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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 November 2025

Content China’s Global Lending Power Play Draft Seeds Bill Air Pollution Exposure in India INR Depreciation Why Did Hayli Gubbi Erupt Now? Climate Change and Assam’s Tea Crisis China’s Global Lending Power Play Why is it in News? AidData (William & Mary University) released a major dataset (2000–2023) showing China lent over $2 trillion to 80%+ of the world, revealing a strategic shift from development lending to commercial lending. Shows unexpected top beneficiaries: U.S. firms received ~$200 billion, making the U.S. the largest single-country beneficiary. Data indicates: BRI’s decline, shift to high-income economies, and greater opacity through offshore structures. Relevance:   GS2 – International Relations China’s transformation from development lender → commercial financier. Rise of parallel financial architecture challenging WB–IMF dominance. Strategic leverage through corporate lending, tech acquisition, and supply-chain influence. GS3 – Economy Global credit flows, debt sustainability, hidden debt risks. Impact on developing economies’ fiscal health and India’s external sector. Basics: What is Chinese Global Lending? State-driven external finance system led by: China Development Bank Export–Import Bank of China State-owned enterprises People’s Bank of China Two broad categories: Official Development Assistance (ODA) → concessional, development-oriented. Other Official Flows (OOF) → commercial, market-rate, strategic. Key Data & Trends (2000–2023) Scale Total global lending/grants: >$2 trillion. Recipients: 179 of 217 countries/territories. 2023 lending alone: $140 billion → makes China the world’s largest creditor. Top beneficiaries (country entities) U.S. companies: ~$200 billion (2,500 projects; 95% from Chinese state-owned institutions). Russia: $172 billion. Australia: $130 billion. EU (27 states): $161 billion. Shift in beneficiary profile High-income countries received $943 billion → ~20%+ of total Chinese lending. Only 25% of 2023 portfolio is now BRI-linked, down from 75% earlier. Decline in aid Typical annual China ODA: ~$5.7 billion. 2023 ODA plunged to $1.9 billion. Sectoral pattern Earlier: Infrastructure → energy, transport, connectivity. Now: Commercial finance → mergers, acquisitions, corporate lending. Structural Shift: From Aid Provider to Commercial Financier Earlier Model (2000–2015) Focus on: Low-income nations BRI infrastructure Strategic influence + resource access Concessional loans, long maturity, tied procurement. Current Model (2016–2023) Pivot to high-income economies for: Access to advanced technologies Financial returns Corporate stakes U.S. lending surged from $320 million (2000) → $19 billion (2023). 75% of U.S. transactions are commercial; only 7% developmental. Methods & Concerns Raised by AidData 80% success rate in overseas M&A approvals due to: Weak foreign investment screening in recipient countries. Opaque mechanisms: Use of offshore shell companies. Syndicated international banks. Complex creditor structures reducing transparency. Rising risk of hidden debt in low-income countries. Implications for Global Finance & Geopolitics For Global Financial Architecture China emerging as: Largest official creditor, surpassing World Bank + IMF individually. Parallel financial ecosystem → reduces Western institutional dominance. For Developed Economies China’s commercial lending → deeper corporate penetration. Strategic concerns around: Technology acquisition Supply chain leverage National security vulnerabilities For Developing Countries Decline in aid → widening financing gap for: Infrastructure Social development Increased exposure to: Debt distress Collateral-backed lending (ports, minerals) For BRI Downscaling but not disappearing. Prioritisation of: Quality over quantity Higher-return projects Geopolitical essentials India Angle Total Indian borrowing/aid from China (2000–2023): $11.1 billion. Sectors: Energy Banking & financial services Nature: Mix of commercial + developmental. India remains cautious due to: Strategic competition Supply chain dependencies Security concerns (FDI scrutiny after 2020) Draft Seeds Bill Entail  Why is it in News? The Union Agriculture Ministry released the draft Seeds Bill on November 12, 2025; public comments invited till December 11. Objective: update and modernise the Seeds Act, 1966 and the Seeds (Control) Order, 1983 in line with technological advances, commercial changes, and global commitments. Comes amid rising tensions between seed industry demands (modernisation) and farmers’ unions’ concerns (corporatisation & seed sovereignty). Relevance: GS2 – Governance / Policy Overhaul of Seeds Act, 1966; regulatory modernisation. Centre–State regulatory overlap, federal tensions. Alignment with PPVFR Act, CBD, ITPGRFA → treaty compliance. GS3 – Agriculture Seed quality standards → productivity, crop failure reduction. Impact on small farmers, seed sovereignty, traditional varieties. Liberalising imports → biosecurity, corporate consolidation risks. Why a Seeds Law? Seeds are the primary determinant of crop productivity (35–40% contribution). India has moved from: 1960s: Public-sector dominated seed systems 2020s: Hybrid technologies, GM traits, corporate breeding, biotech, global IPR regimes Need for: Quality assurance Traceability Regulation of producers/dealers Alignment with PPVFR Act (2001) and biodiversity conventions History & Context Seeds Act, 1966 and Seeds (Control) Order, 1983 now outdated. Seed industry demand: Law must reflect advancements in biotechnology, hybrid seeds, transgenics, R&D intensity, global trade. India’s seed requirement 2023–24: 462.31 lakh quintals Availability: 508.60 lakh quintals → 46.29 lakh quintal surplus Farmers’ unions’ position: fear of corporatisation, loss of seed sovereignty, and restriction of farmers’ traditional practices. New Provisions: What the Draft Bill Proposes Regulatory Architecture Covers import, production, processing, certification, distribution, sale of seeds. New definitions for farmer, dealer, distributor, producer. Farmers’ Rights Farmers retain right to grow, sow, re-sow, save, exchange, share, sell farm-saved seed. Restriction only when seed is sold under a brand name. Embedded link to Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPVFR) Act, 2001. Institutional Framework Central Seed Committee (27 members) → sets: Minimum standards on germination, genetic purity, physical purity, seed health, traits. State Seed Committees (15 members) → registration of: Seed producers Seed processing units Dealers/distributors Plant nurseries Seed Registration & Testing Mandatory registration of all: Seed producers Seed processing units Provision for: National Register of seed varieties Field trials for Value for Cultivation & Use (VCU) Central & State seed testing laboratories Import Liberalisation More open system for seed imports, with quality safeguards. Central Accreditation System Merit-based accreditation for companies operating in multiple States to reduce compliance burden. Enforcement Mechanism Seed inspectors empowered to search, seize, sample, and test. Framework aligned with Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS). Offences & Penalties: What Has Changed from 2019 Draft? Changes from 2019 Draft Earlier penalties (2019): ₹25,000–₹5 lakh, imprisonment up to 1 year. Covered largely under consumer protection laws. New Draft (2024) Penalties significantly enhanced: ₹50,000 to ₹30 lakh Imprisonment up to 3 years Categorisation into trivial, minor, major offences. Much stronger punitive framework to curb: Misbranding Spurious seed sales Fake labels Trait misrepresentation Farmers’ Concerns Key objections by All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) / Samyukt Kisan Morcha Bill will increase cost of cultivation due to: Corporate entry Potential for predatory pricing Seen as part of a centralised, corporatised regulatory architecture. Fear of: Undermining India’s seed sovereignty Weakening of farmer-centric protections Dilution of biodiversity safeguards Legal & International Commitments Farmers Invoke Must not conflict with: PPVFR Act, 2001 (farmers’ rights) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources (ITPGRFA) Major apprehensions Centralised regulation may: Reduce autonomy of States Increase dependence on corporate seed lines Marginalise traditional varieties Industry’s Position Federation of Seed Industry of India: Calls the draft timely and much-needed. Supports: Higher standards Liberalisation of imports Accreditation-based regulation Clear penalties Says it aligns India with global seed trade standards. Critical Analysis Strengths Updated quality standards → reduced spurious seeds, higher yields. Clarity on farmers’ rights → compliance with PPVFR Act. Modernised regulation → ease of doing business for legitimate players. Strong penalties → deterrence against adulteration. National Register + lab network → greater traceability and transparency. Weaknesses / Risks Centralisation risks limiting State autonomy (Key in agri-sector). Liberal import regime → risk to domestic breeders, biosecurity. Accreditation system may favour large corporations. VCU trials may increase cost and time, disadvantaging small breeders. Opportunities Harmonisation with global standards → export potential for Indian seed industry. Improved seed quality → reduced crop failures, higher productivity. Stimulates R&D, hybrid seed development, biotech innovation. Threats Corporate consolidation → increased input costs. Farmers’ distrust → protests, political backlash. Inadequate protection for traditional varieties → biodiversity loss. Air Pollution Exposure in India Core Findings 60% districts (447/749) record annual PM2.5 above NAAQS (40 µg/m³). 0 districts meet WHO guideline (5 µg/m³). Indicates year-round exposure, not only winter-linked. Relevance:   GS3 – Environment India-wide PM2.5 exposure trends; compliance gap with NAAQS/WHO standards. Seasonal divergence (winter vs monsoon) → atmospheric science relevance. Urban–rural health burden; link to climate–pollution interactions. GS2 – Governance Air quality regulation, monitoring deficits, federal coordination challenges. Policy gaps in Clean Air Programme, emission control, district-level planning. Geographical Pattern Major hotspots (Top 50 districts) Delhi – 11 Assam – 11 Bihar – 7 Haryana – 7 UP – 4 Tripura – 3 Rajasthan – 2 West Bengal – 2 Cleaner States (mostly within NAAQS) AP, Telangana, Kerala, Sikkim, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Indicates North–East and North dominance vs South–Coastal cleaner belt. Seasonality Winter (Dec–Feb) 82% districts (616/749) exceed NAAQS. Reasons: stable atmosphere, low wind, increased emissions. Monsoon (Jun–Sep) 90% districts within safe limits (675/749) due to rain scavenging. Technical Notes PM2.5 = toxic chemical + organic aerosol particles. Population exposure differs from ambient readings due to population density distribution. Study by Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA); not peer-reviewed. INR Depreciation  Current Status INR = worst-performing Asian currency in 2025 (Jan–Dec CYTD). Depreciation: 4.3% vs USD (CYTD); 4% CYTD as per Axis Bank estimate. Recent movement: Broke RBI’s defended 88.8 level → touched 89.66 (21 Nov 2025) → recovered to 89.22. Relevance:   GS3 – Economy Exchange-rate dynamics; comparison with Asian currencies. Drivers: strong USD, tariffs, gold imports, capital outflows. Trade deficit, external vulnerabilities, BoP pressures. Monetary policy implications; RBI intervention strategy. GS2 – International Relations Impact of U.S. tariffs on India; geopolitical trade pressures. Currency as a geo-economic tool in India–U.S. relations. Comparison with Asian Peers Indonesian Rupiah (IDR): –2.9% CYTD. Philippine Peso (PHP): –1.3% CYTD. Chinese Yuan (CNY): Appreciated due to PBOC/SAFE interventions. INR weaker vs Asia FX, especially vs current account surplus economies. Still stronger than JPY, KRW, which face domestic policy fragility. Drivers of Depreciation Strong USD (global) USD appreciated 3.6% in last two months → pressure across emerging markets. U.S. Tariffs on India (Trump administration) 50% tariff on Indian exports. Triggered record trade deficit: $41.7 bn (Oct 2025). Direct negative impact on export competitiveness. Surge in Gold Prices & Imports Massive spike in global gold prices → investors shifted to gold & Gold ETFs. Gold demand up 200% (Oct). Gold import bill = $14.72 bn (Oct) → worsened trade deficit. Capital Outflows Depreciation pressure not due to current account (benign). Due to portfolio outflows amid global risk-off and high USD yields. Adverse Geo-economic Environment Combination of tariffs, commodity price shock, and geopolitical instability affecting trade flows. Forward Outlook INR may slide to 90/USD if India–U.S. trade deal is delayed. Rupee trajectory dominated by global USD strength, not domestic fundamentals. Why did Hayli Gubbi erupt now ?  Why is it in News? Erupted on 23 November 2025 after being dormant for ~12,000 years. Produced an explosive ash-rich eruption, unusual for a shield volcano. Located in the Afar Region, a tectonically sensitive area within the East African Rift System. Eruption monitored mainly via satellite imagery due to remoteness. Relevance: GS1 – Geography Shield volcano characteristics; Afar Rift tectonics; triple-junction dynamics. Dormant volcano reactivation after millennia; magma chemistry. Rift-related volcanism → creation of future ocean basin. GS3 – Disaster Management Monitoring challenges in remote volcanic systems. Role of satellite-based early warning; preparedness gaps. What is a Shield Volcano? Broad, gently sloping volcanic structure. Formed by multiple thin, fluid basaltic lava flows. Low viscosity magma → flows long distances → “warrior’s shield” shape. Typically non-explosive eruptions due to low gas content. Location & Tectonic Setting Situated in Afar, Ethiopia, part of the Erta Ale volcanic range. Lies on the boundary of: African Plate Arabian Plate Region forms a triple junction (Afar Triple Junction). Part of the active East African Rift, where continents are pulling apart (divergent plate boundary). Geological Composition of Hayli Gubbi Dominantly basaltic lava (dark, fluid). Also contains trachyte and rhyolite (higher silica content). High-silica magma → more viscous → traps gases → explosive potential. Why Did the Eruption Occur Now After 12,000 Years? Tectonic Drivers Rifting continues → plates pulling apart. This allows hot mantle material to rise. Magma Generation Rising mantle undergoes partial melting. Fresh magma accumulates in shallow crustal chambers. Long-term Magma Buildup Over millennia: Magma slowly pressurises surrounding rocks. Gas-rich, silica-rich pockets evolve. Crustal Faulting or Cracking Rifting causes fault slippage or crustal fractures. A new pathway to the surface opens suddenly. Sudden Ascent of Gas-Rich Magma Once pathway opens: Pressurised magma rises rapidly. Dissolved gases expand into bubbles → explosive eruption. Explains why a shield volcano (usually gentle) produced ash-heavy explosive activity. Why Was It Explosive This Time? Presence of more silica-rich magmas (trachyte, rhyolite). These magmas: Viscous, slow-flowing → gas cannot escape. High gas content → explosive release when decompressed. Long dormancy → pressure buildup significant. Monitoring Challenges Region is remote, poorly instrumented. Very limited seismic stations, gas sensors, ground deformation tools. Scientists rely on: Satellites (thermal anomalies, ash plume movement). Ash chemistry samples. Infrasound and remote radar. Current assessments are provisional, pending better data. Broader Geological Significance Shows that rift-zone volcanoes can reawaken after millennia. Demonstrates mixed-magma systems in shield volcanoes. Highlights the dynamic nature of the East African Rift → one of the few places on Earth where a new ocean basin is forming. Case Study : Climate Change and Assam’s Tea Crisis Why is it in News? Persistent heat, delayed rainfall, high humidity continue into November, disrupting Assam’s traditional post-monsoon cooling. Unpredictable weather causing wilting, blackening, and irregular flush cycles, hitting productivity and quality. Climate change + stagnant prices squeezing margins of tea growers and estates. New research using 50 years’ climate data + IPCC RCP 2.6 & 4.5 models shows suitability decline by 2050, forcing tea cultivation to shift to higher altitudes. Tea tribes (a major workforce constituency) becoming a key factor ahead of Assam 2026 elections. Relevance:   GS1 – Geography Climate–crop interactions; temperature/rainfall variability. Regional vulnerability: floodplains, monsoon dependence. GS3 – Environment & Agriculture Climate impacts on productivity, quality, pest outbreaks. Modelling (RCP scenarios) → future suitability shifts to higher altitudes. Adaptation technologies: irrigation, clonal varieties, agroforestry. GS2 – Governance / Social Issues Tea tribes’ socio-economic vulnerability. Labour rights, health impacts, political relevance ahead of 2026 elections. Tea Basics — The Science of the Crop Optimal temperature: 13–28°C, best growth at 23–25°C. Optimal rainfall: 1,500–2,500 mm, evenly distributed. Soil: Acidic (pH 4.5–5.5), deep, well-drained, high organic matter. Growth pattern: Continuous but in flush cycles, driven by temperature + moisture. Quality determinants: Flavour and aroma depend on slow growth, cool nights, and predictable rainfall. What Climate Change Is Doing to Assam’s Tea Temperature Mean minimum temperature rise of 1°C over 90 years → destroys night-time cooling needed for flavour compounds. More days >35°C → nutrient absorption falls; leaves wilt. Rainfall Winter & pre-monsoon rainfall declining → poor early-season flush. Monsoon rainfall becoming erratic → flooding + soil nutrient leaching. ~200 mm annual rainfall loss over 90 years → chronic moisture stress. Seasonality Shift Heat lingering till November → mismatched harvest cycles, disease risk rises. Pests & Diseases Warmer, more humid conditions → explosion of red spider mite, tea mosquito bug, blister blight. New pest behaviour observed after night temperatures rose. Impact on Tea Quality Reduced polyphenol and flavonoid formation → weaker aroma, lower global competitiveness. Economic Stress: Weather Gets Worse, Prices Don’t Improve Tea auction price rise: only 4.8% per year for 30 years. Staples like wheat/rice: ~10% annual price rise. Real returns stagnant → growers cannot invest in new clones, irrigation, or R&D. Rising input costs: labour, energy, agrochemicals, logistics, irrigation. Ageing bushes (40–60 years old) + no funds for replantation → productivity stagnation. Why Assam Tea Is Especially Vulnerable Grown in floodplains, not hills → hydrological stress higher. Monoculture plantations → low ecosystem resilience. High labour dependence → wages rise but productivity does not. Climate-sensitive product where quality directly follows weather cycles. Social & Political Dimensions  12 lakh workers, majority women → highest climate vulnerability. Increased heat stress, mosquito-borne disease risk, water shortages. Wages stagnant, living conditions poor → climate shocks hit hardest. With elections due in 2026, tea tribes are emerging as a decisive political constituency. Issues gaining traction: Rising cost of living Poor housing & healthcare Climate-driven drop in working days Stagnant wages Adaptation Pathways — What the Industry Is Trying Agronomic Solutions Drought-resilient clonal varieties + seed-grown plants with deep roots. Mulching, cover cropping → retain soil moisture. Agroforestry → shade trees reduce heat, stabilise microclimate. Organic amendments → rebuild soil carbon. Water Management Micro-irrigation, sprinklers, drip systems. Rainwater harvesting for dry patches. Drainage redesign to handle sudden downpours. Pest Management Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Biological controls, pheromone traps, precision spraying. Supply-Chain Reform trustea (India Sustainable Tea Code) 1.4 lakh small growers verified 6.5 lakh workers covered Focus on efficient water use, safe agrochemicals, shade cover, soil health. Structural Reforms Needed Policy parity: treat tea as agriculture, not an industry only. Income diversification for estates: spices, fruits, agri-tourism, livestock, fisheries, direct-to-consumer sales. Investment in climate forecasting, early-warning systems. Subsidised replantation, drip irrigation, and disaster-compensation schemes (like MSP-linked crops). Big Picture — The Tea–Climate Paradox Assam produces 50%+ of India’s tea and drives a $10 billion economy. Climate is becoming harsher just as global tea prices stagnate. Domestic labour, logistics, compliance costs rising → margins collapse. Without decisive adaptation + policy support, India risks losing global leadership in premium tea.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 November 2025

