protections to individuals’ facial features, voice, and appearance, even if the manipulated media is not originally theirs. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations , Social Issues) Why This Matters Deepfakes are becoming more realistic and easier to create, posing serious risks to privacy, consent, democracy, and digital trust. India and many countries lack a specific legal framework to address deepfakes. Key Features of Denmark’s Proposal Provision Description Copyright-like Protection Individuals will get exclusive rights over their facial data, voice, etc., like authors have over their works. Criminalisation of Realistic Imitations Deepfakes mimicking a real person’s appearance/voice without consent will be illegal, even if not defamatory. Consent-Based Usage Platforms must obtain explicit permission from individuals before sharing their likeness. Platform Liability Social media platforms will face penalties for non-removal of deepfake content. Caveats & Limitations Limitation Explanation Scope Limited to Denmark Enforcement outside Danish jurisdiction will be difficult. Freedom of Expression Risks Risk of overblocking content; critics warn of unintended curbs on satire or art. Exemptions for News/Parody The bill doesn’t fully clarify if satire, journalism, or AI-generated art is protected. Global Relevance India’s Gap: India has no standalone law to regulate deepfakes. IT Rules 2021 address harmful content but don’t define deepfakes explicitly. Comparative Insight: EU AI Act: Classifies deepfakes as high-risk AI. US: Various state laws penalize deepfakes in elections or pornography. China: Requires labelling of all AI-generated media. Environment Ministry defends revised framework for thermal plants to meet SO₂ emission norms Context On July 11, 2025, the Union Environment Ministry issued a revised framework to regulate sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from thermal power plants. It has exempted many older coal-based plants from retrofitting Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) devices and staggered deadlines for compliance based on location-based categorisation. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology)  Scientific & Technical Basis SO₂: Harmful gas emitted during coal combustion; causes acid rain and respiratory illnesses. Also contributes to secondary pollutants like particulate matter. Ministry claims: Framework is evidence-based, informed by: Ambient SO₂ studies from 7 cities. Inputs from CPCB, NEERI, and IITs. Scientific analysis across 537 thermal power plants (TPPs). Key Elements of the New Framework Category Description Deadline/Exemption A Within 10 km of Delhi-NCR or cities >1 million population Compliance by Dec 2027 B Within 10 km of polluted cities (non-attainment) Compliance case-by-case, based on expert review C Located outside polluted zones Fully exempted from SO₂ retrofitting, must meet stack height norms Plants retiring before Dec 2030 are also exempted, subject to ₹0.40/unit compensation if they continue operating beyond that date. Cost Implications Retrofitting FGD systems across 537 plants estimated to cost ₹2.54 lakh crore. Issues & Criticism Concerns Explanation “Regulatory dilution” Environmental groups fear that exemptions weaken pollution control and delay India’s clean energy transition. Health implications SO₂ is linked to asthma, bronchitis, and cardiovascular issues. Exemptions may worsen local air quality. Delayed action India committed to SO₂ norms in 2015, but deadlines have been repeatedly extended. Equity concern Populations near Category B/C plants may still face localized pollution, yet plants may escape full compliance. Concept Check Term Meaning FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurisation) A technology to remove SO₂ from exhaust flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants. Non-attainment cities Cities that consistently violate National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Stack height norms Chimneys must be tall enough to disperse pollutants and reduce ground-level concentration. Conclusion The revised SO₂ compliance framework reflects a balancing act between health, environment, and economic costs. While phased deadlines reduce retrofitting burdens, critics warn of potential dilution of environmental safeguards. Indians lost ₹7,000 crore to cyber frauds (Jan–May 2025) Context According to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Indians lost over ₹7,000 crore to cyber frauds in the first 5 months of 2025. More than 50% of this loss is linked to cross-border scams originating in Southeast Asia (especially Cambodia), with deep links to human trafficking and organised cybercrime. Relevance : GS 3 ( Cyber Security, Internal Security, Governance) Key Data Month Amount Lost (₹ crore) January 1,992 February 951 March 1,000 April 731 May 999 Total ~7,000 crore Source: Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System (CFRMS) under Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) Key Issues Identified 1. Transnational Nature of Cybercrime Scams operated from high-security compounds in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand. Controlled by Chinese-linked operators. At least 53 scam centres identified (45 in Cambodia alone). 