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May 6, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 06 May 2025

Content : Cast of characters Maritime hub The messaging from putting the IWT in ‘abeyance’ Cast of characters Context & Background India has not conducted a full caste enumeration since 1931. The Census so far records only SC, ST, and religious identity, not comprehensive caste data. The Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011 attempted to capture caste data but was riddled with inconsistencies. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance) Practice Question :Examine the opportunities and challenges involved in the proposed caste census in India. How can caste data be effectively utilized for policy making while addressing its associated complexities?(250 Words) Opportunities from Caste Census Evidence-Based Policy Making: Empirical caste data can aid targeted developmental programs and improve inclusivity. Fine-tuning Affirmative Action: Supports calls for sub-categorisation within SCs, STs, and especially OBCs. Can help address inequities within castes by identifying communities that are left out of benefits. Justice G. Rohini Commission findings (on OBC sub-categorisation) can gain empirical grounding. Supreme Court Verdict (2023) allows sub-categorisation within SC/ST, reinforcing the need for granular caste data. Better Budget Allocation: Helps in identifying needs for education, employment, and social services at a community level. Administrative Utility: Could lead to creation of a national caste repository to guide future decisions. Challenges Involved Data Complexity: SECC 2011 showed over 46 lakh caste entries due to varied self-identification and spelling inconsistencies. No standardized caste classification system exists apart from SC/ST/OBC lists. Conceptual Ambiguities: Difficulty in distinguishing caste vs sub-caste. Variations in caste names across regions and languages. Legal & Constitutional Hurdles: Numerous petitions in High Courts on inclusion/exclusion in caste lists. Questions over who defines “backwardness” and what metrics to use. Logistical Issues: Requires massive training of enumerators to ensure standardized and unbiased data collection. Possible misreporting or inflation of claims by individuals/communities. Social Volatility: Previous exercises (Bihar, Karnataka, Telangana) saw political polarization and social tensions. Risk of group dissatisfaction, leading to further fragmentations. Data Confidentiality & Integrity: With high social sensitivity, any data leak or misinterpretation can have serious repercussions. Way Forward Develop a clear national framework for caste enumeration with expert inputs. Use SECC learnings to design a clean, verifiable classification system. Ensure transparency, training, and public awareness to build trust in the process. Establish an independent, non-political data verification commission to maintain data integrity. Build consensus across states and parties to avoid politicisation and ensure coordinated implementation. Maritime hub Introduction: The Vizhinjam International Transhipment Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport is a significant infrastructure project developed by Adani Ports and Kerala Government under a public-private partnership. It aims to transform India’s maritime capabilities and reduce dependency on foreign ports. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure, Indian Economy) Practice Question :The commissioning of the Vizhinjam International Transhipment Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport marks a milestone in India’s maritime history. Discuss the economic benefits and challenges of this project, and suggest measures to fully harness its potential.(250 Words) Economic Benefits: Revenue Gains: India currently loses $200 million to $220 million annually due to transshipment cargo being handled at foreign ports. Vizhinjam can capture a significant portion of this market, bringing economic benefits by handling more cargo domestically. Cost Savings: The port’s location on the east-west shipping axis allows ultra-large container vessels to berth without diverting their routes, saving fuel and time, and thus reducing shipping costs. Boost to Domestic Economy: By facilitating efficient transshipment, the port will promote economic growth through enhanced logistics, trade, and industrial activities. Strategic Location: Proximity to International Shipping Routes: The port is well-positioned along major shipping routes linking Europe, West Asia, and the Far East, making it a potential transshipment hub for global trade. Natural Draft: With a natural draft of about 20 meters, the port can handle larger ships with minimal dredging, enhancing its attractiveness to global shipping companies. Technological and Operational Advantages: Automation and AI: As India’s first semi-automated port, equipped with remote-controlled quay cranes and an AI-powered vessel traffic management system, Vizhinjam can ensure faster cargo handling and reduced vessel turnaround times. Container Throughput: India’s current container throughput stands at 20 million TEUs compared to China’s 330 million TEUs, underlining the need for more modern ports like Vizhinjam. Challenges and Hurdles: Protests and Political Issues: The project faced opposition from fisherfolk and the Latin Church, which slowed down progress and created social tension. Natural Calamities and COVID-19: Disruptions like natural calamities and the COVID-19 pandemic delayed the project and posed additional challenges to construction and development timelines. Current Status and Investment: Commercial Operations: The port began commercial operations in July 2024, with 265 ships already berthed, including large mother ships. Investment Details: In the first phase, the Kerala Government invested ₹5,595 crore, Adani Ports spent ₹2,454 crore, and the Union Government provided a viability gap fund loan of ₹818 crore. This funding structure has been a subject of political debate. Future Potential and Development Needs: Connectivity Infrastructure: Timely completion of rail and road connectivity is crucial for the port’s success. This will enable efficient delivery of cargo across South India’s hinterland. Phase-wise Expansion: Subsequent phases, with an investment of ₹9,500 crore by 2028, are essential for developing additional warehousing, logistics, and industrial facilities. Need for Expedited Development: Expedited development is required to ensure that Vizhinjam becomes a thriving commercial maritime hub for South Asia. Conclusion: Vizhinjam port represents a strategic asset for India’s maritime trade, offering economic benefits, cost savings, and technological advancements. To realize its full potential, a comprehensive development plan involving infrastructure, connectivity, and industrial growth is essential. Coordination between the Centre and State will be critical to overcoming logistical, political, and social challenges, ensuring the port’s success as a global transshipment hub. The messaging from putting the IWT in ‘abeyance’ Context On April 24, 2024, India put the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in abeyance, linking it to Pakistan’s support for cross-border terrorism after the Pahalgam terror attack. The term “abeyance” implies a temporary hold, not recognized under IWT or international law — used more as a political message than a legal position. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question :India’s recent decision to put the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) in “abeyance” marks a significant shift in its water diplomacy. Critically examine the strategic, legal, and ecological implications of this move, and discuss whether water can be an effective tool of deterrence in bilateral relations.(250 Words) Legal and Treaty Limitations IWT Articles XII(3) and (4): Do not allow unilateral suspension; treaty modification/termination needs mutual agreement. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT): India is not a party; even under VCLT, suspension is only allowed under specific circumstances (e.g., material breach, impossibility, or fundamental change). No formal invocation of Article 60 or 62 of the VCLT by India, thus weakening its legal basis. “Abeyance” lacks international legal validity; cannot override treaty obligations. Strategic and Diplomatic Calculations Dual-level strategy: Domestic: Addresses public grief and demand for strong action post-terror attack. Diplomatic: Signals strategic assertiveness, allows pause in cooperation, and asserts India’s right over its water allocations. Helps India stall obligations like sharing hydrological data or notifying Pakistan about river projects, giving India operational leverage. Tactical Benefits and Risks Offers India time to pursue infrastructure (hydropower, irrigation) projects like Kishenganga, Ratle, Tulbul Navigation — often delayed due to Pakistan’s legal interventions. Could allow India to flush silt from reservoirs without warning, harming Pakistan’s water planning. But risks escalation: Pakistan views this as an act of war threatening its water security. Pakistan’s Internal Fragility Pakistan is politically and economically unstable (e.g., youth-military disconnect, fallout from Imran Khan’s arrest). India’s move comes at a time when Pakistan lacks internal coherence, potentially limiting effective response or negotiation. Implications for International Image Unilateral action may: Risk litigation at Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) or International Court of Justice (ICJ). Could contradict India’s global environmental and diplomatic commitments. Environmental and Governance Concerns Fast-tracking infrastructure may bypass ecological safeguards and public consultation, especially in the sensitive Indus basin. Risk of environmental degradation, particularly in seismically active and biodiversity-rich areas. Long-term Strategic Outlook The move may help India project strength but may not deter terrorism or alter Pakistan’s stance meaningfully. Instead of military escalation or treaty threats, a multi-pronged approach is needed balancing security, diplomacy, and environmental stewardship. India must avoid weaponising water to the extent it damages its own democratic principles and ecological interests. Conclusion India’s invocation of “abeyance” is a symbolic, strategic act aimed at pressuring Pakistan and placating domestic audiences. However, legally ambiguous, ecologically risky, and diplomatically sensitive — requiring careful narrative management and strategic restraint to maintain India’s long-term interests.