Content Industrial Relations Code, 2020: Promoting Harmony and Ease of Doing Business International Day for Elimination of Violence Against Women Industrial Relations Code, 2020: Promoting Harmony and Ease of Doing Business Why is it in News? The Ministry of Labour released a detailed 2025 update highlighting compliance reduction, digital systems, gender-equity provisions, and implementation readiness. IRC, 2020 has gained policy relevance as states prepare rules for nationwide rollout of labour codes. It is cited by government as a major Ease of Doing Business reform and part of labour governance modernization. Basics Objective of the Code Consolidates Industrial Disputes Act (1947), Trade Unions Act (1926) and Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act (1946). Creates a uniform framework for trade unions, industrial disputes, layoffs, retrenchment, service conditions and dispute resolution. Balances worker protection with business flexibility. Core Rationale National Commission on Labour recommended simplification of 100+ labour laws, which were outdated, overlapping and litigation-prone. IRC reduces: Rules: 105 → 51 Forms: 37 → 18 Registers: 3 → 0 Uniform Definitions – Major Structural Reform 1. Expanded Definition of “Worker” Includes sales promotion employees, working journalists, supervisory employees earning ≤ ₹18,000/month. Broader protections under dispute resolution, service conditions, collective bargaining. Implications Extends coverage to semi-white-collar segments. Reduces grey zones exploited for misclassification. 2. Expanded Definition of “Industry” Covers all systematic activity with employer-worker cooperation, even without capital or profit motive. Brings NGOs, non-profits, certain service organisations within scope. Impact Wider access to tribunals, conciliation, and collective bargaining. Resolves earlier ambiguity created post–Bangalore Water Supply Case. 3. Unified Definition of “Wages” 50% cap on exclusions—ensures allowances cannot be inflated to reduce social security contributions. Worker Gains Higher gratuity, retrenchment compensation, PF/ESI contributions. Prevents wage-splitting fraud. Clear basis for courts to adjudicate. Trade Union Reforms – Institutionalising Collective Bargaining Statutory Recognition 51% membership = Negotiating Union. If not, a Negotiating Council with unions having ≥20% membership. Advantages Reduces inter-union rivalry. Creates a single legitimate negotiating body. Boosts industrial democracy. Fixed-Term Employment (FTE) Features Direct contract with employer for fixed period. All benefits equal to permanent workers. Eligibility for gratuity after 1 year. Analysis Reduces contractor dependence. Aligns with global hiring flexibility norms. Supports seasonal, project-based industries. New Definition of “Strike” Includes mass casual leave (>50% workers in a day). Mandatory 14-day notice for all industries. Restriction during conciliation/tribunal proceedings. Impact Prevents sudden production disruptions. Encourages negotiations. Balances right to strike with business continuity. Dispute Resolution Mechanism – Speed & Certainty 1. Decriminalization & Compounding Many minor offences converted to monetary penalties. Fine-only offences can be compounded at 50% of maximum fine. Imprisonment ≤1 year + fine can be compounded at 75%. Impact Reduces litigation burden. Predictable compliance encourages investment. Reduces adversarial environment. 2. Time-Bound Adjudication 2-member tribunal: judicial + administrative member. Direct approach to tribunal if conciliation fails within 90 days. Benefits Eliminates bureaucratic delay in “government reference”. Faster resolution → fewer man-days lost. Strikes / Lockouts Regulation Prior notice compulsory across all establishments. No strikes during conciliation/tribunal processes. Outcome Industrial peace, smoother production cycles. Encourages mature conflict resolution. Retrenchment & Closure 1. Worker Re-Skilling Fund Employer contributes 15 days’ wages to retrenched worker within 45 days. Significance First statutory skilling-linked severance mechanism. Softens economic shocks. 2. Threshold Raised to 300 Workers Permission required for layoff/retrenchment/closure only if workforce ≥300. States allowed to increase further. Impact MSMEs get flexibility to restructure. Encourages formal hiring without fear of rigid exit laws. Aligns with Rajasthan’s model, which showed higher job formalisation after raising threshold. Gender Equity Provisions Women in Grievance Redressal Committees Representation must match workforce proportion. Benefits Safer, inclusive dispute resolution. Better handling of harassment/maternity issues. Higher trust in internal mechanisms. Work from Home Provision Explicitly allowed in Model Standing Orders for services sector. Important for women, IT/ITES, distributed workplaces. Digital Compliance Electronic registers, returns, filings. Reduces corruption and paperwork. Strengthens audit trail and transparency. Overall Impact Assessment Pro-Labour Expanded worker protections Clearer wage definitions Stronger unions FTE parity with permanent workers Re-skilling fund Gender-sensitive mechanisms Pro-Employment Flexible hiring Lower compliance burden Predictable industrial relations Reduced litigation Pro-Growth Ease of doing business Digital systems Faster dispute disposal Stable industrial environment Attracts domestic and global investment Challenges & Criticisms Trade unions argue 14-day strike notice restricts spontaneous collective action. Increasing threshold from 100 → 300 seen as diluting job security. Implementation depends on states; uneven rollout likely. FTE may lead to gradual decline in permanent jobs if misused. Digital systems require capacity-building in small enterprises. Conclusion The Industrial Relations Code, 2020 modernises India’s industrial relations ecosystem by merging fragmented laws into a coherent, streamlined framework. It strengthens worker rights, expands social security, institutionalises union recognition, and ensures fair compensation. Simultaneously, it introduces hiring flexibility, digital compliance, faster dispute resolution, and predictable processes for businesses. Overall, it is a pro-labour, pro-employment, and pro-growth reform aimed at harmonising industrial relations—essential for investment, productivity, and inclusive economic growth. International Day for Elimination of Violence Against Women Why is it in News? Observed globally on 25 November, marking the start of the UN 16 Days of Activism (Nov 25–Dec 10). 2025 theme highlights digital violence: online harassment, deepfakes, cyberstalking, doxxing, algorithmic bias, coordinated misogynistic attacks. India showcased its year-long initiatives under Mission Shakti, strengthened digital safety tools, FTSC performance, NCW helplines, SHe-Box reforms, and online-offence tracking systems. Launch of updated NCW digital helplines, new data on FTSC disposal rates, expanded Women Help Desks, and enhanced implementation of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023. Meaning and Global Context UNGA Resolution 54/134 (2000) designated Nov 25 as the day. Aimed at eliminating physical, sexual, emotional, economic and digital violence. Linked with CEDAW, Beijing Platform for Action, SDG 5 (Gender Equality). Violence against women seen as structural, tied to gender discrimination, patriarchy, unequal access to digital spaces, and weak justice mechanisms. India’s Ecosystem to Combat Violence Against Women National Commission for Women (NCW) Statutory body: 31 Jan 1992. Monitors safeguards, recommends reforms, investigates complaints. Helpline: 7827170170 (24×7 digital support via IVR). Receives both offline and online complaints. Relevance to digital violence Handles cyberstalking, deepfake threats, online blackmail, impersonation. Runs Digital Shakti (digital literacy + cyber safety training). Legal Framework in India Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (replacing IPC from 1 July 2024) Stricter punishments for sexual offences (e.g., life imprisonment for rape of minors). Mandates audio–video recording of victim statements. Prioritises offences against women/children in court processes. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 Covers physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, and economic abuse. Wide definition of domestic relationship. Ensures protection orders, residence orders, monetary relief, custody, counselling. Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 (POSH Act) Mandatory Internal Committees (ICs) for workplaces with >10 employees. Local Committees for smaller workplaces. Inquiry must conclude within 90 days. SHe-Box enables unified digital filing and tracking. Mission Shakti: India’s Umbrella Programme Two components: Sambal – safety and security Samarthya – empowerment Key Schemes : One Stop Centres (OSCs) Provide police linkage, legal aid, medical aid, counselling, temporary shelter. Women Helpline (181) + ERSS (112) 24×7 support for all forms of violence. Integrated with district authorities for quick referral. Swadhar Greh Shelter + rehabilitation for women in difficult circumstances. Stree Manoraksha (NIMHANS) Training OSC staff on psycho-social and mental health counselling. Digital Shakti 4.0 Pan-India programme for cyber awareness + reporting + digital hygiene. Technology-Enabled Safety and Justice Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences (ITSSO) Online monitoring of police investigations in sexual crime cases. National Database on Sexual Offenders (NDSO) Centralised registry of convicted sexual offenders. Crime Multi-Agency Centre (Cri-MAC) Real-time sharing of info on heinous crimes across states. SHe-Box Portal (Upgraded) Central repository of ICs/LCs. Auto-routing of workplace sexual harassment complaints. Real-time tracking. Women Help Desks (14,658 police stations; Feb 2025) Frontline gender-sensitive reporting platform. Fast Track Special Courts (773 FTSCs; Aug 2025) Over 3.34 lakh cases disposed since inception. Speeds up POCSO + rape trials. Challenges: Offline and Digital Violence Landscape Offline Violence Domestic violence underreported. Patriarchal norms, economic dependency. Delays in court processes outside FTSCs. Digital Violence Deepfakes and AI-enabled image/video morphing rising. Cross-border servers make enforcement difficult. Low digital literacy among women → poor detection/reporting. Online platforms slow in content takedown. Government Countermeasures for Digital Violence Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) for incident tracking. Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (cybercrime.gov.in) for anonymous complaints. IT Rules 2021: 24-hour takedown for sexual content/deepfakes. Grievance appellate mechanism. Deepfake detection tools under MeitY pilot projects. Digital Shakti + NCW digital literacy sessions. Institutional Architecture for Women’s Safety National → State → District NCW → SCWs → District-level OSCs + Women Help Desks. Judiciary: FTSCs + POSH LCs + POCSO courts. Police: Cyber Cells, Anti-Human Trafficking Units, Women Help Desks. Overview Strengths Comprehensive legal framework (physical + digital violence). Technology integration (FTSC dashboards, digital FIR systems, ITSSO). Mission Shakti creates a unified safety network. Rapid expansion of Women Help Desks and OSCs. Digital Shakti builds long-term cyber resilience. Gaps / Issues Underreporting due to fear, stigma, weak ICs in private sector. Limited cyber-forensics capacity in many districts. Deepfake-related offences still poorly mapped in law enforcement SOPs. Inconsistent implementation across states (POSH, OSCs, FTSCs). Need for gendered AI governance: algorithms often reinforce biases. Way Forward Strengthening IC/LC compliance audits under POSH. Dedicated Deepfake Response Units with AI labs in police cyber cells. Digital literacy as part of school curriculum. Training judiciary and police on cyber-laws + digital violence. Data-sharing frameworks with social media platforms. Community-driven awareness + male engagement programmes. Conclusion India is expanding from a violence-response model to a violence-prevention + digital-protection ecosystem. With Mission Shakti, advanced helplines, FTSCs, digital tools like SHe-Box and ITSSO, and a stronger legal regime under BNS 2023, the country is building an integrated offline–online safety architecture. As digital violence intensifies globally, India’s approach—combining law, technology, institutional support, and gender empowerment—is critical for ensuring that every woman and girl can live with dignity, safety, and equal opportunity.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 November 2025

Content Governor’s Discretion on Bills (Article 200)  Polarisation, Neutrality & Civil Discourse Governor’s Discretion on Bills (Article 200)  Why is it in News? President sought SC’s advice under Article 143 on 14 questions regarding the powers of Governors over Bills passed by State legislatures. Trigger: Conflict in Tamil Nadu—Governor delaying/withholding assent, prompting judicial intervention. SC has now answered 11 of 14 questions, reshaping the understanding of gubernatorial discretion & timelines under Article 200. Relevance GS-II: Polity & Governance Centre–State relations Federalism and constitutional friction Role, powers, limitations of Governor Article 200, 201, 163, 143 Judicial review of constitutional authorities Anti-defection, legislative process Sarkaria, Punchhi Commissions on Governors Issues in Union–State trust deficit Constitutional morality & democratic mandate GS-II: Separation of Powers Unelected head (Governor) vs elected Assembly Delays in assent → legislative paralysis Judicial intervention vs constitutional autonomy GS-II: Indian Constitution—Historical Evolution Departure from 1935 Act Constituent Assembly’s intent to avoid discretionary veto Post-1985 changes in political discipline Practice Questions “The Supreme Court’s advisory opinion on Article 200 expands gubernatorial discretion contrary to constitutional intent.” Discuss.(250 Words) Constitutional Scheme Governor’s Role in State Legislation Under Article 200, when a Bill is presented, Governor can: Assent. Withhold assent. Return Bill (except Money Bills). Reserve for President. Foundational Principles Governor acts on aid & advice of Council of Ministers (Article 163). Discretion is exceptional, not the rule. Not an “employee” of Union (Hargovind Pant case). Constituent Assembly Intent Draft Article 175 originally gave explicit discretion → deleted. B.N. Rau’s constitutional note: Governor not meant to be an alternative power center. Evolution: Historical Background Government of India Act, 1935 Explicit discretionary power with Governor-General/Governor. Constitution deliberately moved away from this colonial design. Pre-1985 Reality Before Anti-Defection Law (Tenth Schedule): Parties could split. Government’s “majority” could fluctuate. Returning Bills had a real legislative effect. Post-1985: Party whip discipline → SC implies this limits need for discretion. Contemporary Conflict: Why Governors Became Controversial Recurring Issues Delays in giving assent. Returning Bills after long gaps. Reserving Bills for President without justification. Alleged political misuse when Union–State relations are adversarial. Empirical Evidence Ramakrishna Hegde’s data (1991): 74 Bills pending with President. Some pending 6–7 years. Indicates systemic delay, not isolated incidents. Supreme Court Opinion (2024–25): Core Findings A. SC on Discretion Governor does have discretion in: Assenting. Withholding. Reserving for President. BUT this discretion is: Not unlimited. Subject to limited judicial review when delays are “prolonged, unexplained, indefinite”. B. No Strict Time Limit SC refuses to prescribe a fixed timeline. But emphasises: “As soon as possible” must have practical meaning. Court can intervene in egregious cases. C. Resubmitted Bills Once Assembly re-passes the Bill: Governor must give assent “as soon as possible”. Cannot withhold again. D. Withholding Assent SC clarifies: Withholding cannot be simpliciter. Must be accompanied with message (reasons). The Flaws/Concerns in SC’s Logic – Expert Critiques Coalition Scenario Overlooked SC assumes Council always backs its own Bill. Real-world contradiction: Coalition government changes. New government may not support old Bill. Returning the Bill may reflect genuine political change, not misuse. Aid and Advice Issues SC assumption: Ministers may give unconstitutional advice → Governor needs discretion. Critiques: Ministers take oath to uphold Constitution. For unconstitutional advice: Governor can report under Article 356 without their advice. President also does not have absolute discretion; bound by Cabinet. Broadening Discretion is Dangerous Sarkaria/Venkatachaliah/Punchhi Commissions: Discretion should be narrow, only in 2nd proviso of Article 200. SC now widens it and makes it non-justiciable. Risks: Parallel veto authority. Legislative paralysis. Structural Problem: Appointment System Soli Sorabjee (1985) Governor posts used as: “Consolation prizes”. “Parking spaces” for political aspirants. Commission Recommendations Ignored Sarkaria (1988) Venkatachaliah (2002) Punchhi (2010) Recommendations: Fixed criteria for appointment. Consultation with Chief Minister. Non-political backgrounds. None implemented → institutional conflict remains baked in. Key Constitutional Concerns A. Federalism Excessive discretion → weakens State autonomy. Creates vertical political leverage for Union. B. Separation of Powers Governor becomes a de facto legislative check without electoral accountability. C. Democratic Mandate People elect Assembly → Governor (appointed) stalls its will. Reform Pathways