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Current Affairs 25 October 2024

CONTENTS Cyclone Dana Supreme Court Expands State Tax Powers Over Alcohol Forest Fires International Snow Leopard Day World Economic Outlook Korowai Tribe Cyclone Dana Context: According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), Cyclone Dana is expected to make landfall as a severe cyclone (wind speed: 89 to 117 kmph) along the Odisha coast near Bhitarkanika National Park and Dhamra Port.  Relevance: GS-I: Geography (Physical geography – Climatology, Important Geophysical phenomena), GS-III: Disaster Management Dimensions of the Article: What are Tropical Cyclones? Conditions for cyclone formation How are Tropical Cyclones Formed? Why tropical cyclones don’t form in the eastern tropical oceans? Names of Tropical Cyclones Structure of the tropical cyclone Landfall, what happens when a Cyclone reaches land from the ocean? Cyclone Management in India Cyclone Dana Overview Cyclone Dana marks the third cyclonic event in the North Indian Ocean region for the year 2024 and is notably the second to impact the Indian coast, following Cyclone Remal. It is recognized as the inaugural cyclone of the post-monsoon season. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reveals that the cyclone was named ‘Dana’ by Qatar, which in Arabic translates to ‘generosity’ and is also synonymous with ‘the most perfectly sized, valuable, and beautiful pearl.’ What are Tropical Cyclones? The Tropical Cyclones are violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas and move over to coastal areas bringing about large-scale destruction caused by violent winds, very heavy rainfall and storm surges. These are low pressure weather systems in which winds equal or exceed speeds of 62kmph. Winds circulate around in anti-clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. “Tropical” refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. “Cyclone” refers to their winds moving in a circle, whirling round their central clear eye, with their winds blowing counter clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect. Tropical Cyclones in India Tropical cyclones striking India generally originate in the eastern side of India. Bay of Bengal is more prone to cyclone than Arabian Sea because it gets high sea surface temperature, low vertical shear winds and has enough moisture in middle layers of its atmosphere. The frequency of cyclones in this region is bi-modal, i.e., Cyclones occur in the months of May–June and October–November. Conditions for cyclone formation: A warm sea surface (temperature in excess of 26o –27o C) and associated warming extending up to a depth of 60m with abundant water vapour. High relative humidity in the atmosphere up to a height of about 5,000 metres. Atmospheric instability that encourages the formation of cumulus clouds. Low vertical wind between the lower and higher levels of the atmosphere that do not allow the heat generated and released by the clouds to get transported from the area. The presence of cyclonic vorticity (rate of rotation of air) that initiates and favours rotation of the air cyclonically. Location over the ocean, at least 4–5 o latitude away from the equator. How are Tropical Cyclones Formed? Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. Warm water > Evaporation > Rising up of air > Low Pressure area. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately re-condenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. Water takes up heat from the atmosphere to change into vapour. When water vapour changes back to liquid form as raindrops, this heat is released to the atmosphere. The heat released to the atmosphere warms the air around. The air tends to rise and causes a drop in the pressure. More air rushes to the centre of the storm. This cycle is repeated. Why tropical cyclones don’t form in the eastern tropical oceans? The depth of warm water (26-27°C) should extend for 60-70 m from surface of the ocean/sea, so that deep convection currents within the water do not churn and mix the cooler water below with the warmer water near the surface. The above condition occurs only in western tropical oceans because of warm ocean currents (easterly trade winds pushes ocean waters towards west) that flow from east towards west forming a thick layer of water with temperatures greater than 27°C. This supplies enough moisture to the storm. The cold currents lower the surface temperatures of the eastern parts of the tropical oceans making them unfit for the breeding of cyclonic storms. ONE EXCEPTION: During strong El Nino years, strong hurricanes occur in the eastern Pacific. This is due to the accumulation of warm waters in the eastern Pacific due to weak Walker Cell. Names of Tropical Cyclones Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names: Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Hurricanes in the Atlantic Typhoons in the Western Pacific and the South China Sea Willy-willies in Western Australia Structure of the tropical cyclone Tropical cyclones are compact, circular storms, generally some 320 km (200 miles) in diameter, whose winds swirl around a central region of low atmospheric pressure. The winds are driven by this low-pressure core and by the rotation of Earth, which deflects the path of the wind through a phenomenon known as the Coriolis force. As a result, tropical cyclones rotate in a counter clockwise (or cyclonic) direction in the Northern Hemisphere and in a clockwise (or anticyclonic) direction in the Southern Hemisphere. The Eye: A characteristic feature of tropical cyclones is the eye, a central region of clear skies, warm temperatures, and low atmospheric pressure. Typically, atmospheric pressure at the surface of Earth is about 1,000 millibars. The Eyewall: The most dangerous and destructive part of a tropical cyclone is the eyewall. Here winds are strongest, rainfall is heaviest, and deep convective clouds rise from close to Earth’s surface to a height of 15,000 metres. Rainbands: These bands, commonly called rainbands, spiral into the centre of the storm. In some cases the rainbands are stationary relative to the centre of the moving storm, and in other cases they seem to rotate around the centre. Landfall, what happens when a Cyclone reaches land from the ocean? Tropical cyclones dissipate when they can no longer extract sufficient energy from warm ocean water. A storm that moves over land will abruptly lose its fuel source and quickly lose intensity. A tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. tropical cyclone can contribute to its own demise by stirring up deeper, cooler ocean waters. Cyclone Management in India India is highly vulnerable to natural disasters especially cyclones, earthquakes, floods, landslides, and drought. Natural disasters cause a loss of 2% of GDP every year in India. According to the Home ministry, 8% of total area in India is prone to cyclones. India has a coastline of 7,516 km, of which 5,700 km are prone to cyclones of various degrees. Loss due to cyclones: Loss of lives, livelihood opportunities, damage to public and private property and severe damage to infrastructure are the resultant consequences, which can disrupt the process of development Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) is the nodal agency for early warning of cyclones and floods. Natural Disaster Management Authority is mandated to deal with the disaster management in India. It has prepared National Guidelines on Management of Cyclone. National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) was launched by Home ministry to upgrade the forecasting, tracking and warning about cyclones in states. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has done a commendable performance in rescuing and managing relief work. National Disaster Response Reserve (NDRR)– a fund of 250 crores operated by NDRF for maintaining inventory for an emergency situation. In 2016, a blueprint of National Disaster Management Plan was unveiled to tackle disaster. It provides a framework to deal with prevention, mitigation, response and recovery during a disaster. According to the plan, Ministry of earth science will be responsible for disaster management of cyclone. By this plan, India joined the list of countries which follow the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Due to increased awareness and tracking of Cyclone, the death toll has been reduced substantially. For example, Very severe cyclone Hudhud and Phailin claimed lives of around 138 and 45 people respectively, which might have been more. It was reduced due to the early warning and relocation of the population from the cyclone-hit areas. Very severe cyclone Ockhi claimed many lives of people in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This was due to the unprecedented change in the direction of the cyclone. But the destruction of infrastructure due to cyclonic hit is not been reduced which leads to increase in poverty due to the economic weakening of the affected population. -Source: Indian Express Supreme Court Expands State Tax Powers Over Alcohol Context: A nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India has made a significant ruling in an 8:1 decision, allowing states the authority to tax not only alcoholic beverages but also ‘industrial’ alcohol. This decision broadens the fiscal powers of states, marking a considerable shift in both taxation practices and the principles of federalism in India. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Taxation Dispute on Industrial Alcohol SC’s Holding on Taxing Industrial Alcohol SC’s Judgment on Industrial Alcohol Taxation Taxation Dispute on Industrial Alcohol: A Constitutional Conundrum Why is Industrial Alcohol Taxation Controversial? Overlapping Constitutional Authorities: Constitutional Entries Involved: The heart of the dispute lies in the overlapping constitutional entries within the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. This schedule divides legislative authority between the State and the Union. State List (Entry 8): States have the authority to legislate and tax intoxicating liquors. Union List (Entry 52): Grants the Union the power to regulate industries deemed vital to the national economy. Concurrent List (Entry 33): Both the Centre and states can legislate on industries declared by Parliament to be of national importance. Claims of Jurisdiction by the Centre: Central Government’s Stance: The Centre asserts jurisdiction over industrial alcohol citing its broader implication in the industrial sector. Legal Foundation: This assertion is backed by the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act of 1951, which was legislated under the Union and Concurrent Lists, emphasizing the national importance of regulating such industries for economic coordination and development. SC’s Holding on Taxing Industrial Alcohol: Core question in this case: Whether “intoxicating liquor” could include “industrial alcohol” Actually the court was concerned with whether “industrial alcohol” could also include “intoxicating liquor”. Because of the potential for misdirection of its use in the illegal manufacture of intoxicating drinking liquor, the states thought they had an interest in industrial alcohol. Majority opinion: The majority, led by Chief Justice of India (CJI) D Y Chandrachud, along with eight other justices, ruled in favour of the states. They reasoned that the term “intoxicating liquor” under Entry 8 of List II (State List) should be interpreted broadly, covering everything from the production of raw materials to consumption. The court affirmed that states have the power to tax both alcoholic beverages and industrial alcohol, which can produce intoxication or pose health risks. The court disagreed with the Centre’s argument that industrial alcohol falls under its jurisdiction due to its inclusion in the 1951 Act. Dissent Justice B V Nagarathna dissented by holding that the Centre’s control over industrial alcohol has to be preserved. Industrial alcohol’s very nature, she argued should prevent it from being considered an intoxicating liquor despite all the abuse that can be given to the term. She thought that the Centre’s overall control of industries under the 1951 Act should prevent the states from regulating industrial alcohol. SC’s Judgment on Industrial Alcohol Taxation: The Altered Lawmaking Power Decision Overturned Reversal of Existing Judgment: The Supreme Court has overturned the 1990 judgment in Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd vs State of Uttar Pradesh, which had earlier banned the states from taxing industrial alcohol. State Powers Affirmation: The judgment affirms that states have the legal power to tax and control industrial alcohol, which again says that such alcohol is not fit to be consumed and hence is not similar to beverage alcohol. State Revenue and Implications Betterment of State Financial Resources The judgment has a very deep impact on state revenues since such revenues are highly dependent on the tax collected on alcohol. Karnataka Case Study: In this respect, Karnataka increased its Additional Excise Duty on Indian-made liquor by a whopping 20% within the year 2023, which reflects the monetary effects for all state economies involved. Federal Forces and Center-State Relations No Balancing Federal Powers: This judgment helps establish the differential powers of the state versus the central government and reiterates the concept of the federal balance. Consistency in Constitution: The Supreme Court would be on the side of the states and would stand by a construction of the Constitution that rejects redundancy as well as supports a balanced approach toward co-governance. Preferment of Federal Decisions: This is accompanied by other decisions of late, including the July 2024 judgment in which it ruled in favor of the right of the states to collect royalties from mineral extraction, thus cementing the role of states in managing and realizing income from their resources. -Source: Indian Express Forest Fires Context: Recently, a study by the Centre for Wildfire Research has found that global CO2 emissions from forest fires have surged by 60% since 2001. Emissions from boreal forests in Eurasia and North America have nearly tripled, with climate change being identified as a major driver behind this increase. Relevance: GS III: Environment Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings from the Pyrome Study on Global Forest Fires About Forest Fires Advantages of forest fires Disadvantages of forest fires Forest Fire Vulnerability in India Ways to mitigate the risk of forest fires Key Findings from the Pyrome Study on Global Forest Fires Understanding Pyromes Definition of Pyromes: The study introduces the term “pyromes, which groups global forest ecoregions into 12 specific zones. All of these zones share similar fire behaviors that depend on a combination of climatic conditions, sorts of vegetation, and human activities. Role of Pyromes: The taxonomic classification of the regions helps in understanding the fire dynamics, predicting the changes due to shifts in climatic conditions or alteration in land use and improving fire management and risk assessment. Pattern and Effect Trend of Forest Fire Extratropical Carbon Emissions: This study indicates a sharp increase in carbon release by forest fires within the extratropical regions. Most such increase is attributed to the consequence of climate change. Global Rise in Carbon Combustion: The global rate of carbon combustion is rising by a 47% rate through global forest fires, whose emissions are now stronger for forests than those of savannahs and grasslands. Severity and Fuel Consumption: Fire severity has increased by the per square meter fuel consumption rate, increasing fire intensities. Climatic Influences and Fire Weather Conditions Anthropogenic climate change has been implicated as favoring more frequent and intense droughts, which create an optimal “fire weather,” namely, lower fuel moisture, together with highly flammable dry vegetation. Lightning and Fire Incidence: Increasing lightning activity, especially at high elevations, has been associated with the trend of forest fires. Implications to Carbon Stocks and Climate Policy Destabilization of Carbon Stocks: The ranges of variation include temperate coniferous, boreal, Mediterranean to subtropical forests that show destabilized carbon stocks because of heightened fire severity. Difficulty in Carbon Accounting: There are significant challenges in carbon accounting practices and the credibility of the GHG inventory submitted to the international bodies, for example, the United Nations, in the face of surging carbon emissions through forest fires. Case Study – Canada’s Wildfires: The 2023 Canadian wildfires allegedly cancelled out most of the carbon sequestration gains achieved during the past decade in its forests, directly demonstrating the above-proposed mechanism of increased fire activity affecting national carbon balances. About Forest Fires A forest fire is an uncontrolled fire that occurs in areas with a significant amount of combustible vegetation, such as forests, grasslands, or shrublands. Causes of Forest Fires Forest fires are caused by Natural causes as well as Man-made or anthropogenic causes. Natural causes such as lightning which set trees on fire. High atmospheric temperatures and low humidity offer favourable circumstance for a fire to start. Man-made causes like flame, cigarette, electric spark or any source of ignition will also cause forest fires. Traditionally Indian forests have been affected by fires. The problem has been aggravated with rising human and cattle population and the increase in demand for grazing, shifting cultivation and Forest products by individuals and communities. High temperature, wind speed and direction, level of moisture in soil and atmosphere and duration of dry spells can intensify the forest fires. Advantages of forest fires: Some species of trees and plants have adapted to thrive in the aftermath of fires. For example, some pine trees rely on fires to open their cones and release seeds. Forest fires can help to clear out dead wood, brush, and other debris, reducing the risk of future fires. Fires can help to promote new growth and biodiversity by creating openings in the forest canopy that allow sunlight to reach the forest floor, stimulating the growth of new vegetation. Disadvantages of forest fires: Forest fires can destroy habitats and negatively impact biodiversity by killing animals and plants that are unable to escape the flames. Smoke from fires can cause respiratory problems and other health issues for humans and animals. Forest fires can damage or destroy homes, buildings, and other infrastructure, and can pose a significant threat to human safety. The release of large amounts of greenhouse gases during forest fires can contribute to climate change. India’s Initiatives to Tackle Forest Fires National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF) was launched in 2018 to minimise forest fires by informing, enabling and empowering forest fringe communities and incentivising them to work with the State Forest Departments. The Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FPM) is the only centrally funded program specifically dedicated to assist the states in dealing with forest fires. Forest Fire Vulnerability in India Forest fire season in India is from November to June Council of Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) report notes a tenfold increase in forest fires over the past two decades in India More than 62% of Indian states are prone to high-intensity forest fires according to CEEW report Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Telangana, and Northeastern states are most prone to forest fires Mizoram has the highest incidence of forest fires over the last two decades with 95% of its districts as forest fire hotspots ISFR 2021 estimates over 36% of the country’s forest cover is prone to frequent forest fires, 6% is ‘very highly’ fire-prone, and almost 4% is ‘extremely’ prone An FSI study found nearly 10.66% area under forests in India is ‘extremely’ to ‘very highly’ fire-prone. Ways to mitigate the risk of forest fires: Prevention: One of the most effective ways to mitigate forest fires is to prevent them from occurring in the first place. This can be done by creating fire breaks, clearing debris, and reducing the amount of flammable material in the forest. Early Detection: Early detection of forest fires can help prevent them from spreading and causing more damage. This can be done by installing fire detection systems, using drones or satellite imagery, and training local communities to report fires quickly. Fire Suppression: Fire suppression is a critical component of forest fire mitigation. This involves using firefighting equipment such as helicopters, water tanks, and fire retardants to put out fires. Forest Management: Proper forest management practices can also help mitigate the risk of forest fires. This includes thinning out dense forests, creating fire-resistant vegetation, and reducing the amount of deadwood and other flammable materials in the forest. Community Education: Educating local communities on the risks of forest fires and how to prevent them can also be effective in mitigating the risk of forest fires. This includes providing information on safe campfire practices, prohibiting the use of fireworks in fire-prone areas, and encouraging the use of fire-resistant building materials in areas at high risk of forest fires. -Source: The Hindu International Snow Leopard Day Context: International Snow Leopard Day is every year celebrated on 23rd October, 2024. Relevance: GS III- Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: International Snow Leopard Day About the Snow leopard Snow Leopards in India and their conservation International Snow Leopard Day International Snow Leopard Day was inaugurated in 2013, spurred by the Bishkek Declaration in Kyrgyzstan, where twelve countries united for a common cause. Bishkek Declaration: This pivotal agreement set the stage for collaborative conservation efforts, focusing on the preservation of the snow leopard and its habitat. Participating Countries The snow leopard is native to a range spanning across twelve countries, which include Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. These countries have committed to safeguarding this vulnerable species, which faces threats from habitat loss and poaching, by implementing strategies aimed at their effective conservation. About the Snow leopard The snow leopard is a large cat native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The snow leopard, like all big cats, is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), which makes trading of animal body parts (i.e., fur, bones and meat) illegal in CITES signatory countries. Global population is estimated to number less than 10,000 mature Snow Leopards. It inhabits alpine and subalpine zones at elevations from 3,000 to 4,500 m. It is threatened by poaching and habitat destruction following infrastructural developments. Snow Leopards in India and their conservation In India, their geographical range encompasses a large part of the western Himalayas including the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern Himalayas. The last three states form part of the Eastern Himalayas – a priority global region of WWF and the Living Himalayas Network Initiative. Project Snow Leopard (PSL): It promotes an inclusive and participatory approach to conservation that fully involves local communities. SECURE Himalaya: Global Environment Facility (GEF)-United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) funded the project on conservation of high-altitude biodiversity and reducing the dependency of local communities on the natural ecosystem. This project is now operational in four snow leopard range states, namely, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim. -Source: Down To Earth World Economic Outlook Context: In its January update of the World Economic Outlook (WEO) report, the IMF has marginally improved the forecast for global growth in 2023 — a relief, given the fears of a global recession in 2023. The turnaround reflects “positive surprises and greater-than-expected resilience in numerous economies”. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Highlights of the latest report World Economic Outlook About International Monetary Fund (IMF) Highlights of the latest report: The growth is likely to continue being weak, but stable, at 3.2% both in the next two years, that is, 2024 and 2025. For India, the IMF kept its estimate of gross domestic product growth at 7% for 2024, followed by 6.5 percent next year. However, it attributed the moderation in growth from last year to the exhaustion of “pent-up demand accumulated during the pandemic.”. The world’s largest economy, the United States is already indicated to grow at 2.8% in 2024 and 2.2% in 2025. The IMF expects China’s economy, the world’s second-largest economy, to grow at 4.8% in 2024 and 4.5% in 2025. The overall forecast of the International Monetary Fund on emerging markets and developing economies remained stable in the most recent outlook for the next two years, staying within 4.2 percent, steadying at 3.9 percent by 2029. World Economic Outlook It is a survey by the IMF that is usually published twice a year in the months of April and October. It analyzes and predicts global economic developments during the near and medium term. The IMF releases the WEO twice every year, in April and October, apart from updating it twice — in January and July. About International Monetary Fund (IMF) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. It consists of 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. It periodically depends on the World Bank for its resources. Through the fund and other activities such as the gathering of statistics and analysis, surveillance of its members’ economies, and the demand for particular policies, the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries. Functions of the IMF To provide financial assistance to member countries with balance of payments problems, the IMF lends money to replenish international reserves, stabilize currencies and strengthen conditions for economic growth. Countries must embark on structural adjustment policies monitored by the IMF. It oversees the international monetary system and monitors the economic and financial policies of its 189 member countries. As part of this process, which takes place both at the global level and in individual countries, the IMF highlights possible risks to stability and advises on needed policy adjustments. It provides technical assistance and training to central banks, finance ministries, tax authorities, and other economic institutions. This helps countries raise public revenues, modernize banking systems, develop strong legal frameworks, improve governance, and enhance the reporting of macroeconomic and financial data. It also helps countries to make progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). -Source: The Hindu Korowai Tribe Context: An Indian travel vlogger recently travelled deep into the jungles of Indonesia to meet the Korowai tribe, often referred to as a ‘human-eating’ tribe, and documented his experience on social media. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Korowai Tribe: The Korowai is an indigenous tribe dwelling in the southeastern Papuan region of Indonesia. They have a close affinity with the forest, from which they sources all their means of living through hunting and gathering wild animals and plants. Until about 1975, there were virtually no contacts between Korowai and the outside world. The Korowai people are popularly known for their treehouses. Built 8-15 meters off the ground. This is despite some houses having been up to 45 meters in a tall tree.  The Korowai people do not have a special kind of hierarchy system because they regard equalityand harmony among themselves. They sensationalized in present media for their connection with cannibalism, an act of consuming human meat. Cannibalism is said to have been practiced traditionally by the tribe as a part of spiritual and social belief systems, but it has largely disappeared with time. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 October 2024

CONTENTS LISA Mission PM-YASASVI Scheme LISA Mission Context: Recently, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) revealed the first look of the prototype for six telescopes that will help LISA’s three spacecraft detect gravitational waves in space. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology LISA Mission  LISA, or the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, is a joint mission by NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA). The mission is scheduled for launch in the mid-2030s, marking a significant step forward in space-based observational capabilities. Mission Objectives and Configuration: The central aim of the LISA mission is to detect and study gravitational waves in space. This involves observing and measuring the ripples in spacetime caused by massive celestial events and objects, such as black holes and binary star systems. The mission will utilize three spacecraft arranged in a nearly equilateral triangle, each side spanning approximately 1.6 million miles (about 2.5 million kilometers). These spacecraft will be positioned in a heliocentric orbit, trailing Earth in its journey around the Sun, maintaining a consistent distance of about 50 million kilometers from our planet. Technological Innovations and Scientific Goals: Detection Method: LISA will employ laser interferometry to measure the minute changes in the distance between free-floating test masses—gold-platinum cubes—housed within each of the spacecraft. Gravitational Wave Detection: By precisely tracking the distances between these cubes, LISA will detect the subtle spacetime distortions caused by gravitational waves. Deep Space Observations: As the first gravitational wave detector placed in space, LISA aims to explore fundamental questions about the nature of gravity, the behavior of black holes, and the expansion rate of the Universe. Impact on Science and Understanding of the Universe: The mission will provide unprecedented insights into the fabric of spacetime and the dynamics of massive objects, enhancing our understanding of gravitational physics. By studying gravitational waves, LISA will also contribute to cosmology, offering new ways to probe the early universe and its subsequent evolution. LISA will complement Earth-based gravitational wave observatories, like LIGO and Virgo, by detecting waves at lower frequencies that cannot be picked up by these facilities. PM-YASASVI Scheme Context: The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has implemented the PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (PM-YASASVI). Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About PM-YASASVI Scheme: It is an integrated umbrella scheme for the promotion of students belonging to Other Backward Classes (OBC), Economically Backward Classes (EBC), and Denotified Tribes (DNT) through providing quality education in their crucial formative years. Consolidation and enhancement of the various earlier schemes, such as the Dr. Ambedkar Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for EBCs and the Dr. Ambedkar Pre-Matric and Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for DNTs, merged into this scheme from 2021-22. All these schemes will now merge to form PM YASASVI, which will benefit the students in a more integrated and effective manner. Objective: The Scheme aims to educationally empower these sections who are economically challenged, thus enabling them to cross the barriers of finance and complete their education. Under this Scheme, students can avail Pre-Matric Scholarship from Class 9 to 10 and Post Matric Scholarship for their higher studies at post-matriculation or post-secondary stage. Eligibility: Basically, the scheme of Pre-Matric Scholarship is prepared for students studying in classes IX and X in government schools. Less than Rs. 2.5 lakh family income. Implementing Agency: Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 October 2024

