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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 September 2025

Content An anti-terror role that defies logic SSTC’ is more than a diplomatic phrase An anti-terror role that defies logic Basics Pakistan’s Track Record: Long history of harbouring terrorists (Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad), backing LeT, JeM, etc. Recent Attacks Linked: 2008 Mumbai, 2019 Pulwama, 2025 Pahalgam attack → evidence of Pakistan’s terror infrastructure. India’s Response: Operation Sindoor to dismantle terror launchpads along LoC. Controversial UN Role: Despite terror links, Pakistan made: Chair of UNSC’s Taliban Sanctions Committee. Vice-Chair of UNSC’s Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC). President of UNSC for July 2025. Parallel Cases: Libya (UNHRC Chair), Saudi Arabia (UN Women’s Rights Commission) — show UN’s credibility issues. Relevance GS-2 (International Relations, Governance): UN reforms, credibility crisis of multilateral institutions. India’s diplomatic challenges, narrative management, counter-terrorism diplomacy. GS-3 (Internal Security, Economy): Cross-border terrorism, asymmetric warfare, cyber threats. Terror financing risks via IMF loans, FATF mechanisms. Practice Question : What do paradoxes like Pakistan’s UNSC counter-terror appointments indicate about the politics of global governance? Evaluate in light of India’s demand for UN reforms.(250 Words) Comprehensive Analysis Pakistan’s Terror Nexus Direct Support: Evidence of ISI + Army providing logistics/tactical backing. Public Glorification: Funerals of terrorists attended by Pakistan’s civil + military officials. State Sponsorship: ₹14 crore compensation announced in May 2025 for families of terrorists, incl. Masood Azhar’s kin. Duplicitous Narrative: Shows “custody” of Hafiz Saeed, but allows public appearances at PoK launchpads. UN’s Credibility Crisis Geopolitical Compromise: Elevation of Pakistan reflects lobbying by powerful states prioritising strategy/economics over moral imperatives. Weak Vetting: FATF grey-list removal (2022) despite concerns on terror financing shows systemic loopholes. Dangerous Precedent: Sends message that state-sponsored terror can be diplomatically whitewashed. Resource Misuse: IMF $1 billion loan (2025) risks terror financing misuse, undermining sanctions regime integrity. Implications for India Diplomatic Challenge: Despite outreach, India couldn’t block Pakistan’s UN appointments → signals limitations. Narrative War: Pakistan can now project itself as “responsible actor”, delegitimise India’s claims, and even blame India for unrest (e.g., Balochistan). Operational Risks: Pakistan shaping UN counter-terrorism policies. Blocking sanctions on Pakistan-based groups. Undermining India’s Taliban engagement. Encouraging more asymmetric warfare (terror, infiltration, cyber-attacks). India’s Counter-Measures Diplomatic Strategy: Leverage alliances in UNSC (U.S., France, UAE, Japan). Push for periodic reviews & accountability in UN committees. Narrative Building: Use global media, academia, diaspora to expose Pakistan’s terror links. Highlight misuse of IMF funds and state glorification of terrorists. Regional Strategy: Engage Taliban regime through humanitarian aid/track-II diplomacy to limit Pakistan’s hold. Strengthen ties with Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia to counter encirclement. National Security: Enhance intelligence, cyber defence, and counter-infiltration capabilities. Scale up asymmetric countermeasures if Pakistan escalates. Conclusion Pakistan’s entry into global counter-terrorism leadership is a paradox and a diplomatic setback for India. The episode exposes UN’s structural weaknesses, where geopolitical interests override ethical imperatives. For India, the path ahead lies in proactive diplomacy, narrative warfare, and national security strengthening. The broader danger: global silence normalises state-sponsored terrorism, eroding the credibility of multilateral institutions. ‘SSTC’ is more than a diplomatic phrase Context UN Day for SSTC: Observed on September 12, marking the 1978 Buenos Aires Plan of Action (BAPA). Core Principles: Solidarity, mutual respect, shared learning among developing nations. Role: Complement to traditional aid → cost-effective, replicable, context-specific solutions. Relevance: Critical amid funding decline, climate crisis, inequalities, and geopolitical tensions. Relevance GS-2 (IR & Governance): India’s role in South-South cooperation, multilateralism, global solidarity, diplomacy for Global South. GS-3 (Economy & Development): Food security, digital public infrastructure, sustainable financing, climate resilience. Practice Question : South-South and Triangular Cooperation (SSTC) has emerged as a transformative development tool. Examine its role in advancing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. (250 Words) South-South Triangular Cooperation (SSTC) Combination: A hybrid model where developing countries cooperate (South-South) but are supported/partnered by developed countries or institutions (Triangular). Why Important: Scales up successful local innovations from Global South. Mobilises finance, technology, expertise from traditional donors or multilateral agencies. Promotes mutual accountability and inclusivity. Examples of SSTC India–UN Development Partnership Fund: Supports projects in Africa, Pacific Islands, with UN agencies as facilitators. India–WFP Rice Fortification Project: India shares expertise in fortified rice distribution → replicated in Nepal & Lao PDR with UN/WFP partnership. Brazil–Japan–Mozambique Agricultural Project: Brazil shares tropical farming know-how, Japan provides technology/finance, Mozambique hosts the project. Overview Evolution & Relevance of SSTC Framework shifted from aid-recipient dynamic → mutual partnership model. Effective in delivering frugal, replicable solutions suited to local contexts. Key instrument for achieving SDGs 2030, esp. Zero Hunger (SDG-2), climate resilience, digital equity. India’s Leadership & Philosophy Guided by Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (world is one family). Major Contributions: Voice of Global South Summits → platform for Global South solidarity. G-20 Presidency → secured African Union’s permanent membership. Development Partnership Administration (MEA) → coordinates Indian aid/partnerships. ITEC Programme → trained professionals in 160+ countries. India-UN Development Partnership Fund (2017) → 75+ projects in 56 countries. Export of Digital Public Infrastructure → Aadhaar, UPI, CoWIN models. India–WFP Collaboration (Over 60 years) Pilot Ground: India as lab for innovations later scaled globally. Examples: Annapurti (Grain ATMs) → automated ration vending. Optimisation of Food Supply Chains → efficiency in PDS. Women-led Take-Home Rations. Rice Fortification Project. Outcome: Strengthened food security + models for replication in other developing nations (Nepal, Lao PDR). Triangular Cooperation Definition: Partnerships linking developing nations + traditional donors + emerging actors. Advantages: Amplifies best practices. Unlocks diverse resources. Enhances mutual accountability. Broadened Partnerships: Beyond states → civil society, private sector, grassroots communities. Financing & Scale UN Fund for SSTC: Contributions from 47 governments, reaching 70+ countries, 155 nations benefited. India-UN Development Fund: Prioritises LDCs & SIDS. 2024 WFP mobilisation: $10.9 million from Global South & private sector. India’s South-South Fund in Action: Rice fortification (Nepal), supply chain optimisation (Lao PDR). Challenges & Way Forward Challenges: Declining development finance. Need for stronger institutions. Gaps in accountability and performance review. Way Forward: Invest in knowledge-sharing platforms. Expand access to concessional finance. Encourage innovation-driven partnerships. Ensure periodic monitoring and peer accountability. Conclusion SSTC has evolved into a transformative development tool, not just a diplomatic phrase. India’s leadership — through philosophy (Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam), innovation (digital public goods), and partnerships (WFP, South Fund) — positions it as a central pillar in Global South solidarity. To meet the 2030 SDGs deadline, scaling up SSTC and fostering a renewed spirit of partnership is vital.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 September 2025

Content More Women Employed in Agriculture, but Half of Them Are Unpaid The Wassenaar Arrangement: The Need to Reform Export Control Regimes E-Waste Collection Faces Gaps as Informal Sector Plays Huge Role Suriname Pledges to Protect 90% of Forests India’s Push for Polymetallic Sulphides (PMS) Exploration More women employed in agriculture, but half of them are unpaid Basics Agriculture = backbone of Indian economy; largest employer of women. Women now make up 42% of India’s agricultural workforce. Women’s employment in agriculture surged 135% in past decade, as men moved to non-farm jobs. Yet, participation has not translated into higher incomes or recognition. Relevance GS-1 (Society): ◦ Gender issues, women’s participation in rural economy. ◦ Social inequality, unpaid labour, empowerment gaps. GS-2 (Governance, Social Justice): ◦ Policies for women farmers, FPOs, SHGs, digital inclusion initiatives. ◦ Land rights, credit schemes, gender budgeting, legal recognition of women as farmers. GS-3 (Economy, Agriculture): ◦ Feminisation of agriculture, wage gaps, labour productivity. ◦ Agri-export potential (India–UK FTA), value chains, high-margin crops. Current Situation Unpaid Labour: 1 in 3 working women is unpaid; unpaid women in agriculture rose from 23.6 million to 59.1 million in 8 years. Regional Inequities: Bihar & UP → >80% women in agriculture, >50% unpaid. Systemic Barriers: Only 13–14% landholdings owned by women. 20–30% wage gap vis-à-vis men. Limited asset ownership, credit, decision-making power. Macroeconomic Picture: Despite rising participation, agriculture’s GVA share fell from 15.3% (2017-18) to 14.4% (2024-25) → feminisation reinforced inequities. Opportunities Global Trade Shifts India–UK FTA → projected 20% boost in agri exports in 3 years; >95% products duty-free. Women-heavy value chains: rice, spices, dairy, ready-to-eat foods. Export-oriented growth can transition women from labourers → entrepreneurs. Value-Addition & Premium Markets High-margin areas: processing, packaging, branding, exporting. Growth sectors: tea, spices, millets, organics, superfoods. Tools: Geographical Indications (GI), branding, export standards. Digital Innovations Platforms: e-NAM, mobile advisories, precision farming apps, voice-assisted tech. Formalises women’s labour + expands credit, schemes, pricing access. Examples: BHASHINI, Jugalbandi → multilingual, voice-first government access. L&T Digital Sakhi → digital literacy training for rural women. Odisha’s Swayam Sampurna FPOs, Rajasthan’s Mahila Kisan Producer Company, Assam tea-sector training. Challenges Structural: Low digital literacy, language barriers, lack of devices. Institutional: Weak recognition of women as farmers → exclusion from schemes/loans. Economic: Wage gap, landlessness, invisibility of unpaid work. Cultural: Male dominance in decision-making, gendered stereotypes in farming roles. Reforms & Solutions Land & Labour Reforms Joint/individual land ownership for women. Legal recognition as “farmers” → eligibility for credit, insurance, government support. Institutional Support Expand women-centric FPOs/SHGs with export orientation. Credit schemes, gender-responsive budgeting, targeted subsidies. Digital Inclusion Subsidised smartphones/devices, local language interfaces, AI-powered advisory systems. Scale up models like Digital Sakhi, BHASHINI, Jugalbandi. Trade & Value Chain Integration Embed gender provisions in FTAs (training, credit, market linkages). Promote women-led branding & GI-tagged exports. Implications Structural Game-Changer: Women-led agricultural development can address both economic growth and social equity. Economic Potential: Unlocking women’s contributions in high-value agri chains can add significantly to exports, GVA, and rural incomes. Global Context: With climate change and shifting trade, resilient, inclusive, and sustainable agriculture needs women at the core. Governance Dimension: Recognition, legal empowerment, and digital inclusion are critical for sustainable transformation. Social Impact: Enhances food security, reduces poverty, empowers households, and improves child welfare (education, nutrition). Conclusion Women’s rising presence in agriculture must not reinforce invisibility but instead unlock transformative potential. Path forward: recognition, ownership, digital access, and trade-linked empowerment. A women-led agri model is not just about social justice; it is a strategic economic imperative for India’s global ambitions. The Wassenaar Arrangement: the need to reform export control regimes Basics Wassenaar Arrangement (WA): Multilateral export control regime (est. 1996). Members: 42 states (India joined in 2017). Aim: prevent proliferation of conventional arms and dual-use goods/technologies. Operates via voluntary coordination: states adopt common control lists, but implementation depends on domestic laws. Traditional focus: Physical exports → devices, chips, hardware, software modules. Military and WMD-use technologies. Relevance GS-2 (International Relations, Governance): ◦ India’s multilateral commitments, export control regimes. ◦ Cybersecurity diplomacy, human rights in tech governance. GS-3 (Security, Science & Technology): ◦ Dual-use technologies, AI/cloud exports, intrusion software, surveillance risks. ◦ Strategic implications for national and global security. Contemporary Challenge Cloud & AI realities: “Export” ≠ physical transfer anymore → remote access, API calls, SaaS, cloud hosting. Example: Microsoft Azure, AWS — global backbones where a user in one country can access sensitive capabilities hosted elsewhere. Digital surveillance & intrusion tools now used in repression, profiling, and cyber warfare. Gap: WA control lists don’t clearly treat cloud services, SaaS, AI models as “exports.” Result: grey zones → states exploit loopholes; surveillance tech proliferates without oversight. Why Reform is Needed ? Human Rights Risks Cloud-based surveillance → mass profiling, repression (e.g., Israel–Palestine debates, authoritarian regimes). Dual-use: “intrusion software” could aid both cyber defence & authoritarian crackdowns. Geopolitical Stakes Some states benefit from surveillance exports → resist reform. National laws differ → fragmented enforcement. Structural Weakness of WA Voluntary nature → uneven application. Consensus requirement → one state can block updates. Patchy coverage: e.g., EU has dual-use rules, U.S. EAR stricter, others laxer. Proposed Reforms Expand Scope Explicitly include cloud infrastructure, SaaS, AI systems, biometric databases, cross-border data transfers in control lists. Binding Obligations Move beyond voluntary → mandatory treaty with minimum standards, export denial in atrocity-prone regions. End-Use Controls Licensing based not only on tech specs but on user identity, jurisdiction, human rights risk. Agility & Oversight Create a technical committee/secretariat to fast-track updates. Sunset clauses: periodic review & removal/addition of items. Global Information-Sharing Shared watchlists of flagged customers/entities. Real-time red alerts on misuse. Accountability Mechanisms Corporate human rights duties, procurement restrictions on violators. Peer review to check national implementation. India’s Position Joined WA in 2017; incorporated lists into domestic framework. Engagement has been legitimacy-driven, not reformist. Opportunity for India: Position itself as advocate of human rights–sensitive tech governance. Push for inclusion of AI, cloud, and surveillance exports. Balance innovation and sovereignty concerns with global responsibility. Implications WA relevance eroding → designed for hardware era, now facing cloud/AI surveillance. Risks of inaction → authoritarian regimes exploit loopholes, global human rights abuses. Reform obstacles → geopolitical rivalries, innovation fears, sovereignty claims. Pragmatic path: Incremental expansion of control lists. Align with EU’s dual-use regulation. Build coalitions of like-minded states (EU, India, Japan) to press reform. Conclusion WA must evolve from hardware-centric export controls to cloud & AI governance. Without reform, it risks irrelevance in an era where surveillance, digital repression, and cross-border data exploitation are primary threats. For India, engaging proactively in reform debates offers strategic leverage as both a tech hub and a responsible democracy. E-waste collection faces gaps as informal sector plays huge role Basics Definition: E-waste = discarded electronic & electrical equipment (EEE) like mobiles, laptops, fridges, batteries. India’s Position: World’s 3rd largest generator of e-waste (after China & USA). Quantum: 4.17 million metric tonnes in 2022 → surged 73% by 2023-24 to 7.23 MMT approx (official + unofficial). Relevance GS-3 (Environment & Ecology, Economy): ◦ E-waste management, circular economy, sustainable resource recovery. ◦ Strategic materials (rare earths), reducing import dependency, domestic recycling potential. GS-2 (Governance): ◦ E-Waste Management Rules, Extended Producer Responsibility, policy compliance and audits. Policy Framework Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Manufacturers responsible for collection & recycling of end-of-life products. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 (amended 2022): Formalized collection targets, introduced EPR certificates, banned unscientific dismantling. ₹1,500 crore mineral recycling scheme (2025): To boost rare earths & strategic metals recovery. CPCB Portal: Tracks EPR compliance & audits. Current Challenges Informal Sector Dominance: Handles 90–95% of e-waste via unsafe methods (open burning, acid leaching). Low Formal Recycling: Only ~43% of e-waste recycled formally despite growth in facilities. Health Hazards: Informal workers exposed to lead, cadmium, mercury, brominated plastics. Data Gaps: No uniform inventory system; mismatch in national vs global estimates. Paper Trading under EPR: Fake reporting of recycling for incentives. Traceability Issues: Lack of downstream tracking of recovered materials → leakage back into informal streams. Economic & Strategic Dimensions Resource Value: E-waste contains copper, aluminum, gold, silver, palladium, rare earth elements (REEs). Supply Chain Risks: Global fragility + China’s curbs on REE exports heighten India’s strategic vulnerability. Potential: India could meet 70% of REE demand in 18 months with strong policy & industry integration (Attero). Circular Economy Gap: Repair-focused informal operations prevent materials recovery → undermines resource security. Social Dimensions Livelihoods: Informal sector employs ~95% of workforce in e-waste handling. Integration Need: Skilling, EPR floor pricing, and cooperative models needed for inclusion. Best Practice: “Mandi-style” aggregation models by firms like Attero to link informal collectors with formal recyclers. Way Forward Inventory & Audits: Standardized national inventory; third-party audits for EPR compliance. Technology Scale-up: Investment in hydrometallurgical & pyrometallurgical recycling facilities. Integration of Informal Sector: Training, social security, microcredit, buy-back systems. EPR Reform: Floor pricing for EPR credits; strict penalties for paper trading. Policy Push: Incentivize domestic rare-earth recycling to reduce import dependence. Awareness & Consumer Role: Incentives for take-back, deposit-refund systems, repair-to-recycle pipelines. Suriname pledges to protect 90% of forests Basics Country: Suriname, small South American nation, ~93% forest cover. Recent Pledge: Commit to permanently protect 90% of its tropical forests. Context: Announced during Climate Week, New York, ahead of COP30 (Belem, Brazil). Significance: Surpasses the global 30×30 target (protect 30% of land and oceans by 2030). Relevance GS-1 (Environment & Ecology): ◦ Forest conservation, biodiversity protection, carbon sinks, climate change mitigation. GS-2 (International Relations, Governance): ◦ Global climate commitments, COP30, 30×30 target, international funding & cooperation. Forest & Climate Context Forest Coverage: 93% of land heavily forested → one of the highest in the world. Carbon Sink Status: Suriname is one of only three countries worldwide absorbing more CO₂ than it emits. Biodiversity: Jaguars, tapirs, giant river otters 700+ bird species Blue poison dart frog Role in Climate Mitigation: Preserving intact forests stabilizes global climate, prevents CO₂ emissions. Policy & Legal Measures Conservation Law Updates: Expected by end of 2025 to strengthen forest protection. Indigenous & Maroon Land Rights: Potential recognition of ancestral lands to empower local forest stewardship. Forest Management: Expansion of eco-tourism opportunities Participation in carbon credit markets Financial & International Support Donor Commitment: $20 million from environmental coalitions to support forest protection & local jobs. Global Leadership: Sets a benchmark for Amazonian countries struggling with deforestation (e.g., Brazil, Peru). Challenges Land Rights Issues: Suriname does not legally recognize Indigenous & tribal land rights. Local communities crucial for forest protection but currently lack formal authority. Illegal Activities: Mining, logging, and roadbuilding threaten forests. Past international court rulings have been ineffective in halting concessions. Implementation Needs: Sustainable economic alternatives to extraction for local communities. International technical and financial support. Environmental & Socio-Economic Implications Biodiversity Conservation: Protects key species and preserves ecosystem services. Climate Mitigation: Maintains a significant carbon sink. Local Livelihoods: Supports eco-tourism, carbon markets, and sustainable forestry jobs. Global Example: Provides a model for forest-rich nations with high deforestation pressure. Way Forward Legal Recognition: Granting Indigenous and tribal land rights to enable community-led conservation. Enforcement: Strengthen monitoring, anti-illegal logging, and mining measures. Financial & Technical Support: International funding for alternative livelihoods, monitoring tech, carbon credit integration. Integrated Conservation Strategy: Balance biodiversity protection, climate goals, and socio-economic development. India’s push for Polymetallic Sulphides (PMS) exploration Basics Topic: India’s push for Polymetallic Sulphides (PMS) exploration in the Indian Ocean. Significance: PMS are rich in strategic and critical metals (copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver) essential for renewable energy, green technology, and electronics. Historic First: India is the first country to secure two International Seabed Authority (ISA) contracts for PMS exploration, covering the largest area in the world. Relevance GS-3 (Science & Technology, Economy, Security): ◦ Deep-sea exploration, hydrothermal vents, ROV/AUV technology. ◦ Strategic minerals for renewable energy, electronics, EV batteries. ◦ Critical minerals security, reducing import dependence, supply chain resilience. GS-2 (International Relations): ◦ UNCLOS, International Seabed Authority, maritime law, global positioning of India in seabed mining. Geographical Context Carlsberg Ridge: Location: Indian Ocean, between Indian Plate and Somali Plate. Features: Rough topography, high mineralization, hydrothermal vents. Role: Major source of Polymetallic Sulphides. Other key locations: Central Ridge, Mid-Indian Ridge, Madagascar Ridge. Phases of India’s PMS Exploration Phase I – Reconnaissance Surveys: Goal: Identify promising PMS sites via seabed surveys and remote sensing. Phase II – Targeted Exploration: Methods: Conduct near-seabed surveys and ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) to assess resource potential. Phase III – Resource Evaluation: Goal: Estimate extractable quantities and assess economic viability. India’s Previous PMS Exploration 2016: NCOPR conducted exploration in Indian Ocean and Southwest Indian Ocean. Achievements: Developed expertise in deep-ocean mining, hydrothermal vent mapping, and resource characterization. Ongoing research: Ocean Mission programme to enhance deep-ocean exploration capabilities. Significance of the Carlsberg Ridge Geology: High topography, mineralized hydrothermal vent systems. Minerals: Rich in copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver. Strategic importance: Supports renewable energy, electronics, and green technologies. Hydrothermal Activity: Deposits formed by hot fluids interacting with basaltic ocean crust, creating metal-rich chimneys. How PMS Exploration Differs from Other Underwater Minerals Seabed complexity: PMS deposits concentrated near hydrothermal vents; irregular and uneven seafloor makes extraction challenging. Dynamic positioning required: Unlike sand or nodules, PMS mining requires precise navigation and site-specific systems. Advanced techniques: Geophysical and hydrographic surveys, autonomous vehicles (AUVs and ROVs), sampling, and lab analysis. Economic & Strategic Importance Critical metals: PMS contain copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver essential for EV batteries, electronics, and renewable energy. Geopolitical significance: Reduces dependence on China for critical metals. Positions India as a leader in deep-sea resource exploration. Renewable energy transition: Metals support solar, wind, and electric mobility sectors. International Seabed Authority (ISA) Role: Governs resource exploration beyond national jurisdictions. India’s position: Submitted two PMS exploration applications. Follows UNCLOS framework and deep-sea mining protocols. Approval process: Requires ISA review and compliance with environmental safeguards. Challenges Technical: Deep-sea exploration at ~4000–5000 meters depth. Difficult terrain with active hydrothermal vents. Environmental: Potential disturbance to fragile ocean ecosystems. Need for sustainable extraction techniques. Financial: High capital and operational costs. Uncertain global market prices for metals. Way Forward Strengthen domestic capabilities: Advanced ROVs, AUVs, remote sensing, and deep-sea mapping. International collaboration: Partner with ISA, research institutes, and technology providers. Environmental safeguards: Develop sustainable extraction and monitoring protocols. Strategic stockpiling: Use PMS metals to support India’s renewable energy and tech industries.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 September 2025

Content The Indian Ports Act, 2025 NAVYA The Indian Ports Act, 2025 What the Act Is ? Nature: Replaces the Indian Ports Act, 1908 → now modern, consolidated legislation for port governance. Scope: Covers both major ports (12 under Union) and 200+ non-major ports (under States). Objective: Create a forward-looking framework for efficiency, sustainability, and cooperative federalism in maritime governance. Relevance : GS-3 (Economy ): Infrastructure & Trade , Blue Economy , EoDB & Digitalisation . GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Cooperative Federalism ,Modernisation of Colonial Laws ,Institutional strengthening. Why Ports Matter ? Economic Significance: Handle ~95% of India’s EXIM cargo by volume and ~70% by value. Ports serve as gateways for trade, industrial corridors, and employment generation. Geography: 7,500 km coastline → 12 major ports + 200+ non-major ports (only ~65 are cargo-handling). Strategic: Ports are nodes in global supply chains, critical for India’s trade competitiveness. Global Vision: Aligns India’s maritime law with international conventions (MARPOL, Ballast Water Management, etc.). Institutional Innovations Port Officers (Conservator): Expanded authority → vessel movement, fee recovery, penalties, disease control, damage assessment. State Maritime Boards (SMBs): Statutory recognition, empowered to manage non-major ports. Functions: port planning, licensing, tariff regulation, safety, and environmental compliance. Maritime State Development Council (MSDC): Now statutory. Role: Data collection, national planning, legislative reforms, Centre–State coordination. Key Functional Reforms Dispute Resolution: Dispute Resolution Committees (DRCs) at state level for port-user conflicts. Appeals → High Court (not civil courts). ADR (arbitration/conciliation) permitted → faster, business-friendly. Tariff Regulation: Major Ports → decided by Board of Major Port Authority / Board of Directors. Non-major Ports → decided by State Maritime Boards/concessionaires. Mandatory electronic publication of tariffs for transparency. Digitalisation: Maritime Single Window, Advanced Vessel Traffic Systems → ease congestion, lower operational cost. Sustainability & Safety Mandates Environmental Alignment: Compliance with MARPOL, Ballast Water Management conventions. Pollution Control: Central Govt. audits for waste handling, oil spill prevention, disaster preparedness. Safety: Penalties for mishandling combustibles, damaging navigational aids (buoys, beacons, etc.). Disaster Readiness: Mandates for emergency response and climate-resilient port infrastructure. Data-Driven Performance (2013–14 vs 2024–25) (Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways) Cargo Growth: 972 MMT → 1,594 MMT (+64%). Port Capacity: Expanded by 87%. Efficiency: Ship turnaround time halved to 48 hours (now comparable to global benchmarks). Coastal Shipping: Volumes +118% → stronger domestic maritime logistics. Inland Waterways: Cargo movement grew 7x → new logistics corridors unlocked. Global Recognition: 9 Indian ports ranked in World Bank’s Container Port Performance Index. Strategic Significance Economic: Boosts Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) in maritime trade. Geopolitical: Strengthens India’s role as a maritime power in the Indo-Pacific. Cooperative Federalism: Empowers States via statutory State Maritime Boards & MSDC. Sustainability: Integrates ports with India’s climate commitments (net-zero 2070, SDG 14 – Life below Water). Vision 2047 (Viksit Bharat): Ports as engines of regional growth, connectivity, and global competitiveness. Comparative Edge (Pre-2025 vs Post-2025 Framework) Dimension Indian Ports Act, 1908 (Old) Indian Ports Act, 2025 (New) Legal Basis Colonial, outdated, fragmented Integrated, forward-looking Institutions Weak coordination MSDC + SMBs statutory Tariffs Ad hoc, less transparent Structured, e-published Dispute Resolution Lengthy litigation DRCs + ADR, High Court appeal Environmental Norms Minimal Global green norms (MARPOL, BWM) Tech Adoption Limited Digitalisation, Single Window, VTS Federal Role Centre-heavy Cooperative federalism Other Dimensions Polity: Strengthens cooperative federalism → statutory role to States. Economy: Enhances logistics competitiveness → aligns with Gati Shakti & PM Gati Shakti NMP. Environment: Port sustainability → aligns with SDGs & Paris Agreement. IR/Maritime Security: Supports SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision. Governance: Example of modernising colonial-era laws (similar to labour codes, farm law repeal debates). Trade Competitiveness: Reducing turnaround time (to 48 hrs) improves India’s position in global supply chains. FDI & Investment: Transparent tariff systems + dispute resolution attract private players & global investors. Regional Growth: SMBs → empower coastal states to attract investments in port-led industrial clusters. Blue Economy: Inland waterways expansion (7x cargo growth) shows potential for greener, cheaper logistics. Global Benchmarks: With 9 ports already in World Bank’s global rankings, India can target top-20 placements consistently. Value additions Major Ports (12 under Union List, Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways) Names & Locations: Kolkata (including Haldia) – West Bengal Paradip – Odisha Visakhapatnam – Andhra Pradesh Chennai – Tamil Nadu Kamarajar (Ennore) – Tamil Nadu V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin) – Tamil Nadu Cochin – Kerala New Mangalore – Karnataka Mormugao – Goa Mumbai – Maharashtra Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT/Nhava Sheva) – Maharashtra Deendayal (Kandla) – Gujarat Significance: Handle ~55% of India’s total cargo traffic. JNPT → India’s largest container port (over 5.5 million TEUs annually). Deendayal (Kandla) → biggest cargo volume handler (oil, fertilizers, coal). Paradip & Vizag → energy hubs (coal, crude). Kolkata → only riverine major port, gateway to NE and Bhutan. Chennai, Cochin → vital for cruise & passenger traffic. Modernisation: All operate under the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 → more autonomy, corporate-style boards. Integration with Sagarmala & Bharatmala projects for logistics connectivity. Non-Major (Minor) Ports (200+ under States) Governance: Managed by State Maritime Boards/State Govts. (post-Indian Ports Act, 2025 → statutory recognition). Operational: ~65 of these handle cargo; the rest are limited to fishing, ferrying, or port limits. Key Cargo-Handling Non-Major Ports (examples): Gujarat: Mundra, Pipavav, Dahej, Hazira → privately developed, highly efficient; Mundra is India’s largest commercial port (run by Adani). Andhra Pradesh: Krishnapatnam, Gangavaram → deep draft, bulk cargo. Odisha: Dhamra, Gopalpur. Tamil Nadu: Karaikal, Cuddalore. Importance: Gujarat alone handles >40% of India’s minor port cargo. Private sector investment dominates → Mundra alone handles more cargo than any single major port. Complementary role to major ports → reduce congestion, increase regional trade. Additional Points Legal Framework: Major Ports → Union List, regulated by Major Port Authorities Act, 2021. Non-Major Ports → State List, now empowered under Indian Ports Act, 2025. Economic Role: Major ports = bulk of national/international trade. Minor ports = regional connectivity, private-led efficiency, feeders to major hubs. Recent Data (2024–25): Major Ports cargo: ~780 MMT (out of 1,594 MMT total). Non-Major Ports cargo: ~814 MMT (slightly higher, driven by private ports like Mundra, Pipavav). Trend: Non-major ports now handle >50% of India’s cargo, reversing earlier dominance of major ports. Strategic Angle: Minor ports support coastal shipping & inland waterways, reducing logistics cost (~14% of GDP currently vs 8–9% global benchmark). Major + minor ports integration → key to achieving India’s Maritime Vision 2047. NAVYA What is NAVYA? Full Form: Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational Training for Young Adolescent Girls. Launch: 24 June 2025, Sonbhadra (Uttar Pradesh). Ministries Involved: Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) + Ministry of Women & Child Development (MWCD). Target Group: Girls aged 16–18 years, minimum Class 10 pass. Coverage: 3,850 girls in 27 Aspirational & North-Eastern districts across 19 States. Pilot: 9 districts in 9 states (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Punjab, UP, Bihar, MP, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh). Relevance GS-1 (Society): Women empowerment, challenges of adolescent girls, regional disparities. GS-2 (Governance): Centre–State collaboration, Aspirational Districts Programme, legal awareness (POSH/POCSO). GS-3 (Economy): Skill development, digital economy workforce, women’s labour force participation. Why NAVYA? Demographic Dividend: India has ~253 million adolescents (10–19 yrs, Census 2011). Girls form nearly half. Skill Gap: Female labour force participation