May 6, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 May 2025

Content: Centre directs States to hold ‘civil defence’ drills Detaining non-citizens and the rule of law Hydrogen versus battery: The cost of clean public transport At WTO, U.S. queries India’s PLI scheme for speciality steel India’s Forest Rights Act stands apart from exclusionary laws globally Centre directs States to hold ‘civil defence’ drills Context and Background Triggering Event: Directive follows the Pahalgam attack, intensifying India-Pakistan tensions. Historical Linkage: Similar civil defence measures were prominent during the Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971, involving blackouts and evacuation drills. Strategic Objective: To strengthen passive defence preparedness under growing threats of hybrid and cross-border warfare. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Directive Details Issued by: Union Ministry of Home Affairs via Directorate General of Civil Defence (DGCD). Coverage: Drills to be held up to village level in 244 identified districts. Schedule: Nationwide exercises from Wednesday to Friday. Components of the Drill Air-raid sirens, blackout protocols, and evacuation drills. Camouflaging of vital infrastructure (power plants, military depots). Hotlines with the Indian Air Force for rapid response. Control rooms and bunker maintenance to be reactivated. Civil Participation and Local Preparedness Approx. 4 lakh volunteers from Civil Defence to be engaged. Backward Linkages: Community-based Disaster Management (CBDM) model used in disaster-prone areas (e.g., Odisha cyclones). Integration with NDMA frameworks under the Disaster Management Act, 2005. Draws from past training models used in border areas during Kargil conflict (1999). Strategic and Policy Perspective Civil defence cited as “integral to passive defence strategy”. Emphasis on non-combatant preparedness amid non-linear threats like drone warfare, cyberattacks, and state-sponsored terrorism. Reinforces Centre-State coordination under Entry 1 (Defence) and Entry 2 (Public Order) of the Union and State Lists respectively. Significance and Implications Builds resilience in vulnerable populations, especially in border and conflict-prone zones. Strengthens inter-agency collaboration (IAF, local administration, health, police). Prepares the nation for multi-domain threats, echoing comprehensive national security doctrine. Detaining non-citizens and the rule of law Context and Legal Basis Legal Instruments Used: Detention of non-citizens in India is primarily carried out under: Foreigners Act, 1946 National Security Act (NSA), 1980 Assam NRC Impact: 19 lakh people excluded from the National Register of Citizens (NRC), many declared non-citizens and subjected to detention. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, International Relations) Constitutional and Judicial Principles Article 21: Guarantees protection of life and personal liberty to all persons (citizens and non-citizens). Article 22: Provides safeguards against arbitrary preventive detention, including: Right to be informed of grounds of arrest Right to consult a legal practitioner Right to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours Judicial Power & Common Law Tradition: Liberty can only be curtailed through judicial process or preventive detention under strict constraints. Detention should be purpose-driven (trial, punishment, or legitimate preventive need). Assam Detention Practices: Violations & Concerns Violation of due process: Detainees not charged or convicted of any criminal offence. Citizenship stripped on documentary grounds often flawed (e.g., spelling errors, floods destroying records). Indefinite & Arbitrary Detention: No realistic prospect of deportation — only 39 deportations since 2017 against 1.59 lakh declared ‘foreigners’. No legitimate purpose: Detention serves no penal, preventive, or removal purpose — making it constitutionally void under Article 21. Backward Linkages ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976): Earlier upheld suspension of liberty during Emergency; later criticised. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978): Landmark ruling that any procedure depriving liberty must be “just, fair, and reasonable.” K.S. Puttaswamy (2017): Reaffirmed Article 21’s expansive protection of liberty and dignity. International Human Rights Norms: Violates Article 9 of ICCPR: Prohibition against arbitrary detention. UNHCR standards discourage detention where repatriation is not possible. Comparative Jurisprudence Australia – NZYQ Case (2023): High Court held indefinite detention without realistic removal prospects unconstitutional. Reinforces judiciary’s role in guarding liberty. India – Rajubala Das v. Union of India (2020): Challenge to NRC-related detention pending. Raises question: Can India indefinitely detain stateless individuals? Larger Implications Threat to Rule of Law: Executive overreach undermines separation of powers and judicial oversight. Weakens constitutional commitment to liberty, fairness, and legality Humanitarian Crisis: Statelessness leads to permanent legal limbo, with no rights and no nationality Need for Legal Reform: Update Foreigners Act, 1946 to align with modern constitutional jurisprudence and human rights standards. Hydrogen versus battery: The cost of clean public transport Context: Urbanisation & Pollution Challenge By 2050, ~70% of people in developing countries will live in urban areas → higher demand for clean public transport. In India, PM2.5 pollution caused ~30,000 deaths annually (2008–2019) in 10 major cities. Highest in Mumbai (5,100), followed by Kolkata (4,678) and Chennai (2,870). Relevance : GS 1(Society, Urbanisation),GS 3((Technology) Rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs) Global EV count reached 40 million in 2023 (35% rise from 2022). Dominated by battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Majority of EV sales: China (over 50%) Europe and the U.S. follow. BEVs vs. FCEVs (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles) Fuel Cell Advantages: Faster refuelling (5–15 minutes). Longer range and better for extreme climates or terrain. Lighter weight due to high energy density. Current Status: FCEVs = 93,000 units globally (1 for every 330 BEVs). High upfront cost: 20–30% more expensive than BEVs. Prices of FCEVs and BEVs expected to converge by 2030. Operational Costs Comparison (per km): Diesel bus: $0.27 Electric bus: $0.17 (cheapest) Blue hydrogen bus: $0.84 Green hydrogen bus: $0.91 ➡ Hydrogen vehicles remain economically unviable for now. India’s EV Landscape (2023): EVs = 5% of total vehicle sales. Electric cars: 80,000 units (70% YoY growth). Three-wheelers: India leads globally (0.58 million units), surpassing China. India = 60% of global electric 3-wheeler sales. Two-wheelers: India = second-largest market (0.88 million units). China leads with 6 million units. China, India, ASEAN dominate >95% of global e-2W and e-3W market. Key Takeaway Battery electric vehicles are currently more cost-effective and widely adopted. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have niche advantages but remain costly to operate and rare. India’s growth is strongest in electric 2- and 3-wheelers, aligning with urban mobility needs. At WTO, U.S. queries India’s PLI scheme for speciality steel Context : U.S. Concerns at WTO The U.S. questioned India’s PLI scheme for specialty steel at the WTO Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties. Main concern: Why promote steel production via subsidies when there is global overcapacity in steel? The U.S. implied the scheme may distort global markets and go against fair trade principles. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Indian Economy) India’s Stand Objective: Reduce import dependence on high-grade/specialty steel and boost self-sufficiency. Despite being the 2nd largest steel producer, India is a net importer of specialty steel (including in FY25). PLI scheme aims to: Promote value-added steel production. Modernize technology and move up the value chain. Advance Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India). Details of the PLI Scheme Launched in 2021, the PLI scheme covers 14 sectors, including specialty steel. Outlay for specialty steel: ₹6,322 crore (part of ₹1.97 lakh crore overall PLI budget). No export obligations or export-linked incentives – hence WTO compliant, according to India. Focus is purely on investment promotion and domestic sales growth. India vs. Global Context India’s subsidies are modest compared to China’s $50 billion in estimated steel subsidies. India argues that its scheme addresses domestic gaps, not global market manipulation. Points to continued net import status as proof that overcapacity is not an Indian issue. WTO & Policy Implications The issue highlights increasing scrutiny of industrial policies under WTO norms. It underscores a broader geopolitical-economic divide over the right to industrial development support in emerging economies. May also lead to bilateral trade discussions or countervailing investigations if escalated. India’s Forest Rights Act stands apart from exclusionary laws globally Global Context: Exclusionary Conservation Models Conservation laws globally are often exclusionary, marginalising Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs). Rooted in colonial ‘fortress conservation’ models, these laws create protected areas with centralised control. Such models have led to displacement of 10–20 million people globally by severing their ties to native lands. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) IPLCs as Natural Custodians Most biodiverse regions are where IPLCs have traditionally lived, governed, and nurtured ecosystems. Communities like the Masai, Ogiek, Batwa, Ashaninka, and Adivasis are time-tested custodians of biodiversity. Laws that recognise their tenure and traditional knowledge can improve conservation outcomes. India’s Conservation Legal Frameworks India is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and enacted the Biological Diversity Act (BDA), 2002. BDA established institutions like the National Biodiversity Authority and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs). However, historical laws like the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and Project Tiger (1973) used exclusionary models—displacing over 6 lakh people. Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 – A Paradigm Shift FRA is a landmark legislation linking Adivasi rights with forest governance and conservation. It empowers gram sabhas (village councils) for democratic, decentralised management of forest resources. FRA recognises 13 types of rights, especially: Access to biodiversity and related knowledge. Right to protect, regenerate, conserve, or manage community forest resources. International Support for IPLC Rights CBD’s Article 8(j) promotes traditional knowledge preservation. UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) affirms IPLC rights globally. India voted in favour of the declaration but avoids using the term “indigenous” domestically—asserts all Indians are indigenous. Indian Constitutional and Legislative Support Scheduled Tribes are protected under Articles 244 & 244A. Laws like PESA (1996) and FRA (2006) enhance tribal self-governance and conservation roles. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), 2022 KMGBF promotes equitable IPLC participation and includes “30 by 30” target (protecting 30% of land and marine ecosystems by 2030). While inclusive in theory, “30 by 30” risks expanding exclusionary protected areas unless implemented with IPLC safeguards. India’s NBSAP (National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan), 2025 Lists 23 biodiversity targets aligned with KMGBF, aiming for a bottom-up approach. In practice, the plan favours state-led models over community-led ones like FRA. BMCs are underdeveloped; synergy with gram sabhas remains weak. OECMs – A New Opportunity or Threat? India to notify Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) soon. OECMs are meant to: Go beyond formal protected areas. Involve IPLCs or other stakeholders in conservation. Risk: Without legal clarity, OECMs might exploit biodiversity or traditional knowledge for corporate interests. Need to Strengthen FRA in Practice FRA can safeguard 4 crore hectares of forest land. Other frameworks like BDA or CBD must align with FRA, not override it. Ministry of Tribal Affairs insists that: Rights under FRA be settled before any biodiversity sites are declared. Gram sabha consent be mandatory. Key Takeaways India’s FRA offers a global model for inclusive, rights-based conservation. Recognition of community tenure + local governance = effective biodiversity conservation. Implementation gaps and overlapping legal frameworks need urgent policy synergy to avoid undermining tribal rights.