A. Constitutional Amendment (Article 200) Introduce: Clear timelines (e.g., 3 months). Procedure for assent, withholding, reservation. B. Reform Governor Appointments Merit-based criteria. Mandatory consultation with State. Fixed tenure protection. C. Make Discretion Justiciable Courts should be able to review: Reasons for withholding. Unreasonable reservation. Delays beyond prescribed limits. Conclusion SC’s advisory opinion broadens gubernatorial discretion and removes enforceable timelines, reversing the reform-oriented Tamil Nadu judgment. This risks reviving a quasi-colonial veto model, contrary to constitutional intent. Without timelines and accountability, federal friction will intensify. Structural reforms in Article 200 and the appointment process of Governors are necessary for stable Union–State relations. Polarisation, Neutrality & Civil Discourse Why is it in News? Justice N. Anand Venkatesh (Madras High Court) highlights the erosion of neutrality, collapse of civil dialogue, and rise of polarisation in public discourse. Warns that democracy, governance, and societal cohesion face existential risk if neutrality continues to be mocked and polarisation normalised. Relevance GS-II: Polity & Governance Democratic culture, quality of public discourse Institutional credibility: legislature, judiciary, executive Civil society and media behaviour Impact of polarisation on policy-making Threats to deliberative democracy (Habermas) GS-I: Society Social fragmentation Erosion of trust, rise of tribalism Mental health and community cohesion challenges Hate crimes and political violence GS-III: Internal Security Digital manipulation, misinformation Algorithmic polarisation and radicalisation Weakening of social resilience Practice Questions Discuss how polarisation undermines the functioning of democratic institutions in India. (250 Words ) What is Neutrality & Civil Discourse? Neutrality = impartial judgment, evaluating facts without partisan bias. Civil discourse = reasoned, respectful debate essential for democracy. In classical democratic theory (Habermas), open dialogue allows deliberation, problem-solving, and legitimacy of institutions. Contemporary Crisis: What Has Gone Wrong? A. Structural Shifts Public forums (TV, social media, political rallies) now prioritise conflict over content. Digital platforms monetise emotional outrage. Discussion becomes spectacle, not reasoning. B. Binary Thinking Left vs Right, nationalist vs liberal: no middle ground. Moderation viewed as weakness; neutrality attacked as betrayal. C. Tribes Over Truth Group loyalty replaces fact-based thinking. Confirmation bias and motivated reasoning dominate. Opponents treated as enemies, not citizens. Impact on Democratic Institutions A. Legislature Polarisation → deadlock, abrupt boycotts, rubber-stamp laws. Complex policy issues reduced to ideological binaries. B. Judiciary Courts accused of partisanship → weakened legitimacy. Judgments viewed through political lens, not legal reasoning. C. Executive Leadership Leaders become faction heads, not representatives of the entire polity. Compromise equated with weakness; negotiation space collapses. D. Public Sphere Debate replaced by hostile rhetoric, memes, and dog whistles. Civic trust steadily erodes. Societal and Individual Consequences A. Mental Health Rising stress, anxiety, and anger fatigue from political hostility. Decision-makers face emotional burnout. B. Social Integration Social networks shrink; people cluster with ideological mirrors. Cross-cutting ties weaken → communal cohesion suffers. C. Workplace Dynamics Ideological divisions influence hiring, collaboration, interpersonal conflict. D. Extremism & Violence Polarisation linked to: Rise in hate crimes. Political violence. Targeting of minority groups. Erosion of public safety norms. The Digital Dimension A. Algorithmic Manipulation Platforms amplify outrage; sensational posts get disproportionate reach. Echo chambers reinforce group identity. B. Homophily Effect (Evidence-Based Insight) Increased connectivity → people cluster with similar views. This widens opinion gaps, as per multiple social network studies. C. Misinformation Disinformation ecosystems exploit grievance, identity, fear. Creates alternate realities and deepens distrust. Misuse of Neutrality A. Selective Neutrality Condemn others’ faults; ignore own side’s misconduct. Neutrality becomes performative rather than principled. B. Hypocrisy and Erosion of Trust Public loses faith in fairness when neutrality is inconsistently applied. The Middle Path – Why It Matters Now A. Philosophical Foundations As taught by Buddhist ethics and political theorists: Middle path = balance, humility, openness. Rejects absolutism. B. Jay Garfield’s Warning Polarisation destroys civil discourse → democracy collapses. Urges dialogue with: Openness. Humility. Recognition of opponents’ humanity. Acceptance of uncertainty in one’s own beliefs. C. Why Middle Path Is Essential Encourages problem-solving, trust-building, and shared citizenship. Protects institutions from ideological capture. Rebuilding Dialogue: What Must Be Done A. Defend Neutrality Treat impartiality as a moral imperative, not passive stance. Institutional training for civil servants, judiciary, and media. B. Strengthen Civic Spaces Encourage fact-based discussions. Promote citizen forums, deliberative assemblies, and community dialogue. C. Digital Reforms Transparency in algorithms. Stronger misinformation checks. Civic literacy on online manipulation. D. Political Leadership Leaders must normalise compromise. Promote language of unity instead of mobilisation through fear. E. Societal Responsibility View opponents as citizens, not adversaries. Accept ambiguity in complex issues. Encourage pluralism and empathy. Conclusion The collapse of neutrality is not merely political but existential. Without respectful engagement, democratic institutions lose legitimacy, society becomes segregated, and public trust evaporates. Reclaiming neutrality, balance, and genuine dialogue is essential to defend governance, peace, and social cohesion. Middle path is not idealism—it’s the only sustainable model for modern democracies facing deep polarization.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 November 2025

Content BNSS Section 356: Trial in Absentia India’s Doctor–Population Ratio Debate SC Advisory Opinion on Governor’s Powers (Art. 200) INS Mahe Commissioning Hayli Gubbi Volcano Eruption & DGCA Advisory COP30 Brazil & the Concept of Mutirão BNSS Section 356 Why is it in news ? Delhi Police invoked Section 356 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) for the first time. Against Jitendra Mehto, accused of murder and evading arrest. The provision enables trial in absentia, marking a significant shift under the new criminal law framework. Relevance GS2 – Governance / Polity New criminal procedure architecture under BNSS. Due process concerns: rights of absconding accused vs Article 21. Oversight on police powers; risk of misuse in politically sensitive cases. Judicial scrutiny of absentee trials; alignment with global standards. Impact on pendency reduction and court efficiency. GS2 – Federalism Harmonisation of State police functioning under new central law. Centre–State friction potential in high-profile cases. What is Section 356 (BNSS) Enables trial of an absconding accused without their presence. Preconditions: Accused must be declared a proclaimed offender. Must have absconded or evaded arrest despite repeated summons/warrants. Objective: Prevent accused from stalling trials and ensure timely justice. Key features of Section 356 Court may: Conduct trial in absence of the accused. Record evidence, examine witnesses, and pass judgment. Assign legal aid counsel to represent the absconding accused. Safeguards: Public notice, proof of intentional evasion, right to re-opening of trial upon arrest. Difference from old CrPC CrPC allowed declaring someone a proclaimed offender (Sections 82–83) but did not permit full trial in absentia. BNSS introduces a complete absentee-trial mechanism, inspired by European systems. Supports BNSS goals: Time-bound trials, ** Victim-centric justice**, Reduced judicial delay. Application in the Delhi cases Protest-related case: Officials were obstructed; pepper spray allegedly used. Accused evaded notices; police sought Section 356 to prevent delay. Murder case: Accused absconding; Section 356 triggered to continue trial. Legal and constitutional analysis Merits Addresses chronic problem of absconding accused. Strengthens victim’s right to speedy justice (Article 21; Hussainara Khatoon). Prevents deliberate stalling of criminal proceedings. Concerns Risk of misuse in politically sensitive cases. Could impact fair hearing if safeguards not strictly followed. Requires robust judicial oversight in declaring someone absconding. Judicial position (likely) SC has upheld flexible modes of trial (Praful Desai, video trials). Will insist on procedural safeguards to uphold Article 21. Administrative significance Helps police tackle habitual evaders. Strengthens enforcement of summons/warrants. Reduces pendency caused by non-appearance of accused. Supports the BNSS’s time-bound trial architecture. Impact on criminal justice system Faster disposal of serious offences (murder, organised crime). Reduces backlog linked to absconding behaviour. Enhances accountability in politically sensitive or public-order situations. Moves the system toward certainty of trial, not merely certainty of arrest. 1 doctor per 1,000 population Why it is in news ? Government replies in Parliament (2015 and 2024) cited a WHO benchmark of 1 doctor per 1,000 population. The Hindu’s investigation shows WHO has never prescribed this norm. WHO issued a written clarification to The Hindu confirming: it does not recommend doctor-population ratios for countries. Government calculations were found inconsistent: Only 80% availability factor applied to allopathic doctors. No availability factor applied to AYUSH practitioners. Inclusion of AYUSH doctors helped the government claim it meets the supposed ratio. Raises questions on data transparency, policy accuracy, and misinterpretation of global health norms. Relevance GS2 – Health / Governance HRH planning under National Health Policy. Data integrity and parliamentary accountability. Rural–urban health workforce maldistribution. Overreliance on “composite workforce” metric. GS3 – Economy Impact on health expenditure planning. Workforce shortages affecting productivity, demographic dividend. What is the claimed “WHO ratio”? Popularly cited norm: 1 doctor per 1,000 population. Policymakers, medical bodies, and public discourse often present it as WHO-prescribed. Reality: No WHO document prescribes this ratio. No global standard exists for doctor-only ratios. The figure spread through academic citations, policy reports, and government statements without primary source evidence. What does WHO actually prescribe? WHO clarified that it does not issue country-level doctor ratios because health workforce needs depend on: National disease burdens, Health labour markets, Infrastructure, Demography and epidemiology. WHO uses composite workforce benchmarks, not doctor-only ratios. WHO benchmarks: 2006 global threshold: 2.25 doctors, nurses, midwives per 1,000 population Minimum required for essential maternal and child health services. Revised SDG Composite Index (current): 4.45 doctors + nurses + midwives per 1,000 population Needed to achieve 80% coverage on 12 SDG-linked health indicators. How did the 1:1,000 myth originate? Public health expert Dr. Kumbhar traced the earliest official Indian reference to: Medical Council of India (MCI) “Vision 2015” report (2011). That report—based on expert consultations—recommended 1:1,000 as a target, not a WHO norm*. Later, the figure was cited in: Parliamentary answers Academic articles Policy discussions Media narratives Over time, it became politicised, especially in debates over: Need for more medical colleges Inclusion of AYUSH doctors in workforce counts Shortages exaggerated to justify rapid medical infrastructure expansion Government’s use of the ratio (2015–2024) Government replies cited the 1:1,000 ratio while measuring India’s doctor availability. Issues in calculation: Allopathic doctors: only 80% counted, as per availability AYUSH doctors: 100% counted, no availability adjustment Inclusion of AYUSH boosted India’s numbers closer to the “benchmark” Result: Produced inconsistent doctor-population ratios (shown in multiple Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha responses). Demonstrates selective application of workforce metrics. What do global datasets show? Based on WHO’s National Health Workforce Accounts (NHWA): a) Doctors per 1,000 population (Chart 2) India: 0.7 per 1,000 Rank: 118 out of 181 countries b) Composite health workers (doctors + nurses + midwives) per 1,000 (Chart 3) India: 3.06 per 1,000 Rank: 122 out of 181 countries Below WHO’s SDG threshold: 4.45 Real issue: maldistribution, not raw numbers Urban–rural divide is the core problem: Large concentration of doctors in metros and Tier-1 cities. Severe shortages in rural PHCs, CHCs, tribal areas. State variation is high: Some states exceed global benchmarks; others are far below. Raw national ratios hide structural gaps in: Quality of care Skilled nursing supply Midwifery cadres Rural incentives Regulatory standards Policy implications Misstating WHO norms risks: Misaligned workforce planning Policy errors in medical education expansion Overreliance on numeric targets Shift needed toward: Local workforce forecasting State-specific staffing models Strengthening nurses and midwives Incentivising rural practice Accurate measurement and availability-adjusted counts Conclusion India’s debate on doctor shortages is driven by a mythical benchmark, not evidence. WHO’s actual focus is on composite health workforce sufficiency, not doctor-specific norms. What does the SC’s advisory opinion imply?    Why it is in news ? Supreme Court delivered its opinion on a Presidential Reference under Article 143, triggered by the April 2025 two-judge Bench decision in State of Tamil Nadu vs Governor of Tamil Nadu. The April 2025 judgment had: Imposed a three-month timeline for Governors/President to act on Bills. Declared decisions on Bills justiciable even before enactment. Invoked Article 142 to grant deemed assent to certain Tamil Nadu Bills. The Union government sought clarity on 14 issues, particularly the scope of Article 200/201, justiciability, and limits of Article 142 powers. The Constitution Bench has largely negated the 2025 two-judge ruling. Relevance GS2 – Polity / Federalism Limits of Governor’s discretion in bill assent. Clarification of timelines → smoother State legislative process. Strengthening constitutional conventions. Judicial review boundaries in pre-enactment stages. GS2 – Governance Reducing executive delays; improving accountability in lawmaking. Articles 200 and 201 Article 200 – Governor’s options on State Bills: Assent Withhold assent Return Bill (except Money Bills) Reserve for President Article 201 – President’s options on reserved Bills: Assent Withhold assent Return (except Money Bills) Neither Article prescribes time limits. What was the Presidential reference? (14 questions) Can courts create time limits when Constitution is silent? Are Governor’s/President’s actions on pending Bills justiciable? Does Governor act with discretion or on aid and advice in Article 200 matters? Can Supreme Court under Article 142 grant deemed assent? Can courts review actions before a Bill becomes law? Do delays amount to constitutional impropriety reviewable by courts? Supreme Court’s current opinion (Constitution Bench) a) Governor’s options and discretion Governor has three constitutional options under Article 200. Governor enjoys discretion in exercising these options. This discretion is not bound by the Council of Ministers’ aid and advice. Court interprets Shamsher Singh (1974) and Nabam Rebia (2016) narrowly: Article 200 is a discretionary field. b) Justiciability Actions under Articles 200 and 201 are not justiciable before enactment. Courts cannot question the content or choice of assent/withholding. c) Limited judicial intervention Courts may only issue a limited mandamus asking the Governor to “decide”, in rare cases of prolonged, unexplained inaction. Courts cannot direct the outcome. d) Timelines Courts cannot prescribe timelines where Constitution prescribes none. Punchhi Commission’s six-month suggestion is non-binding. April 2025 ruling granting three-month limit is overruled. e) Article 142 Article 142 cannot substitute constitutional powers of Governor/President. Deemed assent is unconstitutional. f) Reservation of Bills Reservation to President is a discretionary power, consistent with Sarkaria and Punchhi Commission principles.  