2. Human Trafficking Angle Thousands of Indians trafficked and forced to work in scam operations. Workers recruited via agents under the promise of overseas tech jobs. 3. Types of Scams Investment scams, digital arrest scams, and task-based scams (e.g., fake stock trading apps, online tasks-for-money cons). 4. Recruitment Hubs in India State Number of Agents Maharashtra 58 Tamil Nadu 51 Jammu & Kashmir 46 Uttar Pradesh 41 Delhi 38 Trafficking route: India → Dubai → China → Cambodia/Vietnam/Thailand. Other direct routes: Delhi/Lucknow/Jaipur/Kolkata/Kerala to SEA nations. Institutional Response Inter-Ministerial Panel formed by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). CBI FIRs filed against SIM card sellers aiding ghost identities. Collaboration with Cambodian officials, who sought exact GPS coordinates of scam centres for enforcement action. Governance Gaps Sector Identified Issues Telecom Ghost SIM cards issued via fraud Banking Lax KYC enables mule accounts Immigration Trafficking routes exploit visa gaps Conclusion The ₹7,000 crore cyber fraud loss highlights India’s growing vulnerability to transnational digital crime networks. Urgent legal, diplomatic, and technological coordination is needed to plug recruitment, financial, and cyber loopholes.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 July 2025

Content : North East India’s SDG Progress (2023–24) A Decade of Building Skills & Empowering Dreams North East India’s SDG Progress (2023–24) Overview & Coverage 121 out of 131 NE districts assessed — expanded from 103 (2021–22). Tracks 15 out of 17 SDGs using 84 indicators (41 from central, 43 from state sources). SDG 11 included only for 79 urban districts; SDG 14 excluded; SDG 17 minimally relevant. Classification: Achiever (Score = 100) Front Runner (65–99.99) Performer (50–64.99) Aspirant (<50) Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Key Outcomes 103 districts (85%) are now Front Runners (vs 62% in 2021–22). Top Scoring District: Hnahthial (Mizoram) – 81.43 All districts in Mizoram, Sikkim, and Tripura are Front Runners. SDG-Wise Progress (2021–22 → 2023–24) SDG Goal Front Runners Aspirants Key Insights 1 No Poverty 21 → 36 20 → 3 Targeted poverty schemes impactful 2 Zero Hunger 49 → 83 21 → 1 Nutrition missions gaining ground 3 Health & Well-being 14 → 48 18 → 6 Better access & infrastructure 4 Quality Education 36 → 80 – Education-focused schemes succeeding 5 Gender Equality 71 → 112 1 One of strongest performing goals 6 Water & Sanitation 81 → 114 – Driven by Jal Jeevan & Swachh Bharat 7 Clean Energy 7 → 14 (Achievers) – LPG & electrification improving access 8 Decent Work 69 → 111 – Economic activity expanding 9 Infrastructure 55 → 92 – Road, connectivity improved 10 Inequality 59 → 43 12 → 33 Major concern – rising gaps 12 Consumption 67 → 51 18 steady Calls for sustainability awareness 13 Climate Action 36 → 59 49 Weakest performing area 15 Life on Land 12 → 26 (Achievers) – Forest & biodiversity gains 16 Justice & Institutions 64 → 90 1 → 5 Governance improving but mixed Top 10 Performing Districts (NER) Mizoram: Hnahthial, Champhai, Kolasib Tripura: Gomati, West Tripura, South Tripura Nagaland: Mokokchung, Kohima, Dimapur Sikkim: Gangtok State-wise Highlights Mizoram 100% districts Front Runners Best: Hnahthial (NER’s highest score) Strong in SDGs 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16 Sikkim All 6 districts Front Runners Smallest intra-state gap (5.5 pts) Best: Gangtok | Balanced across SDGs Tripura All 8 districts Front Runners Top: Gomati | Strong across 9 SDGs Low disparity (6.5 pts between best-worst) Nagaland 9 of 11 districts Front Runners Wide performance gap (15.07 pts) Strong in SDGs 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15 Assam 89% districts are Front Runners Best: Dibrugarh | Needs work in justice systems Arunachal Pradesh Only 59% Front Runners Best: Lower Dibang Valley | Worst: Longding (NER’s lowest score – 58.71) Challenges in SDGs 9, 13 Manipur 75% Front Runners Top: Imphal West | Weak in SDG 10 (Inequality) Meghalaya 84% Front Runners Top: East Khasi Hills | Weak in Education (SDG 4) Key Takeaways High Performers: Health, Education, Water, Gender Equality, Economic Growth. Lagging Areas: Climate Action (SDG 13), Inequality (SDG 10), Responsible Consumption (SDG 12). Flagship Schemes: Jal Jeevan Mission, Swachh Bharat, Aspirational Districts Programme contributed strongly. Disparities Persist: Nagaland: 15.07 pt gap between best-worst districts Sikkim & Tripura: Least disparities, highest uniformity Governance & Systemic Impact Data Systems: Significant improvements in district-level data reporting. Localisation: Strong correlation between state-driven planning and SDG performance. Peer Learning: Index fosters competitive federalism & inter-district collaboration. Conclusion The NER SDG Index 2023–24 marks major progress in NE India’s sustainable development landscape. 