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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 September 2025

Content Punjab Floods (Aug–Sept 2025) India’s Manuscripts Reflect the Journey of Humanity Denying Upward Mobility to Candidates with Disabilities Centre Clears Translocation of Tigers to Sahyadri Reserve Nepal’s ‘Nepo Babies’ and the Nepotism Debate After the disaster Why in News Punjab floods (Aug–Sept 2025) killed 55 people, displaced ~4 lakh residents across 2,200 villages, and caused agricultural devastation across 1.91 lakh hectares in 18 of 23 districts. Major rivers — Sutlej, Beas, Ravi — overflowed, inundating villages, farmland, and homes. Relief operations ongoing, but concerns remain over crop loss, housing damage, cattle displacement, joblessness, and disease outbreaks. Political tussle: Centre announced ₹1,600 crore package, criticised by Punjab government and Opposition as insufficient against losses exceeding ₹20,000 crore. Relevance: • GS-I (Geography): Floodplains, monsoon variability, river hydrology (Sutlej–Beas basin). • GS-II (Governance): Disaster relief, Centre–State coordination, inclusion in welfare schemes. • GS-III (Agriculture, Disaster Management): Crop loss, food security, climate-linked flood recurrence. • GS-III (Environment): Climate change impact on extreme rainfall, land-use change.   Basics Punjab Agriculture Profile: “India’s grain bowl,” dependent on paddy-wheat cycle. Paddy (Kharif) and wheat (Rabi) highly sensitive to flooding and waterlogging. Rainfall anomaly: Punjab received 253.7 mm rainfall in Aug 2025, 74% above normal (IMD). Recurring floods: Previous major floods in 1988, 2019, 2013, 2010, 2008, 2004 show structural vulnerability. Disaster Management Framework: Relief through NDRF, SDRF, State Disaster Management Authorities; compensation for crop loss and rehabilitation. Overview Humanitarian Impact Casualties & displacement: 55 deaths, ~4 lakh affected, thousands in relief camps. Housing loss: Entire villages submerged; ~270 houses destroyed in Jhangar Bhaini. Livelihood disruption: Farmers: Paddy submerged (3–4 ft), delayed wheat sowing, high re-sowing costs. Labourers: Landless workers unemployed as fields remain waterlogged. Others: Transport workers (school cab drivers) lost jobs due to damaged roads. Cattle relocation: Shortages of fodder and veterinary services. Agricultural & Economic Consequences Paddy & Basmati crops ruined; delayed harvesting raised costs (combine with chains = ₹6,000/acre vs normal ₹2,000/acre). Loss of future wheat cycle due to waterlogged fields. Crop loss estimates ₹20,000 crore+, threatening farm incomes in a debt-ridden state. Spillover risk: food security (as Punjab supplies grain to FCI) and farmer protests. Disaster Management Challenges Relief camps: 111 camps sheltering 4,600 people; ration kits, cattle feed distributed. Inadequate infrastructure: Shortage of boats, life jackets, gas cylinders. Health risks: Carcasses, stagnant water → fear of epidemics (diarrhoea, dengue, cholera). Land rights issue: Post-Partition settlers without formal land titles risk exclusion from compensation. Political Dimensions Centre’s ₹1,600 crore package seen as insufficient; compared against ₹20,000 crore estimated losses. Accusations over misuse/non-utilisation of ₹12,000 crore SDRF funds. Environmental & Structural Factors Climate anomaly: 74% excess rainfall due to erratic monsoon patterns, possibly linked to climate change. River basin mismanagement: Lack of adequate floodplain zoning, embankments, and drainage systems. Recurring floods: Shows failure to build resilience despite repeated disasters. Long-term Implications Economic: Threat to Punjab’s agrarian economy, farm debt, migration risk. Social: Homelessness, psychological trauma, growing inequality (landless worst hit). Governance: Need for accountability in disaster funds; coordination between Centre and State. Environmental: Need for climate-resilient cropping, floodplain management, drainage modernisation. Way Forward Short-term: Adequate compensation for farmers & landless workers. Speedy crop damage assessment & insurance payouts. Health camps, sanitation, fodder support. Medium-term: Scientific floodplain zoning & embankment strengthening. Crop diversification away from water-intensive paddy. Ensure land titling for settlers to access relief. Long-term: Climate-resilient agriculture policies. Strengthened State Disaster Management Authority. Integrate IMD early-warning with village-level preparedness. India’s Manuscripts Reflect the Journey of Humanity, Says Modi Why in News PM Narendra Modi addressed the International Conference on “Reclaiming India’s Knowledge Legacy through Manuscript Heritage”. Launched the Gyan Bharatam Mission & Portal to digitize, preserve, and share India’s manuscripts. Stressed manuscripts as a reflection of humanity’s developmental journey and a safeguard against intellectual piracy. Relevance: • GS-I (Culture & Heritage): Manuscripts as sources of India’s civilizational knowledge. • GS-II (Governance): Role of Ministry of Culture, schemes for preservation & accessibility. GS-III (Science & Tech, IPR): Digitization, metadata, prevention of biopiracy. Basics Manuscripts in India: Handwritten documents covering Vedas, Upanishads, Ayurveda, astronomy, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and law. Preserved on materials like palm leaves, birch bark, and handmade paper. Scale: India has ~1 crore manuscripts (largest globally). Digitization status: Over 10 lakh manuscripts already digitized. Institutional Framework: National Mission for Manuscripts (2003) → identifies, preserves, and catalogues. Now strengthened via Gyan Bharatam Mission. Gyan Bharatam Mission & Portal What it is: Gyan Bharatam Mission is a Central Sector Scheme under the Ministry of Culture, reviving and expanding the previous National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM). Period & Allocation: Operative from 2024-31, with a budget of about ₹482.85 crore. Targets: Aims to survey, document, conserve, digitise, publish and disseminate over 1 crore manuscripts from across India (institutions, libraries, private collections, etc.) Portal Launch: “Gyan Bharatam Portal” launched Sept 2025 at an International Conference on Manuscript Heritage; serves as a digital platform for preservation, digitisation, and public access Overview Cultural and Civilizational Significance Manuscripts = repository of India’s civilizational knowledge in sciences, medicine, philosophy, and arts. Serve as primary sources for reconstructing ancient Indian history, culture, and scientific contributions. Strengthen India’s soft power diplomacy, connecting with countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Mongolia) that share manuscript traditions.  Intellectual Property & Piracy Concerns Traditional knowledge (e.g., turmeric’s medicinal value, neem, yoga practices) often patented abroad without acknowledgment. Digitization ensures documentation & prior art recognition, preventing misuse. Supports India’s claim in WTO/TRIPS disputes over biopiracy. Technological & Institutional Initiatives Gyan Bharatam Portal: A digital repository for public access, research, and global collaboration. Collaboration between government and private organizations enhances reach. Contributes to Digital India and Atmanirbhar Bharat vision. Educational & Research Impact Provides authentic resources for Indology, Sanskrit studies, Ayurveda, astronomy, mathematics, and law. Encourages interdisciplinary research bridging tradition and modern science. Aligns with NEP 2020’s emphasis on integrating traditional knowledge into mainstream education. International & Strategic Dimension Reinforces India’s cultural diplomacy with Buddhist and Indic civilization countries. Enhances India’s image as a knowledge hub in global forums. Serves as a counter to Western intellectual dominance by showcasing indigenous contributions. Challenges Conservation issues: Fragile palm-leaf manuscripts, ink fading, termite damage. Accessibility: Many manuscripts remain with private families and mutts, outside institutional reach. Standardization: Need for unified cataloguing, metadata, and translations for global access. Capacity gaps: Trained conservators, digitization infrastructure, and funding are limited. Denying Upward Mobility to Candidates with Disabilities Defeats Purpose of Quota, Says Supreme Court Why in News Supreme Court (Sept 2025) directed the Union Government to clarify whether meritorious candidates with disabilities (PwDs) who qualify in the unreserved/general category are allowed upward mobility (shift to UR seats) or forced to remain in reserved PwD quota seats. The Court called denial of such mobility “hostile discrimination”, defeating the intent of Section 34, Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. Union Government asked to respond by October 14, 2025 on corrective measures. Relevance: • GS-II (Polity, Social Justice): Equality under Articles 14 & 16, RPwD Act, reservation jurisprudence. • GS-II (Judiciary): Role of SC in correcting discrimination. GS-IV (Ethics): Dignity, fairness, inclusion of persons with disabilities. Basics Reservation Framework in India: SC/ST/OBC/EWS candidates qualifying on merit in UR category seats are counted in UR, not in their reserved quota. This ensures upward mobility and frees up reserved seats for others from the disadvantaged group. PwD Reservation: Governed by Section 34, RPwD Act, 2016 – 4% reservation in government jobs. However, PwDs often forced to take up reserved category seats, even if qualifying on merit. Overview Judicial Standpoint SC held that reservation for PwDs is about inclusion, not charity. Denial of upward mobility = systemic discrimination against meritorious PwD candidates. Differentiation between PwDs and OBC/SC/ST candidates in mobility is constitutionally unjustifiable. Legal Framework RPwD Act, 2016 – Section 34: Mandates 4% job reservation in groups A, B, C, D. Constitutional Backing: Article 14 (Equality before law) Article 16 (Equal opportunity in public employment) Article 41 (Directive Principle – Right to work, education, assistance) Implications of Current Practice For PwDs: Blocks their fair chance in UR seats → leads to stagnation. Reduces dignity of reservation by treating it as fixed entitlement rather than enabler of equality. For other PwD candidates: Meritorious candidates “occupy” reserved seats → limits chances for weaker PwD aspirants who genuinely need quota. Comparative Framework Backward Classes (SC/ST/OBC): Enjoy upward mobility if they meet general cut-off. PwDs: Currently denied similar treatment → creates a hierarchy of reservations, violating Article 14. Larger Ethical & Social Perspective Disability should be seen as a social construct, not an individual deficit. Reservations are about level playing field, not charity or sympathy. True inclusion demands removal of systemic barriers in employment and education. Way Forward Immediate: Clear government policy allowing upward mobility for PwD candidates qualifying in UR. Medium-term: Uniform guidelines across states, UPSC, SSC, and PSUs. Digital monitoring to ensure compliance. Long-term: Enhance accessibility, skill training, and workplace inclusion. Treat PwD reservation at par with other social group reservations in terms of benefits. Centre clears translocation of tigers from Tadoba, Pench to Sahyadri reserve Why in News Union Environment Ministry approved capture and translocation of 8 tigers from Tadoba-Andhari and Pench Tiger Reserves to the Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR), Maharashtra. Aim: Revive tiger population in northern Western Ghats, where STR has rich forests but largely transient tigers. NTCA (National Tiger Conservation Authority) gave approval in Oct 2023, after WII (Wildlife Institute of India) studies confirmed STR can sustain >20 tigers. Relevance: • GS-III (Environment & Biodiversity): Tiger conservation, NTCA guidelines, ecosystem balance. • GS-I (Geography): Western Ghats as biodiversity hotspot & UNESCO site. • GS-III (Science & Tech in Ecology): Use of camera traps, radio-collaring, monitoring methods. GS-III (Conservation Challenges): Human–wildlife conflict, poaching, prey-base management. Basics Tiger Translocation: Conservation practice of capturing and moving tigers to suitable but underpopulated reserves to restore balance, gene flow, and connectivity. Sahyadri Tiger Reserve (STR): Established: 2010 Spread: 1,165 sq km (Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, Ratnagiri districts) Formed by merging Chandoli National Park + Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary Part of Western Ghats (UNESCO World Heritage Site) Challenges: Poaching, habitat fragmentation, prey depletion, absence of breeding population. Overview Ecological Significance STR hosts dense forests, rivers, watersheds (Koyna & Warna basins). Revival of tiger population → ensures apex predator balance → controls herbivore populations → safeguards forest regeneration. Strengthens corridor connectivity between northern Western Ghats and tiger habitats in Goa, Karnataka. Scientific & Administrative Process Conditions set by Ministry: Veterinary care at all stages of capture & release. Minimize trauma to tigers during capture. Monitoring post-release through camera traps & radio collars. First phase: habitat improvement, prey base strengthening. Second phase: translocation of 8 tigers. Past & Present Situation in STR Historically, STR had transient tigers, no resident breeding population. Recent camera traps recorded 3 males frequently. Translocation expected to introduce females → encourage stable breeding population. Wider Conservation Goals Aligns with Project Tiger and India’s Tiger Recovery Plans. Part of NTCA’s management effectiveness evaluation of tiger reserves. Helps India maintain its global leadership in tiger conservation (India = home to ~75% of world’s wild tigers). Challenges & Risks Stress, mortality during capture/translocation. Potential human-wildlife conflict in fringe villages. Need for long-term monitoring and local community participation to prevent poaching. Value addition – Indian Tiger Scientific name: Panthera tigris tigris (Bengal Tiger). India hosts the largest tiger population in the world – ~3,167 tigers (All India Tiger Estimation 2022). Found across diverse habitats: Himalayan foothills, Terai, Gangetic plains, central India, Western Ghats, Sundarbans, and Northeast. Conservation Milestones 1973: Launch of Project Tiger – landmark conservation programme. 