What issues arise from the opinion? a) Potential derailment of State legislative intent Treating Article 200 decisions as discretionary allows Governors to delay/withhold assent. Weakens the parliamentary executive model in States. b) Weakens judicial oversight Earlier State of Tamil Nadu (2025) ruling enabled accountability; current ruling reduces review space. Before-enactment stages become largely immune from judicial scrutiny. c) Federalism concerns Empowers an unelected Governor (appointed by Centre) vis-à-vis elected State governments. Increases possibility of politicised obstruction of State policies. d) Inconsistency with purposive interpretation tradition Court itself created time limits (e.g., K.M. Singh, 2020 — 3 months for Speakers). Refusal here marks a shift away from purposive constitutionalism. e) Sidestepping Commission recommendations Sarkaria: Reservation for President should be rare, not routine. Punchhi: Decision on Bills ideally within six months. Current opinion chooses restraint, not reform. Broader constitutional implications Reasserts textual fidelity over purposive interpretation. Alters balance between: State legislature (majoritarian mandate) Governor (constitutional head) President (central executive) Signals a conservative approach to judicial intervention in federal disputes. Way forward Need for statutory or constitutional clarification on time limits. Governors must follow constitutional morality, not political expediency. Inter-governmental forums (e.g., Inter-State Council) should evolve operational protocols. Strengthen conventions: Timely assent Minimal reservation of Bills Transparent communication between Raj Bhavan and State governments Preserve balance between executive stability and federal autonomy. INS Mahe Why is it in News? India’s first Mahe-class Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Shallow Watercraft, INS Mahe, commissioned at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. Commissioned by Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi — first-ever time an Indian Army Chief presided over a naval warship commissioning. Represents a major step in naval indigenisation, with 80%+ indigenous components. Enhances coastal ASW capability, crucial amid rising Chinese undersea presence in the IOR. Relevance GS2 – Governance / Security Defence indigenisation push under Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Strengthening coastal & ASW capabilities. GS3 – Internal and External Security Countering Chinese submarine presence in IOR. Enhancing littoral surveillance and deterrence posture. Boost to shipbuilding ecosystem. What is a Mahe-class ASW Shallow Watercraft? A small, agile anti-submarine warfare vessel designed for coastal and near-shore operations. Optimised for detecting and neutralising mini-submarines, midget subs, diver-delivery vehicles, and shallow-water intrusions. Designed and built by Cochin Shipyard Limited. Part of the 8-vessel ASW Shallow Watercraft Project. Key Features Indigenous Content: Over 80% locally sourced systems and components. Stealth profile: Low acoustic signature. Motto: Silent Hunters — reflects stealth ASW capability. Advanced systems: Integrated combat suite Modern Sonar, radars, electronic warfare systems Precision ASW weapons Long endurance for persistent coastal patrols. Interoperable with larger naval platforms, submarines, and aircraft. Operational Role: Why is it Important? Forms the first line of coastal defence against undersea threats. Crucial for littoral ASW operations where larger ships cannot manoeuvre effectively. Enhances surveillance over choke points, harbour approaches, EEZ areas, and critical maritime infrastructure. Addresses increasing Chinese submarine activity and grey-zone operations in the IOR. Strengthens the coastal security grid post-26/11. Strategic Significance Strengthens India’s Near-Sea Dominance Doctrine. Supports Sea Control + Sea Denial missions in shallow waters. Enhances India’s ability to monitor sub-surface intrusions by state and non-state actors. Contributes to deterrence posture in Eastern Arabian Sea / Bay of Bengal. Indigenisation Significance Demonstrates India’s increasing ability to design, integrate, and deploy complex combatant vessels. Part of the larger Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defence shipbuilding. Reduces dependency on foreign sonar, sensors, and propulsion systems. Boosts competence of shipyards like CSL, essential for future larger combatant projects. Tri-Service/Jointness Significance Commissioning done by Army Chief → symbolism of jointness, integration, and Theatre Command readiness. Highlights the shift toward: Multi-domain operations Unified maritime-land-air integration Future tri-service maritime theatre command Technical-Operational Capabilities (Condensed) ASW Sensors: Hull-mounted sonar, variable depth sonar. ASW Weapons: Lightweight torpedoes, ASW rockets. Navigation & Communication: Integrated bridge system, modern communication suite. Endurance: Long-duration coastal operations. Other: High-speed manoeuvrability in shallow waters. Broader Maritime Security Context Rising submarine traffic in the region demands persistent ASW presence. China’s submarine docking in Sri Lanka / Pakistan increases littoral surveillance needs. Coastal vulnerability after Mumbai 26/11 → need for layered security. Supports SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) doctrine. Hayli Gubbi volcano Why is it in News? Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia’s Afar region erupted after ~10,000 years of dormancy, sending massive ash plumes up to 14 km into the atmosphere. Ash travelled across Red Sea → Yemen → Oman → India, entering through Rajasthan and drifiting toward Delhi, UP, Bihar, Northeast. DGCA issued urgent advisories directing all Indian airlines to avoid ash-affected flight routes and altitudes. Multiple flight diversions and cancellations (e.g., Indigo Kannur–Abu Dhabi flight diverted to Ahmedabad). Raises major concerns about aviation safety, atmospheric circulation patterns, and volcanic hazards in South Asia. Relevance GS3 – Disaster Management Aviation hazard management; ICAO compliance. Early warning & ash cloud monitoring systems. GS1 – Geography East African Rift dynamics; Afar triple junction. Atmospheric transport of aerosols affecting distant regions. Where is the Hayli Gubbi Volcano? Located in Afar Depression, northern Ethiopia. Part of the East African Rift System (EARS), one of the world’s most active tectonic zones. A rift volcano associated with continental plate divergence (African Plate splitting into Nubia and Somalia plates). Dormant for ~10,000 years → now active. Type of Volcano & Eruption Characteristics Rift-zone basaltic volcano (common to Afar). Eruption produced: High-altitude ash plume (up to 14 km) reaching the tropopause. Volcanic ash and fine pyroclasts carried by upper-level winds. No major lava flow reported; eruption dominated by explosive ash generation. Path of Ash Transport (Atmospheric Science) Strong westerlies and subtropical jet stream transported ash eastwards. Sequence: Ethiopia → Red Sea → Yemen → Oman → Arabian Sea → India. Entered India via western Rajasthan, then moving northeast. Expected spread: Delhi (near midnight), UP, Bihar, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh. Why Volcanic Ash is Dangerous for Aviation ? Extremely abrasive fine particles of glassy volcanic silica. At engine temperatures, ash melts → forms glass-like coating → sticks to turbine blades → engine stall/failure. Can cause: Compressor surges / flameouts Erosion of fan blades Pitot tube blockage → instrument failure Windshield abrasion → visibility loss Damage to avionics & filters Worst-case: multi-engine failure (e.g., 1982 BA Flight 9, 1989 KLM Alaska incident). DGCA Advisory — Key Directives Avoid flights through ash-contaminated airspace/altitudes. Mandatory reporting of: Engine performance changes Smoke/odour in cabin Airports: Inspect runways for ash deposits Restrict/suspend operations if contamination detected India’s first large-scale volcanic ash intrusion in years → precautionary measures intensified. Impact on India Flight disruptions: diversions, cancellations, re-routing. Visibility reduction possible in some sectors. Surface-level impact limited, as ash concentrations dilute with distance. Health impact low but sensitive groups may feel irritation if ash reaches ground level. Meteorology impact: Potential scattering of sunlight, minor cooling effect locally Monitoring by IMD, satellite agencies Geological Significance Shows the tectonic dynamism of the Afar Triple Junction where Africa is splitting. Could indicate increased rifting activity in East Africa. Afar Depression is one of the only places where mid-ocean ridge volcanism occurs on land. Why Volcano Ash Can Travel to India ? High-altitude eruption reaching jet stream level (approx. 12–16 km). Jet streams can carry ash thousands of kilometres rapidly. Dry conditions over the Arabian region prevent washout, allowing long-distance travel. COP30 & Mutirão  Why is it in News? COP30 concluded in Belém, Brazil, and its entire Action Agenda was built around the concept of mutirão. First time a global climate summit formally adopted a Brazilian–Indigenous governance philosophy as its operational principle. Brazil highlighted mutirão to showcase participatory climate action and centre the role of Indigenous knowledge in rainforest protection, especially the Amazon. Relevance GS3 – Environment Community-driven climate governance model. Integration of indigenous knowledge into global climate action. Amazon conservation as global climate stabiliser. GS2 – Governance / International Relations Multi-stakeholder participation shaping global negotiations. Climate justice, inclusivity, and consensus-building diplomacy. What is Mutirão? A Brazilian term meaning collective effort, joint mobilisation, community work. Originates from Tupi-Guarani, an Indigenous language family of the Amazon. Core idea: Problems are solved together, not individually. Decisions emerge from consensus, not hierarchy. Action is continuous, not event-based. Why is the Concept Symbolically Powerful? Indigenous-led → strengthens climate justice narrative. Brazil’s Amazon location makes mutirão a culturally rooted climate framework. COP30 intended to shift focus from top-down negotiations to ground-level participation. What Did COP30 Mean by a “Mutirão Approach”? Brazil framed mutirão as a governance method, not a slogan. Key elements: Before COP: Mobilising Indigenous groups, scientific communities, youth, cities, and private firms. During COP: Decision-making through broad consultations, shared responsibilities. After COP: Implementation monitored through community-led networks rather than state-only mechanisms. Essentially, mutirão = climate action as a continuous, participatory, community-driven process. Indigenous Angle — Why It Matters Worldwide, 5,000+ Indigenous groups steward 80% of global biodiversity (IPBES). Amazon Indigenous communities: Manage vast forest areas Prevent deforestation far more effectively than state agencies COP30 placed Indigenous guardianship at the centre of global climate solutions, not the margins. Relevance of Belém, Brazil Gateway to the Amazon → epicentre of global rainforest protection. COP30 in Belém symbolised: Country’s commitment to reduce Amazon deforestation Return of Brazil as climate leader after years of rollback Visibility for Amazonian Indigenous struggles What COP30 Wanted to Achieve Through Mutirão ? Governance Shift From elite-led climate diplomacy → mass-participatory model. Encourage shared ownership of mitigation & adaptation. Climate Action Benefits Strengthen local monitoring, especially against illegal mining, logging, land invasion. Promote community-based carbon sinks, regenerative agriculture, riverine conservation. Ensure just transition for Amazonian and forest-dependent livelihoods. How Mutirão Addresses Climate Summit Weaknesses ? Past COP Problems Repeated failures due to: State-centric negotiations Poor implementation Exclusion of local communities North–South trust deficit Slow mobilisation of climate finance Mutirão Response Broadens participation → reduces exclusion. Anchors action in social consensus → better implementation. Recognises Indigenous authority → increases legitimacy. Builds South American leadership in climate diplomacy. Global Implications Could inspire similar community-led climate governance models. Increases pressure on high emitters to include marginalised groups. Helps remove false dichotomy between scientific and Indigenous ecological knowledge. Positions Brazil as a bridge leader between Global North and South.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 November 2025

Content Defence Atmanirbharta: Record Production and Exports World Fisheries Day 2025: Strengthening Marine Resources & Livelihoods Defence Atmanirbharta: Record Production and Exports Why is this in the News? India recorded highest-ever defence production: ₹1.54 lakh crore (FY 2024–25). Defence exports hit₹23,622 crore, up from less than ₹1,000 crore in 2014. 16,000 MSMEs, 462 companies with 788 industrial licences, expanded role in indigenous manufacturing. Government targets₹3 lakh crore production and₹50,000 crore exports by 2029. DAP 2020 + DPM 2025 reforms → fastest procurement era + highest-ever domestic contracting. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Policy, Institutions): – Defence procurement reforms (DAP 2020, DPM 2025). – Institutional strengthening, regulatory liberalisation, FDI norms, export governance (OGEL). – Role of MoD, DPSUs, inter-agency coordination in defence industrialisation. • GS 3 (Security, Economy, S&T): – Indigenous defence production, innovation, R&D ecosystem (iDEX, DRDO TDF, DIA-CoEs). – MSME integration, defence corridors, industrial licensing. – Defence exports, strategic autonomy, technology sovereignty. – Modernisation of armed forces, reduced import-dependence, multi-domain capabilities. Context India was historically 65–70% import-dependent in defence. Policy reforms since 2014 aimed at self-reliance, reducing import bills, boosting exports, strengthening R&D, and widening private participation. Atmanirbharta in defence is now a strategic, economic, technological, and geopolitical priority. Pre-Reform Challenges (Before 2014–15) Slow, multi-layered procurement → capability gaps. High import dependence → FX drain, supply-chain vulnerabilities during crises. Private sector largely excluded; PSU monopoly limited innovation. Defence exports extremely low (₹686 crore in FY 2013–14). R&D weak; academia–industry links minimal. Fragmented policies → no integrated plan for production + technology + exports. Policy Response & Objectives of Reforms Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence aims at a competitive, innovation-led ecosystem. Key objectives: Faster procurement with DAP 2020, DAC clearances. Promote indigenous design via POSITIVE INDIGENISATION LISTS. Liberalised FDI up to 74% automatic / 100% govt route. ₹1 lakh crore RDI Scheme for deep-tech R&D. Build export capacity via simplified processes, OGEL, digital authorisations. Integrate procurement, innovation, production, and global market access under one framework. Defence Acquisition Reform (DAP 2020) Indian-first acquisition hierarchy: Buy Indian-IDDM at the top. Reduced timelines via digital approvals, simplified contracting. Dedicated provisions for AI, cyber, robotics, space, autonomous systems. Industry-friendly measures via iDEX, start-up ecosystem integration. Empowered acquisition wings → fewer procedural chokepoints. Defence Procurement Manual (DPM) 2025 Standardisation across Services + MoD for revenue procurement (~₹1 lakh crore annually). Lower liquidated damages for indigenisation projects (0.1%/week). Guaranteed 5-year orders for indigenous products. No need for NOC from former OFB. Fully digital, transparent system → faster contract execution. Domestic Defence Production: Key Trends a) Record Output ₹1.54 lakh crore in FY 2024–25. From ₹46,429 crore (2014–15) → 174% rise in indigenous production (FY 2023–24). Government target: ₹3 lakh crore by 2029. b) DPSU + Private Sector Dynamics DPSUs: 77% of total production. Private sector: 23%, rising from 21% last year → strong upward trend. c) Defence Industrial Corridors UPDIC + TNDIC: Investment realised: ₹9,145 crore. 289 MoUs, potential: ₹66,423 crore. d) Expansion of Defence Ecosystem DRDO pushes deep-tech with ₹500 crore TDF vertical. 15 DIA-CoEs linking academia, start-ups, R&D labs. OFB corporatisation → 7 DPSUs with better autonomy and efficiency. 16,000 MSMEs integrated into supply chain. e) Industrial Licences & Investment Climate 788 licences issued to 462 companies. Export portal approvals increased 17% YoY (1,762 approvals). Record signing of 193 MoD contracts worth ₹2.09 lakh crore, of which ₹1.69 lakh crore to domestic industry. Defence Acquisitions (2024–25): Rapid Modernisation a) Budget Push Capital allocation (2024–25): ₹1.72 lakh crore (+20% over FY 2022–23). b) Key DAC Approvals March 2025: ₹54,000 crore (T-90 engines, Varunastra torpedoes, AEW&C). July 2025: ₹1.05 lakh crore (EW systems, SAMs, MCM vessels, autonomous vessels). Aug 2025: ₹67,000 crore (BMP night sights, Compact Autonomous craft, BrahMos FCS). Oct 2025: ₹79,000 crore (NAMIS Mk-II, GBMES, LPDs, ALWT torpedoes, CLRTSDS). c) Strategic Impacts 65% of defence equipment now domestically manufactured (reversing earlier import dependency). Multi-domain modernisation with indigenous platforms. Defence Exports: India’s Global Rise a) Export Record FY 2024–25: ₹23,622 crore (+12% YoY). Private sector: ₹15,233 crore. DPSUs: ₹8,389 crore (42.85% growth). India now exports to ~80–100 countries. b) Export Basket Bulletproof jackets, patrol boats, UAVs, radars, torpedoes, sub-systems, components. Dornier aircraft, Chetak helicopters, interceptor boats. Expanding footprint in South-East Asia, Africa, Latin America. c) Export Facilitation OGEL licences, digital portal, rationalised SOPs. Export processes shifted from weeks to days. Defence exports used as defence diplomacy → deeper strategic partnerships. Strategic Significance Enhances national security by reducing critical dependencies. Boosts economy, jobs, MSMEs, tech innovation. Strengthens geopolitical leverage through defence diplomacy. Enhances India’s standing as a reliable global defence supplier. Conclusion India’s defence sector has moved from import-dependent to innovation-driven self-reliance. Production, procurement, R&D, private participation, and exports have all hit record highs. With DAP 2020 + DPM 2025 + Defence Corridors + MSME ecosystem + export reforms, India is transitioning into a global defence manufacturing hub. The trajectory is strongly aligned with the targets of ₹3 lakh crore production and ₹50,000 crore exports by 2029, marking a decisive shift towards strategic autonomy. World Fisheries Day 2025: Strengthening Marine Resources & Livelihoods Why in the News? India observed World Fisheries Day 2025 (21 Nov) with focus on sustainability, blue economy, and value addition in seafood exports. India released the National Framework on Traceability in Fisheries & Aquaculture. GST on key seafood products reduced 12% → 5%, boosting affordability and export competitiveness. Marine product exports (Oct 2024 → Oct 2025) rose 11.08% (US$ 0.81B → US$ 0.90B). India remains 2nd-largest fish producer and top global shrimp producer. Major launches: SOPs for Mariculture, Smart Harbour Guidelines, Reservoir Fisheries Guidelines, Compendium on Coastal Aquaculture, plus traceability standards. Delegations from 27 nations participated, signalling India’s global leadership in the blue economy. Relevance : GS 1 (Society & Livelihoods): – Socio-economic profile of fishing communities; role in coastal livelihoods; women’s participation. – Impact of climate risks on fisher households; migration, vulnerability, resilience. GS 2 (Governance, Welfare Schemes, Digital Delivery): – PMMSY, PM-MKSSY, FIDF, EEZ Rules 2025, Smart Harbour Guidelines. – Digital governance: ReALCRaft, VCSS, NABHMITRA, Marine Fisheries Census 2025. – Traceability framework, SPS standards, regulatory reforms, institutional coordination (DoF, MPEDA). • GS 3 (Economy, Environment, Agriculture & Blue Economy): – Fisheries contribution to GDP, exports, processed seafood value chain. – Blue economy expansion, mariculture, deep-sea fishing regulation, sustainability norms. – Climate-resilient infrastructure, biodiversity conservation, SDG-14 alignment.   Importance of Fisheries Food Security: Key protein source, low carbon footprint. Livelihoods: Supports 30+ million people; crucial for coastal & inland rural economies. Blue Economy: High multiplier sectors (exports, processing, mariculture, deep-sea fishing). Ecosystem Role: Biodiversity management, climate resilience, mitigation of overfishing. India’s Fisheries Growth – Data & Trends Fish production doubled: 96 lakh tonnes (2013–14) → 195 lakh tonnes (2024–25). Inland fisheries grew 140%. Seafood exports (2024–25): ₹62,408 crore. Coastal states: 3,477 villages, Contribute 72% of production, 76% of exports. Infrastructure push: 730 cold storages, 26,348 transport units, 6,410 fish kiosks, 202 retail & 21 wholesale markets. GST Reforms (2025) – Significance Key marine products GST cut: 12% → 5%. Impacts: Strengthens value addition & processed seafood industry. Boosts domestic affordability. Improves export price competitiveness. Encourages processed seafood units in coastal clusters. Key Schemes Driving the Blue Economy 1.Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) Objective: Blue Revolution through sustainable, inclusive growth. Investment: ₹20,312 crore (2020–21 to 2025–26). Achievements: Cold-chain + processing infra (as above). Transformation of 100 Coastal Fishing Villages into Climate-Resilient CFVs. Women beneficiaries: 60% assistance (vs 40% others). Financial inclusion: Kisan Credit Card coverage, SHGs, cooperatives, training. Significance: Reduces post-harvest losses, improves climate resilience, increases incomes. 