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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 31 October 2024

Content : Tackle the issue of adjournments, case pendence Sun signs The politics of data-based policymaking Tackle the Issue of Adjournments, case pendency Frequent adjournments and case backlogs have burdened the Indian judiciary, delaying justice and eroding public trust, especially for vulnerable communities. Addressing this requires systemic reforms in judicial capacity, procedural efficiency, and infrastructure. Relevance: GS 2 (Indian Judiciary ) Practice Question:Discuss the impact of frequent adjournments and case pendency on the Indian judiciary. Suggest viable solutions to address these issues effectively. (250 words ) Adjournment: An adjournment is the rescheduling of a court session to a later date, often due to procedural or logistical needs. Judicial Pendency Data Total Pending Cases Across High Courts: Approximately 58.59 lakh cases, including: 42.64 lakh civil cases. 15.94 lakh criminal cases. Supreme Court Pendency: Over 82,000 cases pending despite a full strength of 34 judges in the past two years. Overall Pending Cases in Indian Courts: More than 5 crore cases pending across various courts. Causes of Case Pendency and Adjournments Low Judge-Population Ratio: As of 2024, in the Law Minister’s reply in the Lok Sabha, India has 21 judges per million people, against the recommended 50 per million (120th Law Commission Report). Vacant Judicial Posts: Approximately 30% of sanctioned posts in High Courts are vacant, with only 770 out of 1,114 judges in place as of October 2024. Lack of Judicial Impact Assessment: New laws are often introduced without assessing their effect on the judicial workload. This lack of foresight creates staffing and infrastructure shortages when cases surge. Frequent Procedural Delays:High adjournment rates and logistical issues with witness attendance slow proceedings. The burden on High Courts and Supreme Court: High Courts manage diverse cases, and in 2021, six specialised tribunals were disbanded and assigned to High Courts, adding to the load. Supreme Court faces high caseloads from Article 136 appeals and direct appeals from statutes, especially from northern states. Article 136 grants the Supreme Court discretionary power to allow special leave to appeal against judgments from any court or tribunal. Excessive Responsibilities on District Judges: District judges handle a range of duties: trials, bail hearings, recording dying declarations, etc. Handling a diverse workload of nearly 100 cases daily imposes immense mental stress on judges. This pressure can reduce their focus while writing judgments, leading to potential errors. Errors in judgments may result in further challenges and delays in the judicial process. Impacts of Case Pendency and Adjournments Delayed Justice:Prolonged case timelines affect individuals awaiting justice and discourage marginalised communities from seeking redress. Public Confidence Erosion:Delays and adjournments lead to diminishing public trust in the judicial system’s efficacy. Judicial Burnout:Judges face mental strain from excessive workloads, leading to fatigue, potential judgment errors, and a cycle of appeals. Proposed Solutions Implement Judicial Impact Assessment: Following the Justice M. Jagannadha Rao Committee’s recommendations, every new law should assess likely case volume and the resources needed, including judges, court staff, and infrastructure. The Supreme Court supported this in Salem Advocate Bar Association (II) vs Union of India (2005). Strengthen Mediation and ADR Mechanisms: Increase the use of mediation and alternative dispute resolution for minor civil cases. Promote a cultural shift toward accepting out-of-court settlements for civil cases to reduce the burden on courts. Proactively Fill Judicial Vacancies: High Courts and state governments should coordinate to begin recruitment six months before anticipated vacancies. Invest in Court Infrastructure and Digitisation: Improve facilities, digitise processes, and ensure judges have adequate support (e.g., legal researchers) to enhance efficiency. Enact Legislative Reforms to Limit Adjournments: Amend procedural laws (CPC, CrPC) to strictly limit adjournments. The judiciary should enforce these amendments to minimise delays effectively. Conclusion Comprehensive reform is needed to tackle adjournment culture and case pendency. Solutions include hiring judges, enforcing judicial impact assessments, enhancing ADR mechanisms, and reforming adjournment procedures. Sun signs Context: Tamil Nadu has declared heatwaves as a State-specific disaster, enabling affected individuals to receive assistance under the State Disaster Response Fund. This proactive approach aims to mitigate the health risks posed by extreme temperatures, particularly for vulnerable populations. Relevance: GS 3 (Disaster Management ) Practice Question:What measures can states take to support vulnerable populations during extreme heat events? (150 words) Heatwave : A heat wave is defined as a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) defines a heat wave as follows: Plains: Temperature reaches ≥ 40°C Coastal Stations: Temperature reaches ≥ 37°C Hilly Regions: Temperature reaches ≥ 30°C Climate Crisis Recognition:The World Meteorological Organisation declared that 2023 was the hottest year on record. Vulnerability of Populations:Vulnerable groups: elderly, children, those with pre-existing conditions, outdoor workers. Health Risks: Sustained high temperatures (above 40°C) can lead to: Heat stress. Organ failure. wet-bulb temperatures: The World Economic Forum has warned that global warming is on track to reach a ‘wet-bulb temperature’ level of 35° C, where humans can no longer regulate safe body temperature through sweating. Proactive Policy Measures: The declaration allows victims to receive aid under the State Disaster Response Fund. Key measures include: Ex gratia payments for families of heat-related fatalities. Provision of medical care and hydration resources (ORS packets). Rescheduling working hours to reduce exposure to heat. Governance Implications: The model can inspire other states to adopt similar proactive strategies. Highlights the necessity for adaptive policies in response to climate challenges. Call for Long-term Solutions: Immediate relief is crucial, but long-term strategies must address: Urban planning. Environmental degradation. Poverty reduction. Implications for Future Policy Climate Adaptation in Urban Planning: Prioritise resilient infrastructure. Improve green spaces and water management systems. Public Awareness and Education: Educate communities on heat risks and preventive measures. Collaboration and Research: Foster partnerships between government, NGOs, and research institutions. Invest in research for innovative long-term solutions. Strengthening Healthcare Systems: Enhance healthcare facility capacity for heat-related illnesses. Ensure vulnerable populations have access to medical care. Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish systems to monitor temperature trends and health outcomes. Evaluate policy effectiveness to refine strategies. Conclusion Tamil Nadu’s initiative is a significant step in addressing the health risks of climate change. Other states are encouraged to adopt similar models for climate resilience. The politics of data-based policymaking Data-based policymaking is key to Indian governance, but  biases in data collection and access can impact outcomes. Addressing these is vital for transparent, citizen-focused policies. Context: India’s data systems have faced scrutiny due to Census delays and NSS data release issues, raising concerns about data reliability. Relevance: GS 2 ( Governance ) Practice Question:Examine the role of data neutrality and transparency in Indian policy formulation. Suggest measures to make data systems more citizen-centric. (250 words) Impact on Policy Effectiveness Gaps in data collection can limit the effectiveness of policies.  For example, while initiatives like the Jan Dhan Yojana aim to enhance financial inclusion, challenges related to accessibility for rural or marginalised populations can affect the initiative’s overall impact Statistical Targets vs. Real Development Meeting quantitative targets doesn’t guarantee developmental progress. Example: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana distributed food grains but the Global Hunger Index indicate broader challenges in food security, Digital Data Governance Limitations Concentration of Data: Digital data collection, such as Aadhaar, centralises citizen data in State Data Centres, mainly accessible to government and private entities. Limited Citizen Access: This concentration restricts access for citizens and researchers, diminishing accountability and transparency in data usage. Recommendations for Data System Strengthening Reorient Goals: Focus on meaningful metrics (e.g., access rates, service quality) rather than raw numbers. Inclusive Infrastructure: Involve civil society in data design to prioritise public interest. Multidisciplinary Approach: Recognise data collection as a socio-political activity, engaging social scientists and citizens in policymaking. Conclusion: Strengthening data systems with a focus on inclusivity and transparency will ensure India’s policies align with public needs, balancing numbers with real-world insights