May 5, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 May 2025

Content: Report for Framework on Repairability Index (RI) in Mobile and Electronic Sector submitted WAVES 2025: A People’s Movement that Empowers Every Creator to be a Star Report for Framework on Repairability Index (RI) in Mobile and Electronic Sector submitted Context & Purpose Framework launched by DoCA to address repair accessibility issues in mobile/electronic sector. Focus on Smartphones and Tablets in the first phase of implementation. Stems from rising consumer grievances regarding repair difficulties, with complaints rising from ~19,000 in 2022-23 to ~22,800 in 2024-25. Relevance : GS 3(Technology , Environment) Committee Formation & Composition Included diverse stakeholders: Major tech companies: Apple, Samsung, Google, Dell, HP, Vivo, HMD Industry associations: ICEA, MAIT Consumer orgs: EPIC Government departments: MeitY, MSME Scientific bodies: BIS, NTH Core Features of Repairability Index Self-declared by OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers). Based on standard scoring criteria with no extra compliance burden. Displayed at: Physical point of sale, E-commerce platforms, Product packaging (via QR code). Goals and Impact Promote mindful utilization over wasteful consumption. Support consumer empowerment through informed product choices. Aligns with Right to Repair principles and circular economy goals. Encourages transparency, sustainability, and self-reliance. SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Alignment with Global Standards Framework modeled on best international practices (e.g., France’s RI system). Designed to balance innovation, consumer rights, and ease of doing business. Broader Policy Ecosystem Builds on Right to Repair Portal India (2022) – includes Mobile/Electronics, Automobiles, Consumer Durables, Farming Equipment. 65+ companies onboarded on the portal to facilitate repair-related information. Future Outlook Expected to expand to other electronics and durable goods sectors. Promotes affordable repair access, crucial for rural and urban consumers alike. Supports India’s digital empowerment by ensuring longevity of essential devices. WAVES 2025: A People’s Movement that Empowers Every Creator to be a Star Vision and Theme WAVES 2025 positions itself as a catalyst for India’s Orange Economy (Creative Economy). The event reinforces India’s goal to become a global media and entertainment (M&E) powerhouse. Emphasizes democratization of content creation and youth-led storytelling. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,Creative Economy) Economic Impact and Business Outcomes WAVES Bazaar recorded business deals worth ₹1328 crores in 3 days. Maharashtra Govt signed MoUs worth ₹8000 crores in the M&E sector. Over 3000 B2B meetings held, highlighting the summit’s strong commercial traction. Global Cooperation and Diplomacy 77 countries participated in the Global Media Dialogue. Adoption of the ‘WAVES Declaration’—stressing cultural collaboration, ethical media, digital equity, and global peace. India led global discussions on bridging the digital divide and enabling a creator-first economy. Start-Up Ecosystem: WAVEX 30 start-ups pitched to top investors like Jio, Lumikai, WarmUp Ventures. ₹50 crore worth of investments in pipeline. WAVEX aims to create incubators, mentor networks, and seed investment platforms for Tier 1 & 2 creators. Unique model supports idea-stage start-ups, even without tangible products. Key Reports and Findings Statistical Handbook: Data-rich overview of India’s M&E sector growth, trends, and challenges. ‘From Content to Commerce’ – BCG: India has 2–2.5 million active digital creators. Creators influence $350B+ in consumer spending, projected to hit $1 trillion by 2030. ‘A Studio Called India’ – EY: India has 40–60% cost advantage in VFX/animation. Indian OTT gaining strong international demand. Legal Currents – Khaitan & Co: Influencer compliance, regulatory clarity. White Paper on Live Events: Sector growing at 15%; calls for licensing and infra reform. Capacity Building: Indian Institute of Creative Technology (IICT) IICT to become a national-level skilling and innovation centre for M&E professionals. Aims to bridge the talent gap in creative tech and enhance India’s competitiveness. Strategic Government Messaging PM projected WAVES as the dawn of India’s Orange Economy. Focus on “Create in India”, youth empowerment, and using storytelling as soft power. Ministers emphasized tech-tradition synergy, policy alignment, and global cultural diplomacy. Key Takeaways WAVES 2025 was more than a summit—it was a movement for India’s creative resurgence. Positioned India as both a marketplace and a megaphone for global storytelling. Laid the foundation for sustainable growth in M&E, international partnerships, and a robust creator economy.

May 5, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 May 2025

Content: Temporary respite India must rethink its Arctic outlook Not revenge or retaliation, but a paradigm shift Temporary Respite Positive Indicators in GST and Manufacturing: Record GST Collection in April 2025: Gross GST touched ₹2.37 lakh crore — a 12.6% YoY growth, showing strong revenue buoyancy. Improved Compliance & Digitalization: Net revenue to Centre rose 9.1% YoY; improvements linked to: Higher GST compliance Faster refunds, crucial for MSMEs 87% fintech adoption in India (above global average) MSMEs entering the formal economy: COVID years accelerated digital onboarding, enabling better tax reporting and easier financial transactions. Long-term trend: April GST collections have more than doubled from ₹1.03 lakh crore in 2018 to ₹2.37 lakh crore in 2025 — indicating structural tax base expansion. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : The recent buoyancy in GST revenues and exports reflects positive short-term trends, but structural issues continue to constrain India’s manufacturing sector. Critically examine the factors behind the current upswing and suggest long-term policy measures for sustainable industrial growth.(250 Words) Trade & Export Trends: 86% surge in GST refunds to exporters: Reflects robust export activity and government efficiency in processing. 20.8% rise in GST from imports: Suggests revival in industrial demand and import-intensive manufacturing. PMI Strengthening: April’s HSBC India Manufacturing PMI at 58.2 (10-month high) — indicates strong new orders and global demand. Exports rising due to global factors: Businesses globally fast-tracked orders from India anticipating: U.S. tariff pause ending July 9 Diversification from China due to tariff risks Strategic Shifts in Global Supply Chains: Apple’s shift to India: Plans to source “most iPhones” for U.S. from India — shows India’s growing manufacturing stature. India seen as a China-plus-one alternative: As U.S. tightens tariffs on Chinese imports (including low value-add transshipments), India gains as a preferred sourcing hub. Challenges & Long-Term Needs: Current manufacturing growth weak: Despite recent export surge, manufacturing grew only 4% in FY24 — a four-year low, indicating structural bottlenecks. Temporary nature of current boost: Export rush is tied to a short-term window (U.S. tariff pause) — not sustainable for long-term growth. Need for durable strategy: Boost domestic consumption to build internal demand resilience. Negotiate favorable terms in FTAs to strengthen manufacturing competitiveness. Conclusion : India’s current export and tax buoyancy offers temporary relief, but for sustainable economic growth, domestic consumption needs to be strengthened, and manufacturing must be supported by trade diplomacy and structural reforms. India must rethink its Arctic outlook Changing Arctic Geopolitics: Arctic’s shift from cooperation to contestation: Once a zone of scientific collaboration and environmentalism, the Arctic is now a theatre of geopolitical rivalry among major powers. Key geopolitical players: Russia: Asserting dominance and militarising the region. China: Expanding Arctic ambitions and seeking influence. USA: Renewed focus, e.g., Trump’s 2019 Greenland proposal — underscoring Arctic’s strategic centrality. Climate change as a catalyst: Melting ice has made the Northern Sea Route (NSR) navigable, creating new trade routes and resource frontiers, shifting global maritime dynamics. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : India’s current Arctic engagement, focused largely on climate research, appears inadequate in the face of rising geopolitics and militarisation in the region. Critically examine the implications of India’s limited Arctic posture for its strategic and economic interests. Suggest a roadmap for recalibrating India’s Arctic strategy in line with emerging global realities.(250 Words) Rising Militarisation of the Arctic: Militarisation indicators: Reopening of military bases, submarine deployments, visible force displays by Arctic states. Strategic repositioning: Arctic powers now use presence to influence wider global strategies. The militarisation trend, though not new, is now more assertive and visible. India’s Present Arctic Posture: Current policy focus: India’s 2022 Arctic Policy emphasizes climate science, sustainability, and Himalayan-Arctic climate linkages. India’s limited presence: Research station at Svalbard Observer status in the Arctic Council Participation in polar expeditions Mismatch with new realities: These efforts are rooted in a benign geopolitical era, now outdated due to emerging power rivalries. Strategic detachment: India remains largely absent from critical Arctic forums and conversations on emerging governance, trade, and security. Implications for India: Economic stakes: The viability of the NSR may divert global trade away from Indian Ocean sea lanes, impacting India’s role as a regional connectivity hub (e.g., SAGAR, IPOI). Strategic risks: Growing Russia-China coordination in the Arctic and China’s naval presence in the Indian Ocean blur regional boundaries, challenging India’s maritime strategy. Perception issues: India’s historic ties with Russia may create discomfort among Nordic partners, especially amid Russia’s role in Ukraine. The Way Forward: Strategic Recalibration Need for a sharper Arctic strategy, retaining environmental ethos but with clear strategic depth. Three-pronged approach recommended: Institutionalise Arctic engagement: Create Arctic desks in Foreign and Defence Ministries Facilitate inter-agency consultations Collaborate with strategic think tanks Forge partnerships with like-minded Arctic states:Focus on dual-use tech (e.g., maritime awareness, satellite monitoring)Avoid raising militaristic alarms Secure a voice in emerging Arctic governance:Actively participate in forums on infrastructure, shipping, digital standards, blue economyEngage local Arctic communities respectfully Key Takeaway: India’s climate-centric and apolitical Arctic stance is no longer sufficient. As the Arctic becomes a critical node in geopolitical and economic shifts, India must proactively shape its Arctic strategy to avoid marginalisation in the new polar order. Not revenge or retaliation, but a paradigm shift Nature of the Pahalgam Attack First major civilian attack since Mumbai 2008. Deliberate targeting by religion; aimed to provoke communal tensions. Marked shift from fidayeen-style attacks to a planned, exfiltrated operation. Objective: Terrorize civilians, destabilize the Kashmir economy, and provoke internal communal unrest. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : The Pahalgam attack underscores the limitations of India’s reactive counter-terror responses. In this context, critically evaluate the need for a paradigm shift in India’s counter-terrorism doctrine. How can strategic restraint, diplomatic engagement, and structural reforms together ensure long-term national security?(250 Words) India’s Past Responses to Terror 2001 (Parliament Attack): Operation Parakram — full-scale military mobilisation. 2008 (Mumbai Attacks): Global diplomatic offensive; Pakistan admitted to training terrorists; FATF grey-listing. 2007 (Samjhauta Express) & 2016 (Pathankot): Asked Pakistan to investigate; allowed Pakistani team to visit. 2016 (Uri Attack): Cross-LoC surgical strikes. 2019 (Pulwama): Balakot air strikes beyond PoK; IAF pilot captured. Strategic Takeaway India must move beyond reactive/revenge-based responses. Craft a three-pronged strategic doctrine: Counter-terror strategy Retaliation planning Managing Pakistan’s counter-retaliation New Challenges and Risks Pakistan’s Military Posturing: Gen. Asim Munir’s radical leanings (legacy of Zia-ul-Haq). His long tenure till 2027 and pressure to act post Jaffar Express attack. Imran Khan’s popularity — internal army politics may push adventurism. Chinese Factor: India’s response may impact CPEC — risks Chinese reaction. Internal Escalation Risks: Domestic calls for “map-making” or “war” may push hasty military action. Diplomatic Front: Leverage and Pitfalls Suspension of Indus Waters Treaty (IWT): Risk of backlash from World Bank, China (upper riparian), and Bangladesh (lower riparian). UNSC Dynamics: Recent watered-down statement (omitted TRF and India’s role) due to Pakistan’s UNSC membership. India must push for: TRF listing under UNSC sanctions. Designation of TRF as Foreign Terrorist Organisation (FTO) in allied nations. FATF Re-engagement: Renew pressure on Pakistan using FATF mechanisms. Revive CCIT Campaign: Use diplomacy and credible figures, even Opposition leaders, for international support. Paradigm Shift Proposal: LoC as International Border LoC used by Pakistan to fuel asymmetric warfare. Pakistan has already altered PoK’s demography and control structures. Realistically, taking PoK coercively is not viable. Turning LoC into a de facto border may: Close the terror pipeline. Reduce long-term instability. Require international pressure on Pakistan for formal acceptance. Conclusion Pahalgam is a turning point; a mere retaliatory strike is inadequate. India needs a comprehensive, strategic, diplomatic, and psychological shift. Sealing the LoC as a permanent border could be the long-term stabiliser in South Asia.

