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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 November 2024

CONTENTS 9th Ayurveda Day Nabhmitra Application  9th Ayurveda Day Context: The Ministry of Ayush marked the 9th Ayurveda Day on October 29, 2024, under the theme “Ayurveda Innovations for Global Health.” The event showcased significant advancements and initiatives, with the Prime Minister launching various health projects. These efforts highlight India’s ongoing commitment to making Ayurveda accessible and integral to global health solutions. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Introduction to Ayurveda Significance of Current Themes in Ayurveda Introduction to Ayurveda Definition and Principles: Ayurveda, a traditional form of medicine, emphasizes balance in physical, mental, and spiritual health to promote overall wellness. The name originates from the Sanskrit words “ayu” (life) and “veda” (knowledge), collectively meaning ‘the science of life.’ Historical Development: Originating in the Vedic period around 5000 to 1000 BCE, Ayurveda is one of the world’s oldest medical systems. It features in ancient Indian epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, which document early medicinal and surgical practices. Foundational texts such as the Caraka and Susruta Samhitas were penned around 1000 BCE, which were further elaborated in Vagbhata’s works like Astanga Sangraha and Astanga Hridaya. Modernization and Recognition: Ayurveda saw formal education structures develop in India during the 19th and 20th centuries, integrating into both public and private healthcare sectors. Recognized internationally, Ayurveda influences global traditional medicine practices, particularly in regions like Tibet and China. Globalization and Policy Support: The international spread of Ayurveda is supported through trade and cultural exchanges, leading to its recognition in over 24 countries. Platforms such as SCO, BIMSTEC, and BRICS enhance its global policy integration. The WHO’s recognition of Ayurveda in the ICD-11 TM Module 2 facilitates the documentation of Ayurvedic interventions and sets international standards for practice and training. Significance of Current Themes in Ayurveda Health and Global Challenges: Ayurveda contributes to combating global health issues like non-communicable diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and the impacts of climate change on health. It addresses specific areas such as mental health, aging, and nutrition, aligning with preventive healthcare principles. Focused Areas of Application: Ayurveda offers holistic approaches to address health issues unique to women. It applies Ayurvedic principles to improve physical and mental health in professional settings. Promotes children’s health by enhancing immunity through Ayurvedic practices. Integrates traditional dietary practices with modern culinary techniques to enhance nutritional health. Sustainable Development and Health Coverage: By promoting preventive health and holistic wellness, Ayurveda supports broader global initiatives like the Sustainable Development Goals and Universal Health Coverage, specifically contributing to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Nabhmitra Application Context: Recently, the Nabhmitra application helped fishermen in the sea during cyclone Dana using the Vessel Communication and Support System.  Relevance: GS II: Governement Policies and interventions Nabhmitra Application Nabhmitra allows real-time tracking vessel positions, course and speed, which enables fishermen to turn up safely to shore during Cyclone weather conditions. Indigeneous transponder technology initiative of the ministry of Fisheries, Animal husbandry, and Dairying. It empowers two-way communication that couldn’t be done before implementation of this technology beyond Mobile coverage range. Developed by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) being executed through NewSpace India Ltd (NSIL), the commercial arm of ISRO Traditionally, Very High Frequency Radio Waves and phone calls were used as mediums of communication by authorities to vessels, but tracking a fishing boat in the deep seas was not easy as they were not covered by the mobile networks.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 November 2024

Content : Big Tech’s fail — unsafe online spaces for women Time for action Big Tech’s fail — unsafe online spaces for women Context : After Kamala Harris’s nomination for the U.S. presidential elections, she faced intense AI-driven harassment and disinformation. Attacks included manipulated videos, memes, and derogatory content targeting her character, race, and qualifications. Relevance: GS 1 (Society ), GS 2(Social Justice ). Practice question: Critically assess Big Tech’s role in enabling unsafe online spaces for women in leadership. Suggest measures to strengthen digital safety for women. (150 words ) Gender-targeted Digital Harassment: The harassment included deepfakes and trolling from prominent figures with explicit and racially offensive content widely circulated. This represents a broader issue affecting high-profile women globally, from Kamala Harris to Giorgia Meloni. Big Tech’s Failure in Moderation: Platforms have not effectively curbed degrading content, relying on “safe harbour” protections to evade accountability. A study by Amnesty International found that Twitter failed to take action on 70% of abusive tweets reported by women in the UK and the US. Despite having the technology, Big Tech often fails to implement sufficient safety measures, allowing harmful content against women to proliferate. Disparity on Women: Online abuse against women is distinctly personal and often sexualised, affecting their dignity and mental well-being. Male figures face criticism on actions or policies, but women encounter attacks on appearance, body, and personal life, reflecting deep-seated gender bias. Technology’s Illusion of Empowerment: While technology is seen as a tool for empowerment, AI often perpetuates societal biases and stereotypes, amplifying digital abuse. With limited female representation in AI development, platforms mirror and even reinforce gender biases. For example,  According to the World Economic Forum, only 22% of AI professionals globally are female Consequences for Everyday Women: Online harassment can lead to women withdrawing from digital spaces or having their access restricted by family, limiting career and public engagement. This exacerbates the digital divide and social inequality, hindering women’s personal and professional growth. According to the European Institute for Gender Equality, 51% of women have experienced online harassment Call for Accountability Among Tech Platforms: Big Tech must take greater responsibility for content moderation, with proactive measures to remove harmful content. Reliance on users to report issues is inadequate, and platforms should bear the onus of moderating harmful content. Recommended Solutions: Enhanced Content Moderation: Big Tech should invest in advanced safety features and faster response times for harmful content. Strict Fines and Limitations: Platforms should face penalties, such as fines or temporary operational limitations if they fail to ensure user safety. Increased Female Representation in Tech: More women in AI and tech roles can contribute to more inclusive and gender-sensitive digital solutions. Bias Testing and Simulation Exercises: Routine checks for gender biases in AI systems and testing for risks in simulations can help create fairer, safer AI tools. Policy and Regulatory Guardrails: Governments should set clear policies that mandate accountability, transparency, and ethical practices in digital spaces. Conclusion: Creating a safer online environment for women is essential for upholding their dignity and enabling true empowerment in the digital age. Time for action Context : The annual climate conference, this time in Baku, Azerbaijan, will focus on global commitments to mitigating climate change. Relevance GS 3 (Environment ) Practice Question How does the Baku conference serve as a pivotal platform for advancing global climate mitigation efforts?  (150 words ) Urgency of Emission Reduction: Scientific assessments state that to keep global warming below 1.5° C above pre-industrial levels, emissions must: Peak by 2025. Decline by 43% by 2030. Current national commitments predict only a 2.6% decrease in emissions by 2030 compared to 2019, far below the necessary reduction. Current Emission Levels: Global emissions have risen annually, reaching 53 billion metric tonnes in 2023, except for the temporary dip in 2020 due to COVID-19. Developed vs. Developing Countries Dilemma: Rich nations are reluctant to reduce their high-energy lifestyles. Developing nations are attempting to achieve economic growth while minimising reliance on fossil fuels. This balance remains challenging due to the high costs associated with renewable energy adoption. Climate Finance and Its Challenges: At the 2009 Copenhagen Summit, developed countries pledged $100 billion annually by 2020 to support developing countries in transitioning to clean energy. Lack of a clear definition for ‘climate finance’. Delays in the financial crediting and distribution system result in goals and frustration among developing nations. Paris Agreement and New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG): The Paris Agreement mandates setting a new climate finance goal by 2025, with $100 billion as the minimum benchmark. Developed nations suggest major economies like China and India should also contribute due to their significant emissions and economic scale. NCQG is expected to be a primary discussion point at Baku. Role of Carbon Markets: Carbon markets are promoted as a potential solution for climate financing. Mechanism: Developed countries fund renewable energy and carbon offset projects in developing countries and earn tradeable credits However, establishing clear, fair accounting rules for carbon credits is a complex issue that remains unresolved. Legal Complexities of Climate Negotiations: Climate negotiations are mired in legal details, often obstructing progress on emission reduction goals. Rather than further delaying action with debates, there is an urgent need for transparent, actionable commitments. Conclusion : The continuous rise in emissions highlights the inadequacy of current measures. Shifting the focus to real, substantial actions on climate finance, equitable carbon markets, and binding commitments is crucial for effective climate mitigation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 November 2024