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 31 October 2024

CONTENTS Record Rs 1,00,000 Crore Spent in Lok Sabha 2024 Elections Study Explores Long-Term Evolution of Stem Cells Post-Transplant Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization National Commission for Indian System of Medicine  Record Rs 1,00,000 Crore Spent in Lok Sabha 2024 Elections Context: A report from the Centre for Media Studies (CMS) has revealed that political parties spent a combined total of approximately Rs 1,00,000 crores in the general elections for Lok Sabha 2024. CMS, a not-for-profit organization focused on promoting responsive governance and equitable development, highlights the unprecedented financial scale of this electoral exercise. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Election Expenditure in India Governance of Election Expenditure in India Challenges Associated with Election Expenditure in India Necessary Reforms in Election Expenditure in India Overview of Election Expenditure in India Candidate Expenditure Limits: Current Limits: For Lok Sabha elections, the expenditure limit is set at Rs 95 lakh in larger states and Rs 75 lakh in smaller states. For Assembly elections, the limit is Rs 40 lakh in larger states and Rs 28 lakh in smaller states. Political Party Spending: Unrestricted Party Expenditure: Unlike individual candidates, political parties face no expenditure caps during elections, allowing for potentially unlimited spending. Total Election Costs: The cost per vote in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections is estimated at Rs 1,400, with total expenditures reaching approximately Rs 1 lakh crores. Government Spending on Advertisements: Trend Analysis: The Central government’s expenditure on advertisements has shown significant variance, with Rs 3,020 crore spent from 2018-19 to 2022-23. Notably, Rs 1,179 crore was spent in 2018-19, a major election year, compared to Rs 408 crore in 2022-23. Historical Context of Election Spending: Historical Growth: Election spending by candidates has surged from Rs 25,000 in the first general elections (1951-52) to Rs 75-95 lakh in recent times, marking a 300-fold increase. Exponential Rise in Total Expenditure: Overall, election expenditure in India has escalated from Rs 9,000 crore in 1998 to around Rs 1,00,000 crores in 2024. Compliance and Transparency: Regulatory Requirements: Political parties must report any contributions over Rs 20,000 to the Election Commission of India (ECI). They are also required to submit Annual Audited Accounts and detailed election expenditure reports within 75 days following an election. Source of Political Funding: A significant portion of political funding is sourced from corporate entities, highlighting the close ties between business interests and political finance. Governance of Election Expenditure in India Legal Framework for Election Expenditure Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951: Section 77: Candidates must maintain detailed accounts of all campaign-related expenses from the nomination date to the election day. Section 78: Requires candidates to submit their campaign expense accounts to the District Election Officer within 30 days after election results are declared. Companies Act, 2013: Allows non-government companies operational for at least three years to contribute up to 7.5% of their average three-year net profits to political parties registered under the RPA. Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010: Prohibits political parties, candidates, and election-related entities from receiving foreign contributions, including funds, gifts, or any financial support from abroad. Challenges Associated with Election Expenditure in India Unlimited Party Expenditures No Caps on Party Spending: Unlike countries like the US, UK, Canada, and Brazil, India does not impose limits on political party expenditures during elections, potentially creating an imbalanced competitive environment. Impact on the Electoral Field Media vs Grassroots Spending: Major national and state-level parties often prioritize spending on media advertisements over grassroots activities, like rallies, which could disadvantage candidates with fewer resources. Digital Spending Disparities Influence of Digital Platforms: The rise of platforms like Google and Meta has widened the spending disparities, with national parties spending significantly more on digital advertising compared to smaller or regional parties. Regulatory Gaps Third-Party Campaigners: The lack of regulation concerning third-party campaigners can lead to untracked funds entering the electoral process, heightening risks of corruption and undue influence. Financial Influence on Politics Risk of Quid Pro Quo: The absence of stringent regulations allows for potential quid pro quo arrangements, where financial contributions could unduly influence political decisions, undermining accountability and transparency in the political finance system. Necessary Reforms in Election Expenditure in India Implementation of Expenditure Ceilings for Political Parties Equitable Competition: Introducing expenditure limits for political parties, as suggested by the ECI’s ‘Proposed Electoral Reforms’ report in 2016, would promote fair competition based on policies rather than financial power. Registration and Disclosure for Third-Party Campaigners Enhanced Transparency: Adopting registration and mandatory disclosure requirements for third-party campaigners, similar to Australia’s system, would enhance transparency in election spending. State Funding of Elections Government Support: Recommendations by the Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998) and the Law Commission (1999) suggest state funding to partially cover election expenses of candidates from recognized political parties to reduce dependency on private donations. Restrictions on Government Advertisements Fair Media Access: Implementing a ban on government advertisements for six months before elections could mitigate the incumbent advantage, fostering fairer competition. Revision of Financial Assistance Rules Closing Loopholes: Amending laws to ensure that financial assistance by political parties to their candidates is counted within the candidates’ official expenditure limits would prevent circumvention of spending rules. Establishment of an Independent Electoral Oversight Body Increased Accountability: Creating an independent body to oversee campaign financing could strengthen enforcement and accountability, ensuring all parties adhere to financial regulations during elections. -Source: The Hindu Study Explores Long-Term Evolution of Stem Cells Post-Transplant Context: A recent study featured in Science Translational Medicine delves into the long-term outcomes for patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT). The research focuses on the evolution and mutation of transplanted stem cells over time, providing valuable insights into the dynamics of cellular changes post-transplant. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Summary of Research Findings on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants Overview of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) Summary of Research Findings on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants The study examined 16 pairs of donors and recipients, noting low mutation rates of approximately 2% in donors and 2.6% in recipients each year. Stable Clonal Expansion: Results indicate a consistent clonal expansion of stem cells spanning several decades. Clonal Hematopoiesis: Although all donors showed signs of clonal hematopoiesis, the limited clonal expansion suggests a strong regenerative ability in the bone marrow. Clinical Implications: Essential for enhancing outcomes after long-term transplants. Indicates a potential risk for recipients to develop blood cancers or other chronic conditions due to clonal hematopoiesis. Overview of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) Stem cells serve as the foundational cells that generate all other cells with specialized functions. Characteristics of HSCs: These immature cells are capable of evolving into all types of blood cells, including white cells, red cells, and platelets. They were first used in medical treatments in the 1950s. HSCs are found in both peripheral blood and bone marrow, commonly referred to as blood stem cells. Transplantation Process: Transplantation involves transferring healthy HSCs to patients whose bone marrow is impaired or depleted. This procedure is critical for saving lives, especially in patients suffering from blood cancers. Post-transplant, these stem cells aid in rebuilding the recipient’s blood cell production capabilities. -Source: The Hindu Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre Context: Recently, China has expressed its opposition to the Taiwanese government establishing the Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre (TECC) in Mumbai. It is Taiwan’s third office in India, following the openings in New Delhi (1995) and Chennai (2012).  Relevance: Facts for Prelims Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre (TECC) in India In 1993, India and Taiwan mutually established representative offices, with India opening the India-Taipei Association in Taipei and Taiwan setting up the TECC in New Delhi. Function of TECC: Similar to centers maintained by countries like the US, Australia, and Russia, TECC supports visa services and facilitates cultural and economic exchanges between India and Taiwan. China’s Position on TECC and Taiwan One China Policy: China maintains that there is only one China, incorporating Taiwan as an integral part, and recognizes the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as the sole legitimate government. India’s Recognition: India acknowledged the PRC in 1950, one of the first countries to do so, and consequently, does not officially recognize Taiwan. Development of India-Taiwan Relations Initial Non-Recognition: Post-independence, India did not officially recognize Taiwan or establish diplomatic relations with the Republic of China. Establishment of Unofficial Relations: By 1995, India and Taiwan initiated unofficial relations by opening representative offices. Evolving Relations: Over the years, India’s relationship with Taiwan has significantly progressed, particularly as India’s economic and international stature grew in the 2000s, facilitating deeper engagement with Taiwan. Economic Growth and Policy Initiatives: According to a 2023 press release from Taiwan’s Foreign Ministry, trade between India and Taiwan grew from USD 2 billion in 2006 to USD 8.9 billion in 2021. As a leading tech hub and top semiconductor producer, Taiwan aligns with India in seeking stronger bilateral ties. Taiwan’s 2016 “New Southbound Policy” specifically aims to diversify its economic dependencies, notably reducing reliance on China. -Source: The Hindu Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Context: The recent rumours of a nuclear test by Iran were promptly refuted by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) The CTBTO is an international organization headquartered in Vienna, Austria, tasked with implementing the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The CTBT is a multilateral treaty that was opened for signature in 1996. It commits signatory states to ban all nuclear explosions, for both military and civilian purposes, across all environments. The treaty provides for various monitoring mechanisms, including remote sensing and data collection, to ensure compliance. The treaty has been signed by 183 states and ratified by 164. However, it has yet to come into effect because eight key nations, known as Annex-2 states (including the US, China, Iran, Egypt, Israel, India, Pakistan, and North Korea), have not ratified it. To verify adherence to its stipulations, the CTBT establishes a comprehensive global network of monitoring stations and permits on-site inspections to investigate any suspicious activities. -Source: The Hindu National Commission for Indian System of Medicine Context: Recently, the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) conducted a workshop for drafting the Ayurveda Process Handbook at the NCISM office. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM) Establishment and Legal Basis: The National Commission for Indian System of Medicine operates as a statutory body, established under the NCISM Act of 2020. This Act aims to enhance the medical education system to improve access to quality and affordable education, ensuring the distribution of highly skilled medical professionals of Indian System of Medicine throughout the country. Composition: The NCISM is composed of 29 members, appointed by the central government. A Search Committee is responsible for recommending candidates for the roles of Chairperson, part-time members, and presidents of the four autonomous boards created under the NCISM. Key Functions: Policy Formation: Developing policies for the regulation of medical institutions and professionals practicing Indian System of Medicine. Resource and Infrastructure Assessment: Evaluating the needs for healthcare-related human resources and infrastructure. Regulatory Compliance: Ensuring that State Medical Councils for Indian System of Medicine comply with the regulations enacted under the Act. Coordination: Facilitating coordination among the autonomous boards within the commission. -Source: The Hindu, PIB

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 October 2024

CONTENTS Central Vigilance Commission Kittur Rani Channamma  Central Vigilance Commission Context: CVC observes Vigilance Awareness Week 2024  with the theme “Culture of Integrity for Nation’s Prosperity with the administering of the integrity pledge to the officials of the Commission by the Commission  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Central Vigilance Commission Removal of members (according to CVC Act) Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC Categories of Organisations falling under the Jurisdiction of CVC Category of Employees that CVC has Direct Jurisdiction over Central Vigilance Commission Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) is an apex Indian governmental body created in 1964. CVC was set up based on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention  of Corruption, headed by Shri K. Santhanam, to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the field of vigilance. The CVC became a Statutory Body with the enactment of CVC Act, 2003. The CVC is an independent body, free of control from any executive authority, (It is NOT controlled by any ministry or department). The CVC is responsible only to the Parliament. The CVC is NOT an investigating agency. The CVC may have the investigation done through the CBI or Chief Vigilance Officers (CVO) in government offices. Functions of CVC The CVC monitors all vigilance activity under the Central Government It advises various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing, reviewing and reforming their vigilance work. The CVC recommends appropriate action on complaints on corruption or misuse of power. Lokpal, Central Government or Whistle blowers can approach the CVC regarding complaints. The CVC – Under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 – can inquire into offences reported against certain categories of Public Servants. (However, remember, CVC is NOT an Investigating agency). The Annual Report of the CVC not only gives the details of the work done by it but also brings out the system failures which leads to corruption in various Departments/Organisations, system improvements, various preventive measures and cases in which the Commission’s advises were ignored etc. Composition of Central Vigilance Commission The CVC is comprised of 3 members: A Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson) Up to Two Vigilance Commissioners (Members) President of India appoints CVC members by warrant under his hand and seal. The Oath of office is administered by the President. A three-member committee made of – The Prime Minister, The Home Minister and The Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha – Makes the Recommendation for appointment of Vigilance Commissioners. The Vigilance Commissioners are appointed for a term of Four years OR until they attain 65 years of age (whichever is earlier). On retirement – they are NOT eligible for reappointment in any central or state government agency. Removal of members (according to CVC Act) The Central Vigilance Commissioner or any Vigilance Commissioner can be removed from his office only by order of the President on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity after the Supreme Court reports that the officer ought to be removed after inquiry, on a reference made to it by the President. Also, a member can be removed if the member: Is Adjudged as an insolvent Is convicted of an offence that involves moral turpitude according to Central Government Engages in Office of profit outside the duties of his office Is declared unfit by reason of infirmity of mind or body, by the President Participates / Concerned / Interested to Participate – in any way in the profit / in any benefit – in any contract or agreement made by or on behalf of the Government of India Criticism – Limited Powers of CVC CVC is treated as an advisory body only as Central Government Departments are free to either accept or reject CVC’s advice in corruption cases. The Commission has no jurisdiction over private individuals and organisations of the State Governments. The CVC is left with no power to register criminal case. The CVC cannot direct the CBI to initiate inquiries against any officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above. Hence, CVC neither has the resources nor the power to take action on complaints of corruption. Appointments to CVC are indirectly under the control of Govt of India. Although, the leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha is a member of the committee that selects the CVC Members – the committee just considers the candidates that are put up before it, and these candidates are decided by the Government. CVC is a very small set up with a sanctioned staff strength of 299, which is supposed to check corruption in more than 1500 central government departments and ministries. Categories of Organisations falling under the Jurisdiction of CVC: Central Govt. Ministries/Departments Central Govt. Public Sector Undertakings Nationalised Banks, Insurance Companies Autonomous organisations created through an Act of the Parliament or under the administrative control of Government of India. Centrally administered territories. Societies and local authorities owned or controlled by the Govt. of India *The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) has NO jurisdiction over private individuals and organisations of the State Governments. Category of Employees that CVC has Direct Jurisdiction over: Members of All India Services – Serving in connection with the affairs of the Union. Central Govt. Ministries/ Departments – Group ‘A’ Officers. Central Public Sector Undertakings – Chief Executives and Executives on the Board and other officers above E-8 and E-7 Levels according to schedules. Public Sector Banks – Scale V and above. RBI/NABARD and SIDBI – Grade D and Above General Insurance Companies – Manager and above Life Insurance Corporation – Senior Divisional Manager and above Societies and other local Authorities- Officers drawing salary of Rs. 8700/- and etc. above. Port Trusts/Dock Labour Board etc.- Officers who are in pay of Rs. 10,750/- and above. Kittur Rani Channamma Context: On the 200th anniversary of Kittur Vijayotsava a commemorative Postage stamp was released at the historic Kittur Rani Channamma Stage, Kittur Fort Premises. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Kittur Rani Channamma: She was born in Kakati, a small village in today’s Belagavi district of Karnataka. She became the queen of Kitturu (now in Karnataka) when she married Raja Mallasarja of the Desai family. After Mallasarja’s death in 1816, his eldest son, Shivalingarudra Sarja, ascended the throne. Before his death in 1824, Shivalingarudra adopted a child, Shivalingappa, as the successor. However, the East India Company did not grant legitimacy to Shivalingappa as the successor to the kingdom based on the doctrine known as the ‘doctrine of lapse’. Important points about the Kittur War John Thackery, the collector-cum-political officer who was stationed at Dharwad attacked Kittur during the month of October 1824 In that fight British troops faced a string of defeats and this resulted in the Collector and Political Agent, St. John Thackeray, of the Kitturu forces committing his death. Two British officers, Sir Walter Elliot and Mr. Stevenson, were also hostages. Kittur Fort was once again captured by the British army. Rani Chennamma and her family were put in jail and jailed at the fort in Bailhongal, where she died in 1829.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 October 2024