May 5, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 May 2025

Content: Demise of Foreign Aid in India Shaping the Port of the Future EC Developing Common Digital Platform for Voters, Officials New NCERT Textbooks for Class 7 to Introduce Students to Traditional Games, Cultural Activities From Ploughs to Panels, Cultivating a Solar-Powered Future for Farmers Demise of foreign aid in India Context and Background India historically had an ambivalent stance on foreign aid—welcoming at times, suspicious at others. Peak foreign aid flow to India occurred between 1955-1965, primarily from Western nations. After 1990, Official Development Assistance (ODA) became insignificant due to India’s high growth trajectory. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Decline in Official Foreign Aid Western countries now perceive India as a self-reliant, emerging global power. Factors for reduced aid: Rising political and religious nationalism. Donor countries facing domestic constraints: economic slowdown, immigration backlash, geopolitical conflicts. US President Trump’s attack on USAID marked a global shift; EU countries may follow suit. Decline in Private Aid Private foreign aid to NGOs has also been declining. Data (2017–2022): NGOs received ₹88,882 million, but actual foreign aid is believed to have dropped further. Implications: Potential unemployment in donor and recipient sectors. Wastage of unused aid resources like medicines/food. Reduced international collaboration in health and environment. Regulatory Crackdown via FCRA Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) introduced in 1976; amended multiple times (2010, 2011, 2020, 2023, 2024). Justification: Alleged anti-national activities by NGOs (e.g., conversions, protests). Increasing stringency of regulations and cancellation of registrations have discouraged both donors and recipients. Targeting of donors like Soros Foundation signals further narrowing space for foreign philanthropy. Role of Foreign Aid in NGO Functioning Foreign aid filled gaps where government funding was insufficient, rigid, or delayed. Enabled: Greater flexibility in project design and execution. Capacity building and exposure to global practices. A watchdog role against governmental or corporate overreach. Consequences of Aid Withdrawal Risks include: Unemployment in the voluntary sector. Stalled or unfinished projects. Deterioration of service delivery in health, education, livelihoods. Weakening of dissent and accountability in democratic processes. Self-Reliance vs. Strategic Myopia While Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliance) is an admirable goal, the blanket rejection of aid may be detrimental. Shunning foreign aid without viable alternatives risks hampering inclusive development and silencing civil society. Shaping the port of the future Historical & Strategic Context Vizhinjam was historically known as Balita and later Rajendra Chola Pattinam, indicating its prominence in early global maritime trade. Post-colonial neglect led to the decline of its status in favor of ports like Cochin and Madras. It is now revived as India’s first deep-water container transshipment port. Relevance :GS 3(Infrastructure) Port Features & Economic Significance Location advantage: Closest Indian port to international shipping routes (just 10 nautical miles away). Can handle Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCVs) due to its natural 20-meter draft depth. Developed under a PPP model with ₹8,867 crore investment: Kerala Govt: ₹5,595 crore Adani Ports: ₹2,454 crore Union Govt (VGF): ₹817.8 crore Already exceeded TEU targets: 6 lakh TEUs handled in a year (vs. expected 1 lakh). Operational Milestones Docked MSC Claude Girardet, largest cargo ship in South Asia. MSC Anna handled 10,330 containers—a record for Indian ports. MSC Irina, world’s largest container ship, expected to dock in May 2025. Semi-automated port with skilled women crane operators—a national first. Geopolitical and Global Trade Impact Aims to reduce India’s dependence on foreign transshipment hubs like Colombo, Singapore, and Klang. MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Co.) has already included Vizhinjam in its major global shipping routes. Future Expansion Plans Full completion advanced from 2045 to 2028. Second and third phases approved with ₹20,000 crore investment: TEU capacity to increase from 1 million to 4.87 million. Berth length to increase from 1,200m to 2,000m. Infrastructure & Connectivity Challenges Delays due to inadequate associated infrastructure (e.g., 40-ship backlog in Feb). Pending approvals: Integrated Check Post (ICP) – vital for customs and crew change. Port Health Office – important for international operations. Key connectivity projects: NH-66 expansion, rail link to Balaramapuram, 63 km Outer Ring Road. Allied Industrial Ecosystem & Local Economy Kerala government announced Vizhinjam Development Zone and plans for an economic corridor. Push for shipbuilding, ship repair, logistics, and green fuel (hydrogen, ammonia) hubs. Shipyard at Poovar and wave energy projects in pipeline. Special Investment Region (SIR) & SEZ Potential Potential to emulate China’s Shenzhen model (from fishing village to tech hub). Vizhinjam Special Investment Region (SIR) Bill under proposal: Should include land pooling, fair compensation, and global best practices. May be referred to a select committee for detailed study. Policy & Financial Concerns Union Govt’s VGF repayment clause could escalate to ₹10,000 crore – a financial burden on Kerala. Suggestion: Reconsider repayment terms due to the port’s strategic importance. Need for a Greenfield Port Policy (like Greenfield Airport Policy) to avoid nearby redundant ports (e.g., Colachel, 40 km away). Conclusion: Way Forward Vizhinjam is a game-changing infrastructure project with immense potential. Its success hinges on: Timely infrastructure support, Smart regulatory decisions, Strategic global partnerships, Harmonious Centre-State-private collaboration. EC developing common digital platform for voters, officials ECINET is a new unified digital platform by the Election Commission of India, aimed at integrating over 40 electoral apps for streamlined, secure, and accessible electoral management. It seeks to enhance voter services, administrative efficiency, and digital governance. Relevance : GS 2(Election Comission) Key Features of ECINET Unified Platform: Integrates and reorients over 40 existing EC apps into one common interface. One-Stop Access: Will subsume major apps like: Voter Helpline Voter Turnout cVIGIL Suvidha 2.0 ESMS Saksham KYC app Objectives Simplify User Experience: Offers a unified login and interface, avoiding the need to switch between multiple apps. Enhance Accessibility: Available on both desktop and mobile platforms for broader reach. Improve Data Access: Allows users (voters, officials, parties, civil society) to access reliable electoral data easily. Development Status Advanced Stage: The platform is undergoing rigorous trials for: Functionality User-friendliness Cybersecurity robustness Data Integrity & Security Authorised Entry Only: Data can be entered solely by EC officials. Legal Priority: In case of data conflict, statutory forms will take precedence. Cybersecurity Focus: Designed with strong security measures to prevent data breaches or manipulation. Expected Benefits Massive Outreach: Aims to benefit nearly 100 crore electors. Administrative Efficiency: Will aid the entire electoral machinery by reducing redundancy and improving coordination. Digital Governance Boost: Reflects a significant move towards e-governance in electoral management. New NCERT textbooks for Class 7 to introduce students to traditional games, cultural activities General Overview New Textbook Introduced: NCERT launches “Khel Yatra”, a physical education and well-being textbook for Class 7. NEP 2020 Alignment: The move is in line with the National Education Policy 2020, which promotes cultural rootedness and holistic development. Focus: Emphasises traditional Indian games, fitness, teamwork, and values like inclusion and gender equality. Relevance : GS 2(Education ) Traditional Games in Focus (Chapters 1 & 2) Chapter 1: Foundational Basis of Physical Education and Well-being Ghorpadiche Shepoot (Maharashtra/South India): Tag-based game resembling lizard’s tail chase; connected with Tanaji Malusare’s legend. Gidhada Gudkavan (Maharashtra): “Hawk and Chickens” game promoting agility, teamwork, and strategy. Nalugu Rallu Ata (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana): “Four Stones” game requiring strategic movement to collect stones while avoiding the denner. Chapter 2: Physical and Motor Fitness Dhaan ki Bori: Sack race game where one player carries another on the back. Atya-Patya / Dariya Bandha: Tag-and-run agility game involving crossing lines without being tagged. Dapo Nyarka Sunam (Northeast Tribes): Bamboo wrestling game focused on balance, strength, and strategy. Madhu and Manu: Tag-based team game involving race to safety zones. Standard Sports & Cultural Practices (Chapters 3–6) Chapter 3 & 4: Fundamentals of badminton and football. Chapters 5 & 6: Focus on kabaddi and yoga (including asanas and pranayama). Broader Educational Themes Values-Based Learning: Textbook promotes physical activity along with values like: Inclusion Gender equality Cultural rootedness Experiential Learning: Encourages students to engage actively rather than passively learn. Vocational Skills Textbook: Kaushal Bodh Introduces students to: Puppetry Tie-dye printing Gardening Artificial Intelligence (AI) Blends heritage crafts with emerging tech skills. Significance Pedagogical Shift: Moves from rote learning to hands-on, experiential, and culturally integrated education. National Integration: Showcases diverse regional games and promotes inter-state cultural appreciation. Holistic Development: Strengthens physical fitness, emotional well-being, and creative thinking among adolescents. From ploughs to panels, cultivating a solar-powered future for farmers Concept and Origins of Agriphotovoltaics (APVs) Origin: Introduced in 1981 by German scientists Adolf Goetzberger and Armin Zastrow. Core idea: Dual land use—elevate solar panels (~2m) to grow crops underneath, combining energy generation and agriculture. Benefit: Enhances land-use efficiency, reduces competition between food and energy production. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture , Technology) APVs: Function and Economic Potential Design types: Interspace orientation: Crops grown between solar panel rows. Overhead-stilted orientation: Panels elevated, crops grown below. Income Model: Farmers can: Lease land to developers (e.g., ₹1 lakh/acre/year in Najafgarh). Earn from both lease and crop cultivation if negotiated. Income potential: From ₹41,000/acre/year (traditional) to ₹2.5 lakh/acre/year (APV with dual income). Environmental and Agronomic Advantages Creates microclimate: Lowers water loss and reduces heat stress on crops. Supports shade-tolerant crops: E.g., turmeric, tomato, potato. Challenges: Lack of Norms and High CapEx India lacks national APV standards, unlike: Japan: Max 20% crop yield loss, panel height ≥2m, periodic review. Germany: Yield retention ≥66%, land loss to solar ≤15%. Capital cost barrier: ₹2.7 crore for 1-MW ground-mounted plant. 11% higher cost for APV due to specialised structure. Viability tied to FiT (Feed-in Tariff): Current FiT (₹3.04/unit): ~15 years payback. Higher FiT (₹4.52/unit): ~4 years payback. Recommendations and the Way Forward Incorporate APVs into PM-KUSUM scheme: Use Component-A (grid-connected plants) to scale dual-use models. Develop APV-specific guidelines: Include norms for panel height, land use, yield loss, removability. Encourage smallholder adoption: Use FPOs and cooperatives (e.g., Sahyadri FPO). Offer NABARD credit guarantees, grants, and training programs. Build capacity: Skill training for APV operation and maintenance. Conclusion APVs offer triple benefits: energy, food, and farmer income security. Success depends on: Economic incentives (attractive FiTs, lease models). Farmer-centric policy framework (guidelines, support systems).