2.PM Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) Investment: ₹6,000 crore, duration 2023–24 to 2026–27. Core: Formalisation + insurance + traceability across aquaculture value chain. Key Features: Premium support: 40% (max ₹25,000/ha, cap ₹1 lakh). Farms up to 4 ha WSA eligible. ₹11.84 crore sanctioned (as of Apr 2025). Supported by World Bank–AFD mission for design & implementation. Significance: Brings aquaculture into formal credit & insurance net. Protects small farmers’ incomes from climate shocks/disease. 3. Fisheries & Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) Corpus: ₹7,522.48 crore (extended to 2026). Features: Concessional finance (interest subvention 3%, effective rate ≥ 5%). Nodal agencies: NABARD, NCDC, Scheduled Banks. Digital FIDF portal for project proposals. Status: 178 projects, investment ₹6,369.79 crore, subvention ₹4,261.21 crore (as of July 2025). Significance: Enhances post-harvest, harbour, deep-sea & processing infrastructure nationwide. 4. Sustainable Harnessing Rules for the EEZ (2025) Purpose: Regulate deep-sea fishing, improve governance, boost incomes. Key Provisions: Priority access to cooperatives & FFPOs for deep-sea fishing licences. Digital Access Pass System via ReALCraft for mechanised vessels. Traditional fishers exempt. Integration with MPEDA + EIC for quality, traceability, certification. Ban on destructive fishing methods; promotion of seaweed farming & sea-cage farming. Significance: Unlocks deep-sea potential. Ensures sustainability & global compliance. Strengthens income diversification. 5. ReALCRaft – Digital Governance Platform End-to-end online vessel registration, licensing, payments. Also handles ownership transfer, hypothecation, vessel modifications. Physical visit needed only for biometrics + original document check. Governance Gains: Transparency, reduced delays, better compliance. Improved marine monitoring and safety. 6. Vessel Communication & Support System (VCSS) Over 36,000 transponders distributed (as of Jan 2025). Enhances real-time tracking, safety, search & rescue. 7. NABHMITRA Safety + communication for small vessels (<20m). SOS alerts, location sharing, resource mapping. Strengthens enforcement & reduces maritime accidents. Marine Fisheries Census 2025 (MFC 2025) Timeline: 3 Nov – 18 Dec 2025. Coverage: 1.2 million households, 5,000 villages, 13 coastal States/UTs. Digital Innovations: VyAS–NAV, VyAS–BHARAT, VyAS–SUTRA apps. Real-time geo-referenced enumeration. Integrated with National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP). Outcome: First-ever socio-economic profiling of fisher communities. Direct linkage with PM-MKSSY entitlements. Significance: Evidence-based policymaking for climate resilience. MPEDA’s Role Ensures certification, traceability, quality compliance. Promotes eco-friendly aquaculture & responsible fishing. Expands market access, trains exporters, farmers, processors. Drives research, new technologies, value-added products. Thematic Focus 2025: “India’s Blue Transformation: Strengthening Value Addition in Seafood Exports” Emphasis on: Processing infrastructure, Quality standards, Traceability framework, Low-GST, Deep-sea governance, Smart harbours, Digital platforms. Strategic Significance Enhances: Livelihoods of fishers, Marine biodiversity protection, Export competitiveness, Formalisation & insurance penetration, Blue economy contribution to GDP, Women’s leadership in the sector. Advances India toward SDG 14: Life Below Water. Conclusion India’s fisheries sector is undergoing a structural transformation driven by sustainability, digital governance, deep-sea diversification, value addition, and global compliance. With PMMSY, PM-MKSSY, EEZ Rules, FIDF expansion, and digital systems like ReALCRaft and MFC 2025, India is strengthening livelihoods while responsibly managing marine ecosystems. The trajectory reflects a shift from volume-led growth toward value-led, climate-resilient, export-competitive blue economy development.PIB Summaries 20 November 2025

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 November 2025

Content Gen Z Revolts: Mobilisation Power vs Governance Weakness Reaffirming Constitutional Morality in Legislative Assent Gen Z Revolts: Mobilisation Power vs Governance Weakness Why is it in news? Fresh youth-led mass protests in Mexico have drawn global attention due to their scale, generational character, and political impact. These protests are now seen as part of a wider global pattern of Gen Z political mobilisation, also observed in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Europe. The article frames these protests as evidence that a new political generation has emerged—digitally fluent, anti-corruption focused, but lacking formal political pathways to convert agitation into lasting reform. Relevance GS 1 – Society Youth movements, social change, demographic aspirations Changing civic culture, political consciousness GS 2 – Polity & Governance Political participation, legitimacy crisis State response: surveillance, shutdowns, misinformation Civil liberties, freedom of assembly Role of digital platforms in governance Practice Question  “Youth-led digital movements are effective in mobilisation but ineffective in delivering lasting political reform.” Analyse with global examples.(250 Words) What are youth-led protests? Movements where young people (largely Gen Z) dominate mobilisation, communication, slogans, and political framing. Organised through decentralised digital networks rather than traditional leaders or organisations. Triggered by corruption, unemployment, democratic decline, injustice or governance failures. Use of memes, TikTok, Discord groups, hashtags as political vocabulary and protest tools. Context Globally rising youth dissatisfaction with: Corruption and political unresponsiveness Joblessness and inequality Democratic backsliding High cost of living Protests since 2010s: Arab Spring → Hong Kong → Chile → Sri Lanka 2022 → Indonesia 2021–22 → Nepal youth movements → now Mexico 2025. Article Argument A new political generation is emerging that: Understands how to topple governments, but Does not yet know how to rebuild institutions sustainably. Their movements are leaderless, which makes them democratic but also institutionally fragile. Governments increasingly use digital surveillance, shutdowns, misinformation, intimidation to quickly neutralise protests. Movements often gain momentum but fade without organisational depth. Overview Drivers of Youth Mobilisation Economic distress: unemployment, underemployment, precarity. Political cynicism: distrust of parties, institutions, elites. Digital empowerment: cheap smartphones + viral communication. Identity & expression: Gen Z political language shaped by pop culture, internet humour, sarcasm. Global cross-learning: protesters borrow tactics from Chile, Hong Kong, Thailand, Sri Lanka, etc. Tactics of Modern Youth Movements Decentralised, rapid mobilisation Messaging via memes, reels, TikTok, Discord Protest formats: flash mobs, symbolic marches, viral hashtags Live-streaming police actions to resist repression “Borrowed repertoire“: slogans, visuals, formats from global protests Strengths Speed & scale: mobilisation within hours. Collective creativity: meme-based persuasion. Low coordination cost: no central leadership needed. Cross-border solidarity through online networks. Weaknesses Lack of formal leaders → difficult negotiations. Movements dissipate quickly. Vulnerability to: digital crackdowns disinformation infiltration Failure to convert protest energy into: institutional reform political organisation policy outcomes Comparative Examples in Article Bangladesh: Youth celebrated Yunus as caretaker PM but were later sidelined. Nepal: “Hamro Nepal” youth group active earlier but now sidelined. Myanmar: 2021 protests violently suppressed. Indonesia: Protests contained through intimidation and messaging control. Sri Lanka (2022): Youth-driven protest toppled Rajapaksas but couldn’t sustain political change. Conclusion Youth uprisings worldwide—from Mexico to South Asia—reflect a digitally empowered generation that can destabilise political establishments but still lacks robust pathways to achieve durable democratic reform. Reaffirming Constitutional Morality in Legislative Assent Why is it in news ? The Supreme Court has given a unanimous opinion on a Presidential Reference regarding the Governor’s role in granting assent to Bills. The key query: Can courts prescribe time-lines for Governors and the President to act on Bills? This comes amid several States accusing Governors of delaying or withholding assent, causing legislative paralysis. The judgment reasserts constitutional boundaries, clarifies limits of judicial intervention, and stabilises Centre–State dynamics. Relevance GS 2 – Polity & Governance Governor’s discretionary powers Legislative process under Articles 200–201 Separation of powers and constitutional boundaries Federal tensions and gubernatorial conduct Constitutional conventions vs textual interpretation GS 2 – Judiciary Presidential Reference (Article 143) Judicial restraint doctrine Review of mala fide inaction Non-justiciability of merits of executive decisions Practice Question “Discuss how the recent Supreme Court opinion on the Governor’s assent power strengthens constitutional governance and clarifies the limits of judicial intervention.”(250 Words) Governor’s Roles Article 200: Governor may assent, withhold assent, return (non-Money Bills), reserve for President. Article 201: President’s options on reserved Bills. No explicit constitutional time-limit for action. Constitutional Question ? Can courts force the Governor to decide within a fixed time (e.g., 3 months)? Can delay be treated as “deemed assent”? Can judiciary review prolonged delays? Where is the line between judicial review and executive constitutional discretion? Supreme Court Findings 1. Courts cannot impose time-limits Prescribing deadlines amounts to judicial legislation. Constitution deliberately avoids specifying timelines. 2. Yet Governors must follow an “appropriate standard” While no strict deadlines exist, indefinite delay is unconstitutional. Court discourages misuse of inaction as a political tool. 3. “Deemed assent” is unconstitutional Automatic approval due to passage of time cannot be read into Articles 200/201. This would distort the structural design of the Constitution. 4. Judicial review remains limited Courts cannot examine the merits of Governor’s decisions. They can intervene if delay is prolonged, unexplained, arbitrary, or mala fide. 5. President’s advisory jurisdiction reaffirmed President is not obligated to seek Supreme Court’s advisory opinion under Article 143 whenever a Governor reserves a Bill. Protects executive autonomy and avoids converting judicial advice into mandatory control. 6. Reinforces separation of powers Judiciary preserves its limits. Executive retains discretionary judgment. Legislature’s supremacy in law-making remains unharmed. Overview A. Constitutional Architecture The verdict reaffirms two constitutional pillars: Deliberative design of law-making, Autonomy of constitutional authorities. B. Prevents governance paralysis States have complained that Governors block Bills by simply doing nothing. Court’s clarification: inaction cannot be a tool for constitutional subversion. C. Stability in Centre–State relations Avoids judicial overreach but prevents gubernatorial overreach. Maintains balanced federal functioning. D. Clarifies judicial boundaries Courts cannot rewrite Articles 200/201. Courts can only ensure constitutional good faith, not micromanage timelines. E. Protects constitutional morality Governor’s discretion must be exercised with transparency, reason, and constitutional purpose. Substantive executive decisions stay outside judicial domain unless mala fide or procedurally irregular. Conclusion The Supreme Court has ruled that courts cannot impose timelines for Governor’s assent, but Governors cannot indefinitely delay Bills either—ensuring constitutional balance, preventing misuse of office, and preserving federal stability.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 November 2025

Content Judiciary Cannot Impose Timelines on President/Governor for Bill Assent AI-Driven Transformation of Election Data Analysis in India South Asia’s Transboundary Air Pollution Crisis Over 50% Cases Pending in Juvenile Justice Boards: India Justice Report Second-Generation Wild Cheetah Birth in India: Milestone for Project Cheetah India’s Indigenous CRISPR Gene Therapy Breakthrough: Birsa-101 Mount Semeru Eruption: Why Volcanic Eruptions Occur and Why Some Are Explosive Judiciary Cannot Tie President or Governor to Timelines  Why Is It in News? A 5-judge Constitution Bench delivered its opinion on the 16th Presidential Reference. The Court held that: Judiciary cannot impose fixed timelines on the President/Governors for assent to State Bills. Judiciary cannot presume “deemed consent” if they fail to act within a court-mandated deadline. The Court simultaneously criticised “prolonged and evasive inaction” by Governors and the Centre. Relevance   GS-2: Polity, Constitution, Governance Federal relations (Centre–State dynamics). Powers & discretion of Governor/President. Doctrine of separation of powers. Judicial review and limits of judicial activism. Article 200–201 interpretation. GS-2: Executive–Legislature Relations Impact of delayed assent on State legislative functioning. GS-2: Constitutional Bodies Presidential Reference jurisdiction under Art. 143. Constitutional Provisions on Assent to Bills Articles Involved Art. 200: Governor’s options on State Bills— • Assent • Withhold assent • Return for reconsideration • Reserve for President Art. 201: President’s options— • Assent • Withhold assent • Return (if not a Money Bill) No explicit time limit in Constitution for either office to act. Principle of Constitutional Morality Offices must act “within a reasonable time” as part of constitutional trust. What Triggered the Presidential Reference? Growing friction between Opposition-ruled States and Governors. Allegations of: Bills being kept pending for months/years. Governors reserving Bills excessively for the President. High Courts (notably Madras HC) began discussing soft timelines. Union Government sought clarity via Presidential Reference. Supreme Court’s Key Findings A. Judiciary cannot prescribe hard timelines Timelines imposed by courts are “one-size-fits-all” and violate: Separation of Powers (basic structure). Explicit constitutional design of discretionary spaces for constitutional heads. B. No “deemed consent” at expiry of timelines Courts cannot assume assent if deadlines lapse. Such assumption = judiciary usurping constitutional functions. C. But constitutional heads cannot sit indefinitely Court strongly criticised “prolonged and evasive inaction” by Governors/President. Observed: Constitutional heads must record reasons, avoid indefinite delay. Inaction cannot be used as a political veto. D. Presidential Reference is NOT an “appeal in disguise” Some States argued the Centre used this as an appeal against unfavourable HC rulings. SC held: Advisory opinions can correct or clarify the law. Not bound by lower court decisions. Constitutional Overview A. Doctrine of Separation of Powers (cited by Court) Cites Kesavananda Bharati, Indira Gandhi, Puttaswamy. Judiciary cannot intrude into executive discretion of constitutional offices. B. Federal Balance Constitution assigns the Governor a limited discretionary role, not a political one. Indefinite delays threaten: Basic federalism (S.R. Bommai, Nabam Rebia). Legislative autonomy of States. C. Reasonableness Standard Though no timelines prescribed, Court implies: “Reasonable time” must be context-specific. Non-action is reviewable if it becomes arbitrary or mala fide. Related Case Law Nabam Rebia (2016): Governor cannot interfere with legislative process except where Constitution permits. Shamsher Singh (1974): Governor acts on aid & advice, except in limited areas. Rameshwar Prasad (2006): Discretion subject to judicial review if mala fide. Implications for Centre–State Relations Positive Reaffirms judicial restraint. Avoids courts overriding federal constitutional design. Concerns Gives administrative space for Governors to delay Bills. States fear misuse in politically sensitive Bills. Net Effect A balanced but status-quo reinforcing opinion: No mandatory deadlines. Strong moral-constitutional rebuke of delays. Election Data Analysis: From the Dark Ages to the AI Era Why Is It in News? The Article published a reflective analysis on how election-related data journalism evolved from manual scraping in 2017 to full AI-driven code generation during the 2025 Bihar Assembly elections. Marks a technological inflection point: • Entire election-night mapping, charting, and analysis produced using AI-generated scripts. • Demonstrates how AI reshapes media workflows without replacing journalists. Raises policy questions on data access, algorithmic transparency, media ethics, and election integrity. Relevance   GS-2: Governance Transparency in electoral information. Role of technology in elections. Data access, public accountability. GS-3: Science & Tech AI adoption in public communication. Algorithmic governance & data systems. GS-3: Cybersecurity Risks of automated misinformation. Need for secure election data pipelines. What Is Election Data Analysis? Systematic extraction, cleaning, mapping, and interpretation of election results & political patterns. Core components: • Scraping live results from Election Commission. • Constituency-level mapping. • Vote-share/swing calculations. • Trend/seat projections. • Visualisations for public communication. Pre-2017 “Dark Ages” – Manual & Slow A. Manual Data Scraping Live results had to be copied/scraped manually. Slow scraping due to: • Limited coding skills. • Unstable ECI website structure. Results flowed like “water droplets” into spreadsheets. B. Mapping Challenges Tools used: Google Fusion Tables, Indiemapper.io. Manual KML boundaries, manual colour-coding. Duplication of effort for colour and monochrome print versions. C. Charting Copy-pasting data → Excel → pivot tables → charts. High human dependency & narrow deadlines. 2017–2019: Transition to “Industrial Tools” Key Shifts Tableau adopted for mapping → reduced processing time. Faster scripts due to communities like Stack Exchange. Partial automation in Google Sheets (formulae, scripts). Enabled simultaneous print + web coverage. Limitations Heavy manual interventions required. Tools remained fragmented (separate for maps, charts, tables). 