CONTENTS ED Charges Eight in Cyber Scam Involving Fake IPOs; New Advisory Issued Against Digital Frauds ILO Report Stresses Impact of Care Responsibilities on Women’s Workforce Participation in India Exploring the Stagnation of Rural Wages Amidst India’s Economic Growth Kodo millet First in the World Challenge Initiative Gastrodia lohitensis  ED Charges Eight in Cyber Scam Involving Fake IPOs; New Advisory Issued Against Digital Frauds Context: The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has taken a very serious legal step by filing a prosecution complaint under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) against eight people connected with a complex cyber scam. These people have been accused of scamming other people through fake IPOs and stock investment mainly through social media like WhatsApp, Instagram, and Telegram. At the same time, the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre has issued a new advisory warning the public to be aware of digital fraud, seeking greater awareness on cyber fraud over financial transactions. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) Major Initiatives by I4C Digital Arrest Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) The Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) is a pivotal initiative by the Ministry of Home Affairs, inaugurated in January 2020 to tackle cybercrime across India comprehensively and collaboratively. It serves as a national nerve center for addressing various cybercrime issues, enhancing coordination among law enforcement agencies, and improving India’s capability to combat cyber threats. Key Objectives: I4C aims to centralize efforts to combat cybercrime, particularly those that affect vulnerable populations like women and children. It enhances the ability of citizens to register cybercrime complaints easily and helps in analyzing cybercrime trends for proactive measures. The center is also focused on educating the public on cybercrime prevention. Major Initiatives by I4C Cybercrime Reporting and Response: National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP): Accessible at www.cybercrime.gov.in, this portal facilitates 24/7 reporting of cybercrimes. Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting System: This system allows for the immediate reporting of financial cyber frauds to mitigate damages. National Toll-free Helpline (‘1930’): Operates round the clock to assist citizens in filing online cyber complaints. Training and Resources: National Cyber Forensic Laboratory (NCFL): A state-of-the-art facility providing essential training and support to state and UT law enforcement officers. CyTrain Portal: Available at ” https://cytrain.ncrb.gov.in“, this MOOC platform offers specialized online courses on cybercrime investigation, forensics, and prosecution to police and judicial officers. Awareness and Outreach: CyberDost: This social media handle promotes cyber safety awareness among the general populace, helping them stay informed about preventive measures against cyber threats. Digital Arrest: Digital arrest is an emerging cybercrime tactic utilized by fraudsters to deceive unsuspecting individuals and extort money through digital means. Modus Operandi: Cybercriminals impersonate law enforcement officials, such as police, Enforcement Directorate, or CBI, tricking victims into believing they have committed a serious offense. Victims are coerced into believing they are under “digital arrest” and must remain visible on platforms like Skype until demands are met. Fraudsters threaten prosecution unless victims pay a significant sum of money. Victims may be manipulated into self-arrest or self-quarantine, believing they cannot leave their homes without paying. Preventive Measures: Cyber Hygiene: Change passwords and update the software, and two-factor authentication to prevent unauthorized access. Avoid Phishing: Never click on unknown links or download attachments from unknown sources. Verify authenticity before sharing any personal information in emails and messages. Secure Devices: Install trusted antivirus and anti-malware products, and update the operating system and applications with latest security protocols. Use VPNs to encrypt Internet connections for increased privacy and security. Avoid free VPNs, and seek good and reliable ones. Employ encryption to protect sensitive information communicated over the internet. Protect yourself against sharing passwords or your passwords or other information especially publicly or through public forums. Public Awareness: Educate people with preventive measures and awareness raising regarding digital arrest and any cyber threats. -Source: The Hindu ILO Report Stresses Impact of Care Responsibilities on Women’s Workforce Participation in India Context: A recent report by the International Labour Organisation, titled “The Impact of Care Responsibilities on Women’s Labour Participation,” identifies low female labor force participation in India as a major challenge, primarily because women shoulder the extensive caregiving responsibilities. The report suggests that more investment in early childhood care and education is required to enable gender equality at work, which could prove helpful in lightening the burden of care that so often weighs down women’s economic engagement. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Women’s Labor Force Participation in India International Perspectives on Care Duties and Workforce Activity Barriers to Women’s Workforce Inclusion Way ahead Women’s Labor Force Participation in India Labor Force Participation: India has a huge labor force gap: 53 percent of women are out of the labor force, primarily because of unpaid care work. For men, the figure is 1.1 percent out of the labor force for the same reasons. Unpaid Domestic Work: According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey of 2023-24, 36.7 percent of women worked and engaged in unpaid household activities, which was equivalent to about 19.4 percent of the total workforce. Domestic Work Variation: 81 percent of Indian females 6 years and above spend more than five hours daily on unpaid domestic work. This has been indicated in the National Statistical Office Time Use Survey of 2019. Caregiving Burden: In the population aged 6 years and above in India, while 26.2 percent of females take more than two hours of their daily time for caregiving reasons, males are only 12.4 percent, indicating the gender difference in care. International Perspectives on Care Duties and Workforce Activity Global Summary: According to the international level, a total of 748 million people do not work for the reason that they have to care for another. Among them, 708 million are women; this is a substantial indication of the global gender gap on care. Regional View: Regions like North Africa, Arab states and the Asia-Pacific region show that women have the largest percent not in the workforce primarily due to care giving functions with differences in culture as well as structure. Comparative Analysis: In contrast, countries such as Belarus, Bulgaria, and Sweden report significantly lower percentages of women outside the workforce. These nations invest approximately 1% of their GDP in Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), facilitating higher female workforce participation. Barriers to Women’s Workforce Inclusion Low educational achievements, limited job opportunities, and poor infrastructure remain the most significant factors which keep women away from working, according to ILO report. Cultural norms on caring activities strongly limit access for women to the labor market, especially in the countryside; gender inequalities are thus reproduced Way ahead: A lot of investment in the care economy will be required to reduce the share of women outside India’s workforce that is assigned to care responsibility, such as early childhood and childcare education These are initiatives that would promote gender equality but can also unlock economic potential in the form of increased engagement and productivity in the workplace from larger numbers of women. -Source: Indian Express Exploring the Stagnation of Rural Wages Amidst India’s Economic Growth Context: Despite India’s impressive economic growth in recent years, rural wages have remained stagnant, particularly in real terms. This situation calls for a deeper examination of the dichotomy between macroeconomic expansion and the subdued increase in rural incomes. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Rural Wages Versus Economic Growth in India Factors Contributing to the Lagging Rural Wages: Steps the Central Government Undertakes to Fight Low Wages in Villages Conclusion on Rural Wages vs. Economic Growth in India Rural Wages Versus Economic Growth in India Overview of Economic Progress: India’s GDP has shown an average growth rate of 4.6% from 2019-20 to 2023-24, with a notable increase to 7.8% during the last three fiscal years. Agricultural Sector Performance: This sector recorded growth rates of 4.2% and 3.6% respectively over the same periods, indicating consistent economic expansion within agriculture. Trends in Rural Wages: Wage Data Collection: The Labour Bureau monitors daily wage rates for 25 agricultural and non-agricultural occupations, utilizing data from 600 villages across 20 states. Wage Growth Dynamics: Although nominal rural wage growth averaged 5.2% annually from 2019 to 2024, real wage growth, when adjusted for inflation, experienced a slight decline of -0.4%. Current Fiscal Year Trends: Despite robust GDP growth rates, the current year continues to show minimal real wage growth in rural areas, suggesting a significant disparity between general economic growth and actual improvements in rural wage conditions. Disconnect Between GDP and Wage Growth: This gap underscores potential issues in wealth distribution and the effectiveness of economic growth in enhancing the standard of living for rural workers. The data points to a need for more targeted policies to ensure that economic gains translate more directly into wage improvements for rural populations. Factors Contributing to the Lagging Rural Wages: Increasing female labour force participation (LFPR): The female LFPR has risen substantially, from 24.5% in 2018-19 to 41.7% in 2023-24. The rural female LFPR is now at 47.6%. Economic Survey 2023-24 reports that programmes like Ujjwala, Har Ghar Jal, and Swachh Bharat have freed time for rural women, which made them enter the workforce. Increased participation of labor force, especially rural women in the labor force increases the labor force size with an imbalance supply-demand. Shift in demand for labor: All the increased female entry in the labor force are not being channeled to capital-intensive industrial employment that would pay well Capital-intensity type of growth was India’s focus in building the industry, which led towards less employment, therefore wages remained under pressure in rural areas. Labor in agriculture, whose level of productive effectiveness per worker is already very low, only increases the decline of wages. Steps the Central Government Undertakes to Fight Low Wages in Villages Transfer Income schemes State specific: Multiple state governments of the nation have brought direct income transfer schemes especially on woman, approximately Rs 2 lakh crore each year. Transfer effects: Transfers, such as those for women under Maharashtra’s Ladki Bahin Yojana, are very high support, topping up very meager earnings and serving to cushion in bad times. Centre sector schemes: Income transfer schemes from Centre, including Rs 6,000 per year supporting farmer households (PM-KISAN) and free grain supporting all poor households during pandemics (PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana [PMGKAY]) Also act as an important support for poverty and low rural incomes. Conclusion on Rural Wages vs. Economic Growth in India Subdued Wage Growth: Despite India’s substantial economic growth, real wage growth in rural areas remains sluggish, with minimal improvements over the years. Economic Disparities: The persistent issue of subdued wage growth highlights significant economic disparities, where GDP increases have not proportionally benefited rural workers. Need for Targeted Policies: To bridge the gap between economic growth and wage improvement, it is crucial to address fundamental issues such as the limited demand for labor in higher-wage sectors and the surplus of labor in rural areas. Path to Inclusive Growth: Government interventions have offered some relief, but comprehensive strategies targeting the root causes of wage stagnation are essential. Enhancing labor market dynamics and creating opportunities in higher-paying industries are vital steps toward achieving inclusive economic prosperity in India. -Source: The Hindu Kodo millet Context: Recently, the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) said that the deaths of elephants in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve could have been caused by “mycotoxins associated with kodo millet”. Relevance: Facts for prelims About Kodo millet: Kodo millet Paspalum scrobiculatum is often called Kodra