1972: Wildlife Protection Act – legal backbone for tiger protection. National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA): Apex body for policy, monitoring, and tiger reserve governance. 50 Tiger Reserves across India today, covering ~75,000 sq km (~2.3% of India’s area). Nepal’s ‘nepo babies’: Why nepotism is focus of so many public debates Why in News Youth-led protests erupted in Nepal (Sept 2025) against entrenched political dynasties and inequality, with slogans like “No More Nepo Babies – We Demand Fair Opportunities.” The phrase “nepo babies” has gained global currency, denoting children of elites (politicians, actors, business families) who benefit disproportionately from inherited privilege. Relevance: • GS-II (Polity): Dynastic politics, youth mobilization, democratic legitimacy. • GS-I (Society): Social mobility, inequality, inter-generational privilege. Basics Nepotism (origin): Derived from Latin nepos meaning nephew; first used in mid-17th century in context of Popes promoting nephews to power. Concept: Granting unfair advantage to relatives/friends in jobs, politics, entertainment, and business. Cultural Spread: Popularised in India after Bollywood debates in 2017, peaked during Sushant Singh Rajput’s death (2020) when discussions on nepotism in film industry resurfaced. Overview Historical Roots Papal Europe: Popes promoted nephews to cardinalships → coined the term. Modern usage expanded to dynastic politics, business families, and entertainment industries worldwide. Showbiz Connection Bollywood: Triggered debates after Kangana Ranaut’s comments on “flagbearer of nepotism.” Public anger intensified after Sushant Singh Rajput’s suicide in 2020, widely linked to industry bias against “outsiders.” Google Trends: Spike in “nepo baby” searches in India from 2017, peak in 2020, showing cultural traction. Politics and Power India: Dynastic politics prominent across parties (INC, regional outfits, even BJP leaders promoting children). Nepal: Anger against entrenched political dynasties; seen as blocking opportunities for ordinary youth. Global Parallel: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka – corruption, dynastic elites, and contractors benefiting from state projects → public resentment. Structural Inequalities Limited opportunities for newcomers due to entrenched elite dominance. Deepens inequalities in societies with fragile economies and high unemployment. Covid-19 pandemic worsened structural barriers – many outsiders left industries like film, politics, or business. Social and Political Consequences Rising protests in Nepal reflect frustration of youth over elite privilege. Public trust in democratic institutions erodes when nepotism dominates. Creates sense of exclusion, discourages meritocracy, and fuels populist/anti-establishment movements. Global Modern Context “Nepo baby” discourse now transcends entertainment, covering politics, business, and governance. Seen as a universal symbol of privilege vs merit, resonating with youth struggling against inequality. In fragile democracies, unchecked nepotism can destabilise regimes, trigger corruption scandals, and fuel violent protests.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 September 2025

Content Indian Scientists Discover Two New Fungal Species in the Western Ghats Adi Sanskriti Indian Scientists Discover Two New Fungal Species in the Western Ghats Why in News? Indian scientists from MACS-Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune identified two new species of Aspergillus section Nigri (black aspergilli) from the Western Ghats: Aspergillus dhakephalkarii Aspergillus patriciawiltshireae Reported first records in India of A. aculeatinus and A. brunneoviolaceus. Marks India’s first indigenous discovery of new species in Aspergillus section Nigri using polyphasic taxonomic approach. Relevance : GS-3 (Science & Tech / Environment): Biotechnology applications of fungi. Importance of microbial diversity in ecosystems. Basics Aspergillus Genus: Group of filamentous fungi, widely distributed in soil, air, and decaying matter. Medical, industrial, and ecological significance. Section Nigri (Black Aspergilli): Commonly called black molds. Known as “industrial workhorses” for applications in: Citric acid production Food and beverage fermentation Agriculture (e.g., phosphate solubilisation) Polyphasic Taxonomy: A “gold standard” method integrating morphological + molecular phylogenetics. Genes used: ITS & CaM (identification); BenA & RPB2 (phylogeny). Overview New Species Description: A. dhakephalkarii: Fast-growing, pale to dark brown conidia. Yellowish-white to orange sclerotia. Ellipsoidal, smooth-walled conidia. Closely related to A. saccharolyticus. A. patriciawiltshireae: Fast-growing with abundant sclerotia on CYA & MEA. Yellowish-orange sclerotia; modest sporulation. Echinulate conidia; conidiophores branching into >5 columns. Related to A. indologenus, A. japonicus, A. uvarum (series Japonici). Scientific Significance: First systematic Indian study of Aspergillus section Nigri using advanced techniques. Provides a phylogenetic baseline for fungal diversity research. Contributes to biotechnological applications (fermentation, enzymes, acid production). Links to agricultural potential – phosphate solubilisation can improve soil fertility. Ecological & Policy Significance: Western Ghats = UNESCO World Heritage Site and a biodiversity hotspot. Fungi are often neglected in biodiversity studies → discovery underscores hidden microbial wealth. Highlights need for conservation and systematic fungal biodiversity surveys. Institutional Significance: Work initiated under ANRF (erstwhile SERB) project at National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NCCS), ARI Pune. Continued with MACS-ARI core funding. First Indian-authored recognition of new black aspergilli species. Adi Sanskriti Why in News? The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched the Beta Version of “Adi Sanskriti”, a digital learning platform for tribal artforms, during the National Conference on Adi Karmayogi Abhiyan at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi (10 Sept 2025). Envisioned as the world’s first Digital University for Tribal Art and Knowledge, integrating education, preservation, and livelihoods. Relevance : GS-1 (Culture): Preserving India’s tribal artforms and intangible heritage. GS-2 (Governance / Vulnerable Sections): Tribal empowerment, digital inclusion, role of TRIs. Basics Objective: To digitally preserve tribal heritage, promote traditional knowledge, and empower tribal communities with livelihoods. Components: Adi Vishwavidyalaya (Digital Tribal Art Academy) → 45 courses on dance, crafts, painting, music, folklore. Adi Sampada (Socio-Cultural Repository) → 5,000 curated documents across art, dance, textiles, artefacts, and livelihood. Adi Haat (Online Marketplace) → Linked with TRIFED, will evolve into a full marketplace for tribal artisans. Partnership: Built with State Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs) across 15 states (e.g., AP, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Odisha, Rajasthan, UP). Complementary Initiative: Builds on Adi Vaani (AI-based tribal language translator). Overview Cultural Significance: First digital repository of songs, stories, rituals, crafts, and art from India’s tribal communities. Safeguards intangible cultural heritage at risk of being lost. Ensures authentic documentation through TRIs → grassroots validation. Educational Significance: Digital Tribal University vision → future certifications, advanced research, global learning pathways. Bridges traditional wisdom with modern pedagogy through immersive online courses. Encourages knowledge-sharing across communities, reducing isolation of tribal cultures. Economic & Livelihood Significance: Adi Haat gives tribal artisans direct access to global consumers. Reduces middlemen → ensures fair pricing and sustainable livelihoods. Integrates with TRIFED initiatives for marketing tribal products. Governance & Policy Significance: Aligned with Viksit Bharat @2047 vision → cultural preservation + economic empowerment. Demonstrates Digital India in action → applying digital platforms for inclusion. Follows the Ministry’s approach of Shiksha (education) → Sampada (knowledge repository) → Haat (livelihood). Technological Significance: Uses AI, digital archiving, e-learning frameworks, and e-commerce. Represents convergence of digital economy with heritage conservation. Potential integration with democratic institutions (e.g., AI-based tribal language use in governance). Challenges & Way Forward: Ensuring internet accessibility in remote tribal areas. Need for multilingual interfaces and local cultural custodians. Expansion to cover more tribes, artforms, and languages. Requires continuous community involvement to maintain authenticity and inclusiveness.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 September 2025

Content A project of strategic and national importance A ‘health check’ for the new GST health-care reforms A project of strategic and national importance Why in News? The Government of India has cleared the Great Nicobar Island Project — an integrated mega infrastructure plan of strategic, defence, and economic importance in the Indian Ocean Region. The project includes an international container transshipment terminal (ICTT), greenfield airport, 450 MVA gas & solar-based power plant, and a 16,610-hectare township. Project aims to position Great Nicobar as a major maritime & air connectivity hub while ensuring tribal and ecological safeguards. Relevance GS-1 (Society): PVTGs, tribal rights, Anthropological Survey role. GS-2 (Governance & Welfare): Policies for Scheduled Tribes, NCST consultation. GS-3 (Economy & Environment): Infrastructure push, EIA/EMP compliance, Forest Act, compensatory afforestation, sustainable development. GS-3 (Internal Security/International Relations): Maritime security, Indo-Pacific strategy, IOR presence. Practice Question : The Great Nicobar Project is being seen as both an economic opportunity and an ecological challenge. Critically analyze. (250 words)   Basics Project Area: 166.10 sq. km (35.35 sq. km revenue land + 130.75 sq. km forest land). Phased Development: Phase I (2025–35): 72.12 sq. km Phase II (2036–41): 45.27 sq. km Phase III (2042–47): 48.71 sq. km Environmental Measures: ₹81.55 crore released before construction for conservation studies. Risk, vulnerability & disaster management plan prepared. Tribal Safeguards: No displacement of Shompen and Nicobarese tribes. Consultation with Anthropological Survey of India and Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Net addition of 3.9 sq. km to Tribal Reserve (de-notification & re-notification process). Legal Basis: Scrutiny under EIA Notification 2006, Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, Shompen Policy (2015), Jarawa Policy (2004), and Article 338A(9) (consultation with NCST). Overview Strategic Significance: Enhances India’s maritime presence in the Indian Ocean Region. Counters China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific (esp. Gwadar, Hambantota, Kyaukpyu ports). Strengthens logistics hub potential near Malacca Strait → critical chokepoint for global trade. Economic Significance: ICTT with 14.2 million TEU capacity → reduces dependence on Colombo/Singapore ports. Boosts transshipment revenues, jobs, tourism, and allied industries. Integrated township → new urban economy in A&N. Environmental & Ecological Safeguards: Diversion of 130.75 sq. km forest land (1.82% of A&N’s forest area). Compensatory afforestation in Haryana (97.3 sq. km identified) since >75% of A&N is already forested. Estimated 18.65 lakh trees in diverted land; max 7.11 lakh trees to be felled. 