2019–2024: The Industrial Revolution Characteristics Heavy machinery, faster workflows. Automated formula pipelines. More realtime analysis, especially during 2019 and 2023 elections. Still required: • Script debugging • Cross-tool integration • Designer intervention for visuals 2025 Bihar Assembly Election – The AI Era A. AI-Generated Code Google AI Studio generated mapping + scraping + visualization scripts. JupyterLab executed AI-written pipelines. No need for: • Tableau • Excel pivot tables • Mapping software • Manual charting tools B. What AI Automated Live data ingestion Data cleaning & transformation Charting (auto-generated) Geo-mapping Statistical summaries First-draft insights C. Output Gains Faster online analysis. Backend + frontend automation for livestreams. Print edition wrapped up by 10:30 PM (earlier than ever). Why AI Didn’t Replace Journalists Core Functions Still Human Interpretation of trends. Identifying misleading patterns. Contextualising swings, alliances, caste shifts. Writing coherent narratives. Editorial judgement and ethics. The Principle AI accelerates production; journalists give meaning. Deeper Analysis: Impact on Indian Democracy & Media A. Strengthening Public Information Faster dissemination → more informed electorate. Real-time mapping exposes micro-trends (regional, demographic). B. Risks Data quality vulnerability: Errors in source data propagate quickly. Algorithmic opacity: AI-generated code may be non-auditable. Deepfake + misinformation risks if AI visualisations are misused. Over-automation reduces cross-verification, increasing error probability. C. Digital Divide Smaller media houses without AI capability may be disadvantaged. Structural Issues Highlighted A. Election Commission Website Historically inconsistent formats, unstructured HTML. High friction for scraping. Need for open APIs, standardised data formats. B. Dependence on External Tools Shift from proprietary tools (Tableau) → open-source + AI pipelines. Greater technological sovereignty for newsrooms. Implications for Future Elections AI-native election rooms become standard. Hybrid workflows: AI for computation, humans for interpretation. Increasing demand for: • Data journalists • Policy-aware technologists • Election-law literate analysts Sets the stage for predictive analysis, probabilistic modelling like U.S. outlets (538 model equivalents for India). South Asia’s Air Pollution Crisis Why Is It in News? North India and eastern/northern Pakistan experienced an extreme cross-border smog episode in Nov 2024, popularly termed the “2024 India–Pakistan Smog”. Delhi and Lahore recorded among the highest AQI readings globally, with “brown clouds” visible in satellite images. The episode re-opened debates on regional airshed management, cross-border pollution flows, and South Asia’s anthropogenic emissions crisis. Relevance renewed in 2025 as Delhi and Lahore again top global pollution charts. Relevance GS-1: Geography & Society Transboundary environmental phenomena. Urbanisation impacts. GS-2: Governance Inter-governmental coordination, regulatory institutions (CAQM). Cross-border environmental diplomacy. GS-3: Environment Air pollution, climate change, anthropogenic emissions. Reports: Greenpeace 2023, WHO AQG 2021, UNEP 2023. Economic impacts of pollution. What Was the 2024 India–Pakistan Smog? A severe, transboundary pollution event across: • Eastern & northern Pakistan (esp. Lahore) • North India (Delhi NCR, Punjab, Haryana, UP) Visible as brown aerosol clouds in satellite imagery. Triggered by a convergence of: Low wind speeds → pollutant stagnation Post-harvest biomass burning across Punjab–Haryana–Punjab (Pakistan) belt Industrial emissions Vehicular exhaust accumulation Winter inversion layers trapping pollutants Winds shifted from Pakistan towards Delhi, worsening Delhi’s AQI. How Has Air Pollution Become Rampant Across South Asia? A. Shared Meteorology Indo-Gangetic Plain behaves as a single airshed. Winter inversion + low dispersion + high humidity increases PM2.5 concentration. B. High Anthropogenic Emissions Pakistan: crop-burning, brick kilns, industrial clusters near Lahore. India: vehicles, industries, solid fuel, construction, crop burning. Bangladesh: brick kilns, diesel generators, transport. Nepal: valley trapping effect in Kathmandu. C. Rapid Urbanisation + Weak Governance Poor public transport, land-use mismanagement, unregulated construction, and old diesel fleets. D. Climate Change Feedback Loop Heatwaves → increased ozone formation. Erratic winds → stagnant air pockets. E. Political–Administrative Fragmentation No formal regional clean air treaty despite identical airshed. What Does the Greenpeace 2023 World Air Quality Report State? Core Findings for South Asia World’s most polluted region, with PM2.5 levels exceeding WHO standards by 7–10 times. Key drivers: Industrial emissions (steel, cement, brick kilns). Vehicular emissions. Burning of solid fuels (biomass, crop residue, waste). Coal-based power generation. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal dominate list of most polluted countries/cities. Notes lack of coordinated regional action despite shared geography. Economic Impact of Deteriorating AQI Levels in India A. Direct Economic Loss Lancet Journal (2019): India’s GDP fell by 1.36% due to premature morbidity & mortality. Other estimates: 3% of GDP lost due to healthcare costs + lost labour productivity. India loses ~8.5 lakh lives annually from air pollution (IHME data context). B. Labour Productivity Decline Fatigue, respiratory illness → lower work hours. Outdoor workforce (construction, transport) hit hardest. C. Healthcare Burden Escalating treatment of asthma, COPD, cardiovascular diseases. D. Impact on Investment & Tourism Pollution deters FDI inflow in key cities. Reduced tourist footfall during peak winter season. E. Agriculture & Climate Impact Pollution-induced dim sunlight (global dimming) → reduced crop yields. Ozone exposure damages staples: wheat, rice, pulses. Way Ahead A. Regional Airshed Governance (Key Recommendation) Adopt a South Asian cross-border airshed management framework. Model: California’s Bay Area Air Quality Management District or ASEAN Transboundary Haze Agreement. IIT Bhubaneswar’s study supports “airshed-scale” governance. B. Strengthen Domestic Governance Move from episodic GRAP responses → to permanent emission-reduction plans. Mandate 24×7 industrial monitoring, strict action on non-compliant units. C. Sectoral Reforms Agriculture: • MSP-linked crop diversification • In-situ residue management (Happy seeder incentives) Transport: • Electrification • Bus fleet expansion • Non-motorised mobility Urban Planning: • Greening, heat-island mitigation, dust control • Construction regulation Energy: • Phase-down of coal • Scale rooftop solar + clean cooking fuel D. Data, Science, Monitoring Real-time satellite-based emission tracking. Unified Air Quality Data Portal for South Asia. E. Political Will & Social Model A “caring human development model” prioritising health, workers, farmers, and urban poor. Over 50% Cases Pending in Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs): India Justice Report Why Is It in News? India Justice Report (IJR) released a dedicated study on capacity and performance of Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs)—first such national-level, empirical assessment. Found 55% pendency, severe vacancies, weak data architecture, and institutional incapacity despite a decade of the JJ Act, 2015. Justice Madan B. Lokur called the findings “deeply worrying”, highlighting systemic neglect. Relevance GS-2: Governance, Vulnerable Sections Systemic failure in delivering justice to minors. GS-2: Judiciary Pendency, quasi-judicial bodies, institutional delays. What Are JJBs? Created under Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Act, 2015 to handle cases of Children in Conflict with Law (CICL). Mandated composition: 1 Judicial Magistrate (First Class) 2 Social Workers (at least one woman) Philosophy: Child-friendly inquiry Rehabilitation > Punishment Speedy resolution (within 4 months, ideally) Key Data (India Justice Report 2023) Pendency 55% of 1,00,904 cases pending (as of Oct 31, 2023). State variation: Odisha: 83% pendency Karnataka: 35% pendency 154 cases pending per JJB annually on average. Vacancies & Institutional Weakness 24% JJBs not fully constituted → breaks statutory requirement. Staff shortages in Child Care Institutions (CCIs): counsellors, probation officers, house parents. 30% JJBs lack Legal Services Clinics → affects access to representation. Weak Data Governance No NJDG-like centralised data portal for JJBs. From 250+ RTI filings: 11% rejected 24% no response 29% transferred Only 36% valid responses Reveals poor transparency and weak record-handling culture. Inter-agency Coordination Failures Weak linkage among: Police → JJB District Child Protection Units CCIs Child Welfare Committees Delays in Social Investigation Reports and counselling assessments. Why the System is Failing ? Underfunding of juvenile justice mechanisms. Lack of trained personnel → high turnover of social workers. Weak monitoring by State Child Protection Societies. Policing-oriented mindset, not child-centric. Poor infrastructure, digitalisation, reporting. Impact Delays compromise: Child rehabilitation Schooling, social reintegration Rights under Article 21 Prolonged detention increases: Trauma Risk of repeat offending Institutionalisation effects Way Forward Fill vacancies, professionalise cadre of social workers. National data grid for JJBs. Independent performance audits. Adequate funding for CCIs, mental health support. Mandatory training for JJB members. Strengthening convergence with DCPUs, CWCs, and legal aid bodies. Indian-born Cheetah Mukhi Gives Birth to Five Cubs – Milestone for Project Cheetah Why Is It in News? At Kuno National Park (MP), Mukhi, the first India-born female cheetah, has given birth to five cubs. First instance of second-generation wild breeding in India post-reintroduction. Raises total cheetah population to 32, including 21 India-born. Termed a breakthrough by Union Environment Ministry for proving ecological adaptation. Relevance GS-3 (Environment & Biodiversity) Species reintroduction, ecological restoration. GS-3 (Conservation Governance) Role of NTCA, scientific protocols. GS-3 (Science & Tech) Animal telemetry, habitat modelling. Project Cheetah Launched 2022 for reintroduction of cheetahs from Namibia & South Africa. Objective: Establish self-sustaining, genetically diverse cheetah metapopulations. Restore open forest–savannah landscapes. Managed by: NTCA WII State Forest Departments Why Mukhi’s Birth Is Historically Significant A. First India-born cheetah to reproduce Establishes evidence of successful biological integration of reintroduced cheetahs. B. Proof of suitability of Indian habitats Indicates: Sufficient prey base Acceptable predator competition Healthy adaptation cycle C. Wild reproduction despite early adversity Mukhi was: Born to Namibian cheetah Jwala (2023) Abandoned at birth Hand-raised by Kuno staff Later rewilded successfully Demonstrates adaptive success of human-assisted rearing + wild integration. Population Update Total cheetahs: 32 29 in Kuno 3 in Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary 21 are India-born → large F1 generation emerging. Scientific and Conservation Significance A. Genetic viability Second-generation births critical for: Genetic mixing Minimising founder-effect bottlenecks Stability of future populations B. Behavioural adaptation Shows: Successful hunting skills Reproductive acceptance Habitat fidelity C. Indicator of ecological restoration Cheetahs returning to Indian landscapes after 70+ years (extinct since 1952). Challenges still present Mortality among translocated cheetahs. Kuno’s limited carrying capacity (approx. 20–21 adults). Need for multiple cheetah landscapes (Gandhi Sagar, Nauradehi, Mukundra Hills). Radio-collar issues. Potential human–wildlife conflict. Way Forward Diversify release sites to prevent overcrowding in Kuno. Strengthen veterinary and monitoring teams. Improve prey base and grassland restoration. Scientific population management (genetic mapping, soft-release protocols). Community engagement to prevent conflict. Indigenous Gene Editing Tool (Birsa-101)  Why Is It in News? CSIR-IGIB (Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology) has developed India’s first fully indigenous CRISPR-Cas9–based gene editing platform. Technology transferred to Serum Institute of India (SII) for Phase II–III clinical trials. Using this platform, IGIB developed a curative gene therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD) named Birsa-101 (after Birsa Munda, as SCD is highly prevalent among tribal communities). Expected to be significantly cheaper than the US-approved gene therapy Casgevy (USD 2.2 million per patient). Phase I trials will be conducted with AIIMS Delhi; manufacturing facility already set up. Relevance GS-2 (Health, Governance) National SCD Elimination Mission. Inclusive tribal health policy. GS-3 (Science & Technology) Biotechnology, genetic engineering, indigenous R&D. CRISPR applications and ethical concerns. GS-1 (Society) Tribal health challenges. Disease burden in vulnerable populations. What Is Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)? Inherited blood disorder caused by mutation in the HBB gene → defective haemoglobin (HbS). Results in: Rigid, sickle-shaped RBCs Blocked blood vessels Pain crises, anaemia, organ failure Infections, stroke risk India’s tribal belts in MP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Maharashtra, Gujarat have highest burden. Basics of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing What is CRISPR-Cas9? A bacterial immune-system protein that acts as “genetic scissors”. Precisely cuts specific DNA segments → allows correction of disease-causing mutations. Awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Indian Improvement IGIB scientists created an indigenous Cas9 variant (2016): Avoids expensive Western IP. Optimised for reduced off-target effects (major global concern). Allows editing exactly at the mutation site (curative edit). What Is Birsa-101 Gene Therapy? Mechanism Directly corrects the defective mutation in HBB gene. One-time infusion of edited stem cells. Once corrected, the body begins producing normal haemoglobin. How it differs from Casgevy (US therapy) Feature Birsa-101 (India) Casgevy (US/UK) Strategy Corrects the original mutation Increases fetal haemoglobin (HbF) to bypass defect Technology Indigenous CRISPR-Cas9 Licensed CRISPR tech (very expensive) Cost Expected to be fraction of $2.2 million $2.2 million per patient Long-term effect Potential cure Functional cure but mechanism bypasses root cause Why Is This a Major Scientific Breakthrough? A. Complete Indigenous Development All patents held by Indian scientists. Avoids global IP licensing → drastically lower cost → scalable for India’s tribal SCD mission. B. Addresses a Major Public Health Challenge SCD affects: ~1 in 86 births in certain tribal districts. 10–11% carrier prevalence in many Adivasi populations. Aligned with National Mission to Eliminate Sickle Cell Anaemia (2023–2030). C. Global-Standard Gene Editing Platform India becomes one of very few countries with: Own CRISPR tool Own clinical-grade manufacturing Capability for gene-editing therapy trials D. Reduced “Off-Target” Risk IGIB Cas9 engineered to minimise unintended edits: Off-target mutations can cause cancer, developmental defects, organ damage. Many global Cas9 variants unsuitable for therapy due to unpredictable cuts. What Happens Next? Clinical Pathway Phase I trials (AIIMS Delhi, 2025) → safety, dosing. Phase II–III trials (Serum Institute) → efficacy, scalability. Regulatory review by CDSCO + DBT + ICMR. Integration into national SCD elimination programme after approval. Industrial Pathway IGIB already built GMP-grade manufacturing for clinical batches. SII to scale production for national deployment after Phase I. Wider Scientific Significance Positions India in the global gene therapy market (currently dominated by US/EU). Opens doors for editing therapies for: Thalassemia Gaucher’s disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy Rare genetic disorders (India has 70M affected) Establishes a sovereign biotechnological ecosystem: Indigenous gene-editing IP Indigenous manufacturing Indigenous clinical trial pipeline Challenges Ahead Ensuring long-term safety (off-target monitoring for years). Cost reduction for mass rollout in rural tribal belts. Infrastructure for genetic testing, counselling, and follow-up. Ethical and regulatory oversight for gene editing. Mount Semeru Eruption Why is it in News? Mount Semeru, one of Indonesia’s most active volcanoes, erupted again on Wednesday, releasing ash clouds, pyroclastic flows, and volcanic debris. Located in Java, Semeru is part of the Pacific “Ring of Fire,” making it prone to frequent eruptions. The eruption renewed concerns over Indonesia’s high volcanic risk, evacuation readiness, and the science behind explosive eruptions. Relevance GS1 (Geography): Physical geography, volcanism, tectonic processes. GS3 (Disaster Management): Hazard assessment, early warning, mitigation. What causes volcanic eruptions? Heat inside Earth melts rocks into magma in the mantle. Magma is lighter than surrounding solid rock → rises through cracks. It accumulates in magma chambers beneath volcanoes. As more magma enters the chamber, pressure builds. When pressure > strength of the overlying rock → magma forces its way out through vents. Once it reaches the surface, it is called lava. Why are some eruptions explosive and others gentle? a) Low-viscosity magma (runny/thin) → Gentle eruptions Basalt-rich, low silica. Gases escape easily → low pressure buildup. Produces lava flows (e.g., Hawai’i volcanoes). b) High-viscosity magma (thick/sticky) → Explosive eruptions Andesitic/rhyolitic, high silica. Traps gases → enormous pressure builds. Sudden release = explosive eruption, throwing ash, pumice, tephra. Produces pyroclastic flows (like Semeru). Why Semeru is so explosive? High-silica magma → very viscous. Closed conduit system traps gases effectively. Located on a subduction zone (Indo-Australian plate under Eurasian plate), which naturally produces gas-rich, sticky magma. Generates deadly pyroclastic flows, ash columns, lahars. Indonesia’s Volcanic Vulnerability Sits on the Ring of Fire with 120+ active volcanoes. Subduction of tectonic plates produces high-pressure volcanic systems. Dense population on volcanic slopes increases risks. Overview A. Causes of volcanic eruptions Mantle convection & heat → melting of rocks. Buoyancy of magma → upward movement. Gas pressure in magma chambers. Weak zones / fractures created by tectonic movements. B. Types of volcanic eruptions Effusive (Hawaii-like) – lava flows, low danger. Explosive (Semeru, Krakatoa) – ash columns, pyroclastic flows. Phreatomagmatic – interaction with water increases explosivity. C. Hazard profile of explosive eruptions Pyroclastic density currents: fastest and deadliest. Ash clouds: aviation risk, respiratory hazards. Lahars: volcanic mudflows; long-term destruction. Climate impacts: large eruptions can inject aerosols → global cooling. D. Why some volcanoes erupt repeatedly Constant magma supply due to subduction tectonics. Structural weakness of volcanic conduits. Recharge of magma chambers over time.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 November 2025