Content : The under-representation of women in the judiciary Solar, a game changer in women’s empowerment Tackling learning disabilities head-on The Under-Representation of Women in the Judiciary Context: Despite progress at entry levels, women remain significantly under-represented in higher judiciary roles, highlighting systemic barriers and a persistent “funnel effect” that hinders advancement. Relevance: GS 2 (Indian Judiciary, Social Justice ) Practice Question: Discuss the major challenges contributing to the under-representation of women in the Indian judiciary and suggest measures that could improve female representation.(250 words) Current Situation of Women in Judiciary: According to the Supreme Court of India’s “State of the Judiciary” report (2023), District Judiciary: 36.3% women (2023) – strong representation at entry levels. High Courts: Only 13.4% of women judges; Supreme Court: 9.3% (as of Jan 2024) – shows a sharp decline at higher levels. State Disparities: Some states (e.g., Bihar, Jharkhand, Manipur) have no women or just one woman judge in High Courts. Challenges in Entry and Retention : Entry-Level Barriers: Practice Requirements: Judicial Service Rules demand continuous practice, which makes it tough for women to balance family roles. Bar Representation:according to the Department of Legal Affairs, in 2022, Women are only 15.31% of enrolled advocates, with fewer as senior advocates or in key roles. Retention Issues: Workplace Environment: Inadequate basic facilities (e.g., washrooms, child care) in many courts. For example, According to a study by the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy in 2019, nearly 100 district courts have no dedicated washrooms for women. Transfer Policies: Often ignore women’s caregiving responsibilities, adding stress. For example, the Delhi High Court’s crèche only caters to children younger than six years. Policy Gaps and ‘Funnel Effect’ Cycle of Under-Representation: Limited female representation at higher levels leads to policies that lack gender sensitivity, perpetuating barriers. ‘Funnel Effect’: Fewer women advance to senior judiciary roles, shrinking the pool of eligible women for top positions. Public-Private Divide Theory Gender Bias in Judiciary: As per Carole Pateman’s theory, male-dominated public spaces like courts lag in catering to women’s needs. Male Perspective in Policy: Most administrative committees lack female representation, leading to insufficient female-centered policies. Importance of a ‘Female Gaze’ Definition: Using a feminist lens in policy-making to address women’s unique needs in traditionally male spaces. Goal: Reframe court policies on recruitment, promotion, and infrastructure with a women-centric approach. Institutional Bias & Women-Centric Needs Gender Bias in Roles: Justice Hima Kohli notes gender bias sidelining women in court administration. Infrastructure: Few courts provide adequate washrooms, crèches, or family facilities, making daily work challenging for women judges, lawyers, and staff. Need for Gender Sensitization: Training and inclusive policies can reduce bias and support women’s long-term retention. Policy Recommendations Infrastructural Upgrades: Ensure basic amenities like washrooms, feeding rooms, and crèches in courts. Family-Friendly Policies: Adjust transfer policies to consider caregiving roles, easing career progression for women. Representation in Committees: Include women in key decision-making bodies within courts to prioritize female-centric needs. Flexible Promotion Criteria: Adapt criteria to support career breaks, making judiciary careers sustainable for women. Conclusion : Strengthening gender-sensitive policies and infrastructure is essential to creating a judiciary that reflects diversity, inclusivity, and equity across all levels. Solar, A Game Changer in Women’s Empowerment Solar energy is revolutionising women’s empowerment by creating economic opportunities, improving health, and fostering environmental sustainability in marginalised communities. From increased financial inclusion to skill development, solar initiatives enable women to become leaders in the energy economy. Relevance: GS 3 (Environment, Economy ) Practice Question: Examine the role of solar energy in promoting women’s empowerment, focusing on the challenges and opportunities in expanding solar access in developing regions.(250 words) Solar as an Empowerment Tool for Women : Decentralisation of Energy: Solar energy’s localised production allows communities to generate power close to use, empowering individuals, especially women, by involving them directly in the energy economy. Economic Benefits: Women in regions like Gujarat’s Little Rann of Kutch have increased their incomes by 94% by switching from diesel to solar pumps, while also reducing CO₂ emissions by 1,15,000 metric tons annually. Women-led Solar Initiatives: Barefoot College (India), Grameen Shakti (Bangladesh), Solar Sister (Africa): Train women as solar engineers, improving health, safety, and income in communities. Health Outcomes: We Care Solar’s portable solar units reduced perinatal deaths by 72% in Uganda. Solar Advancing Women’s Financial Inclusion Job Creation: The solar industry employs more women than any other energy sector, with 4.9 million jobs in 2022, 40% of which were held by women. Future Growth: India’s renewable targets are projected to create three million solar jobs by 2030, offering vast opportunities for women’s empowerment. Challenges in Scaling Solar Access Geographical Disparity: Investment is focused in developed countries, leaving developing regions, especially Africa, underserved. Sectoral Imbalance: Large-scale solar farms receive most funding, while small-scale applications (e.g., solar pumps, cold storage) lack support. Manufacturing Monopoly: Concentration in two countries leads to supply chain risks and price hikes, exacerbated by global demand. Solar Energy and Marginalised Communities Sustainable Development: Unlike coal, solar offers a sustainable economic boost for communities, aiding health and education while alleviating poverty. Community-Based Models: Self-help groups, farmer-producer organisations, and rural energy committees are crucial in planning and maintaining mini-grids for community-wide access. Environmental Impact: Localised solar projects reduce ecological degradation, foster climate resilience, and create local jobs. Policy and Gender Inclusion for a Just Transition Gender-Focused Policies: National electrification policies need a gender lens to ensure women are not just beneficiaries but active change agents in the energy economy. Holistic Integration: Electrification policies should connect with agriculture, forestry, and rural development to remove systemic barriers affecting women, fostering a fairer and inclusive energy economy. Sustainability and Solar Lifecycle Management Waste Management: Recycling and circularity for solar materials must be prioritised, with clear guidelines and collaboration among producers, government, and recyclers. Lifecycle Innovation: Mobile recycling plants and robust waste protocols are necessary to minimise environmental impact, enhancing the solar sector’s sustainability. Conclusion : Empowering women through solar energy can foster inclusive growth, making energy transition a pathway to equality and sustainability. Tackling Learning Disabilities Head-on Learning disabilities affect millions of children in India, creating barriers to effective education and engagement. Addressing these challenges is essential for fostering an inclusive environment where every learner can thrive. Relevance: GS 2 ( Education ) Practice Question: Discuss the systemic challenges faced by students with learning disabilities in India and propose strategies to create a more inclusive education system.(250 Words) Understanding the Struggle Many students face barriers to learning beyond reading and writing; these involve challenges in processing, understanding, and engagement. About 8-15% of children in India, roughly 50 million, have some form of learning disability, yet schools are often ill-equipped to support them. Disabilities like dyslexia and ADHD are more than just attention issues or letter-mixing—they affect comprehension, memory, and social interactions. Systemic Challenges India’s education system primarily serves neurotypical students, lacking inclusive strategies for those who learn differently. Most teachers, especially in rural areas, lack training in neurodiversity and adaptive methods. COVID-19 exacerbated this gap, as online platforms were rarely adapted for students with learning disabilities. Psychological Impact Without support, students with learning disabilities often internalise failure and struggle with anxiety and depression. Misunderstood as “lazy” or “slow,” they may lose self-esteem and opportunities to unlock their true potential. Progress in Policy and Tech Policy: The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 and National Education Policy (NEP), 2020 are steps in the right direction. Diagnostics: The government’s adult diagnostic test for learning disabilities is promising but needs effective classroom integration. Technology: Tools like text-to-speech software and AI-powered aids could be transformative, but ensuring their reach and accessibility is essential. A Collaborative Approach Early intervention is key; screening tools and programs like Cross-Disability Early Intervention Centres (CDEIC) are a positive start. Teacher training in neurodiversity should be incentivised with financial rewards or career advancement. Public campaigns and films like Taare Zameen Par can destigmatize learning disabilities, beginning with education at home for parents. A Cultural Shift Society needs to view learning disabilities as different ways of thinking, not as deficits. Government, NGOs, and private institutions must collaborate to ensure policies become actionable support systems. Conclusion With targeted interventions, improved teacher training, and societal awareness, India can transform its education system to better support students with learning disabilities. Embracing diversity in learning will unlock the potential of all students.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 October 2024