and Varagu in India. It is one of the “hardiest crops, drought tolerant with high yield potential and excellent storage properties,” It contains vitamins and minerals. It is being a staple food for lots of tribal and economically weak sections in India. Required climatic condition Tropical and subtropical regions are the most suitable for Kodo millet. It is grown in poor soils and is found widely in arid and semi-arid regions. Origin: India and Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer of this crop according to a research paper in 2020. Except MP, the millet is cultivated in Gujarat, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, and parts of Tamil Nadu. The crop is cultivated in India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, and West Africa. According to the research paper, “CPA (Cyclopiazonic acid) is one of the major mycotoxins associated with the kodo millet seeds causing kodo poisoning which was first recognised during the mid-eighties”. Kodo poisoning occurs primarily through the ingestion of kodo grains, when “maturing and harvesting if the grains had exposed to rain, which caused a fungal infection that resulted in ‘poisoned kodo’ locally known as ‘Matawna Kodoo’ or ‘Matona Kodo’ in northern India.” Kodo poisoning generally targets the nervous and cardiovascular system, and major signs and symptoms are “vomiting, giddiness and unconsciousness, small and rapid pulse, cold extremities, shaking of limbs and tremors”. -Source: The Hindu First in the World Challenge Initiative Context: Aimed at encouraging Indian scientists to come up with innovative ideas for finding solutions to difficult health problems, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has announced a new initiative called “First in the World Challenge”. Relevance: GS II: Health About the “First in the World Challenge” Initiative: “The “First in the World” Challenge, following the success of Chandrayaan-3, is an Indian Council of Medical Research’s flagship initiative that would strive to promote the development of innovative health technologies. The scheme shall support innovative, out-of-the box, futuristic ideas that would lead to new knowledge generation, discovery/development of breakthrough health technologies such as vaccines, drugs/therapeutics, diagnostics, and interventions that have never been thought of, tested, or tried in the world till date. This high-risk, high-reward program will fund projects at all stages from proof-of-concept to prototype and final product development. Must have bold research ideas which would have wide-ranging importance and, if successful should have the potential for “first of its kind “biomedical and technological novelties that would usher better health outcomes in global contexts Proposals targeting “incremental knowledge” or “process innovations” are not eligible to be supported under this call. Proposals may be from a single researcher or several researchers who submit together: the latter case can arise either from one institute submitting the proposal, or with contributions from two or more institutes. All team proposals must indicate one Principal Investigator nominated from the team to deal with technical, administrative and financial deliverables. Selection: A selection committee of high repute experts, innovators, policymakers and scientists with outstanding record of conducting research and innovation in the biomedical domain will be constituted. This will encourage our scientists to come up with innovative ideas for finding solutions to difficult health problems. -Source: The Hindu Gastrodia lohitensis Context: A team of Indian botanists has identified a new leafless orchid species, Gastrodia lohitensis, in Arunachal Pradesh’s Lohit district. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Gastrodia lohitensis: A Rare Orchid from Arunachal Pradesh Origin and Habitat: Gastrodia lohitensis is a unique, leafless orchid species named after its discovery location in Lohit district, Arunachal Pradesh. It thrives in the dense, shaded undergrowth of bamboo thickets around Tezu. Adaptations and Features: Sunlight Independence: Unlike typical orchids, Gastrodia lohitensis does not rely on sunlight. It derives its nutrients from fungi that decompose leaf litter, showcasing a myco-heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Distinct Morphology: The orchid grows to a height of 50-110 cm. It features distinct linear calli and ridges on the flower lip, which differentiate it from similar species found in Southeast Asia. Ecological Specificity: This orchid flourishes exclusively under dense bamboo canopies, indicating a highly specialized ecological preference. Conservation Challenges: Threats to Survival: The limited distribution of Gastrodia lohitensis within Lohit district makes it vulnerable to local environmental changes. The primary threats include bamboo harvesting and expanding agricultural practices, which disrupt its natural habitat. Need for Protection: Conservationists emphasize the critical need to preserve the specific bamboo habitats that support the survival of this rare orchid. Protecting these areas is essential for maintaining the biodiversity of Arunachal Pradesh’s unique ecosystems. Conservation Importance: The preservation of Gastrodia lohitensis not only protects a rare species but also contributes to the broader efforts of maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity in one of India’s most biodiverse regions. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 November 2024

CONTENTS Coal India Limited Exercise GARUD SHAKTI Coal India Limited Context: Continuing to meet India’s coal requirement and bolstering the energy sector, the state owned Coal India Limited (CIL) stepped into its 50th year of inception on 1st November 2024. Relevance: GS II: Regulatory bodies Dimensions of the Article: About Coal India Limited What is Coal? About Coal India Limited Coal India Limited (CIL) the state-owned coal mining corporate came into being in November 1975. With a modest production of 79 Million Tonnes (MTs) at the year of its inception CIL, today is the single largest coal producer in the world and one of the largest corporate employer with manpower of 228861(as on 1st April, 2024). Coal India Limited (CIL), classified as a ‘Maharatna’ enterprise under the Ministry of Coal, Government of India, has its headquarters situated in Kolkata, West Bengal. It holds the title of the largest coal producer globally. Across eight Indian states, CIL operates in 84 mining areas, managing a total of 313 active mines, consisting of 131 underground, 168 opencast, and 14 mixed mines. CIL is one of the highest CSR spenders amongst the PSUs. CSR activities undertaken by the Company includes education, healthcare, women empowerment, skill development sports etc. CIL and its subsidiaries have spent Rs 654.49 crores on CSR activities during 2023-24. Production and Growth: CIL ended the year 2023-24 with the best-ever production figure of 773.647 MT registering a growth of 10%. CIL recorded a remarkable growth in offtake as a result of improvement in logistical efficiency and the effectiveness of our supply chain management. An 8.5% increase in coal offtake was achieved over the previous year, setting new records in both offtake and wagon loading performance. Total coal off-take scaled up to 753.52 MTs with an incremental growth of 58.84 MTs compared to 694.68 MTs of FY 2023. Off-take grew by 8.47% during the year. Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL) emerged as the highest coal-producing subsidiary for the financial year 2023-24, surpassing 200 MT for the first time. What is Coal? Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock rich in carbon and hydrocarbons that takes millions of years to develop, making it a non-renewable energy source. Coal is also known as black gold It contains energy stored by plants that flourished hundreds of millions of years ago in swampy forests. Coal is made up of carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash, as well as [in some situations] sulphur and phosphorus. Metallurgy and power generation are the most common applications for this material. Coal is divided into two groups in India: Gondwana Coalfields, which are 250 million years old, Tertiary Coalfields, which are 15 to 60 million years old. Types of Coal It can be classified into the following types on the basis of carbon content: Anthracite This coal is of the highest quality, containing 80 to 95 percent carbon. It contains extremely little volatile substances and a little amount of moisture. It’s a hard, compact jet black coal with a semi-metallic lustre. It is the most valuable and has the highest heating value of all the coal kinds. It is only found in limited quantities in India, and only in Jammu and Kashmir (near Kalakot). Bituminous This is the most common coal. It has a wide range of carbon content (60 to 80 percent) and moisture content. It is dense, compact, and usually black in colour; it contains no remnants of the original vegetable material from which it was made; and it has a high calorific value due to a high carbon content and low moisture content. Bituminous coal is utilised not only for steam generation and heating, but also for the manufacturing of coke and gas due to its high quality. Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh produce the majority of bituminous coal. Lignite Lignite, also known as brown coal, is a lower-grade coal that contains 40 to 55 percent carbon and is the intermediate stage in the transformation of woody matter to coal. Its colour ranges from dark to black-brown, and its moisture content (around 35%) means it produces a lot of smoke but little heat. It can be found in Rajasthan’s Palna, Tamil Nadu’s Neyveli, Assam’s Lakhimpur, and Jammu & Kashmir’s Karewa. Peat This is the first stage of the transformation of wood into coal, and it comprises less than 40% to 55% carbon, plenty of volatile stuff, and a lot of moisture.  It is rarely compact enough to create a decent fuel without being compressed into bricks. When left to its own devices, it behaves like wood, emitting less heat, producing more smoke, and producing a lot of ash. Exercise GARUD SHAKTI Context: The Indian Army contingent comprising 25 personnel departed for Cijantung, Jakarta, Indonesia to take part in the 9th edition of India-Indonesia Joint Special Forces Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24.  The Exercise will be conducted from 1st to 12th of November 2024.  Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Exercise GARUD SHAKTI The aim of Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24 is to acquaint both the sides with each other’s operating procedures, enhance mutual understanding, cooperation and interoperability between the Special Forces of both armies.  The Exercise is designed to develop bilateral military cooperation and strengthen bond between two armies through conduct of discussions and rehearsal of tactical military drills. The Exercise will involve planning and execution of special operations, orientation to advance special forces skills, sharing of information on weapon, equipment, innovations, tactics, techniques & procedures. Joint Exercise GARUD SHAKTI 24 will also involve jointly practicing Special Forces Operations in Jungle terrain, strikes on terrorist camps and a Validation Exercise integrating basic and advance special forces skills apart from gaining an insight into the lifestyle and culture of both countries to foster military cooperation. The Exercise will provide an opportunity to both the contingents to strengthen their bond and share best practices. It will also act as a platform to achieve shared security objectives and foster bilateral relations between two friendly nations.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 November 2024