Content Rights of Transgender Persons in India Waste to Wellness: India’s Sanitation Journey Rights of Transgender Persons in India Why in News ? Recent PIB release highlighted government measures to protect and empower transgender persons in India. Updates include the SMILE scheme, Garima Greh shelters, National Portal facilitation, and reconstitution of the National Council for Transgender Persons. Emphasis on mainstreaming transgender persons through legal recognition, welfare, and employment opportunities. Who Are Transgender Persons? Persons whose gender identity or expression differs from the sex assigned at birth. Includes trans-men, trans-women, intersex, and genderqueer individuals. Census 2011 recorded ~4.87 lakh individuals under “other” gender category in India. Key Legal Milestones NALSA v. Union of India (2014) Supreme Court recognized transgender persons as a “third gender.” Affirmed right to self-identify and constitutional protections under Articles 14, 15, 16, 19, 21. Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 Enforced 10 Jan 2020. Provisions: Legal recognition & self-perceived identity. Ban on discrimination in education, employment, healthcare, public services, residence. Welfare measures, skill development, health coverage. Complaint mechanisms and penalties for violations. Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 Mandates States to establish: Transgender Protection Cells (monitor offenses, ensure FIR registration, sensitization programs). Transgender Welfare Boards (TWBs) to facilitate access to welfare measures. 20 Protection Cells and 25 TWBs already operational. Government Initiatives National Council for Transgender Persons Statutory body under Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Functions: Policy advice, monitoring, coordination of programs. Grievance redressal and evaluation of welfare schemes. Includes 5 representatives from the transgender community. SMILE Scheme (2022) Aims at holistic rehabilitation and empowerment. Focus Areas: Skill development & employment. Education & scholarships. Health coverage through Ayushman Bharat TG Plus (₹5 lakh/year/person for gender-affirming care, SRS, hormone therapy, counseling). Safe shelters via Garima Greh (21 operational, 3 recently sanctioned). Constitutional grounding: Articles 14, 15, 21. National Portal for Transgender Persons Launched 25 Nov 2020; multilingual digital access. Online issuance of Transgender Certificate; facilitates access to schemes without physical office visits. Constitutional & Human Rights Dimensions Equality (Art. 14): Equal treatment before law. Non-discrimination (Art. 15): Explicit protection against gender-based discrimination. Freedom of expression (Art. 19): Includes gender identity. Right to life & dignity (Art. 21): Health, shelter, education, and social inclusion. Comprehensive Overview India has shifted from recognition in NALSA (2014) to systemic support via laws, policies, and schemes. Key achievements: Legal recognition of self-identified gender. Institutional mechanisms (National Council, TWBs, Protection Cells). Social welfare & livelihood schemes (SMILE, Garima Greh). Digital accessibility (National Portal) for certification & benefits. Gaps & Challenges: Awareness and societal stigma remain major barriers. Implementation varies across states; some TWBs and Protection Cells are yet to be fully functional. Employment and education opportunities still limited despite legal guarantees. Significance Reflects India’s commitment to inclusivity, constitutional morality, and human rights. Promotes mainstreaming of marginalized communities while providing legal safeguards. Strengthens India’s position in international human rights frameworks on gender identity. Waste to Wellness: India’s Sanitation Journey Why in News ? PIB release on 19 Nov 2025 highlighted India’s progress in sanitation as part of World Toilet Day observance. Key highlights: ODF Plus villages reached 5,67,708 (467% growth). 4,692 cities have ODF status. Shift from open defecation elimination to sustainable sanitation systems (ODF Plus, ODF++). Sanitation and Its Importance Safe sanitation ensures: Public health and reduction of waterborne diseases. Environmental sustainability and cleaner groundwater. Women’s safety, privacy, and dignity. Better educational and productivity outcomes. Global context: Linked to SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation (universal access by 2030). World Toilet Day Observed 19 November annually. UN-designated since 2013. Raises awareness on sanitation as a human right and public health priority. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Launch: 2 October 2014 Objective: Eliminate open defecation and improve solid/liquid waste management. Components: SBM-Gramin (rural) and SBM-Urban (cities/towns). Key Achievements: Rural ODF: Declared in 2019. Health Gains: WHO estimates ~300,000 fewer diarrheal deaths (2019 vs 2014). Economic Savings: ₹50,000 per household annually from reduced health costs. Women’s Safety: 93% reported feeling safer at home. Environmental Protection: Reduced groundwater pollution. Phase II (2020 onwards) Objective: Sustain ODF outcomes; achieve ODF Plus villages with solid and liquid waste management and visual cleanliness. Levels of ODF Plus: Aspiring: ODF sustained + either solid or liquid waste management. Rising: ODF sustained + both solid & liquid waste management. Model: ODF sustained + both SWM & LWM + visual cleanliness + IEC messaging. ODF++: Fully functional toilets + safe faecal sludge and sewage management. Current Status (as of Nov 2025) Rural: ODF Plus villages: 5,67,708 (467% growth from Dec 2022) ODF Plus Model Villages: 4,85,818 Urban: ODF cities: 4,692 ODF+ cities: 4,314 ODF++ cities: 1,973 Construction Targets Achieved: Individual Household Latrines: 108.62% (63.74 lakh constructed) Community/Public Toilets: 125.46% (6.38 lakh constructed) Complementary Initiatives AMRUT (2015 / AMRUT 2.0 – 2021) Focus: Urban sewerage, drainage, and basic infrastructure. Achievements: 890 sewerage/septage projects worth ₹34,447 crore. 4,622 MLD sewage treatment capacity added (1,437 MLD for recycle/reuse). State/UT projects: 586 worth ₹68,461.78 crore; 6,964 MLD STP capacity approved. Jal Jeevan Mission (2019) Ensures safe drinking water and maintenance of ODF villages. Strengthens sanitation outcomes in rural areas. Significance Demonstrates India’s transformation from access-based sanitation to sustainable, holistic hygiene systems. Promotes: Public health Environmental protection Gender safety and dignity Community participation and behavioral change Aligns with global SDG targets, positioning India as a model for large-scale sanitation reform. Conclusion India’s sanitation journey showcases: Infrastructure + Behavior Change + Policy Integration. Shift from ODF → ODF Plus → ODF++, emphasizing sustainability and dignity. Integrated approach via SBM, AMRUT, and Jal Jeevan Mission ensures holistic development and strengthens public health resilience.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 November 2025

Content Recognise the critical role of the childcare worker Redefining the narrative of TB eradication worldwide Recognise the critical role of the childcare worker Why in the News? Recent India Childcare Champion Awards highlighted the crucial yet undervalued role of care-workers. Global focus via UN’s International Day of Care and Support (Oct 29) emphasizes unpaid care work, gender equality, and social justice. Rising attention due to climate impacts, urban migration, and child undernutrition, calling for systemic improvements in care infrastructure and worker recognition. Relevance: GS 1 (Society & Social Issues): Role of women and gender equality; social development and child rights; impact of migration and climate on care responsibilities. GS 2 (Governance & Policy): Implementation of ICDS, Palna Scheme; policy gaps in childcare infrastructure and workforce recognition; decentralisation and convergence in social service delivery. GS 3 (Economy & Development): Contribution of unpaid care work to GDP (15–17%); public investment in early childhood development; human capital development through nutrition and education. Practice Question: “In the context of India, examine the role of childcare workers in promoting social development and gender equality. Discuss the challenges faced by care-workers and suggest measures to strengthen early childhood care and education.” (250 Words) International Day of Care and Support (IDCS) UN Resolution: Adopted on 24 July 2023; 29 October designated as IDCS annually. Objective: Recognises the role of comprehensive care policies to reduce, redistribute, and value unpaid care and domestic work. Focus: Benefits children, older persons, and persons with disabilities. Gender Dimension: Highlights disproportionate burden on women and adolescent girls; care work often invisible, undervalued, and uncounted in national statistics. Historical Context of Childcare in India Early Initiatives: Late 19th–early 20th century — Tarabai Modak, Gijubai Badheka pioneered institutional childcare with developmentally appropriate practices. Post-Independence: Modern childcare mostly private/voluntary; low-income families largely excluded. 1972 Study Group (Mina Swaminathan): Focused on holistic development — health, nutrition, education for marginalized children. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Launch: 1975; world’s largest early childhood development programme. Scale: 1.4 million Anganwadi centres; 23 million children reached; 2.4 million Anganwadi workers/helpers. Future Target: Universal coverage to 60+ million children by 2030 — projected 2.6 million centres, 5+ million workers. Challenges: Care-workers underpaid (₹8,000–₹15,000/month) and undervalued. Low pre-service and in-service training due to rapid expansion focus. Poor working conditions, lack of social security, minimal career progression. Perception of care-workers as “helpers” rather than professionals. Care Work & Climate Change Vulnerability: Poor women and children worst affected by climate shocks (floods, droughts). Migration Impact: Men migrate to urban centres → women assume care and domestic work while seeking employment. Urban Gaps: Only 10% of Anganwadi centres functional in urban areas. Time Use Statistics: Women spend 426 minutes/day on unpaid care; men 163 minutes — contributing 15–17% of GDP. Child Nutrition & Development Undernutrition: High child stunting (>35%); only 11% of children 6–23 months meet minimum acceptable diet (NFHS-5). Link: Mother’s unpaid care workload → less time for child feeding → cognitive and developmental deficits. Recognition & Awards – India Childcare Champion Awards 2025 Organisers: Mobile Creches, FORCES; event on 28 October 2025. Purpose: Celebrate frontline childcare workers, supervisors, NGOs, local leaders. Impact: Highlights professional role of care-workers, social change initiatives, advocacy for child welfare. Roles of Care-Workers: Carers, educators, health advocates, decision-makers for child development. Policy & Investment Gaps Current Public Investment: ~0.4% of GDP in childcare. Needed Investment: 1–1.5% of GDP to match Scandinavian standards of universal childcare. Coverage Gap: Only 2,500 crèches functional under Palna Scheme for children below 3 years. Policy Needs: Skill-building and capacity enhancement for care-workers. Decentralisation, convergence, collective ownership of childcare services. Adequate wages, social security, professional recognition. Key Takeaways for Policy & Society Care work is central to social development, gender equality, and child well-being. Recognition of care-workers as professionals is critical for quality childcare. Expanding public investment and infrastructure is essential to achieve universal and equitable early childhood care. Climate change and migration intensify the urgency of reliable childcare, particularly for marginalized communities. Redefining the narrative of TB eradication worldwide Why in the News? Recognition: Molbio Diagnostics awarded the Kochon Prize 2025 for pioneering point-of-care TB diagnostics. Global Significance: Highlights India’s role in affordable, scalable health technology with global impact. Ongoing Relevance: Reinforces the push for innovative, inclusive solutions in TB elimination amid persistent disease burden. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance & Health Policy): National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP); public-private partnership models; policy innovation in diagnostics and health delivery. GS 3 (Science & Technology, Health, Economy): Role of indigenous technological innovations (point-of-care molecular diagnostics) in improving public health outcomes; addressing malnutrition as a determinant; cost-effective scalable solutions. GS 1/2 (Society & Ethics): Health inequities, social determinants of TB, stigma reduction, access to care for marginalized populations. Practice Question: “Discuss how point-of-care molecular diagnostics have transformed TB control in India. Evaluate the role of indigenous innovation and public-private collaboration in achieving equitable health outcomes.”(250 Words) Tuberculosis (TB) Control   Global Burden: TB remains one of the top infectious killers globally; India accounts for ~25% of global cases. Traditional Diagnosis: Sputum smear microscopy (low sensitivity) or culture (time-consuming, weeks). Challenge: Delays in diagnosis meant late treatment, ongoing transmission, and poor outcomes. Point-of-Care Molecular Diagnostics – Revolutionary Shift Technology: Small, battery-powered PCR machines enable TB and drug-resistance detection in under an hour. Key Platforms: WHO-approved rapid molecular diagnostics like Truenat. Impact: Faster detection of TB and rifampicin-resistant TB. Facilitates early initiation of treatment, improving outcomes. Overcomes challenges like sputum collection in children via stool-based testing. Field Evidence: Nigeria: Rifampicin-resistant TB detection nearly doubled. Mozambique & Tanzania: On-site testing with rapid results increased treatment initiation within 7 days. India’s Contribution & Recognition Innovation: Goa-based Molbio Diagnostics developed portable molecular diagnostics, endorsed by WHO in 2020. Award: Kochon Prize 2025 (global recognition for contributions to TB diagnostics). Significance: Indian indigenous innovation impacting TB elimination globally; field-ready tests allow diagnostics to reach patients directly. Historical Recognition: Kochon Prize awarded to India previously in 2006 and 2017. India’s National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) Role Adoption: Thousands of point-of-care molecular testing units installed nationwide. Effect: Reduced delay between suspicion and treatment; enhanced TB management protocols. Collaborative Approach: Integration of public sector reach with private sector innovation, technology, and agility. Global and Social Implications Scalable Deployment: Indian diagnostics used worldwide — mobile clinics in Africa, refugee camps in Eastern Europe. Comprehensive Care: Diagnostics alone insufficient; must be combined with nutrition, treatment access, social protection, stigma reduction. Determinants of TB in India: Malnutrition accounts for ~40% of TB cases. Future Needs Integrated Innovations: Diagnostics + nutrition support + digital adherence + contact tracing + vaccines. Equity Focus: TB is a disease of inequality; solutions must reach marginalized populations. Sustainable Impact: Investment in scalable, field-ready solutions crucial for global TB elimination goals. Key Takeaways for Policy & Society Early and accurate diagnosis via point-of-care molecular testing is game-changing for TB control. Indigenous innovations can transform global health equity when integrated with national programs. Effective TB elimination requires holistic approaches, addressing social determinants, nutrition, treatment, and stigma. Public-private collaboration is imperative for large-scale, inclusive public health interventions.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 November 2025

Content SC Strikes Down Provisions of Tribunal Reforms Act; Orders Creation of National Tribunal Commission Red Fort Blast Exposes Rising Threat of Digital Tradecraft in Terrorism ISRO Successfully Tests Bootstrap Start of CE20 Cryogenic Engine IRDAI Completes Pilot of Bima Gram API to Boost Rural Insurance Mapping Climate Attribution Science Gains Importance Amid Pollution, Acid Rain, GLOFs, Cyclone Events Tihar Jail Introduces Cow Therapy to Improve Inmate Mental Health and Rehabilitation Lancet Flags Sharp Surge in Ultra-Processed Foods and India’s Escalating NCD Burden Tiger Returns to Gujarat After Decades of Local Extinction; Confirmed in Ratanmahal Sanctuary SC strikes down provisions of Tribunal Reforms Act, tells govt. to set up panel Why is it in News? Supreme Court struck down key provisions of the Tribunal Reforms Act 2021. The law centralized control of tribunals under the Union government, affecting appointments, salaries, and functioning. Court emphasized that such control undermines independence, impartiality, and effective adjudication. Direction issued to establish a National Tribunal Commission within four months to safeguard tribunal autonomy. Relevance: GS 2: Polity & Governance — tribunal independence, separation of powers, judicial review, constitutional safeguards. GS 2: Parliament–Judiciary Relations — limits of legislative override, institutional autonomy, rule of law. GS 2: Administrative Reforms — need for National Tribunal Commission, uniform standards across tribunals. GS 2: Rights Issues — impact on access to justice under Article 14 and 21. Background: Tribunals in India: Specialized quasi-judicial bodies to adjudicate disputes in administrative, fiscal, and regulatory domains (e.g., NCLT, ITAT, CAT). Purpose of Tribunal Reforms Act 2021: Rationalize tribunals, unify functioning, streamline appointments. Enable government to set salaries and conditions of service. Prior Legal Context: Tribunal Reforms Ordinance 2021 was struck down by SC in July 2021. The 2021 Act was essentially a “repackaged version” of the Ordinance. Key Issues Identified by the SC: Independence and impartiality: Executive control over appointments and tenure undermines constitutional principles. Tenure: Arbitrary curtailment violates security of office and institutional autonomy. Functioning & salaries: Government control over operational aspects breaches the spirit of separation of powers. Repetition of invalid law: 2021 Act mirrors Ordinance struck down earlier, showing legislative overreach. Supreme Court Observations: Parliamentary reforms must align with constitutional requirements, not just administrative convenience. Tribunal independence is an essential structural safeguard for fair adjudication. Establishing a National Tribunal Commission will: Ensure transparency in appointments. Maintain uniformity across tribunals. Protect institutional autonomy. Implications: Judicial independence: Strengthens the judiciary’s oversight on executive interference in quasi-judicial bodies. Tribunal governance: Moves toward a transparent, uniform, and accountable tribunal system. Legislative caution: Parliament cannot bypass constitutional safeguards under the guise of administrative reforms. The threat of digital tradecraft in terrorism  Why is it in News? On November 10, 2025, a car explosion near Delhi’s Red Fort Metro Station killed at least 15 people and injured over 30. National Investigation Agency (NIA) investigating the incident under counter-terrorism laws. The probe highlights the use of advanced digital tradecraft by modern terror modules, signaling an evolution in terrorist operational methods. Relevance: GS 3: Internal Security — terrorism trends, encrypted communication, digital