65.99 sq. km retained as green zone → no tree felling. Safe wildlife corridors & viaducts for arboreal/marine fauna (snakes, crabs, crocodiles). Studies done by ZSI, BSI, SACON, WII with decades of local data. Tribal Safeguards: Shompen & Nicobarese = Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). No displacement of existing tribal settlements (New Chingen, Rajiv Nagar). AAJVS designated trustee of PVTGs. Shompen Policy (2015) explicitly mandates tribal welfare as priority in development projects. Committee created to monitor welfare, livelihood, and well-being of PVTGs. Governance Significance: Balance of development + ecological sustainability + tribal rights. Shows application of EIA, EMP, disaster planning, and compensatory afforestation frameworks. Part of India’s “blue economy” & “Act East” policy. Challenges Ahead: Balancing ecological fragility vs economic potential. Long-term monitoring of tribal welfare, forest health, biodiversity corridors. Addressing global scrutiny by environmental watchdogs & human rights groups. Ensuring project does not become another environment vs development conflict zone. Environmentalists & Tribal-rights concerns Ecological fragility & cumulative impact Great Nicobar = highly ecologically sensitive (endemic species, unique forest–coastal ecosystems). Large-scale infrastructure risks fragmentation, edge effects, hydrological changes, pollution, invasive species, and long-term ecosystem service loss beyond immediate cleared area. Adequacy of EIA & baseline science Criticisms typically question quality, scope and independence of EIAs: seasonal/longitudinal biodiversity baselines, cumulative impact assessments (including shipping, dredging, airport noise, fuel storage risks), and climate change stressors (sea-level rise, cyclone intensification). Forest diversion & ecological equivalence Compensatory afforestation in Haryana (non-contiguous, different ecology) raises ecological equivalence concerns: afforesting a continental site cannot fully replace tropical island evergreen forests, mangroves, and unique coastal habitats lost. Irreversible losses & mitigation limits Certain island biodiversity losses (endemics, old-growth trees, soil profiles) and cultural landscapes are non-substitutable; mitigation and offsets may be inadequate. Tribal rights, consent & cultural impact Risk of cultural disruption, altered resource access, and indirect impacts (tourism, migrant labour influx, marketisation) even where direct physical displacement is minimal. Questions on Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) standard, transparency of consultations, and whether tribal communities genuinely participated in decision-making. Socio-economic safety nets & benefit distribution Concerns about whether employment, revenue, and market linkages will benefit local tribal populations or mostly external agencies and migrant workers; potential loss of customary livelihoods (fishing, foraging) is highlighted. Implementation & monitoring credibility Skepticism about enforcement of EMP conditions, long-term ecological monitoring, and independence of oversight bodies; past infrastructure projects show gaps between clearance conditions and on-ground implementation. Security framing vs local welfare Strategic/security arguments can override precautionary environmental and social safeguards; critics warn of securitisation sidelining local rights. Point-by-point evaluation (strengths vs weaknesses) Regulatory process Strength: Statutory clearances, multi-agency studies, and EMPs exist on paper. Weakness: Quality, independence, and transparency of EIAs / cumulative assessments often contested; public access to full reports and raw data is crucial but not always adequate. Tribal safeguards Strength: Formal consultations, committees, and policy references (Shompen Policy, Jarawa Policy, NCST consultation obligation) provide institutional mechanisms. Weakness: Formal consultation ≠ meaningful consent (FPIC). Committee oversight needs statutory teeth, independent membership, and transparent reporting. Environmental offsets Strength: Compensatory afforestation and retained green zones indicate intent to limit damage. Weakness: Off-site afforestation (Haryana) may not be ecologically equivalent; island ecosystem services and endemic species cannot be offset by planting trees elsewhere. Scientific inputs Strength: Reputed institutions (ZSI, BSI, SACON, WII) involved — positive for baseline data. Weakness: Need for long-term, peer-reviewed, publicly available longitudinal studies (pre-construction and continuing decades after) to capture slow ecological responses. Disaster resilience Strength: Vulnerability & disaster management plans prepared; wildlife corridors proposed. Weakness: Climate extremes (cyclones, sea-level rise) may alter risk profiles; hard infrastructure increases exposure unless designed for future climate scenarios. Practical recommendations Transparency & independent review Publish full EIAs, EMPs, biodiversity baselines, and cumulative impact models publicly. Commission independent peer review (national + international experts) with open hearings. Adopt FPIC standard Implement Free, Prior and Informed Consent for affected PVTGs with independent facilitators; document consent processes and outcomes; ensure tribal languages and culturally appropriate formats. Strengthen compensatory measures Prioritize in-situ conservation (minimise diversion, increase retained corridors), and use ex-situ/off-site afforestation only as last resort; ensure biodiversity-equivalent offsets where possible. Limit & stage footprint Revisit project design to minimise land take (smaller port footprint, phased infrastructure only if ecological triggers pass), and consider technocratic alternatives (e.g., offshore transshipment, enhanced feeder services) to reduce island intrusion. Independent long-term monitoring & adaptive management Set up an independent monitoring authority (statutory, multi-stakeholder) with power to halt or modify works; require periodic public audits, ecological health indices, and corrective action triggers. Benefit-sharing & livelihood guarantees Legally binding provisions for local employment quotas, skill training, market access for tribal produce, community development funds, and safeguards for traditional livelihoods. Climate-proofing & disaster resilience Integrate future climate projections into design (elevations, drainage, cyclone proofing); preserve natural buffers (mangroves) as primary defence. Legal & institutional safeguards Time-bound review clauses, grievance redressal with representation of tribal nominees, and enforceable penalties for non-compliance with EMP and tribal welfare conditions. Conclusion The project presents high strategic and economic opportunity for India’s maritime posture and regional development ambitions. However, the scale and island sensitivity make it unusually high-risk: ecological losses and cultural impacts may be irreversible and not fully mitigable by offsets or compensation elsewhere. A defensible path requires rigorous independent science, genuine tribal consent, drastic minimisation of ecological footprint, and legally enforceable, transparent monitoring. Absent these, the project risks becoming a case study in “development with delayed ecological and social costs.” A ‘health check’ for the new GST health-care reforms Basics – GST & Health Care GST (Goods and Services Tax): A unified indirect tax introduced in 2017, subsuming multiple central and state taxes. Relevance to healthcare: Core medical services by doctors/hospitals are exempt. However, insurance, medicines, medical devices, and hospital room charges attract GST. These taxes directly affect affordability of health services and preventive care. New Reform (Sept 2025): Part of “GST 2.0” under the 2047 Viksit Bharat vision, aimed at universal health coverage + affordability + preventive health. Relevance GS-2 (Governance, Welfare): Health policy, universal health coverage, regulation (IRDAI, NPPA). GS-3 (Economy): Taxation policy, affordability of medicines, insurance, preventive health. Practice Question : GST 2.0 reforms in health care are not just about taxation, but about reimagining affordability and universal coverage.Discuss. (250 words) Key Sectoral Changes Insurance Complete removal of 18% GST on individual health & life insurance premiums. Includes: term insurance, ULIPs, endowment plans, family floater, senior citizen health policies. A family paying ₹50,000 premium earlier paid ₹9,000 GST → now zero. Reinsurance also exempt → benefit across chain. Impact: Makes insurance ~18% cheaper, could boost penetration (currently ~3.7% of GDP vs global ~6.8%). Challenge: Depends on insurers passing on benefit; monitoring needed. Hospital Room Charges Exempt: Rooms below ₹5,000/day & all ICU/critical care units (ICU, CCU, ICCU, NICU). Taxed: Non-ICU rooms above ₹5,000/day → 5% GST (no ITC). Continuity: Same structure as July 2022, ensuring middle/lower income groups shielded; only premium rooms taxed. Medicines & Drugs Most medicines now under 5% GST. Life-saving drugs → 0% GST. Impact: Direct price reduction, better affordability of essential medicines. Medical Devices & Diagnostics Uniform 5% GST slab. Example: CT scan machine taxed at 5% vs 18% earlier → lower hospital capital costs. Diagnostic kits: 12% → 5%. Impact: Reduced input cost for labs & hospitals → cheaper X-rays, MRIs, blood tests (if passed on). Preventive & Wellness GST cut from 18% → 5% on gyms, yoga centres, fitness & wellness services. Aim: Encourage preventive health, lifestyle change. Sin Goods Cigarettes: Remain at 28% GST + cess → effective 52–88%. Sugary drinks: Shifted to new 40% slab (highest bracket), replacing 28%+cess. Goal: Discourage unhealthy consumption, generate revenue for public health. Personal Care & FMCG Daily-use products (soap, shampoo, toothpaste, shaving cream, etc.) down to 5% GST (from 12–18%). Example: ₹100 shampoo earlier ₹112–118 → now ~₹105. Impact: Eases household expenditure, promotes hygiene & preventive health. Positive Impacts Affordability Boost Insurance premiums, medicines, and tests become cheaper. Preventive health & personal care made more accessible. Increased Insurance Penetration Removal of GST directly addresses affordability barrier, encouraging households to purchase insurance. Healthcare Infrastructure Relief Lower capital costs for hospitals (equipment at 5%) → improved financial viability, scope to expand. Preventive Health Push Reduced GST on gyms/yoga aligns with Ayushman Bharat & Fit India vision. Sin tax on sugary drinks aligns with NCD (non-communicable disease) control policies. Simplification & Compliance Fewer GST slabs → reduced litigation & easier compliance for pharmacies, clinics, labs. Challenges & Risks Benefit Transmission Insurance companies, hospitals, labs may not fully pass savings to consumers. Requires regulatory monitoring by IRDAI & NPPA. Revenue Trade-off Lower GST on health products/services reduces tax inflows; government banks on long-term gains (insurance penetration, preventive health). Equity Concerns ICU exemptions protect poor, but premium room GST may still impact upper-middle class. Need balance between progressive taxation and hospital cost structures. Implementation Gaps In past, EMP (Environmental Mgmt Plan)-like safeguards not strictly monitored in healthcare reforms. Strong audit needed to ensure GST relief translates to affordability, not higher margins. Public Health Priorities Insurance relief helps urban middle class most; poorest depend on Ayushman Bharat (already GST-exempt). Question: Does this reform primarily benefit formal-sector households more than informal poor? Long-term Significance First time entire health-care chain — insurance, treatment, medicines, equipment, preventive care — integrated under one rationalized GST framework. Fits into India’s 2047 Viksit Bharat & Universal Health Coverage goals. If implemented well, can: Improve trust in health care, Reduce catastrophic health expenditure, Lower misuse of antibiotics & OTC drugs by rationalizing pricing, Contribute to reduced out-of-pocket expenditure (currently ~48% of health spending in India).

