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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 May 2025

Content: Combating Obesity Among Adolescents Understanding India’s Relationship with Turkey and Azerbaijan The Workings of an Atomiser and Its Myriad Applications Follow OROP Principle for All Retired HC Judges: SC Amit Shah Launches e-Zero FIR Initiative RBI Revises Draft on REs’ AIF Investments Combating obesity among adolescents Context : Rising Concern and Initiatives Adolescent obesity is gaining increased attention in public discourse and national health programmes. Poshan Pakhwada 2024 focused on childhood & adolescent obesity along with the first 1,000 days of life. Let’s Fix Our Food consortium (ICMR-NIN, PHFI, UNICEF, etc.) released policy briefs to improve food environments for adolescents. The Supreme Court has directed the Central government to implement transparent food labelling regulations within 3 months — a step toward accountability. Relevance : GS 2(Health) The Nutrition Paradox India faces a dual burden: undernutrition and rising obesity among adolescents. Adolescents face: Rapid growth phase Increased vulnerability to poor nutrition Risk of long-term NCDs (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases) Ultra-processed foods dominate due to marketing and convenience. World Obesity Atlas 2024: India has one of the fastest-growing rates of childhood obesity. Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey: 5%+ adolescents overweight/obese nationally 10–15% in some states Concerning due to adolescents forming ~20% of India’s population Vulnerability in a Liberal Food Environment Adolescents appear to have food choices but lack access to healthy options. Influences: schools, social media, peers, marketing. Highly processed, sugary, and salty foods dominate diets. Impact extends beyond health: Poor nutrition → ↓ academic performance, ↓ concentration, ↑ absenteeism Future productivity and mental health also suffer Solutions: Two-Pronged Strategy Strong Regulatory Policies Make healthy food accessible, affordable, and aspirational. Introduce fiscal tools: Health tax on HFSS (High Fat, Salt, Sugar) foods Subsidies for nutritious foods Implement Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels (FOPL) Enforce regulations on misleading food ads, especially on digital platforms and in schools. Youth Engagement and Food Literacy Nutrition education in schools and communities Promote food literacy: Distinguishing healthy vs. unhealthy food (including home-cooked) Reading and interpreting food labels Choosing diverse, locally sourced diets Need for Convergent Governance Nutrition is a multi-sectoral issue: spans across ministries like WCD, Health, Agriculture, Education, Industry, Consumer Affairs. Lack of inter-ministerial coordination weakens efforts. Programmes like Poshan Abhiyaan offer frameworks but need better convergence in action. Conclusion: A Call for Systemic Shift Combating obesity needs: Healthy food plates Playgrounds for physical activity Robust policy interventions Youth-led awareness and leadership A transformed food ecosystem It’s not just about awareness — it’s about reshaping the environment that influences choices. Understanding India’s relationship with Turkey and Azerbaijan Geopolitical Context Trigger for boycott: Turkey and Azerbaijan openly supported Pakistan following India’s response to the Pahalgam terrorist attack. Institutional reaction: IIT Bombay, IIT Roorkee, and JNU suspended MoUs with Turkish universities. Public sentiment: Strong boycott calls emerged on social media; many tour operators cancelled promotional offers for Turkey and Azerbaijan. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Defense & Strategic Alignments Turkey–Pakistan military ties: Turkey has exported arms to Pakistan since the 1990s. Main exports: artillery (guns, howitzers, rocket launchers) and armored vehicles. Turkey’s political support for Pakistan: Consistent support on the Kashmir issue. Pakistan reciprocates by supporting Turkey in its Cyprus dispute. Azerbaijan–Turkey nexus: Turkey supported Azerbaijan in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Azerbaijan regained control in 2023; Turkey denied direct involvement. India’s Strategic Responses India–Armenia defense ties: India has supplied Armenia with missile systems and rocket launchers. No defense trade between India and either Turkey or Azerbaijan as per SIPRI data. Economic & Trade Impact Minimal trade dependence: Combined crude oil imports from Turkey & Azerbaijan < 1% of India’s total crude oil imports in past 6 years. India, however, is Azerbaijan’s 3rd largest crude oil buyer — boycott would impact Azerbaijan more. Machinery imports from Turkey: Includes reactors, boilers, and mechanical appliances. Turkey’s share in these categories is just ~1%, with India relying more on China and Germany. Tourism Trends India to Turkey: Indian tourists < 1% of Turkey’s total tourists in 2024. But tourist numbers from India had been rising steadily. India to Azerbaijan: Indian tourists grew from <6% (2023) to ~10% (2024). Boycott calls came at a time of increasing Indian outbound travel to both nations. Education Ties Student inflow rising: Indian students in Turkey & Azerbaijan rose from <100 in 2017 to 777 by Jan 2024. Indicates growing academic engagement despite recent diplomatic tensions. The workings of an atomiser and its myriad applications What is an Atomiser? An atomiser is a device that converts liquid into a spray or mist, enabling uniform distribution. A spray is a collection of droplets dispersed in gas. Key spray characteristics include: Drop size Spray pattern Angle of application Drop size metrics: Average surface area or volume Relative Span Factor (RSF) – measures drop size uniformity. Laser-based scattering is used to measure drop size accurately. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) How Do Atomisers Work? Basic mechanism: Liquid is forced through a narrow channel, creating a pressure drop that breaks it into droplets. Types of flow outputs: Flat fan spray – used in paint sprayers. Sheeted spray hitting a ramp – useful for uniform coatings like pesticides. Pressure-swirl atomiser: Liquid swirls along chamber walls. Air passes through center, forming a conical spray. Aerosol atomisers: Produce droplets <10 micrometres. Can stay suspended in air for hours. Created using high shear force, ultrasound, or air-assisted methods. Applications of Atomisers Industrial Uses Power plants: Coolants sprayed on turbine blades. Lubrication: On moving mechanical parts to reduce heat. Spray drying: Used in making milk powder. Automobile & Aerospace Fuel injectors: Pressurised fuel sprayed into combustion chambers. Firefighting Foam sprays: Used to suppress flammable solid fires. Agriculture Spraying fertilizers/pesticides. Spray irrigation in poorly percolating soils. Medical Uses Nasal sprays for lungs. Topical sprays for pain relief and antiseptics. Disinfectants for air and surfaces in hospitals. Scientific Research COVID-19 aerosol modelling: Helped understand airborne spread. Climate science: Studying aerosol cooling effects in atmosphere. Household Uses Spraying cooking oil, mirror cleaners, perfumes, hair sprays. Deodorants – the most familiar and widespread use. Conclusion: Atomisers combine engineering precision with everyday practicality. They are ubiquitous, essential in fields from medicine to climate science, and help improve efficiency, safety, and comfort in modern life. Follow OROP principle for all retired HC judges: SC Supreme Court Verdict Highlights SC mandates One Rank One Pension (OROP) for all retired High Court judges, including those who retired as additional judges. Full pension and retirement benefits must be uniformly applied, regardless of: Source of entry: Whether from district judiciary or the Bar. Tenure: Length of service as a judge. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Social Issues) Key Observations by the Court “One rank, one pension” must be the norm for constitutional offices. Inequality in pension violates Article 14 of the Constitution (Right to Equality). Disparity based on length of service or mode of entry is unconstitutional. Pension Directive The Centre is directed to pay: ₹15 lakh per annum as full pension to retired Chief Justices of High Courts. Applicable irrespective of tenure or source of entry. Implications Standardizes retirement benefits among judges. Ensures dignity and parity in post-retirement life of constitutional functionaries. May prompt similar demands from other constitutional/executive offices. Constitutional and Legal Context Reinforces Article 14: Right to equality before law. Affirms principle of non-discrimination in service benefits for holders of constitutional posts. Strengthens judicial independence through uniform post-retirement dignity. Amit Shah launches e-Zero FIR initiative Key Initiative: e-Zero FIR Launched by: Union Home Minister Amit Shah. Pilot location: Delhi. Objective: Automatic registration of FIRs for financial cybercrimes involving fraud over ₹10 lakh. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Mechanism & Platforms Involved Complaints made via: 1930 helpline cybercrime.gov.in portal Auto-converted to FIRs without victim needing to approach a police station. Integrated systems: I4C’s National Cybercrime Reporting Portal Delhi Police e-FIR system NCRB’s Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) Purpose & Benefits Ensures swift registration of cybercrime complaints. Reduces delays in investigation and increases chances of fund recovery. Addresses victim difficulties in getting police to file FIRs in high-value cyber frauds. Aims to strengthen cybercrime enforcement nationwide. National Impact Initiative to be scaled up across India after Delhi pilot. Supports centralised tracking and real–time response to cyber financial frauds. Enhances coordination among police, forensic units, and data networks. Broader Context Part of strengthening India’s cybercrime response infrastructure under I4C. Aligns with Digital India goals and rising cybercrime threats in financial domains. RBI revises draft on REs’ AIF investments Regulatory Background Issuing Authority: Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Subject: Investment by Regulated Entities (REs) in Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs). Reason: To tighten financial discipline and prevent conflict of interest in debt investments. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy , Banking) Revised Draft Directions Highlights Cap on single RE’s contribution to any AIF scheme: 10% of the AIF corpus. Cap on total REs’ contribution collectively to a scheme: 15% of the corpus. No restrictions on RE investments up to 5% of the corpus. Provisioning Norms for Risk Containment If RE’s investment exceeds 5% of AIF corpus and The AIF scheme invests downstream in a debtor company of the RE, Then the RE must make 100% provisioning for the proportionate exposure. Regulatory Coordination RBI’s move aligns with SEBI guidelines: SEBI mandated specific due diligence on AIF investors and their investments. Aimed at improving transparency and preventing regulatory arbitrage. Broader Implications Encourages prudent exposure of banks and financial institutions to AIFs. Aims to avoid indirect lending to stressed entities through AIF route. Supports financial sector stability by curbing risky investments and circular lending practices.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 May 2025