CONTENTS Freebies in Electoral Campaign Multilateral Development Banks Emission Gap Report 2024 Coral Triangle Complete Brain Mapping of Adult Fruit Fly Achieved Nature Conservation Index Freebies in Electoral Campaign Context: Freebies in electoral campaigns continue to be a divisive issue in Indian politics. A recent survey conducted across multiple cities in India reveals mixed attitudes among urban Indians toward freebies, especially in the context of rising debates on fiscal responsibility.  Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Freebies vs. Welfare Policies 2013 Supreme Court decision on the issue of freebies (S Subramaniam Balaji vs Tamil Nadu) ECI’s position on freebies Advantages of Freebies in India Freebies’ Negative Effects Freebies vs. Welfare Policies Freebies Freebies are characterized by the provision of goods and services at no cost, often designed to offer immediate relief. These typically include tangible items or services such as free laptops, bicycles, electricity, and water, frequently used as incentives during electoral campaigns. There is a significant concern that freebies may foster dependency among beneficiaries, failing to encourage long-term sustainable development. Welfare Policies Welfare policies are structured, long-term initiatives aimed at improving the overall quality of life and ensuring equitable resource access for target populations. They are often grounded in the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs), reflecting the state’s commitment to social justice and equity. Notable examples include the Public Distribution System (PDS), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), and the Mid-Day Meal Program, which are designed to have a sustained positive impact on societal and human development. Key Distinctions Strategic Orientation: While freebies are typically aimed at providing immediate, short-term benefits, welfare policies are designed for systematic societal improvement and long-term development. Impact on Development: Freebies are often criticized for potentially leading to economic inefficiencies and dependency, whereas welfare policies are viewed as investments in human capital that foster long-term societal benefits and economic growth. 2013 Supreme Court decision on the issue of freebies (S Subramaniam Balaji vs Tamil Nadu) The Supreme Court ruled that promises made by political parties and candidates in their manifestos could not be considered corrupt under the Representation of the People Act. It also does not violate the principle of a level playing field (Article 14). The Supreme Court had declined to intervene in the government’s schemes for providing goods at no cost. The Supreme Court ruled that the distribution of such goods was directly related to state policy directive principles (DPSP). It did, however, observe that freebies shake the foundation of free and fair elections to a large extent and directed the EC to develop guidelines for the same in consultation with all recognised parties. In 2013, the EC was directed by the court to develop a model code of conduct (MCC). The Election Commission welcomed the Supreme Court’s suggestion to form an expert panel to discuss the issue of freebies. However, the ECI stated that it cannot be a part of the body. ECI’s position on freebies: No authority to regulate or act The EC previously stated that it lacks the authority to regulate or prosecute parties that make such election promises. Offering or distributing freebies before or after an election is a policy decision made by the party in question. Whether such policies are financially viable or have a negative impact on the state’s economic health is a question that voters must consider and decide. On using its authority to freeze election symbols and cancel the registration of parties that promise gifts State and national parties were recognised and maintained based on a single criterion: electoral performance. Invoking such powers by ECI may result in parties losing recognition even before their electoral performance is demonstrated. There is no precise definition of freebies in the current legal/policy framework. Freebies can be lifesavers in difficult times. What is irrational or a freebie for one group of people may be rational and necessary for another. The benefits of cross-subsidization and situation/sector-specific reliefs in addressing the various vulnerabilities of society’s segments cannot be overstated. Political parties may modify the ban on freebies. Political parties can make such promises knowing that they will be prohibited or negatively commented on by the regulatory authority. This may provide them with more publicity and mileage than actual post-election implementation.  Advantages of Freebies in India Freebies include not only unsustainable pre-election promises, but also a variety of services that the government provides to citizens in order to meet its constitutional obligations (Directive Principles of State Policy), such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), Free Covid Vaccine, and the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). The ‘Mid-day Meal Scheme’ was introduced by Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister K. Kamaraj in 1956, and it was later adopted as a national programme a decade later. The original avatar of the current National Food Security Programme is NT Rama Rao’s promise of rice at Rs. 2 per kg in Andhra Pradesh. Rythu Bandhu of Telangana and Kalia of Odisha pioneered what is now known as Kisan Samman Nidhi. Upliftment of the Lower Class: Because states with lower levels of development have a higher percentage of their population living in poverty, such freebies are more useful in these states for upliftment of the lower strata. Freebies’ Negative Effects Drain on Public Spending: Most of the time, freebies result in an excessive and unnecessary drain on public spending, as well as an economic burden on states, as most Indian states are in poor financial condition and have limited revenue resources. Revdi (Freebies) for One, Disaster for Another: In order to maintain internal fiscal balance, the government overcharges industrial and commercial contracts. As a result, the competitiveness of growing industries is reduced, resulting in slower industrial growth and higher commercial prices. As a result, the question is not how cheap the freebies are for the recipients, but how costly they are for the economy, life quality, and social cohesion in the long run. Subsidies and freebies put pressure on government revenues, resulting in an increased fiscal deficit and increased interest payments. Unregulated populism by offering and distributing ‘irrational freebies’ during election campaigns frequently create bias in the minds of voters, particularly the underprivileged class, who are easily swayed by freebies and impact informed decision making to choose their representative. Temporary Nature: Freebies occasionally undergo negative transitions from universal to optional, then to a halfway house via surcharges; these promises are only valid until incumbents face fiscal constraints and are forced to withdraw benefits. Freebies on Private Goods and Services: Freebies on Private Goods and Services do not result in a tangible social benefit. For example, free electricity distribution does not provide any collective social benefits and thus can be considered Private Goods. -Source: The Hindu Multilateral Development Banks Context: The G20 Independent Expert Group has issued a report card assessing the progress made by Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) in expanding lending capacity and mobilising private capital. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: MDB Overview Strategic Reforms for Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) Way Ahead to Strengthen MDBs MDB Overview Definition and Purpose MDBs are international finance organizations intended to supply financial as well as technical aid so as to spur economic as well as social development for the developing nations. There are several leading MDBs around the world such as the World Bank Group, Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, and Inter-American Development Bank. MDBs are well shown to be an effective power to eradicate poverty, for infrastructural needs, as well as the enhancement of human resources in the low-income as well as middle income nations. The need to reform: As global challenges evolve, there is a growing consensus of the need to reform MDBs to better serve the aspirations of sustainable and inclusive growth as envisioned by developing nations. Why Reforming MDBs is Critical Outdated Structures: The frameworks governing MDBs were mainly established post-World War II and were meant for reconstruction but are now outdated. The current institutions do not solve the problems of the new technology era or cater to the particular needs and aspiration of the Global South. Improve Private Sector Engagement: MDBs are expected to mobilize significant private financing, estimated at $740 billion annually, to effectively support climate action and achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, the actual mobilization of private capital has been significantly lower, with only about $70 billion raised in the past year, indicating a gap in leveraging private sector investment. Local Currency Lending: MDBs have done relatively little on local currency lending even though they have continued to advance their risk mitigation tools and guarantees. This limitation restricts the ability of MDBs to offer suitable financial solutions tailored to specific economic contexts of countries they service. Strategic Reforms for Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) Expanded Triple Mandate for MDBs Objectives: Eradicate extreme poverty. Foster inclusive economic growth. Support global public goods, focusing on sustainable development and climate action. Implementation Strategies: MDBs are encouraged to triple their financial commitments to meet these ambitious goals. The creation of a “Global Challenges Funding” mechanism is proposed to channel funds effectively. There is a critical need to enhance engagement with the private sector to leverage additional resources. Enhancing MDBs’ Lending Capacities Recent Advances: MDBs have increased their lending capacity by 33%. They have improved the utilization of balance sheets and expanded guarantee platforms. Reforms in capital adequacy frameworks have been implemented to optimize resource usage. Challenges: Despite these improvements, the increase in capacity still falls short of the required tripling to meet the expanded mandates effectively. Innovations in Capital Mobilization New Funding Mechanisms: Introduction of hybrid capital options, such as non-voting shares, to attract additional financial resources. Although these options have sparked some interest among member states, overall uptake remains limited. Boosting Private Sector Involvement Cultural and Operational Shifts: MDBs need to adapt their operational cultures to mitigate perceived risks and attract private capital. Collaborative efforts with rating agencies and the creation of investment-friendly environments are essential. Encouraging private investors through targeted risk-reduction strategies and incentives. Way Ahead to Strengthen MDBs Boosting Performance and Adaptability Maximizing Resource Mobilization: Existing methods fall short in fully utilizing the capacity of MDBs to gather resources, align policies, and encourage innovation. Adaptation to Global Needs: Implementing flexible, tailored solutions along with a variety of financial instruments is vital to address the evolving requirements of diverse nations and sectors. Reforming Governance Equitable Representation: Current governance structures within MDBs do not adequately reflect the perspectives of developing nations. Enhancing transparency, accountability, and responsiveness is crucial for improving the trust and operational efficiency of MDBs. Enhancing Concessional Financing Support for the Most Vulnerable: Focus on increasing concessional financing to provide essential support to the world’s poorest nations without exacerbating their debt situations. Expanding Climate Financing Scaling Up Financial Commitments: MDBs have significantly raised their climate financing efforts, with total commitments reaching $75 billion in 2023, a significant increase from $42 billion in 2019. This funding includes $50 billion for mitigation strategies and $25 billion for adaptation measures. Strengthening Coordination Improving Collaboration: MDBs are actively working to synchronize procurement practices and have rolled out a digital co-financing platform to enhance the management and implementation of extensive development projects. -Source: The Hindu Emission Gap Report 2024 Context: If countries continue with their current environmental policies, it would lead to 3.1 degrees Celsius warming over pre-industrial levels, according to the recently published Emissions Gap Report 2024. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About Emissions Gap Report United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Highlights of the 2024 About Emissions Gap Report The UNEP’s Emissions Gap Report gives a yearly review of the difference between where greenhouse emissions are predicted to be in 2030 and where they should be to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. The annual report from UNEP measures the gap between anticipated emissions and levels consistent with the Paris Agreement goals of limiting global warming this century to well below 2°C and pursuing 1.5°C. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established in 1972 and Headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya. It sets the global environmental agenda, promotes the sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection. It sets the global environmental agenda, promotes sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection. The UNEP Publishes: Emission Gap Report, Global Environment Outlook, Frontiers, Invest into Healthy Planet. Highlights of the 2024 Urgent Reduction Goals: The 2024 report, titled “No More Hot Air… Please!”, emphasizes the critical need for rapid global reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To adhere to the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C temperature target, a 42% reduction by 2030 and 57% by 2035 are necessary. For the less stringent 2°C target, reductions of 28% by 2030 and 37% by 2035 are required. Emissions Trends and National Contributions: The report notes a concerning 1.3% increase in global GHG emissions in 2023 compared to 2022, largely driven by the power sector, followed by transportation, agriculture, and industry. India saw the most significant rise in emissions among major economies at 6.1%, followed by China at 5.2%. Conversely, the European Union and the United States saw decreases of 7.5% and 1.4%, respectively. Global Emission Comparisons: Despite the increases, India’s total GHG emissions stood at 4,140 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MtCO₂e), relatively lower compared to China’s 16,000 MtCO₂e and the US’s 5,970 MtCO₂e. The EU’s emissions were 3,230 MtCO₂e, slightly less than India’s. Collectively, the six largest GHG emitters contributed to 63% of the global emissions, while the least developed countries contributed only 3%. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): NDCs are pivotal in each country’s efforts under the Paris Agreement to limit global temperature rise. The report stresses the necessity for enhanced NDC targets to prevent the projected temperature rise to between 2.6°C and 3.1°C by the end of the century. Critical Observations: The report highlights a dire need for intensified global efforts and enhanced national plans to mitigate climate change impacts effectively. It calls for urgent collective action to realign current trajectories with the Paris Agreement’s temperature goals to prevent irreversible damage. -Source: Down To Earth, The Hindu Coral Triangle Context: A report released at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) highlighted alarming facts about oil and gas activities in the Coral Triangle. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Coral Triangle It is described as the ‘Amazon of the seas’, covering over 10 million square kilometers. This includes parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, the Philippines, Timor-Leste, and the Solomon Islands. It houses 76% of the world’s coral species and is vital for over 120 million people dependent on its marine resources for livelihood. Obstacles in the Coral Triangle Unsustainable fishing, development pollution in the coastal setting, and the impacts of global climate change like corals’ bleaching critically imperil the health and sustainability of this system. What are Corals? Actually, many people actually believe that corals are plants; on the other hand, corals are animals which hold a fixed position on the floor of the ocean floor. Mutualistic Relationship: It holds zooxanthellae, an algae used for mutualistic existence, feeding them through photosynthesis for nutrient production. The corals capture food using their tentacle-like appendages by drawing the same in their mouths. Structure of Coral Structure of Polyp: units of corals are termed as polyps that combine in hundreds to thousands which form a large colony named the coral colony with genetic similarities across the colony. -Source: Down To Earth Complete Brain Mapping of Adult Fruit Fly Achieved Context: Scientists have achieved a significant breakthrough by mapping the entire brain of an adult fruit fly. This landmark accomplishment enhances our understanding of brain function, providing valuable insights that could influence studies of both animal and human neurology. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Breakthrough in Brain Mapping: The Adult Fruit Fly Overview of Recent Scientific Achievement Major Scientific Milestone: Researchers have successfully mapped the entire brain of an adult fruit fly, marking a significant advancement in our understanding of how brains function. Purpose of the Study: This research was primarily focused on deciphering the complex wiring and signaling mechanisms that underpin healthy brain functions. Details of the Research Extensive Neural Mapping: The study detailed over 50 million neural connections, involving more than 139,000 neurons within the fruit fly’s brain. Connectome Development: Building upon prior research on simpler organisms, this study has produced a detailed connectome of an adult fruit fly’s brain. Implications for Neuroscience Due to their capability for complex behaviors such as learning, memory, and social interactions, fruit flies are invaluable for neuroscience research that might be applicable to understanding similar functions in humans. About the Fruit Fly Known scientifically as part of the Drosophilidae family, fruit flies are a staple in biological research, often found around ripe or decaying fruit. For over 100 years, the fruit fly has been a critical model organism, contributing to numerous scientific breakthroughs. The fruit fly’s fully sequenced genome provides researchers with extensive data on its biochemistry, physiology, and behavioral patterns. -Source: The Hindu Nature Conservation Index Context: India with an abysmal score of 45.5 (out of 100) has been ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index, 2024. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology About Nature Conservation Index: This is developed by Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. The NCI is a data-driven analysis to assess each country’s movement in balancing conservation and development. It is meant for governments, researchers, and organizations to identify concerns and better conservation policies for long-term biodiversity protection. This is the first edition of the index, ranking countries according to their efforts vis-a-vis four pillars: Managing protected areas, addressing threats against biodiversity, nature and conservation governance, and future trends in a country’s natural resource management. Highlights India ended up at the bottom, primarily due to inefficient land management and the rising threats to its biodiversity. The report concluded that there were several threats to India’s biodiversity, from habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructural development, and climate change added on. Luxembourg, Estonia, and Denmark were at the top of the list, and others like Zimbabwe and Costa Rica were included in the top 10. -Source: Down To Earth