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 September 2025

Content Can vultures help prevent pandemics? First tri-service all-women circumnavigation sailing expedition flagged off Working to blend isobutanol with diesel after ethanol blending failed’ Clearing the fog: need for revised strategies against Aedes mosquitoes Climate change-induced dengue resulted in 4.6 million additional cases annually Can vultures help prevent pandemics? Why in News? As India’s National Action Plan for Vulture Conservation (2016–25) nears completion, discussions are underway on its next phase. Emerging scholarship and conservation strategies highlight vultures as critical to pandemic preparedness, linking biodiversity conservation to public health security. Relevance: GS-III (Environment, Biodiversity & Disaster Management): Vulture conservation, ecological services, diclofenac ban. GS-II (Health, Governance): One Health, zoonotic spillover, pandemic preparedness.   Basics Role of Vultures: Nature’s most efficient waste managers — prevent spread of pathogens like anthrax, rabies, Clostridium botulinum. Decline in India: From ~40 million in 1980s → >95% decline since 1990s, largely due to diclofenac (veterinary drug). Central Asian Flyway (CAF): Migratory corridor (30+ countries) used by millions of birds including vultures. Public Health Link: Carcass disposal prevents zoonotic spillovers; absence of vultures increases disease risk. Existing Plan (2016–25): Banned toxic veterinary drugs, established breeding centres, awareness campaigns. Overview Ecological & Health Significance Carcass management: Vultures consume dead animals rapidly, preventing open dumping and feral dog population growth (linked to rabies). Pandemic prevention: Reduce risk of zoonotic disease spillover (e.g., anthrax). Surveillance role: First scavengers to detect carcasses → potential sentinels in One Health monitoring. Decline Drivers Diclofenac toxicity: Veterinary anti-inflammatory drug, lethal to vultures. Habitat risks: Power line electrocution, poorly managed landfills, reduced prey base. Underfunded conservation: Limited financial support, fragmented across states. Regional & Global Dimension CAF = Biodiversity + Public Health corridor → carcass sites can become cross-border disease hotspots. Links to Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) commitments and WHO SEARO Roadmap (2023–27) for health security. India’s Strategic Opportunity With large CAF-connected populations (Himalayan griffon, cinereous, Eurasian griffon), India can lead global biodiversity-linked health policy. Integrating One Health approach (human–animal–environment) with vulture conservation strengthens resilience against pandemics. Post-2025 Roadmap – 5 Pillars Nationwide telemetry → real-time mapping of habitats, dumps, hotspots. Decision Support System (DSS) → integrate wildlife, livestock, human health data. One Health coordination → link environment, veterinary, public health agencies. Transboundary collaboration → strengthen CAF partnerships, disease monitoring. Community stewardship → empower local groups (esp. women/youth) in carcass management & surveillance. Cost-effectiveness Low investment, high returns: Vulture conservation requires modest funds vs outbreak costs. Aligns with Ayushman Bharat (preventive health) and India’s Viksit Bharat 2047 vision of resilience. Conclusion Vultures are not just keystone scavengers but guardians of public health. Protecting them integrates biodiversity conservation with pandemic prevention and regional health security. India has the chance to position itself as a global leader in linking ecological resilience with public health preparedness. First tri-service all-women circumnavigation sailing expedition flagged off Why in News? Defence Minister Rajnath Singh flagged off Samudra Pradakshina, the world’s first tri-service all-women circumnavigation sailing expedition, from the Gateway of India, Mumbai. 10 women officers from the Army, Navy, and Air Force are participating. Expedition aims to showcase Nari Shakti, armed forces’ jointness, and Aatmanirbhar Bharat vision. Relevance : GS-I (Society): Women empowerment, Nari Shakti. GS-II (Polity & Governance): Tri-service jointness, Aatmanirbhar Bharat. GS-III (Security, S&T): Maritime capability, blue-water ambitions, defence preparedness.   Basics Vessel: Indian Army Sailing Vessel (IASV) Triveni, a 50-foot indigenous yacht. Duration: 9 months (Sept 2025 – May 2026). Route: ~26,000 nautical miles, following an easterly course. Crosses the Equator twice. Rounds the Three Great Capes – Cape Leeuwin, Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope. Significance: First-of-its-kind tri-service, all-women global circumnavigation. Overview Symbolism & National Vision Nari Shakti: Represents women’s empowerment in high-risk, high-skill maritime domains. Tri-Service Integration: Highlights jointness of Army, Navy, and Air Force. Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Use of indigenously built yacht underscores India’s self-reliance in defence & maritime capabilities. Strategic Significance Blue-water aspirations: Showcases India’s maritime capability and global naval presence. Soft Power Diplomacy: Sailing expeditions project India’s commitment to gender equality and sustainable seafaring. Geopolitical Signalling: A visible assertion of India’s maritime confidence across critical sea lanes. Social & Cultural Impact Breaking gender stereotypes: Women officers undertaking extreme endurance expedition in male-dominated sphere. Inspiration: Encourages more women to join armed forces, particularly after expanded recruitment under Agnipath scheme. Public Engagement: National and global awareness campaign linking women’s empowerment with nation-building. Operational & Training Value Skill demonstration: Demands seamanship, navigation, meteorology, and crisis management under extreme oceanic conditions. Joint learning: First time Army, Navy, Air Force officers sail together on a prolonged global mission → fosters inter-service camaraderie. Resilience-building: Enhances psychological endurance, leadership, and teamwork in prolonged isolated environments. Challenges Extreme Weather: Rounding Cape Horn and Southern Oceans involves high winds, massive waves, sub-zero conditions. Sustenance & Logistics: Requires robust planning for food, medical emergencies, and mid-sea technical support. Crew Well-being: Mental health and cohesion critical during 9 months of confined, high-risk voyage. Conclusion Samudra Pradakshina is more than a sailing expedition — it is a national statement of women’s leadership, defence preparedness, and maritime ambition. By combining gender empowerment, strategic signalling, and Aatmanirbhar Bharat, the expedition positions India as a modern maritime power with inclusive values. ‘Working to blend isobutanol with diesel after ethanol blending failed Why is it in News? Union Minister Nitin Gadkari announced that the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is exploring the feasibility of 10% isobutanol blending with diesel. The statement was made during an annual industry meeting on biofuels. Relevance : GS-III (Economy, Environment, Energy): Biofuels, energy security, import reduction. GS-III (Agriculture): Farmers’ income, corn & sugarcane demand, food vs fuel debate. GS-III (Science & Tech): Alternative fuels, blending technologies, ARAI trials. Isobutanol & Ethanol Blending Isobutanol: A four-carbon alcohol produced via fermentation (from biomass such as corn, sugarcane, or agricultural residues). Properties: Higher energy density than ethanol. Lower hygroscopic nature (absorbs less water) → reduces corrosion in engines. Compatible with existing fuel infrastructure. Ethanol blending success: India achieved 12% ethanol blending with petrol in 2023-24 (target of 20% by 2025-26). Farmers benefited: Corn prices rose from ₹1,200/quintal → ₹2,600–₹2,800/quintal. Farmers collectively earned ₹42,000 crore from ethanol blending. Overview Government Push for Biofuels Energy Security: Reduce dependence on crude oil imports (India imports ~85% of crude). Farmers’ Income: Diversified demand for crops (corn, sugarcane). Environment: Cleaner-burning fuels, lower GHG emissions compared to fossil fuels. Export Potential: Government encouraging ethanol producers to enter global markets. Industry Demands: Sugar sector wants FRP alignment with rising costs. Higher minimum support price (MSP) for sugarcane. Increase in permissible sugar export quota for 2025–26. Isobutanol-Specific Prospects Can complement ethanol in blending programs. More efficient combustion properties in diesel engines. Potential to tap into corn and sugarcane surplus. Challenges & Concerns Food vs Fuel Debate: Diversion of sugarcane/corn to fuel may impact food prices & availability. Water Stress: Sugarcane is water-intensive; large-scale cultivation strains groundwater. Economic Viability: Higher production costs of isobutanol compared to ethanol; requires subsidies/market support. Technological Barriers: Engine modifications, regulatory approvals, and large-scale production technology readiness. Global Competitiveness: Need to keep biofuel prices competitive to succeed in export markets. Sugar Production Outlook (ISMA) 2025–26 season: 349 lakh tonnes, higher than 2024–25. Healthy monsoon → strong harvests in Maharashtra & Karnataka. Scope for both domestic supply and exports. Clearing the fog: need for revised strategies against Aedes mosquitoes Why in News? Recent rise in dengue, Zika, and chikungunya cases across Indian cities. Fogging and fumigation still widely used, despite lack of evidence for effectiveness. Experts highlight need for integrated strategies combining personal protection, community action, and innovative top-down interventions. Relevance : GS-II (Health, Governance): Vector-borne diseases, public health policy, community mobilisation. GS-III (S&T, Environment): Wolbachia, repellents, vaccine trials, urban resilience. Basics: Aedes aegypti & Aedes albopictus → primary vectors of dengue, Zika, chikungunya. Breeding sites: small stagnant water collections (plastic bottles, coconut shells, plant pots, air coolers, tyres). Feeding habits: Bites during daytime and under artificial lights at night. Indoor feeders → vaporizers, nets, and outdoor fogging less effective. Range: short, 100–200 m → localised community action is crucial.   Overview: Why Current Measures Fail Outdoor fumigation/fogging: Temporary effect; mosquitoes quickly return. No endorsement by national/international agencies for routine use. Household vaporizers: Aedes least active at night. Mosquitoes evolving tolerance to pyrethroids. Bed nets: ineffective, as Aedes bites during the day. Personal Protection – First Line of Defence Protective clothing: loose, full-body coverage (esp. Sep–Nov peak). Topical repellents (WHO/CDC approved): DEET (20%) → gold standard; ~6 hrs protection, safe for pregnancy/lactation. Picaridin, IR3535, 2-undecanone → safe, effective, but not widely available in India. PMD (lemon eucalyptus extract) → effective but not for children <3 yrs. Ineffective “natural” oils (citronella, etc.) → short-lived, irritant, unsafe in undiluted form. Spatial emanators (transfluthrin-coated materials) → 34% risk reduction in trials. Community Mobilisation – Bottom-Up Action Larval source reduction: Cleaning air coolers, discarded containers, indoor plants, flower vases. Not reusing old cooler grass, covering water storage containers. Randomised trials evidence: Camino Verde study: 29% reduction in dengue via community-led cleanups. Chennai study: container lids cut larval risk by 94%. India-specific campaign: “10 Weeks, 10 AM, 10 Minutes” → weekly neighbourhood clean-up drives. ASHA workers’ role: disseminating behavioural change communication. Top-Down Innovations Wolbachia mosquitoes: Release of mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia bacteria → block viral transmission. Successfully deployed in 15 countries. Barriers in India: high cost, weak institutional push. Dengue vaccine trials: ongoing, but no cross-protection for Zika/chikungunya. Policy gaps: absence of systemic push for DEET availability and community education. Structural Challenges Plastic pollution: discarded plastics → key larval habitats; waste management is directly tied to ABVD control. Chemical larvicides (temephos): shown to increase dengue risk due to false security + resistance development. Public misinformation: preference for “natural” repellents and mistrust of DEET. Weak urban health systems: over-reliance on municipal fogging, little investment in local community-led interventions. Way Forward Integrated approach: Bottom-up: community-led source reduction + personal protection. Top-down: Wolbachia deployment, spatial emanators, vaccine development. Urban governance reform: link RWA initiatives with municipal corporations. Health communication: counter misinformation on repellents; promote safe, effective alternatives. Institutional support: scale up ASHA workers’ role, ensure repellents’ availability, incentivise innovations. Policy focus: plastic waste management, water management, and urban resilience planning. Climate change-induced dengue resulted in 4.6 million additional cases annually Why in News? A study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS, Sept 2025) links climate change directly to rising dengue cases. Found 4.6 million additional annual cases (1995–2014) across 21 countries in Asia & Americas due to higher temperatures. By 2050, cases may more than double in cooler regions, impacting 260+ million people. Relevance: GS II (Governance & Health): Public health preparedness, disease surveillance, role of community health workers. GS III (Environment & Science): Climate change impact, vector-borne diseases, One Health approach, use of vaccines and Wolbachia. Basics Dengue virus: Transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito. Symptoms: Fever, body pain; severe cases → bleeding, organ failure. Habitat drivers: Warm temperatures, erratic rainfall, urban waterlogging. “Goldilocks Zone” → Dengue peaks at ~27.8°C; rises as cooler regions warm, drops slightly if too hot.   Overview Current Trends Climate change caused ~18% of cases across study regions (1995–2014). 1.4 million observations analysed; first robust causal evidence linking warming to disease burden. Net global effect: Sharp rise in dengue incidence despite some declines in hottest areas. Future Risks Projected 25% spread increase by 2050 (esp. SE Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, S. America). 49–76% spike possible under higher emission scenarios. Dengue range expanding: Local cases now in US (California, Texas, Hawaii, Florida) & Europe. Urbanisation, migration, and viral evolution add to risks. Public Health Concerns Data gaps: India & Africa excluded due to underreporting → actual burden underestimated. Health system strain: Dengue already among fastest-rising global vector-borne diseases. Pandemic angle: Mosquito-borne outbreaks linked to climate instability → part of One Health challenge. Mitigation & Adaptation Climate action: Aggressive emission cuts reduce long-term risk. Vector control: Beyond fogging → community clean-ups, Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, spatial repellents. Vaccines: Under trial; potential game-changer but limited by strain diversity. Health system strengthening: Surveillance, rapid diagnostics, ASHA-led awareness campaigns. Conclusion Dengue surge exemplifies climate-health nexus: rising temperatures → shifting disease geography. Calls for integrating climate mitigation + One Health approach + resilient urban planning into public health strategies. India, with endemic dengue and climate vulnerabilities, must act as a leader in vector-borne disease preparedness.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 September 2025