85% of districts now Front Runners, up from 62% in 2021–22. Balanced progress across most SDGs, but climate resilience and inequality remain critical challenges. The Index stands out as a planning, performance, and policy tool — not just a ranking mechanism. A Decade of Building Skills & Empowering Dreams Macro Achievements (2015–2025) 6+ crore Indians empowered through skill development schemes since 2014. 1.63 crore+ candidates trained under PMKVY alone across four phases. Over 25 lakh candidates trained under PMKVY 4.0 (as of July 11, 2025). Training expanded to futuristic domains: AI, Robotics, IoT, Drones, Mechatronics. 45% of PMKVY trainees are women, with significant SC/ST/OBC representation. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes , Governance) Skill India Mission (SIM) – Structural Integration (2022–26) Unified under a single Central Sector Scheme approved in 2025. Schemes merged:  PMKVY 4.0 (Short-term skill training & RPL)  PM-NAPS (Apprenticeship & industry engagement)  JSS (Literacy-focused vocational training) Two new Centres of Excellence set up at NSTIs (Hyderabad & Chennai) for high-quality skilling. PMKVY: Phased Evolution & Milestones Phase Year(s) Key Milestones Candidates Trained 1.0 2015–16 Pilot phase, monetary reward (₹500), free certification 19.85 lakh 2.0 2016–20 Scaled across sectors/states; aligned with Make in India, Digital India 1.10 crore 3.0 2020–22 Introduced: COVID Crash Courses (1.2L), Skill Hub (1.8L), Traditional craft focus 7.37 lakh 4.0 2022–26 Digital reforms (SIDH), Academic Credit Transfer, Future skills 25+ lakh (till Jul ’25) STT placement rate till PMKVY 3.0: 42.8%. PMKVY 4.0: New Features & Focus (2022–2026) Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH): end-to-end digital integration of skilling, employment, and entrepreneurship. Academic Bank of Credits: Transferable skill credits to bridge education–vocational divide. Rs. 1244.52 crore utilized across states/UTs by Dec 2024. Encourages career-oriented skilling, not just placement tracking.   Innovative & Inclusive Initiatives Special Projects: Bru-tribe training in Tripura (2,500+) Jail inmates in Assam, Manipur PANKH project: 13,834 trained (70% women) Traditional Skills: 2,243 women trained in Namda craft (J&K) 9,605 artisans skilled via RPL (J&K, Nagaland) COVID-19 Response: 1.2 lakh healthcare workers trained as COVID Warriors. Skill Hub Initiative: 1.23 lakh trained through school/college-based hubs (aligned with NEP 2020). Mainstreaming with National Missions: Skills integrated into: PM Surya Ghar Vibrant Villages Programme Jal Jeevan Mission Green Hydrogen Mission Supporting Schemes in the Skilling Ecosystem Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) Focused on non-literates, school dropouts (15–45 yrs). 26+ lakh trained from FY 2018–19 to 2023–24. Emphasis on women, SC/ST/OBC, minorities in rural & low-income urban areas. PM-NAPS (Apprenticeship) 43.47 lakh apprentices engaged as of May 2025. Over 51,000 establishments participating. PM Vishwakarma Yojana Launched: Sept 2023 | Budget: ₹13,000 crore Supports 18 traditional trades (e.g. blacksmiths, cobblers, potters). As of July 2025: 2.7 crore+ applications submitted 29 lakh+ registrations completed Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Launched: 2014 | Target: rural youth Till Nov 2024: 16.9 lakh trained 10.97 lakh placed (~65% placement) Rural Self Employment & Training Institutes (RSETIs) Bank-led residential entrepreneurial training. Candidates trained: 2016–17: 22.89 lakh2025–26 (till Jun): 56.69 lakh   Thematic Impact Focus Area Progress Inclusivity 45% women; large SC/ST/OBC share Sectoral Spread Manufacturing, construction, IT, healthcare, retail, crafts Rural Reach Skilling penetrated remote regions Future Skills AI, IoT, Robotics, Drones, Green Hydrogen Digital Governance Aadhaar-linked validation, performance-based payments Academic Integration Credit-based skilling via ABC  Conclusion PMKVY = Backbone of India’s short-term skilling ecosystem over the past decade. Transformed from placement-linked certification to flexible, future-ready career empowerment. Integrated with national missions, NEP 2020, and digital governance frameworks. PMKVY stands as a cornerstone of Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat, ensuring India’s youth are not only employable, but also entrepreneurial and globally competitive.