in India is ~24% (PLFS 2022–23), among the lowest globally. Education-Livelihood Gap: Many adolescent girls drop out post-secondary school due to lack of job-oriented skills. SDGs Alignment: SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 8 (Decent Work). Viksit Bharat 2047: Empowering adolescent girls is critical for inclusive growth and women-led development. Key Features of NAVYA Skill Training: Conducted under PMKVY 4.0. Focus on non-traditional & emerging sectors: AI-enabled services, cybersecurity, digital marketing, drone assembly, solar PV installation, CCTV installation, graphic design, professional makeup artistry. Holistic Development (7-hour module): Interpersonal skills: hygiene, conflict management, self-presentation. Communication skills: listening, workplace interaction. Workplace safety: POSH, POCSO laws awareness. Financial literacy: budgeting, earnings management. Forward Linkages: Internships, apprenticeships, entrepreneurial mentorship. Institutional Linkages PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana): Launched 2015 → short-term training, monetary rewards. NAVYA runs under PMKVY 4.0 (with demand-driven, industry-aligned skilling). PM Vishwakarma (2023–28, ₹13,000 crore outlay): Focus on artisans/craftsmen → synergy with NAVYA for blending traditional & modern job roles. NITI Aayog Aspirational Districts Programme: NAVYA targets underserved regions for maximum impact. Data-Driven Significance Coverage: 3,850 girls → concentrated in tribal, aspirational, and NE districts. Pilot Impact (9 states, 9 districts): Proof of concept before nationwide rollout. Women in Workforce: At ~24%, far below global average (47%, World Bank). India’s Skill Gap: By 2030, India needs ~70 million additional skilled workers (ILO estimates). Sectoral Demand: Cybersecurity alone projected to create 1 million+ jobs in India by 2026 (NASSCOM). Comparative Edge of NAVYA Dimension Earlier Schemes NAVYA Advantage Target Group Youth (18–35 yrs) Younger girls (16–18 yrs) Sector Focus Traditional + some modern Non-traditional, emerging (AI, cyber, drones) Holistic Training Limited Life skills + legal + financial literacy Gender Lens Generic skilling Gender-inclusive, safe spaces Geography National Focus on aspirational & NE districts Strategic Significance Social Empowerment: Prevents early marriage/dropouts → prepares girls for economic independence. Economic Impact: Early skilling = smoother entry into labour force = higher female LFPR. Gender Inclusion: Encourages girls to break stereotypes (cybersecurity, drone tech). Safety & Legal Awareness: Awareness of POSH/POCSO → safer workplaces, assertion of rights. Entrepreneurship: Financial literacy + mentorship → push towards self-employment, startups. Challenges Ahead Scaling from 3,850 girls → millions. Ensuring industry linkages for placements/apprenticeships. Tackling social barriers: patriarchy, early marriage, safety concerns. Need for monitoring & evaluation → track outcomes, not just enrolments. Conclusion NAVYA is more than a skilling programme — it is a social transformation initiative. By targeting adolescent girls in underserved regions and aligning with future job markets, it strengthens India’s human capital for Viksit Bharat@2047. Its focus on digital skills, gender safety, and financial literacy makes it a model of inclusive and future-ready policy intervention.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 September 2025

Content An avoidable tragedy An Engels’ pause in an AI-shaped world What an Empty Plate of Food Should Symbolize An avoidable tragedy What happened? Incident: At a roadshow in Karur, Tamil Nadu, by actor-politician C. Joseph Vijay, overcrowding led to a stampede-like situation, killing 40 people (including children). Cause: Mismatch between expected turnout (10,000) and actual turnout (27,000+), inadequate crowd control, lack of police enforcement, and unsafe practices (climbing poles, carrying children in crowds). Immediate Response: State government arranged medical aid, swift autopsies, and CM M.K. Stalin avoided politicisation by ordering a commission of inquiry. Relevance: GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Role of state in public safety, police accountability, law & order, freedom of assembly (Art. 19(1)(b)) vs right to life (Art. 21). GS-3 (Disaster Management & Security): Man-made disasters, crowd management, NDMA guidelines, public safety infrastructure. Practice Questions: Critically analyse India’s preparedness for crowd management in large-scale public events; suggest reforms in line with NDMA guidelines.(250 Words) Core Issues Identified Crowd Management Failure: Organisers and police underestimated numbers, failed to regulate inflow, and allowed unsafe practices. Political Star Power vs Public Safety: Actor-politicians rely on fan-based charisma but roadshows create bottlenecks in dense areas. Institutional Weakness: High Court warned about property damage, even suggested deposits from political parties, but enforcement remained weak. Cultural Factor: Celebrity mystique in Tamil Nadu politics → fans take extreme risks for a glimpse, leading to heightened vulnerabilities. Editorial’s Stand Against Roadshows in Dense Areas: Such venues inherently unsafe; large open grounds are better. Responsibility of Leaders: Vijay did little to restrain supporters; could have managed crowd behaviour by frequent appearances to reduce frenzy. Police Role: Must not succumb to political pressure or celebrity status; enforce restrictions independently. Institutional Learning: Commission must examine not only the party’s lapses but also systemic failures in policing and regulation. Counter-Arguments Freedom of Assembly: Political roadshows are part of democratic rights (Article 19(1)(b)); excessive restrictions can be framed as politically motivated. Spontaneity of Crowds: Even with planning, celebrity charisma makes turnout unpredictable. Police can’t always anticipate real numbers. Responsibility of Attendees: Citizens knowingly take risks; overburdening organisers or police ignores personal accountability. Political Competition Angle: Over-regulation of new parties’ rallies may be seen as incumbents suppressing challengers. Broader Dimensions Governance & Institutional Trust: Courts intervene when state machinery fails (e.g., Madras HC requiring deposits). But judicial solutions are piecemeal. Need a codified National Policy on Crowd Management (as recommended by NDMA 2014 guidelines post Kedarnath tragedy). Democracy vs Populism: Actor-politicians depend on spectacle to mobilise first-time supporters. This creates tension between mass mobilisation as democratic expression and public safety as governance obligation. Political Culture in Tamil Nadu: Legacy of M.G. Ramachandran, Jayalalithaa, Rajinikanth’s near-entry into politics → fan clubs are quasi-political bodies. Fan-politics creates emotion-driven gatherings with weak institutional control. Ethical Dimension: Leaders must balance ambition with safety. State has a duty of care under Article 21 (right to life) to prevent foreseeable tragedies. Way Forward Structural: Mandatory risk assessment before granting rally permissions. Use of digital registration & crowd caps for political events. Stronger coordination between organisers, police, health services. Political: Leaders must consciously discourage unsafe practices. Regulatory: Enforce NDMA crowd management guidelines. Make organisers legally liable for negligence. Technological: Use of drones, surveillance, real-time crowd density monitoring. SMS alerts or online live streams to reduce physical rush. Major Stampede Incidents in India (2025) Karur, Tamil Nadu – Political Rally (September 27) Fatalities: 40 (including 9 children) Injuries: 83–124 Cause: Overcrowding due to underestimation of crowd size; official estimate was 10,000, but actual turnout was over 27,000. Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh – Maha Kumbh Mela (January 29) Fatalities: Officially 37; unofficial reports suggest more. Injuries: 60–200 Cause: Crowd surge caused by broken barriers and inadequate crowd control during the holy dip at the confluence of Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers. New Delhi Railway Station (February 15) Fatalities: 18 Injuries: 15 Cause: Overcrowding on a narrow footbridge between platforms 14 and 15, exacerbated by sudden train platform changes and overbooking during the Maha Kumbh festival. Bengaluru – RCB IPL 2025 Trophy Parade (June 4) Fatalities: 11 Injuries: 56 Cause: Overcrowding during celebrations of Royal Challengers Bengaluru’s maiden Indian Premier League title win. Contributing Factors: Underestimation of crowd size; stadium capacity was 35,000, but attendance was estimated to be between 200,000 and 300,000. An Engels’ pause in an AI-shaped world Context : AI Revolution: Geoffrey Hinton, Nobel laureate, warns that AI may disproportionately enrich a few while leaving the majority behind. Historical Analogy: The concept of an Engels’ pause originates from 19th-century Britain where industrial output surged, but wages and living standards stagnated. Named after Friedrich Engels and formalized by Robert Allen, it reflects a period of rapid productivity gains without broad-based welfare improvement. Modern Relevance: With AI as a general-purpose technology (GPT)—like electricity or the steam engine—there’s concern that current technological growth may repeat historical inequities. Relevance: GS-3 (Economy & Technology): Artificial Intelligence, general-purpose technologies, labor market impact, economic inequality, productivity vs wages. GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Policy interventions for reskilling, social safety nets (UBI, robot taxes), equitable AI deployment. Practice Questions: Explain the concept of “Engels’ pause” and analyse its relevance in the age of AI, citing examples from IT and service sectors.(250 Words) Key dynamics identified: Productivity vs. Wages: Example: AI copilots in Philippines call centers increased productivity by 30–50%, but worker wages remained stagnant or workload increased. Indian IT sector: 12,000 jobs shed amid AI pivot, illustrating early displacement. MIT study: 95% of AI pilots fail to generate visible organizational gains due to frictions in complementary capabilities. Capital and Skill Displacement: GPTs often benefit owners of capital and early adopters disproportionately. Prof. Nicholas Crafts and Bojan Jovanović’s studies show that historical pauses emerge when technology enhances capital returns but fails to benefit labor immediately. Complementary Needs: AI productivity gains require complements: cloud computing, data access, cybersecurity, reskilling programs. Rising costs of staying relevant: coding bootcamps, certifications, continuous learning—paralleling 19th-century rising food costs. Unequal Distribution of Gains: PwC: AI could add $15.7 trillion to global GDP by 2030, concentrated in US, China, UAE. IMF 2024: 40% of jobs globally exposed to AI; high-skilled economies see faster substitution, deepening inequality. Empirical Markers of a Modern Pause Stagnant Wages Despite Productivity: Evidence from call centers, IT sector layoffs. Rising Costs of Complements: Investment in AI infrastructure, training, and cybersecurity. Job Displacement & Task Transformation: Examples: Tsinghua University: AI-powered hospital transforming healthcare delivery. GMR Airports: AI-driven automation impacting workforce tasks. Education, finance, and public administration witnessing early displacement. Concentration of Gains: Dominance of a few firms controlling foundational AI models. Arguments Presented For Engels’ Pause Analogy: Early productivity gains benefit capital, not labor. Skills mismatch delays broad-based adoption. Historical precedent: Gilded Age US—high productivity, rising inequality, labor unrest. Against/Counterarguments: Modern welfare systems, democratic institutions, and technology diffusion are stronger than 19th century. AI’s potential in healthcare, education, and energy may deliver immediate welfare benefits. Rapid adoption of smartphones shows potential for fast technology-driven welfare improvements. Engels’ pause might be shorter and avoid prolonged stagnation if governance and reskilling keep pace with AI adoption. Policy Implications Skilling & Reskilling Programs: Singapore’s SkillsFuture and Abu Dhabi’s MBZUAI as global examples of continuous AI education. Policies must target AI-specific human capital to reduce labor displacement. Redistribution of AI Gains: Robot taxes, Universal Basic Income experiments (UK, EU), and philanthropic interventions like Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative. Public Infrastructure: Treat compute and data as public goods to ensure equitable access. Support open AI models (K2Think.ai, Apertus) to democratize productivity benefits. Governance and Regulation: Monitor AI deployment to prevent oligopolistic concentration of benefits. Encourage sectoral adoption strategies ensuring labor is not excluded from gains. Other Dimensions Historical Resonance: Engels’ pause shows macro gains without micro-level welfare improvements. Political economy teaches that outcomes depend on policy, institutions, and social structures. Global Perspective: Emerging economies (India, Philippines) may experience intensified pauses due to global tech races and IP regimes that favor developed nations. AI as a GPT: Full benefits require complementary innovations, task restructuring, and institutional adaptation—delays in these amplify inequality. Political Economy Lesson: AI gains must translate into human welfare, not just shareholder returns. Progress delayed for large labor segments risks social and political instability. Conclusion Takeaway: The AI Engels’ pause is not inevitable but requires proactive governance, reskilling, redistribution, and infrastructure access. Policy Challenge: Transform AI from a productivity revolution into a human welfare revolution. Historical Warning: As Friedrich Engels’ analysis showed, delayed progress disproportionately harms the majority. The modern pause can be shortened or avoided if policymakers act decisively. What an Empty Plate of Food Should Symbolize Introduction Context: September 29 is observed as the International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste (IDAFLW), highlighting the global challenge of food wastage, which undermines both food security and climate goals. Global Magnitude: Roughly one-third of all food produced worldwide is lost or wasted annually. India’s Situation: As one of the largest producers, India faces substantial post-harvest losses across crops, with significant economic, nutritional, and environmental consequences. Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Agriculture): Food security, post-harvest losses, climate change, SDG 12.3, GHG emissions, sustainable agriculture. GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Policy initiatives for food loss reduction (PMKSY), multi-stakeholder coordination, circular economy. Practice Questions: Examine the economic and environmental impact of food loss in India; suggest policy and technological interventions to reduce it.(250Words) Scale of the Problem in India Economic Cost: NABCONS (2022) estimates ₹1.5 trillion annually, roughly 3.7% of agricultural GDP, lost due to post-harvest wastage. Crop-wise Losses: Fruits & vegetables: 10–15% Paddy: 4.8% Wheat: 4.2% Environmental Cost: Wasted food also represents lost water, energy, and labor, while contributing to GHG emissions. National Impact: Millions of tonnes of food lost annually affect farmer incomes, food availability, and environmental sustainability. Food Loss & Climate Connection GHG Emissions: FAO-NIFTEM study with Green Climate Fund (GCF) support shows: 30 major crops and livestock products analyzed 10+ million tonnes CO₂-equivalent emissions from rice alone due to methane intensity Total losses: 33 million tonnes CO₂-e per year—a preventable environmental burden Location of Losses: Predominantly early in the supply chain (handling, processing, transport), unlike high-income countries where consumer-level waste dominates. Significance: Reducing food loss directly supports India’s climate commitments and aligns with SDG 12.3.1 for food loss and waste reduction. Drivers & Challenges Infrastructure Gaps: Weak cold chains, inadequate storage, and fragmented logistics increase spoilage. Technology Gaps: Limited adoption of IoT, AI, and other digital tools for monitoring and forecasting. Smallholder Constraints: High capital costs, lack of affordable storage solutions, and low access to modern tools. Systemic Challenges: Dispersed production, variable quality, and inadequate market linkages. Proposed Solutions Infrastructure Strengthening: Cold storage modernization, refrigerated transport, pre-cooling units PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana) to develop agro-processing clusters Moisture-proof silos for grains, low-cost cooling chambers for perishables Technology & Innovation: IoT sensors, AI-driven demand forecasting FAO Food Loss App (FLAPP) tracks losses across value chains, now in 30+ countries Solar-powered cold storage for smallholders Circular Economy Approaches: Surplus food redirected to food banks/community kitchens Unavoidable waste converted to compost, feed, bioenergy Policy & Governance: Subsidies, low-interest loans, and credit guarantees to incentivize infrastructure investments Integration of loss reduction into climate strategies and SDGs Shared Responsibility: Government: Invest in resilient logistics and policy frameworks Private Sector: Adopt circular models, scale innovations Civil Society/Academia: Drive research, awareness campaigns Consumers: Mindful purchasing and consumption practices Arguments in the Editorial Economic Argument: Post-harvest losses cost ₹1.5 trillion/year; addressing