Contents : The BRICS Summit boosts to India-Iran ties Sharing resources The BRICS Summit Boosts to India-Iran Ties Context : The 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan provided a platform for India-Iran talks, marking a significant step in re-energising their ties. Given Iran’s current involvement in the Gaza conflict, Iran seeks India’s support for de-escalation. Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question: Discuss the major challenges facing India-Iran relations. What key measures can both countries take to enhance their bilateral relations? (250 words )   Significance of Iran for India Energy Security: Iran possesses vast oil and gas reserves, crucial for India’s energy needs. Before U.S. sanctions in 2019, Iran supplied 12% of India’s crude oil. Geopolitical Location: The Chabahar port offers India strategic access to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan and potentially securing supply lines even during regional crises. Strengthening Chabahar Port Cooperation : India and Iran’s recent 10–year operational agreement on Chabahar port reinforces India’s strategic footprint in the region. The development of the Chabahar-Zahedan rail line and potential extensions to Afghanistan can enhance India’s regional influence and provide humanitarian aid routes to Afghanistan. Energy Infrastructure Potential : Resuming oil and gas imports from Iran would support India’s energy diversification. The proposed Iran-Oman-India gas pipeline, under discussion since 1993, could be revitalised, which would diversify energy import routes. Defence and Counterterrorism Cooperation : Renewed cooperation, especially in drone technology, could benefit India, given Iran’s recent advances in drones and missile technology. Joint counterterrorism initiatives and intelligence sharing could address mutual security concerns, particularly with the Taliban and groups operating from Pakistan. India’s Diplomacy : The country’s handling of Ukraine war dynamics, maintaining relations with Russia while engaging with the West, demonstrates a balanced approach. India’s balanced diplomatic approach to handling relations with both Iran and Israel showcases its capacity for strategic autonomy. Challenges : Diplomatic sensitivities, such as Iran’s Supreme Leader’s recent statement referencing the situation of Indian Muslims in relation to Gaza, pose challenges to bilateral relations. Both nations must manage such rhetoric carefully to avoid derailing progress, as India’s engagement with Iran is integral to its West Asia policy and larger strategic vision. Way Forward The BRICS summit appears to have provided the momentum needed to realise potential synergies in energy and defence, aligning with India’s broader foreign policy goals. India is focused on enhancing West Asian relations, viewing Iran as a strategic partner. Sharing Resources Context : The Palk Bay dispute has been a long-standing issue between Tamil Nadu fishermen and their Sri Lankan counterparts, primarily over fishing rights and practices. Issues stem from illegal fishing practices, particularly the use of destructive bottom trawling, which adversely affects the marine ecosystem. Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question: What is the main issue causing the dispute between Indian and Sri Lankan fishermen in Palk Bay? (150 words ) Recent Developments : The India-Sri Lanka Joint Working Group on Fisheries met on October 29, signalling ongoing diplomatic engagement to resolve the dispute. India’s High Commissioner emphasized the need for cooperative dialogue between fishermen from both countries to address grievances and promote mutual understanding. The Sri Lankan President expressed commitment to safeguarding Sri Lanka’s fishing interests, indicating a willingness to negotiate. Humanitarian Concerns : There is a humanitarian angle to the dispute, as many Tamil Nadu fishermen have been frequently arrested for crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL). Reports indicate 30 incidents of arrests this year alone, with 140 fishermen and 200 boats currently detained in Sri Lanka. Escalating Tensions : Recent incidents have involved casualties on both sides, with heightened enforcement by Sri Lankan authorities against Indian fishermen. The situation necessitates urgent attention to prevent escalation and further humanitarian crises. Economic Considerations : The promotion of deep-sea fishing projects initiated in 2017 for Tamil Nadu’s fishermen could alleviate some pressures by providing alternative livelihoods and reducing competition in Palk Bay. Economic support schemes for fishermen in the Northern Province are vital to assist their recovery from the impacts of the civil war and to establish a more balanced fishing economy. Need for Comprehensive Solutions : A multi-faceted approach involving all stakeholders—governments, fishermen’s associations, and environmental groups—is necessary to achieve a sustainable resolution. Building on the 2010 understanding between fishermen could provide a framework for future agreements, emphasising shared interests in resource conservation. Reconciliation and Transition : Tamil Nadu fishermen should be prepared for a reasonable transition period to accommodate the needs of their Sri Lankan counterparts, fostering a spirit of cooperation rather than competition. Conclusion A combination of diplomatic engagement, economic support, and a commitment to ecological sustainability is crucial to resolving the Palk Bay dispute. Way Forward : Continued Diplomatic Engagement: Both countries should maintain open lines of communication and facilitate regular dialogues to build trust. Awareness and Education: Workshops and awareness campaigns can be conducted for fishermen about sustainable practices. Joint Initiatives: Initiatives like joint fishing ventures or community exchanges could foster goodwill and promote a collaborative approach to fisheries management.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 November 2024

CONTENTS Mangrove Forest Odisha Enhances Genetic Diversity at Similipal Tiger Reserve with Tigress Translocation Crisis in Ukraine and Gaza Impacts Global Fertilizer Supply, Pressuring India to Boost Production Centre issued the Guidelines for Import of Live Seaweeds into India Simhachalam Temple Greenhouse Gas Bulletin Mangrove Forest Context: Recently, Cyclone Dana’s landfall near Bhitarkanika National Park and Dhamra Port in Odisha underscored the essential role of mangrove forests in reducing cyclone impacts.   Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Mangrove Forests: Presence and Significance The current state of the mangroves Mangrove Forests: Presence and Significance Mangrove forests comprise the interface between wetlands and sea grass meadows along a vast expanse of tropical shorelines all over the world. They also occur along bays, estuaries or mouths of rivers by these shores. Mangroves are present worldwide on various shorelines between approximately 25°N and 25°S latitude. Mangrove forests are one of the greatest sources of biodiversity on this planet. They have a rich underwater component, a surface component and an aerial component. Mangrove communities include fish, insects, shellfish, birds of many species, saltwater crocodiles, monkeys, algae and fungi. Many organisms, especially fish, spend their early years in the protection of the mangroves and their intricate below and above-ground root systems. How are Mangrove Forests Useful? Mangroves, along with sea grasses and wetlands, comprise the ‘blue carbon’ ecosystem of stored carbon in sediments along many tropical and subtropical coastal zones. Their complex aerial and submerged root systems moderate current flows and the canopies moderate wind flow — they are the interface between the wetlands and sea grass communities for the continental flow of water and solutes into the ecosystem. Mangroves also supply fuelwood and other forest products, like food and medicine, for people. And, in addition to the nutrition they give us, mangroves protect us — along with other trees and forests, mangroves sequester a sizeable amount of carbon to offset greenhouse gas emissions created by human activities. When mangrove trees die of natural causes, they generally fall into the sea and the carbon may be stored in the sediment on the sea floor for long periods of time. Types of Mangrove Trees The term ‘mangrove’ is used to refer to a whole community of trees and shrubs, which are not closely related. The Mangrove trees have all adapted to harsh coastal environments of saline, brackish waters and low oxygen conditions. There are over 100 species of trees and shrubs designated as mangroves. However, there are three classic groups of mangroves — the red mangroves (Rhizophoraceae), the black mangroves (Acanthaceae) and the white mangroves (Combretaceae). The current state of the mangroves South Asia houses some of the most extensive areas of mangroves globally, while Indonesia hosts one-fifth of the overall amount. India holds around 3 percent of South Asia’s mangrove population. Besides the Sundarbans in West Bengal, the Andamans region, the Kachchh and Jamnagar areas in Gujarat too have substantial mangrove cover. However, infrastructure projects — industrial expansion and building of roads and railways, and natural processes — shifting coastlines, coastal erosion and storms, have resulted in a significant decrease in mangrove habitats. Between 2010 and 2020, around 600 sq km of mangroves were lost of which more than 62% was due to direct human impacts, the Global Mangrove Alliance said in its 2022 report. -Source: Indian Express Odisha Enhances Genetic Diversity at Similipal Tiger Reserve with Tigress Translocation Context: The Odisha government transferred a tigress named Jamuna, taken from Maharashtra’s Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, to the Odisha-based Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR). This strategic move aims to boost genetic diversity at Similipal, addressing concerns of inbreeding within the tiger population there due to its limited size. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Tiger Translocation Initiative Key Elements About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) Key Facts About Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve Tiger Translocation Initiative Key Elements Translocation of Tigress Sundari In 2018, Sundari, a tigress, was translocated to the Satkosia Tiger Reserve in Odisha under a project sanctioned by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Pseudo-melanistic Tigers The Odisha Tiger Estimation for 2024 revealed a population of 24 adult tigers in Similipal. The population consisted of a good number of pseudo-melanistic, or black tigers. Satkosia Tiger Reserve (STR) is recognized as the only wild habitat of these unique black tigers. An estimate of 13 pseudo-melanistic tigers out of 24 adult tigers indicate severe levels of inbreeding as well as the strong demand for genetic stratification in the future Future Grooming Work Intelligent Safari Concept: Setting up the first-ever melanistic tiger safari on the global map is on the horizon at Similipal to create a future opportunity by increasing tourism besides disseminating information about tigers being groomed for conservation work. Conservation Objectives: They are one of the strategies to enhance genetic diversity while maintaining tiger populations in this region. About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) is a protected area located in the Mayurbhanj District in the Northernmost part of Odisha. It was declared a ‘Tiger Reserve’ in 1956 and is included in the national conservation programme ‘Project Tiger’ since 1973. Location and Terrain: STR is surrounded by high plateaus and hills, with the highest peak being the twin peaks of Khairiburu and Meghashini (1515m above mean sea level). The terrain is mostly undulating and hilly, interspersed with open grasslands