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 October 2024

CONTENTS G20 Pandemic Fund G20 Pandemic Fund Context: The Central Government will implement the G20 Pandemic Fund, which is aimed at enhancing the country’s “animal health security”. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: G20 Pandemic Fund Understanding Zoonotic Diseases Global Health Security Index (GHSI) G20 Pandemic Fund Purpose and Creation: The G20 Pandemic Fund was established by the G20 countries to improve the global ability to prepare for and respond to health crises, focusing on pandemics and diseases that transfer from animals to humans. Primary Goals: Enhancing healthcare infrastructures globally to manage pandemics efficiently. Targeting zoonotic diseases by investing in better animal health monitoring and surveillance systems. Providing necessary resources to help strengthen health systems in less developed regions. Operational Framework: Administration: The World Bank manages the fund, working in collaboration with entities like the WHO, FAO, and various regional development banks. Financial Structure: Launched with an initial funding of over $1.4 billion, the fund utilizes grants and low-interest loans to support projects in eligible countries. Understanding Zoonotic Diseases Definition: Zoonotic diseases are infections passed between animals and humans, caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Modes of Transmission: Direct interaction with infected animals. Contact with environments contaminated by pathogens. Through vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes. Consuming tainted food products. Breathing in airborne pathogens from animal waste. Examples: Rabies- The rabies disease is usually spread by an infected mammal through bites, most commonly dogs and bats. Lyme Disease- Lyme disease is a disease caused by bacteria. These bacteria are usually spread by the bites of infected ticks. Salmonellosis- This is a type of foodborne disease, which is spread through handling reptiles and poultry, or consuming contaminated food and water. West Nile Virus- West Nile Virus is a disease spread by mosquitoes, which are infected after feeding on infected birds. Hantavirus is spread by contact with excrements, urine or saliva of rodents. Ebola is spread through the direct contact with the infected person or animal’s body fluids. Zika virus is transmitted mainly through mosquito bite, however, it also can be sexually transmitted or passed from mother to baby. Influenza A (H1N1, H5N1) are viral diseases that are transmitted among birds and pigs before being passed to humans. Anthrax – Bacterial cause and spread through contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated animal products. Brucellosis – Cause by bacteria and is spread through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated animal products. Global Health Security Index (GHSI) Insights The GHSI acts as a comprehensive tool to evaluate and compare the readiness of nations to handle global health threats like pandemics.  Developed in 2019 by the Nuclear Threat Initiative, the Johns Hopkins Centre for Health Security, and The Economist Intelligence Unit. Scoring and Evaluation: Countries are scored on a scale from 0 to 100, where higher scores denote better preparedness. Assessment Criteria: Prevention: Evaluates efforts to prevent the emergence of new pathogens. Detection and Reporting: Measures effectiveness in monitoring and alerting outbreaks. Rapid Response: Gauges the speed and efficiency in responding to health crises. Health System Capacity: Assesses the robustness of national healthcare systems to deal with large-scale health emergencies. Adherence to International Norms: Looks at compliance with global health regulations. Risk Environment: Considers socio-political and environmental factors that could impact national health security.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 October 2024