it boosts agricultural GDP, farmer incomes, and food security. Environmental Argument: Food wastage contributes 33 million tonnes CO₂-e annually, undermining climate targets. Social Argument: Reducing losses improves nutrition, particularly for vulnerable populations. Technological Argument: Adoption of cold chains, AI, IoT, and circular economy solutions can drastically reduce waste. Moral Argument: An empty plate should symbolize conscious consumption and resource preservation, not inefficiency. Counterarguments & Challenges Implementation Gap: Large-scale infrastructure and tech adoption requires significant capital and coordination. Behavioral Barriers: Consumer-level waste and lack of awareness remain challenges. Fragmented Policy Execution: Coordination across central ministries, states, and private players is complex. Climate Uncertainty: Extreme weather events may continue to exacerbate pre- and post-harvest losses. Data & Facts Summary Parameter Data/Facts Implication Economic loss ₹1.5 trillion/year (~3.7% of agri GDP) Major economic inefficiency Crop loss rates Fruits/veg 10–15%, paddy 4.8%, wheat 4.2% Vulnerable commodities identified for targeted interventions GHG emissions 33 million tonnes CO₂-e/year Environmental footprint of losses FAO/NIFTEM study 30 crops/livestock products analyzed Evidence-based policymaking possible Supply chain location Mostly pre-consumer (handling, processing, distribution) Focus infrastructure improvements on early stages Advanced Overview Economic Efficiency: Reducing food loss improves resource productivity—water, labor, and energy—across the agricultural sector. Climate Co-benefits: Lower emissions from reduced waste, better energy use, and circular economy solutions. Strategic Opportunity: India can emerge as a global leader in food loss reduction, integrating innovation, finance, and policy frameworks. Long-term Vision: Aligns with Net Zero, SDGs, and India’s climate-resilient agriculture goals, making food systems more sustainable and equitable. Conclusion Editorial Takeaway: Food loss is a silent crisis with economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Actionable Insight: Solutions exist—cold chains, AI/IoT, circular economy, policy support, and consumer behavior changes. Symbolism: An empty plate should represent responsible consumption and resource preservation, not inefficiency or waste. Value Addition Global Food Wastage Annual Wastage: Nearly one-third of all food produced globally is lost or wasted each year, amounting to about 1.05 billion tonnes. Source: FAO, 2021, “Food Loss and Waste Facts” Per Capita Waste: On average, 79 kg of food is wasted per person per year globally. Source: FAO, 2021 Household Contribution: Households account for about 60% of global food waste. Source: The Guardian, 2024, “A fifth of food wasted globally” Economic Impact: Global food wastage costs roughly USD 1 trillion annually. Source: The Guardian, 2024 Environmental Impact: Food loss and waste contribute 8–10% of annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Source: UNFCCC, 2023 Food Wastage in India Annual Loss: India loses about 74 million tonnes of food annually, roughly 22% of its foodgrain output. Economic Cost: Post-harvest losses cost India approximately ₹1.5 trillion per year, about 3.7% of agricultural GDP. Source: NABARD Consultancy Services (NABCONS), 2022, report commissioned by MoFPI Per Capita Waste: Average Indian household wastes 55 kg of food per person per year. Source: FCAI Report, 2023 Sectoral Losses: Fruits and vegetables: 10–15% loss Paddy: 4.8% loss Wheat: 4.2% loss Source: DowntoEarth, 2024 Climate Impact: Losses from 30 major commodities (cereals, fruits, vegetables, livestock) generate over 33 million tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emissions annually. Source: FAO-NIFTEM study with Green Climate Fund support, 2023 Supply Chain Challenge: Most food losses in India occur early in the supply chain—during handling, storage, processing, and distribution—unlike in high-income countries where consumer-level waste predominates. Source: FAO-NIFTEM study, 2023 Key Takeaways for Policy and Governance Infrastructure Gaps: Poor cold chains, inadequate storage, and fragmented logistics contribute to early-stage losses. Source: FAO-NIFTEM, 2023 Technological Solutions: Solar cold storage, low-cost silos, IoT-based monitoring, and AI forecasting can reduce spoilage. Source: FAO, 2023; FLAPP, 2023 Government Initiatives: Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY): Modernizes agro-processing and cold chain infrastructure. Source: MoFPI, Government of India, 2023 Circular Economy Practices: Food banks, redistribution, composting, and bioenergy conversion help minimize losses at retail and consumer levels. Source: FAO, 2023 Climate & SDG Linkage: Reducing food wastage contributes directly to SDG 12.3 (halving global food loss and waste) and India’s climate commitments. Source: NITI Aayog, 2023; FAO, 2023

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 September 2025

Content Karur Stampede (Tamil Nadu) Kolkata Durga Puja 2025 – Culture Meets Commerce Ganga River Drying Faster Than in 1,300 Years Indian States’ Macro-Fiscal Health AstroSat – India’s First Space Observatory (10-Year Review) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) National Security Act (NSA) Karur Stampede (Tamil Nadu) Context Incident: Stampede at political rally of Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam (TVK) president/actor Vijay at Velusamypuram, Karur, Tamil Nadu. Date & Time: Saturday, September 27, 2025; rally began 7:20 p.m. Casualties: 40 deaths (17 women, 14 men, 9 children), 111 injured (50 in GMCH, 61 in private hospitals). Trigger: Overcrowding caused by fans surging toward Vijay’s vehicle; climbing on trees/structures, compressive asphyxia. Immediate Response: Chief Minister M.K. Stalin visited victims and announced ₹10 lakh compensation for deceased families and ₹1 lakh for hospitalized. Justice Aruna Jagadeesan appointed to probe; visited site and GMCH. Post-mortems conducted on 39 victims; bodies handed over promptly. Crowd Characteristics: Mostly young attendees, waiting from morning; presence of women and children increased vulnerability. Relevance: GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Role of state in public safety, police accountability, law & order, freedom of assembly (Art. 19(1)(b)) vs right to life (Art. 21). GS-3 (Disaster Management & Security): Man-made disasters, crowd management, NDMA guidelines, emergency response coordination. Causes & Contributing Factors Planning & Organisational Failures: Underestimation of expected crowd size (~10,000 expected vs 27,000+ actual). Inadequate venue planning; congested roads instead of open grounds. Delay in Vijay’s arrival (scheduled noon, arrived 7 p.m.) caused prolonged waiting. Security & Crowd Management Gaps: Insufficient police presence and coordination. Lack of crowd flow regulation; multiple bottlenecks at key points. Absence of real-time monitoring and emergency evacuation plans. Cultural & Political Factors: Star power of actor-politicians in Tamil Nadu drives fan-mass mobilization. Fan enthusiasm leads to extreme behaviors (climbing vehicles, skipping lunch, skipping hydration). Human & Physiological Dynamics: Compressive asphyxia primary cause of death; trampling as secondary. Dense crowd amplifies emotional contagion; non-verbal cues affect crowd behavior. Pattern in India & Globally India: Stampedes common at religious gatherings, political rallies, sporting events, and railway stations. Examples in 2025 alone: Prayagraj Kumbh Mela: 37–79 deaths. Bengaluru IPL victory parade: 11 deaths. New Delhi railway station (Feb 2025): 18 deaths. NCRB (2000–2022): 3,074 deaths in stampedes; ~4,000 events recorded since 1996. Global: 2010 Love Parade, Germany: massive stampede. 2022 Halloween, South Korea: crowd crush incident. Difference: Many countries implement stricter post-event corrective measures; India sees repeated high-casualty events. Governance & Institutional Dimensions Polity & Governance Issues: Failure to enforce permissions and restrict congested zones. Police influenced by political pressure; independent enforcement limited. High Court recommendations (deposits for party events) historically under-implemented. Disaster Management: NDMA guidelines on crowd management exist but weakly enforced. Lack of codified, nationwide risk-assessment mechanism for mass gatherings. Medical & Emergency Response: Coordination among GMCH, private hospitals, ambulances critical but delayed due to crowd size. Ethical & Social Considerations Leader Responsibility: Political leaders must balance fan engagement with public safety. Citizen Responsibility: Awareness of personal risk crucial; informed decision-making encouraged. Cultural Influence: Personality cults and fan-based politics intensify risk, requiring ethical mitigation. Way Forward Structural & Planning: Mandatory crowd risk assessment before approvals. Digital registration & controlled entry; limit maximum attendees. Multi-stakeholder emergency coordination: police, health services, municipal authorities. Technological Interventions: Drones, CCTV, real-time crowd density mapping. SMS/online streaming to reduce physical rush. Legal / Regulatory: Make organisers legally liable for negligence; link permissions to adherence to safety norms. Cultural & Political: Shift focus from personality-based rallies to issue-based campaigning. Leaders to actively discourage unsafe behaviors (climbing, pushing, waiting under extreme conditions). Culture meets commerce at Kolkata’s Durga Puja Cultural Significance Festival: Celebrates Goddess Durga’s victory over Mahishasura; deeply rooted in Bengali tradition. Evolution: Transformed from neighborhood celebrations to city-wide cultural tourism, reflecting urban cultural consolidation. Cultural Messaging: Festival incorporates social issues, contemporary politics, and identity narratives, e.g., Bengali Asmita, Operation Sindoor, awareness on food crises and social justice. Creative Economy: Artisans, designers, and performers contribute to heritage preservation and cultural expression, blending tradition with modern social commentary. Relevance: GS-1 (Indian Culture): Heritage, festivals, community identity, cultural tourism. GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Public-private partnerships, state support, urban governance. GS-3 (Economy & Infrastructure): Creative economy, employment generation, disaster preparedness, urban infrastructure. Economic Dimensions Scale & Funding: 45,000 committees in West Bengal (2025); state grants increased from 10,000 (2018) → ₹1.10 lakh (2025).₹ Contribution of festival-linked industries: ₹32,377 crore (2019 survey) – ~2.58% of WB GDP. Employment & Livelihoods: Direct employment: laborers ₹800–1,000/day; contractors’ incomes +50% over 10 years. Artists earn ₹2–3 lakh per project; top earnings up to ₹55 lakh. Boosts multiple sectors: food, retail, lighting, literature, creative services, transportation. Commercialisation: Corporate sponsorships and digital promotion have shifted financing from residents to brands leveraging urban consumption patterns. Resilience to Shocks: Torrential rainfall (Sept 22–23, 2025, 252 mm) temporarily disrupted activities but economic momentum restored quickly, showing adaptive capacity of stakeholders. Governance & Policy Dimensions State Support: Grants to committees enhance cultural infrastructure, livelihoods, and tourism. Festival considered a public good with multiplier effects on urban economy. Urban Management: Need for crowd control, safety, and disaster preparedness during mega-events. Interaction of politics with cultural celebrations requires balancing public funds, security, and political messaging. Public-Private Partnerships: Sponsorship from FMCG, fintech, and other brands shows how private sector engagement complements cultural governance. Social & Political Significance Community & Identity: Festival reinforces Bengali cultural identity and engages citizens in shared cultural expression. Political Messaging: Integration of social issues (acid-attack victims, food crisis, Bengal Renaissance) into festival themes serves as soft political engagement. Tourism & Urban Impact: Large-scale participation promotes domestic and international tourism, benefiting hospitality, retail, transport, and media sectors. Environmental & Urban Challenges Weather Vulnerability: Extreme rainfall demonstrated urban flooding risks; highlights importance of drainage, rapid response mechanisms, and disaster-resilient urban planning. Crowd Management: Dense urban gatherings require safety protocols and infrastructure to prevent casualties and logistical disruption. Sustainable Practices: Need for eco-friendly materials, waste management, and energy-efficient lighting, given environmental footprint of large-scale festivals. Conclusion Durga Puja illustrates cultural economy convergence, linking faith, creativity, politics, and commerce. Provides lessons for urban governance, public-private collaboration, disaster management, and cultural tourism promotion. Represents a case study for employment generation, creative economy, and socio-political messaging in Indian cities. Study finds the Ganga river is drying faster than in 1,300 years Context River Significance: Ganga sustains >600 million people across northern and eastern India; central to agriculture, economy, and cultural life. Origin: Gangotri Glacier, Uttarakhand Length: ~2,525 km Basin Area: ~1,08,000 sq km in India; total basin ~1,08,000–1,20,000 sq km States Covered: Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal; flows into Bangladesh Major Tributaries: Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Son Current Concern: Recent studies indicate that post-1990s, the Ganga has entered a prolonged and severe drought phase, the most intense in 1,300 years. Historical Benchmark: Compared with the 14th and 16th century droughts, recent drying events are 76% more intense, highlighting unprecedented stress. Geographical Impact: Entire basin affected, with serious implications for Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and downstream ecosystems. Relevance: GS-1 (Geography): Rivers, climate patterns, hydrology. GS-2 (Governance): Policy planning, inter-state water governance, adaptive resource management. GS-3 (Environment & Disaster Management): Drought, water resources, climate change, agriculture, sustainable development.   Research Methodology Data Sources: Tree-ring reconstructions (Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas) extending 700 AD → present. Hydrological models and streamflow records validated against historical famines and local drought archives. Analysis: Comparison of long-term natural variability vs. recent drying. Statistical attribution to monsoon weakening, human activities, and climate drivers. Outcome: Current models fail to fully capture observed drying trends, challenging their reliability for future planning. Key Drivers of Drying Climatic Factors: Weaker summer monsoons linked to rapid Indian Ocean warming. Broader climate shifts affecting precipitation and river recharge. Anthropogenic Factors: Groundwater over-extraction reducing baseflow. Land-use changes, deforestation, and urbanization altering hydrology. Aerosol pollution impacting local rainfall patterns. Socio-Economic Implications Population Vulnerability: ~600 million people directly depend on Ganga for drinking water, irrigation, and industry. Agriculture & Economy: Reduced river flow threatens crop yields, food security, and livelihoods in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Intensifies water conflicts between states and urban-rural sectors. Cultural & Religious Impacts: Ganga is central to rituals and festivals; reduced flow affects ritual purity, tourism, and heritage sites. Policy & Governance Dimensions Adaptive Water Management: Planning must account for natural variability + human-driven stressors, not just model projections. Focus on groundwater regulation, river rejuvenation, and watershed management. Limitations of Climate Models: Current global models overestimate wetting trends, underestimating recent drought intensity. Indicates need for localized climate modeling and scenario-based planning. Inter-State Coordination: Drought resilience requires coordinated policy for water allocation, dam operations, and irrigation scheduling. Disaster Preparedness: Integrate drought early warning systems, crop insurance, and community-level interventions. Implications Millennial Perspective: Post-1990s drought exceeds any arid spell in last 1,300 years → urgency for long-term river basin planning. Hydrological Evidence: Multiple 4–7 year drought sequences occurred recently, previously rare in historical records. Global Climate Implication: Raises questions on global climate model reliability, especially in simulating regional hydro-climatic extremes. Urban-Rural Interface: Rapid urbanization + industrialization in the Ganga basin exacerbates drying effects. Conclusion Ganga is undergoing unprecedented drying, challenging both historical assumptions and model projections. Integrated human-climate management is crucial for sustainability. Highlights the need for localized climate monitoring, river rejuvenation, and inter-sectoral coordination. Serves as a case study for climate adaptation, water governance, and long-term disaster planning in India. Analysing Indian States’ macro-fiscal health Context Economic Trajectory: 2010s: Many States prospered through reforms, improved tax collection, and booming growth, some reporting revenue surpluses. Pandemic Impact: Shrinking tax revenues and soaring emergency expenditures pushed almost all States back into fiscal stress. Significance: States control budgets larger than many countries, spending more than the Union government on health, welfare, and infrastructure, highlighting the importance of fiscal prudence. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance): Fiscal federalism, intergovernmental transfers, state accountability. GS-3 (Economy & Public Finance): Revenue generation, borrowing, debt management, welfare spending, fiscal prudence. Revenue Generation & Vertical Imbalance Internal Revenue Dependence: Maharashtra: 70% of receipts generated internally (2022–23). Arunachal Pradesh: Only 9% internally, relying on Union transfers. Uttar Pradesh: 42% internally, despite reporting a ₹37,000 crore surplus. Sources of Volatile Revenue: Kerala: Lottery industry – ₹12,000 crore. Odisha: 90% of non-tax revenue from mining royalties. Telangana: Land sales – ₹9,800 crore. Issue: Overreliance on volatile and one-time revenue sources masks true fiscal stability. Borrowing & Debt Patterns Borrowing Trends (2016–17 → 2022–23): Rajasthan: ₹43,889 crore → ₹1,60,565 crore (debt ~40% GSDP). Tamil Nadu: ₹66,143 crore → ₹1,01,062 crore (~33% GSDP). Telangana: ₹44,819 crore → ₹1,26,884 crore (~28% GSDP). Uttar Pradesh: ₹67,685 crore → ₹66,847 crore (~31% GSDP, slightly reduced). Tripura & Uttarakhand: Borrowings low but debt >30% GSDP. Pandemic Spike: Borrowings increased universally during COVID; post-pandemic strategies diverged: Increase: Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Telangana. Reduce/Cut: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra. Maintain/Moderate: Odisha, UP, Tripura.   The Welfare Paradox Surplus ≠ Development: Many States with reported surpluses rely heavily on central transfers, off-budget loans, and delayed GST compensation. Surpluses may be accounting gains, not necessarily developmental gains. Deferred Costs & Fiscal Stress: UP & Andhra Pradesh: Free power and farm waivers financed via special purpose vehicles and guarantees. Punjab: Chronic debt issues. Kerala: Dependency on volatile lottery revenues. Fiscal Illusion: Corporate tax cuts, GST cesses, and rebranded social spending mask the true burden on State finances. Policy & Governance Implications Need for Fiscal Prudence: Prioritise capital expenditure for growth while keeping routine costs in check. Adaptive Revenue Planning: Reduce dependence on volatile sources like land sales, lotteries, and mining royalties. Welfare-State Management: Balance social spending with fiscal sustainability; ensure direct developmental outcomes rather than politically symbolic transfers. Vertical Fiscal Imbalance: Poorer States reliant on Union transfers; rich States maintain autonomy. Calls for reform in GST compensation mechanisms and intergovernmental fiscal transfers. Astrosat, India’s first space observatory, completes a decade among the stars Context Launch & Timeline: Launched on 28 September 2015 via PSLV-C30 (XL) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Original designed mission life: 5 years; currently operational for 10 years, providing continuous data. Significance: First dedicated multi-wavelength space astronomy observatory in India. Enables simultaneous observation across the electromagnetic spectrum from ultraviolet (UV) to high-energy X-rays. Relevance: GS-3 (Science & Technology / Space): Space-based multi-wavelength astronomy, ISRO innovation, observatory management. Technical Specifications & Payloads Five Scientific Payloads: Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT): Observes far-UV and near-UV photons; used to study star formation and galaxies. Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC): Observes X-ray binaries, neutron stars, and black holes. Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Imager (CZTI): Detects hard X-rays; studies black holes and gamma-ray bursts. Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT): Sensitive to low-energy X-rays; maps galaxy clusters and supernova remnants. Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM): Monitors transient X-ray sources; enables detection of nova and black hole outbursts. Capability: Enables multi-wavelength studies, critical for understanding cosmic phenomena like black holes, neutron stars, and distant galaxies. Collaborative & Institutional Framework Indian Institutions: ISRO (lead), Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Raman Research Institute (RRI). International Collaboration: Participating institutions from Canada and the U.K. contributed to payload development and data analysis. Significance: Demonstrates India’s capability for collaborative high-end space science research. Key Scientific Contributions Black Holes & Neutron Stars: Study of X-ray binaries and accretion phenomena. Distant Galaxies: First-time detection of far-UV photons from galaxies 9.3 billion light-years away, contributing to cosmic evolution studies. Transient Phenomena: Identification of novae, gamma-ray bursts, and X-ray outbursts. Groundbreaking Multi-wavelength Observations: Enabled simultaneous UV and X-ray data, allowing better modeling of high-energy astrophysical sources. Operational & Policy Insights Extended Mission Life: Designed for 5 years; continued operation reflects robust engineering, on-orbit maintenance, and payload longevity. Science Diplomacy & Collaboration: International partnerships enhance India’s soft power in global astronomy. Capacity Building: Involvement of multiple universities and research institutions has strengthened national space science ecosystem. Data Accessibility: Data is made available to Indian and international researchers, promoting open science and research collaborations. Implications AstroSat’s decade-long operation shows India’s leap from space applications to fundamental science. Acts as a foundation for future observatories, e.g., LUVOIR-class or X-ray missions. Highlights multi-stakeholder governance in Indian space science: ISRO, universities, research institutes, international collaborators. Represents a model for cost-effective, indigenous, and multi-wavelength space research, strengthening India’s position in global astrophysics. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Definition & Pathophysiology NAFLD: Accumulation of fat in the liver in individuals who do not consume significant alcohol. Mechanism: Dysregulation of liver metabolism leading to: Elevated liver enzymes: SGOT (AST) 10–40 U/L; SGPT (ALT) 7–56 U/L. Impaired insulin signaling, often linked with diabetes and obesity. Can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis if untreated. Relevance: GS-2 (Health & Nutrition): Lifestyle diseases, public health, preventive healthcare. GS-3 (Science & Technology / Health Infrastructure): NCD management, metabolic disorders, urban health challenges. Risk Factors Metabolic conditions: Diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance. Lifestyle factors: Sedentary behaviour, irregular meals, high-calorie diet, lack of exercise. Age & gender: Increasingly reported in young adults (20–40 years), both men and women. Comorbidities: Pancreatic disorders, thyroid dysfunction, and dyslipidemia. Epidemiology & Prevalence in India Estimated prevalence of NAFLD: 9–32% of the population. Progression to cirrhosis: ~1% in early-stage NAFLD; 1–25% in advanced NASH. State-wise prevalence (highest to lowest): Uttar Pradesh: 39.5% Haryana: 30.8% Karnataka: 25.8% Rising prevalence linked with urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and diabetes epidemic. Clinical Presentation Often asymptomatic initially, detected via routine liver function tests. Symptoms when present: Fatigue, abdominal discomfort, malaise. Laboratory findings: Elevated SGOT/SGPT levels (50–70 U/L observed in case study). HbA1c levels often >13% in uncontrolled diabetes cases. Association with Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes (T1D): Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells → insulin therapy required. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D): Insulin resistance; high circulating insulin levels contribute to fat deposition in the liver. NAFLD can precede diabetes diagnosis or worsen glycemic control. Obesity & Sedentary Lifestyle Physical inactivity is a major contributor: Sitting for long periods, inability to exercise due to injury, occupational inactivity. Case examples: Sedentary work + knee injury → Grade 3 obesity → fatty liver. Moderate overweight + poor diet → gradual fat accumulation in the liver. Weight management and exercise are cornerstones of prevention and reversal. Diagnosis & Management Diagnosis: Elevated liver enzymes (SGOT/SGPT) Imaging: Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI for fat quantification Exclusion of alcohol-induced liver disease Management: Address underlying causes: diabetes control, weight reduction, lipid management. Lifestyle interventions: Low-carb diet, regular physical activity. Medications as needed for insulin regulation or metabolic syndrome. Prognosis: Reversible in early stages if underlying risk factors are controlled. Public Health & Policy Implications NAFLD is increasingly a lifestyle disease affecting urban and middle-aged populations. Preventive measures: Promote healthy diet and physical activity in schools, workplaces, and urban planning. Screen high-risk populations: Obese, diabetics, and sedentary individuals. Healthcare system impact: Early detection prevents progression to cirrhosis and liver failure, reducing long-term healthcare costs. Awareness campaigns: Include NAFLD under NCD (Non-Communicable Disease) prevention programs. Encourage regular liver function testing, especially in diabetic and obese patients. Conclusion NAFLD exemplifies intersection of lifestyle, metabolic disease, and public health. Highlights urban lifestyle challenges in India: Sedentary work, high-calorie diet, obesity epidemic. Emphasizes need for integrated healthcare approach: Screening, lifestyle modification, and chronic disease management. National Security Act (NSA) Why NSA is in News Recently Current context: Recent detentions of individuals in Jammu & Kashmir, UP, and other states linked to protests or “security threats.” Cases involving public figures or activists spark debates on civil liberties and misuse. Courts and media scrutinise whether detentions under NSA meet constitutional and legal safeguards. Links to Articles 14, 19, 22, preventive detention jurisprudence, and internal security governance. Relevance: GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Preventive detention, civil liberties, internal security, constitutional safeguards (Arts. 14, 19, 21, 22). GS-3 (Internal Security): Law & order, state powers, public safety, security infrastructure. Historical Context and Genesis Colonial origins: Preventive detention in India dates to British rule, used to suppress dissent during wars and political unrest. Post-Independence legislation: Preventive Detention Act, 1950: First post-Independence preventive detention law. Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), 1971: Widely misused during Emergency (1975–77). MISA repeal & NSA enactment: MISA repealed in 1978; NSA enacted in 1980 (formally operational in 1988) with procedural safeguards. Intent: Enable government to detain individuals preventively to maintain internal security, public order, and essential supplies. Scope and Powers under NSA Authorities empowered: Central & State governments. District Magistrates & Police Commissioners (when authorised). Preventive vs. punitive: Preventive detention stops potential threats before they materialize. No formal trial or charges needed at detention. Grounds for detention: Prejudicial to defence of India. Affecting relations with foreign powers. Threat to public order or essential supplies. Procedural Safeguards Communication: Grounds communicated within 5 days, extendable to 15 days. Representation: Detainee can submit representation to the government. Advisory Board: Composed of High Court judges. Reviews cases within 3 weeks. Can order release if “no sufficient cause” found. Duration: Maximum 12 months, subject to earlier revocation. Limitations No legal representation before the Advisory Board. Government can withhold facts citing “public interest.” Leaves wide discretion, raising civil liberty concerns. Legal Remedies Representation to government. Advisory Board review within 3 weeks. Judicial recourse: High Court (Article 226), Supreme Court (Article 32) for legality of detention. Revocation: Government can release detainee if threat deemed unnecessary. Key Cases & Usage Recent high-profile detentions: 2023: Amritpal Singh (Sikh preacher) – Assam detention. 2017–18: Chandrashekhar Azad “Ravan” – Uttar Pradesh, Supreme Court intervened. 2020: Anti-CAA protesters in Uttar Pradesh. Other uses: Love jihad, cow slaughter, communal violence. Black-marketing kerosene (2012 – Supreme Court struck down). Controversies Broad, vague definitions allow misuse. Civil liberties concerns: detention without trial or open evidence. Judicial scrutiny shows government discretion often unchecked. Debate: Proponents: Necessary for national security & public order. Critics: Blunt instrument that may target dissent.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 September 2025

Content India Welcomes the World: Para Athletics Championships 2025 in New Delhi World Tourism Day 2025 – Tourism and Sustainable Transformation India Welcomes the World: Para Athletics Championships 2025 in New Delhi What is the News? India is hosting the 12th World Para Athletics Championships (27 Sept – 5 Oct 2025) in New Delhi at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium. First time India is hosting this global para-athletics event. Participation: 100+ nations, 1000+ athletes, 186 medal events. Major Indian medal hopes: Sumit (javelin), Preeti Pal (sprints), Praveen Kumar (high jump), Dharambir (club throw), Navdeep (javelin). Live telecast: DD Sports, Waves app (Prasar Bharati). Relevance GS Paper II (Social Justice): Rights and empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs). GS Paper I (Society): Changing social attitudes towards disability, inclusivity in public life. GS Paper II (Governance): Role of state + international institutions in sports development. GS Paper III (Sports + Soft Power): National sports policy, para-sports as a tool of diplomacy. Why is it Important? Sports + Social Justice Angle: Showcases inclusivity, accessibility, and empowerment of differently-abled persons. Global Standing: India now part of the elite list of nations hosting para-sport mega-events. Sports Diplomacy: Enhances India’s global image as an inclusive sporting nation. Soft Power: Boosts India’s credibility in the Paralympic movement. India’s Para-Sports Performance (Trend) Doha 2015: 2 Silver. Dubai 2019: 9 Medals. Kobe 2024: 17 Medals (6 Gold). Paris Paralympics 2024: 84 Medals (17 in Para-Athletics). Since debut at Tel Aviv 1968 Paralympics → 8 Golds in para-athletics. Trend Analysis: Steady growth = result of institutional support (Paralympic Committee of India, govt schemes, private sponsorships). Home soil advantage in 2025 could yield record performance. Institutional and Policy Framework Paralympic Committee of India (PCI) – governs para-athletics in India. Schemes aiding para-athletes: Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS) – extended to para-athletes. Khelo India Scheme – includes differently-abled categories. Scholarships + job quotas under Dept. of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities. Infrastructure upgrades: Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium fitted with MONDO track, accessibility-friendly facilities. History of Para-Athletics 1950s – Stoke Mandeville Games Started by Sir Ludwig Guttmann (UK) for WWII veterans. Sports (archery, javelin) used for rehabilitation → birth of para-sport. 1960 – Rome Paralympics (Formal Debut) First Paralympic Games, 25 medal events in athletics. Expansion Phase 1964 Tokyo → Wheelchair racing introduced. 1972 Heidelberg → Events for visually impaired athletes. 1976 Toronto → Amputee athletes included. 1980s – Inclusivity & Endurance Classification system developed. 1984 → Marathon debut. Athletes with cerebral palsy included. 1990s – Globalisation 1994: First World Para Athletics Championships (Berlin). Para-athletics became the largest Paralympic sport. Governing Body World Para Athletics, under International Paralympic Committee (IPC), Bonn, Germany. Today Events for athletes with spinal, limb, visual, cerebral, and intellectual impairments. High-tech prosthetics & wheelchairs enhanced performance. Broader Implications Social: Normalises disability → inspires youth, breaks stereotypes. Economic: Boost to sports economy, infrastructure, tourism. Political/Diplomatic: Enhances India’s global brand as an inclusive democracy. Legal: Aligns with Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016 and India’s obligations under UNCRPD. Conclusion The World Para Athletics Championships 2025 is not just a sporting event but a symbol of inclusivity, resilience, and global integration. For India, it reinforces the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, demonstrates soft power, and strengthens the ecosystem of para-sports. The long-term legacy lies not in medal counts alone but in mainstreaming inclusivity into society, aligning sports with the constitutional goal of justice, equality, and dignity for all. World Tourism Day 2025 – Tourism and Sustainable Transformation Basics Date: 27th September (since 1980). Significance: Marks adoption of UNWTO statutes (1970). Theme (2025): “Tourism and Sustainable Transformation”. Host (2025): Malaysia (Melaka, Sept 27–29). Global Relevance: Tourism as a tool for cultural exchange, economic growth, SDGs, and sustainability. Relevance GS Paper II (Governance): Tourism policies, inter-ministerial coordination (Tourism + Tribal Affairs), policy support for rural & tribal livelihoods. GS Paper III (Economy): Tourism as a driver of growth, MICE sector expansion, infrastructure push, employment generation. GS Paper I (Society & Culture): Promotion of tribal & rural homestays, preservation of cultural heritage, inclusivity in tourism. GS Paper II/III (Social Justice & Inclusive Growth): Financial support (Mudra loans, funding for tribal households), empowerment of marginalized communities through tourism. Historical Context 1970: UNWTO statutes adopted. 