and wooded areas. Vegetation: A mix of different forest types and habitats dominate, with Northern tropical moist deciduous dominating some semi-evergreen patches. Sal is the dominant tree species here. There are a staggering 1078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids, found in STR. Fauna:  STR is home to a variety of wildlife, including the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger, Leopard, Gaur, Elephant, Langur, Barking and Spotted Deer, Sloth Bear, Mongoose, Flying Squirrel, Porcupine, Turtle, Monitor Lizard, Python, Sambar, and Pangolin. The region around STR is home to a variety of tribes, including Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara. Other Facts: The STR, along with a ‘transitional area’ of 2250 sq. km, has been included as a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2009. It is the only landscape in the world that is home to melanistic tigers. Key Facts About Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve It is located in Maharashtra and is the oldest and largest national park in the state. Tadoba/Taru is the local deity worshipped by the tribal people in the region. Andhari is derived from the Andhari river which flows through the reserve. It consists of two principal lakes, Tadoba Lake and Kolsa Lake, and the Tadoba River. Biodiversity: Flora: Teak, semal, tendu, beheda, karaya gum, mahua madhuca, arjun, bamboo etc. Fauna: Tigers, Indian leopards, sloth bears, gaurs, nilgai, dholes, small Indian civets, sambars, spotted deer, barking deer, and chital. -Source: Hindustan Times Crisis in Ukraine and Gaza Impacts Global Fertilizer Supply, Pressuring India to Boost Production Context: As the conflict persists in Ukraine and Gaza, there is growing concern over potential price increases for key components used in petroleum-based chemical fertilizers. In light of these challenges, Nicholas Sitko, a Senior Economist at the Food and Agriculture Organization, emphasized the necessity for India to enhance its fertilizer production capabilities. This urgency is underscored by a statement from the Agriculture Minister of Uttar Pradesh, India’s largest foodgrain-producing state, noting that the state has only ten days’ worth of fertilizer stocks left. This comes at a critical time as the sowing of winter rabi crops, which rely heavily on fertilizers like Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium), is underway across India’s wheat-growing states. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: What is the current import fertilizer import scenario? How has India’s fertilizer production changed? Current Geopolitical Impact Strategic Responses for India What is the current import fertilizer import scenario? Though the latest data on import is yet to be made available by the Ministry, the Standing Committee of Parliament on Chemicals and Fertilizers, in August 2023, tabled a report on ‘Planning for Fertilizers Production and Import Policy on Fertilizers Including GST and Import Duty Thereon’ in both the Houses. It expressed concern that the “production capacity of fertilizers does not commensurate with its demand/requirement and, therefore, the gap between demand and supply is met through imports.” According to the report, about 20% of the domestic requirement of urea, 50-60% of the domestic requirement of DAP, and 100% of the domestic requirement of Muriate of Potassium (MOP, or Potash) is met through imports. How has India’s fertilizer production changed? In 2021-22, India’s yearly consumption of all major chemical fertilizers was approximately 579.67 lakh metric tonnes (LMT), comprising 341.73 LMT of urea, 92.64 LMT of DAP, 23.93 LMT of MOP, and 121.37 LMT of NPK. In 2020-21, the total consumption of fertilizers was about 629.83 LMT. The country produced 435.95 LMT of chemical fertilizers in 2021-22, resulting in a shortfall of 143.72 LMT relative to demand. While MOP is not produced here, in 2021-22, India produced 250.72 LMT of urea, 42.22 LMT of DAP, 89.67 LMT of NPK, and 53.34 LMT of Single Super Phosphate (SSP). Total production in 2014-15 was 385.39 LMT, indicating an increase of only about 50 LMT over seven years. In the case of Urea, the most consumed fertilizer, in 2019-20, the production was 244.58 LMT and the use was 336.96 LMT. In 2020-21, the country produced 246.05 LMT of urea and consumed 350.51 LMT. In 2021-22, the figure was 250.72 LMT and 341.72 LMT, respectively. The Centre allocated ₹ 1.79 lakh crore as fertilizer subsidy under the Budget estimates for 2023-24. Out of this, for indigenous P&K Fertilizers, the subsidy amount was ₹25,500 crore and ₹18,500 crore for imported P&K Fertilizers. For indigenous Urea, the subsidy was ₹1,04,063.20 crore while the subsidy for imported urea was ₹ 31,000 crore. Current Geopolitical Impact Ukraine and Gaza Crises: The conflict in Ukraine and instability in Gaza have disrupted global markets, particularly affecting the price of oil, a key input for fertilizer production. Impact on India: As noted in the Lok Sabha, India heavily relies on fertilizer imports from countries like China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Iran, and Egypt. The ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and tensions in West Asia pose risks to these imports, potentially leading to shortages and higher prices. Strategic Responses for India Enhancing Domestic Production: Increasing the production capacity of domestic fertilizer plants can reduce India’s dependence on imports. Recent initiatives have added significant urea production capacity. Alternative Farming Practices: Experts suggest shifting towards natural farming methods and using innovative products like nano urea to decrease dependency on traditional, import-heavy fertilizers. Investment in Fertilizer Sector: The Standing Committee of Parliament advocates for policies that stimulate investments across public, cooperative, and private sectors in fertilizer production. Investment and Policy Shifts New Investment Policy: Introduced in 2012, this policy has facilitated the establishment of new urea plants and the revival of old units, thereby bolstering domestic production capabilities. Future Outlook: The government’s continued focus on enhancing local manufacturing infrastructure and adopting sustainable agricultural practices is crucial for securing India’s fertilizer needs amid global uncertainties. -Source: The Hindu Centre issued the Guidelines for Import of Live Seaweeds into India Context: Recently, the Centre issued the ‘Guidelines for Import of Live Seaweeds into India’ to support the import of high-quality seed materials or germplasm, aimed at enhancing livelihood opportunities for coastal communities.  Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Indian Seaweed Importation Guidelines Seaweeds Utilization and Benefits Indian Seaweed Importation Guidelines Regulatory Framework for Live Seaweed Import to India This establishes an integrated framework of regulation over all steps, from pre-importation quarantine and risk assessment through post-import monitoring. It ensures that pests and diseases are not allowed into the country, therefore providing some form of protection from biosecurity risks. Challenges in the Seaweed Industry: Quality seaweed seeds are available in limited quantities for most species, especially Kappaphycus, which is grown extensively in India. The regulations target the quality and supply issues and seek to stabilize the seed supply chain. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY): India aims to nearly double its seaweed production under the PMMSY; it is targeting over 1.12 million tonnes in 2025. This encompasses important investments, including a Multipurpose Seaweed Park in Tamil Nadu that will improve local seaweed farming infrastructure. Promotion of Sustainable Seaweed Farming Supports sustainable and economically viable practice in seaweed cultivation. It helps introduce new strains of seaweed to diversify and upgrade production capabilities by focusing on cultivating various types of algae such as red, brown, and green algae. Seaweeds Seaweeds refer to a diverse group of marine plants and algae found in oceans, rivers, lakes, and other aquatic environments. These organisms come in various colors including red, green, brown, and black, ranging from tiny forms to expansive underwater forests. Anchorage and Growth Seaweeds attach to substrates using root-like structures called “holdfasts,” which solely serve for anchorage without nutrient absorption, unlike terrestrial plant roots. Typically, seaweeds exhibit distinct zonation patterns, thriving in shallow waters up to 50 meters (approximately 165 feet) deep. Utilization and Benefits Culinary and Commercial Use: Many seaweed types are edible and hold significant commercial value. Agricultural Application: Often utilized as fertilizers or for their polysaccharide content. Health Benefits: Antioxidant Properties: Seaweeds are rich in antioxidants that shield the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Fat Metabolism: Studies indicate that certain compounds in seaweeds boost the production of proteins that effectively metabolize fat. Diabetes Management: Consuming seaweed may regulate blood sugar levels, aiding in diabetes management. Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial: Contains compounds that offer anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits. Industrial Uses: Manufacturing Additives: Used as binding agents or emulsifiers in products like toothpaste and fruit jellies. Cosmetic Applications: Act as softening agents in various organic skincare and cosmetic products. -Source: The Hindu Simhachalam Temple Context: During recent conservation efforts, epigraphists from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) uncovered a Telugu inscription on the wall above the statue of Lord Hanuman at the 13th-century Simhachalam temple. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Historical Background Architectural Importance Historical Background Origins and Cultural Influence: The temple, also known as Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, was originally established in the 11th century by the Gajapati rulers of Odisha. It is dedicated to the incarnation (avatar) of Vishnu known as Narasimha (the man-lion). Contributions and Renovations: It was constructed in the 11th century by the Gajapati rulers of Odisha. Kulottunga Chola I from Tamil Nadu made significant endowments around 1087. The temple saw major renovations from the Vengi Chalukyas of Andhra Pradesh during the same period. Further enhancements were made by Narasimha I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty in the early 13th century. Notably, Krishna Deva Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire visited and contributed to the temple in 1516. Architectural Importance Architectural Design: It is of a design combining elements of Kalinga and Dravidian architectural styles, thus making it a monument of a great cultural heritage. Structural Details: The central sanctum is renowned for its elaborate carvings and the dynamic depiction of Narasimha, blending human and lion forms. An important structure is the stone chariot, beautifully carved denoting celestial transportation. The marriage hall, or Kalyana Mandapa, displays 16 intricately carved pillars that feature various Vishnu incarnations. The exterior walls show the temple having bas-reliefs of a royal figure; it is said to depict King Narasimha in various ceremonial poses. -Source: The Hindu Greenhouse Gas Bulletin Context: According to a new report by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), greenhouse gas levels surged to a new record in 2023, rising by more than 10% in just two decades. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Greenhouse Gas Bulletin Highlights from the Latest Report Greenhouse Gas Bulletin Publication and Purpose: The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has published the Greenhouse Gas Bulletin annually since 2004. This report is essential for tracking changes in the concentrations of key greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) globally. It is designed to provide scientific data for policy-makers, particularly in preparation for the UN Climate Change Conferences (COP). Key Insights and Data: The Bulletin reports on the globally averaged surface concentrations of these gases, offering comparisons with previous years and pre-industrial levels. It also examines the role these gases play in radiative forcing, a measure of their impact on Earth’s energy balance and, consequently, on climate. Highlights from the Latest Report Concentration Levels in 2023: Carbon dioxide levels reached 420 parts per million (ppm), methane levels at 1934 parts per billion (ppb), and nitrous oxide at 336.9 ppb. These levels underline significant ongoing increases in greenhouse gases due to human activities such as fossil fuel combustion and cement production. Impacts and Contributions: CO2 remains the dominant greenhouse gas, responsible for approximately 64% of the anthropogenic warming effect. The variability in CO2 levels is influenced annually by phenomena such as the El Nino–Southern Oscillation, which affects global carbon cycles and atmospheric concentrations. Methane, which is particularly effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere, contributes about 16% to the warming impact of GHGs but stays in the atmosphere for a shorter duration compared to CO2. Nitrous oxide, besides contributing to warming, also plays a role in ozone depletion, accounting for about 6% of the warming impact from GHGs. Long-term Trends and Effects: Since 1990, there has been a 51.5% increase in radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases, with CO2 accounting for about 81% of this increase, highlighting the significant role of human activities in climate change. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 31 October 2024

CONTENTS Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Civil Registration System (CRS) Mobile App  Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Context: The President of India paid homage to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on his birth anniversary. Relevance: GS I- Modern History About Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), popularly known as Sardar Patel, was an Indian politician. He was the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of Independent India. He played an important role in the integration of many Indian princely states to make an Indian federation. He took charge of the task to forge a united India from over 560 semi-autonomous princely states and British-era colonial provinces. Using frank diplomacy backed with the option (and the use) of military action, Patel’s leadership enabled the accession of almost every princely state. Hence, he is recognized as the real unifier of India. He is also remembered as the ‘Patron saint of India’s civil servants’ as he established the modern all-India services system. He is also hailed as the Iron Man of India. Patel was in charge of the Provincial Constitution Committee and the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas, in the Constituent Assembly of India. Since 2014, every year on 31 October ‘Rashtriya Ekta Diwas’ or the National Unity Day is observed to pay tribute to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – an Indian politician who played a pivotal role in India’s freedom struggle and then during the integration of the country. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1991. Statue of Unity The Statue of Unity which is built in honour of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is dedicated to the nation. The Statue of Unity is the tallest statue in the world at 182 metres. It is located on the Sadhu Bet island on the Narmada river, which flows between the Satpura and the Vindhya mountain ranges. Civil Registration System (CRS) Mobile App Context: Union Home Minister recently launched the Civil Registration System (CRS) mobile application to “integrate technology with governance. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Introduction to the Civil Registration System (CRS) Mobile App The CRS Mobile App was created to streamline the registration of births and deaths throughout India. It was developed by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Functionality: The app is designed to make the registration process quicker and more user-friendly, enabling citizens to register births or deaths at any time and from any location within their state, using the state’s official language. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGCCI) The RGCCI operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, and is responsible for carrying out the decennial Census of India. It also compiles demographic data and population statistics and manages the Civil Registration System (CRS). Established in 1961, the RGCCI plays a pivotal role in policy-making by providing essential data that influences decisions across social, economic, and political spheres at various government levels. Leadership: The head of the Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner is known as the Registrar General of India.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 31 October 2024

Content : Tackle the issue of adjournments, case pendence Sun signs The politics of data-based policymaking Tackle the Issue of Adjournments, case pendency Frequent adjournments and case backlogs have burdened the Indian judiciary, delaying justice and eroding public trust, especially for vulnerable communities. Addressing this requires systemic reforms in judicial capacity, procedural efficiency, and infrastructure. Relevance: GS 2 (Indian Judiciary ) Practice Question:Discuss the impact of frequent adjournments and case pendency on the Indian judiciary. Suggest viable solutions to address these issues effectively. (250 words ) Adjournment: An adjournment is the rescheduling of a court session to a later date, often due to procedural or logistical needs. Judicial Pendency Data Total Pending Cases Across High Courts: Approximately 58.59 lakh cases, including: 42.64 lakh civil cases. 15.94 lakh criminal cases. Supreme Court Pendency: Over 82,000 cases pending despite a full strength of 34 judges in the past two years. Overall Pending Cases in Indian Courts: More than 5 crore cases pending across various courts. Causes of Case Pendency and Adjournments Low Judge-Population Ratio: As of 2024, in the Law Minister’s reply in the Lok Sabha, India has 21 judges per million people, against the recommended 50 per million (120th Law Commission Report). Vacant Judicial Posts: Approximately 30% of sanctioned posts in High Courts are vacant, with only 770 out of 1,114 judges in place as of October 2024. Lack of Judicial Impact Assessment: New laws are often introduced without assessing their effect on the judicial workload. This lack of foresight creates staffing and infrastructure shortages when cases surge. Frequent Procedural Delays:High adjournment rates and logistical issues with witness attendance slow proceedings. The burden on High Courts and Supreme Court: High Courts manage diverse cases, and in 2021, six specialised tribunals were disbanded and assigned to High Courts, adding to the load. Supreme Court faces high caseloads from Article 136 appeals and direct appeals from statutes, especially from northern states. Article 136 grants the Supreme Court discretionary power to allow special leave to appeal against judgments from any court or tribunal. Excessive Responsibilities on District Judges: District judges handle a range of duties: trials, bail hearings, recording dying declarations, etc. Handling a diverse workload of nearly 100 cases daily imposes immense mental stress on judges. This pressure can reduce their focus while writing judgments, leading to potential errors. Errors in judgments may result in further challenges and delays in the judicial process. Impacts of Case Pendency and Adjournments Delayed Justice:Prolonged case timelines affect individuals awaiting justice and discourage marginalised communities from seeking redress. Public Confidence Erosion:Delays and adjournments lead to diminishing public trust in the judicial system’s efficacy. Judicial Burnout:Judges face mental strain from excessive workloads, leading to fatigue, potential judgment errors, and a cycle of appeals. Proposed Solutions Implement Judicial Impact Assessment: Following the Justice M. Jagannadha Rao Committee’s recommendations, every new law should assess likely case volume and the resources needed, including judges, court staff, and infrastructure. The Supreme Court supported this in Salem Advocate Bar Association (II) vs Union of India (2005). Strengthen Mediation and ADR Mechanisms: Increase the use of mediation and alternative dispute resolution for minor civil cases. Promote a cultural shift toward accepting out-of-court settlements for civil cases to reduce the burden on courts. Proactively Fill Judicial Vacancies: High Courts and state governments should coordinate to begin recruitment six months before anticipated vacancies. Invest in Court Infrastructure and Digitisation: Improve facilities, digitise processes, and ensure judges have adequate support (e.g., legal researchers) to enhance efficiency. Enact Legislative Reforms to Limit Adjournments: Amend procedural laws (CPC, CrPC) to strictly limit adjournments. The judiciary should enforce these amendments to minimise delays effectively. Conclusion Comprehensive reform is needed to tackle adjournment culture and case pendency. Solutions include hiring judges, enforcing judicial impact assessments, enhancing ADR mechanisms, and reforming adjournment procedures. Sun signs Context: Tamil Nadu has declared heatwaves as a State-specific disaster, enabling affected individuals to receive assistance under the State Disaster Response Fund. This proactive approach aims to mitigate the health risks posed by extreme temperatures, particularly for vulnerable populations. Relevance: GS 3 (Disaster Management ) Practice Question:What measures can states take to support vulnerable populations during extreme heat events? (150 words) Heatwave : A heat wave is defined as a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) defines a heat wave as follows: Plains: Temperature reaches ≥ 40°C Coastal Stations: Temperature reaches ≥ 37°C Hilly Regions: Temperature reaches ≥ 30°C Climate Crisis Recognition:The World Meteorological Organisation declared that 2023 was the hottest year on record. Vulnerability of Populations:Vulnerable groups: elderly, children, those with pre-existing conditions, outdoor workers. Health Risks: Sustained high temperatures (above 40°C) can lead to: Heat stress. Organ failure. wet-bulb temperatures: The World Economic Forum has warned that global warming is on track to reach a ‘wet-bulb temperature’ level of 35° C, where humans can no longer regulate safe body temperature through sweating. Proactive Policy Measures: The declaration allows victims to receive aid under the State Disaster Response Fund. Key measures include: Ex gratia payments for families of heat-related fatalities. Provision of medical care and hydration resources (ORS packets). Rescheduling working hours to reduce exposure to heat. Governance Implications: The model can inspire other states to adopt similar proactive strategies. Highlights the necessity for adaptive policies in response to climate challenges. Call for Long-term Solutions: Immediate relief is crucial, but long-term strategies must address: Urban planning. Environmental degradation. Poverty reduction. Implications for Future Policy Climate Adaptation in Urban Planning: Prioritise resilient infrastructure. Improve green spaces and water management systems. Public Awareness and Education: Educate communities on heat risks and preventive measures. Collaboration and Research: Foster partnerships between government, NGOs, and research institutions. Invest in research for innovative long-term solutions. Strengthening Healthcare Systems: Enhance healthcare facility capacity for heat-related illnesses. Ensure vulnerable populations have access to medical care. Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish systems to monitor temperature trends and health outcomes. Evaluate policy effectiveness to refine strategies. Conclusion Tamil Nadu’s initiative is a significant step in addressing the health risks of climate change. Other states are encouraged to adopt similar models for climate resilience. The politics of data-based policymaking Data-based policymaking is key to Indian governance, but  biases in data collection and access can impact outcomes. Addressing these is vital for transparent, citizen-focused policies. Context: India’s data systems have faced scrutiny due to Census delays and NSS data release issues, raising concerns about data reliability. Relevance: GS 2 ( Governance ) Practice Question:Examine the role of data neutrality and transparency in Indian policy formulation. Suggest measures to make data systems more citizen-centric. (250 words) Impact on Policy Effectiveness Gaps in data collection can limit the effectiveness of policies.  For example, while initiatives like the Jan Dhan Yojana aim to enhance financial inclusion, challenges related to accessibility for rural or marginalised populations can affect the initiative’s overall impact Statistical Targets vs. Real Development Meeting quantitative targets doesn’t guarantee developmental progress. Example: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana distributed food grains but the Global Hunger Index indicate broader challenges in food security, Digital Data Governance Limitations Concentration of Data: Digital data collection, such as Aadhaar, centralises citizen data in State Data Centres, mainly accessible to government and private entities. Limited Citizen Access: This concentration restricts access for citizens and researchers, diminishing accountability and transparency in data usage. Recommendations for Data System Strengthening Reorient Goals: Focus on meaningful metrics (e.g., access rates, service quality) rather than raw numbers. Inclusive Infrastructure: Involve civil society in data design to prioritise public interest. Multidisciplinary Approach: Recognise data collection as a socio-political activity, engaging social scientists and citizens in policymaking. Conclusion: Strengthening data systems with a focus on inclusivity and transparency will ensure India’s policies align with public needs, balancing numbers with real-world insights

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 31 October 2024

CONTENTS Record Rs 1,00,000 Crore Spent in Lok Sabha 2024 Elections Study Explores Long-Term Evolution of Stem Cells Post-Transplant Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization National Commission for Indian System of Medicine  Record Rs 1,00,000 Crore Spent in Lok Sabha 2024 Elections Context: A report from the Centre for Media Studies (CMS) has revealed that political parties spent a combined total of approximately Rs 1,00,000 crores in the general elections for Lok Sabha 2024. CMS, a not-for-profit organization focused on promoting responsive governance and equitable development, highlights the unprecedented financial scale of this electoral exercise. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Election Expenditure in India Governance of Election Expenditure in India Challenges Associated with Election Expenditure in India Necessary Reforms in Election Expenditure in India Overview of Election Expenditure in India Candidate Expenditure Limits: Current Limits: For Lok Sabha elections, the expenditure limit is set at Rs 95 lakh in larger states and Rs 75 lakh in smaller states. For Assembly elections, the limit is Rs 40 lakh in larger states and Rs 28 lakh in smaller states. Political Party Spending: Unrestricted Party Expenditure: Unlike individual candidates, political parties face no expenditure caps during elections, allowing for potentially unlimited spending. Total Election Costs: The cost per vote in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections is estimated at Rs 1,400, with total expenditures reaching approximately Rs 1 lakh crores. Government Spending on Advertisements: Trend Analysis: The Central government’s expenditure on advertisements has shown significant variance, with Rs 3,020 crore spent from 2018-19 to 2022-23. Notably, Rs 1,179 crore was spent in 2018-19, a major election year, compared to Rs 408 crore in 2022-23. Historical Context of Election Spending: Historical Growth: Election spending by candidates has surged from Rs 25,000 in the first general elections (1951-52) to Rs 75-95 lakh in recent times, marking a 300-fold increase. Exponential Rise in Total Expenditure: Overall, election expenditure in India has escalated from Rs 9,000 crore in 1998 to around Rs 1,00,000 crores in 2024. Compliance and Transparency: Regulatory Requirements: Political parties must report any contributions over Rs 20,000 to the Election Commission of India (ECI). They are also required to submit Annual Audited Accounts and detailed election expenditure reports within 75 days following an election. Source of Political Funding: A significant portion of political funding is sourced from corporate entities, highlighting the close ties between business interests and political finance. Governance of Election Expenditure in India Legal Framework for Election Expenditure Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951: Section 77: Candidates must maintain detailed accounts of all campaign-related expenses from the nomination date to the election day. Section 78: Requires candidates to submit their campaign expense accounts to the District Election Officer within 30 days after election results are declared. Companies Act, 2013: Allows non-government companies operational for at least three years to contribute up to 7.5% of their average three-year net profits to political parties registered under the RPA. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010: Prohibits political parties, candidates, and election-related entities from receiving foreign contributions, including funds, gifts, or any financial support from abroad. Challenges Associated with Election Expenditure in India Unlimited Party Expenditures No Caps on Party Spending: Unlike countries like the US, UK, Canada, and Brazil, India does not impose limits on political party expenditures during elections, potentially creating an imbalanced competitive environment. Impact on the Electoral Field Media vs Grassroots Spending: Major national and state-level parties often prioritize spending on media advertisements over grassroots activities, like rallies, which could disadvantage candidates with fewer resources. Digital Spending Disparities Influence of Digital Platforms: The rise of platforms like Google and Meta has widened the spending disparities, with national parties spending significantly more on digital advertising compared to smaller or regional parties. Regulatory Gaps Third-Party Campaigners: The lack of regulation concerning third-party campaigners can lead to untracked funds entering the electoral process, heightening risks of corruption and undue influence. Financial Influence on Politics Risk of Quid Pro Quo: The absence of stringent regulations allows for potential quid pro quo arrangements, where financial contributions could unduly influence political decisions, undermining accountability and transparency in the political finance system. Necessary Reforms in Election Expenditure in India Implementation of Expenditure Ceilings for Political Parties Equitable Competition: Introducing expenditure limits for political parties, as suggested by the ECI’s ‘Proposed Electoral Reforms’ report in 2016, would promote fair competition based on policies rather than financial power. Registration and Disclosure for Third-Party Campaigners Enhanced Transparency: Adopting registration and mandatory disclosure requirements for third-party campaigners, similar to Australia’s system, would enhance transparency in election spending. State Funding of Elections Government Support: Recommendations by the Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998) and the Law Commission (1999) suggest state funding to partially cover election expenses of candidates from recognized political parties to reduce dependency on private donations. Restrictions on Government Advertisements Fair Media Access: Implementing a ban on government advertisements for six months before elections could mitigate the incumbent advantage, fostering fairer competition. Revision of Financial Assistance Rules Closing Loopholes: Amending laws to ensure that financial assistance by political parties to their candidates is counted within the candidates’ official expenditure limits would prevent circumvention of spending rules. Establishment of an Independent Electoral Oversight Body Increased Accountability: Creating an independent body to oversee campaign financing could strengthen enforcement and accountability, ensuring all parties adhere to financial regulations during elections. -Source: The Hindu Study Explores Long-Term Evolution of Stem Cells Post-Transplant Context: A recent study featured in Science Translational Medicine delves into the long-term outcomes for patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT). The research focuses on the evolution and mutation of transplanted stem cells over time, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of cellular changes post-transplant. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Summary of Research Findings on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants Overview of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) Summary of Research Findings on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants The study examined 16 pairs of donors and recipients, noting low mutation rates of approximately 2% in donors and 2.6% in recipients each year. Stable Clonal Expansion: Results indicate a consistent clonal expansion of stem cells spanning several decades. Clonal Hematopoiesis: Although all donors showed signs of clonal hematopoiesis, the limited clonal expansion suggests a strong regenerative ability in the bone marrow. Clinical Implications: Essential for enhancing outcomes after long-term transplants. Indicates a potential risk for recipients to develop blood cancers or other chronic conditions due to clonal hematopoiesis. Overview of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) Stem cells serve as the foundational cells that generate all other cells with specialized functions. Characteristics of HSCs: These immature cells are capable of evolving into all types of blood cells, including white cells, red cells, and platelets. They were first used in medical treatments in the 1950s. HSCs are found in both peripheral blood and bone marrow, commonly referred to as blood stem cells. Transplantation Process: Transplantation involves transferring healthy HSCs to patients whose bone marrow is impaired or depleted. This procedure is critical for saving lives, especially in patients suffering from blood cancers. Post-transplant, these stem cells aid in rebuilding the recipient’s blood cell production capabilities. -Source: The Hindu Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre Context: Recently, China has expressed its opposition to the Taiwanese government establishing the Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre (TECC) in Mumbai. It is Taiwan’s third office in India, following the openings in New Delhi (1995) and Chennai (2012).  