Content Gyan Bharatam Mission National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) Gyan Bharatam Mission What is the Gyan Bharatam Mission? A national initiative to preserve, digitise, and disseminate India’s manuscript heritage. Approved as a Central Sector Scheme (2024–31) with an outlay of ₹482.85 crore. Builds on the work of the National Mission for Manuscripts (2003). Over 44.07 lakh manuscripts already documented in Kriti Sampada repository. Formal launch through the Gyan Bharatam International Conference (11–13 Sept 2025, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi). Relevance: GS I: Heritage preservation, Indian Knowledge Systems, cultural diplomacy. GS II: Governance via Central Sector Scheme, NEP 2020 integration. GS III: AI/digital tools for manuscript conservation, Digital India link. Civilisational Context India has an estimated 5+ million manuscripts, covering disciplines such as philosophy, science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, arts, spirituality. Manuscripts found in temples, monasteries, Jaina Bhandāras, libraries, private collections. Written in multiple languages and scripts (e.g., Sanskrit in Devanagari, Oriya, Grantha). Represent Bhāratīya Jñāna Paramparā (Indian Knowledge Systems) and civilisational continuity. Conference Highlights Dates: 11–13 Sept 2025, Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. Symbolism: Coincides with Swami Vivekananda’s Chicago address (1893) → India’s knowledge legacy to the world. Themes: Conservation & restoration Survey & documentation standards AI-driven innovations (Handwritten Text Recognition, script decipherment) Translation & publication Integration with education & NEP 2020 Copyright and legal frameworks Gyan-Setu: National AI Innovation Challenge Launched during the conference to involve students, researchers, start-ups. Focus: Use AI for manuscript digitisation, recognition, and global access. Potential applications: Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) Multilingual translation Cloud-based metadata systems Interactive digital archives Objectives of the Mission Identification & Documentation → Nationwide Manuscript Resource Centres (MRCs). Conservation & Restoration → Strengthened Manuscript Conservation Centres (MCCs). Digitisation → AI, cloud storage, IIIF-based platforms. Research, Translation, Publication → Critical editions, facsimiles, multilingual translations. Capacity Building → Training in palaeography, conservation, transcription. Technology Development → Mobile apps, secure repositories, cloud solutions. Public Engagement → Collector incentives, exhibitions, museums, innovation labs. Global Collaboration → International partnerships, manuscript retrieval, higher education integration. Linkages with NEP 2020 NEP promotes Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) in curricula. Teaching in mother tongue/regional language till Grade 5 → strengthens cultural roots. NEP’s emphasis on heritage, arts, languages aligns with GBM’s objectives. Foundations: National Mission for Manuscripts (2003) Established as India’s first centralised repository. Achievements: Documented 44.07 lakh manuscripts. Developed Manus Granthavali software (metadata standards). Partnered with major libraries (Saraswati Mahal, Rampur Raza, Khuda Bakhsh). Compiled 2,500+ catalogues under CAT-CAT initiative. Serves as foundation for GBM’s expansion with AI and digital tools. Relevance in Today’s Context Extends Digital India vision into cultural heritage. Like UPI (finance) and DIKSHA (education), GBM modernises knowledge preservation. Makes ancient manuscripts accessible globally through digital libraries. Inspires youth participation via AI innovation challenges. Supports cultural diplomacy by positioning India as a knowledge hub. Expected Outcomes Global recognition of India’s manuscript heritage. Strengthened scholarly innovation in Indology and Indian Knowledge Systems. Youth custodianship → engaging students and innovators. AI-enabled accessibility → broader research and educational integration. Civilisational pride → blending “Virasat aur Vikas” (heritage + progress). Contribution to Viksit Bharat @2047 → positioning India as a Vishwa Guru. Critical Analysis Strengths: Large-scale digitisation with AI. Global collaboration potential. Strong youth engagement. Alignment with NEP 2020 and Digital India. Challenges: Handling fragile manuscripts during digitisation. Copyright & intellectual property issues. Ensuring authenticity in translations. Avoiding centralisation → need for inclusive, community-based preservation. Opportunities: Create a global digital knowledge library. Build scholarship pipelines in palaeography, conservation. Position India as leader in digital heritage preservation. National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE) Basics of NAMASTE Launch: July 2023 by Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MoSJE) and Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA). Objective: Ensure safety, dignity, and livelihood security of Sanitation Workers by: Eliminating manual hazardous cleaning. Promoting mechanised, trained, certified sanitation practices. Strengthening social security and financial inclusion. Coverage: All 4800+ Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Timeframe & Outlay: 2023–26; total outlay ₹349.70 crore. Target Groups: Sewer and Septic Tank Workers (SSWs). Waste Pickers (added in June 2024). Relevance: GS II: Social justice, elimination of manual scavenging, inter-ministerial convergence. GS III: Mechanised sanitation, solid waste management, MIS/digital apps. GS IV: Human dignity, labour ethics, SDGs (6 & 8).   Core Components Identification & Profiling Validation of SSWs via ULBs & profiling camps. Till Aug 2025: 84,902 SSWs validated; 37,980 waste pickers enumerated. Occupational Safety 45,871 PPE kits distributed. 354 safety device kits given to Emergency Response Sanitation Units (ERSUs). 642 ERSUs set up. Health Security 54,140 beneficiaries covered under Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY & State schemes. Livelihood & Entrepreneurship Capital subsidy under Swachhata Udyami Yojana (SUY). ₹20.36 crore subsidy disbursed to 707 workers/dependents. Training for self-employment & skill-building with stipend. Promotes “Sanipreneurs” (sanitation entrepreneurs). Institutional Convergence Synergy across SRMS, SBM, DAY-NULM, NSKFDC. Unified approach to safety, welfare, and livelihoods. IEC & Awareness Mass campaigns in local languages + social media. Conducted 1,089 workshops on prevention of hazardous cleaning. MIS & Digital Integration Dedicated website + MIS for monitoring. Waste Picker Enumeration App (2025) to profile 2.5 lakh workers. Relevance & Significance Addresses occupational hazards: Prevents fatalities due to toxic gases & unsafe practices. Dignity & Social Justice: Formal recognition + financial independence → reduces stigma. Systemic reform: Shifts sanitation ecosystem from manual to mechanised cleaning. Environmental justice: Inclusion of waste pickers enhances solid waste management, recycling, and circular economy. Inter-ministerial convergence: Stronger efficiency, accountability, and scalability. Key Milestones (till Aug 2025) 84,902 SSWs validated. 37,980 Waste Pickers validated. 45,871 PPE kits & 354 safety kits distributed. 54,140 insured under PMJAY/State schemes. ₹20.36 crore capital subsidy to 707 workers. 568 Responsible Sanitation Authorities (RSAs) formed. 642 ERSUs established. 1,089 training workshops conducted. Recent Developments Waste Picker Enumeration App (2025): Profiling, ID cards, PM-JAY insurance, PPE kits, collectives for 750 DWCCs. Waste Pickers added (2024): Recognised as contributors to circular economy, linked with financing, skill development, and formal waste chain integration. Overview Social Dimension: Restores dignity of sanitation workers, integrates them into formal systems, reduces caste-based occupational marginalisation. Economic Dimension: Transforms workers into entrepreneurs, ensures steady livelihoods, and formalises waste economy. Health Dimension: Expands preventive healthcare + health insurance, reducing occupational morbidity/mortality. Technological Dimension: Focus on mechanisation, PPE, digital enumeration, and monitoring tools for transparency. Environmental Dimension: Sustainable solid waste management via formal waste picker inclusion, supports recycling and resource recovery. Governance Dimension: Inter-ministerial convergence ensures policy coherence; MIS enhances accountability. Human Rights Dimension: Directly addresses Supreme Court rulings against manual scavenging, aligns with SDG 6 (Clean Water & Sanitation) and SDG 8 (Decent Work). Conclusion NAMASTE is India’s first holistic sanitation worker welfare scheme, combining safety, dignity, livelihood, and environmental justice. By mechanising sanitation, extending health & financial security, and integrating waste pickers, it represents a paradigm shift from exploitation to empowerment. Success depends on: Effective ULB-level implementation. Continuous monitoring via MIS & App tools. Community participation & awareness. Positions India as a model for inclusive sanitation reform globally.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 September 2025

Content The way forward on Katchatheevu, Palk Strait disputes To build roads is to build peace The way forward on Katchatheevu, Palk Strait disputes Background Context India’s foreign policy traditions: Panchsheel (1954), Non-Aligned Movement (1961), SAARC (1985), Neighbourhood First Policy (2014+). India–Sri Lanka relations shaped by cultural, religious, linguistic ties, but also political sensitivities (Tamil issue, fisheries, maritime boundaries). Recent trigger: PM Modi’s April 2025 visit to Colombo; focus on fisheries crisis & Katchatheevu sovereignty debates. Relevance : GS II: India–Sri Lanka ties, Neighbourhood First Policy, treaty obligations, state–centre role (TN). GS III: Marine ecology (UNCLOS, FAO), bottom trawling ban, sustainable fisheries, deep-sea fishing. Practice Question: “The Neighbourhood First Policy requires balancing legal obligations with humane diplomacy.” Discuss with reference to India–Sri Lanka ties.(250 Words)   Fisheries Crisis – Core Dimensions Ecological Issue: Indian trawlers use bottom trawling in Sri Lankan waters → destroys coral beds, shrimp nurseries, fish stocks. Legal Issue: UNCLOS stresses equitable + sustainable use of marine resources. FAO Code (1995) deems bottom trawling destructive. Sri Lanka banned bottom trawling in 2017, but violations persist. Livelihood Conflict: Artisanal fishers (small boats, traditional methods) vs mechanised trawler operators. Irony: Tamil Nadu artisanal fishers and Northern Sri Lankan Tamil fishers, both historically dependent on the same waters, now in conflict. Social-Historical Context: Northern Sri Lankan fishers suffered decades of sea-access restrictions during the civil war (1983–2009); still recovering economically. Katchatheevu Issue – Myths vs Legal Reality Geography: Tiny, uninhabited island (0.5 sq. miles), barren except for St. Anthony’s Church. 1974 India–Sri Lanka Maritime Boundary Treaty: Island ceded to Sri Lanka; Treaty legally binding under pacta sunt servanda. Misconceptions: “Indira Gandhi gifted the island” → myth; sovereignty records favoured Sri Lanka (Portuguese, Dutch, Jaffna kingdom administration). International Law Precedents: Minquiers & Ecrehos case (France v. UK, 1953) – administrative control > historic claims. Rann of Kutch Arbitration (India–Pakistan, 1968). Indian Legal Tradition: Historic waters doctrine upheld in Annakumaru Pillai v. Muthupayal (1904). Conclusion: Katchatheevu sovereignty is settled; fishing rights ≠ sovereignty issue. Way Forward – Sustainable & Cooperative Solutions Livelihood Balance: Differentiate artisanal vs commercial trawler needs; quotas and seasonal rights for artisanal fishers with Sri Lankan consent. Joint Management: Shared quotas and regulated access (Baltic Sea model). Joint marine research station on Katchatheevu. Promote deep-sea fishing in India’s EEZ to reduce pressure. Community Dialogue: Tamil Nadu and Sri Lankan Tamil fishers → build empathy; highlight hardships of Northern fishers during war. Political Prudence: Move beyond populist rhetoric in Tamil Nadu politics; treat Katchatheevu as settled, focus on fisheries. Legal-Environmental Compliance: Respect UNCLOS Art. 123 on semi-enclosed seas → joint conservation mandatory. Broader Implications Regional Diplomacy: Smaller disputes risk overshadowing India’s neighbourhood leadership role. India’s Image: Handling fisheries crisis with compassion + legality reinforces “Vishwa Mitra” image. Humanitarian Lens: Humane approach prioritises vulnerable artisanal fishers, not commercial profiteers. Cultural Fraternity: Shared Tamil heritage → must foster empathy, not competition. Strategic Stability: Avoid setting precedent of reopening settled boundaries (China’s frontier revisionism parallel). Conclusion Fisheries = core issue, not Katchatheevu sovereignty. Requires joint conservation regime + livelihood protection for artisanal fishers. By addressing ecological imperatives, legal obligations, and human dignity, India–Sri Lanka can turn a conflict zone into a model of regional cooperation under Neighbourhood First Policy. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. To build roads is to build peace Context Maoist insurgency (Left-Wing Extremism): Concentrated in the “Red Corridor” (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, parts of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh). Tribal Hinterlands: Historically neglected → weak state presence, poverty, lack of infrastructure, health, and education. Insurgency Governance: Maoists often fill governance vacuum with informal courts, taxation, and rudimentary services. Relevance : GS II (Governance): State legitimacy, federal & local coordination, tribal integration. GS III (Internal Security): Counter-insurgency strategy through development. Practice Question : Critically analyze the role of road connectivity in reducing the influence of non-state actors in Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) areas.(150 Words)   Key Arguments Roads as Emissaries of the State: Roads signal governance arrival in regions isolated from the state. Impact of Roads: Improve electricity, employment, and security. Reduce influence of insurgents who thrive in isolation. Extralegal Governance: Maoists provide parallel “services” (healthcare, justice, welfare) → aimed at legitimacy, not charity. Informal courts (jan adalats) often deliver violent, arbitrary punishments. Governance without accountability = coercion, not legitimacy. Infrastructure = Political: Not just transport but precondition for lawful authority, rule of law, and democratic accountability. Comparisons & Evidence Studies: Jain & Biswas (2023): Road connectivity reduces crime, improves services. Prieto-Curiel & Menezes (2020): Poor connectivity correlates with higher violence globally. Historical/Global Parallels: Sicilian Mafia (Diego Gambetta) filled governance vacuum where state retreated. Similar patterns seen in fragile/conflict states globally. State’s Response Chhattisgarh Model (B.V.R. Subrahmanyam): Infrastructure-first strategy → roads, followed by schools, clinics, and police stations. Each road sends message: state is present and permanent. Safeguards / Challenges Roads can be symbols of inclusion or repression. Without justice systems, healthcare, and community participation, infrastructure risks becoming tools of control. Even outside Maoist influence, informal justice systems (khap panchayats, caste councils) can be exclusionary, patriarchal, and violent. Conclusion Roads = foundation for state presence, rule of law, and peace. Must be combined with justice, healthcare, education, and constitutional safeguards. Goal is not just movement but belonging and legitimacy → “To build roads is to build peace.”