May 3, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 May 2025

Content: Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi dedicates Vizhinjam International Seaport in Kerala worth ₹8,800 crore to the nation NITI Aayog Releases Report on “Enhancing Competitiveness of MSMEs in India” Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi dedicates Vizhinjam International Seaport in Kerala worth ₹8,800 crore to the nation Vizhinjam Port: Strategic and Economic Significance First dedicated container transshipment port in India; developed at a cost of ₹8,800 crore. Located near one of the world’s busiest international sea routes, ensuring strategic maritime advantage. Possesses a natural draft of ~20 meters, enabling docking of ultra-large cargo vessels. Aims to reduce India’s reliance on foreign transshipment hubs like Colombo, Singapore, and Port Klang. Expected to triple transshipment capacity in coming years, aiding in freight cost reduction and foreign exchange savings. Relevance : GS 2(Infrastructure) Maritime Sector and Trade Infrastructure 75% of India’s transshipment currently occurs at foreign ports — this port is a step toward reversing that trend. Will serve as a gateway for international trade, enhancing the global competitiveness of Indian goods. Facilitates better logistics performance and contributes to improved trade balance and export efficiency. Integrated Infrastructure under National Missions Developed under the Sagarmala Programme, which aims to: Modernize port infrastructure. Improve port-linked industrialization. Enhance coastal community development. Linked with PM-Gati Shakti Master Plan to ensure multi-modal connectivity (rail, road, waterways, air). Port infrastructure integrates with national logistics networks for faster turnaround and last-mile connectivity. Efficiency and Global Ranking Turnaround time at major Indian ports has improved by 30% over the past decade. India now handles more cargo in less time, boosting overall economic productivity. Two Indian ports are now among the top 30 globally, and India has improved in the Logistics Performance Index. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) and Investment Development through PPP model, attracting thousands of crores in private investment. Encourages technological innovation and ensures ports are future-ready and globally competitive. Employment and Industrial Growth Will contribute to the creation of a shipbuilding and repair cluster in Kochi. Expected to generate thousands of direct and indirect jobs, benefiting local communities. Strengthens MSME ecosystem, especially those involved in marine supplies, logistics, and ancillary services. Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision and Global Corridors Port is part of India’s Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision — a long-term strategy for maritime growth. Kerala is positioned as a key link in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC). Enhances India’s strategic role in global maritime trade corridors. Seafarer Reforms and Capacity Building Regulatory reforms in the maritime workforce: Number of registered Indian seafarers increased from 1.25 lakh (2014) to 3.25 lakh (2024). India ranks among the top 3 countries for seafarer workforce globally. Broader Infrastructure Push in Kerala State witnessing holistic infrastructure upgrades: Completion of delayed projects like Kollam Bypass and Alappuzha Bypass. Enhanced rail and air connectivity including the induction of Vande Bharat trains. Coastal Economy and Blue Revolution Focus on fishermen welfare under: Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana and Blue Revolution. Modernization of fishing harbours like Ponnani and Puthiyappa. Provision of Kisan Credit Cards to fishermen for improved financial inclusion. Historical and Civilizational Perspective Kerala has historically been a maritime trade hub connecting India with West Asia and Europe. Revitalizing port infrastructure echoes India’s ancient maritime glory and cultural outreach. NITI Aayog Releases Report on “Enhancing Competitiveness of MSMEs in India” Context and Purpose of the Report Released by NITI Aayog in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness (IFC). Provides a comprehensive blueprint to enhance the competitiveness of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. Uses firm-level data and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) to analyse ground-level challenges and opportunities. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Indian Economy) Focus Areas Targets four priority sectors: Textiles and apparel Chemical products Automotive Food processing Seeks to address both common structural issues and sector-specific challenges. Key Challenges Identified Limited access to formal credit Formal credit access (2020–2024): Micro & Small Enterprises: ↑ from 14% to 20% Medium Enterprises: ↑ from 4% to 9% Still, only 19% of MSME credit demand met by FY21. Estimated credit gap: ₹80 lakh crore. CGTMSE (Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for MSEs) Expanded in recent years but faces implementation constraints. Needs restructuring and institutional collaboration for greater reach. Skill Shortages Majority of the MSME workforce lacks formal technical/vocational training. Low productivity and limited scalability. Low investment in R&D and innovation Hampers quality improvements and global market access. Technology Adoption Barriers Poor electricity supply and digital infrastructure. High cost of implementation and low awareness of tech-support schemes. Marketing and Branding Limitations Weak outreach and branding strategies, especially in rural and cluster-based MSMEs. Policy and Governance Gaps Low awareness of central/state schemes. Gaps in implementation and data integration. Weak stakeholder engagement at grassroots level. Recommendations by the Report Credit Access Revamp CGTMSE with more targeted and inclusive financial products. Improve credit assessment mechanisms using data-driven tools Skill Development Strengthen linkages between MSMEs and skilling institutions. Promote industry-specific upskilling, especially for informal workers. Technology Modernization Upgrade outdated machinery through cluster-based schemes. Incentivize R&D and tech adoption via state-level grants and subsidies. Market Access & Digital Integration Training in digital marketing and e-commerce platforms. Partner with logistics providers to streamline supply chains. Develop direct market linkage platforms for remote regions. Policy Revamp Cluster-based, state-level policy frameworks with adaptive design. Emphasize monitoring, data integration, and state capacity building. Special attention to MSMEs in northeast and eastern India for inclusive development. Significance for India’s Economic Growth MSMEs account for ~30% of GDP and 45% of exports. Reforms can transform MSMEs into growth engines for: Employment generation Export competitiveness Innovation-led growth