Contents : Sustainability Science for FMCGs in India The private sector holds the key to India’s e-bus push Beyond intoxication Sustainability Science for FMCGs in India: Context: Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) and BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) policy highlights a commitment to encourage academia-industry partnerships aimed at developing sustainable, bio-based alternatives. especially within the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector. Relevance: GS 3 ( Environment ) Practice question: Examine the impact of palm oil production on biodiversity. What measures can be taken to mitigate these effects, and what steps has India implemented to address these challenges? (250 words) What are FMCG? FMCG stands for Fast-Moving Consumer Goods. These are products that are sold quickly and at relatively low cost. FMCG items are typically those which are essential or frequently purchased by consumers due to their high demand and shorter shelf life. Its market projected to reach around $220 billion by 2025 Example: Food and beverage, Household products, etc India’s Bio-Economy Focus: ANRF and BioE3 Policy: These initiatives aim to transition from chemical-based industries to bio-based models. The goal is to integrate sustainable development into economic progress by emphasising research and innovation. Academia-industry partnership: It’s important to address sustainability challenges and gaps in adoption through utilising biotechnologies and promoting self-reliance by focusing on research and development. Palm Oil in FMCGs: Palm oil is commonly used in FMCGs due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness. It’s found in products like snacks, baked goods, soaps, shampoos, and detergents.  Environmental Concerns: Palm oil, widely used in soap production, is linked to deforestation and biodiversity loss, with plantations often replacing ecologically forests. For instance: According to a study published in PLOS ONE, 45% of sampled oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia originated from areas that were forests in 1989. Yield Efficiency and Demand: High yield and low cost make palm oil attractive, meeting roughly 40% of global vegetable oil demand. Technological Alternatives to Palm Oil: Synthetic Biotechnology Solutions: Advanced biotechnologies could be utilised to replicate the structural aspect of palm oil. e.g. Utilising engineering microbes to produce oils with characteristics of palm oil. Local Bio-based Alternatives: Potential substitutes include plant-based polysaccharides and antimicrobial peptides, which could replace palm oil-derived components while enhancing soap benefits (e.g., boosting skin immunity). Value Chain Support and Government Role: Policy-backed Innovation: ANRF and BioE3 could support innovations that integrate plastic-free packaging. Need for Civil Society Involvement: Industry players, researchers, and consumers all play a role in promoting a shift toward sustainable FMCG solutions. Cost Implications: Sustainable practices can raise production costs, which are passed to consumers, affecting the product’s market competitiveness. Sustainability Ratings: Product labelling based on sustainable sourcing and production can encourage consumers to make informed choices aligned with environmental values. Domestic Palm Oil Production: National Mission on Edible Oils-Oil Palm: India’s 2021 initiative seeks to increase palm oil production while adhering to sustainable standards (e.g., ‘No Deforestation, No Peat’). Mission aims to increase the oil palm production area to 10 lakh ha. and boost crude palm oil production to 11.20 lakh tonnes by 2025-26. Conclusion: The integration of ANRF and BioE3 policies sets a foundation for a bio-based economy that respects ecological limits and emphasises innovation. Innovation and research will make the transition smoother. The Private Sector Holds The Key To India’s E-Bus Push Context: The PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) scheme has been approved by the Union Cabinet, allocating ₹4,391 crore for electric vehicle (EV) incentives, particularly focusing on the procurement of 14,028 electric buses across nine cities. Relevance: GS3 (Environment ) Practice question: How can the private sector contribute to India’s electric bus adoption? Suggest steps the government can take to support private operators in this transition. (150 words ) Current scenario : Public Sector Dominance: The deployment of electric buses has primarily been driven by public sector initiatives, particularly through the FAME India scheme. Under FAME I (2015-2019), 425 buses were subsidised, which increased significantly to 7,120 buses under FAME II (2019-2024). However, public transport buses constitute only 7% of the total 24 lakh registered buses in India, highlighting the limited scope of public sector efforts. Exclusion of Private Sector: The majority of buses (93%) in India are privately owned, yet these operators are excluded from major national schemes or incentives. Financing Hurdles: Factors such as high upfront costs, perceived risks, and low resale value of electric buses complicate access to loans. Market Potential for Inter-city Electric Buses : The inter-city bus sector serves 22.8 crore passengers daily, accounting for 57% of total ridership and 64% of vehicle kilometres. Notably, 40% of intercity trips are within the 250 km to 300 km range, which aligns well with the range capabilities of current electric bus models. Recommendations for Policy Support : To facilitate the transition to electric buses, the ICCT report suggests offering favourable financing options, such as credit guarantees, interest subsidies and extended loan tenures, to mitigate financial risks. Infrastructure Challenges : Charging Infrastructure: Limited access to charging facilities hinders electric bus adoption. Current FAME-funded facilities cater primarily to state transport units, neglecting the needs of private operators. Given that 90% of private bus operators manage fleets of fewer than five buses, the high costs associated with establishing charging infrastructure pose significant challenges.  Emerging Business Models : The Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS) model, which separates battery ownership from vehicle ownership, could significantly lower the initial investment required for electric buses. Battery swapping and usage-linked leasing models, already successfully implemented in countries like China and Kenya, present viable solutions for accelerating private electric bus adoption. Conclusion The PM E-DRIVE scheme offers great opportunities for policymakers to address financing barriers, enhance charging infrastructure, and explore innovative business models that encourage private investment in electric buses. Beyond Intoxication Context: Recently Supreme Court clarified the term ‘intoxicating liquors’ under State List Entry 8 includes all types of alcohol (potable and industrial). Relevance: GS2 ( Indian Polity ) Practice Question: How does the recent Supreme Court ruling on alcohol regulation strengthen the federal structure in India? Explain its impact on state and central powers. (250 words ) Federal Balance and State Powers: State Authority: Judgment reinforces state authority to regulate both potable and industrial alcohol. Limitation on Union Control: Prevents the Union from regulating the ‘intoxicating liquor’ industry under the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act (IDRA), 1951. Legislative Competence: The Supreme Court held that Parliament lacks authority over the entire alcohol industry, safeguarding states’ rights. Federal Principle: Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud’s opinion emphasised maintaining the federal balance, preventing Union overreach into state matters. Supporting State Autonomy: Aligns with recent judgment allowing states to tax mineral resources, signalling support for state autonomy. Economic Perspective: Justice Nagarathna viewed ‘intoxicating liquors’ as referring only to potable alcohol, allowing the Centre control over industrial alcohol. Economic Importance: Highlights industrial alcohol’s significance in chemicals and energy, arguing for a cautious approach to constitutional interpretation. Impacts and Implications: Federal Autonomy Reinforced: The decision highlights the Supreme Court’s role in protecting state powers and upholding the Constitution’s federal structure. Balancing Growth with Federalism: Reflects a nuanced balance between economic priorities and constitutional boundaries. Precedent for State Rights: Establishes a precedent for similar disputes where state regulatory powers intersect with central frameworks. Potential Impact on Other Sectors: This may influence federal debates in minerals, agriculture, and other areas where economic interests and state autonomy converge. Conclusion: This judgment reaffirms state jurisdiction over alcohol regulation, upholds federal principles, and demonstrates the judiciary’s commitment to protecting state legislative authority against central overreach.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 October 2024