DGTR marks 8th Anniversary with Renewed Commitment to Ensure Fair Trade What is DGTR? The DGTR is the apex national authority in India responsible for conducting trade remedy investigations. It operates under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry and was established in 2018 through the merger of: Directorate General of Anti-Dumping and Allied Duties (DGAD), Directorate General of Safeguards, and Safeguards functions of DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade). Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy ,Trade) Functions of DGTR Conducts investigations related to: Anti-dumping duties Countervailing (anti-subsidy) duties Safeguard measures Imposes trade remedies to protect Indian industries from: Unfair trade practices like dumping or subsidies, Sudden surge in imports that harm domestic production. Achievements Over the Years Since 1995, India has initiated over 1,200 trade remedy investigations, many handled by DGTR since its inception. DGTR investigations are often concluded within a year, providing timely relief to affected industries. Key interventions include sectors like solar energy (solar cells) and advanced materials (copper wire rods). Recent Initiatives and Enhancements Announcement of a new digital platform for e-filing of documents in trade remedy investigations: Aimed at improving transparency, efficiency, and accessibility for all stakeholders. Launch of a dedicated Helpdesk in 2019 to support MSMEs: Assists with filing applications and resolving technical/data-related issues. Promotes inclusive access to trade remedy mechanisms. Proactive Trade Defence DGTR’s Trade Defence Wing counters foreign-imposed trade remedy measures: Secured relief or reduced duties on Indian exports in several international cases. Safeguard duties and quantitative restrictions used effectively to counter import surges (e.g., palm oil, metallurgical coke). Transparency and Capacity Building DGTR regularly issues trade notices, handbooks, and FAQs on its website: Empowers domestic industries, foreign exporters, and interested stakeholders. Ensures greater procedural clarity and stakeholder participation.  Strategic Importance Crucial to protecting India’s industrial competitiveness, especially amid volatile global trade dynamics. Strengthens India’s position in the rules-based international trading system.  Way Forward Continued focus on: Digital transformation of procedures. Faster resolution of trade remedy cases. Supporting MSMEs and enhancing stakeholder engagement. Reinforces India’s commitment to fair trade and domestic industry protection in the global market.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 May 2025

Content : Tough timing A caste census is not a silver bullet for social justice Tough timing Context & Recent Setback ISRO’s PSLV-C61 mission failed to launch EOS-09 into the intended sun-synchronous orbit. EOS-09 was a dual-purpose satellite — meant for civilian use (e.g., land mapping, hydrology) and defence surveillance, with an all-weather radar capability. The failure in the third stage post-liftoff highlights that even well-understood launch vehicles like PSLV can falter. Relevance : GS 3 ( Science and Technology) Practice Question : “India’s growing dependence on space-based assets for both civilian and military purposes calls for greater investment and resilience in its space infrastructure.” In the light of recent mission failures, critically analyze the challenges faced by ISRO in fulfilling its strategic objectives. Suggest measures to enhance India’s space capabilities.(250 Words) Implications for Defence EOS-09 had critical military surveillance potential, especially amid tensions with Pakistan. Failure reflects gaps in India’s indigenous space-based surveillance, as seen during Operation Sindoor, which relied on foreign commercial satellites for tactical data.  Growing Military Demands India has launched the Space-Based Surveillance-3 programme: Aims to deploy 52 surveillance satellites. 31 satellites to be manufactured by the private sector, needing ISRO’s technical guidance and support. Challenge of the “Cost-Reliability-Time” Triangle Space missions balance: Cost (budget constraints), Reliability (technical success), Time (urgency of military/civilian demands). Failures like PSLV-C61 and NVS-02 (January 2025) underscore how small errors can lead to large consequences. Time Pressure & Resource Constraint ISRO is burdened with: Crowded launch schedules, R&D obligations, Growing military and civilian satellite needs, Human spaceflight programme. Limited manufacturing capacity and data pipeline stress worsen delivery pressures. Conclusion: Given rising strategic and security roles of space assets, ISRO needs: Increased funding and resource allocation, Policy support to expand infrastructure, Faster integration of private sector capacities. Ensuring timely, reliable, and cost-effective outcomes in both civilian and military domains is crucial in today’s globally competitive space race. A caste census is not a silver bullet for social justice  Context and Introduction Government has announced caste enumeration in the upcoming national Census. Widely perceived as a step toward better policymaking for OBCs. Raises concern over delayed welfare policies being unjustly tied to lack of precise caste data. Relevance : GS 2  (Governance / Social Justice) Practice Question : Do you agree that a caste census alone cannot ensure social justice in India? Critically examine the role of data, political will, and institutional reforms in achieving equity for marginalized communities.(250 Words)  Arguments in Favour of Caste Census Provides empirical grounding to assess socio-economic status of castes, especially OBCs. Can help target affirmative action more precisely. May legitimize welfare policies in courts, which often demand robust data. Can identify intra-OBC inequalities, enabling support for EBCs.  Limitations and Critique of Over-Reliance Risks overstating the utility of caste data in achieving justice. Census is meant to be a neutral, factual exercise, not a political tool. Burdening the Census with political functions may compromise its objectivity. Elevating census data as a precondition for action is a flawed approach.  Historical Experience Shows: Policy ≠ Data Many major social justice policies in India, such as land reforms, reservations, and the Mandal Commission’s recommendations, were shaped more by political will and public mobilization than by detailed statistical data. The implementation of the EWS reservation further illustrates that policy decisions can stem from executive discretion even in the absence of comprehensive caste-based data.  Existing Data Already Reveals Inequalities SC/ST communities have long been part of the decennial census and continue to lag in education, health, and employment. Bihar Caste Survey and SECC have exposed: OBC economic precarity. Disproportionate concentration in informal, low-paid sectors. NCRB data shows rising crimes against SC/STs. Yet, no major national policy shifts have been implemented.  Persistent Underrepresentation SC/ST/OBC presence remains marginal in: Corporate sector Media and IT Judiciary and higher education Top bureaucracy Lack of meaningful reforms despite existing data.  Core Argument: Political Will > Data Data is important but insufficient for social justice. Real change requires: Strong moral commitment Political imagination Democratic pressure Caste census can guide, but cannot substitute action.  Conclusion Caste census should be a routine statistical exercise, not the central pillar of policymaking. Without robust political will, data remains passive. The true test lies in implementing bold policies to uplift the most marginalised, not just documenting their plight.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 May 2025

Content: Copyright’s Tryst with Generative AI What is a Presidential Reference? From Pyramids to Hourglasses: How AI Can Change Indian Workplaces ISRO: Satellite Launch Went Awry Minutes After Lift-Off Due to Glitch SC Directs States and UTs to Reclaim Reserve Forests Allotted to Private Parties Our Bodies Perform a Kind of mRNA Editing, and We Don’t Know Why PSLV: Centre of Attention Copyright’s tryst with generative AI Historical Context of Copyright Law Copyright law originated in 1710 due to the invention of the printing press. Its aim: protect publishers’ rights, encourage learning, and secure economic interests. Over time, it has adapted to photocopying, recording devices, and the Internet. Each technological shift brings debates on how copyright should respond. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Invention ,Technology) Generative AI: A New Challenge Current concern: generative AI trains on copyrighted material without permission. This shifts focus from “copying works” to “training on works.” Earlier legal concerns involved reproducing copies; now it involves usage in training datasets. Global Legal Crossroads Generative AI companies (like OpenAI) use internet scraping to collect both copyrighted and non-copyrighted content. Lawsuits have emerged globally: India: Federation of Indian Publishers & ANI sued OpenAI in Delhi HC. USA: Claims countered with “fair use in education” exceptions. OpenAI introduced an opt-out mechanism, but it only applies to future training, not past. India’s Unique Legal Landscape India follows an enumerated exceptions model under its Copyright Act. Unlike the U.S. “fair use” doctrine, India lists specific exceptions—limited scope. Educational use is confined to classroom settings—favouring right-holders in disputes. Indian courts may face jurisdictional challenges, but the core issue remains unresolved. Key Judicial Considerations Amicus curiae (Dr. Arul George Scaria) suggestions: Assess feasibility of “unlearning” content already used in training. Balance AI development with access to legitimate information. Address false attribution issues in AI responses. Concerns about Access and Equity Over-restriction may hurt access to books and knowledge—undermining copyright’s original intent. Newer, smaller AI players could suffer due to lack of access to high-quality training data. Courts must ensure a level playing field between dominant and emerging AI platforms. Foundational Copyright Principles as a Guide Copyright protects expression of ideas, not the idea/information itself. If AI uses information (not expression), it’s not necessarily infringement. Law should distinguish between: Learning from content (permissible) Copying protected expressions (infringement) Philosophical and Practical Implications All creativity—human or AI—is based on learning from the past. Creating a legal divide between human and machine learning may be counterproductive. Law must evolve but not at the cost of stifling creativity and future innovation. What is a Presidential reference? Constitutional Basis and Origin Article 143 empowers the President of India to refer questions of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its opinion. This is a non-binding, advisory opinion by the court. Originates from Section 213 of the Government of India Act, 1935. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance) Comparative Perspective Canada: Has a similar provision; Supreme Court provides opinions on reference questions. USA: No advisory jurisdiction; advisory opinions are considered a violation of the separation of powers. Key Features of Article 143 The President acts on advice of the Council of Ministers while referring matters. Supreme Court may (not must) answer the reference. Requires a bench of at least five judges (as per Article 145). The opinion has persuasive value, not binding on the President or future courts. Important Precedents (Historical References) Delhi Laws Act case (1951): Validated delegated legislation. Kerala Education Bill (1958): Harmonized Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. Berubari Case (1960): Territorial cession needs constitutional amendment. Keshav Singh Case (1965): Legislative privileges defined. Presidential Poll Case (1974): Elections can proceed despite vacancies. Special Courts Bill (1978): Court can decline vague references. Third Judges Case (1998): Defined the collegium system for judicial appointments. Court’s Discretion The Supreme Court is not bound to answer every Presidential reference. Has declined only once — in Ram Janmabhoomi case (1993). Current Presidential Reference (2024-25) Stems from a recent SC ruling that: Imposed timelines on Governors and the President for acting on Bills. Made their actions subject to judicial review. President Droupadi Murmu has raised 14 questions concerning: Interpretation of Articles 200 & 201. Judicial review of executive actions before enactment. The scope of Article 142 (extraordinary powers of the SC). Issue arises due to Centre-State tensions, especially with Opposition-ruled States. Core Issues Raised Can the Supreme Court prescribe timelines not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution? Are Governor/President’s decisions justiciable before a Bill becomes law? What is the extent of Article 142 powers? Broader Implications Touches upon separation of powers and federalism. May define boundaries of judicial activism in legislative processes. An authoritative opinion can ensure smooth Centre-State legislative functioning. Conclusion Presidential references serve as a constitutional dialogue between the executive and judiciary. The current reference may set important precedents on executive discretion, legislative processes, and judicial boundaries. From pyramids to hourglasses: how AI can change Indian workplaces Shift from Pyramid to Hourglass Model Traditional pyramid structure: Top-heavy with bosses, middle managers, and a broad base of workers. Hourglass structure: AI flattens the middle tier by automating coordination and decision-making tasks. Leaders focus on strategy, while the base comprises frontline workers and AI systems working collaboratively. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Technology) AI’s Economic Promise McKinsey projects AI could add trillions to the global economy. Potential to increase productivity by up to 25% for firms embracing AI. SMEs in India could significantly benefit due to the potential for efficiency and flexibility gains. Global Trends and India’s Context Western firms are already adopting hourglass models (e.g., 20% of firms may reduce middle managers by 2026). India’s scenario is unique: Ranks 72nd in IMF’s AI Preparedness Index. Urban-rural divide limits infrastructure and connectivity. Cultural hierarchy and respect for authority slow organizational flattening. India’s Hybrid Approach Indian firms are adapting selectively: Flipkart, Jio use AI for supply chain and customer behavior prediction but retain human layers for local adaptability. Hybrid model: AI + human oversight accommodates India’s multilingual, diverse market needs and low labor costs. Advantages of AI in Indian Workplaces Efficiency: AI-driven demand forecasting and supply chain optimization. Innovation: Generative AI improves task performance by 66% (NNG Group). Flexibility: AI helped pharma firms during pandemic disruptions. Customer/employee experience: 24/7 chatbots, automated payroll systems. New job roles: Rise in demand for AI experts, data ethicists — projected 1.25 million jobs by 2027 (Deloitte & Nasscom). Key Challenges Job Displacement: Risk to middle managers and less-skilled workers. Up to 800 million jobs may shift globally by 2030. Indian non-graduates and older workers most vulnerable. Reskilling Needs: While 94% of Indian firms plan to reskill (LinkedIn), execution remains challenging. Ethical Concerns: Biased datasets can affect fairness in decisions (loans, hiring). Data privacy: 79% of Indians dislike data being sold (ISACA). Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023) still in early implementation. Infrastructure Gaps: 65% of India lives in rural areas, many without internet access. High costs of AI tools and platforms make it hard for smaller firms. Cultural Barriers: Preference for hierarchical structures in family-owned businesses and traditional companies. Recommendations Reskilling: Expand digital literacy and problem-solving training (e.g., through Skill India). Ethical Frameworks: Adopt clear AI ethics guidelines (OECD model), address bias and build public trust. Hybrid Strategy: Combine AI’s efficiency with human adaptability for decision-making. Collaborations: Partner with Western firms to develop customised AI for Indian needs. Long-term Monitoring: Treat AI as an ongoing transformation, not a quick fix — adapt to cyber threats and regulation changes. ISRO: satellite launch went awry minutes after lift-off due to glitch Mission objective: PSLV-C61 aimed to deploy Earth observation satellite EOS-09 into a sun synchronous polar orbit, 17 minutes post-lift-off. EOS-09 intended to support remote sensing applications with enhanced observation frequency, built on RISAT-1 heritage platform. Relevance : GS 3(Space ,Science and Technology) Failure details: The rocket lift-off was successful at 5:59 a.m. from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. A technical glitch occurred during the third stage — a solid rocket motor — resulting in a drop in chamber pressure inside the motor casing. This pressure drop led to mission failure: the satellite was not placed into the intended orbit. Stages performance: First and second stages performed normally. Third stage started perfectly but encountered anomalies mid-operation causing the mission to abort. Context and history: PSLV-C61 was the 63rd flight of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the 27th in the PSLV-XL variant. Since 2017, PSLV had an excellent success record after only two prior failures (1993’s first mission and 2017’s 41st flight). The recent failure follows a January 2025 incident where ISRO failed to raise orbit of NVS-02 satellite due to valve malfunction, highlighting ongoing technical challenges. Technical challenges and response: The third-stage solid motor had a history of development difficulties and multiple failures, as highlighted by former ISRO Chairman S. Somanath. Despite unusual reappearance of issues, confidence remains high that the root cause will be identified and fixed promptly. Implications: The failure underscores the technical complexity and risk inherent in space missions, especially in critical propulsion stages. It may cause delays in satellite data availability for operational uses like remote sensing. ISRO’s resilience and iterative problem-solving will be key to sustaining its launch success momentum. Next steps: ISRO will conduct detailed analysis of the third-stage anomaly before resuming similar missions. Continued improvements in motor design and quality control are critical. Monitoring and learning from such failures contribute to overall strengthening of India’s space capabilities. SC directs States and UTs to reclaim reserve forests allotted to private parties Supreme Court directive: Chief Secretaries of States and Administrators of Union Territories (UTs) must form Special Investigation Teams (SITs). SITs to examine forest lands held by Revenue Departments that have been allotted to private parties for non-forest (non-afforestation) uses. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance) Action required: Identify and reclaim reserve forest lands wrongly allotted to private individuals/entities. Repossess such lands and hand them over to the respective forest departments. Exceptions & compensations: If repossession is not in larger public interest, States/UTs must recover the cost of the land from private holders. Recovered funds must be used solely for forest development and afforestation. Timeframe: The entire exercise must be completed within one year from the judgment date. Land use: Going forward, such forest lands must only be used for afforestation and forest-related activities. Conversion to agricultural or commercial purposes is prohibited. Case reference: Judgment arose from the illegal allotment of 11.89 hectares of reserve forest land at Kondhwa Budruk, Pune (allotted in 1998 for agriculture and sold to a builder in 1999). Environmental Clearance given to the builder in 2007 was quashed as illegal. Court observations: Highlighted the nexus between politicians, bureaucrats, and builders driving illegal forest land conversion. Called this a “classic example” of misuse and commercialisation of precious forest resources. Legal implications: Sets a precedent reinforcing strict protection of reserve forests. Empowers forest departments and strengthens forest conservation enforcement. Broader significance: Aims to curb illegal deforestation and safeguard ecological balance. Ensures accountability of government officials and private parties in forest land misuse. Promotes sustainable development through forest restoration efforts. Next steps for States/UTs: Immediate formation of SITs and thorough audits of forest land allotments. Proactive repossession or cost recovery and forest department handover. Implementation monitoring by judiciary or relevant authorities to ensure compliance within the one-year deadline. Our bodies perform a kind of mRNA editing, and we don’t know why Basic concept: DNA is like a recipe book coding for proteins made from amino acids. Genes (recipes) are transcribed into mRNA, which ribosomes “read” to build proteins. mRNA letters (A, U, G, C) correspond to amino acids; “A” stands for adenosine. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) What is A-to-I mRNA editing? ADAR enzymes convert adenosine (A) in mRNA to inosine (I). Ribosomes read inosine as guanine (G), causing changes in the protein sequence. This editing can alter protein function by changing amino acids. Why is it puzzling? DNA could directly encode G instead of A, but it doesn’t—mRNA editing adds complexity. For example, editing can convert stop codons (UAG, UGA) into a codon for tryptophan (UGG), allowing proteins to be longer. The purpose of this complicated mechanism is unclear. Recent study insights from Fusarium graminearum (a fungus): No A-to-I editing during vegetative (growth) stage on infected plants. Massive A-to-I editing (over 26,000 sites) during sexual reproduction stage. Focused on 71 genes with premature stop codons (PSC genes) “rescued” by editing. Deleting PSC genes affected fungus only during sexual stage, proving editing’s developmental role. Functional implications: Unedited versions of some PSC genes help resist environmental stress during vegetative growth, so direct DNA mutation (A→G) would be disadvantageous early on. Suggests evolutionary advantage in delaying editing until necessary for development. Evolutionary perspective: A-to-I editing may be a transitional evolutionary mechanism. Over time, more genes might depend on editing, making ADAR essential for gene expression. This could eventually lead to accumulation of G-to-A mutations in DNA “masked” by editing. Scientific challenge: Understanding the net evolutionary benefit of A-to-I editing is more complex than discovering its function. The mechanism adds a regulatory layer that seems unnecessarily complicated. Broader significance: mRNA editing adds flexibility to gene expression without permanent DNA changes. Can help organisms adapt protein function dynamically to developmental or environmental cues. Raises fundamental questions about genetic information processing and evolution. PSLV: centre of attention What is PSLV? PSLV = Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, designed to launch satellites into sun-synchronous polar orbits (SSPO). It is a four-stage rocket with sequentially firing engines, shedding stages to reduce weight during ascent. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Technical specifications: First stage: Uses HTPB (hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) fuel, peak thrust ~4.8 MN; XL version adds 6 strap-on boosters for extra thrust. Second stage: Powered by Vikas engine using unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (fuel) and nitrogen tetroxide (oxidiser), thrust ~0.8 MN. Third stage: Uses HTPB fuel again. Fourth stage: Uses monomethylhydrazine and mixed oxides of nitrogen with two engines. PSLV-C61 mission specifics: Launched May 18, 2023, at 5:59 am carrying EOS-09 satellite intended for SSPO. Mission ended in failure due to a problem in the third stage. Cause of failure: ISRO chairman V. Narayanan revealed that chamber pressure in the third-stage motor casing dropped during flight. Loss of pressure led to mission failure. Next steps: ISRO is investigating the exact cause of pressure loss. Plans to reattempt the launch with a replacement EOS-09 satellite. Significance of PSLV: Workhorse rocket for ISRO, reliable for multiple types of missions (earth observation, navigation, interplanetary). XL configuration adds thrust capacity via boosters to carry heavier payloads. Despite rare failures, PSLV remains crucial to India’s space ambitions.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 May 2025

Content: Akashteer: The Unseen Force Behind India’s New War Capability Aadhaar authentication crosses 150 billion transactions, powering India’s digital economy and welfare services Akashteer: The Unseen Force Behind India’s New War Capability Introduction to Akashteer Akashteer is India’s fully indigenous, automated Air Defence Control and Reporting System (ADCRS). Played a pivotal role in thwarting Pakistan’s large-scale missile and drone attack (May 9–10) during Operation SINDOOR. Marks a major shift in India’s air defence philosophy: from passive surveillance to proactive, real-time engagement. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ,Defence) Technological Edge & Capability Automated detection, tracking, and engagement of aerial threats (missiles, aircraft, drones). Provides real-time air picture to all nodes: radars, control rooms, defence guns. Integrates with multiple radars: Tactical Control Radar REPORTER 3D Tactical Control Radars Low-Level Lightweight Radar Akash Weapon System’s radar Reduces friendly fire risk and allows precision targeting in contested airspace. Capable of autonomous low-level airspace monitoring in battle zones. Integration with India’s C4ISR Ecosystem Forms a key component of India’s C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) infrastructure. Integrates seamlessly with: IACCS (Integrated Air Command and Control System – Indian Air Force) TRIGUN (Indian Navy) Enables joint-force synergy across Army, Navy, and Air Force for coordinated action. Strategic Significance Signals a strategic doctrinal shift: From “watch and wait” to “see-decide-strike”. Provides India with the ability to conduct automated, coordinated retaliatory strikes. Mobile and vehicle-mounted, making it suitable for frontlines and dynamic battlefields. Comparison with Adversaries Contrasted with Pakistan’s imported systems (HQ-9, HQ-16), which failed to detect Indian counterstrikes. Demonstrates the superiority of indigenous systems over foreign dependence in critical defence scenarios. Akashteer as a Symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat Represents the success of the Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives in the defence sector. Developed alongside other indigenousplatforms like: LCA Tejas, ALH, LUH Arjun MBT, ATAGS, Dhanush Artillery Naval platforms: destroyers, submarines, IACs Defence production target: ₹3 lakh crore by 2029. Current status: 65% of defence equipment domestically manufactured. Supported by: 16 Defence PSUs Over 430 licensed private firms Nearly 16,000 MSMEs Private sector now contributes 21% to defence production. Global Implications & Strategic Messaging Seen as a “seismic shift” in modern warfare strategy. India joins elite nations with automated Air Defence Command and Control capabilities. Acts as a deterrent against hybrid threats, cross-border terrorism, and asymmetric warfare. Projects India as a technologically advanced, self-reliant power. Key Takeaways Akashteer showcases intelligent combat, not brute force. It’s more than a system – it’s a strategic enabler and global message. Validates India’s defence ecosystem’s maturity, innovation, and indigenous strength. Aadhaar authentication crosses 150 billion transactions, powering India’s digital economy and welfare services Aadhaar Authentication Milestone Over 150 billion (15,011.82 crore) Aadhaar authentication transactions completed by April 2025, since inception. Marks a significant expansion of the Aadhaar ecosystem in governance, finance, and service delivery. Reflects the growing trust and adoption of digital ID-based verification in India. Relevance : GS 2(Digital Governance ,Governance) Monthly Usage Trends 210 crore Aadhaar authentications in April 2025, up ~8% from April 2024. Indicates consistent year-on-year growth and increased reliance on Aadhaar in daily transactions and welfare systems. e-KYC (Electronic Know Your Customer) Facilitates paperless, instant verification using Aadhaar. 37.3 crore e-KYC transactions in April 2025 — up 39.7% from April 2024. Cumulative e-KYC transactions reached 2393 crore, showing wide usage across banking, telecom, fintech, and other sectors. Contributes to ease of doing business and customer onboarding with minimal friction. AI-Driven Face Authentication Aadhaar Face Authentication based on in-house AI/ML solutions by UIDAI is gaining traction. 14 crore transactions in April 2025 via this modality. Adopted by 100+ entities, both government and private sector, enabling touchless and seamless service delivery. Enhances inclusivity, especially for elderly or differently-abled individuals where fingerprints may not work. Role in Digital Public Infrastructure Aadhaar authentication acts as the backbone of India’s digital identity ecosystem. Supports: DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) schemes Subsidy disbursement Financial inclusion Digital onboarding for services Enables real-time verification in remote and rural areas, reducing leakages and fraud. Strategic Significance Strengthens India’s journey toward a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. Aligns with the vision of Digital India and Minimum Government, Maximum Governance. A key pillar in leveraging technology for welfare, transparency, and efficiency.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 May 2025

Content : Closing argument Drinking to death The new normal after Pahalgam, India’s response The ingredient to turn around nutrition outcomes Closing argument Background Context: On April 8, 2025, the Supreme Court declared the withholding of 10 State Bills by Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi as “illegal” and “erroneous.” The judgment provided clarity on the constitutional position of the Governor and President regarding assent to State legislation. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ,Judiciary ) Practice Question :The Supreme Court’s ruling on the Governor’s delay in granting assent to State Bills reaffirms federal principles. Critically examine the implications of the Centre’s decision to seek a Presidential Reference under Article 143 in this context.(250 Words) Judicial Stand: The Supreme Court asserted that Governors/President cannot arbitrarily or indefinitely delay assent to Bills passed by elected State Assemblies. The judgment relied on previous rulings, committee reports, and Constituent Assembly debates, strengthening the federal structure. Centre’s Response: Instead of accepting the clarity offered, the Union Government initiated a Presidential Reference under Article 143. This move reopens settled issues and indicates a reluctance to curb the discretionary powers of Governors. What is Article 143 Doing Here? Under Article 143(1), the President can seek the Supreme Court’s advice on a matter of public importance. This is known as a Presidential Reference. But the Supreme Court’s April 8 verdict was a full judgment, not an advisory opinion. So asking for advice again is unnecessary. Why is This a Problem? The Centre might using Article 143 to delay or dilute a binding judgment. It gives an impression that the Centre wants to preserve the discretionary powers of Governors, even when those powers were declared illegal. This weakens the authority of the judiciary and violates the principle of cooperative federalism. Democratic Concerns: Governors are unelected appointees of the Centre and should not undermine elected State Assemblies. The practice of withholding Bills without reason or time limit challenges democratic norms and erodes federalism. Procedural Critique: The Centre could have filed a review petition if clarity was genuinely needed. A Presidential Reference is an unusual and unnecessary step, possibly aimed at retaining control through Governors. Constitutional Implications: The move appears to dilute the authority of a clear and binding Supreme Court judgment. It raises concerns about the executive’s intentions to centralize power, contradicting the spirit of cooperative federalism. Conclusion : The Centre’s decision to invoke a Presidential Reference despite a landmark Supreme Court ruling signals an unsettling trend of executive overreach. By reopening a legally settled matter, it undermines the authority of the judiciary and risks weakening India’s federal framework. Drinking to death Context : Recurring Tragedy: Illicit liquor deaths, such as the recent Amritsar tragedy (23+ deaths), are part of a long-standing, repeated crisis across India. The pattern involves poverty-stricken victims, cheap toxic liquor, and regulatory collapse. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues , Governance) Practice Question : Illicit liquor deaths are not isolated mishaps but a reflection of deep-rooted socio-economic and governance failures in India. Examine the causes behind recurring hooch tragedies and suggest a multi-pronged strategy to prevent them.(250 Words) Socio-Economic Vulnerability: Victims are usually poor daily wage earners, driven by economic desperation to seek cheap alcohol. These consumers are easy targets for bootleggers offering spurious liquor at low prices. Toxic Composition & Source: Illicit liquor often contains methanol, a toxic industrial chemical, misused as a cheap substitute for ethanol. Methanol is not illegal per se but is misappropriated from authorised industrial supply chains. Bootleggers use hazardous shortcuts (e.g., dead scorpions, poor dilution) to maximize profit. Systemic Nexus & Corruption: A deep-rooted nexus exists between bootleggers, corrupt local politicians, and complicit police forces. Bootleggers are merely the last mile, while larger players involved in industrial methanol theft remain protected. Legal & Regulatory Gaps: Despite stringent charges (murder, Poison Act, prohibition laws), convictions are rare (e.g., 2015 Malvani case acquittals). Enforcement under the Poison Act is weak; methanol handling lacks strict central oversight. There is an urgent need for a central regulatory framework for methanol transport to prevent inter-State pilferage. Governance & Enforcement Failure: State-level enforcement remains lax, often reactive (e.g., suspensions after deaths). A non-corrupt lawmaker–law enforcer framework is essential to dismantle the illicit methanol network. Structural Root Causes: At the heart of the crisis is persistent poverty, social inequality, and lack of education. These structural issues sustain the demand for cheap, toxic alcohol and enable unscrupulous profiteering. Conclusion : Illicit liquor tragedies are not isolated mishaps but systemic failures fueled by poverty, corruption, and regulatory indifference.Ensuring accountability, central coordination, and genuine socio-economic upliftment is the only sustainable antidote to this lethal problem. The new normal after Pahalgam, India’s response Context: The Pahalgam Attack and Operation Sindoor The Pahalgam attack (April 22, 2025) triggered a determined Indian response. Operation Sindoor, a kinetic military strike, was launched on May 7, targeting terrorist infrastructure. It took 88 hours post-operation to reach a ceasefire, highlighting intense escalation and de-escalation diplomacy. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) , GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “India’s evolving ‘quid pro quo plus’ doctrine represents a calibrated shift in its counter-terrorism strategy against cross-border threats.”Critically examine this approach in light of Operation Sindoor and its implications for deterrence, diplomacy, and regional stability.(250 Words) The Nature of India’s Response India took non-military steps initially: reducing diplomatic ties, suspending trade, cancelling visas, freezing the Indus Waters Treaty. Final response included precision strikes on 9 terrorist targets across Pakistan, involving Scalp, BrahMos, Hammer, Crystal Maze missiles. India clearly distinguished between targeting terrorists vs. the Pakistani military or public. Pakistan’s retaliatory drone and missile intrusions were met with a “quid pro quo plus” policy by India, escalating the conflict. quid pro quo plus : India’s strategic retaliation policy where any hostile act by Pakistan is met with a proportionate response — plus something extra to raise the cost of aggression Diplomacy and De-escalation India undertook intense diplomatic outreach to key global capitals to frame the narrative and justify its right to self-defence. The U.S. initially took a hands-off stance, but shifted gears when signs of nuclear escalation emerged. U.S. intervention helped de-escalate the conflict, repeating a pattern seen in Kargil (1999), Parliament attack (2001), Mumbai (2008), Balakot (2019). The May 10 ceasefire followed backchannel diplomacy and DGMO-level dialogue. Expanding the ‘New Normal’ Previous benchmarks: 2016: Surgical strikes post-Uri – cross-LoC action normalized. 2019: Balakot airstrikes post-Pulwama – air power introduced. 2025 Operation Sindoor: broadened the doctrine to include strikes anywhere in Pakistan. Strategic Shift in Doctrine Government outlined a hardened doctrinal shift: India will no longer be deterred by nuclear threats. The response will not spare the masterminds and state sponsors of terrorism. Signals possible future strikes on Pakistan military assets if necessary. Implications for Deterrence The new approach aims to nullify Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence bluff. Introduces “full-spectrum retaliation” within the conventional-nuclear grey zone. This calls for enhancing India’s conventional capabilities: Integrated network-centric warfare. Unmanned systems, AI-assisted surveillance, satellite-backed targeting. Better counter-air defence strategies. Operational and Strategic Gaps Intelligence and security lapses that led to the Pahalgam attack must be addressed. Need for proactive counter-terrorism intelligence and better border security. Without internal reforms, the expanded doctrine risks being rhetorical, not credible. Way Ahead India must: Maintain military superiority to ensure credible deterrence. Keep independent communication channels open with Pakistan to avoid international mediation. Invest in rapid response infrastructure for kinetic and cyber domains. Sustain diplomatic narratives to manage global perception post-strike. The ingredient to turn around nutrition outcomes Core Argument Malnutrition in India remains widespread despite welfare programmes. Women and girls are the most overlooked victims of nutritional inequality. POSHAN Abhiyaan has not yielded proportionate results, especially for women, due to deeper structural and socio-economic issues. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Nutrition ,Social Issues) Practice Question : “Nutrition is not merely a biomedical issue, but a question of gender justice and economic empowerment.”Critically analyze this statement in the context of India’s efforts to combat malnutrition among women. (250 Words) Persistent Structural Failures NFHS-5 data: 57% of women (15–49 years) are anaemic vs 26% of men. Nearly 1 in 5 women are underweight. Indicates that nutrition schemes like POSHAN have not adequately addressed gender disparities. Despite₹24,000 crore allocation (2022–23), only 69% fund utilisation by Dec 2022. Anaemia prevalence increased from 53% to 57% between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. Social Norms and Injustice Cultural norms lead to women eating last and least in households. Nutrition is not only a biomedical issue; it is deeply tied to social justice. 49% of women lack decision-making power over how their income is spent — affecting dietary choices and health outcomes. Economic Empowerment is Key Empowered women with independent income more likely to spend on food and child well-being. Research (e.g., by Esther Duflo) confirms direct link between women’s earnings and improved household nutrition. Study findings: Women with modest financial control showed lower undernutrition. Women in the Workforce: Quantity vs Quality Female labour force participation rose from 23% (2017–18) to 33% (2021–22). But: Only 5% hold regular salaried jobs. 20% are self-employed, mostly in low-paying informal roles. Self-employed women earn 53% less than men for similar work. Hence, employment hasn’t translated into empowerment or better nutrition. Missing Piece: Integrated Approach Nutrition efforts like POSHAN 2.0 will have limited impact without economic and social empowerment of women. Creating awareness is insufficient if basic food security is lacking. Need for Convergence Recommendations for POSHAN 2.0: Set measurable targets for women’s economic and decision-making empowerment. Ensure inter-departmental coordination — nutrition, health, livelihoods. Leverage Anganwadi centres as multi-purpose hubs: Food distribution Antenatal care Skill training Financial literacy Credit/job linkages

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 May 2025

Content: SC’s 3-month timeline in Governor verdict was adopted from Centre’s own guidelines ASI completes conservation work in Lodhi-era stepwell SC strikes down retrospective environmental clearances FinMin undertaking parallel review of RBI buffers with eye on dividends’ U.N. snips outlook for India growth to 6.3% on global slowdown SC’s 3-month timeline in Governor verdict was adopted from Centre’s own guidelines Background Context Issue: Whether the Supreme Court can prescribe a time limit for the President to decide on Bills reserved by Governors under Article 201 of the Constitution. Trigger: The Tamil Nadu Governor case, where excessive delay was observed in presidential assent. Centre’s Objection: Filed a Presidential Reference, arguing that judicially imposing a timeline on the President lacks constitutional basis, as Article 201 is silent on time limits. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution) Key Points from SC Judgment (April 8) Not a New Timeline: The three-month deadline was not judicial innovation but adopted from existing MHA guidelines (2016 OMs). Quote from Justice J.B. Pardiwala: “We deem it appropriate to adopt the timeline prescribed by the Ministry of Home Affairs…” Details of the 2016 Office Memorandums (OMs) OM 1 – On Timeliness (Feb 4, 2016) Main concern: “Undue delay” in President’s decisions on State Bills. Directive: Final decision on such Bills to be made within 3 months of receipt. Ministry-wise Coordination: Substantive issues → Relevant Central Ministry. Legal/constitutional issues → Ministry of Law. Ministries to respond in 15 days, or justify delay. Max delay for comment: 1 month – else deemed “no comment”. OM 2 – On Objections (Also Feb 4, 2016) If any Ministry raises objections: Must be shared with the State for reply/clarification. State must respond within 1 month. Purpose: Keep Centre informed and facilitate timely presidential decision. SC’s Interpretation Article 201’s silence does not imply absence of accountability. Timeline adoption ensures constitutional expediency, not overreach. Guidelines reflect the Centre’s own executive understanding of timely action. Timelines promote constitutional federalism and avoid legislative paralysis at the State level. Commissions Supporting Timeliness Sarkaria Commission: Recommended quick disposal of Article 201 matters. Punchhi Commission: Advocated for clear timelines in Centre–State interactions. Conclusion SC Verdict: Judicially endorses existing administrative norms, not creating new law. Implication: Puts constitutional pressure on the President and Centre to act swiftly on reserved State Bills. Centre’s Challenge: Raises constitutional query on judicial limits, though the timeline originated from its own rules. ASI completes conservation work in Lodhi-era stepwell Overview of the Site Name: Rajon ki Baoli Era: 16th century, Lodhi period Location: Mehrauli Archaeological Park, New Delhi Significance: A historic stepwell (baoli) used for water conservation and community gathering. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) Collaborating Institutions Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) – Lead conservation agency. World Monuments Fund India (WMFI) – Provided heritage expertise. TCS Foundation – Supported the project as part of CSR. Key Conservation Measures Cleaning and De-silting: Stepwell cleared of accumulated debris and silt to restore water flow. Water Management: Connected to proper drainage systems to prevent stagnation. Fish introduced to maintain water quality naturally (bio-remediation). Material Integrity: Used traditional materials like lime plaster and mortar. Aimed to preserve the original architectural character of the Lodhi-era structure. Historical Accuracy: Restoration work was guided by historical records and documentation. Ensured authenticity of the design and features was retained. Cultural and Environmental Value Cultural Heritage: Revives a medieval example of Indo-Islamic architecture and hydraulic engineering. Ecological Role: Stepwell acts as a micro water conservation system. Tourism & Education: Enhances the heritage appeal of Mehrauli Archaeological Park. Conclusion The conservation of Rajon ki Baoli reflects a sustainable, heritage-sensitive approach combining traditional craftsmanship with modern conservation practices. Model for future restorations of historical water bodies and monuments. SC strikes down retrospective environmental clearances Core Verdict Retrospective (ex post facto) environmental clearances (ECs) are illegal, declared the Supreme Court. Held as “gross illegality” and against environmental jurisprudence. Court stressed that clearance must be obtained before starting or expanding any project. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance ) Case Background Petition filed by Vanashakti, an environmental NGO. SC invalidated the 2017 Notification and the 2021 Office Memorandum (OM) issued by the Centre allowing retrospective ECs. However, ECs already granted till date under these rules are protected and will not be undone. Court’s Reasoning Ex post facto ECs undermine due environmental diligence: Violate principles of precaution and environmental impact assessment (EIA). Neglect environmental consequences before granting approvals. Retrospective clearance essentially regularises illegality—projects that started without prior EC are later approved. SC criticized the Centre’s “crafty drafting” to shield violators through legal loopholes. Legal and Environmental Principles Emphasised Development cannot come at the cost of the environment. Referenced Common Cause (2017) judgment: prior EC is mandatory and non-negotiable. Environmental clearance must follow: Detailed study Public consultation Regulatory oversight before approval. Critique of Government Actions The 2021 Office Memorandum (OM) avoided the phrase “ex post facto”, but effectively allowed retrospective clearances. Government failed in its constitutional duty to protect and improve the environment (Article 48A and 51A(g)). “Development” must include environmental protection, not override it. Implications of the Judgment Ends the practice of regularising illegal constructions through post-approval ECs. Reinforces the need for environmental accountability in urban planning and infrastructure. Strengthens the EIA framework and judicial commitment to environmental rule of law. ‘FinMin undertaking parallel review of RBI buffers with eye on dividends’ Core Issue The Finance Ministry is conducting a parallel review of the RBI’s Economic Capital Framework (ECF). Focus: Assess whether the Contingency Risk Buffer (CRB) maintained by RBI can be reduced to enable higher dividend transfers to the government. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,Banking) Background Economic Capital Framework (ECF): Determines how much capital the RBI must retain for financial stability. Reviewed in 2018 by the Bimal Jalan Committee. Recommended a CRB of 5.5–6.5% of RBI’s balance sheet. Dividend transfer: Amount over and above the CRB is transferred as surplus (dividend) to the government. Government’s Motivation Higher transfers = More fiscal space for the Centre. Government reportedly aiming to increase defence expenditure amid rising security concerns (e.g., with Pakistan). Greater surplus would aid in meeting fiscal deficit targets or enhancing capital spending. Current Developments Since January 2025, the RBI has been internally reviewing the ECF. Government is conducting a parallel, independent review of buffer norms. Official: Some believe the Jalan recommendations were too conservative, and there’s room to lower the buffer. RBI’s Position RBI held its 615th central board meeting and reviewed the ECF. No formal decision announced yet, but outcome will influence surplus transfer. Strategic Implications Lowering CRB: Frees up more funds for government use, boosting fiscal flexibility. But reduces the RBI’s cushion against economic/financial crises. Raises concerns about central bank autonomy vs. government fiscal needs. Broader Context Similar tensions were seen in 2018–19 leading to friction between the RBI and Finance Ministry. ECF review is critical for: Monetary policy independence Crisis preparedness Centre’s fiscal planning U.N. snips outlook for India growth to 6.3% on global slowdown Key Update by the U.N. The United Nations has lowered India’s GDP growth forecast to: 6.3% in 2025 (calendar year) 6.4% in 2026 This is a 0.3 percentage point cut from previous projections. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Global Economic Context The cut aligns with slower global growth forecasts due to: Rising trade tensions Geopolitical risks Policy uncertainty in major economies Global GDP now projected at: 2.4% in 2025 (down 0.4%) 2.5% in 2026 (down 0.4%) India’s Growth Drivers (According to U.N.) India remains among the fastest-growing large economies. Growth supported by: Resilient private consumption Robust government spending Domestic demand cushions external headwinds. Analytical Insights Despite the downgrade, India’s macroeconomic fundamentals remain strong relative to global peers. Caution for policymakers: Global slowdown may impact exports, FDI, and capital flows. Need to maintain fiscal prudence and monetary stability. Opportunities lie in: Boosting domestic investments Strengthening trade partnerships amid global realignments. Implications for India Lower global growth may challenge India’s export-led sectors. But India’s growth remains consumption-driven, offering resilience. Important for India to focus on: Sustaining public capex Job creation Mitigating inflation risks

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 May 2025

Content : Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – Monthly Bulletin [April 2025] DRDO develops high-pressure polymeric membrane for sea water desalination Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – Monthly Bulletin [April 2025] Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released the first Monthly Bulletin (April 2025) of the revamped Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), providing high-frequency estimates of key labour market indicators such as LFPR, WPR, and UR for persons aged 15 years and above in rural and urban areas. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Highlights Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) (15+ age, CWS basis): Overall: 55.6% Rural: 58.0% | Urban: 50.7% Males: Rural – 79.0%, Urban – 75.3% Females: Rural – 38.2%, Urban – 25.7% Worker Population Ratio (WPR) (15+ age, CWS basis): Overall: 52.8% Rural: 55.4% | Urban: 47.4% Female WPR: Rural – 36.8%, Urban – 23.5% Unemployment Rate (UR) (15+ age, CWS basis): Overall: 5.1% Male: 5.2% | Female: 5.0% Youth (15–29 yrs): Higher unemployment — 13.8% overall Structural & Methodological Changes (From Jan 2025) Revamped Sample Design: Rotational Panel Scheme: Each household surveyed 4 times over 4 months FSUs matched 75% between two consecutive months Sample Size (April 2025): FSUs: 7,511 (4,140 rural + 3,371 urban) Households: 89,434 Persons: 3,80,838 Improved Sampling Rigour: Households per FSU increased: 8 → 12 Revised stratification and selection methods for FSUs Changes in the Schedule of Inquiry implemented Sectoral & Gender Insights Youth Unemployment (15–29 yrs): Rural: 12.3% | Urban: 17.2% Female UR (Urban): 23.7% — alarming indicator of urban female joblessness Gender Gaps: LFPR: Urban Female – 25.7%, Rural Female – 38.2% WPR: Urban Female – 23.5%, Rural Female – 36.8% Overall female participation remains low across sectors Comparability Note Data from Jan 2025 onward not directly comparable with older PLFS due to: Revised sampling framework Rotational panel design Updated Schedule of Inquiry Significance First Monthly PLFS Bulletin (April 2025) — start of high-frequency labour market data Boosts timeliness of labour statistics for policy interventions Helps track seasonal and gendered employment trends DRDO develops high-pressure polymeric membrane for sea water desalination Key Innovation DRDO has developed an indigenous nanoporous multilayered polymeric membrane for high-pressure sea water desalination. Developed by DMSRDE, Kanpur (a DRDO lab), tailored for use in Indian Coast Guard (ICG) ships. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Purpose and Utility Designed to address the stability challenge posed by chloride ions in saline water — a major issue in marine environments. Meets the operational requirements of ICG vessels like Offshore Patrolling Vessels (OPVs). Testing and Trials Initial technical trials successfully conducted on an existing desalination plant aboard an ICG OPV. Safety and performance results of the membrane were fully satisfactory. Final operational clearance pending after 500 hours of continuous operational testing. Strategic Significance Development completed in a record time of 8 months, demonstrating DRDO’s agile innovation capability. Will significantly enhance self-reliance in critical marine technology — aligned with Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Civilian Potential With modifications, the membrane has potential for civilian use in coastal desalination plants, addressing water scarcity in coastal and island regions. Key Themes Indigenization of critical technology Strengthening maritime capabilities Public-sector R&D efficiency Dual-use technology for defence and civil sectors Fast-tracked innovation under strategic needs