May 3, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 May 2025

Content: Fire and smoke A profound shift in the global order Strengthening parliamentary oversight in India Fire and smoke Context Recent Incidents: Kolkata (Mechua market, Burrabazar): 14 dead, including children; congested area, smoke inhalation, single staircase. Ajmer (Rajasthan): 4 dead in hotel fire; again, congested zone, poor escape routes, and delayed fire engine access. Pattern: Recurring urban fire disasters — inadequate infrastructure, poor compliance with fire safety norms, and congested city cores. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : Analyze the role of urban planning in preventing fire-related tragedies in India. How can cities be redesigned to ensure better fire safety and accessibility for emergency services?(250 Words) Key Structural and Systemic Issues Congested Urban Layouts Narrow lanes and unplanned growth restrict fire engine access. Dense commercial and residential clustering in inner cities. Violation of Fire Safety Norms Single staircases in multi-storey buildings. Absence of fire escapes and emergency exits. Use of flammable construction materials from earlier decades. Inadequate Urban Planning and Upgradation Old city cores like Kolkata’s Burrabazar remain largely unreconstructed. Unlike Mumbai or Delhi, limited redevelopment of inner cities. Weak Emergency Preparedness Lack of retractable external staircases or rescue systems. Fire services under-equipped: limited breathing apparatuses and constrained entry points. Smoke as Primary Killer Victims often die due to asphyxiation, not burns. Smoke travels upward, blocking exits in buildings with limited ventilation. Governance and Policy Failures Poor enforcement of existing building codes and safety regulations. Lack of fire audits and regular inspections in high-density zones. Urban governance ignores retrofitting of old buildings with fire-retardant materials. Disaster mitigation often reactive, not preventive. Recommendations (Policy + Infrastructure) Urban Fire Safety Audits Mandatory for hotels, hospitals, schools, and buildings in congested areas. Time-bound compliance with National Building Code and State Fire Safety Regulations. Structural Retrofitting Use of fire-retardant coatings and non-flammable materials. Installation of external emergency staircases in old buildings (after structural evaluation). Urban Redesign Measures Maintain low-height sidewalks for fire engine maneuverability. Incentivize decentralization of commercial activities from hyper-dense urban cores. Capacity Building of Fire Services Equip with modern breathing apparatuses, hydraulic ladders, and smoke-penetrating cameras. Train local volunteers and building staff in basic fire response protocols. Public Awareness and Accountability Sensitization campaigns on evacuation drills and fire hazard reporting. Strict penal action for violation of fire safety norms by private establishments. Way Forward Fire safety is not just a technical issue — it’s a matter of urban governance, resilience, and accountability. Preventable tragedies will continue unless planning bodies, municipal authorities, and citizens act cohesively. India’s path to sustainable urbanization must be rooted in safety, retrofitting, and inclusive redevelopment. A profound shift in the global order Changing Global Order and Strategic Inflection India is at a global inflection point comparable to the 1498 arrival of Vasco da Gama — passive stance is no longer viable. Global value chains are being reshaped through force, not trade — this is a strategic opportunity for India. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Economic Growth) Practice Question : In the context of the changing global order, discuss the implications of the shift from multilateralism to bilateralism in international relations. How should India leverage this shift to strengthen its strategic position in the global economy? (250 Words) End of Post-Colonial Multilateralism The 75-year-old globalisation framework based on donor-recipient dichotomy is obsolete. China has overtaken the U.S. in donor roles and share of global manufacturing. The WTO and UN have diminished influence; U.S. withdrawals mark this trend. COVID-19 revealed selfishness of G-7 nations — hoarded vaccines and medical supplies. U.S. Strategy: From Multilateralism to Bilateralism Trump’s policies reflected U.S. adjustment to a multipolar world. Bilateral deals now override multilateral rules, diminishing developing nations’ privileges. U.S. redefining prosperity and power — others must also rethink strategies. Post-WTO Power Realignment G-7 and G-20 no longer control global agenda-setting — power is fragmented. Since 2020, India, U.S., EU, and China contributed ~75% of global growth. Asia is regaining its historical share of global power (two-thirds). Russia is pivoting towards Asia — stronger ties with India and China. India’s Strategic Opportunity India must replicate China’s WTO-era strategic rise in the new “post-WTO” world. Managing U.S. trade pressure (agriculture, energy) and China ties is essential. PM Modi’s call for an “Asian Century” can be a foundation for strategic outreach. Regional Partnerships: ASEAN & Africa India should promote an Asian common market amidst ASEAN instability. WTO’s MFN clause is weakening — bilateralism is the new norm. India must build alternative cooperative architecture with ASEAN and African Union — their future consumption will outpace the West. Need for New Governance Principles India should propose new global governance principles for a more equal world. New trade rules should reduce non-tariff barriers and integrate goods, services, and investment. Diplomatic focus should shift from UN resolutions to trade, tech, and innovation. Neglect of Innovation in Foreign Policy Historically, India focused on diplomacy and peace, not innovation or trade. Nehru’s shift from Bandung (1955) to Non-Aligned Movement (1961) diluted economic strategy. India ignored global trends: the West grew via tech-academia-industry linkages. Reclaiming Technological Leadership India must now build consensus on nurturing talent, skills, and employment. East (not West) offers models of growth not built on colonialism. India should seek complementarities with China, ASEAN, and Africa in the new value chains. Tech Sovereignty and Digital Power India has potential to lead in open-source software, shaping global tech norms. China’s Huawei is producing 7nm chips; India can lead in open-source AI (e.g., DeepSeek). India had software scale; China had hardware — India must regain momentum. Lessons from China China’s rise is due to national consensus and endogenous development paths. GDP is a lagging indicator — patents and innovation indicate real future prosperity. Affordable electricity can incentivize economic restructuring and green growth. Vision for India India should leverage its digital stack, large data pools, and human capital to build world-leading large language models (LLMs). AI is the new frontier of wealth and global influence — India’s past strength in skills (not monopoly) must be revived. India must craft its future based on self-driven innovation — not Western models. Strengthening parliamentary oversight in India The article discusses the diminishing effectiveness of parliamentary oversight in India, highlighting the challenges faced by mechanisms like Question Hour and parliamentary committees. It proposes reforms such as post-legislative scrutiny, better use of technology, and institutional strengthening to enhance accountability and governance. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ) Practice Question : Despite the constitutional mandate, parliamentary oversight in India remains weak in practice. Critically examine the reasons and suggest comprehensive reforms to strengthen the legislative accountability framework.(250 Words) Historical Context & Foundational Argument Ambedkar’s Justification: Parliamentary system ensures daily accountability (through questions, debates) and periodic accountability (through elections). Trade-off: Less stability for more accountability — a deliberate democratic choice. Current Deficits in Oversight Declining Effectiveness of Question Hour: Disrupted sessions, adjournments dilute scrutiny. 17th Lok Sabha stats: Only 60% (Lok Sabha) and 52% (Rajya Sabha) Question Hour functioned. Parliamentary Committees: Detailed reports often ignored in Parliament. Limited diversity in consultations; lack of institutional continuity. Reports not debated; no formal ministerial response mandated. Notable Success Stories of Oversight Standing Committees: Railways (2015): Waiver of dividend payments adopted in 2016. Transport (2017): Influenced Motor Vehicles Bill; road safety board created. Other Committees: Public Undertakings: Land acquisition reforms for NHAI. Estimates Committee: Boosted domestic uranium mining. PAC: Exposed 2010 CWG scams; 80% of ~180 annual recommendations accepted. Proposed Reforms Post-Legislative Scrutiny: No formal system to track law effectiveness. UK model: Departmental reviews within 3–5 years, reviewed by committees. Suggestion: Subcommittees or specialised body for implementation audits. Strengthening Committee System: Make findings accessible via translations, visual explainers, videos. Debate select reports on the floor; mandatory ministerial response. Provide dedicated research & technical support to committees. Leveraging Technology Challenges: MPs lack research staff and tools to parse complex documents. Solution: Use AI & data analytics to: Identify irregularities. Track spending and trends. Formulate sharper, evidence-based questions. Quote for Enrichment : “The purpose of oversight is not to weaken the administration, but to invest it with meaningful parliamentary support.” — K.R. Narayanan Way Forward : Institutionalise impact evaluation of laws. Ensure real-time public dashboards on committee performance. Regular orientation and capacity-building of MPs. Cross-party consensus on preserving Question Hour and debate time.