Content: The Manipur crisis, the issue of managing diversity The shifting sands within global supply chains The Manipur Crisis, the Issue of Managing Diversity Context: The recent violence in Manipur demands greater efforts towards the restoration of peace and stability. Amid growing violence, there is a significant call for the invocation of Article 355, which allows the Union government to intervene to protect states from internal disturbances. Article 355: It shall be the duty of the Union to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the Government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Relevance: GS 2 (Polity and Governance ), GS3 (Internal Security ) Practice question: What are the constitutional provisions for managing internal disturbances in India? Discuss the role of Article 355 in maintaining law and order, with a special focus on the recent situation in Manipur. (250 words)  Manipur crisis : Began in May 2023, an ethnic conflict between the majority Meitei community and the minority Kuki-Zo community. The conflict arose over the Meitei demand for Scheduled Tribe status, which the Kuki-Zo community opposed. The violence has led to over 221 deaths and displaced 60,000 people as of May 2024. Federalism and Special Provisions Federalism plays a key role in managing India’s cultural, social and political diversities. Several states, including Manipur, have special provisions under the Constitution. In Manipur’s case, Article 371C creates a Hill Area Committee, but it lacks strong enforcement mechanisms compared to the Sixth Schedule. Case Study: Sikkim (Article 371F) When Sikkim acceded to India in 1975, Article 371F was introduced to provide “special provisions” aimed at protecting the rights and interests of different sections of the population such as the Bhutia-Lepcha community Article 371F(g) granted the Governor special responsibilities to ensure equitable socio-economic advancement for different sections of Sikkim’s population, thereby institutionalising power-sharing and cultural autonomy. This provision was challenged in R.C. Poudyal’s (1993) case, where the Supreme Court upheld Article 371F, highlighting the historical context and unique needs of the Bhutia-Lepcha community and justified their increased representation in the state legislature. Case Study: Tripura (Sixth Schedule and Tripura Accord 1988) Tripura’s tribal areas are governed by the Sixth Schedule, which devolves power to District and Regional councils for autonomy over land, education, and customs. The Tripura Accord of 1988 was signed between the Union government, the state government, and the Tripura National Volunteers (TNV)—a militant group that sought secession. The Accord reserved one-third of the State Assembly seats for Scheduled Tribes, even beyond their proportional share. The Supreme Court, in Subrata Acharjee (2002), upheld this reservation under Article 332(3B). It was a justified measure to provide tribal communities a “greater share” in governance. Representation and Governance (Article 332(3) and Article 170) Article 332(3B), inserted as part of the Tripura Accord, allowed for reserved seats in the State Assembly beyond proportional representation and it is compatible with Article 332(3) (which outlines seat reservations for Scheduled Castes and Tribes) and Article 170 (which deals with the composition of Legislative Assemblies). Challenges in Manipur (Manipur Hill Areas Autonomous District Council Act, 2000) Unlike Tripura, Manipur is not governed by the Sixth Schedule, but by Article 371C and the Manipur Hill Areas Autonomous District Council Act, 2000. This Act mandates the creation of District Councils, with membership based on Scheduled Tribe classifications. However, unlike the Sixth Schedule states, these District Councils lack the veto power held by tribal groups in states like Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. This lack of legislative safeguards worsens tensions over representation, resource allocation, and governance in Manipur.  Role of the Judiciary in Reconciling Differences Through cases like R.C. Poudyal (1993) and Subrata Acharjee (2002), The courts have acknowledged that historical considerations justify deviations from strict constitutional norms, reiterating that accommodations and adjustments are necessary for maintaining political stability in regions like the northeast. Conclusion While the Indian Constitution has shown adaptability in highlighting diversities, Manipur’s current constitutional provisions are insufficient for addressing identity-based conflicts. A  more nuanced approach like Sikkim and Tripura, is needed to achieve lasting peace and inclusive governance. The Shifting Sands Within Global Supply Chains Context: The pandemic and Israel’s pager attacks on Hezbollah have again exposed security gaps in the supply chain. Countries are exploring resilient strategies to shift their supply chain dependencies, aiming for enhanced security in volatile geo-political scenarios. Relevance: GS 3 (Internal Security) Practice question: Explain the need for diversification of the supply chain considering India’s security. Suggest strategic measures to achieve supply chain resilience with a special focus on the Atmanirbhar Bharat programme. (250 words ) Shifting strategies : Just in Time (Efficiency): Cost efficiency was the key focus, and supplies were sourced across the globe. Just in Case (Resilience): The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities of the Just in Time strategy. The strategy shifted to Just in Case to build the resilience of the supply chain. Current demand, Shift to “Just to Be Secure”: The recent geopolitical tensions have triggered a new focus on security within supply chains, moving beyond mere resilience to proactive measures against threats. Recent Developments Indicating Shift to Security U.S. Proposed Rules on Connected Vehicles: In September 2024, the U.S . proposed regulations to prohibit imports and sales of connected vehicle systems linked to China or Russia. Because these systems were capable of being used for espionage. Israeli Pager Attack: Communication devices (pagers and walkie-talkies) used by Hezbollah were used by Israel to attack, resulting in casualties of over 30, exposing the system’s vulnerabilities. Supply Chain Security Concerns Previous Concerns: The U.S. and its allies previously banned Huawei and other Chinese companies from participating in 5G infrastructure due to fears of espionage and sabotage through backdoor installations. Initial security concerns have expanded from telecommunications to other critical industries, including semiconductors and automobiles. Implications of the Shift from Resilience to Security Increased Scrutiny of Supply Chains: supply chains were reassessed by governments and companies for potential threats. Shift in Global Production Strategies: countries are changing their production strategies from depending on a single source to relying on multiple credible sources. Recommendations for India Two-Pronged Approach: Just to Be Secure: Implement “trust but verify” practices, including: Periodic Audits: Regular inspections and compliance checks for high-risk technologies. On-site Evaluations: Ensuring suppliers adhere to national and international security standards. Zero Trust Policy: For the most critical technologies (e.g., military and intelligence applications), adopt a zero-trust approach: Strict Procurement Procedures: Assume all technologies could be compromised and apply rigorous scrutiny before acquisition. Continuous Monitoring: stringent monitoring of technologies post-deployment to ensure security compliance. Diversification of Supply Sources: For less critical technologies, promote “just in case” strategies: Vendor Diversification: Reduce dependency on any single supplier by sourcing from multiple vendors. Friendshoring: Strengthen supply chain resilience by prioritising partnerships with allied nations. Conclusion India should focus on comprehensive strategies to integrate supply chain and security. India must emphasise supply chain resilience while giving a boost to self-dependency through schemes like Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 October 2024

CONTENTS 16th Century Copper Plate Inscriptions Discovered in Tamil Nadu Google Enters First Corporate Agreement for Nuclear Energy from Small Modular Reactors Mission Mausam Kala-Azar Space Docking Experiment Han River  16th Century Copper Plate Inscriptions Discovered in Tamil Nadu Context: A remarkable discovery was made at the Sri Singeeswarar temple in Mappedu village, Tiruvallur district, with the unearthing of copper plate inscriptions dating back to the 16th century. These inscriptions narrate a village donation by the Raja of Chandragiri to Brahmins. The inscriptions, engraved in the year 1513, during the time of King Krishnadevaraya, are in Sanskrit and the Nandinagari script and thus tell us much about the administrative and cultural practices of the period. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Vijayanagara Empire Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529 A.D.) About Sri Singeeswarar Temple Vijayanagara Empire Foundation and Dynastic Rule The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 by Harihara I (Hakka) and Bukka Raya I in the Deccan region of Southern India. Hampi, known for its architectural grandeur and strategic location, served as the capital and was later recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1986. The empire was governed by four major dynasties: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, and Aravidu, each contributing to its development and expansion. Cultural and Economic Flourishing The empire reached its cultural and political zenith during the reign of Krishna Deva Raya from the Tuluva Dynasty, expanding its territories and enhancing its architectural landscape. Vijayanagara is famed for its monumental temples like the Virupaksha and Vittala temples, which showcase intricate carvings and expansive courtyards, reflecting the empire’s architectural innovation. The empire engaged in significant trade with the Portuguese, exchanging spices, cotton, and other goods for military technology like guns and Arabian horses. Military and Political Dominance For over two centuries, the Vijayanagara Empire was a dominant force in Southern India, acting as a bulwark against invasions from the north and maintaining stability in the region. The empire was frequently in conflict with the Deccan Sultanates and later the Mughals, often over strategic territories like the Raichur Doab, an area rich in resources. Relations with the Portuguese he Portuguese capture of Goa in 1510 facilitated an alliance with Vijayanagara, bolstering the empire’s military capabilities and enhancing its maritime trade routes. Decline and Aftermath Battle of Talikota: The empire faced a severe setback in 1565 at the Battle of Talikota, where it was decisively defeated by a coalition of Deccan Sultanates, leading to the sacking and abandonment of Hampi. Gradual Decline: After the Battle of Talikota, the empire continued in a diminished state until about 1660, with its political and military influence waning significantly. Legacy The legacy of the Vijayanagara Empire is preserved in its ruins at Hampi and its contributions to South Indian architecture, religion, and the arts, which continue to be studied and admired for their historical significance and artistic value. Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529 A.D.) Krishnadevaraya of the Tuluva dynasty was the most famous king of the Vijayanagar Empire According to Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveler “Krishnadevaraya was the most feared and perfect king there could possibly be”. He conquered Sivasamudram in 1510 A.D and Raichur in 1512A.D In 1523 A.D. he captured Orissa and Warangal His empire extended from the river Krishna in the north to River Cauvery in the south; the Arabian Sea in the west to Bay of Bengal in the East. Krishnadevaraya‘s Contributions Krishnadevaraya was an able administrator, and it was during his period the Vijayanagar Empire reached its zenith of glory. He built large tanks and canals for irrigation and he also developed the naval power understanding the vital role of overseas trade. He maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese and Arab traders. He patronized art and architecture and was a great scholar himself. He was an eminent scholar and authored works such as Madalasa Charita, Satyavedu Parinaya, Rasamanjari, Jambavati Kalyana, and Amuktamalkyada. Fluent in multiple languages, he supported poets writing in Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada.  Ashtadiggajas is the collective title given to the eight Telugu scholars and poets in the court of Krishnadevaraya, and they are: Allasani Peddanna – the author of Manucharitram, he was also known as Andhra Kavitapitamaha Nandi Thimmana – the author of Parijathapaharanam Madayagari Mallana Dhurjati Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra Kavi Pingali Surana Ramaraja Bhushana Tenali Ramakrishna About Sri Singeeswarar Temple: It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple is at Mappedu village near Perambakkam in Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu. The temple was built by the great Aditya Karikalan II in 976 AD He is the father of the great Chola emperor Rajaraja Cholan, who built the Thanjavur Big Temple. In the later period, under Krishnadevaraya, his viceroy Dalavai Ariyanadha Mudaliar, exercised influence and built the Rajagopuram-Main Tower, compound wall, and 16-pillar Mandap in the year 1501. The Temple is constructed in the style of Dravidian architecture, and the Rajagopuram has 5 tiers. The chief deity is called Singeeswarar. Singeeswarar is found in the form of a slightly big Shiva Lingam in the sanctum. -Source: The Hindu Google Enters First Corporate Agreement for Nuclear Energy from Small Modular Reactors Context: Recently, Google announced the “first corporate agreement” to buy nuclear energy from multiple small modular reactors (SMR). These SMRs will be developed by Kairos Power. The initial phase of work will bring up the first SMR by 2030, and subsequent deployments will continue through 2035. Per Google, this deal will provide 500 MW of carbon-free power to U.S. electricity grid. The search giant said this agreement will help in the development of AI technologies to power major scientific advances. Relevance: GS III: Nuclear Technology Dimensions of the Article: Google Interest in Nuclear Energy Broader Tech Industry Engagement Some Controversy and Challenges with Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy Today with the U.S. Government Google Interest in Nuclear Energy Energy requirements of AI: All the AI-related technologies and data centers consume a lot of energy. And with its increasing applications, similarly the power needs will grow to power the system continuously. Sustainability Goals: Google would also like to decrease its greenhouse gas emissions even though the company is growing from its operations. Assuming that nuclear energy was a non-carbon option without a variability problem, this seems to fit with its clean energy plan. Next Generation Nuclear Technologies: Next-generation nuclear reactors are of special interest to Google because of their smaller footprint and quicker deployment capabilities due to its more modular design. Broader Tech Industry Engagement Microsoft: In collaboration with Constellation, will tap nuclear power from the Crane Clean Energy Center as part of its aim to decarbonize the grid. Amazon: Entered multiple deals to further nuclear energy projects, including investment in SMRs (Small Modular Reactors) and partnerships that will directly power its data centers by nuclear energy. OpenAI and Sam Altman: This investment in oklo and Helion nuclear startups suggests the direction for technological leaders who believe that nuclear energy is a future- viable option for further technological developments. Some Controversy and Challenges with Nuclear Energy Safety Concerns: Despite many countries considering nuclear energy to be an ideal solution, the background of nuclear energy has always been controversial with most severe accidents being associated with Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters leaving permanent environmental impacts and public fears. Environmental Opposition: Groups, like Friends of the Earth, oppose nuclear power because of its perceived hazards, particularly in earthquake-prone areas, and past challenges with both waste and accidents. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): One of the new bright promises for nuclear futures is that SMRs potentially offer reduced cost, greater safety designs, and a higher probability of deployment in different sites because they are much smaller in size. Nuclear Energy Today with the U.S. Government Strategic Energy Planning: The U.S. Department of Energy views nuclear power as a core component of the national clean energy strategy, reducing carbon emissions and maintaining energy independence. Global Leadership: There is strategic focus on regaining U.S. leadership in nuclear technology primarily because more and more nations worldwide are entering nuclear energy, and America cannot afford to play a losing game with countries like Russia and China. Small Modular Reactors Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors designed to have a smaller power capacity compared to traditional nuclear power reactors. Here are the key characteristics, advantages, safety features, and disadvantages of SMRs: Characteristics: Small: SMRs have a power capacity of up to 300 MW per unit, which is about one-third of the generating capacity of conventional nuclear reactors. Modular: SMRs are designed to be modular and portable. Components can be factory-assembled and transported as units to installation sites. Reactors: SMRs use nuclear fission to generate heat for electricity production. Advantages: Efficiency: SMRs are designed for high capacity factors (exceeding 90%) and can produce a significant amount of low-carbon electricity. Hybrid Energy Systems: SMRs can complement renewable energy sources by providing consistent power, enhancing overall system efficiency. Off-Site Manufacturing: Factory assembly of components saves construction time and reduces costs. Lower Costs: SMRs are designed for cost-effectiveness, requiring less fuel and fewer staff for assembly, maintenance, and operation. Flexibility: SMRs can adjust electricity generation based on demand, making them suitable for remote locations. Site Repurposing: SMRs can be installed in existing thermal power plant sites by repurposing infrastructure. Safety Features: Reduced Risk: SMRs are designed with lower core damage frequency and radioactive contamination compared to conventional nuclear power plants (NPPs). Enhanced Seismic Isolation: SMRs incorporate advanced seismic isolation techniques for improved safety during earthquakes. Passive Safety: SMRs feature passive safety systems, minimizing the potential release of radioactive materials. -Source: The Hindu Mission Mausam Context: Mission Mausam, launched by the government last month, aims to not just improve weather forecasting in the country but also ‘manage’ certain weather events, and on demand, enhance or suppress rainfall, hail, fog and, later, lightning strikes. For effective weather modification, one of the most important areas is cloud physics, in which India will have to strengthen research. Towards this end, India is establishing a first-of-its-kind cloud chamber at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune. Relevance: GS: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: What is a cloud chamber? Using the Cloud Chamber for Atmospheric Research India’s Experience with Cloud Seeding Mission Mausam What is a cloud chamber? A cloud chamber resembles a closed cylindrical or tubular drum, inside which water vapour, aerosols, etc. are injected. Under the desired humidity and temperature inside this chamber, a cloud can develop. The Pune facility will allow scientists to study the seed particles that form cloud droplets or ice particles in a sustained manner. Many countries have basic cloud chambers, which have limited functionalities and scope to perform specific studies. With Mission Mausam, however, India is building a cloud chamber with convection properties, as required to study Indian monsoon clouds. Globally, there are only a handful of convective cloud chambers. Why is India building a convective cloud chamber? Cloud physics basically involves the study of cloud behaviour during normal and extreme conditions; intra-particle interactions inside a cloud; the formation of rain droplets and ice particles; the influence of moisture added into the atmosphere due to cyclones or low pressure systems; and interactions between different cloud layers, among others. The objective of establishing a convective cloud chamber is to gain a better understanding of cloud physics under conditions commonly affecting Indian weather systems. Thereafter, this knowledge can be used for strategic planning of weather modification. Using the Cloud Chamber for Atmospheric Research Scientists are planning to utilize the cloud chamber as an innovative tool to simulate and study various atmospheric conditions that affect Indian weather and climate, particularly monsoon behavior. Here’s how they intend to use this technology: Tailoring Environmental Conditions: The convective cloud chamber will allow scientists to manipulate physical and atmospheric parameters such as temperature, humidity, and convective conditions. This flexibility is crucial for creating controlled environments that mimic natural weather patterns, especially those influencing monsoons. Testing and Validation of New Theories: According to Thara Prabhakaran, a senior scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), the chamber will be used to test new ideas and theories in cloud physics. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of monsoon cloud dynamics and improve predictive meteorological models. Development of Advanced Instrumentation: Over the next 18-24 months, the focus will be on developing sophisticated instruments and probes. These tools are essential for precisely measuring and analyzing the minute properties of clouds within the chamber. The instrumentation will support experiments like seed particle injection, which helps simulate and study different environmental conditions within the controlled setup of the chamber. Civil Construction and Future Experiments: The civil construction of the cloud chamber is scheduled for the coming months, setting the stage for future experiments and research activities. India’s Experience with Cloud Seeding India’s engagement with cloud seeding has been explored through the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) program, conducted in multiple phases over a decade: Efficacy of Cloud Seeding: The final phase of CAIPEEX involved targeted experiments in the rain-shadow regions of Maharashtra’s Solapur district between 2016 and 2018. Results from these experiments indicated that cloud seeding could significantly enhance rainfall, with increases up to 46 percent under optimal conditions. Geographical Impact: The impact of cloud seeding was particularly noted in a 100 square kilometer area downwind of the seeding location, where rainfall increases averaged about 18 percent. Limitations Recognized: Despite some success, it is widely acknowledged that cloud seeding cannot singularly solve rainfall inadequacy issues. It is not considered a “silver bullet” solution but rather one of several potential methods to augment water resources under specific conditions. Mission Mausam: Mission Mausam would be a truly transformative and far-reaching initiative to significantly improve India’s capabilities in meteorology and climate science. The mission focuses its efforts on increased research, development, and operational capability in atmospheric sciences. The mission seeks to improve the height of weather surveillance, modeling, and forecasting and general management of meteorological services with advanced observation systems, high-performance computing, and modern technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). The mission aims to provide much-enhanced accuracy and timeliness of weather and climate information for a wide range of applications from monsoon forecasting to alert the public about air quality and other severe weather conditions such as cyclones, fog, hail, and rainfall. Capacity building and raising public awareness about climate phenomena are also targeted. Mission Mausam will implement state-of-the-art radars, satellite systems with advanced sensors, high-performance supercomputers, and sophisticated Earth system models. It will also apply a GIS-based automated Decision Support System for disseminating data in real-time and to devise improved response strategies . Implementation Framework : The three institutes under the Ministry of Earth Sciences will lead the project: India Meteorological Department (IMD) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) These institutes will join forces with various institutions, based in this country as well as abroad, be it an academic or an industry partner, and would accelerate innovation and the transfer of knowledge among meteorological global communities. Mission Mausam will benefit thousands of stakeholders across sectors such as agriculture, disaster management, defense, environment, aviation, water resources, power generation, tourism, transportation, energy, and healthcare. It would also enhance the decision-making process in urban planning, transportation infrastructures, offshore operations, and environmental monitoring. -Source: Indian Express Kala-Azar Context: India is close to achieving the elimination of Kala-azar as a public health problem, meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) certification criteria.   Relevance: GS III- Health, Prelims About Kala Azar Kala-azar is a slow progressing indigenous disease caused by a protozoan parasite of genus Leishmania. In India Leishmania donovani is the only parasite causing this disease. The Kala-azar is endemic to the Indian subcontinent in 119 districts in four countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal). This disease is the second-largest parasitic killer in the world. Elimination is defined as reducing the annual incidence of Kala Azar (KA) to less than 1 case per 10,000 people at the sub-district level. It is a neglected tropical disease affecting almost 100 countries. Neglected tropical diseases are a diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries. There are three types of leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis, which affects multiple organs and is the most serious form of the disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin sores and is the most common form. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, which causes skin and mucosal lesions. The Visceral leishmaniasis, which is commonly known as Kala-azar in India, is fatal in over 95% of the cases, if left untreated. Symptoms of Kala azar It is associated with fever, loss of appetite (anorexia), fatigue, enlargement of the liver, spleen and nodes and suppression of the bone marrow. It also increases the risk of other secondary infections. Diagnosing Kala azar The first oral drug found to be effective for treating kala-azar is miltefosine. The most common method of diagnosing kala azar is by dipstick testing. However, this method is highly problematic. Where has kala-azar been detected in India? In West Bengal, the districts where the maximum number of cases were registered include Darjeeling, Malda, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur and Kalimpong. The districts of Birbhum, Bankura, Purulia, and Murshidabad have also reported a few cases, while none have been detected in Kolkata yet. The disease is endemic in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. An estimated 165.4 million people are at risk, according to data from the National Centre for Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NCVBDC). In the country as a whole, there has been a significant decline in cases over the years. In 2014, around 9,200 cases were reported while in 2021 the number fell to 1,276 cases. What does the treatment include? Anti-leishmanial medicines are available for treatment. Vector control is also recommended by the WHO, which means reducing or interrupting the transmission of disease by decreasing the number of sandflies in surroundings through insecticide spray, use of insecticide-treated nets, etc. The government aimed to eliminate the disease in India by 2015, but that deadline was missed. However, the number of cases has been brought down significantly through the National Kala-Azar Elimination Programme. Medicines, insecticides and technical support were given by the central government, while state governments provided for costs involved in implementation. The program was implemented through State/District Malaria Control Offices and the primary health care system. -Source: Indian Express Space Docking Experiment Context: Recently, Hyderabad-based company handed over two 400 kg class satellites to ISRO, which will be part of the Space Docking Experiment planned by the space agency later this year. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology About Space Docking Experiment (SPADEX) One of the ISRO’s significant steps toward developing autonomous docking technology. The mission involves two vehicles—‘Chaser’ and the ‘Target’—coming together and connecting in space. Docking systems enable two spacecraft to be connected in orbit. This opens up critical operations like assembling a space station, refueling, or the transfer of astronauts and cargo. It also will showcase the capability of the integrated spacecraft for stability as well as control after docking, for smooth forthcoming missions India’s SPADEX experiment contains a unique objective in itself, and this lies in the aspect of the development of native scalable and low-cost docking technology As part of this experiment, two orbiting spacecraft will automatically dock with each other demonstrating accuracy of navigation and control of great relevance to future space missions. SPADEX is designed to serve a wide range of spacecraft sizes and mission objectives, including potential collaborations for building space stations or deep space exploration,” (END. October 30, 1967: the Soviets successfully executed the historic docking of Kosmos 186 and *Kosmos 188-the first fully automated docking between two unmanned spacecraft. ­Established a precedent for extended space exploratory endeavors later, such as staying on orbiting space stations. ­Significance: It will be an integral aspect in attaining India’s long-term space exploration objectives, including manned space flight, satellites servicing, and construction of the space station later. -Source: Business Standards Han River Context: With an aim to exploit the Musi banks for commercial use, the Telangana government is looking at the Great Hangang (Han River) project in South Korea as a model for attracting private firms to develop riverfronts. Relevance: GS I: Geography About Han River: It is one of the most important rivers in South Korea and stands as the fourth longest river in the Korean peninsula. Course: It originates from the confluence of Namhan (South Han) and Bukhan (North Han) rivers on the eastern side of South Korea. The river passes through the country’s capital, Seoul, and further flows into the Yellow Sea. The 319 miles of its length are navigable for 200 miles and it has been an invaluable river route since ancient times. Several ancient kingdoms of Korea-including Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla-continued to vie for control over the strategic river at various points. The river was highly polluted for decades, due to industrial wastes, but appropriate and serious efforts made in the 1980s and 1990s brought back the earlier qualities of the waters. There are islands on the Han River: Seonyudo has been developed into an attractive ecological park. Banpo Bridge: Known for the Moonlight Rainbow Fountain on the Banpo Bridge in the city of Seoul, over the Han River. Its bridge fountain is the world’s longest. -Source: Times of India

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 October 2024