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 May 2025

Content : Under control The paradox of the approach to the Manipur issue The yearly ‘thank you’ to nurses is not enough Under control Context : Retail inflation hit a 69-month low in April. Wholesale inflation (WPI) also dropped to a 13-month low. Both declines are driven mainly by falling vegetable prices and pulses. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : Retail and wholesale inflation indices recently recorded historic lows. Discuss the factors behind this moderation in inflation and critically evaluate its implications for monetary policy and fiscal planning in India. (250 words) Reasons for Inflation Decline Vegetables: Prices contracted ~11% YoY, aided by a high base effect (27-30% inflation last year). Pulses: Prices fell by 5.2%. Wholesale inflation decline was steeper due to: Vegetable price contraction of 18.26%, again due to a high base (~12% last April). Government measures contributed: Building buffer stocks of essentials. Open market operations to ease shortages. Easing imports during supply constraints. Additional Contributing Factors Liquidity crunch in early 2025: Banks had less money to lend. Reduced money supply lowered consumer and business spending, dampening inflation. Implications for Policymakers RBI policy stance vindicated: Two consecutive interest rate cuts seem justified. Likely further rate cut in June by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). Upcoming GDP data will be a key factor before further rate decisions. Oil pricing policy in focus: Crude oil inflation at 22-month low in WPI. Despite 42% fall in global oil prices over 3 years, fuel prices remain stagnant. Urgent need to: Cut fuel prices, or Officially scrap the “dynamic pricing” policy which lacks transparency. Caveats and Risks Base effect plays a major role — drop may not fully reflect actual price moderation. Monsoon dependency: Inflation trajectory in coming months will depend on monsoon performance. Global trade tensions: Tariff uncertainties and India’s retaliatory stance may add pressure on inflation. Conclusion Inflation appears to be under control, benefiting both consumers and policymakers. However, sustainability of this trend depends on monsoons, external shocks, and policy follow-through on fuel pricing. The paradox of the approach to the Manipur issue Current Situation in Manipur The conflict has entered its second year, with over 250 deaths and thousands displaced. Despite the humanitarian crisis, the issue remains low on the national political agenda. The lack of a high-level visit to Manipur contrasts with quicker responses in other national crises, raising concerns over regional prioritization. Relevance : GS 3 (Internal Security) Practice Question : The prolonged conflict in Manipur exposes a paradox in India’s internal security approach. Examine the structural and policy-level failures in managing the crisis. (250 words) The Response to Manipur Conflict The response to internal ethnic conflicts like in Manipur has been more measured compared to external security threats. Manipur doesn’t pose a direct national security threat in the way Kashmir does, hence receives less urgency. The state’s crisis is domesticated and ethnic, lacking geopolitical leverage. Security Approach and Engagement Government efforts have focused on maintaining law and order, with attention to various community groups. There have been challenges in balancing security operations and protecting democratic norms. Border Management Strategy The plan to fence the India-Myanmar border is intended to enhance security but has raised concerns about its impact on cross-border communities and regional cooperation policies. Disarmament Efforts Arms surrender initiatives have taken place, though challenges remain in fully accounting for weapons and ammunition. Enforcement of related laws continues to be an area needing focus. President’s Rule and Governance The imposition of President’s Rule in February 2025 aimed to stabilize the situation politically and administratively, with further steps needed to ensure lasting peace. Way Forward Sustainable peace requires inclusive dialogue involving all stakeholders and long-term institution-building. Recognizing diverse perspectives is essential for reconciliation. Conclusion Addressing the Manipur crisis calls for balanced security measures coupled with political engagement and development efforts to build trust and peace in the region. The yearly ‘thank you’ to nurses is not enough Current Status of Nurses in India Underappreciated Role: Despite constituting 47% of the health workforce, nurses remain underrepresented in leadership, policymaking, and autonomous clinical functions. Traditional Perceptions: Nurses are still viewed as assistants to doctors, limiting their professional autonomy and recognition. Global Contrast: Countries like Australia, UK, USA, South Africa, Brazil have embraced Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in autonomous roles with diagnosing and prescribing powers. Relevance : GS 2 ( Health, Governance, Social Justice) Practice Question : Despite the National Health Policy 2017 recognizing their potential, Nurse Practitioners in India continue to face systemic neglect. Examine the structural challenges and suggest reforms to empower nurses as healthcare leaders.(250 words) Nurse Practitioners (NPs): Missed Potential in India Definition: NPs are advanced registered nurses (often with Master’s level education) with competencies in diagnosis, treatment, and limited prescriptions. Policy Recognition: The National Health Policy (2017) identified NPs as key to improving primary care, especially in underserved areas. Programmes Launched: NP in Critical Care (2017) and Primary Health Care by the INC. Midwifery NP Programmes in states like West Bengal, Telangana, Kerala. Implementation Gaps: Lack of legal clarity on scope of practice, licensure, and titles. Programmes exist, but roles remain undefined and unprotected. Many advanced nursing roles (e.g. stoma nurses, stroke nurses) lack formal regulatory recognition. Challenges Facing NP Integration in India Legal Ambiguity: No clear framework for licensing, defining scope of practice, or public sector absorption. Medical Community Resistance: Fear of losing power results in opposition from doctors. Weak Regulatory Support: Curriculum focuses on skills but lacks emphasis on policy, licensure, ethics, and leadership. Education Crisis: Proliferation of low-quality nursing colleges, poor faculty, and corruption. Gender and Hierarchical Biases: Deep-rooted patriarchal and class hierarchies reinforce nurse subordination. What India Can Learn from Australia Successful NP Model: Protected titles and legal backing for NPs. Creation of career ladders and licensure systems. Promotion of nurse-led care models (e.g., walk-in clinics). Key Success Factor: Political and policy space for nursing leadership and advocacy. Systemic Issues Hindering Nursing Leadership Cultural and Gendered Power Dynamics: Nurses, being predominantly women, face systemic undervaluation. Policy Exclusion: Weak nursing advocacy leads to exclusion from policy reforms. Fragmented Movements: Lack of unified, grassroots nursing movements weakens the collective voice. Way Forward: Legal Reforms: Define and recognise NP roles and licensure authority. Establish accountability mechanisms and regulatory backing. Educational Overhaul: Close substandard institutions; enhance faculty training. Incorporate policy, ethics, and leadership training in curriculum. Career and Financial Incentives: Ensure fair pay, career progression, and respect for advanced skills. Gender Equity: Address the undervaluation rooted in gendered perceptions. Leadership by Nurses: Nurses must lead reforms, not just implement them. Build alliances and advocacy networks to influence policy from the ground up.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 May 2025

Content : Does Article 21 include right to digital access? Should NOTA be included in all elections compulsorily? Gig workers’ meeting demands minimum wages, social security ISRO set to launch earth observation satellite using PSLV rocket on Sunday Unemployment at 5.1%, women labour force rises: PLFS data Raising healthy hearts: reimagining school nutrition to tackle childhood hypertension Does Article 21 include right to digital access? Supreme Court’s Interpretation of Article 21 The Supreme Court expanded Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) to include the ‘right to digital access’. Emphasized that digital accessibility is a constitutional right, especially for persons with disabilities (PwDs). Based on principles of substantive equality, the Court mandated that digital KYC norms must be made accessible. Relevance : GS 2(Fundamental Rights) Digital KYC and Exclusion of PwDs Current KYC framework under the RBI’s 2016 Master Directions includes video-based verification (V-CIP) using: Selfies, handwritten/digital signatures, Reading on-screen codes, OTP verification within 30 seconds. These processes exclude blind users, acid-attack survivors, and others with visual or facial impairments. Legal Frameworks Supporting PwDs Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016: Adopts a social-barrier approach to disability. Section 42 mandates accessible media and universal-design for electronic systems. Constitutional backing: Articles 14, 15, 21, and 38 provide for equality, non-discrimination, and dignified life. Obligates the State to ensure equal access to digital public infrastructure. Why is KYC Mandatory? Under the Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002, KYC is essential to: Prevent illegal finance and money laundering. Enable access to banking, SIM cards, insurance, pensions, DBT benefits, etc. Challenges Faced by PwDs KYC systems lackaccessibility: No screen-reader support for camera or lighting. No audio instructions or feedback. No support for thumb impressions (common for blind users). Aadhaar-based systems often reject visually impaired users. PwDs often face rejection or forced in-person visits, violating their rights to digital access and dignity. Key Supreme Court Rulings Rajive Raturi vs. Union of India (2024): Affirmed that accessibility is central to Article 21. Declared digital exclusion = rights violation. Previous interventions during COVID-19 and other public service rollouts also stressed digital inclusivity. Wider Impact Beyond PwDs The SC noted that digitalinaccessibility affects: Rural populations, senior citizens, Economically weaker sections, Linguistic minorities. Emphasized building inclusive digital infrastructure as a State obligation. Should NOTA be included in all elections compulsorily? Arguments in favour of compulsory inclusion of NOTA: Democratic expression: NOTA provides voters the right to reject all candidates, reinforcing democratic choice even when only one candidate is contesting. Protects secrecy: It enables voters to exercise dissent without compromising ballot secrecy, aligning with the SC’s 2013 judgment. Symbolic pressure: Even if NOTA doesn’t lead to re-election, its presence acts as a signal to political parties to nominate better candidates. Unopposed wins countered: Prevents automatic victory in uncontested seats and ensures voter agency is respected in such rare cases. No major administrative burden: As uncontested elections are rare (only 6 Lok Sabha instances since 1971), adding NOTA in such cases wouldn’t significantly burden the Election Commission. Supports electoral reform: Could pave the way for more meaningful electoral reforms, like re-election mandates if NOTA crosses a threshold. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Elections ) Arguments against compulsory inclusion of NOTA: Low usage: Historical data shows NOTA consistently receives only ~1% of votes; thus, its practical influence is limited. Lacks legal impact: NOTA doesn’t currently lead to rejection or re-election; even if majority votes for it, the candidate still wins. Legislative roadblock: Mandating NOTA would require amending the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and Election Rules, 1961 — a process beyond EC’s domain. EC’s resistance: The Election Commission opposes mandatory NOTA in uncontested elections, citing rarity and legal constraints. Declining trend: States like Gujarat and Bihar saw higher initial NOTA use (2.48% in Bihar 2015), but the trend hasn’t grown significantly. Statistical Insights: NOTA use in Lok Sabha: 2014, 2019, 2024: Around 1% of total voters opted for NOTA. High State usage: Bihar (2015): 2.48% Gujarat (2017): 1.8% Uncontested elections: Only 9 cases since 1952; 6 in Lok Sabha since 1971. Suggested Reforms: Re-election trigger: If NOTA exceeds a certain percentage, a re-election could be mandated. Minimum benchmark: Set a minimum vote threshold for candidates to be declared elected. Strengthen NOTA’s legal impact: Amend laws to give teeth to the NOTA option, making it more than symbolic. Conclusion: While NOTA currently holds symbolic power with limited practical consequence, compulsory inclusion — even in uncontested elections — enhances voter agency and democratic legitimacy. But to make it truly impactful, legislative backing and electoral reforms are essential. Gig workers’ meeting demands minimum wages, social security Key Demands Raised at the Roundtable Minimum wages/income: Based on logged-in hours, not just deliveries or rides completed. Social security policy: Urged the Central government to create a dedicated social security policy for online platform workers. Legal protections: Emphasized the need for formal legal recognition and safeguards for gig and platform workers. Tripartite Welfare Board: Proposed at both State and Central levels. To include representatives from workers, employers, and government. Objective: Build dialogue among stakeholders and influence policymaking for a fairer gig economy. Relevance: GS 2(Social Justice) ,GS 3(Indian Economy) Worker Testimonies: Harsh Realities Arbitrary termination: Worker IDs frequently blocked, often without cause or due process. Lack of grievance redressal: No formal mechanisms exist for resolving disputes. Hostile corporate behavior: Companies seen as insensitive and dictatorial. Union-busting tactics: Attempts to organise or protest are met with termination or suppression. Social stigma: Gig workers feel disrespected and unrecognized by society. Economic Exploitation Issues Declining rate cards: Continuous reduction in pay rates despite rising costs. Unfair surcharge sharing: Companies do not equitably distribute surcharges paid by customers. No income stability: Earnings fluctuate heavily due to algorithmic control and unregulated practices.  Policy Suggestions Legal classification: Clearly define gig workers under labour laws. Wage floor: Implement minimum wage standards across platforms. Universal social security: Cover gig workers under pension, health, insurance, and maternity benefits. Protect union rights: Recognize gig worker collectives and allow collective bargaining. Conclusion: The roundtable highlighted the urgent need for institutional reforms, legal recognition, and economic justice for gig workers — who form the backbone of the digital service economy but remain vulnerable and unprotected under current frameworks. ISRO set to launch earth observation satellite using PSLV rocket on Sunday PSLV-C61 / EOS-09 Launch Scheduled Launch: May 19, 2024, at 5:59 a.m. from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Mission Type: Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-09). Launch Vehicle: PSLV-C61 (ISRO’s 101st launch). Satellite Capability: Equipped with C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Provides high-resolution images. Operational in all-weather and round-the-clock conditions. Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s surveillance and remote sensing capabilities, useful for applications like agriculture, forestry, disaster management, and border monitoring. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Chandrayaan-5 / LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration) Collaboration Joint Mission: ISRO (India) + JAXA (Japan). Purpose: Explore lunar polar volatiles, particularly water ice. Target: Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) in the lunar South Pole. Legacy: Follows Chandrayaan-1 (orbital), Chandrayaan-2 (orbiter + failed lander), Chandrayaan-3 (successful lander-rover), and upcoming Chandrayaan-4 (sample return). Chandrayaan-5 = fifth lunar mission, first ISRO-JAXA full collaboration. Mission Architecture Launch Vehicle: JAXA’s H3-24L rocket. Payload: Lunar Lander: Developed by ISRO. Lunar Rover: Developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI), Japan. Scientific Instruments: To be provided by: ISRO JAXA ESA (European Space Agency) NASA Instruments will focus on exploration and in-situ analysis of volatiles (e.g., lunar water). Technical Interface Meeting (TIM-3) Held on May 13–14, 2024, at ISRO HQ, Bengaluru. Attended by: Senior officials and project teams from ISRO, JAXA, and MHI. Objective: To review and finalize technical collaborations and mission readiness for Chandrayaan-5. Strategic & Scientific Significance Earth Observation (EOS-09): Strengthens India’s disaster preparedness, resource mapping, and border security. Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX: Key step in deep space collaboration. Advances global understanding of lunar water, crucial for future sustainable lunar habitation and deep space missions. Unemployment at 5.1%, women labour force rises: PLFS data Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Data from PLFS (April 2025, CWS Method) Unemployment Rate (UR): Overall (15+ years): 5.1% Male UR: 5.2% Female UR: 5.0% Rural UR (all ages): 4.5% Urban UR (all ages): 6.5% Urban Female UR (15–29 years): 23.7% (alarming youth unemployment) Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) (15+ years): Overall: 55.6% Rural Areas: 58.0% Urban Areas: 50.7% Worker Population Ratio (WPR) (15+ years): Rural Areas: 55.4% Urban Areas: 47.4% Overall: 52.8% New Features of Revamped PLFS First Monthly Bulletin issued (previously quarterly/annual). Covers employment data for rural areas monthly — a methodological improvement. Expanded household sample size for more accurate representation. Aims to capture seasonality and short-term labour market trends. Women’s Labour Participation Slight increase in women’s participation, especially in rural areas. Yet, youth urban female unemployment (23.7%) shows deep structural issues. Indicates lack of adequate skilled job opportunities and barriers to women’s sustained employment in urban settings. Expert Commentary: Dr. Sridhar Kundu Praises monthly tracking initiative as a positive institutional reform. Criticisms of PLFS: Lacks data on labour market-oriented schemes like MGNREGA. Does not cover wage trends across sectors and sub-sectors. No concrete roadmap for addressing skilled vs. unskilled employment dynamics. Policy Implications Need to bridge rural-urban employment gap (rural UR: 4.5%, urban UR: 6.5%). Address high female youth unemployment with targeted skilling and job creation. Revamp PLFS to include: Wage data MGNREGA impact assessment Sector-wise job quality metrics. Better data-driven labour policy formulation required. Raising healthy hearts: reimagining school nutrition to tackle childhood hypertension Context : Rising Concern: Childhood Hypertension in India Hypertension is no longer an adult-only issue — Indian children increasingly show elevated blood pressure. CNNS (2016–18): 7.3% adolescents hypertensive; urban rate even higher at 9.1%. NFHS-5: 12% of teenagers (15–19 years) have elevated blood pressure. Implication: Early intervention is critical — the disease often goes unnoticed until adolescence or adulthood. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Social Issues ) Primary Causes of the Trend Unhealthy diets: Processed and packaged snacks, high in salt and low in nutrition. Salt intake in adolescents: 8+ grams/day, almost double the WHO adult limit. Lifestyle changes: Reduced physical activity. Indoor and online-based routines. Food addiction cycle: Early preference for hyper-palatable foods → reduced acceptance of healthier options → long-term habits. Role of PM POSHAN (Mid-Day Meal Scheme) World’s largest school meal programme: Covers 120 million children in 1.27 million+ schools (as of 2025). Current strength: Provides basic nutrition. Opportunity: Transform meals into tools for habit formation and food literacy. Proposed Reform Directions Reimagine PM POSHAN as a “food literacy engine”. Integrate: Regional menus using local, fresh produce. Nutrition education embedded in curriculum. Student participation in food prep, planning, and serving. International Models to Emulate Japan’s ShoKuiku model: Children plan meals, learn about nutrition, serve food to peers. Leads to lower obesity and healthier eating culture. Vietnam’s adaptation: Ministry of Education + Ajinomoto = improved school meals with ShoKuiku philosophy. Policy Takeaways & Recommendations Shift from calorie-centric to behavior-centric nutrition policies. Make PM POSHAN a platform for: Early intervention against NCDs (like hypertension). Changing food environments in schools. Build structured food education as part of national nutrition strategy.

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