CONTENTS Microfinance Institutions India – Germany Relations Israel Conducts Targeted Airstrikes on Iran 21st Livestock Census National Mission for Manuscript Cybersquatting Centre Aims to Complete Bhu-Aadhaar Registration for Rural Land Parcels by 2026 Microfinance Institutions Context: Recently, the Financial Services Secretary, while highlighting the crucial role of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in fostering financial inclusion, emphasised that they must avoid reckless lending despite their role in promoting financial inclusion.  Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Growth and Development of Indian Economy, Banking Sector) Dimensions of the Article: What are Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs)? Microfinance in India Micro Finance Associated Challenges What are Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs)? Micro finance Institutions, also known as MFIs, a microfinance institution is an organisation that offers financial services to low-income populations. Usually, their area of operations of extending small loans are rural areas and among low-income people in urban areas. MFIs provide the much-needed aid to the economically underprivileged who would have otherwise been at the mercy of the local moneylender and high interest rates. The model had its genesis as a poverty alleviation tool, focused on economic and social upliftment of the marginalised sections through lending of small amounts of money without any collateral to women for income-generating activities. Some of the MFIs, that qualify certain criteria and are non-deposit taking entities, come under RBI wings for Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) Regulation and supervision. These “Last Mile Financiers” are known as NBFC MFI. The objective of covering them under RBI was to make these NBFC MFIs healthy and accountable. History of Microfinance The term “microfinancing” was first used in the 1970s during the development of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, which was founded by the microfinance pioneer, Muhammad Yunus. Since, in the developing countries, a large number of people still depends largely on subsistence farming or basic food trade for their livelihood, therefore, smallholder agriculture in these developing countries has been supported by the significant resources. Microfinance in India SEWA Cooperative Bank was initiated in 1974 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, by Ela Bhatt which is now one of the first modern-day microfinance institutions of the country. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) offered financial services to the unbanked people, especially women and later decided to experiment with a very different model, which is now popularly known as Self-help Groups (SHGs). The SHG-Bank linkage programme in India has savings accounts with 7.9 million SHGs and involves the participation of regional rural banks (RRBs), commercial banks and cooperative banks in its operations. The origin of SHGs in India can be traced back to the establishment of the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in 1972. In 2013, a loan of $144 million was provided by Grameen Capital India to the microfinance groups. Apart from the Grameen Bank, another microfinance organization named Equitas was developed in Tamil Nadu. The Southern and Western states of India are the ones attracting the greatest number of microfinance loans. Micro Finance Associated Challenges Inadequate Data: While overall loan accounts have been increasing the actual impact of these loans on the poverty-level of clients is sketchy as data on the relative poverty-level improvement of MFI clients is fragmented. Impact of COVID-19: It has impacted the MFI sector, with collections having taken an initial hit and disbursals yet to observe any meaningful thrust. Social Objective Overlooked: In their quest for growth and profitability, the social objective of MFIs—to bring in improvement in the lives of the marginalized sections of the society—seems to have been gradually eroding. Loans for Conspicuous Consumption: The proportion of loans utilized for non-income generating purposes could be much higher than what is stipulated by RBI. These loans are short-tenured and given the economic profile of the customers, it is likely that they soon find themselves in the vicious debt trap of having to take another loan to pay off the first. -Source: The Hindu India – Germany Relations Context: On his three-day visit to India, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz met the Indian PM, focusing on strategic partnerships, visas for skilled workers, and mutual cooperation. Modi and Scholz also co-chaired the seventh round of India-Germany Intergovernmental Consultations. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the German Chancellor’s Visit to India India-Germany Relationship Conclusion Key Highlights of the German Chancellor’s Visit to India Bilateral Discussions on Global Concerns Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Prime Minister Modi highlighted India’s advocacy for peaceful resolution and commitment to global peace. Chancellor Scholz commended India’s role in South Asia and called for India’s support in finding a political resolution to the Ukraine crisis. West Asia Issues: Both leaders agreed on the need to prevent further escalations and supported a ceasefire and a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Indo-Pacific Security and China’s Influence: Emphasis was placed on maintaining a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific, ensuring maritime freedom. The commitment was made to strengthen defense ties and address regional security challenges together. Reforms in Global Governance: Modi and Scholz discussed the necessity of reforming institutions like the UN Security Council to better tackle current global issues. They promoted moving from a “whole of government” to a “whole of nation” approach, deepening their collaborative efforts. Significant Announcements and Agreements Visa Policy Enhancement: Germany announced an increase in the annual visa quota for skilled Indians from 20,000 to 90,000, recognizing the vital role of India’s skilled professionals in German economic development. Strategic Partnerships: Introduction of the ‘Focus on India’ strategy document, reinforcing Germany’s commitment to India’s workforce and strategic collaboration. Chancellor Scholz emphasized the importance of avoiding one-sided dependencies, especially in obtaining critical raw materials, aiming to diversify supply chains with India as a key partner. Trade and Investment Encouragements: Prime Minister Modi encouraged German businesses to invest in India, positioning it as a promising hub for trade and manufacturing under the “Make in India, Make for the World” initiative. Collaborative Ventures and Treaties Defense and Security Cooperation: The signing of an agreement on the exchange and protection of classified information marked a significant step in deepening mutual trust in defense and security. Legal and Security Treaty: The Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) in criminal matters is set to enhance cooperation on legal issues and improve the joint capability to tackle security challenges. Renewable Energy and Technology: The Green Hydrogen Roadmap reflects a major commitment to renewable energy collaboration aimed at achieving climate objectives. A Joint Declaration of Intent on R&D in advanced materials highlights the shared focus on technological innovation and development. India-Germany Relationship Strategic Cooperation and Collaboration Developed Alliance: India and Germany have a ‘Strategic Alliance’ since the year 2000. The two countries have nurtured and collaborated on numerous lines of development and technological initiatives. Growing Synergy: Over the recent years, the bilateral relationship of both nations has been undergoing change with increased cooperation mainly in the state-of-the-art fields like AI, cyber security, circular economy and smart farming, sustainable growth. Trade Relationship: Germany still remains the biggest trading partner of India in the European Union, and bilateral trade has reached $26 billion for fiscal 2022-23. The nature of the trade is also robust, with exports from India to Germany having reached $10.1 billion and imports from Germany $14.9 billion. Free Trade Negotiations: Although there is no direct Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Germany and India, Germany prefers the negotiations already under way for an EU-India FTA, that will further strengthen economic links. Inter-governmental Consultations (IGC) High-Level Dialogues Since 2011, the IGC allows a comprehensive review of cooperation and explores new dimensions of engagement between the two countries. India is in the list of few nations with which Germany holds the high-level dialogues. Geopolitical Alignments Indo-Pacific Focus: Recent geopolitical strains in the Indo-Pacific region have made India an important partner for furthering economic and strategic stability in the region for Germany and other wider European entities . Conclusion: Recent Developments: The Modi-Scholz meeting marked a new chapter for India-Germany relations, based on a series of agreements from trade to defense and even environmental cooperation. Mutual Growth and Global Influence: These interactions served as a solid foundation for both growth together and serious impact in the world at large, establishing that the two nations were crucially important to the international arena. -Source: Indian Express Israel Conducts Targeted Airstrikes on Iran Context: Israel was said on October 26 to launch precise and targeted airstrikes that reportedly hit key targets at Iran in the aftermath of an earlier attack by that country on Israel during the month. The reported steps marked a clear escalation between the two countries. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Why did Israel attack Iran? Hostility Between Israel and Iran: Historical and Current Dynamics Implications of the Israel-Iran Conflict for India Why did Israel attack Iran? The hostilities between the two countries are as a result of a long-standing history of mutual animosity and the geopolitical tensions that come along with it. The events that triggered this latest episode of violence are several massive incidents: Iranian and Israeli long-term cold war relationship turned sour even further after the Hamas’ attacks on 7 October. Support of Hostile Groups: One aspect quite prominent in this conflict is Iran’s support to the Hamas and Hezbollah groups, which have been involved in direct clashes with Israel. Both Hamas and Hezbollah are classified as terrorist groups by the countries of Israel, United States, and many others. Strikes and Retaliation: April 1 Raid: Israel attacked an Iranian embassy in Syria using missiles, killing 16 people, including the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps. April 13 Retaliatory Strike: Iran attacked Israeli sovereign territory directly using missile and drone attacks; the response was a hit on Iranian missile defense in Isfahan Targeted Killings: July 31: The murder of Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran, which has been attributed to Israeli intelligence. ­September 27: Israel had assassinated Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut, while Iranian Brigadier General Abbas Nilforoushan was also killed there. Ballistic Missile Attack: ­October 1: Iran fired 200 ballistic missiles against Israel, which caused allegedly minimal damage but marked an important escalation in the war. Continued Hostility: Such acts have continued the pattern of strike and counter-strike that has led to the latest attacks by Israel as a continuation of its pledge to retaliate against Iranian aggressions. Hostility Between Israel and Iran: Historical and Current Dynamics Historical Shift from Allies to Adversaries: The relationship between Israel and Iran took a drastic turn after the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, which ushered in a regime ideologically opposed to Israel. Prior to this, the two nations shared a cordial relationship. Non-recognition and Hostile Rhetoric: Post-revolution, Iran has consistently refused to recognize Israel’s right to exist. Iranian leaders, including Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, have often expressed hostile sentiments, referring to Israel as a “cancerous tumor” meant to be eradicated. Engagement in Covert Conflicts: The countries have been involved in a covert “shadow war,” where they target each other’s assets indirectly, avoiding open warfare but maintaining a state of hidden conflict. Escalation Due to Proxy Support: Tensions have been exacerbated by Iran’s support for groups like Hamas and Hezbollah, which Israel views as terrorist organizations. This support is seen by Israel as a direct threat to its security. Implications of the Israel-Iran Conflict for India Disruption of Red Sea Trade Routes: Any direct conflict between Israel and Iran risks prolonging disruptions in the Red Sea, impacting India’s trade with Europe, the US, Africa, and West Asia, which heavily relies on this critical maritime route. Impact on Indian Petroleum Exports: Conflicts in shipping routes to the Red Sea have led to a rise in freight costs to Indian exporters and reduced the profitability of exports in this trade area, particularly petroleum. Problems in Europe Increased freight costs are a result of regional conflicts that impact the profit margins of India’s export to Europe, which includes machinery and petroleum products. Opportunities in Trade with West Asia: In fact, despite the war, the growth of bilateral trade between India and the GCC has been going up. This would see a shift in the pattern of trade flows, with a potential shift towards regional players, such as Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Crisis to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) The war is likely to delay the full establishment of a more efficient route for trading with India, the Gulf, and Europe. The result would be a reduction in the dependence on the Suez Canal. -Source: Indian Express 21st Livestock Census Context: Recently, the Union Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying launched the 21st Livestock Census in New Delhi. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture 21st Livestock Census Conducted every five years, the Livestock Census systematically counts domesticated animals, poultry, and stray animals across the country. Information gathered includes details about species, breed, age, sex, and ownership of the animals. Since its inception in 1919, there have been 20 censuses, with the latest conducted in 2019. The 21st census is scheduled from October 2024 to February 2025. Focus Areas of the 21st Livestock Census The upcoming census, directed by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, will cover sixteen animal species including cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, camels, and more exotic animals like yaks, rabbits, and elephants. Data will be collected on 219 indigenous breeds recognized by the ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR). Extends to various types of poultry such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, and even less common birds like ostriches and emus. Technological Advancements in Data Collection Digital Implementation: Continuing the digital approach from 2019, the census will utilize online data collection through a dedicated mobile application and digital dashboards for monitoring. Geolocation Features: Data collection sites will be geo-tagged to enhance the accuracy and verifiability of the information gathered. Report Generation: Livestock census reports will be generated using specialized software, ensuring efficiency and accessibility. New Data Points in the 21st Census For the first time, the census will explore the contributions of pastoralists to the livestock industry, examining their socio-economic conditions and livestock holdings. The census aims to provide a more detailed understanding of the economic impact of livestock on households and will include data on the gender distribution of stray cattle, offering deeper insights into the sector. -Source: Indian Express National Mission for Manuscript Context: Recently the Ministry of Culture and Tourism shed light on the achievements made in the National Mission for Manuscripts and National Culture Fund. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: National Mission for Manuscripts National Culture Fund (NCF) National Mission for Manuscripts Establishment: 2003, by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India. Objectives: Documentation Conservation Digitization Online dissemination of India’s manuscript heritage. Infrastructure: Over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India. Collection: Approximately ten million manuscripts, the largest in the world, covering various themes, textures, scripts, languages, calligraphies, illuminations, and illustrations. Definition of a Manuscript: A handwritten document on materials like paper, bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf, at least seventy-five years old, with significant scientific, historical, or aesthetic value. Distinction: Manuscripts differ from historical records like epigraphs and firmans, as they primarily convey knowledge content rather than direct historical facts. Diversity: Manuscripts exist in hundreds of different languages and scripts. National Culture Fund (NCF) Establishment: 1996, under the Charitable Endowment Act, 1890. Purpose: To mobilize additional resources through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for promoting, protecting, and preserving India’s cultural heritage. Functions: Financing mechanism for donor/sponsor institutions to support the protection, restoration, conservation, and development of India’s cultural and heritage sites, including monuments and cultural traditions. Training and development of specialists and cultural administrators. Expanding space in existing museums and constructing new museums for special galleries. Documenting cultural expressions and forms that are losing relevance or facing extinction. Management: Managed by a Council chaired by the Minister of Culture and an Executive Committee chaired by the Secretary. Projects are overseen by a Project Implementation Committee (PIC) with representatives from donors, implementers, and NCF. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India annually audit the accounts of NCF. Platform: NCF offers a reliable and innovative platform for partnerships in heritage, culture, and the arts. What is a Manuscript? Manuscript is a composition done in handwriting on paper, bark, cloth, metal, palm leaf, and other materials that have come to be at least seventy-five years old, or they are of outstanding significance to science, history, or aesthetics. Lithographs and printed volumes are not manuscripts. Manuscripts appear in hundreds of different languages and scripts. Many scripts are used to write the same language. For instance, Sanskrit is written in Oriya script, Grantha script, Devanagari script, etc. Manuscripts are different from other historical inscriptions like epigraphs on rocks, firmans, and revenue records as they directly relate to happenings or procedures in historical times. Manuscripts carry knowledge. -Source: The Hindu Cybersquatting Context: Recently, a Delhi based developer registered the domain, ‘JioHotstar,’ which ignited a debate on cybersquatting. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Cybersquatting Cybersquatting involves the registration or use of domain names with the intent to profit from the trademark belonging to someone else, typically a known brand or individual’s name. Often viewed as a form of extortion, cybersquatting can also be seen as a tactic to siphon business from competitors or disrupt their operations. Types of Cybersquatting Typosquatting: This involves purchasing domain names that contain common typographical errors of well-known brands (e.g., “yajoo.com” instead of “yahoo.com”) to capture traffic from users who mistype URLs. Identity Theft: Cybersquatters may duplicate the website of a legitimate brand to deceive consumers by creating a convincing but fraudulent site. Name Jacking: This form targets celebrities or public figures by impersonating them online through fake websites or social media profiles. Reverse Cybersquatting: Here, individuals falsely claim ownership of a trademark and accuse the actual domain owner of cybersquatting, effectively reversing the roles. Legal Landscape in India India lacks specific legislation that directly addresses cybersquatting. Under the Trademark Act of 1999, domain names are treated as trademarks. Therefore, unauthorized use of domain names that are identical or confusingly similar to registered trademarks constitutes trademark infringement, actionable under Section 29 of the Act. -Source: Indian Express Centre Aims to Complete Bhu-Aadhaar Registration for Rural Land Parcels by 2026 Context: Three years into the initiative, only 30% of rural land parcels have been registered with Bhu-Aadhaar. In response, the central government is intensifying efforts to ensure complete registration by 2026. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Bhu-Aadhaar: Bhu-Aadhaaris or Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN). ULPIN was launched in 2021 under the Central government’s Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP). It is going to systematize and bring uniformity to the process that is being followed by the states while providing unique identification numbers to the land parcels. It is granted to a piece of land as a measure of the longitude and latitude coordinates of the piece of land and is contingent on detailed surveys and geo-referenced cadastral maps. Under this system an alpha-numeric identity consisting of 14 digits is granted to every piece of land. It comprises State code, District code, Sub-district code, Village code and a Unique plot ID number. The ULPIN or Bhu-Aadhaar, once generated is stamped on the actual land record document in possession of the owner. The same ULPIN will be permanently attached to the plot of land. Even if the land is transferred, sub-divided, or undergoes any change, the ULPIN will remain the same for that geographic boundary. Important goals of ULPIN/Bhu-Aadhaar are Unique ID to each piece of land for easy identification and retrieval of records. Digital creation of land records that have details about the land owners, boundaries of plots, area, usage, etc. Linkage of land records with property registration processes Online delivery of land record services -Source: The Print