CONTENT India-Bhutan Ties India-Bhutan Ties Context: Bhutanese PM Tshering Tobgay’s recent visit to India highlighted the strong diplomatic relations and cooperation between Bhutan and India. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Bilateral Meeting between India and Bhutan India-Bhutan Ties Challenges in India-Bhutan Relations Key Highlights of the Bilateral Meeting between India and Bhutan Showcasing Green Hydrogen Initiatives India’s Innovation: India displayed a hydrogen-fueled bus, demonstrating significant strides in sustainable mobility and green hydrogen technology. Sustainable Mobility Promotion: This showcase underlines India’s commitment to advancing sustainable energy solutions and positions the nation as a pioneer in green hydrogen production. Bilateral Cooperation in Energy Expanding Partnerships: Discussions aimed to deepen bilateral relations, especially in the energy sector, were a focal point of the meeting. Bhutan’s Interest: Bhutan expressed enthusiasm for adopting green hydrogen mobility solutions, reinforcing its dedication to environmental sustainability and clean energy transition. Mutual Commitment to Sustainability Collaborative Prospects: Both nations expressed a willingness to collaborate on promoting cleaner and greener energy alternatives. Shared Vision for Sustainability: The meeting underscored a shared commitment to sustainable development, with Bhutan poised as an integral partner in India’s green energy transition initiatives. India-Bhutan Ties: They have come to understand that size alone does not determine the strength of relations between two independent nations. Consequently, India has consistently honored Bhutanese identity, respected its distinct religious practices, and supported its economic aspirations while preserving its unique way of life. In return, Bhutan has recognized that its sovereignty and identity are not threatened from its southern border and has looked to India for support in its growth and development. India has met these expectations, fostering a deep level of trust between the leadership of both nations over the decades, a trust that has been evident in recent times. Significance of Bhutan for India: Strategic Buffer State: Bhutan’s location between India and China serves as a strategic buffer state, enhancing India’s security interests. Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity: India’s assistance in defense, infrastructure, and communication has contributed to maintaining Bhutan’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. Border Infrastructure Development: India’s support in building border infrastructure, including roads and bridges, has strengthened Bhutan’s defense capabilities and ensured territorial integrity. Doklam Standoff Support: During the Doklam standoff with China in 2017, Bhutan played a crucial role by allowing Indian troops to enter its territory to resist Chinese incursions. Trading Partner: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner and primary export destination. Hydropower Development: Bhutan’s hydropower potential is a significant revenue source, with India’s assistance in developing hydropower projects. Financial Assistance: India provides financial assistance for Bhutan’s development projects. Cultural Ties: Strong cultural ties exist due to shared Buddhist traditions, with India helping preserve Bhutan’s cultural heritage, and Bhutanese students studying in India. Environmental Stewardship: Bhutan’s commitment to being carbon-neutral aligns with India’s efforts to promote environmental sustainability. India supports Bhutan in renewable energy, forest conservation, and sustainable tourism, contributing to Bhutan’s carbon-neutral goals. Challenges in India-Bhutan Relations: China’s Increasing Presence: China’s growing economic and military influence in Bhutan, particularly along the disputed border, poses a challenge to India’s strategic interests in Bhutan. Border Incursions: Incidents of border incursions by Chinese forces along the India-Bhutan border have raised concerns. The Doklam standoff in 2017 was a significant flashpoint that could strain India-Bhutan relations if similar disputes escalate. Hydropower Projects Concerns: While India has been a major partner in Bhutan’s hydropower sector, there have been concerns in Bhutan regarding the terms of some hydropower projects, seen as too favorable to India. Public opposition in Bhutan to Indian involvement in the sector has arisen. Trade Imbalance: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, but Bhutan faces a trade imbalance, importing more from India than it exports. Bhutan seeks greater access to the Indian market to reduce the trade deficit.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 October 2024

Contents: The world needs blue helmets who act as blue helmets Working toward a meaningful ‘victims’ register’ in Bastar The World Needs Blue Helmets Who Act As Blue Helmets Context : The UN Peacekeeping force also known as “Blue Helmets”, are essential for establishing peace and stability in conflict affected areas while protecting civilians and innocents. However, recent crises in Gaza and Ukraine have revealed their shortcomings in taking immediate action, highlighting the urgent need for reforms in the United Nations Security Council to enhance the efficiency of the peacekeeping mission. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice question: Examine the significance of the Blue Helmets in establishing peace in conflict-hit regions. Suggest key reforms in the UNSC to enhance the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions. (250 words) Yehuda Bauer’s statement: “Thou shalt not be a victim, thou shalt not be a perpetrator, but above all, thou shalt not be a bystander”. Bauer calls one not to be a victim, perpetrator or bystander. The “bystander” is considered a silent promoter of crimes against humanity. United Nations (UN) and peacekeeping : Chapter VI of the UN Charter emphasises the peaceful resolution of disputes. Chapter VII authorises the use of force for the establishment of peace and the rule of law in cases of aggression with Security Council approval. UN Peacekeeping Forces were established in 1948 and were first deployed in the Middle East. Their purpose is to establish peace by deploying soldiers, police, and civilian peacekeepers from various countries. Blue Helmets:UN peacekeepers, known as “Blue Helmets” for their distinctive headgear, include military personnel, UN police, and civilian peacekeepers. India’s Contribution to UN Peacekeeping: India is a major contributor, with over 2,60,000 Indian personnel serving in 49 missions since 1948. India deployed the first all-women contingent in 2007 to Liberia. India has suffered over 200 casualties, one of the highest among contributing countries, showing its deep commitment to global peace. Successes of UN Peacekeeping: Successful missions in Cambodia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Angola, Timor Leste, Liberia, and Kosovo reflect the UN’s potential to establish peace. Failures of the UN as a Bystander: The Rwanda Genocide (1994): Nearly a million Tutsi civilians were killed. French continued to support the Rwandan Army, the main perpetrators of the genocide, which is an unfortunate thing, and the UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR) was a bystander. Recent conflicts in Ukraine and Israel-Gaza showcase the UN’s inaction despite 1,00,000 peacekeeping forces. Missed Opportunities: Extraordinary situations demand extraordinary interventions. The UN, with 100,000 peacekeepers, failed to engage them in sensitive areas like Ukraine and Gaza. Blue Helmets must act impartially and decisively, as in Kosovo (UNMIK 1999-2008) and Timor Leste (UNTAET, UNMIT 1999-2008). Debates on UN Security Council (UNSC) Reform: The veto power of the P5 often paralyses UN action in critical peace-establishing situations. Expansion of permanent members to include countries like India(Voice of Global South) and South Africa(representation from Africa). Reforming the veto system to agree on a majority vote among P7 is expected to improve decision-making. Conclusion: The UN must act impartially to protect civilians, using its forces effectively. Without meaningful action and reforms, the UN risks becoming irrelevant in global peacekeeping efforts. Reforms for the UNSC are the need of the hour to attain inclusive representation. Working Toward a Meaningful ‘Victims’ Register’ in Bastar Context: A recent meeting of the Union Home Minister with victims of Naxalite violence in Bastar, Chhatisgarh, to discuss the “Victims’ register”. To address the issue of victimisation from both Maoist actions and state responses. The key focus is on inclusivity and reconciliation of historical grievances. Relevance: GS 3 (Internal Security) Practice question:How can the establishment of a “victims’ register” in conflict zones like Bastar and Chhattisgarh contribute to addressing the challenges of internal security and promoting peace-building? (250 words) Location: The Bastar division is central to left-wing extremism in Chhattisgarh. Government Approach : Holistic Strategy: The initiative suggests a shift from a purely security-oriented approach to a more comprehensive strategy that includes security, development, governance, and community rights. Example: “Aspirational Districts Programme” aims for holistic development of the region Recent Successes: The government is attempting to build on recent successes in counter-Maoist operations to enhance its credibility and effectiveness. Example: “Operation Green Hunt” with approximately 190 Naxalites killed in the last year Victim Identity Complexity : Multiple Categories of Victims: Two primary categories are: Victims of Maoists: Those who have directly suffered due to Naxalite actions. Example: 2013 Darbha Valley ambush where 27 people, including senior political party leaders, were killed. Victims of the State: Individuals affected by actions of security forces and, including those victimised by the Salwa Judum, a state-sponsored militia against Maoists in Chhattisgarh.  The Supreme Court of India declared Salwa Judum illegal in 2011 due to its involvement in atrocities against tribal communities. Example:  Sarkeguda encounter in 2012, where 17 villagers including 6 minors were killed by security forces, allegedly mistaking them for Maoists, Internal Displacement: More than 55,000 tribals who fled to Andhra Pradesh reflect complexities and long-lasting impacts on locals and tribals. Victim’s register and its potential : A victims’ register is a database that documents the experiences and identities of individuals who have suffered due to conflict or violence.  Global Examples: Colombia: Over 9 million victims documented, aiding in reparations and societal integration. South Africa: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) collected testimonies from over 21,000 apartheid victims, fostering national unity. Spirit of Truth and Reconciliation: Acknowledgement: Recognizes and validates the suffering of victims. Diverse Narratives: Including experiences from both Maoist and state actions. Healing and Justice: Foundation for reconciliation efforts, providing a platform for victims. Reparations: Provides a platform for compensating victims. Policy and Planning: helps the government to take action and plan policies to support victims. Implementation Challenges: Need for Trust: Building trust with communities, as many victim accounts may be unverifiable. Risk of Division: Ensuring the initiative does not deepen societal divides and remains inclusive. Data Privacy Concerns: Safeguarding personal data to maintain confidentiality. Logistical and Financial Constraints: Securing sufficient funding and resources. Verification of Claims: Implementing mechanisms to validate victim accounts without causing additional trauma. Opportune Moment:  The current low point in Maoist activities provides a strategic opportunity for the government to engage in meaningful dialogue and address tribal aspirations effectively. This period of reduced conflict creates a unique opportunity for implementing initiatives like the victims’ register and other reconciliation efforts. Conclusion : Victims’ registry is a significant step towards fostering the trust of victims. Necessary steps like data safety and efficient verification mechanisms make the process more resilient

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 October 2024

CONTENTS Andhra Pradesh’s New Incentive for Larger Families: Addressing Declining Youth Population Linking Tonga’s Eruption to Atmospheric Disturbances Over India Fourth Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine Vitiligo Nature Restoration Law Hornets  Andhra Pradesh’s New Incentive for Larger Families: Addressing Declining Youth Population Context: In response to a declining young population in Andhra Pradesh, Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu announced plans to introduce legislation incentivizing families to have more children. This initiative aims to counteract the state’s fertility rates, which have fallen below the replacement level, potentially leading to significant long-term demographic challenges. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Concerns of Southern States in India India’s Aging Population and Fertility Trends Concerns About an Aging Population Efficacy of Pro-Natalist Policies Why CM Naidu’s Comments Are Significant Way Forward Concerns of Southern States in India Population Trends and Parliamentary Representation Fertility Success: Southern states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh have effectively reduced their fertility rates over the years through robust public health initiatives. Aging Population: This demographic success has led to a higher proportion of the aging population, which presents unique challenges, particularly concerning workforce sustainability and healthcare. Political Implications: Tamil Nadu’s Chief Minister M. K. Stalin has voiced concerns that the low population growth in Southern states might lead to reduced representation in the Indian Parliament. This is a significant issue as parliamentary seats are allocated largely based on population. India’s Aging Population and Fertility Trends Recent Data and Projections Data Delays: The 2021 Census has been delayed, making the most recent reliable data from the 2020 report by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Aging Demographic: Nationally, the aging population (60+) is set to increase, with a more pronounced rise in the Southern states due to their earlier achievement of low fertility rates. Fertility Disparities: Southern states have reached replacement fertility levels (2.1 children per woman) much earlier than Northern states like Uttar Pradesh, which is only expected to reach these levels by 2025. Projected Population Growth Overall Growth: From 2011 to 2036, India’s population is expected to grow by approximately 31.1 crore, with significant contributions from states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh. Southern Contribution: In contrast, the collective population increase from the five Southern states (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, Tamil Nadu) is projected to be only about 2.9 crore over the same period. Elderly Population Dynamics Doubling of Elderly Population: The number of elderly persons is expected to more than double, rising from 10 crore in 2011 to 23 crore by 2036. Regional Variations: Kerala will see nearly one in four people aged over 60 by 2036, indicating a significant shift towards an older demographic, whereas Uttar Pradesh will maintain a relatively younger demographic profile with only 12% aged 60+. Concerns About an Aging Population Increased Dependency Ratio An aging population leads to a higher dependency ratio, which is the proportion of non-working individuals (under 15 and over 60) compared to the working-age population. This shift demands more economic support from fewer working individuals. Economic and Healthcare Challenges As the population ages, there is an increased need for healthcare services and social security, which can strain public resources and fiscal budgets, particularly in healthcare sectors specialized in geriatric care. Political Implications A smaller younger population relative to other states can impact political representation, especially in the Lok Sabha. Southern states like Tamil Nadu and Kerala, which have controlled population growth effectively, fear losing parliamentary seats to states with higher population growth, such as Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Efficacy of Pro-Natalist Policies Mixed Global Success Countries like Japan, China, and various European nations have implemented pro-natalist policies to encourage higher birth rates, with varying degrees of success. While Scandinavian countries have seen some stabilization in fertility rates through supportive family systems and gender equality, nations like Japan and China have struggled to achieve significant results. Economic and Cultural Factors Financial incentives alone often prove insufficient to boost fertility rates significantly, especially in societies with high levels of prosperity and education where the costs and lifestyle impacts of raising children can outweigh governmental incentives. Why CM Naidu’s Comments Are Significant Shift in Population Discourse CM Naidu’s remarks highlight a pivotal shift from past concerns over overpopulation to current challenges associated with underpopulation and aging demographics in certain regions. Historical Context States like Andhra Pradesh were pioneers in achieving Replacement Level Fertility early on, impacting their current demographic challenges. The repeal of laws limiting the rights of individuals with more than two children to participate in local elections marks a significant policy reversal in response to these demographic trends. Way Forward Addressing Workforce Shortages Through Migration Internal migration from more populous northern states to the southern states could help balance the demographic and economic scales, providing a ready workforce that can immediately contribute to economic activities without the long-term costs of upbringing. Focus on Productivity Improving labor productivity can compensate for lower population growth, ensuring that the economic output per capita remains high and sustainable. Leveraging Demographic Dividend Capitalizing on India’s demographic dividend by maximizing the economic potential of its large young population can drive growth and development, offsetting some of the challenges posed by an aging demographic. -Source: Indian Express Linking Tonga’s Eruption to Atmospheric Disturbances Over India Context: A recent study has uncovered a surprising connection between the Tonga volcano eruption in the South Pacific Ocean and the formation of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) over the Indian subcontinent. This discovery highlights the far-reaching impact of volcanic activity on atmospheric phenomena. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Tonga Eruption Study Understanding Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) Key Facts About the Tonga Volcano About the Ring of Fire Key Highlights of the Tonga Eruption Study Ionospheric Disturbances The Tonga eruption significantly influenced space weather, impacting satellite signals through ionospheric disturbances. The eruption generated strong atmospheric gravity waves that ascended into the upper atmosphere, creating favorable conditions for the formation of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs). Atmospheric Dynamics Gravity Waves: These waves occur when buoyancy forces air upward and gravity pulls it back down, leading to oscillations that propagated extensively due to the eruption. Detection of Plasma Blobs: Increases in the ionospheric eastward electric field at dusk were observed, indicating further disruptions in the ionosphere. Understanding Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs) Nature and Formation EPBs are formed through plasma instabilities in the equatorial ionosphere, manifesting as regions of depleted plasma. While they originate in the equatorial ionosphere, EPBs can extend and affect the global ionosphere up to 15° north and south of the Earth’s equator. Impacts on Communication EPBs can scatter radio waves traveling through the ionosphere, leading to significant signal degradation. This scattering is a critical issue for systems dependent on high-frequency radio waves, including satellite communications and GPS. Variability EPBs are most frequently observed during the Winter solstice and are least common during the Summer solstice, indicating significant seasonal variability. Key Facts About the Tonga Volcano Situated in the western South Pacific Ocean, west of Tonga’s main inhabited islands. Part of the Tofua Arc, which itself is a segment of the larger Tonga-Kermadec volcanic arc, known for its active subduction zone dynamics. The volcano is part of the Ring of Fire, formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Indo-Australian Plate. Volcanic Features Submarine Volcano: Comprising two small uninhabited islands, Hunga-Ha’apai and Hunga-Tonga, it highlights the undersea nature of volcanic activity in this region. About the Ring of Fire Many volcanoes in the Ring of Fire were created through a process of subduction. And most of the planet’s subduction zones happen to be located in the Ring of Fire It is a string of at least 450 active and dormant volcanoes that form a semi-circle, or horse shoe, around the Philippine Sea plate, the Pacific Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, and the Nazca Plate. There is a lot of seismic activity in the area. 90 per cent of all earthquakes strike within the Ring of Fire -Source: Indian Express Fourth Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine Context: India quietly launched its fourth nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) at the Ship Building Center (SBC) in Visakhapatnam, enhancing its nuclear deterrence capabilities. Relevance: GS III: Defence India’s Fourth Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN), Codenamed S4* Development and Capabilities The fourth SSBN, codenamed S4*, is notable for its high level of indigenous content, nearly 75 percent, showcasing India’s advancing capabilities in defense technology. Equipped with K-4 ballistic missiles, S4* has a significant strike capability with missiles having a range of 3,500 km. These missiles are launched from vertical launching systems, enhancing the submarine’s operational readiness and strike capabilities. Evolution and Comparison  S4* is part of a class that began with INS Arihant. While INS Arihant is equipped with 750 km range K-15 nuclear missiles, its successors including INS Arighaat, INS Aridhaman, and now S4* carry the more advanced K-4 ballistic missiles. Following the commissioning of INS Arighaat in August 2024, and with INS Aridhaman scheduled for commissioning the following year, S4* represents the latest advancement in this submarine lineage. Both INS Arihant and INS Arighaat are already conducting deep-sea patrols. Naming Convention Reflecting a systematic naming convention that ties back to India’s first leased nuclear attack submarine INS Chakra (S1), the progression has been consistent: INS Arihant (S2), INS Arighaat (S3), INS Aridhaman (S4), and the latest, S4*, which awaits a formal name. General Characteristics of SSBNs Strategic Military Role Only a few countries operate SSBNs, including the United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, France, and India. These nations utilize SSBNs for their strategic nuclear deterrent capabilities. SSBNs are primarily designed for second-strike purposes, to ensure a country’s ability to respond with nuclear weapons even after a devastating first strike, thus underpinning the principle of mutual assured destruction. The operational effectiveness of an SSBN is highlighted by its virtually unlimited range. The only constraints are food supplies, crew fatigue, and maintenance requirements, allowing these submarines to remain submerged for extended periods without surfacing. -Source: The Hindu Vitiligo Context: A new Kannada film is attempting to take the veil of stigma off from a vitiligo disease that is usually the subject of stereotypes and ignorance in India. Relevance: GS II: Health Overview of Vitiligo Nature and Causes of Vitiligo Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder characterized by the loss of skin color in patches. This occurs due to the destruction or malfunction of melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin, which is responsible for the skin’s color. The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors: Autoimmune Reaction: In many cases, the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys melanocytes. Environmental Triggers: Factors such as oxidative stress, physical trauma, severe sunburn, or exposure to certain chemicals might trigger the onset or exacerbation of the condition. Symptoms and Development Affected individuals develop white patches on the skin, which can appear on any part of the body including the skin, hair, and mucous membranes such as the lining of the mouth. Vitiligo typically starts as small white spots, which can spread and merge over time to cover larger areas. Demographics and Prevalence Age of Onset: It can appear at any age but is most commonly observed before the age of 30. Global Prevalence: Between 0.5% and 2% of the world’s population is affected by vitiligo, translating to roughly 100 million people globally. It impacts men and women equally. Treatment Approaches Management of Symptoms: While there is no cure for vitiligo, various treatments are available that aim to manage the symptoms and attempt to restore some degree of skin pigmentation: Topical Treatments: These include corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors which may help reduce the progression of depigmentation and, in some cases, might restore pigment. Phototherapy: Using ultraviolet light to stimulate melanocytes can be effective in restoring some color to the affected areas. Impact and Support Vitiligo can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, primarily due to cosmetic issues and the social stigma associated with visible skin conditions. Support from dermatologists, coupled with appropriate treatment plans and psychological support, can help manage the condition effectively and improve the life quality of those affected. -Source: Down To Earth Nature Restoration Law Context: The Nature Restoration Law (NRL), which was enacted by the European Union (EU), is an inspiring model from which India can draw points to tackle its growing environmental crises. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Nature Restoration Law (NRL) in the European Union The Nature Restoration Law (NRL) is an initiative by the European Union to combat the pressing issues of climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation. This law represents a significant step as it is the first comprehensive, continent-wide legislation specifically focused on ecological restoration. The NRL is a central component of the broader EU Biodiversity Strategy, which outlines binding targets for restoring ecosystems, particularly those that are crucial for carbon sequestration and mitigating natural disasters. Key Provisions and Goals The law mandates that Member States must restore at least 20% of the EU’s land and sea areas by 2030. This includes a diverse range of ecosystems such as terrestrial, coastal, freshwater, forest, agricultural, and urban areas. By 2050, the ambition extends to include all ecosystems that require restoration across the EU. Specific Initiatives: Urban Green Spaces: Enhancing urban areas with more green spaces to improve air quality, biodiversity, and residents’ mental health. River Restoration: Promoting free-flowing rivers by removing artificial barriers, which aids in restoring natural water systems and enhancing aquatic biodiversity. Pollinators and Tree Planting: Aiming to increase pollinator populations crucial for agriculture and ecosystem health, and committing to planting 3 billion additional trees across the EU by the target date. Implementation and Planning Each Member State is required to draft detailed plans outlining their specific strategies to meet the NRL targets. These plans must ensure that restored areas are maintained and do not undergo significant deterioration. Member States are also instructed to evaluate the socio-economic impacts and benefits of their restoration activities. This includes estimating the financial resources necessary for effective implementation. Monitoring and Compliance The European Commission will oversee the progress of Member States in meeting their restoration goals, ensuring adherence to the NRL and evaluating the effectiveness of the measures implemented. -Source: Indian Express Hornets Context: According to a recent study, a species of hornet that often munches on foods containing alcohol can hold its liquor, without any side effects, at levels that no other known animal can tolerate. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Hornets Hornets are a specific group within the insect family Vespidae, which also includes yellow jackets, paper wasps, potter wasps, and pollen wasps. There are about 20 known species of hornets, primarily distributed across Asia, Europe, and Africa. Additionally, one species has been introduced to North America. Typically, hornets are black or brown with distinct yellow or yellowish markings, making them easily recognizable among other wasp species. Behavior and Ecology Hornets are highly social insects that live in large, organized colonies. These colonies are structured with queens, workers, and drones, each playing specific roles within the hive. Hornets prefer to build their nests in elevated areas, often high up in trees, under eaves, or in other sheltered spots where they can remain undisturbed. Dietary Habits Hornets have a diet that includes both sugar and protein. They are predatory on other insects, such as honeybees and various species of social wasps. Hornets capture these insects and chew them into a paste to feed their larvae. Their predatory nature helps control the populations of other insects, which can be beneficial for ecological balance. However, their impact on honeybees can be detrimental to apiculture. Safety and Sting Hornets are known for their ability to release more venom per sting than any other stinging insect, which contributes to their reputation for being dangerous. However, they are not necessarily more aggressive than other wasps unless provoked. The venom of hornets can cause significant pain and, in rare cases, severe allergic reactions in humans. Due to their size and the volume of venom they inject, hornet stings are particularly feared. Notable Species The northern giant hornet or Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) is especially noteworthy as the largest hornet species globally. Native to Asia, this species has garnered international attention for its size and the potential threat it poses to honeybee populations. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 October 2024

CONTENTS BIMSTEC Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr BIMSTEC Context: India’s National Centre for Good Governance (NCGG) has initiated its first-ever Mid-Career Training Programme for civil servants from the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) nations. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (Foreign Policies affecting India’s Interests, Important International groupings), Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About BIMSTEC History of Formation of the BIMSTEC Significance of BIMSTEC About BIMSTEC The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation of seven nations of South Asia and Southeast Asia: Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Sri Lanka Myanmar (South-east Asia) Thailand (South-east Asia) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are the member states dependent on the Bay of Bengal. Its members lie in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity. BIMSTEC not only connects South and Southeast Asia, but also the ecologies of the Great Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. Fourteen priority sectors of cooperation have been identified and several BIMSTEC centres have been established to focus on those sectors. The permanent secretariat of the BIMSTEC is in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The BIMSTEC uses the alphabetical order for the Chairmanship which has been taken in rotation commencing with Bangladesh (1997–1999). History of Formation of the BIMSTEC In 1997, a new sub-regional grouping was formed in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997 during a special Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, the Group was renamed ‘BIMST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). In 2004, at the first Summit the grouping was renamed as BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation. Significance of BIMSTEC BIMSTEC acts as a platform for intra-regional cooperation between SAARC and ASEAN members. Around one-fourth of the world’s traded goods cross the Bay of Bengal every year. Important Connectivity Projects related to BIMSTEC Kaladan Multimodal Project – links India and Myanmar. Asian Trilateral Highway – connecting India and Thailand through Myanmar. Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement – for seamless flow of passenger and cargo traffic. Strategic Significance for India BIMSTEC Enables India to pursue three core policies: Neighbourhood First- primacy to the country’s immediate periphery; Act East- connect India with Southeast Asia; and Economic development of India’s North Eastern states- by linking them to the Bay of Bengal region via Bangladesh and Myanmar. India has moved from Look East Policy to Act East Policy and Indo Pacific cooperation through its diaspora, culture and connectivity. This has led to India’s goodwill in the region. Allows India to counter China’s creeping influence in countries around the Bay of Bengal due to the spread of its Belt and Road Initiative. Physical connectivity with BIMSTEC would also help India integrate itself with ASEAN’s Master Plan of Connectivity 2025. A new platform for India to engage with its neighbours with South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) becoming dysfunctional because of differences between India and Pakistan. BIMSTEC suddenly received special attention as New Delhi chose to treat it as a more practical instrument for regional cooperation over a faltering SAARC. Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr Context: Recently, INS Trikand and Dornier Maritime Patrol Aircraft, participated in the Indo-Oman bilateral naval exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr held in Goa. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr Bilateral Naval Exercise Between India and Oman Initiation: Started in 1993, Exercise Naseem-Al-Bahr marks the deep-rooted strategic relationship between India and Oman. Oman is notable for being the first member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to engage in joint naval exercises with India. Structure and Phases of the Exercise Phases: The exercise is structured in two main phases: Harbour Phase: Features professional exchanges between navy personnel from both nations, encompassing Subject Matter Expert Exchanges, planning conferences, and also includes sports and social activities. Sea Phase: Focuses on practical naval operations such as gun firings at surface targets, anti-aircraft firings, naval maneuvers, and Replenishment at Sea Approaches (RASAPS). Operational Highlights Helicopter and Aircraft Operations: An integral helicopter from INS Trikand performed cross-deck landings and vertical replenishment (VERTREP) operations with the Royal Navy of Oman vessel, RNOV Al Seeb. The Indian Navy’s Dornier aircraft enhanced the operational scope by providing Over-the-Horizon Targeting (OTHT) data to the ships involved in the exercises. Strategic Importance Enhancing Interoperability: The exercise is crucial for enhancing interoperability between the two navies, fostering mutual understanding and sharing of best practices in maritime operations.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 October 2024