May 3, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 May 2025

Content : Port economy will drive India’s growth, says PM Listing of castes will be the first challenge in Census, say experts Can ethics keep pace with the rapid evolution of AI? Ministers stress need for inclusive global discourse Global trafficking of pangolin scales, elephant ivory plummets post-pandemic Port economy will drive India’s growth, says PM Context PM Modi inaugurated Vizhinjam International Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport in Kerala. It is India’s first dedicated container transshipment port. Developed by Adani Ports under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) with the Kerala government. Project cost: ₹8,800 crore. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure ) Strategic Location: Located close to major global shipping lanes. Natural deep draft of ~20 metres—suitable for large container ships. Reduces India’s dependence on foreign ports (like Colombo, Singapore) for transshipment. Economic Significance: PM highlighted ports and port cities as future growth centres for a “developed India”. Promotes port-led development and coastal economic zones. Enhances logistics efficiency and reduces turnaround time for cargo. Policy Backing: Aligns with Sagarmala Project and PM Gati Shakti for integrated transport infrastructure. Emphasis on ease of doing business and infrastructure development. PPP model promoted as a catalyst for rapid modernization of port infrastructure. Strategic and Global Trade Implications Positions India as a hub for maritime logistics and transshipment. Potential to compete with regional transshipment hubs in Sri Lanka and UAE. Boosts India’s export competitiveness and supports Make in India. Challenges Ahead Need to ensure connectivity with hinterland through rail and road. Environmental sustainability and local community concerns. Security infrastructure and customs digitization must match global standards. Geopolitical and Strategic Angle Blue Economy Push: Vizhinjam aligns with India’s vision for sustainable use of ocean resources. Strategic Depth: Enhances India’s maritime posture in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), countering China’s port diplomacy (e.g., Hambantota). Indo-Pacific Strategy: Strengthens India’s role in Indo-Pacific supply chains and maritime security frameworks like QUAD. Way Forward Replicate the Vizhinjam model in other coastal states. Promote multi-modal logistics parks near major ports. Invest in green port technologies and maritime skill development. Ensure coordinated governance between Centre, States, and private players. Listing of castes will be the first challenge in Census, say experts Core Issue Primary Challenge: Creating a definitive, agreed-upon list of castes and communities for enumeration. No Comprehensive Database: Existing official lists are fragmented — limited to SC, ST, and OBC lists without full community coverage. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Historical Context Last Caste Census: Conducted in 1931, recorded 4,147 castes/sub-castes across religions. Methodological Limits: 1931 Census excluded many religious groups from compulsory caste disclosure but recorded voluntary entries. Lessons from SECC 2011 Data Explosion: Over 46 lakh caste entries due to people entering surnames or clan names — inflated and unusable. No Final Public Release: Lack of scientific caste classification led to data being withheld for policy use. Major Operational Challenges Linguistic Variations: Same caste may be known by different names across regions. Dynamic Identities: New caste identities and coalitions (e.g., Yadavs from dairy communities) have emerged post-1931. State-wise Variation: A community may be SC in one State and OBC or General in another. Expert Recommendations Consultative Approach: Involve scholars, caste associations, and public feedback in list creation. Pre-Census Public Notification: As done in 1931, public display of lists to invite suggestions and corrections. Classification Complexity Multiple Identities: One group may fall under tribe, caste, or race depending on geography and sociological lens. Need for Region-Specific Lists: A centrally imposed list may not reflect regional social realities. Policy and Governance Implications Caste Enumeration ≠ Caste Classification: Enumeration must precede and remain distinct from classification into SC/ST/OBC. Legal Sensitivities: Classification impacts reservation entitlements and must be based on rigorous criteria. Way Forward Scientific and Transparent Process: Establish a central framework for regional disaggregation and categorization. Leverage State Models: Use recent caste surveys (e.g., Bihar) as templates for methodological design. Can ethics keep pace with the rapid evolution of AI? Context : AI Capabilities and Ethical Dilemmas Advanced AI Functions: Individuals can now create facial recognition tools that scrape public data without consent — raising serious privacy and consent issues. Ethics as a Restraint: Currently, large AI companies impose ethical limits on their tools (e.g., not enabling facial recognition or deepfake generation) — but this may not persist with decentralised, unregulated AI development. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) ,GS 4(Ethics and Technology) Areas of Ethical Concern Surveillance: AI’s use in mass surveillance could violate individual freedoms. Deepfakes & Disinformation: Easily fabricated content can distort truth and democratic processes. Bias in Hiring: AI may automate existing human biases — subtly affecting outcomes with minor parameter changes. Transparency in Human-AI Interaction: People have a right to know if they’re interacting with a machine — especially in sensitive areas like education, literature, or counselling. Psychological and Social Implications Comfort vs. Deception: People may accept AI-designed services if informed, but feel deceived if it’s hidden — e.g., reading an AI-generated novel without disclosure. Need for Disclosure: Raises moral questions around transparency and informed consent. Need for Regulation vs. Ethical Codes Call for Industry Standards: The situation demands unified ethical standards, but their creation and enforcement remain a challenge. Limits of Ethics Alone: Ethics is subjective, context-dependent, and lacks enforcement power. Law as Formalised Ethics: Ethics gains enforcement only when converted into laws and regulations, which introduces state control — something businesses may resist. Dilemma of Self-regulation Corporate Reluctance: Companies may hesitate to codify ethical practices fearing legal scrutiny or regulatory burdens. Moral Posturing vs. Action: Without legal backing, ethical declarations may be performative rather than genuinely transformative. The Central Question Future Unknowns: Ethics is based on known scenarios — but AI is creating unprecedented realities faster than ethical frameworks can adapt. Who decides the rules for technologies and situations not yet imagined? Debate Platform The issue will be discussed at The Hindu Huddle, bringing together researchers and strategists in AI ethics to address whether AI can be democratised and governed ethically. Ministers stress need for inclusive global discourse Context : Purpose and Vision of the Global Media Dialogue Platform Goal: The Global Media Dialogue 2025, part of the WAVES Summit, aims to build a pluralistic, inclusive, and tech-driven global media ecosystem. Guiding Principles: Anchored in creativity, culture, and collaboration, with emphasis on cross-cultural understanding and responsible content. Relevance : GS 3(Creative Economy) India’s Diplomatic and Cultural Advocacy S. Jaishankar’s Address: Stressed the need to move beyond colonial and power-centric global structures. Advocated for assertion of political, economic, and cultural independence in international discourse. Highlighted revival of pluralism and indigenous traditions in a democratised global system. Ashwini Vaishnaw’s Address: Focused on the emotional and visionary value of the media sector, beyond its $3 trillion market size. Emphasised promotion of local storytelling, IP protection, and cultural preservation. Called for collaborative frameworks to enable cultural and creative growth. The WAVES Declaration (Key Outcomes) Adoption by Over 60 Nations: The declaration reflects collective commitment to: Cultural diversity and heritage preservation. Responsible use of AI and emerging technologies. Reducing bias and democratising media content creation. Bridging the digital divide and promoting inclusive, ethical media practices. Strengthening fair, innovative, and open media markets. Media Integrity and Combating Disinformation Concern Raised: Proliferation of misinformation/disinformation is a global challenge. Declaration’s Response: Advocacy for responsible journalism and fact-based reporting. Call for ethical standards in advertising and content verification. Need for collaborative global action to ensure media credibility. Media as a Tool for Global Peace and Dialogue Soft Power and Diplomacy: Recognised the media sector as vital for fostering harmony, innovation, and intercultural empathy. Governments’ Role: States urged to enable peace-building and cross-border collaboration through supportive policy frameworks. Global trafficking of pangolin scales, elephant ivory plummets post-pandemic Context :Key Findings from WJC Report (2015–2024) Sharp Decline Since 2020: Pangolin scale seizures dropped 84%. Elephant ivory seizures dropped 74% compared to 2019 levels. Triggered largely by COVID-19 disruptions, enforcement measures, and regulatory shifts. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Magnitude of Wildlife Trafficking Pangolin Scales: Over 370 tonnes seized (2015–2024) → Represents 100,000 to 1 million pangolins. 2019: Record high of 100+ tonnes. Elephant Ivory: Over 193 tonnes seized → Estimated 19,300 elephants. 2019: Peaked at 50 tonnes. Notable Seizures and Events April 2020: Two 25-tonne pangolin scale seizures in Singapore. Parallel ivory seizures reported in Vietnam, Singapore, and China. Signaled industrial-scale smuggling backed by organised crime and corruption. Shift in Trafficking Patterns Pre-2020: Larger shipments via air cargo. Post-2020: Move to sea freight and smaller consignments. Growing use of encrypted communications, social media, concealed images, and voice notes. Drivers of Decline Pandemic-related logistics disruption. Increased global enforcement and surveillance. China’s 2017 ivory trade ban. Falling commodity prices for illegal wildlife products. Higher risks and costs for traffickers. Disruption of criminal supply chains. Adaptation by Traffickers Modus operandi evolved: More discreet operations. Emerging maritime routes for ivory post-2021. Land-based and stockpile seizures rising for pangolins in Asia and Africa since 2023. Data Insights and Gaps Law enforcement capacity remained stable post-pandemic (2020–2024). Intelligence gaps could be obscuring true scale of trafficking. No reliable wild pangolin population data — supply scarcity cannot yet be confirmed. Conservation and Policy Implications Continued need for: International cooperation and intelligence sharing. Monitoring of emerging smuggling tactics. Community engagement and demand-side reduction, especially in regions using pangolin scales in traditional medicine.