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 September 2025

Content Delhi govt. to microchip 10 lakh stray dogs for rabies control Why does peace seem so elusive to eastern DRC? ISRO inks agreement with HAL for transfer of SSLV technology India resists full crypto framework, fears systemic risks ‘India set to be among top five shipbuilding nations by 2047’ Himachal declared ‘fully literate’ Rampant development, not climate, pushing Himalayas to the edge Census and Building Geotagging Delhi govt. to microchip 10 lakh stray dogs for rabies control Why in News? Delhi govt (Development Minister Kapil Mishra) announced plan to implant microchips in ~10 lakh stray dogs (2025–26) with UNDP collaboration. Comes after Delhi reported 26,334 dog-bite cases and 49 rabies cases (till July 2025). Part of comprehensive rabies control & stray dog management strategy; decision taken ahead of World Rabies Day (Sept 28). Relevance: GS II – Governance: Implementation of public health and municipal policies; role of local government, SC directives (animal welfare). GS III – Science & Technology: Use of microchip technology in public health and urban animal management; data-driven planning. GS III – Health: Rabies control, zoonotic diseases, vaccination strategies; public health infrastructure. Basics Microchip technology: Tiny electronic chip implanted under animal’s skin. Stores unique ID + vaccination & sterilisation history. Data can be read via handheld scanner (~₹4,000 each). Dog census: First step for accurate planning. Pet shop regulation: Mandatory registration to track breeding & sale. SC order (Aug 2025): Directed humane management of strays — capture, sterilise, vaccinate, and release back locally. Overview Governance & Monitoring: Advisory Board for Animal Welfare → key policy body. Local monitoring committees to ensure implementation. Social media to boost awareness & citizen participation. Public Health: Rabies is 100% fatal but preventable → India contributes ~35% of global deaths. Vaccination + sterilisation + microchipping = integrated control. Cost & Feasibility: ~₹200 per chip; civic body tendering worth ₹3.23 crore. Bengaluru model: ₹60 crore plan by BBMP for stray management. Legal & Ethical Dimension: Aligns with Animal Birth Control (ABC) Rules & SC directives. Balances public safety vs animal rights (ban on mass culling). Challenges: Execution across 10 lakh dogs in 2 years = logistical hurdle. Maintenance of database & scanners’ availability. Resistance from local communities & animal welfare groups. Why does peace seem so elusive to eastern DRC? Why in News June 27, 2025: Rwanda & DRC signed a U.S.-brokered peace agreement in Washington. July 19, 2025: DRC government & M23 rebels signed a ceasefire deal in Doha, mediated by Qatar. Despite these agreements, M23 resumed offensives, undermining peace efforts. Relevance: GS II – International Relations: DRC-Rwanda relations, role of U.S. and Qatar in conflict mediation, geopolitical stakes. GS II – Security: Regional security, insurgency (M23), ethnic conflicts, peace processes. GS III – Economy: Resource curse, minerals (cobalt, coltan) and global supply chains. Basics Conflict background: Rooted in Rwanda’s 1994 genocide, subsequent Congo wars, and ethnic rivalries (100+ armed groups). M23 rebel group: Tutsi-led militia, accused of atrocities; reportedly backed by Rwanda. Significance: DRC has $24 trillion in mineral reserves (70% global cobalt, plus coltan, copper, diamonds, tin, gold). Actors: U.S. → brokered peace for minerals access, countering China’s dominance. Qatar → direct mediation with M23 rebels. Rwanda → pressured to sign, accused of backing rebels. Overview U.S. Involvement Economic: Access to cobalt & critical minerals; reduce Chinese monopoly. Political: Project image as global peace mediator; influence African geopolitics. Security: Promote stability to secure mineral trade. Qatar’s Mediation Neutral bridge with non-state actors (M23). Enhanced diplomatic profile as conflict mediator (pattern seen in Afghanistan, Gaza, now DRC). Peace Agreement Provisions Joint Security Coordination Mechanism (JSCM). Economic Integration Framework (licit mineral trade). Ceasefire, disengagement, disarmament, conditional integration of rebels. Challenges & Limitations Repeated Ceasefire Failures: M23 resumed violence, 140+ killed in July 2025. Distrust among parties: DRC accuses Rwanda of continued M23 support. Unaddressed root causes: ethnic rivalries, governance gaps, historical grievances. Resource curse: illicit mining funds militias; competition over minerals perpetuates conflict. Implications for Conflict Agreement created illusion of peace; fragile trust easily broken. Shows need for comprehensive peace process addressing governance, justice, and inclusion. Without sustained commitment, external mediation risks becoming symbolic. U.S.–China rivalry over minerals may internationalize the conflict further. ISRO inks agreement with HAL for transfer of SSLV technology Why in News ISRO signed a formal agreement with Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL) for transfer of technology (ToT) for Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs). Agreement signed in Bengaluru with participation of ISRO, NSIL, IN-SPACe, and HAL. Marks the 100th ToT facilitated by IN-SPACe. HAL outbid Adani-backed Alpha Design consortium. Relevance: GS III – Science & Technology: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) tech, private sector participation, space tech commercialization. GS III – Economy: Boost to indigenous manufacturing, export potential, Atmanirbhar Bharat in high-tech sectors. Basics SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle): Designed for launching satellites up to 500 kg to LEO (Low Earth Orbit) and 300 kg to Sun-synchronous Orbit. Quick turnaround time, minimal infrastructure, and cost-effective for frequent launches. IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre): Nodal body promoting private participation in India’s space sector. NSIL (NewSpace India Ltd.): ISRO’s commercial arm handling technology transfer and satellite launch services. HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.): India’s premier aerospace PSU, now expanding into space sector manufacturing. Overview Strategic Significance Strengthens Atmanirbhar Bharat by enabling HAL to independently build SSLVs. First step in large-scale industry participation in India’s launch vehicle ecosystem. Positions India to capture the growing global small-satellite launch market. Economic & Commercial Dimension Growing demand from startups, universities, and global players for small satellite launches. SSLV production by HAL ensures cost-competitive, high-frequency launches. Enhances India’s export potential in space technology. Institutional Dimension Reflects effective coordination between ISRO, NSIL, IN-SPACe, and HAL. Demonstrates maturity of public-private partnership in India’s space sector. 100th ToT milestone shows scaling up of technology diffusion beyond ISRO. Technological Dimension ToT includes design, training, and know-how transfer within 24 months. HAL to gain capability to independently produce SSLVs after ISRO’s training support. Ensures faster turnaround and reduced reliance on ISRO for smaller payloads. Geopolitical Angle Boosts India’s competitiveness in the $10+ billion small satellite launch market. Strengthens India’s image as a reliable launch provider for Global South and beyond. Challenges Need for HAL to scale up quickly to match private sector agility. Ensuring global competitiveness amid rivals like SpaceX (rideshare), Rocket Lab (Electron), and China’s state-backed launchers. Balancing commercialisation with national security priorities. India resists full crypto framework, fears systemic risks Why in News A recent government document (Sept 2025) shows India is leaning towards not creating legislation to regulate cryptocurrencies. Instead, it prefers partial oversight, citing concerns that mainstreaming crypto could create systemic financial risks. Relevance: GS III – Economy: Financial regulation, cryptocurrencies, fintech innovation, systemic risk management, RBI’s Digital Rupee. GS III – Security: AML/CTF concerns, anonymous digital transactions, investor protection. Basics Cryptocurrency: A digital currency using blockchain for decentralized transactions (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum). Stablecoins: Cryptos pegged to fiat currencies (e.g., USD, INR) → less volatile than Bitcoin. RBI stance: Sees crypto as speculative, risky, and difficult to regulate effectively. Global scenario: US: Legal framework for stablecoins, growing institutional acceptance. China: Complete ban on crypto, exploring Yuan-backed digital currency. Japan & Australia: Building regulatory frameworks, but cautious. India’s Policy Dilemma Regulation risks: Would legitimize cryptos → possible systemic adoption → financial instability. Ban limitations: Cannot control peer-to-peer or decentralized exchange (DEX) trades. Middle path: Oversight without legislation; avoiding both blanket acceptance and enforceability problems of a total ban. Concerns with Crypto in India Financial Stability: Volatility threatens household savings & banking system. AML/CTF risks: Anonymous transfers aid money laundering & terror financing. Investor Protection: Sudden crashes (FTX, Terra-Luna) highlight risks. Tax & Regulation Gaps: Difficult to monitor decentralized global transactions. Opportunities if Managed Blockchain innovation: Can improve logistics, land records, governance. Fintech growth: Stablecoins & CBDCs may foster faster cross-border payments. Youth adoption: Rising interest among Indian investors despite risks. Global Comparisons US model: Regulatory acceptance → promotes innovation, but risk exposure. China model: Ban + push for state-controlled Digital Yuan. India: Hybrid approach → encouraging CBDC (Digital Rupee) while restricting private crypto. Way Forward Strengthen RBI’s CBDC as safe alternative. Create international coordination (via G20, FATF) for regulating cross-border flows. Develop investor awareness & protection mechanisms. Maintain oversight without legitimization until risks are globally addressed. ‘India set to be among top five shipbuilding nations by 2047’ Why in News At INMEX SMM India 2025, the Government announced plans to position India among the Top 10 maritime nations by 2030 and Top 5 by 2047. India aims to make shipbuilding & repair central to its blue economy strategy under Maritime India Vision 2047. Relevance: GS III – Economy: Maritime economy, shipbuilding industry, employment generation, blue economy. GS III – Infrastructure & Security: Indigenous tonnage, naval capacity, strategic maritime logistics. GS II/III – Governance: Maritime India Vision 2047, public-private partnerships, cluster development, policy incentives. Basics Shipbuilding = design, construction, and repair of ships. Global context: Currently dominated by China, South Korea, Japan. India’s status: Contributes 4% to India’s GDP. Holds ~1% of global tonnage. Ranked 16th globally in shipbuilding. Overview Government Initiatives Shipbuilding Finance Assistance Scheme – long-term financial support. Maritime Development Fund ($3 billion) – 45% for shipbuilding/repair, 20% for Indian tonnage. National Shipbuilding Mission – capacity expansion & modernization. Shipbreaking Credit Note scheme – boost recycling & green practices. Upfront subsidies (up to 30%) – for non-conventional (eco-friendly) builds. Clusters – shipbuilding and repair hubs to integrate ecosystem. Strategic Importance Economic: Raise contribution from 4% → 12% of GDP by 2047. Employment: Expand maritime workforce share from 12% → 25% of global workforce. Security: Indigenous tonnage supports naval & commercial needs, reducing import dependence. Geopolitical: Enhances India’s status as a maritime power in Indo-Pacific. Sustainability: Push for green shipping, ship recycling, energy-efficient vessels. Challenges Competition: China, South Korea, Japan dominate with economies of scale. High capital & technology intensity. Low domestic demand compared to global players. Skill gaps in advanced marine engineering. Regulatory hurdles in financing and ease of doing business. Way Forward Public–private partnerships to reduce