Relevance: Facts for Prelims Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre (TECC) in India In 1993, India and Taiwan mutually established representative offices, with India opening the India-Taipei Association in Taipei and Taiwan setting up the TECC in New Delhi. Function of TECC: Similar to centers maintained by countries like the US, Australia, and Russia, TECC supports visa services and facilitates cultural and economic exchanges between India and Taiwan. China’s Position on TECC and Taiwan One China Policy: China maintains that there is only one China, incorporating Taiwan as an integral part, and recognizes the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as the sole legitimate government. India’s Recognition: India acknowledged the PRC in 1950, one of the first countries to do so, and consequently, does not officially recognize Taiwan. Development of India-Taiwan Relations Initial Non-Recognition: Post-independence, India did not officially recognize Taiwan or establish diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. Establishment of Unofficial Relations: By 1995, India and Taiwan initiated unofficial relations by opening representative offices. Evolving Relations: Over the years, India’s relationship with Taiwan has significantly progressed, particularly as India’s economic and international stature grew in the 2000s, facilitating deeper engagement with Taiwan. Economic Growth and Policy Initiatives: According to a 2023 press release from Taiwan’s Foreign Ministry, trade between India and Taiwan grew from USD 2 billion in 2006 to USD 8.9 billion in 2021. As a leading tech hub and top semiconductor producer, Taiwan aligns with India in seeking stronger bilateral ties. Taiwan’s 2016 “New Southbound Policy” specifically aims to diversify its economic dependencies, notably reducing reliance on China. -Source: The Hindu Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Context: The recent rumours of a nuclear test by Iran were promptly refuted by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) The CTBTO is an international organization headquartered in Vienna, Austria, tasked with implementing the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The CTBT is a multilateral treaty that was opened for signature in 1996. It commits signatory states to ban all nuclear explosions, for both military and civilian purposes, across all environments. The treaty provides for various monitoring mechanisms, including remote sensing and data collection, to ensure compliance. The treaty has been signed by 183 states and ratified by 164. However, it has yet to come into effect because eight key nations, known as Annex-2 states (including the US, China, Iran, Egypt, Israel, India, Pakistan, and North Korea), have not ratified it. To verify adherence to its stipulations, the CTBT establishes a comprehensive global network of monitoring stations and permits on-site inspections to investigate any suspicious activities. -Source: The Hindu National Commission for Indian System of Medicine Context: Recently, the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) conducted a workshop for drafting the Ayurveda Process Handbook at the NCISM office. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) Establishment and Legal Basis: The National Commission for Indian System of Medicine operates as a statutory body, established under the NCISM Act of 2020. This Act aims to enhance the medical education system to improve access to quality and affordable education, ensuring the distribution of highly skilled medical professionals of Indian System of Medicine throughout the country. Composition: The NCISM is composed of 29 members, appointed by the central government. A Search Committee is responsible for recommending candidates for the roles of Chairperson, part-time members, and presidents of the four autonomous boards created under the NCISM. Key Functions: Policy Formation: Developing policies for the regulation of medical institutions and professionals practicing Indian System of Medicine. Resource and Infrastructure Assessment: Evaluating the needs for healthcare-related human resources and infrastructure. Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring that State Medical Councils for Indian System of Medicine comply with the regulations enacted under the Act. Coordination: Facilitating coordination among the autonomous boards within the commission. -Source: The Hindu, PIB

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 October 2024

CONTENTS Central Vigilance Commission Kittur Rani Channamma  Central Vigilance Commission Context: CVC observes Vigilance Awareness Week 2024  with the theme “Culture of Integrity for Nation’s Prosperity with the administering of the integrity pledge to the officials of the Commission by the Commission  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Central Vigilance Commission Removal of members (according to CVC Act) Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC Categories of Organisations falling under the Jurisdiction of CVC Category of Employees that CVC has Direct Jurisdiction over Central Vigilance Commission Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is an apex Indian governmental body created in 1964. CVC was set up based on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention  of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance. The CVC became a Statutory Body with the enactment of CVC Act, 2003. The CVC is an independent body, free of control from any executive authority, (It is NOT controlled by any ministry or department). The CVC is responsible only to the Parliament. The CVC is NOT an investigating agency. The CVC may have the investigation done through the CBI or Chief Vigilance Officers (CVO) in government offices. Functions of CVC The CVC monitors all vigilance activity under the Central Government It advises various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilance work. The CVC recommends appropriate action on complaints on corruption or misuse of power. Lokpal, Central Government or Whistle blowers can approach the CVC regarding complaints. The CVC – Under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 – can inquire into offences reported against certain categories of Public Servants. (However, remember, CVC is NOT an Investigating agency). The Annual Report of the CVC not only gives the details of the work done by it but also brings out the system failures which leads to corruption in various Departments/Organisations, system improvements, various preventive measures and cases in which the Commission’s advises were ignored etc. Composition of Central Vigilance Commission The CVC is comprised of 3 members: A Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson) Up to Two Vigilance Commissioners (Members) President of India appoints CVC members by warrant under his hand and seal. The Oath of office is administered by the President. A three-member committee made of – The Prime Minister, The Home Minister and The Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha – Makes the Recommendation for appointment of Vigilance Commissioners. The Vigilance Commissioners are appointed for a term of Four years OR until they attain 65 years of age (whichever is earlier). On retirement – they are NOT eligible for reappointment in any central or state government agency. Removal of members (according to CVC Act) The Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner can be removed from his office only by order of the President on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity after the Supreme Court reports that the officer ought to be removed after inquiry, on a reference made to it by the President. Also, a member can be removed if the member: Is Adjudged as an insolvent Is convicted of an offence that involves moral turpitude according to Central Government Engages in Office of profit outside the duties of his office Is declared unfit by reason of infirmity of mind or body, by the President Participates / Concerned / Interested to Participate – in any way in the profit / in any benefit – in any contract or agreement made by or on behalf of the Government of India Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC CVC is treated as an advisory body only as Central Government Departments are free to either accept or reject CVC’s advice in corruption cases. The Commission has no jurisdiction over private individuals and organisations of the State Governments. The CVC is left with no power to register criminal case. The CVC cannot direct the CBI to initiate inquiries against any officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above. Hence, CVC neither has the resources nor the power to take action on complaints of corruption. Appointments to CVC are indirectly under the control of Govt of India. Although, the leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha is a member of the committee that selects the CVC Members – the committee just considers the candidates that are put up before it, and these candidates are decided by the Government. CVC is a very small set up with a sanctioned staff strength of 299, which is supposed to check corruption in more than 1500 central government departments and ministries. Categories of Organisations falling under the Jurisdiction of CVC: Central Govt. Ministries/Departments Central Govt. Public Sector Undertakings Nationalised Banks, Insurance Companies Autonomous organisations created through an Act of the Parliament or under the administrative control of Government of India. Centrally administered territories. Societies and local authorities owned or controlled by the Govt. of India *The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) has NO jurisdiction over private individuals and organisations of the State Governments. Category of Employees that CVC has Direct Jurisdiction over: Members of All India Services – Serving in connection with the affairs of the Union. Central Govt. Ministries/ Departments – Group ‘A’ Officers. Central Public Sector Undertakings – Chief Executives and Executives on the Board and other officers above E-8 and E-7 Levels according to schedules. Public Sector Banks – Scale V and above. RBI/NABARD and SIDBI – Grade D and Above General Insurance Companies – Manager and above Life Insurance Corporation – Senior Divisional Manager and above Societies and other local Authorities- Officers drawing salary of Rs. 8700/- and etc. above. Port Trusts/Dock Labour Board etc.- Officers who are in pay of Rs. 10,750/- and above. Kittur Rani Channamma Context: On the 200th anniversary of Kittur Vijayotsava a commemorative Postage stamp was released at the historic Kittur Rani Channamma Stage, Kittur Fort Premises. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Kittur Rani Channamma: She was born in Kakati, a small village in today’s Belagavi district of Karnataka. She became the queen of Kitturu (now in Karnataka) when she married Raja Mallasarja of the Desai family. After Mallasarja’s death in 1816, his eldest son, Shivalingarudra Sarja, ascended the throne. Before his death in 1824, Shivalingarudra adopted a child, Shivalingappa, as the successor. However, the East India Company did not grant legitimacy to Shivalingappa as the successor to the kingdom based on the doctrine known as the ‘doctrine of lapse’. Important points about the Kittur War John Thackery, the collector-cum-political officer who was stationed at Dharwad attacked Kittur during the month of October 1824 In that fight British troops faced a string of defeats and this resulted in the Collector and Political Agent, St. John Thackeray, of the Kitturu forces committing his death. Two British officers, Sir Walter Elliot and Mr. Stevenson, were also hostages. Kittur Fort was once again captured by the British army. Rani Chennamma and her family were put in jail and jailed at the fort in Bailhongal, where she died in 1829.