1980: First WTD observed. Purpose: Highlight tourism’s role in socio-economic development and global peace. Now: Strong alignment with Agenda 2030 (SDGs) → jobs, inclusivity, climate action, gender empowerment. Tourism in India Domestic Visits (Jan–Aug 2025): 303.59 crore. Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs): ~56 lakh (up to Aug 2025). Medical Tourism (Jan–Apr 2025): 1.31 lakh (4.1% of FTAs). Outbound Tourism (till June 2025): 84.4 lakh. Inbound Tourism (till June 2025): 16.5 lakh. Contribution to GDP (2023–24): ₹15.73 lakh crore (5.22%). Employment: 36.9 million (direct) + 47.7 million (indirect) = 13.34% of workforce. Forex Earnings (2025): ₹51,532 crore. Flagship Schemes & Initiatives Swadesh Darshan (2014) Thematic circuits: Ramayana, Buddhist, Coastal, Tribal, Himalayan, Heritage. 76 projects sanctioned; 75 completed. Swadesh Darshan 2.0 (2023) Focus: sustainable destinations (tourist + destination centric). 52 projects, ₹2108.87 crore sanctioned. Challenge-Based Destination Development (CBDD) → 42 destinations, 36 approved projects by 2026. PRASHAD (2014) Pilgrimage infrastructure & spiritual heritage. 54 projects in 28 states/UTs worth ₹1168+ crore. Examples: Tripura Sundari Temple, Somnath Promenade, Hazratbal Shrine, Patna Sahib. Dekho Apna Desh (2020) Promotes domestic tourism via campaigns, roadshows, webinars. ‘People’s Choice’ poll → citizen engagement. Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP-I 2023, VVP-II 2025) Tourism as tool for border area development. VVP-I: 46 blocks (19 districts) in northern border states. VVP-II: Budget ₹6839 crore till 2028–29; expands to ILB villages in 15+ states. SASCI (2025) Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment. 40 projects worth ₹3295.76 crore with 100% central funding. Aim: develop iconic global tourist centres. Capacity Building for Service Providers (CBSP) Skill training for local communities, women, tribals. Paryatan Mitra / Paryatan Didi initiative. Digital Initiatives Incredible India Digital Portal & Content Hub (revamped 2024). AI-powered chatbot, booking integration. 294.76 crore domestic tourist visits logged (2024). One India, One Registration (NIDHI portal, 2025) Objective: Improve service quality in domestic & international tourism. Homestay Classification: Gold Category & Silver Category under Incredible India Homestay Establishments. Covers rural and tribal areas. Funding Support: States/UTs can get up to ₹5 crore for 5–10 homestays per village (cluster of 5–6 villages). Budget 2025-26: Collateral-free Mudra Loans for Homestays announced → encourages rural/tribal tourism, boosts local entrepreneurship. Tribal Tourism Circuits Funding for tribal homestays: up to ₹5 lakh for new rooms, ₹3 lakh renovation. MICE Tourism (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) Bharat Mandapam, Yashobhoomi positioned as hubs. India targets 5%+ share of $1.4 trillion global MICE industry by 2030. Other Sub-sectors Festival Tourism: Utsav Portal. Adventure Tourism: 120+ new peaks opened. Wedding Tourism: “India Says I Do”, “Wed in India”. Cruise Tourism: Cruise Bharat Mission (2024–29), 51 circuits planned. Pilgrimage Tourism: Budget 2024–25 → 50 new destinations. Medical Tourism: “Heal in India” initiative, Ayurveda + Yoga integration. Opportunities: Cultural diplomacy & soft power booster. Major forex earner & job creator (esp. women/youth). Growth driver for border villages & tribal regions. Synergy with Digital India, Skill India, Atmanirbhar Bharat. Challenges: Overtourism & carrying capacity issues (Himalayan states, coastal belts). Environmental degradation (waste, water stress, fragile ecosystems). Uneven regional spread → over-focus on iconic sites. Need for last-mile connectivity (roads, rail, airstrips). Skilling gaps in hospitality workforce. Dependence on global shocks (pandemics, conflicts, climate). Way Forward: Sustainability first: eco-certifications, green transport, waste management. Community-driven tourism: tribal, women-led initiatives. Diversification: MICE, wedding, cruise, adventure, medical tourism. Digital & Smart Tourism: AI-driven itineraries, immersive VR/AR experiences. Regional balance: promote NE, border, rural, eco-sensitive sites. Strengthen India’s global tourism brand through credible governance + PPP models.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 27 September 2025

Content India Needs a Plan Upgrading Shipyards India Needs a Plan Basics & Context What Happened: China announced it will no longer claim Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) at the WTO, while retaining its developing country status. SDT Explained: Allows developing nations leniency in subsidies, tariffs, and compliance obligations under WTO rules. India’s Context: India heavily relies on SDT for agricultural support, food security (PDS for 800 million beneficiaries), and protecting livelihoods of nearly half its workforce. Significance: A global shift in SDT claims can pressure India to “graduate” from developing country status. This could impact India’s ability to provide subsidies (MSPs) without WTO penalties and affect rural incomes, malnutrition, and export competitiveness. Relevance GS Paper II (International Relations & Governance): WTO negotiations, trade diplomacy, SDT framework, role in global trade governance. GS Paper III (Economy & Agriculture): Agricultural subsidies, MSPs, food security, rural incomes, export competitiveness. Practice Question : “Overdependence on WTO’s Special and Differential Treatment may undermine India’s long-term competitiveness.” Critically evaluate this statement in the context of India’s global trade strategy.(250 Words)   Implications of China’s Move Pro-China Argument: Seen as a “reformist step” at the WTO, aligning China with developed-country obligations, strengthening global trade norms. Critics’ View: Symbolic gesture; China retains industrial and agricultural advantages, mainly as a diplomatic shield against criticism from the US and EU. Impact on India: India may face increased pressure to shed SDT reliance. U.S. and other developed countries could demand reciprocal concessions in areas like pharmaceuticals, furniture, or e-commerce. Vulnerable sectors, especially agriculture, could face reductions in allowed subsidies (Amber Box limits), risking rural incomes by 10–15%. Importance of SDT for India Current Use: India uses Article 6.2 exemptions and Amber/Green Box measures to support farmers via MSPs without breaching WTO rules. Economic Importance: Protects livelihoods of ~50% workforce in agriculture. Supports National Food Security Act and Public Distribution System. Shields the country from food price volatility. Risks of “Graduation”: AMS reductions could cut subsidies significantly. Malnutrition and poverty indicators could worsen. Future WTO disputes may target sectors like e-commerce, fisheries, sugar, and dairy. India’s Strategic Options Coalition Diplomacy: Lead G33 coalition to extend the Bali “peace clause” for MSP-based stockholding, protecting farmers’ incomes. Trade-Offs & Reciprocity: Offer tariff reductions in sectors where India faces export duties. Use Green Box measures to improve processing, storage, and supply chains without breaching caps. Domestic Reforms: Strengthen farm productivity, supply chains, and agro-processing to remain competitive if SDT is constrained. Arguments Pro-active Strategy Needed: India cannot rely solely on SDT; must prepare to defend interests through diplomatic coalitions and domestic efficiency gains. Leverage in WTO: India’s status as a major agricultural producer and member of G33 gives it negotiation leverage. Sustainable Development: Aligns with global trade rules while protecting vulnerable populations. Counterarguments Developed Countries’ Pressure: US, EU may push India to adopt stricter subsidy ceilings and lower tariffs, reducing room for maneuver. Overdependence on SDT: India must balance short-term relief with long-term competitiveness; overreliance on SDT can discourage farm modernization. China’s Move as Precedent: If China, a major economy, foregoes SDT, other developing countries may face moral and political pressure to follow, weakening India’s negotiating position. Way Forward Diplomatic Front: Lead G33 coalition to extend MSP protections and negotiate favorable SDT-like flexibilities. Engage proactively in WTO reform discussions; highlight developmental needs of LDCs and large emerging economies. Domestic Reforms: Strengthen farm infrastructure, storage, and processing under Green Box allowances. Enhance food security programs and diversify rural income streams beyond MSPs. Trade Strategy: Identify sectors for reciprocal tariff concessions without harming domestic industry. Boost export competitiveness through innovation, technology adoption, and value addition. Long-Term Vision: Reduce dependence on SDT while building resilient domestic agriculture and rural economy. Integrate trade policies with social and developmental goals to protect livelihoods, nutrition, and rural welfare. Value Additions AMS – Aggregate Measurement of Support Definition: AMS is a WTO term used under the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). It measures trade-distorting domestic support provided by a country to its farmers. Essentially, it quantifies subsidies that can affect international trade. Key Points: AMS includes price support, direct payments, input subsidies that distort production or trade. WTO sets limits on AMS for developed and developing countries: Developed countries: ≤ 5% of production value (Amber Box) Developing countries: ≤ 10% of production value (Amber Box) India uses Article 6.2 exemptions to allow certain input subsidies without breaching AMS limits. Example: MSP (Minimum Support Price) for rice or wheat → part of Amber Box, counted in AMS. Subsidies for seeds, fertilizers → can be counted if trade-distorting, but exemptions may apply. SDT – Special and Differential Treatment Definition: SDT allows developing countries flexibility in WTO rules to protect domestic economies and vulnerable populations. Main benefits: longer implementation periods, higher subsidy limits, special tariff protections. India’s Reliance on SDT: Protects farmers’ incomes via MSPs. Supports National Food Security Act (PDS for 800M people). Shields against penalties in WTO disputes. The WTO “Boxes” WTO classifies subsidies into three main boxes: A. Amber Box – Trade-Distorting Support Includes direct payments and subsidies that distort production or trade. Limits: Developed countries: 5% of production value Developing countries: 10% of production value India uses exemptions to remain within limits for MSPs, fertilizer, and irrigation subsidies. Effect: Protects farmers but counted against AMS. B. Green Box – Non Trade-Distorting Support Subsidies considered non-distorting or minimally distorting. Examples: Investment in infrastructure Research & development Extension services Disaster relief Effect: Can be unlimited. India can use this to enhance processing, storage, cold chains without violating WTO rules. C. Blue Box – Production-Limiting Payments Subsidies tied to limiting production or set-aside programs. Example: Paying farmers not to plant surplus crops. Allowed in both developed and developing countries, does not count towards Amber Box limits. D. De Minimis Exemptions Article 6.2 allows small subsidies under certain % of production value to be excluded from AMS. India: Investment/input subsidies up to 10% of production exempted. Used extensively for MSP and PDS operations. Upgrading Shipyards Basics & Context Current Policy: India announced a₹69,725 crore package to revitalise shipbuilding and maritime ecosystem, replacing the 2015 package expiring in March 2026. Problem Statement: Despite lucrative defence orders, India has produced very few merchant ships in the last decade. Domestic capacity for large merchant ships is extremely limited. Global Benchmark: Countries like South Korea, Japan, and China use prefabricated blocks, large cranes, long assembly docks, and ancillary industries to reduce build times to ~1 year. India still requires 2–3 years due to infrastructure and capability bottlenecks. Significance: Reviving shipyards is critical for India’s maritime security, green shipping ambitions, and industrial growth. Merchant shipbuilding supports trade resilience, reduces dependence on foreign shipbuilders, and integrates with energy and port infrastructure. Relevance GS Paper III (Economy & Industry): Industrial policy, Make in India, maritime economy, shipbuilding as infrastructure, export competitiveness. GS Paper III (Infrastructure & Energy): Shipping infrastructure, green fuel transport, port and logistics integration. GS Paper III (Science & Technology): Technological upgrades, modular shipbuilding, manpower training in high-tech industries. Practice Question : Discuss how the shipbuilding package aligns with India’s broader strategic, economic, and environmental objectives. Evaluate its potential impact on maritime security, green shipping, and industrial growth.(250 Words) Key Challenges in Indian Shipbuilding Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Lack of long docks, high-capacity cranes, and assembly-line setups. Limited domestic ancillary industry, leading to dependency on imports. Financial and Market Constraints: High capital expenditure (CAPEX) and delayed returns discourage investment. Shipowners face low demand visibility, disincentivising new builds. Skill Gaps: Absence of dedicated institutions for training manpower. Technology Deficit: Indian yards are behind global standards in modular shipbuilding and rapid assembly. Strategic Importance Economic: Shipbuilding contributes to GDP, generates employment, and develops ancillary industries. Supports energy and green fuel transport through dedicated vessels. Strategic: Enhances maritime security and reduces dependence on foreign shipbuilders. Environmental: Potential integration with green shipping and renewable fuels can lower carbon footprint. Arguments Pro-Upgrade: The package can enable India to start small (500+ gross tonnage) and gradually scale to larger vessels. Long-term offtake contracts from State-owned enterprises can guarantee demand, encouraging domestic shipowners. Cluster-based development can promote ancillary industries and skilled workforce training. Policy Alignment: Integrates with India’s green fuel initiatives and Maritime India Vision. Supports industrialisation, Make in India, and energy logistics. Counterarguments Historical Precedent: The 2015 package had limited success; risk of repeating failures exists. Demand Uncertainty: Without assured orders or time charters, shipowners may still avoid domestic shipyards. Cost Overruns: Infrastructure upgrades and delays may escalate costs, making domestic vessels less competitive. Global Competition: South Korea, Japan, and China dominate global shipbuilding; India must compete on quality, time, and cost. Critical Analysis Strengths of the Policy: Holistic approach: infrastructure, finance, technology, and manpower. Recognition of long-term offtake as a critical incentive. Weaknesses: Lack of concrete mechanism for demand assurance and export facilitation. Limited focus on R&D, modularisation, and global partnerships. Opportunities: Green shipping: leverage domestic green fuel production to build and operate green vessels. Export potential: Asian and African markets for small and medium-sized ships. Threats: Delayed implementation can stall the maritime ecosystem revival. Cost escalations may reduce India’s competitiveness globally. Way Forward  Infrastructure & Technology: Build long dry docks, high-capacity cranes, and assembly-line facilities. Invest in modular shipbuilding technology and digital ship design. Financial Incentives: Extend CAPEX subsidies, low-interest finance, and tax incentives. Link incentives to long-term offtake contracts for imported coal, crude, and green fuels. Skill Development: Establish maritime institutes and vocational training programs for shipbuilding. Collaboration with global leaders (Korea, Japan) for knowledge transfer. Cluster-Based Development: Develop shipyard clusters with ancillary industries (steel, electronics, machinery). Promote private sector participation through PPP models. Strategic & Environmental Alignment: Build ships for energy security, defence, and green fuel transport. Encourage export-oriented shipbuilding for regional trade integration.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 September 2025