May 2, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 May 2025

Content : Three new initiatives by ECI NHRC, India calls for preventive measures by 11 States to protect the lives of vulnerable people from heat waves in this summer Three new initiatives by ECI The Election Commission of India, has launched three key reforms to enhance voter services and electoral transparency. These include real-time death data integration, redesigned Voter Information Slips, and standardized ID cards for BLOs(Booth Level Officers). Relevance : GS 2(Elections) Electronic Access to Death Registration Data Objective: Improve accuracy of electoral rolls by timely removal of deceased voters. Mechanism: ECI to electronically obtain death registration data from the Registrar General of India. Legal backing: Rule 9 of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 Section 3(5)(b) of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 (amended in 2023) Impact: Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) receive real-time data. Booth Level Officers (BLOs) can verify on ground proactively—no need for Form 7 submission. Voter Information Slips (VIS) – More Voter-Friendly Design Objective: Enhance voter convenience and clarity. Changes Made: Prominent display of serial number and part number. Larger font size for easier readability. Impact: Easier for voters to locate polling station. Improves efficiency for polling officials on election day. Standard Photo Identity Cards for BLOs Objective: Improve transparency and trust in voter verification processes. Directive: All BLOs (appointed under Section 13B(2), Representation of the People Act, 1950) to be issued official photo ID cards. Impact: BLOs become easily recognizable during field visits. Citizens can interact confidently with BLOs during house-to-house verifications. NHRC, India calls for preventive measures by 11 States to protect the lives of vulnerable people from heat waves in this summer Context & Current Development The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has issued a directive (1 May 2025) to 11 heatwave-prone states to take preemptive and preventive measures. Triggered by NCRB data: 3,798 deaths (2018–2022) from heat and sun strokes, highlighting increasing mortality risk due to climate-related extremes. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Roots & Institutional Frameworks Constitutional Mandate: Article 21 ensures the right to life and dignity—includes protection from extreme weather. NDMA Guidelines (2016): Laid out heat action plans, early warning systems, and protocols for treating heat-related illnesses. State SOPs: Many states (e.g., Maharashtra, Odisha) have Heat Action Plans (HAPs), but implementation remains uneven. Vulnerability Mapping: Historical neglect of homeless, outdoor laborers, elderly, children, and slum dwellers in climate-resilience frameworks. Core Concerns Raised by NHRC Inadequate shelter and relief infrastructure for economically weaker sections. Lack of modification in working hours, especially for manual outdoor workers. Poor dissemination of ORS, fans, hydration support, or public cooling spaces. Deficient public healthcare preparedness for heatstroke treatment. Targeted States (11 states frequently hit by intense summer heatwaves): Northern Belt: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar Central & Eastern India: Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha Deccan & Western India: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Rajasthan NHRC Recommendations (as per NDMA guidelines) Immediate Preemptive Measures: Activate cool shelters: Schools, anganwadis, community halls with basic ventilation and water. Distribute ORS, cool roof materials, fans, especially in slum colonies and labour camps. Alter working hours: Encourage early morning/late evening shifts with shaded rest areas. Medical Preparedness: Train PHC/CHC staff in heat illness treatment and standard treatment protocols. Implications & Required Actions 1. Public Health & Urban Governance Integration of urban health planning with climate risk mapping. Inclusion of heatwave preparedness in Smart Cities Mission and urban local body mandates. 2. Labor Rights & Social Protection Formal recognition of heatwaves as occupational hazard under Labour Codes. Mandate compensatory breaks, rest shelters, hydration zones at work sites. 3. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Mainstreaming Heat Action Plans (HAPs) as core part of State Disaster Management Plans (SDMPs). State must submit Action Taken Reports (ATRs) to NHRC based on existing SOPs. 4. Welfare for Vulnerable Groups Include homeless and elderly in pre-summer relief planning. Deploy community workers, ASHAs, and NGOs to monitor and respond at grassroots. 5. Climate Resilience Policy Incorporate urban heat island mitigation through cool roofs, green spaces, and reflective surfaces. Funded via State Climate Action Plans and Climate Resilience Financing Tools.

May 2, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 02 May 2025

Content: Reviving a far-sighted but forgotten Bill mechanism China’s strategic push — Asia ties amid tariff tensions Reviving a far-sighted but forgotten Bill mechanism What are Private Member’s Bills (PMBs)? PMBs are legislative proposals by MPs who are not Ministers, allowing them to introduce bills independently. They reflect personal, constituency-level, or emerging social concerns, separate from the government’s legislative agenda. Typically discussed on Fridays, but this time is often overridden by disruptions or government business. Relevance : GS2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity) Practice Question : Discuss the significance of Private Member’s Bills (PMBs) in Indian Parliament. Evaluate the reasons for their neglect and suggest reforms to revive this mechanism to ensure a more inclusive and participatory legislative process.(250 Words) Current State of PMBs: Symbolic, Neglected Only 14 PMBs passed since Independence, none clearing both Houses since 1970. 17th Lok Sabha (2019-24): 729 PMBs in Lok Sabha; only 2 discussed. 705 in Rajya Sabha; 14 discussed. 18th Lok Sabha (till 2024 sessions): 64 PMBs introduced, none discussed. Rajya Sabha: out of 82 listed, 49 introduced, only 1 began discussion before adjournment. Notable Contributions from PMBs Supriya Sule’s “Right to Disconnect” Bill (2019): Aimed at regulating after-hours work communication. Though not passed, it sparked national dialogue on mental health and work-life balance. Tiruchi Siva’s “Rights of Transgender Persons Bill” (2014): Passed in Rajya Sabha; not in Lok Sabha. Catalyst for Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Gopal Shetty (BJP MP): PMB for free healthcare for senior citizens shows even ruling MPs can use PMBs to raise issues outside party lines. Shrinking Space for Independent Legislative Action Anti-Defection Law (52nd Constitutional Amendment) restricts MPs’ freedom to act against party lines. PMBs remain one of the last non-partisan platforms for MPs to introduce meaningful legislation. Voters elect MPs also based on personal merit, not just party — PMBs enable them to represent local voices and concerns. Proposed Reforms Safeguard PMB Time: Amend procedural rules to ensure Fridays remain exclusive for PMBs, except during national emergencies. Create a PMB Review Committee: Screen Bills for quality, relevance, and constitutionality. Recommend priority listing for discussion based on public importance. Increase Parliamentary Working Hours: Avoid encroaching upon PMB time by extending total hours instead. Adopt UK-style Ten-Minute Rule: MPs present PMBs in short speeches (10 min) with equal time for opposition — improves exposure without consuming entire Fridays. Conclusion PMBs offer a democratic, decentralised channel for legislative innovation. As Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar remarked, PMBs are a “gold mine” — their revival is essential to strengthen India’s deliberative democracy. China’s strategic push — Asia ties amid tariff tensions Contextual Background China faces 145% tariffs on exports imposed by the Trump administration. In response, Beijing is recalibrating its external economic engagements, especially with nearby Southeast Asian nations. Xi Jinping’s visit to Vietnam, Malaysia, and Cambodia (April 14–18, 2025) is part of this strategy. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : China’s recent diplomatic outreach in Southeast Asia amid escalating tariff tensions is more than symbolic. Analyze the strategic objectives and implications of Xi Jinping’s April 2025 tour for regional order and global power dynamics.(250 Words) Strategic Objectives of Xi’s Tour Project China as a reliable and stable economic partner amid global trade tensions. Counter the U.S. containment narrative by emphasizing multilateralism and non-coercion. Use regional diplomacy to enhance China’s image and consolidate influence in the Indo-Pacific. Key Themes of the Visit Economic Diplomacy: Vietnam: 45 cooperation agreements signed. Malaysia: Over 30 deals in digital economy, AI, agriculture, infrastructure. Cambodia: Highlighted the $15+ billion bilateral trade and the Funan Techo Canal project. Soft Power and Normative Appeal: Promotion of a South China Sea Code of Conduct. Cultural linkages and BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) pushed as regional public goods. Framing China’s model as non-interventionist, contrasting with U.S. ideological imposition. Geopolitical Significance Southeast Asia as buffer and bridge: Offers China alternative trade/manufacturing routes amid U.S. decoupling. Serves as a diplomatic base to challenge Western containment efforts. Countering U.S. Strategy: The U.S.’s Indo-Pacific strategy is seen as militaristic and reactive. China’s offer includes tangible deliverables (infrastructure, trade, AI collaboration), where U.S. initiatives like the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework fall short (lacking market access). Country-Specific Nuances Vietnam: Skeptical due to South China Sea tensions; China aims to reassure and integrate further economically. Malaysia: Emphasis on peaceful dispute resolution and BRI cooperation to maintain strategic neutrality. Cambodia: Already a strong ally; China reiterates its economic and political support. Implications Regional alignment dynamics may tilt further towards China. Challenges U.S. ability to build a coalition for economic decoupling from China. Long-term influence-building through economic interdependence and rule-shaping. Domestic Signaling in China Portrays Xi’s leadership as internationally respected and engaged, despite Western pressure. Offsets internal concerns over economic slowdown and diplomatic tensions with the West. Conclusion Xi’s move represents a calculated challenge to the U.S.-led liberal order, especially in a multipolar, de-risking world. The key question: How receptive will ASEAN be, given China’s own assertiveness?

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