investment burden. Integration with Sagarmala & Gati Shakti projects. Skill training under Maritime Skill Development programs. Promote green hydrogen, LNG-based, autonomous ships. International collaborations for technology transfer. Himachal declared ‘fully literate’ Why in News? Himachal Pradesh declared a ‘fully literate state’ (5th such after Kerala, Goa, Mizoram, Tripura). Literacy drive under ULAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society) initiative of Ministry of Education. Achievement: Literacy rate above 95% + functional literacy coverage. Relevance: GS II – Governance: Implementation of adult literacy schemes, ULAS initiative, functional literacy. GS I – Society: Literacy as a social indicator, gender equity, lifelong learning. Basics Definition of Literacy (MoE): Ability to read, write, understand, and perform basic calculations; includes digital/financial literacy. Census 2011: Literacy = ability to read & write with understanding in any language (for 7+ population). India’s literacy rate (2011): 74% (male 82%, female 65%). Adult Literacy Schemes in India: 1960s–70s: Targeted adult literacy drives. National Literacy Mission (1988–2009): Functional literacy. National Adult Education Programme (1978): Literacy for 15–35 years. Saakshar Bharat Mission (2009–18): Literacy + numeracy, esp. for women. ULAS (2022): Linked with SDG 2030 & NEP 2020; targets 100% functional literacy. Overview Significance of Himachal’s Achievement Educational success: Literacy rate ~99% (higher than national avg. of 74%). Equity factor: Narrow gender gap compared to other states. Policy alignment: Advances SDG 4 (Quality Education) & NEP 2020. Methodology of Declaring ‘Fully Literate’ Functional Literacy & Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT) conducted. Training via mobile apps, volunteers, or NIOS certification. Target: Adults (15+) who missed schooling. Challenges Highlighted Quality vs Quantity: Literacy measured as basic ability to read/write, not comprehension depth. Digital divide: Functional literacy now includes digital/financial skills; gaps remain. Dropouts & NEP goals: High GER (Gross Enrolment Ratio) needed to sustain future literacy. Migration & demographic shifts: May distort literacy statistics at local levels. Comparative Data Himachal 95%+ literacy vs national average 74%. Kerala still top performer (~96%). States with lowest literacy: Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand (Census 2011). PLFS 2023-24: Adult illiteracy still at 7.75% (15+) nationally. Policy Implications ULAS = shift from basic literacy → lifelong learning & skill literacy. Localised strategies needed (hill states vs BIMARU states). Integration with digital India, financial inclusion, and employment-linked literacy. Rampant development, not climate, pushing Himalayas to the edge Why in News? Punjab floods (Aug 2025): Worst since 1988, caused by Sutlej, Beas, Ravi overflowing. J&K floods (Aug 2025): 34 dead after intense rainfall. Uttarakhand (Aug 2025): Dharali village wiped out by landslide-triggered deluge. Adds to earlier disasters: Kedarnath (2013), Chamoli (2021). Relevance: GS III – Environment & Ecology: Himalayan fragility, landslides, GLOFs, disaster management, climate change vs developmental stress. GS II – Governance: Role of judiciary (SC warnings), environmental regulation, EIAs, disaster preparedness. Basics Himalayas: World’s youngest fold mountains, geologically fragile. Disaster types: Landslides, flash floods, GLOFs (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods), cloudbursts. Climate risks: Himalayan temperatures rising faster than global average → glacier melt + reduced snowfall. Vulnerability: Population, hydropower projects, roads, tourism, deforestation add to fragility. Overview Climate Change Factor Rising Himalayan temperatures → more snowmelt, unstable glacial lakes (25,000+ lakes in 2018). Increase in extreme rainfall events → floods, landslides. GLOFs threaten downstream settlements, agriculture, and infrastructure. Developmental Stress Hydropower boom: Himachal (1,144 projects), Uttarakhand (40 operational, 87 planned). Roads & tunnels: NHAI projects increasing landslide/flood risk. Tourism: Expanding hotels, homestays → deforestation, slope instability. Schools/hospitals often built on unsafe land → heightened disaster risk. Governance & Judicial Warnings Supreme Court (2025): Warned that Himachal could “vanish” if unchecked exploitation continues. Criticized revenue-driven development ignoring ecological sustainability. Called out tree felling, unsafe infrastructure, unplanned highways. Ecological & Social Dimensions Deforestation: Removal of deodar trees destabilizes soil → erosion, landslides. Local communities: Often excluded from planning; their traditional knowledge underutilized. Parallel risks: Khap panchayats/caste councils elsewhere mirror how informal norms without safeguards worsen justice/dignity—parallels drawn for disaster governance. Way Forward Carrying capacity assessment before new projects. Independent Environmental & Disaster Impact Assessments (EIA + DIA). Nature-based solutions: Afforestation, soil stabilization, river-basin management. Climate literacy & community participation in planning. Avoid critical infrastructure in unsafe zones. Shift from revenue-driven “development” to resilient, sustainable growth. Himachal declared ‘fully literate’ Why in News? Himachal Pradesh declared a ‘fully literate state’ (5th such after Kerala, Goa, Mizoram, Tripura). Literacy drive under ULAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society) initiative of Ministry of Education. Achievement: Literacy rate above 95% + functional literacy coverage. Relevance: GS II – Governance: Implementation of adult literacy schemes, ULAS initiative, functional literacy. GS I – Society: Literacy as a social indicator, gender equity, lifelong learning. GS III – Education & Human Resource Development: NEP 2020 alignment, digital literacy, skill-based learning. Basics Definition of Literacy (MoE): Ability to read, write, understand, and perform basic calculations; includes digital/financial literacy. Census 2011: Literacy = ability to read & write with understanding in any language (for 7+ population). India’s literacy rate (2011): 74% (male 82%, female 65%). Adult Literacy Schemes in India: 1960s–70s: Targeted adult literacy drives. National Literacy Mission (1988–2009): Functional literacy. National Adult Education Programme (1978): Literacy for 15–35 years. Saakshar Bharat Mission (2009–18): Literacy + numeracy, esp. for women. ULAS (2022): Linked with SDG 2030 & NEP 2020; targets 100% functional literacy. Overview Significance of Himachal’s Achievement Educational success: Literacy rate ~99% (higher than national avg. of 74%). Equity factor: Narrow gender gap compared to other states. Policy alignment: Advances SDG 4 (Quality Education) & NEP 2020. Methodology of Declaring ‘Fully Literate’ Functional Literacy & Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT) conducted. Training via mobile apps, volunteers, or NIOS certification. Target: Adults (15+) who missed schooling. Challenges Highlighted Quality vs Quantity: Literacy measured as basic ability to read/write, not comprehension depth. Digital divide: Functional literacy now includes digital/financial skills; gaps remain. Dropouts & NEP goals: High GER (Gross Enrolment Ratio) needed to sustain future literacy. Migration & demographic shifts: May distort literacy statistics at local levels. Comparative Data Himachal 95%+ literacy vs national average 74%. Kerala still top performer (~96%). States with lowest literacy: Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand (Census 2011). PLFS 2023-24: Adult illiteracy still at 7.75% (15+) nationally. Policy Implications ULAS = shift from basic literacy → lifelong learning & skill literacy. Localised strategies needed (hill states vs BIMARU states). Integration with digital India, financial inclusion, and employment-linked literacy. Census and Building Geotagging Why in News India’s next Census (2027) will be digital for the first time. For the first time, all buildings across India will be geotagged to aid data accuracy. Geotagging will help in self-enumeration, planning, and workload management for enumerators. This follows an evolving trend of using technology for Census operations, building on digital efforts in Census 2011. Relevance: GS II – Governance: Use of technology in Census operations, data collection, workload management, policy planning. GS III – Science & Technology: GIS, geotagging, digital mapping, digital governance. GS II – Society: Population enumeration, urban planning, housing schemes (PMAY-Gramin/Urban). Basics of Census Population Census: Conducted since 1872; 2027 will be the 16th exercise and 8th since Independence. Data Collected: Housing conditions, amenities/assets, demography, religion, language, literacy & education, economic activity, migration, fertility, etc., at village, town, and ward levels. Enumerators: In 2011, 34 lakh enumerators and field functionaries were involved; they used smartphones and tablets. Population Figures: India’s population was 1.21 billion (2011); expected to become most populous nation by 2027. What is Geotagging Definition: Marking the latitude-longitude coordinates of buildings on a GIS (Geographic Information System) map. Purpose: Pinpoints the precise location of structures, improving accuracy in Census data collection. How it works: GIS maps capture, check, and display building positions on the Earth’s surface. Enables identification of any location by coordinates. Scope in India Census 2011 defined a Census House as: A building or part of it used as a separate unit, with a separate main entrance from road/courtyard/staircase. Can be occupied or vacant, used for residential or non-residential purposes, or both. Statistics: Last Census (2011) recorded: 33.04 crore houses, 30.61 crore occupied, 2.47 crore vacant. 22.07 crore houses in rural areas, 11.04 crore in urban areas. How Geotagging Will Be Done Phase 1 (HLO – Houselisting Operations): April–September 2026. Enumerators will visit buildings in Housing Blocks (HLBs). Use Digital Layout Mapping (DLM) and smartphones to mark building locations. HLB: Well-defined area in a village/town, clearly demarcated, often with a notional map. Categorization: Buildings classified as: Residential, non-residential, partly residential, landmark. Benefits of Geotagging Improves accuracy in enumerating houses and households. Reduces enumerator workload, as precise locations are pre-mapped. Supports planning and policy, especially in urban development and housing programs. Scalability: Useful in smaller-scale surveys for schemes like PMAY-Gramin and PMAY-Urban.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 September 2025