Content : An approaching milestone in constitutional governance The case for a nature restoration law in India  An Approaching Milestone In Constitutional Governance Context: 26th November 2024 marks the 75th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of India. This milestone reflects how constitutional governance has shaped its democratic institutions and promoted national identity Relevance: GS 2 (Indian Polity, Governance ) Practice question: Discuss the significance of India marking the 75th anniversary of its Constitution. In this context, Highlight the key areas India must focus on in the coming years . (250 words ) Five core constitutional values contributed to India’s democratic journey as highlighted by the article. Respect for democratic institutions : Democratic Institutions: These are the structures and processes through which a democratic government administers. E.g. Legislature, Executive, Judiciary, Electoral system, etc Citizens’ respect for democracy is reflected in high voter percentages For example, 65.79% of voter turnout in the 2024 general elections. At certain times, citizens faced frustrations about political performances and elected representatives, but citizens’ trust in the election process and democratic institutions remained intact. Socioeconomic developments and improved standard of living and quality of life have further contributed to increased citizen engagement with democratic institutions. Smooth transition of power: Political Maturity: Evident through the peaceful transfer of power post-elections. Stability in Governance: Political parties, regardless of ideologies, embraced outcomes. Electors remain the ultimate decision-makers through voting , reflecting their will . Protection of rights and freedom : India is committed to individual freedom,as highlighted by the role of the judiciary in protecting fundamental rights. Example: The Supreme Court’s ruling in the Puttaswamy v. Union of India case (2017) recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right. The framers of the Constitution prioritised citizens’ rights over state powers. Over a period of time, both constitutional freedoms and checks on state authority reinforced Federalism as a key Pillar of constitutional Governance: The framers respected linguistic, cultural and other diversities and decided to protect the unique identities, tradition and culture of the states. They provided different autonomies and privileges, keeping in mind the unique history and culture of states. Inclusivity and equity were given due importance. The idea of federalism was further deepened at two important levels. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which led to the establishment of local governments. The rise of state-level political parties. Role of Media and Civil Society : The Media and civil societies are instrumental in promoting faith in democracy. Broadcasting and further innovations have democratised access to information. Multilingual media highlights the diversity. Media and civil societies challenge and criticise autonomy wherever it was necessary. Way forward : Strengthening Democratic Institutions: E.g. voter apathy among the urban and middle class. For instance, voter turnout in urban areas like Mumbai has often been below 50%. Ensuring Social Justice and Equality: E.g. The top 1% holds over 40% of the wealth, highlighting the need for stronger redistributive policies Enhancing Judicial Reforms: As of 2024, Over 4 crore cases are pending in Indian courts, Advancing Digital Governance: Currently only 40% of rural India has access to the internet. Protecting Secularism: Incidents like the  2020 Delhi riots threaten India’s secular fabric. Addressing Regional and Ethnic Tensions: The Manipur crisis highlights growing regional and ethnic tensions. Conclusion : India, with the 75th anniversary of its Constitution, has proven sceptics like General Claude Auchinleck and Winston Churchill wrong , who doubted India’s unity. The Constitution is evolving not only as a legal framework but also as a social and political framework. The Case for a Nature Restoration Law in India India needs to draw inspiration from the European Union’s Nature Restoration Law (NRL) and create a similar legislative framework to address the pressing issue of the degradation of the ecosystem in India. E.g.India’s 30% geographical area under the verge of land degradation. Relevance: GS3 (Environment ) Practice question: Discuss the issue of land degradation in India and its impact on both the economy and the environment. Explain how a nature restoration law can provide a potential solution. (250 words ) Key Features of the EU’s Nature Restoration Law (NRL) : Adoption and Objectives: The EU passed this law in June 2024, part of the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy and the European Green Deal. Restoration Targets: Aim for a minimum of 20% of the EU’s land and sea restoration by 2030 and complete ecosystem restoration by 2050. Implementation: Restoration of rivers, planting three billion trees, and focusing on various ecosystems like forests, urban spaces, and agricultural lands. India’s Environmental Challenges : The extent of Land Degradation: Nearly 97.85 million hectares (29.7% of India’s total area) are degraded as per ISRO’s Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas, with states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Karnataka most affected. Desertification: Approximately 83.69 million hectares are facing challenges of desertification impacts. Existing Programs: India has initiated programs like the Green India Mission, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, and the National Afforestation Programme, but more concrete and legally binding targets are required. Expected Features of Nature Restoration Law in India Restoration Targets: The aim to restore 20% of degraded lands by 2030 and all ecosystems by 2050. Wetland Conservation: Aiming to restore 30% of degraded wetlands by 2030 , with a special focus on key wetlands like Chilika and Sunderbans. Agroforestry and Sustainable Agriculture: Promote sustainable practices and agroforestry, using biodiversity indicators like the butterfly index to monitor progress. River Restoration: Begin with major rivers , such as the Ganga and Yamuna, targeting pollution control and restoration of free-flowing rivers. Urban Green Spaces: Enforce a policy of no net loss of green spaces and encourage the development of urban forests in cities suffering from heat islands. Economic and Social Benefits of Nature Restoration : Economic Gains: The World Economic Forum estimates that nature restoration could generate up to $10 trillion globally by 2030. Agricultural Productivity and Water Security. Job Creation: Large-scale restoration projects could create millions of jobs. Climate Mitigation: Healthy ecosystems function as carbon sinks, helping India meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement. Conclusion : A nature restoration law can serve as a potential solution for the growing environmental crisis in India. It will help achieve sustainable development goals (SDG-15 ) related to forests and desertification.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 October 2024

CONTENTS 94 Years Since India’s Sole Home-Grown Nobel Laureate in Sciences Pressing Need for Indian Railways’ Safety Reforms The $1 Trillion Challenge for India’s Just Transition from Coal Prohibition of Child Marriage Act Marine Heat Wave Moonlight Programme Coelogyne tripurensis  94 Years Since India’s Sole Home-Grown Nobel Laureate in Sciences Context: It has been 94 years since an Indian won a Nobel Prize in the sciences — Physics, Chemistry or Medicine — while working in India. CV Raman’s Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 remains the only such honour. Three more Indian-origin scientists have won — Hargovind Khorana in Medicine in 1968, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar in Physics in 1983, and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan in Chemistry 2009 — but they did their work outside India and were not Indian citizens when they were honoured. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Reasons for India’s Poor Performance in Nobel Prizes in Science What to do Next with India’s Science Nobel Prizes Performance? Reasons for India’s Poor Performance in Nobel Prizes in Science Lack of Adequate Funding and Investment Government Support: The government of India provides miserably poor funding in terms of scientific research as compared to the other BRICS countries, with only 0.6-0.8% of GDP funding for basic research over the last decade. Decline in R&D Spending: R&D spending declined between 2005 and 2023 from 0.82% to 0.64% of the GDP Bureaucratic Challenges Bureaucratic Hurdles: Bureaucratic delays in research centers hamper innovation and productivity. The procurement of equipment at IIT Delhi may take as long as 11 months. Taxation and Procurement Burden: Information such as the GST notice amounting to Rs 150 crores issued to IIT Delhi and compulsion for procurement through Government e-Marketplace (GeM) gives rise to financial and operational burdens. Shortage of Researcher-end Few Researchers Population: India has very few researchers compared to the population, five times less compared to the world average, which reduces the possibilities of Nobel laureates. Institutional Mal-governance Lack of Right Priorities: The discretion given by the heads often works in the favor of individual gains rather than promoting breakthrough research. Irrelevant Research Concentration: A trend of operating over obsoleted or archaic research topics drastically limits the scope of the scientific miracles to be achieved. Lack of Innovation Publication Counts Over Innovation : Most of the publically funded research is focussed on the number of publications over the quality and innovation. Foreign technology duplication or adaptation instead of developing indigenous solutions is the trend. Private Sector vs. Public Institutions Private Sector Success Story: Any notable success story-think of vaccine development during the Covid-19 pandemic-are generally attributed to the private sector and almost to nothing with government-sponsored research efforts. Unhealthy Institutional Environment Challenges for returning scientists to India: Foreign-trained Indian scientists are unable to work in an institutional environment that does not encourage anything pioneering and is more focused on administrative promotion rather than scientific excellence. Historical Overlooks and Nominations Foregone Opportunities: Various chief Indian scientists, such as Jagadish Chandra Bose, K S Krishnan, and ECG Sudarshan, are said to have tremendous contributions toward originality though they were not well-known during the Nobel nominations. Nobel Nominations: A number of top scientists from India, such as Meghnad Saha, Homi Bhabha, are on the list who visited for the nominations but did not win awards, perhaps due to biasness or unawareness of complete work done by them Western Influence Global Disparity: It is quite stark that the country groups dominating Nobel Prizes are those powerful Western nations, who have strong scientific infrastructures and ecosystems working very much in support of them and both lacking in India. What to do Next with India’s Science Nobel Prizes Performance? India’s government should promise at an early stage to raise the share of research and development in GDP and commit in the near term to at least 1.5% per cent. Support and fund high-risk, high-reward programs that lead to revolutionary technologies. Use multidisciplinary review panels with backgrounds relevant to the field of research being proposed. This will reduce the risk of missing valuable ideas based on bias or a lack of understanding. Improving access to STEM education and investing in tertiary education will also improve the scope and quality of the researcher pool. Merit- or potential-social-impact-based distribution rather than personal ambition Coordination between research institutes under the government and private sector firms to enhance research capabilities and innovation National-level awards and recognitions to encourage significant efforts leading to path-breaking work. Advise Indian scientists to join hands with the international research communities, share knowledge and resources that will leverage Indian research to an international level. -Source: Indian Express Pressing Need for Indian Railways’ Safety Reforms Context: Recently, eight coaches of the Agartala-Lokmanya Tilak Express derailed in Assam with no casualties and a passenger train rear-ended a stationary goods train near Chennai, also with no casualties. Indian trains have been involved in multiple accidents of late. The Balasore accident on June 2, 2023, had the greatest death toll, more than 275, yet pressure on the Railways to improve safety competes with pressures straining its subsistence. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: How common are accidents? What is Kavach?  Indian Railways’ Operational and Financial Challenges How common are accidents? The number of railway accidents dropped from 1,390 per year in the 1960s to 80 per year in the last decade. There were still 34 consequential accidents in 2021-2022, 48 in 2022-23, and 40 in 2023-2024. A consequential accident injures and/or kills people, damages railway infrastructure, and disrupts rail traffic. According to public records, 55.8% of all accidents involving trains have been due to the failure of Railway staff and another 28.4% due to failures on the part of non-staff people. Equipment failure accounted for 6.2%. In both the Balasore and the Kavaraipettai accidents, officials blamed the signalling system. What is Kavach?  It is India’s very own automatic protection system in development since 2012, under the name Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), which got rechristened to Kavach or “armour”. In other words, it is a set of electronic devices and Radio Frequency Identification devices installed in locomotives, in the signalling system as well the tracks, that talk to each other using ultra high radio frequencies to control the brakes of trains and also alert drivers, all based on the logic programmed into them.  One of its features is that by continuously refreshing the movement information of a train, it is able to send out triggers when a loco pilot jumps signal, called Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD), a grave offence in railway operations with respect to safety, and the key to accidents like collision. The devices also continuously relay the signals ahead to the locomotive, making it useful for loco pilots in low visibility, especially during dense fog. TCAS or Kavach includes the key elements from already existing, and tried and tested systems like the European Train Protection and Warning System, and the indigenous Anti Collison Device. It will also carry features of the high-tech European Train Control System Level-2 in future. The current form of Kavach adheres to the highest level of safety and reliability standard called Safety Integrity Level 4. By February 2024, the Railways had installed ‘Kavach’ on 1,465 route km, or 2% of its total route length. Since 1990-1991, the Railways has classified nearly 70% of all major accidents as derailments, but only 2% of them were due to collisions. ‘Kavach’ also may not have prevented the Kavaraipettai accident because the relevant error happened beyond the minimum margins ‘Kavach’ requires to assist. Indian Railways’ Operational and Financial Challenges In the fiscal year 2024-2025, the Indian Railways’ operating ratio (OR) is slightly improved at ₹98.2 per ₹100 earned compared to previous years but remains high, limiting capital expenditure and increasing reliance on government and extra-budgetary funding. Despite incorporating the railway budget into the general budget in 2016 for better financial support, challenges persist with high operating costs and a heavy debt load from Extra-Budgetary Resources (EBRs). Freight services, contributing 65% of internal revenue, face inefficiencies with slow speeds and incomplete dedicated freight corridors, impacting revenue growth. The shift towards renewable energy and reduced reliance on coal freight also affects revenue streams. Passenger services continue to operate at a loss, exacerbated by the pandemic and high operational costs, despite attempts to boost revenue through upgraded services and fare adjustments. Safety and operational efficiency are compromised by high network congestion and outdated safety systems, stressing the urgent need for substantial investments to improve the Railways’ infrastructure and financial health. -Source: The Hindu The $1 Trillion Challenge for India’s Just Transition from Coal Context: A recent study by iForest (International Forum for Environment, Sustainability and Technology) reveals that India will need over $1 trillion (Rs 84 lakh crore) over the next 30 years for a just transition away from coal. The study, the first of its kind, estimates the costs of phasing down coal mines and plants while ensuring socio-economic stability in coal-dependent regions.  