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 October 2024

CONTENTS Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) Malabar 2024   Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) Context: The Indian Government recently announced an extension of the regional air connectivity scheme UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) for another 10 years. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN): Nodal:  Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) It is a regional airport development and “Regional Connectivity Scheme” (RCS) of the Union Government of India. The scheme envisages providing connectivity to un-served and under-served airports of the country through the revival of existing airstrips and airports. Objective: To create affordable yet economically viable and profitable flights on regional routes so that flying becomes affordable to the common man even in small towns. To stimulate regional air connectivity and making air travel affordable to the masses. The scheme envisages providing connectivity to un-served and underserved airports of the country through the revival of existing air-strips and airports. The scheme is operational for a period of 10 years. UDAN is a market driven ongoing scheme where bidding rounds are conducted periodically for covering more destinations/stations and routes under the scheme. Interested airlines assess the demand on particular routes connecting these airports and submit their proposals at the time of bidding. UDAN 1.0 Under this phase, 5 airlines companies were awarded 128 flight routes to 70 airports (including 36 newly made operational airports)   UDAN 2.0 In 2018, the Ministry of Civil Aviation announced 73 underserved and unserved airports. For the first time, helipads were also connected under phase 2 of UDAN scheme.   UDAN 3.0 Key Features of UDAN 3 included: Inclusion of Tourism Routes under UDAN 3 in coordination with the Ministry of Tourism. Inclusion of Seaplanes for connecting Water Aerodromes. Bringing in a number of routes in the North-East Region under the ambit of UDAN.   UDAN 4.0: The 4th round of UDAN was launched in December 2019 with a special focus on North-Eastern Regions, Hilly States, and Islands. The airports that had already been developed by Airports Authority of India (AAI) are given higher priority for the award of VGF (Viability Gap Funding) under the Scheme. Under UDAN 4, the operation of helicopter and seaplanes is also been incorporated. UDAN 5.1 Scheme The UDAN 5.1 scheme is an extension of the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) called Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik (UDAN), initiated by the Ministry of Civil Aviation in India. It aims to enhance connectivity to remote areas and achieve last-mile connectivity through helicopters. Here are the main features of the UDAN 5.1 scheme: Expanded Operations: The scheme allows operators to fly routes where one of the origin or destination locations is in a priority area, increasing the scope of operations. Previously, both points had to be in priority areas. Reduced Airfare Caps: Airfare caps for helicopter flights have been reduced by up to 25%, making flying in helicopters more affordable for passengers. Increased Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Caps: VGF caps for operators of both single and twin-engine helicopters have been substantially increased. This increase aims to enhance the financial viability of operating the awarded routes. Existing Helicopter Routes: Previous rounds of the UDAN scheme have already made 46 helicopter routes operational, benefiting hilly and North-East states. The current round aims to cover an even larger number of routes, expanding the reach of air connectivity. Malabar 2024  Context: Recently, the sea Phase of Malabar 2024 concluded at Visakhapatnam.  Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Malabar 2024 This edition of MALABAR, witnessed participation of warships with their integral helicopters, long range maritime patrol aircraft and submarine. Units participated in complex and advanced exercises in the domains of surface, sub-surface and air warfare. Major exercises included surface weapon firings, anti-air shoots, air defence exercises, anti-submarine warfare exercises, extensive operations of ship borne helicopters, seamanship evolutions including fueling from tankers and maritime interdiction operations. MALABAR 2024 Sea Phase serves as a testament to the commitment of participating nations towards enhancing understanding, collaboration and engagement in the maritime domain as the world grapples with increasingly complex maritime security challenges.     The sea phase culminated with a Closing Ceremony that included a review of operational aspects of the Sea Phase and enabled all participating navies to interact and exchange views by sharing experiences and best practices.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 October 2024

Content : The Gaza war and the Global South’s ‘interventions’ Building blocks The Gaza war and the Global South’s ‘interventions’ Context: The killing of Hamas chief Yahya Sinwar by Israeli forces on October 16, 2024, marked a significant moment in Israel’s military objectives, but the future political landscape in Gaza and Lebanon remains uncertain with rising civilian casualties. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations) Practice question: Discuss the role of the global South amid geopolitical conflicts with special reference to the Gaza crisis of 2024 Highlight the challenges faced by India and China in shaping the unified response. (250 words) Fragmented Global South: The Global South’s response to the Gaza conflict has been fragmented, reflecting differing national interests. South Africa took a legal approach, referring Israel to the ICJ, while India and China have diverged in their strategies. China’s Approach: Focused on aligning with the Arab world and Palestinian sovereignty through a decolonisation lens. Invited 14 Palestinian factions, including Hamas, to Beijing in 2024 to discuss unity. Avoided condemning Hamas by name to maintain a mediator role in West Asia. Relations with Israel weakened as China prioritised Arab-Iranian alliances. India’s Position: Balances support for a two-state solution with counterterrorism efforts aligned with Israel. Has strong counterterrorism partnerships with Israel due to shared experiences with terrorism (e.g., 1999 India’s plane IC814 hijacking and releasing of  Jaish-e-Muhammad’s Masood Azhar parallel to Israel’s 2011 release of Sinwar). Continues to support Palestinian statehood, maintaining diplomatic balance despite perceptions of pro-Israel leanings. BRICS and Divergence: China and India’s divergent approaches reflect broader issues in the Global South’s coherence. China pushes for influence through BRICS and has supported its expansion, including potential Palestinian membership, but India’s interest in BRICS remains more cautious. Erosion of U.S. Influence: The diminishing role of U.S.-led Pax Americana is evident as the U.S. struggles with domestic constraints and lacks effective mediation in Gaza. Global South alternatives remain distant realities, unable to project political or military power in West Asia. Global South’s Limitations: Despite the aspirations of the Global South, its inability to unify and project meaningful influence in international conflicts is clear. Mediation in West Asia requires power and leverage that no Global South country possesses individually or collectively. Conclusion: The Gaza war reveals both the limitations of U.S. influence and the fragmented nature of the Global South, which is unable to act as a unified force. Individual national interests, especially those of China and India, take precedence, preventing cohesive interventions. Building Blocks Context: The 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan was the largest international summit held in Russia since the Ukraine war began in 2022. Russia used the summit to illustrate that it is not diplomatically isolated, despite Western sanctions and pressure. Relevance: Internation Relations Practice question: Discuss the outcomes of the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, highlighting its significance for global governance. How does the expansion of BRICS reflect the changing dynamics of the Global South?” (250 words) Participation and Outreach: Leaders from 9 BRICS nations and partners, including Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Minister, and around 30 Global South leaders, attended. This wide participation signalled that many non-Western countries do not endorse the isolation of Russia, reflecting the evolving global order. Economic Cooperation and Alternatives: The Kazan Declaration pushed for alternatives to Western-dominated global systems, highlighting: Interbank Cooperation Mechanism: Aimed at reducing reliance on Western financial systems. Cross-border Payment Systems: An alternative to the U.S.-dominated SWIFT system. BRICS Grain Exchange: For food security. BRICS New Development Bank (NDB): Expansion to counterbalance existing financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank. These initiatives suggest BRICS’ intent to create self-reliant systems. BRICS Expansion: New members included Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, UAE, and Saudi Arabia. Strategic Importance: Countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran bring energy influence, while Egypt and Ethiopia strengthen BRICS’ presence in Africa. The expansion underscores the bloc’s effort to challenge Western-centric global governance, signalling the rise of the Global South. India’s Position: Prime Minister Modi balanced India’s role, emphasising BRICS’ inclusivity, stating it is not a divisive organisation. India’s alignment with both BRICS and U.S.-led frameworks (Quad, Indo-Pacific Economic Framework) highlights its diplomatic balancing act. Key Stances: Advocacy for dialogue and diplomacy over conflict. Support for the Palestine issue reflects India’s nuanced foreign policy. Geopolitical Implications: Challenge to Western Dominance: The summit reaffirmed BRICS’ intent to reform global governance and challenge Western-led structures. Bilateral Diplomacy Platform: The BRICS platform facilitated meetings like the one between India and China, addressing bilateral issues such as the LAC standoff. Limitations of BRICS: Internal political differences (e.g., India-China tensions) may limit cohesion. Despite its economic growth, BRICS lacks the military and economic power to fully replace Western-led institutions. Conclusion : BRICS’ success will depend on managing internal contradictions and presenting a united front. The expansion may lead to greater friction with the West, particularly regarding sanctions and global governance reforms. BRICS overview : BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa. Represents 41% of the world’s population, 24% global GDP, and 16% of world trade. Formation & Evolution: 2001: Coined by economist Jim O’Neill as BRIC. 2006: Formalized; 2010: South Africa joined, forming BRICS. Objectives: Peace & Security: Promote a multipolar world. Development & Cooperation: Sustainable growth, trade, investment. Global Governance Reform: Seek UN, IMF, World Bank reforms. Security Cooperation: Combat terrorism. Cultural Exchange: Science, tech, education. Key Institutions: New Development Bank (NDB): Infrastructure financing. Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): Liquidity support in crises.

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