Content Trump slaps tariffs on drugs, trucks, furniture New farming technology holds potential to stop desertification Giving warriors a fighting chance MiG-21 jets fly into history after 6 decades of service Govt. survey on R&D in India gets weak response from private sector The India-EU Strategic Agenda Trump slaps tariffs on drugs, trucks, furniture What Happened ? Event: U.S. President Donald Trump announced new tariffs on imported goods on September 25. Details of Tariffs: 100% tariff on branded and patented pharmaceutical products. 25% tariff on heavy-duty trucks. 50% tariff on kitchen cabinets and bathroom vanities. 30% tariff on upholstered furniture. Effective Date: October 1. Relevance : GS II (IR): India-U.S. trade relations, protectionism, Section 232 investigations. GS III (Economy): Impact on Indian pharmaceutical exports, generics vs branded drugs, global supply chains, Make in India implications. Stated Reason Trump cited “large-scale flooding” of imported goods into the U.S. from foreign countries. Part of a broader protectionist trade policy, emphasizing U.S. manufacturing and domestic investment. Legal & Policy Context The tariffs are aimed at better-established legal authorities after risks associated with previous global tariffs under Supreme Court scrutiny. Exemptions proposed: Companies already investing in U.S. manufacturing plants. Investigations under Section 232 (national security) ongoing, primarily focused on metals; generics appear largely exempt. Indian Pharmaceutical Exports India’s Global Position: Largest supplier of generic drugs globally, covering ~40% of global generics demand. Supplies to the U.S. account for ~20% of Indian pharma exports, valued at approximately $5.7 billion in FY2024-25. Export Composition: Generics: ~80–85% of exports to the U.S. Branded / Patented Drugs: ~15–20% (smaller segment, mostly by multinational subsidiaries). Impact Assessment: The 100% tariff on branded drugs will not significantly affect Indian generics exports. Companies like Sun Pharma, Dr. Reddy’s, Cipla have U.S.-based manufacturing or re-packaging units, making them largely exempt from tariffs. Risk Mitigation: Indian industry advised to monitor policy shifts and Section 232 investigations. Indian Trade & Economic Linkages Bilateral Trade (FY2024-25): India-U.S. total trade: ~$161 billion Pharmaceutical exports: ~$10–11 billion India is a net exporter of pharma to the U.S. Indirect Advantage: Higher U.S. tariffs on branded drugs could shift demand to Indian generics, benefiting mid-sized and small pharma exporters in the short term. Strategic Implications for India Trade Diversification: Encourages Indian pharma to invest in U.S.-based manufacturing to bypass tariffs. Reinforces Make in India for exports, enhancing global supply chain reliability. Policy Awareness: Need for exporters to monitor Section 301 / Section 232 investigations and U.S. tariff notifications. Opportunity: U.S. tariffs could increase competitiveness of Indian generics, particularly in hospital and retail markets. New farming technology holds potential to stop desertification What’s Happening ? Innovation: Desert ‘soilification’ technology using an indigenous bioformulation. Objective: Convert arid desert sand into agriculturally productive soil, combating desertification in western Rajasthan. Location: Banseli village, Ajmer district, Rajasthan (edge of Thar desert). Timeline: Seeds sown in November 2024, harvested April 2025. Crop: Wheat variety Wheat-4079, indigenous. Yield Outcome: 13 kg seeds → 260 kg wheat per 1,000 sq. metres (ratio 1:20). Higher than normal wheat agriculture. Irrigation Efficiency: Only 3 cycles required instead of 5–6 in conventional wheat farming, showing high water retention. Relevance : GS III (Environment & Agriculture): Desertification, soil degradation, water-efficient biotech farming, dryland crop diversification. GS II (Governance): Role of CUoR, KVK, Rajasthan Horticulture Dept; policy relevance for Desert Development Programme. Why It’s in the News ? Environmental significance: Technology could stop the expansion of Thar desert towards the National Capital Region (NCR). Societal impact: Demonstrates applied science turning into productive agriculture in hostile conditions. Policy relevance: Supports sustainable agriculture, desert management, and water conservation, linked to GS III topics like Environment, Agriculture, and Disaster Management. Scientific Background Technology: Sand transformed into soil-like structure using polymers and bioformulations. Promotes cross-linking of sand particles and stimulates beneficial microbes. Enhances stress resistance of crops in arid conditions. Laboratory Trials: Crops tested: Bajra, guar gum, chickpea. Result: 54% higher yield in bioformulation-amended sand. Field Trials: Pilot wheat crop on 1,000 sq. metres of desert land. Success demonstrates scalability in real desert conditions. Institutional Support Lead Institution: Central University of Rajasthan (CUoR), Department of Microbiology. Collaborators: Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK): Layout planning and scaling of field trials. Rajasthan Horticulture Department: Field facilitation. Research Team: Led by Prof. Akhil Agrawal, executed by research scholar Diksha Kumari. Future Plans Crop Expansion: Plan to grow millet, green gram, and other dryland crops. Geographic Expansion: Extend technology across Rajasthan and other arid regions of India. Sustainability: Reduce water dependency in agriculture, address desertification and soil degradation. Broader Context Environmental Concern: Desertification in western Rajasthan, worsened by: Degradation of Aravali ranges. Unscientific plantation drives. Changes in rainfall patterns and sand dune spread. Agricultural Significance: Provides a solution to low productivity in arid lands. Demonstrates integration of biotechnology and sustainable farming. Global Relevance: Could be a model for desert agriculture in other arid regions worldwide. Strategic Implications Climate Adaptation: Shows potential for water-efficient farming under extreme climatic conditions. Technology Transfer: Can inform government schemes like Desert Development Programme and watershed management initiatives. Socioeconomic Impact: Promotes livelihood security in marginal lands, improves local food production, and may reduce migration from desert areas. Giving warriors a fighting chance What’s Happening ? Establishment: NCDE was set up in 2020 at the CRPF Group Centre, Hakimpet, Hyderabad. Purpose: Exclusive facility for CAPF personnel who become physically disabled in the line of duty. Achievements in 5 years: Trained 219 Divyang warriors (physically challenged personnel). Produced medal-winning para-athletes and skilled IT professionals. Target Group: Personnel injured in Left Wing Extremism (LWE) operations, counter-terrorism, insurgency, accidents, or road incidents during service. Relevance : GS III (Security): CAPF personnel welfare, rehabilitation, operational readiness. GS II (Governance): Skill development, inclusive policies for Divyang personnel, government schemes integration. Why It’s in the News ? Focus on rehabilitation: Highlights India’s efforts to integrate disabled CAPF personnel into productive roles rather than mere financial compensation. Human-interest angle: Stories of trauma, resilience, and medal-winning achievements bring attention to the physical and psychological challenges faced by personnel. Policy relevance: Demonstrates government initiatives for welfare, skill development, and sports promotion for Divyang personnel, relevant for GS III topics: Security, Defence, and Welfare Programs. Background  LWE operations: 38 districts affected in India; 15 in Chhattisgarh (2024). Operations reduced LWE districts from 126 (2013) to 18 (April 2025). Risk to personnel: Frequent IED explosions and ambushes. Since 2016, 46 CRPF personnel lost limbs in LWE operations. 2023: 10 personnel underwent amputations. Government directive: Injured personnel allowed to continue service until retirement with full benefits, supported with best medical care and prosthetics. NCDE Facilities & Rehabilitation Approach Campus: 180 barracks, 100+ wheelchair-friendly. Equipped with ramps, elevators, motorised buggies, and hospital for emergencies. Physical rehabilitation: Gym with specialized machines, physiotherapy rooms, gait training, and strength building. Artificial limbs: 106 fitted, 135 pending (as of July 2025). Mental health support: Counselling for PTSD, trauma care, and phantom limb syndrome. Meditation and mindfulness sessions. Skill & Career support: Sports training: Archery, discus, shot put, national/international competitions. IT training in collaboration with BITS Pilani. Desk/clerical jobs for personnel choosing non-sports paths. Policy & Institutional Significance Single-window system: Consolidates rehabilitation, medical care, prosthetics, counselling, and career planning. Government support: Financial: CAPF welfare fund, Bharat Ke Veer donations, CGHS coverage for prosthetics. Employment: Retention in service, reassignment, and sports promotion. Strategic importance: Enhances morale and operational readiness. Reduces psychological burden of injury among serving personnel. Strategic Implications Resilience & adaptation: Personnel demonstrate extraordinary willpower and adaptability—translating combat endurance into sports and professional excellence. Best practices for other forces: NCDE model can be replicated across CAPFs and armed forces for comprehensive injury rehabilitation. Policy integration: Highlights need for continuous welfare, mental health support, and skill development for personnel with service-related disabilities. MiG-21 jets fly into history after 6 decades of service What’s Happening ? Event: Indian Air Force (IAF) formally retired its last MiG-21 fighter jets on September 26, 2025, at Chandigarh Air Force Station. Squadrons retired: No. 23 Panthers No. 3 Cobras Together operated 36 aircraft. Significance: MiG-21 served the IAF for over six decades (1963–2025) and participated in major conflicts and operations. Relevance : GS III (Defence & Security): Fleet modernization, indigenous aircraft programs (LCA-Tejas, AMCA), operational capability. GS II (IR / Strategic Affairs): India-Russia defence cooperation, regional security implications (China, Pakistan). Why It’s in the News ? Historical moment: Marks the end of an era for India’s first-generation supersonic fighter fleet. Operational implications: IAF’s fighter squadron strength reduces to 29, below the sanctioned strength of 42, highlighting a gap in operational readiness. Emotional and symbolic: Ceremony attended by Defence Minister, IAF chiefs, veterans; includes aerial displays by Tejas, Jaguar, and Surya Kiran team. Historical Significance of MiG-21 Induction: 1963, frontline interceptor and multi-role fighter. Key Conflicts / Operations: 1971 Indo-Pak war Kargil conflict Balakot air strikes Operation Sindoor Attributes: Single-engine, single-seater, versatile, low-maintenance, and symbol of Indo-Russian defence collaboration. Upgrades over time: MiG-21 Bison and other variants sustained relevance until retirement. India-Russia Strategic Context MiG-21 legacy: Not just a fighter jet, but also a marker of India-Russia defence ties. Technology transfer: MiG-21 program enabled Indian engineers and pilots to gain expertise in fighter operations, maintenance, and upgrades. Strategic cooperation: Retirement highlights the transition from Soviet-era platforms to indigenous Indian aircraft (LCA-Tejas, AMCA). Current Operational Status Squadron strength: 29, lowest since the 1960s. Fleet gap: Retirement of MiG-21 reduces interceptor capability and frontline fighter coverage. Replacement plans: LCA-Tejas operational in several squadrons; additional orders signed. Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) in development. Emphasis on indigenization and modern multirole fighters. Lessons and Strategic Implications Legacy of MiG-21: Operational resilience and adaptability. Foundation for training, doctrine, and indigenous aircraft development. Current challenge: Fighter fleet is below sanctioned strength, stressing the need for fast induction of Tejas and other modern jets. Future focus: Strengthen indigenous aircraft programs (LCA-Tejas, AMCA). Maintain operational readiness during fleet transition. Enhance multi-role capabilities to replace aging Soviet-era aircraft. Broader Defence Context Modernization: Retirement underscores urgent fleet modernization in light of regional threats (China, Pakistan). Indigenization: Signals shift from dependency on Russian imports to domestic fighter programs. Capability gap: Reduction to 29 squadrons highlights need for strategic procurement, training, and force planning. Govt. survey on R&D in India gets weak response from private sector What’s Happening ? The Science and Technology Ministry conducts a biennial National Science and Technology Survey to assess the state of scientific research in India. The latest edition (launched December 2024) surveys ~8,000 R&D bodies (public & private). Purpose: Measure domestic R&D expenditure, GDP share, number of scientists, patents, and overall global standing. Issue: Publication of results is being postponed due to weak response from private sector R&D firms. Relevance : GS III (Science & Technology): R&D expenditure, innovation ecosystem, patents, STEM workforce. GS II / III (Governance & Policy): Public-private participation, policy planning, global competitiveness. Why It’s in the News ? Government & industry gap: While 73% of government R&D institutions responded, only 35% of Indian industry bodies and 9% of multinational companies submitted data by September 2025. Impact: Delays the release of critical data that informs policy-making, planning, and benchmarking India’s scientific capacity. Event Highlight: FICCI workshop held to encourage private sector participation. Survey Methodology Data collected via detailed questionnaires sent to institutions. Identities of firms are masked, but data provide trends for: Domestic R&D expenditure R&D’s share of GDP Scientist demographics, including gender ratio Patents and innovation output Comparative position of India globally Key Findings ? Government contribution dominates: ~75% of India’s R&D spending comes from public sector. Private sector contribution is limited, unlike advanced economies where private firms dominate R&D funding. Challenges cited by industry: Unclear definition of “R&D spending” in questionnaires. Comparison with advanced economies deemed premature given India’s GDP per capita. Administrative burden in filling detailed survey data. Policy Implications Need for private sector engagement: India’s R&D ecosystem is heavily public-funded, limiting innovation, global competitiveness, and industrial growth. Data-driven policy: Survey results inform policies on: Funding allocation Incentives for private R&D STEM workforce planning Patent & IP ecosystem strengthening International benchmarking: Weak private participation may skew India’s comparative R&D ranking globally. Contextual Analysis Global comparison: Advanced economies rely on private R&D (60–70% of total), e.g., US, Germany, Japan. India relies 75% public funding, indicating need for industrial innovation push. Economic relevance: Strong private R&D is essential for technology-intensive industries, startups, and exports. Government initiatives: Workshops with FICCI to mobilize private sector participation. Likely extension of deadline to Nov 30, 2025, to increase submissions. Challenges Data clarity: Ambiguity in defining R&D spending metrics. Compliance burden: Lengthy forms and reporting requirements. Perception gap: Private sector feels India’s R&D spending is already significant relative to GDP; reluctant to report. Global benchmarking pressure: Concerns that India may be unfairly compared with industrially advanced nations. Way Forward  Simplify reporting: Provide clearer guidelines and definitions for R&D expenditure. Incentivize participation: Link data submission to policy benefits or recognition. Enhance public-private partnerships (PPP): Encourage co-investment, joint research, and innovation clusters. Benchmarking & transparency: Use data for targeted policy interventions to strengthen India’s R&D ecosystem and global competitiveness. The India-EU Strategic Agenda Background and Context Timing: Ahead of the India-EU leaders’ summit scheduled for February next year, weekly preparatory meetings are planned. Reason: With the US under Trump showing unpredictability in global alliances, the EU positions itself as a predictable, all-weather partner for India. Official Document: EU issued a Strategic Agenda for India-EU ties based on five pillars: Economy & Trade Emerging Technologies Security & Defence Global Connectivity People-to-People Ties Relevance : GS II (IR): Strategic partnership, FTA, investment protection, migration, people-to-people ties. GS III (Economy & Tech): Trade flows, technology transfer, industrial competitiveness, supply chain resilience. GS II/III (Security): Indo-Pacific security, maritime & cyber cooperation, counterterrorism. Economy & Trade EU as a Partner: EU is India’s largest trading partner; India is the EU’s largest partner in the Global South. 2024 trade: Goods €124 billion, Services €90+ billion. EU exports €80 billion services to India. Investment & Employment: 6,000 European companies in India employ 3 million directly, millions indirectly. FDI: EUR 140 billion (2023), doubling in 5 years. Trade Imbalances: India accounts for <2.2% of EU trade in goods/services. Indian investment in EU: EUR 10 billion. Agreements in Progress: Free Trade Agreement (FTA): To reduce tariff & non-tariff barriers, target completion by end 2025. Investment Protection Agreement (IPA), Geographical Indications agreement, Comprehensive Air Transport Agreement, Macroeconomic & financial dialogue. Global Connectivity EU Global Gateway: Mobilises EUR 300 billion for energy, digital, and transport infrastructure globally. India Initiatives: MAHASAKTI and MHASG (Security & Growth). Goal: Strengthen physical and digital connectivity between EU and India, opening new commercial opportunities for businesses. Emerging Technologies EU Strengths: World-class research, digital infrastructure, regulation, green & digital tech expertise. India Strengths: Skilled workforce, large datasets, vibrant digital economy, strong startup ecosystem. Objective: Joint development and tech transfer, fostering innovation and industrial competitiveness. Security & Defence Strategic Dialogue: Launched in June 2022, addressing maritime security, cyber security, counterterrorism, non-proliferation. Agreements in Negotiation: EU-India Security & Defence Partnership Agreement Security of Information Agreement for classified info sharing Cooperation Areas: Counterterrorism, terror financing, online propaganda, drug trafficking Dual-use technology, supply chain security, innovation EU-India naval cooperation in the Western Indian Ocean Strategic Alignment: EU’s Indo-Pacific security agenda aligns with India as a regional stability pillar. Economic Security Link: Stronger customs and technological collaboration improves industrial competitiveness and supply chain resilience. People-to-People Ties Migration: 825,000 Indians in EU (largest group with Blue Cards & transfers). Focus on legal migration, tackling illegal flows. Education & Research: Enhance student, academic, and researcher exchanges. Attract top Indian talent amid US restrictions under Trump. Cultural & Social Exchange: Strengthen soft power and bilateral understanding. Strategic Takeaways Economic Diplomacy: FTA, IPA, and investment flow aim to deepen bilateral trade and industrial cooperation. Tech & Innovation: Collaboration on emerging and green technologies positions India as a key innovation partner. Security & Regional Stability: Shared interests in maritime security, cyber resilience, and Indo-Pacific stability. Soft Power & People Mobility: Strong focus on migration, education, and cultural ties, complementing strategic and economic objectives. EU Positioning: Offers predictable alternative to US; sees India as a core partner in Global South and Indo-Pacific.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 September 2025