Relevance: GS III: Energy Dimensions of the Article: Coal Resource in India Ensuring Just Energy Transition in India International Support for Coal Phase-Down – Case Studies Findings from the Study of Coal-Dependent Districts in India Coal Resource in India The total estimated coal reserve (resource) of India is 378.21 billion tonnes as on 01.04.2023, as per the National Coal Inventory 2023. All India Production of coal during 2023-24 was 997.83 MT with a positive growth of 11.71%. According to the existing Import policy, coal can be imported freely by the consumers themselves based on the assessment of their needs coming out of their commercial consideration (under Open General Licence). Coking Coal is being imported by the Steel sector mainly to bridge the gap between requirement and Indigenous availability and to improve the quality. Other sectors like Power sector, cement etc. and coal traders are importing non-coking coal. The total import of coal during 2023-24 was 261 million tonnes. Ensuring Just Energy Transition in India What is “just” energy transition? A “just” energy transition refers to an equitable and inclusive shift toward a low-carbon economy, keeping in mind the needs of the workforce and the communities that depend on fossil fuels. India is the world’s second-largest coal producer and employs thousands of people in coal mines, thermal power plants, logistics, and others. Public sector coal companies alone employ over 3.6 lakh workers, and the private sector comprises hundreds of thousands more. As India sets itself the net-zero target by 2070, adding to renewable energy is essential. It poses an enormous financial and social cost to repair when it has to change in terms of workers dependent on coal and regions that are coal-dependent Economic stability versus climate goals would require massive investments. Transition costs The study of just transition from coal in India that is based on an appraisal of districts coal dependent and international examples from South Africa, Germany, and Poland identifies the eight main cost areas These are: mine closures and site repurposing,  , retiring coal plants and converting them to clean energy,  , skilling workers for green jobs,  , promotion of new businesses,  , community support, green energy investments, compensation of states for revenue loss, and planning costs. Close to 48% of the estimated $1 trillion needed over the next three decades will go for green investments to substitute the coal-based energy infrastructure with cleaner alternatives. Source of funding for this transition Funding India’s just transition away from coal will require a mix of public and private investments. Grants and subsidies will be the main source of public funding, which will cover the “non-energy” expenditure, including community support, skilling coal workers for green jobs, and supporting new businesses. The $4 billion District Mineral Foundation fund collected from miners in the country can be used to support new businesses and coal-dependent communities, which can supplement CSR funding. Private investment will be expected to assume the majority of “energy costs,” such as those involved in developing clean energy projects and green infrastructure. International Support for Coal Phase-Down – Case Studies South Africa’s Just Energy Transition Partnerships and Funding: The Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET-IP) of South Africa is bolstered by international support from the UK, France, Germany, the US, the EU, the Netherlands, and Denmark. Financial Plan: The initiative needs $98 billion over twenty years, with an initial $8.5 billion planned for 2023-2027. Allocation of Funds: A significant portion of the funding is allocated towards investments in green energy, utilizing concessional loans, grants, and collaborations between public and private sectors.   Germany’s Legislative Measures on Coal Phase-Out Legislation and Timeline: Germany has legislated the termination of coal power by 2038 and has earmarked over $55 billion for closing coal mines and power plants. Regional Support: These funds are also designated to aid economic development in coal-dependent regions, ensuring a smoother transition from coal-based economies. Findings from the Study of Coal-Dependent Districts in India Study Focus: An analysis was conducted on four coal-reliant districts: Korba (Chhattisgarh), Bokaro and Ramgarh (Jharkhand), and Angul (Odisha), evaluating their dependency on coal and the financial implications of transitioning away from it. Economic Impact in Bokaro: Economic Contribution: In Bokaro, coal-based industries account for 54% of the district’s domestic product. Employment: The sector employs approximately 139,000 workers in coal mining, power generation, and related industries such as steel and cement. Transition Costs and Timeline: Phase-Down Projection: The full phase-down of coal in Bokaro is projected to commence post-2040. Transition Budget: An estimated Rs 1.01 lakh crore will be required over 30 years to facilitate worker rehabilitation, repurposing of coal sites, and the development of green energy infrastructure. -Source: Indian Express Prohibition of Child Marriage Act Context: The Supreme Court has rejected the government’s plea to enforce the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) over personal laws, urging Parliament to consider banning child betrothals. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006 Why should the minimum age of marriage for women be raised? Schemes/Policies to stop girl child marriage Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act was implemented in 2006, replacing the older Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929. The primary goal of the PCMA is to prevent the solemnization of child marriages and to eradicate this practice entirely. Key Provisions The legal minimum age for marriage under this act is set at 21 years for boys and 18 years for girls. Marriages below these ages are considered illegal and punishable. The act allows anyone to report incidents of child marriage, whether they have already occurred or are about to be solemnized. Implementation and Enforcement District Collectors act as Nodal Officers at the district level, tasked with reviewing and ensuring the effective implementation of the act. Child Marriage Prohibition Officers (CMPO): Appointed in every state, CMPOs work to prevent child marriages and protect victims, as well as to prosecute offenders. They are also empowered to provide legal aid to victims and to present cases before the Child Welfare Committee or a First-Class Judicial Magistrate. Legal Remedies and Petitions Annulment of Marriage: A petition to nullify a child marriage can be filed by the married individuals themselves if they are below 18 at the time of marriage, or by a guardian in conjunction with the CMPO if they are still minors. Jurisdiction: The District Court, including the Family Court and other specified civil courts, has the authority to grant nullity of marriages. Punishments and Legal Consequences Child marriage is a punishable offence, potentially leading to rigorous imprisonment, fines, or both. Courts are also authorized to issue injunctions to prevent the occurrence of child marriages. Offences under this act are cognizable and non-bailable, ensuring serious legal proceedings against violators. Protection and Support for Victims Support Services: The act ensures comprehensive support for rescued children, including medical and legal aid, counselling, and rehabilitation. Rights of Children from Child Marriages: It safeguards the legal status of children born from such unions, providing for their custody and maintenance. Women’s Rights: Provisions are made for the residence and maintenance of the female contracting party involved in a child marriage. Why should the minimum age of marriage for women be raised? Lack of access to education and jobs: Because women get married at a younger age, they have less access to education and jobs than men. Women who get married at a young age often can’t go to school or get a job. If the minimum age for marriage goes up, more women will go to college and work instead of getting married. Effects of early marriage on the health of women and children: o Getting married and having children at a young age has a big effect on how well mothers and their children eat and on their overall health and mental health. Young mothers have a higher chance of having problems with their reproductive health, being malnourished, bleeding after giving birth, and getting sexually transmitted diseases. Schemes/Policies to stop girl child marriage: Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) – SSY was started in 2015 to help girls. It encourages parents to invest and save money for their daughter’s future education and wedding costs. Balika Samriddhi Yojana – The Balika Samriddhi Yojana is another programme run by the central government to help girls from poor families. This plan makes sure that girls get into and stay in elementary and secondary schools. It tries to help a girl’s child do well in life and gives them a better education. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao is the most popular programme for helping girls. This plan is a way to honour girls. Its name, Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl Child, means exactly what it says. It believes in empowering women and making an environment where everyone can do that. The goal of this plan is to keep girls safe before and after they are born. -Source: Indian Express Marine Heat Wave Context: Researchers found that marine heat waves (MHWs) deep in oceans may be “significantly under-reported” and caused by ocean currents. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Marine Heatwave Impact of Marine Heatwave on Rainfall in Northwest India Impacts of Marine Heatwaves Marine Heatwave: Marine heatwaves are prolonged periods of abnormally high Sea Surface Temperature (SST). These events can lead to coral bleaching, seagrass destruction, and loss of kelp forests, impacting the fisheries sector negatively. Common drivers of marine heatwaves include ocean currents that accumulate warm water and air-sea heat flux, which is warming from the atmosphere through the ocean surface. Winds can amplify or dampen the warming effects of a marine heatwave, and climate modes like El Niño can influence the occurrence of these events in specific regions. Impact of Marine Heatwave on Rainfall in Northwest India: The marine heatwave in the Bay of Bengal elevated sea surface temperatures, resulting in increased evaporation rates and a higher supply of moisture in the atmosphere. This surplus moisture contributed to above-average rainfall in northwest India. The marine heatwave likely influenced the formation and behavior of low-pressure systems called depressions in the Bay of Bengal. These depressions play a significant role in monsoon and rainfall patterns. The marine heatwave, along with changing timescales of depressions, affected the path and trajectory of these weather systems. Depressions were more inclined to move towards northwest India rather than north-central India, leading to a concentration of rainfall in the northwest region and resulting in above-average rainfall in that area. Impacts of Marine Heatwaves: Ecosystem Structure: Marine heatwaves can alter ecosystem structure by favoring certain species while suppressing others. Mass Mortality: Marine heatwaves have been associated with mass mortality events in marine invertebrates, leading to significant ecological disruptions. Behavioral Changes: Species may be forced to change their behavior in response to marine heatwaves, putting them at increased risk of harm. Habitat Range Shifts: Marine heatwaves can cause shifts in the habitat ranges of species, resulting in changes to ecosystem dynamics. For example, the expansion of spiny sea urchins into new areas can negatively impact kelp forests. Economic Losses: Marine heatwaves can have significant economic impacts, particularly on fisheries and aquaculture industries. Biodiversity Loss: Marine heatwaves can lead to drastic declines in biodiversity, affecting the overall health and functioning of marine ecosystems. Corals and Bleaching: Marine heatwaves can cause widespread coral bleaching, leading to coral mortality and ecosystem degradation. Interaction with Other Stressors: Marine heatwaves often occur alongside other stressors such as ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and overfishing. These combined stressors can further damage habitats and increase the risks of deoxygenation and acidification in affected areas. -Source: Down To Earth Moonlight Programme Context: Recently, the European Space Agency (ESA) at the International Astronautical Congress, launched its Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS) programme. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology About Moonlight Programme: The program will consist of about five lunar satellites, one for high data rate communications and four for navigation that will enable precise autonomous landings, high-speed communications and surface mobility. It is Europe’s first-ever dedicated satellite constellation for telecommunication and navigation services for the Moon. The distance between the Earth and the Moon, claimed to be more than 2,50,000 miles or 4,00,000 kilometres will apparently be covered by such satellites. The primary coverage at the South Pole of the Moon will be provided by the Moonlight program.  South Pole of the moon is an area of prime interest for many missions due to lighting conditions and the presence of water ice within permanently shaded craters. The program is scheduled for its launch with a communications relay satellite named the Lunar Pathfinder, built by Surrey Satellite Technology LTD, at the start of 2026. The first operational services of the programme will be started by the end of 2028 and is fully prepared to be commercially manufactured by 2030. The ESA is collaborating with NASA and Japan’s space agency JAXA on LunaNet, which in essence is a framework in standardizing communication and navigation for the Moon. -Source: Indian Express Coelogyne tripurensis Context: A new species of orchid named Coelogyne tripurensis was recently discovered in Jampui Hills, in Tripura’s North District. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Coelogyne tripurensis It is a new species of orchid. It comes from the wet broad-leaved forests of Jampui Hills of Tripura, situated at the western periphery of Indo-Myanmar Biodiversity Hotspot. This genus accounts for about 600 species native to the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and the Southwest Pacific Islands. This genus consists of mainly epiphytic (though rarely lithophytic and terrestrial species) species, all of which are widely used among horticulturists because of their high ornamental value and few requirements for growing. . In the present study, the new species is included in the section Fuliginosae, which is characterised by its outstanding features, including larger showy flowers with a distinctive labellum and keels. Species belonging to this group show a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, rendering them challenging to delineate. -Source: The Hindu