tradecraft, operational security. GS 3: Cyber Security — encryption regulation, metadata gaps, self-hosted servers, digital forensics challenges. GS 3: Role of Technology in Terrorism — VPN use, closed communication loops, dead-drop emails. GS 2: Governance & Policy — legal gaps in counter-terror legislation, need for tech-diplomacy, institutional preparedness. Background: Location: Gate No. 1, Red Fort Metro Station, Delhi. Casualties: 15+ dead, 30+ injured. Initial classification: Terrorist attack, not an accident. Key suspects: Three doctors linked to Al Falah University, Faridabad – Dr. Umar Un Nabi, Dr. Muzammil Ganaie, Dr. Shaheen Shahid. Possible ideological linkage: Investigation ongoing into connections with Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) or JeM-inspired module. Major Findings from the Investigation: Encrypted communication: Suspects allegedly used Threema, a Swiss messaging app with no personal identifiers, end-to-end encryption, and minimal metadata retention. Potential self-hosted Threema server to create a closed network for sharing maps, documents, and instructions. Dead-drop emails: Shared email accounts used to save unsent drafts; other members accessed and updated drafts, leaving no digital footprint. Classic spycraft adapted for the digital age. Reconnaissance & logistics: Multiple recce missions in Delhi. Stockpiling of ammonium nitrate explosives, possibly using familiar vehicles to avoid suspicion. Operational discipline: Suspects reportedly cut digital links and switched off phones after arrests, indicating high operational security awareness. Digital sophistication: Blend of encrypted apps, private servers, VPNs, and minimal online footprint demonstrates multi-domain tradecraft. Academic & Strategic Overview: Aligns with counter-terrorism research: terrorists increasingly use E2EE tools, decentralized networks, and spy-style communication. Traditional surveillance (phone tapping, metadata collection, email intercepts) is less effective against encrypted, privacy-preserving technologies. Self-hosted infrastructure and VPN/proxy use highlights cross-border digital mobility of terror modules. Policy & Strategic Implications: Digital forensics enhancement: Establish specialized teams skilled in encrypted-platform analysis, server forensics, and memory dumping. Regulation of private/self-hosted servers: Mandate compliance with lawful access obligations while balancing privacy rights. Legal framework updates: Explicitly address encrypted/decentralized communication in counter-terrorism laws. Train investigators in detecting digital dead-drop mechanisms and shared draft mailboxes. Community & institutional engagement: Early detection of radicalization in professional and academic spaces. Tailored counter-radicalization programs for highly educated recruits. International cooperation: Strengthen intelligence-sharing and tech diplomacy. Collaborate with foreign governments and tech companies hosting encrypted platforms. Public awareness: Inform society about evolving terror tradecraft in digital spaces. Key Takeaways: Modern terror modules integrate digital tradecraft, operational discipline, and ideological motivation. Threats now span physical and digital domains, requiring multidisciplinary counter-terrorism approaches. India (and democracies globally) must adapt to counter encrypted, decentralized, and private communication networks alongside conventional security measures. CE20 cryogenic engine Why in News? ISRO successfully demonstrated the bootstrap mode start test of the CE20 cryogenic engine on November 7, 2025. This marks a major step toward enabling in-flight multiple restarts of the LVM3 (GSLV Mk-III) upper stage engine. Enhances mission flexibility, allowing future multi-orbit and Gaganyaan missions to optimize payload deployment and orbital insertion. Relevance: GS 3: Science & Technology — cryogenic propulsion, multi-restart engines, indigenous capability. GS 3: Space Technology — applications to Gaganyaan, multi-orbit deployment, heavy-lift missions.   Background: ISRO: Indian Space Research Organisation, responsible for India’s space programs and launch vehicles. LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3): Heavy-lift launch vehicle, capable of deploying satellites to GTO/LEO and supporting human spaceflight (Gaganyaan). CE20 Cryogenic Engine: Powers the upper stage of LVM3. Uses liquid hydrogen (fuel) and liquid oxygen (oxidizer). Previously qualified for single start operation at thrust 19–22 tonnes. Current Start System: Engine ignition uses tank head conditions, with turbo pumps started via stored gas start-up system. Each restart requires additional gas bottles, limiting operational flexibility. Significance of Bootstrap Mode Start: Definition: Engine achieves steady operation without external start-up assistance. Advantages: Eliminates dependency on additional start-up gas bottles for multiple restarts. Enables multi-orbit missions or complex satellite deployments. Reduces weight and system complexity on the rocket. Enhances reliability and mission safety. Test Details: Conducted in High-Altitude Test (HAT) facility, ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri. Duration: 10 seconds under vacuum conditions. Demonstrated ability to reach steady operation from bootstrap mode. Implications for ISRO Programs: Gaganyaan Mission: Improves engine restart capability for manned missions requiring orbital maneuvering. Future LVM3 Flights: Allows flexible payload deployment across multiple orbits. Cryogenic Engine Technology: Demonstrates ISRO’s advanced propulsion capabilities and indigenous mastery of restartable cryogenic engines. Strategic Significance: Positions India for advanced satellite launches, space exploration missions, and multi-orbit applications. Bima Gram API Why is it in News? IRDAI’s Bima Gram API successfully completed its pilot testing phase, marking a key step toward improving insurance penetration in rural India. Initiative integrates digital tools to streamline, authenticate, and map insurance coverage at the village level, enhancing governance and financial inclusion. Relevance: GS 3: Economy (Financial Inclusion) — rural insurance penetration, digital financial services. GS 2: Governance — regulatory reforms, data-driven policy design, village-level service delivery. GS 3: Inclusive Growth — protection against rural vulnerabilities, social security deepening. Background: IRDAI: Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India, regulator of insurance industry. Bima Gram API: Digital interface enabling real-time validation and mapping of insurance policies in rural areas. Pilot Testing: Conducted with five insurers – 2 life, 2 general, 1 health insurer. Tested functionality, integration, and accuracy. Objective: Facilitate digital verification of insurance policies linked to gram panchayats, reducing reliance on manual documentation. Significance of the Initiative: Efficiency & Accuracy: Speeds up insurance business reporting. Minimizes errors in rural insurance data. Data Mapping: Policies accurately mapped to villages, enabling granular monitoring. Policy Planning: Generates baseline datasets for insurers to plan future products and allocate resources effectively. Digital Inclusion: Empowers rural populations to access insurance services more transparently. Supports financial literacy and awareness initiatives. Implications: For Rural Insurance Penetration: Streamlined coverage verification increases trust in insurers. Promotes inclusive growth and social security in rural India. For Insurers: Enhanced risk assessment and product targeting. Better compliance and reporting to regulators. For Governance: Supports government programs by providing reliable insurance data at village level. Enables monitoring of insurance outreach and coverage gaps. Attribution science: the tricky task of linking disasters to emitters Why in News? Delhi recorded severe air pollution with AQI over 400 on November 12, 2025, prompting public protests. Recent environmental studies and disasters, including acid rain trends, glacial lake floods in Uttarkashi, and Cyclone Montha impacts, highlight the growing threat of climate-induced extremes. Climate attribution science is increasingly used to link local events to global warming, raising both scientific and policy implications. Relevance: GS 3: Environment & Ecology — climate change attribution, extreme events, disaster-linked pollution. GS 3: Disaster Management — GLOFs, cyclone intensification, early warning systems. GS 3: Pollution Control — acid rain trends, urban AQI crisis, point vs non-point source emissions. Background: Air Pollution in Delhi: Contributing factors: vehicle emissions, crop residue burning in neighbouring states, Diwali firecrackers, seasonal wind patterns. Health impacts: respiratory ailments, cardiovascular stress, public protests highlighting citizen concern. Acid Rain: Studies (IMD & IITM, Pune) show increasing acidity in rainwater over three decades. Local examples: Visakhapatnam (fossil fuel and port emissions), Dhanbad (coal mining emissions, chemical reactions forming secondary pollutants). Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): Uttarkashi flash floods (2025) reminiscent of 2013 Kedarnath disaster. Cause: glacier melt, climate change influencing intensity of rainfall and snow melt. Cyclone Intensification: Cyclone Montha (October 2025) impacted Andhra Pradesh, with warming seas increasing moisture and storm intensity. Climate Attribution Science: Purpose: Estimates how human-induced climate change alters frequency, intensity, and probability of extreme events. Methodology: Models simulate the world without anthropogenic greenhouse gases and compare to observed events. Attribution more accurate for heat waves than extreme rainfall or floods. Uses satellite observations, chemical transport modelling, and historical trends. Examples: Kedarnath floods: increased June rainfall linked to rising greenhouse gases and aerosols. Acid rain: linked to specific point sources (power plants, industrial clusters). Key Observations: Point vs Non-Point Sources: Point sources: concentrated emissions (e.g., power plants). Non-point sources: dispersed emissions (vehicles, agriculture). Global vs Local Responsibility: India’s cumulative CO2 since 1850 <6%. Developed nations bear larger historical responsibility for climate change. Legal and Economic Implications: Advances in climate economics and attribution raise the possibility of climate litigation against major fossil fuel companies. Potential for monetary/injunctive relief for climate-induced damages. Policy and Strategic Implications: Urban Air Quality Management: Strengthen monitoring, regulate vehicular emissions, manage seasonal crop burning. Disaster Preparedness: Early warning systems for GLOFs and cyclones. Community awareness and climate-resilient infrastructure. Energy Transition: Continue expansion of solar, wind, and battery storage to reduce future emissions. Climate Justice: Developed countries may need to compensate developing nations for historical emissions. Research & Modelling: Improve climate models for better event attribution, particularly for rainfall and flood events. Tihar Jail cow therapy initiative Why is it in News? Tihar Jail, Delhi launched a new gaushala initiative on November 19, 2025, to use cow therapy for improving mental health among inmates. Initiative is inspired by earlier pilots in Haryana and Sweden and aims to promote mental well-being, compassion, and rehabilitation. Relevance: GS 2: Social Justice — prisoner rehabilitation, mental health interventions, behavioural reform. GS 2: Governance — prison management reforms, NGO collaboration, digital transparency. GS 1: Society — compassion-based therapy, reintegration strategies, humanisation of incarceration. Background: Gaushala Concept: Shelter for indigenous cows, particularly Sahiwal breed. Cow Therapy: Psychological intervention using interaction with cows to reduce loneliness, promote emotional well-being, and spread kindness. Initiative Scope: Started with 10 cows, planned to scale over time. Aims to integrate therapy with vocational training, including milk production and puja material preparation. Previous Models: Haryana and Sweden: Similar cow therapy projects showed positive results for mental health and rehabilitation. Implementation in Tihar Jail: Small-scale pilot in jails 2 and 3, integrating inmates in animal care. Prison officials see gaushala as a centre of learning, compassion, and transparency. No direct visits or calls; inmates benefit through daily care and interaction. Initiative also part of rehabilitation and skill-building programs for inmates. Additional Support Systems: Digital Integration: Products from Tihar’s cow shed to be sold via Tihar’s online store (My Store). Real-time tracking of essential items and NGO collaboration for rehabilitation support. Inventory Management System: Monitors supply of food, medicines, and essential items. NGO Collaboration: Registration portal for NGOs to strengthen inmate rehabilitation programs. Impact: Mental Health: Reduces loneliness, promotes emotional resilience. Skill Development: Enables inmates to earn a livelihood and support their families post-release. Social Rehabilitation: Encourages responsibility, empathy, and humane treatment of animals. Institutional Transparency: Digital tracking and NGO oversight ensures accountability. Experts red-flag ultra-processed food retail surge Why in News? Recent Lancet series (three-paper global study) highlights the sharp rise in ultra-processed food consumption in India and its health consequences. Retail sales of ultra-processed foods rose from $0.9B in 2006 → ~$38B in 2019 (≈40-fold increase). Obesity, diabetes, and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are surging concurrently. Signals urgent need for policy action on diet, marketing, and public health. Relevance: GS 2: Health — obesity, diabetes, NCD burden, dietary transition, public health policy. GS 3: Economy — rising healthcare expenditure, productivity loss due to lifestyle diseases. GS 3: Science & Tech / Food Systems — food processing industry, aggressive marketing, supply-chain expansion. Definition Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs): Foods industrially formulated from refined ingredients, preservatives, additives; high in calories, low in nutrients; examples: soft drinks, chips, chocolates, instant noodles. Characteristics: Convenient, long shelf-life, hyper-palatable, aggressively marketed. Health Concern: Associated with obesity, Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart, kidney, GI disorders, depressive symptoms. Current Scenario in India Obesity: 28.6% adults affected (≈1 in 4). Diabetes: 11.4% adults (≈1 in 10). Prediabetes: 15.3% adults. Abdominal obesity: 39.5% adults. Childhood obesity: Increased from 2.1% (2016) → 3.4% (2019–21). UPF market growth: $0.9B → $38B between 2006–2019; rapid penetration into Indian diets. Why UPFs are Harmful ? High-calorie, low-nutrient → excess energy intake. Frequent consumption adds ≥500 extra calories/day → fat deposition, particularly visceral fat. Visceral obesity increases metabolic risks: Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension. Aggressive marketing normalizes unhealthy diets, replacing traditional meals. Policy and Regulatory Gaps India lacks precise data on UPF consumption patterns. Current regulations insufficient to curb marketing, especially targeting children. No uniform policy to manage food environment or labeling standards effectively. Global & Scientific Context Lancet series authored by 43 global experts: warns of worldwide trend of UPF consumption replacing traditional diets. Echoes global concerns: NCD burden rising in low- and middle-income countries due to dietary transition. Nutrition experts stress urgent intervention to prevent “nutrition transition” from traditional healthy diets to industrialized diets. Implications for India Rising healthcare burden from obesity and NCDs. Early onset of metabolic diseases in children. Genetic predisposition of Indians to visceral obesity intensifies risk. Need for multi-pronged interventions: public awareness, marketing restrictions, fiscal policies (taxation/subsidies), school nutrition programs. Declared extinct decades ago, a tiger returns to ‘new home’ — in Gujarat forest Why is this in News? Gujarat has recorded the return of a tiger after decades of local extinction, with confirmed sightings in Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary . Tiger was repeatedly captured on camera traps since Feb 2025, establishing territorial presence. Marks Gujarat’s entry into states hosting three big cats (lion–tiger–leopard), and preparing for the fourth (cheetah) under Project Cheetah in Banni Grasslands. Relevance: GS 3: Environment & Ecology — wildlife conservation, carnivore dispersal, habitat connectivity. GS 3: Biodiversity — species recovery, local extinction reversal, multi-big-cat landscape. Basics Local Extinction: When a species disappears from a specific region but exists elsewhere. Tigers were declared locally extinct in Gujarat decades ago. Source Landscape: Tiger likely dispersed naturally from Madhya Pradesh’s Kathiawar/Chhota Udepur landscape, which has a healthy population. Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary: Location at the MP–Gujarat border Rich prey base (nilgai, wild boar, monkeys; sambar/spotted deer in monsoon) Dense habitat suitable for large carnivores What Has Happened? First detection: Large pugmarks noticed on 23 Feb 2025 during patrol. Camera trap photo timestamped 22 Feb, 2:40 AM confirmed tiger presence. Regular sightings: Recurrent captures through multiple months prove it has established territory. Forest department action: Increased number of camera traps Ensured water availability Prey augmentation measures Fire prevention and habitat protection Constant monitoring of tiger health and movements NTCA informed: Formal recognition of tiger presence in Gujarat. Significance Ecological Milestone: Restoration of natural carnivore range → improved ecosystem health. Indicates successful habitat integrity on Gujarat–MP border. Conservation Success Indicator: Shows connectivity corridors between MP and Gujarat are functional. Natural dispersal is a strong marker of forest ecosystem recovery. Big Cat Diversity: Gujarat already has Asiatic lions (Gir) and leopards widely spread. Now adds tiger presence, becoming a multi–big-cat state. Work underway to add cheetahs via reintroduction (Banni Grasslands). Project Cheetah Link Gujarat preparing a 600-hectare cheetah breeding and conservation centre in Banni Grasslands, Kutch. Jointly funded by Centre + State. Will make Gujarat home to all four big cats — lion, tiger, leopard, cheetah. Why Tigers Disappeared from Gujarat?  Habitat loss due to agriculture expansion and fragmentation Prey depletion Poaching and human pressure Lack of tiger-specific conservation efforts (state focus on lions) Current Conservation Implications Need for landscape-level management for long-term tiger survival. Potential requirement for corridor protection between MP and Gujarat forests. Possible future creation of a notified Tiger Reserve if population stabilizes. Must manage human–tiger conflict risks as the region has village interface.

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