Content World Food India 2025 Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats World Food India 2025 Context & Background Event: World Food India (WFI) 2025 Organizer: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) Scale: Participation from 90+ countries, 2,000+ exhibitors, largest edition so far Relevance : GS I (Geography): Agri-production strengths, food culture & diplomacy. GS II (Governance & IR): Schemes (PMKSY, PMFME, PLI), food security policies, trade partnerships. GS III (Economy, Agriculture, S&T): Food processing & GDP, FDI, infra (food parks, cold chains), climate-smart tech. India’s Position in Food & Processing Production strengths: Largest producer of milk, onions, pulses Second largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, tea, fruits & vegetables, eggs Exports: USD 49.4 billion agri & processed food exports (2024–25) Processed food share rose to 20.4% (from 13.7% in 2014–15) Employment: 2.23 million workers (registered units) 4.68 million (unregistered sector) Government Initiatives: Sectoral Push Infrastructure & Formalisation: Registered food operators: 25 lakh → 64 lakh 24 Mega Food Parks, 22 agro-processing clusters, 289 cold chain projects 305 preservation units, 10 Operation Greens projects Policy & Schemes: PLI for Food Processing (₹10,900 cr, 2021–27) PLI for Millet-based Products (RTE/RTC millet focus) PM Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) → infrastructure + supply chains PMFME Scheme → support for micro-units (credit, training, seed capital) Investment Climate: 100% FDI permitted in food processing NABARD ₹2,000 cr fund for Food Parks Online ease-of-doing-business reforms WFI 2025: Objectives Showcase India as Global Food Hub Facilitate B2B, B2G, G2G collaborations Highlight innovations in food processing, packaging, cold chains, machinery, technology, retail Boost farm-to-fork integration, sustainability, and exports Key Features of WFI 2025 Knowledge Sessions: Policy, food-tech, nutrition, climate-smart farming Exhibitions: State, UT, ministry, and product pavilions; specialised zones (HoReCa, pet food, beverages, post-harvest machinery) Startup Grand Challenge: Innovation, mentorship, funding CEO Roundtables: Policy dialogue, taxation, trade, regulations Digital Showcase: Interactive, immersive tech zones, smart supply chains Culinary Events: Chef competitions, regional showcases, fusion food Parallel Global Events: 3rd Global Food Regulators Summit (FSSAI) 24th India International Seafood Show (SEAI) Partner & Focus Countries Partner Countries: New Zealand, Saudi Arabia Focus Countries: Japan, UAE, Vietnam, Russia Significance: Strengthening bilateral trade, technology exchange, investments Strategic Importance Anchored on 5 pillars: Sustainability Infrastructure Entrepreneurship Global Leadership Innovation Vision 2047 link: Food processing as a key driver of rural prosperity, job creation, farmer income, and global competitiveness Outcomes from WFI 2024 (for comparison) Participation: 1,557 exhibitors, 108 countries, 2,390 foreign delegates Institutional support: 9 ministries, 26 states Investments & Benefits: 67 food processing units inaugurated (₹5,135 cr) ₹2,351 cr support for micro projects (PMFME) ₹245 cr seed capital sanctioned to SHGs Overview Economic Dimension: Food processing contributes significantly to GDP, exports, and rural employment. Rising FDI inflows (USD 7.33 bn in last decade) demonstrate investor confidence. Social Dimension: Strengthens farmer incomes via better price realization and reduced wastage. Enhances nutrition through fortified, millet-based, and affordable food products. Technological Dimension: Push for climate-smart, digital, and sustainable technologies. R&D projects yielding patents & commercialized technologies. Global Dimension: Positions India as a stable food partner amid global disruptions. Enhances India’s leadership in food security, innovation, sustainability. Challenges Ahead: Ensuring small farmers & micro-units benefit equitably. Addressing climate risks, logistics bottlenecks, food safety compliance. Balancing export push with domestic food security concerns. Conclusion World Food India 2025 is not just an expo but a strategic investment and partnership platform. Reinforces India’s role as a global food powerhouse by integrating scale, sustainability, and innovation. Directly aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047, aiming to transform India’s agri-food sector into a global leader. Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats Context & Background Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) driving Digital Panchayats under Digital India & Atmanirbhar Bharat. Aim: Faster, transparent, inclusive grassroots governance. Tools: AI meeting summarisers, e-governance portals, mobile apps, geo-spatial mapping, digital accounting. Relevance : GS I (Society): Rural empowerment, bridging digital divide. GS II (Governance, Constitution): PRIs (73rd Amendment), e-governance tools (SVAMITVA, eGramSwaraj), transparency & accountability. GS III (Economy, ICT, Security): BharatNet backbone, AI/GIS in planning, digital finance, data security challenges. Key Takeaways (2025 Updates) SabhaSaar (AI Meeting Summariser) launched Aug 2025 → linked with Bhashini, supports 14 languages. SVAMITVA Scheme: 2.63 crore property cards prepared (1.73 lakh villages). Drone survey completed in 3.23 lakh villages (till July 2025). eGramSwaraj Portal (FY 2024–25): 2.54 lakh Panchayats uploaded GPDPs. 2.41 lakh Panchayats completed online transactions for 15th FC grants. Major Digital Governance Initiatives SabhaSaar (AI-powered tool) Records and auto-summarises Gram Sabha proceedings. Ensures real-time, unbiased documentation. Linked with Bhashini → 14 Indian languages → inclusive access. SVAMITVA Scheme (since 2020) Drone-based mapping → property cards as legal ownership proof. Benefits: Bank loans, dispute resolution, property tax, better resource planning. Approved cost: ₹566.23 cr (FY 2020–25), extended to FY 2025–26. Model for citizen-centric governance admired globally. BharatNet Backbone of rural internet (launched 2011, ongoing). As of June 2025: 6.26 lakh of 6.44 lakh villages connected via 3G/4G. 13 lakh+ FTTH connections under BharatNet. Enables e-education, e-health, e-farming, e-commerce, governance apps (e.g., PM Kisan, NPSS). eGramSwaraj (launched 2020 under e-Panchayat MMP) Comprehensive platform: planning, budgeting, accounting, monitoring, payments, asset management. Covers 2.7 lakh Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). Meri Panchayat App Citizen-facing app for transparency & participation. Features: Budgets, receipts, payments, GPDP projects. Elected representatives’ details. Social audit, grievance redressal, weather updates. Multilingual (12+ languages). Empowers 95 crore rural residents, 25 lakh elected reps. Panchayat NIRNAY Portal Monitors real-time Gram Sabha meetings. Automates notifications, agendas, and records decisions. Ensures participatory, transparent decision-making. Gram Manchitra (GIS Planning Tool) Geo-spatial app for Panchayat planning. Helps in project site selection, cost estimation, impact analysis. Integrates with GPDP for evidence-based planning. Recognition & Incentives National Awards for e-Governance 2025 → new category for Grassroots Service Delivery. Winners: Gold: Rohini Gram Panchayat (Maharashtra). Silver: West Majlishpur (Tripura). Jury Awards: Palsana (Gujarat), Suakati (Odisha). Cash rewards (₹10 lakh Gold, ₹5 lakh Silver) to strengthen local digital innovation. Strategic Importance of Digital Panchayats Governance: Transparency, accountability, real-time monitoring. Citizen Empowerment: Easy access to data, services, grievance redressal. Finance: Digital accounting of 15th Finance Commission grants → efficient fund use. Technology Inclusion: Language accessibility via Bhashini, geo-spatial planning, AI integration. Connectivity Backbone: BharatNet ensures digital delivery of education, health, and welfare schemes. Broader Relevance Democratic Deepening: Enhances participation in Gram Sabhas. Economic Impact: SVAMITVA boosts credit access & local revenues. Social Impact: Inclusive apps (Meri Panchayat) empower rural citizens. SDGs Alignment: Supports Goal 16 (institutions), Goal 9 (infrastructure), Goal 11 (sustainable communities). Global Dimension: SVAMITVA admired as a replicable citizen-centric model. Challenges Ahead Ensuring last-mile connectivity in remote & border villages. Bridging digital literacy gaps among rural citizens. Preventing digital exclusion of vulnerable groups (elderly, illiterate). Strengthening data security & privacy safeguards. Continuous capacity building for Panchayat officials. Conclusion Digital transformation of Panchayats = turning point in rural governance. Tools like SabhaSaar, SVAMITVA, eGramSwaraj, Meri Panchayat, Gram Manchitra create a transparent, participatory, tech-driven ecosystem. Brings villagers closer to governance, breaks barriers of distance, language, and information asymmetry. Anchors India’s Digital Bharat vision, ensuring that villages are equal stakeholders in India’s development journey toward Viksit Bharat 2047.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 September 2025

Content Follow the rains, not the calendar, to fight floods Just a pinch can reduce an Indian’s salt overload Follow the rains, not the calendar, to fight floods What is the issue? Urban flooding during monsoons is worsening despite annual preparations. Cities still follow outdated rainfall calendars, while climate change alters timing, intensity, and duration. Result: flooded roads, stranded commuters, property damage, and rising disaster losses. Relevance GS I (Geography): Climate variability, monsoon patterns, extreme weather events. GS II (Governance): Urban local bodies, inter-departmental coordination, disaster preparedness. GS III (Disaster Management & Environment): Urban flooding, infrastructure resilience, climate adaptation policies. Practice Questions Urban flooding in India is more a governance failure than a natural disaster. Critically examine in light of changing rainfall patterns. (250 Words) Current Context & Data Extreme events: Punjab floods (all 23 districts), Delhi & Gurugram inundation, Himalayan cloudbursts, Kolkata heavy rains. Early rains: Mumbai (135 mm & 161 mm in consecutive days), Delhi (81 mm in hours). CEEW data: 64% of Indian tehsils now face more heavy rainfall days. Economic cost: Average flood damage ~₹8,700 crore per event. Rainfall compression: Rain that used to fall in a day now falls in an hour. Core Problem Preparedness based on seasonal averages, not hourly extremes. Drain cleaning & waste management schedules outdated. Infrastructure designed for “old rainfall” patterns, not current realities. Analytical Dimensions Climatic Dimension: Changing IDF (Intensity-Duration-Frequency) curves → rainfall is shorter, sharper, more destructive. Urban Governance Dimension: Poor coordination between storm water management and waste disposal departments. Infrastructure Dimension: Old drainage networks cannot handle sudden downpours. Economic Dimension: Floods now the biggest cause of disaster losses in India. Social Dimension: Waterlogging disrupts mobility, health, livelihoods, and disproportionately affects urban poor. Proposed Solutions in Editorial Use sub-daily rainfall data → integrate high-intensity hourly rainfall trends into drainage design. Example: BMC widening drains to handle 120 mm/hour. Synchronise waste & drain cleaning calendars → joint sanitation + engineering teams, IMD-triggered alerts. Example: Vijayawada’s coordinated monsoon teams reduced waterlogging. Update IDF curves every 5–10 years → redesign storm water systems based on micro-catchment hydrology & topography. Ensure separate storm water & sewerage networks. Broader Implications Climate adaptation: Urban resilience requires rethinking monsoon as “not a season but an event”. Disaster management: Needs integration of IMD alerts, city planning, and inter-departmental coordination. Policy relevance: Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT 2.0, National Urban Flood Risk Mitigation Strategy. Global relevance: Lessons for other rapidly urbanising regions facing climate variability. Challenges Ahead Financing urban infrastructure upgrades. Capacity gaps in municipal bodies. Data availability & sharing (real-time rainfall, hydrology). Political will for long-term resilience vs. short-term fixes. Public participation in waste management & flood preparedness. Conclusion Indian cities are not losing to the rain, but to outdated assumptions about rain. Flood-proofing requires data-driven, coordinated, climate-adaptive planning. A shift from reactive desilting to proactive resilience-building is essential. Key takeaway: Instead of asking when will monsoon start, cities must ask are we prepared for the rain already falling? Just a pinch can reduce an Indian’s salt overload Context Rising Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in India: obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases. Policy focus so far: sugar and fats (oil boards, awareness campaigns). Neglected area: high salt consumption. Relevance GS II (Governance & Health): Role of public health policy, regulation of food industry, behavioural change campaigns. GS III (Science & Tech): Nutritional labelling, salt substitutes, health economics. Practice Questions Excess salt intake in India is a “silent killer” with major public health implications. Discuss the need for regulatory and behavioural interventions. (250 Words) Facts & Data Average daily salt intake in India: 8–11 g/day. WHO recommended intake: 5–6 g/day. 3/4th of salt intake in India: from home-made food (pickles, papad, chutneys, cooked meals). Eating out: 20% of adults eat outside food ~3 times/week; restaurants add more oils, butter, and salt. Packaged & processed foods: invisible salt in bread, cookies, ketchup, cakes, pastries. Health Implications Hypertension prevalence: 28.1% adults. Hypertension → leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Children at risk: salt should not be added in infants’ diets; early exposure builds addictive taste preference. Myths: Rock salt, black salt, Himalayan pink salt are “healthier” → all contain sodium; some not iodised → risk of iodine deficiency. Current Gaps Policy discourse dominated by sugar and fat, ignoring salt. Limited public health attention despite scientific evidence. Salt reduction not integrated effectively into food regulations, labelling, or NCD prevention programmes. Economic & Policy Justification WHO: Salt reduction is a “best buy” intervention. ROI: Every $1 invested → return of $12 in health savings and productivity. Recommended Strategies Regulatory & Structural Measures Move from sugar/oil boards to HFSS boards (high fat, sugar, salt). Front-of-pack labels: Warning signs for high-salt foods (Chile model). Salt ceilings for processed foods. Restrict marketing of unhealthy foods to children. Public Programmes Reform food procurement in schools, Anganwadis, hospitals. Train cooks, set salt standards in government meals. Integrate with National Multisectoral Action Plan (2017–22) and upcoming NCD plans. Behavioural Change Gradual salt reduction while cooking. Use herbs & spices as substitutes. Promote low-sodium salt substitutes (with caution for kidney patients). Community innovations: restaurants removing salt shakers, families doing weekly kitchen reviews. Early Prevention Focus on children’s diets (no added salt in infants). Shape taste preference early to prevent lifelong high-salt consumption. Global Best Practices Chile: Mandatory front-of-pack warning labels on high salt foods. Latin America: Salt ceilings and strong food labelling laws. Lessons: Regulation + awareness works better than awareness alone. Way Forward Salt reduction should be elevated as a public health priority equal to sugar and fat. Needs multi-sectoral strategy: health, food processing, consumer affairs, education, and community engagement. Combine regulation (mandatory labels, salt ceilings) with community behaviour change. Integrate salt reduction into national NCD prevention programmes. Adopt a life-cycle approach: start with children, institutional food programmes, and extend to packaged food industry regulation.

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