Content World Suicide Prevention Day Blue Waves of Progress World Suicide Prevention Day Context Observed on: 10th September every year since 2003. Initiating body: International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP), co-sponsored by WHO. Purpose: Raise awareness, foster compassion, reduce stigma, and promote collective action – underlining that suicide is preventable. Global Data (WHO, 2021): 727,000+ deaths annually. For every suicide death, ~20 attempts. Suicide = 3rd leading cause of death among 15–29-year-olds. Triennial Theme (2024–2026): “Changing the Narrative on Suicide” – focus on countering myths, stigma, and silence with openness and empathy. Relevance : GS II (Health, Social Justice): National Suicide Prevention Strategy, Tele-MANAS, RKSK. GS III (Science & Tech): Use of telemedicine, digital platforms in mental health. GS IV (Ethics & Society): Compassion, empathy, duty towards vulnerable groups. Suicide in India – Magnitude and Trends Share of Global Burden: ~1/3rd of global female suicides. ~1/4th of global male suicides. Annual deaths: ~100,000+ lives lost in India. NCRB Data (2017–2022): Suicide rate rose from 9.9 per lakh (2017) → 12.4 per lakh (2022). Geographic Variations (2022): Bihar: lowest (0.6/100,000). Sikkim: highest (43.1/100,000). Cities: Vijayawada (42.6/100,000), Kollam (42.5/100,000) top rates. Demographics: Youth, women, farmers, students, daily wage earners among most vulnerable groups. Drivers and Risk Factors Individual: Mental illness (depression, bipolar, substance abuse), chronic illness, lack of coping skills. Socio-economic: Poverty, unemployment, debt (esp. among farmers), academic stress, urban isolation. Socio-cultural: Stigma around mental health, gender-based violence, dowry harassment, caste discrimination. Structural: Poor access to mental health services, shortage of professionals (India has ~1 psychiatrist per 100,000 vs WHO norm of 3). National Suicide Prevention Strategy (NSPS), 2022 Vision: Reduce suicide mortality by 10% by 2030 (aligned with WHO’s SDG target). Approach: Multi-sectoral (health, education, social justice, women & child, labour, media). Key Components: Universal screening in primary care and schools. Restriction of access to means (pesticides, railway tracks). Responsible media reporting guidelines. Strengthening mental health services at all levels. Special focus on vulnerable groups (youth, LGBTQ+, farmers). National Programmes Supporting Prevention Tele-MANAS (2022): Tele-Mental Health helpline across states/UTs. 53 operational cells, >1 million calls handled. District Mental Health Programme (DMHP): Covers 767 districts, providing community-level crisis care. Ayushman Arogya Mandirs: 1.78 lakh centres integrating mental health into primary healthcare. Manodarpan (2020): For students, teachers, families. Toll-free helpline, online resources, counselor directory. Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK): Adolescent health strategy with mental health as a pillar. School Health & Wellness Programme: Promotes mental health awareness in curriculum and schools. Case Example – Delhi Metro’s 2024 Campaign Awareness drive with banners, digital displays, social media messaging. Emphasis on “Hope and Resilience” to destigmatize help-seeking. Example of how public spaces can become safe, supportive environments. Challenges in Suicide Prevention Stigma & Silence: Mental health still taboo in many families/communities. Shortage of Professionals: India has only ~9,000 psychiatrists, far below needs. Unequal Access: Rural areas underserved; majority of services urban-centric. Data Gaps: NCRB data often underreports due to misclassification (e.g., accidents). Means Restriction Enforcement: Pesticide regulation, railway barriers weakly implemented. Way Forward – A Holistic Approach Policy & Systems: Full implementation of NSPS with monitoring and state-level strategies. Increase budgetary allocation for mental health (currently <2% of health budget). Service Delivery: Expand Tele-MANAS reach to last-mile villages. Train ASHAs/ANMs in early detection & referral. Community Engagement: Gatekeeper training (teachers, employers, peers). Peer-support groups in schools/colleges. Media & Technology: Strict adherence to WHO media reporting guidelines. Use AI chatbots and apps for crisis intervention. International Collaboration: Learn from global models – e.g., Japan’s community-based suicide prevention (achieved significant reduction). Blue Waves of Progress Basics of PMMSY Launch: 10th September 2020, by Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. Outlay (initial 2020–25): ₹20,050 crore (₹9,407 cr – Centre; ₹4,880 cr – States; ₹5,763 cr – Beneficiaries). Extension: Till 2025–26; as of July 2025, projects worth ₹21,274.16 cr approved. Implementing Agency: National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB). Structure: Central Sector (CS): 100% funded by Centre. Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS): Co-funded by Centre & States. Vision: Ecologically healthy, economically viable, socially inclusive fisheries sector ensuring prosperity, food & nutritional security. Relevance : GS III (Economy, Agriculture, Environment): Fisheries sector reforms, blue economy, climate resilience. GS II (Governance): Women empowerment, cooperative models, welfare schemes. Objectives Harness fisheries potential sustainably, inclusively, equitably. Enhance fish production/productivity via expansion, intensification, diversification. Modernize value chain, strengthen post-harvest management, improve quality. Double fishers’ and farmers’ incomes, generate rural employment. Boost contribution to Agriculture GVA & exports. Ensure social, physical & economic security for fishers. Develop robust fisheries management & regulatory framework. Achievements (2020–2025) Fish Production: 2019–20: 141.64 lakh tonnes → 2024–25: 195 lakh tonnes. India: 2nd largest fish producer globally (8% of global share). Exports: 2019–20: ₹46,662.85 cr → 2023–24: ₹60,524.89 cr. Livelihoods: 58 lakh direct/indirect livelihoods created. Women Empowerment: 99,018 women covered under ₹4,061.96 cr worth proposals; 60% financial support for projects (up to ₹1.5 cr). Climate Resilience: 100 coastal villages declared Climate Resilient Coastal Fishermen Villages. Key Initiatives a) Technology Adoption 52,058 reservoir cages, 22,057 RAS & biofloc units, 1,525 sea cages. Biofloc Technology (BFT): Definition: Sustainable aquaculture system where beneficial microbes convert waste (uneaten feed, fish excreta) into protein-rich “bioflocs,” which serve as natural fish feed. Principle: High C:N ratio maintained by adding carbon sources (molasses, wheat bran, etc.), promoting heterotrophic bacteria that recycle nitrogenous waste. Benefits: Low/no water exchange → saves water, reduces pollution. Enhances feed efficiency and growth rates. Cost-effective, as biofloc acts as supplementary feed. Reduces disease risks by maintaining better water quality. Suitability: Works best in warm climates, high-density farming, especially for species like Tilapia, Pangasius, Singhi, Shrimp. Nickname: Known as “green soup” or heterotrophic ponds in aquaculture circles. Adoption under PMMSY: Thousands of biofloc units approved with subsidies for farmers to promote climate-smart and resource-efficient aquaculture. b) Post-Harvest & Infrastructure Outlay: ₹3,281.31 cr – 58 fishing harbours & landing centres. Outlay: ₹1,568.11 cr – 734 ice plants/cold storages, 21 wholesale fish markets (3 Smart), 192 retail markets, 6,410 kiosks, 134 value-add units. 27,297 fish transport units, 5 digital trade platforms. c) Institutional Support 2,195 Fish Farmer Producer Organisations (FFPOs) supported (₹544.85 cr) – collective bargaining & market linkages. Sub-scheme: PM-MKSSY (Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah Yojana, 2024) Launch: 8th Feb 2024 as CS sub-scheme under PMMSY. Outlay: ₹6,000 cr (2023–27). Focus: Formalisation of fisheries sector. Incentivisation of aquaculture insurance. Improved value-chain efficiency. Safety & quality systems. Progress: By April 2025, ₹11.84 cr sanctioned. Digital Transformation National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP) – launched 11th Sept 2024. Purpose: Single-window system for beneficiaries. Digital identities for fishers/farmers. Database of cooperatives, enterprises, value-chain actors. Access to institutional credit, insurance, traceability, incentives. Progress: 2.7 million+ registrations by Sept 2025. Case Study – Grassroots Impact Kapil Talwar (Uttarakhand): Set up biofloc unit with 40% subsidy. Nursery produced 50,000 Pangasius. Created livelihoods for 7 others. Mentors women in sustainable aquaculture. Illustrates PMMSY’s transformative potential in rural livelihood generation. Challenges Infrastructure Gaps: Cold-chain and storage still inadequate in remote areas. Climate Risks: Cyclones, salinity intrusion, ocean warming threatening coastal fisheries. Fragmentation: Small-scale fishers face weak bargaining power, limited access to credit. Overfishing: Sustainability concerns in marine capture fisheries. Skill Gaps: Need for large-scale training in modern aquaculture & value-addition. Way Forward Strengthen Climate Resilience: Expand CRCFV model, integrate early-warning systems. Sustainability: Enforce catch limits, regulate destructive fishing practices. Technology Mainstreaming: AI, IoT for smart aquaculture; blockchain for traceability. Export Competitiveness: Quality certification, eco-labeling, branding of Indian seafood. Women & Youth Inclusion: Expand women entrepreneur model; skill youth in ornamental & high-value aquaculture. Integration with Blue Economy Vision 2047: Align with SDGs (food security, sustainable oceans, livelihoods).

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 September 2025

Content Decisive step The long march ahead to technological independence Decisive step Why in News The Supreme Court of India ordered the Election Commission of India (ECI) to include Aadhaar as one of the 12 valid documents for the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of Bihar’s electoral rolls. This came after over 65 lakh electors were excluded from the draft rolls, raising concerns of disenfranchisement. Relevance : GS II – Polity & Governance (Electoral reforms, Election Commission of India’s role ,  Judicial oversight on electoral processes) , GS II – Welfare & Social Justice (Impact on vulnerable groups (migrants, women, poor). Practice Question : The Supreme Court’s direction to include Aadhaar among valid documents for voter verification balances inclusivity and procedural rigour. Discuss in light of electoral integrity and democratic principles. (250 Words) Basics Electoral Roll Revision: Periodic updating of voter lists to ensure accuracy. ECI’s Position: Aadhaar was excluded on grounds that it proves only residency, not citizenship. SC’s Intervention: Held that Aadhaar can be used subject to verification. Noted inconsistency: most accepted documents (except passport/birth certificate) also don’t prove citizenship. Ensured inclusivity by removing procedural barriers. Overview Constitutional & Legal Dimension Upholds fundamental right to vote (though statutory, linked with Article 326 – Universal Adult Franchise). Balances between procedural rigour and citizen enfranchisement. Reaffirms judicial oversight over electoral integrity. Administrative Dimension Reduces hurdles for verification during roll revision. Aadhaar’s wide coverage (90% in Bihar) makes the process more inclusive and efficient. Mitigates anomalies: disproportionate deletion of women, inflated death rates, misclassified migration. Social Dimension Protects vulnerable groups — poor, women, migrant workers — most at risk of being excluded. Corrects a situation where lack of certain documents disproportionately affected disadvantaged communities. Political Dimension Strengthens legitimacy of elections by ensuring comprehensive voter rolls. Responds to civil society and political activists’ concerns over disenfranchisement. Sets a precedent for future electoral roll revisions across India. Technological & Data Dimension Aadhaar authentication provides a reliable, digital verification tool. But also raises data privacy concerns — surveillance risks, misuse of voter identity. Court’s stance: Aadhaar use allowed only with verification safeguards. Democratic & Ethical Dimension Reinforces principle: inclusivity over procedural rigidity in a democracy. Electoral roll seen as foundation of representative democracy. Mandates diligent, humane, house-to-house verification over bureaucratic shortcuts. Implications Going Forward Sets a national precedent for inclusion of Aadhaar in voter verification across states. Compels the ECI to recalibrate policies — balancing inclusivity, accuracy, and privacy. Opens up debates on: Privacy vs. convenience in Aadhaar usage. Need for a comprehensive voter identity law to standardize acceptable documents. The long march ahead to technological independence Why in News India celebrated its 79th Independence Day (15 August 2025). Editorials stressed that true independence today goes beyond political freedom — it requires technological sovereignty, given the risks of dependence on foreign-controlled software, cloud, and hardware systems. Relevance: GS III – Science & Technology (Digital sovereignty, cybersecurity, indigenous technology development, semiconductor ecosystem) , GS III – Economy (Electronics manufacturing, reducing import dependence, Atmanirbhar Bharat, Digital India) Practice Question: “Political independence in 1947 gave India sovereignty over territory; independence in the digital era requires sovereignty over technology.” Critically examine the significance of technological sovereignty for India’s security and development. (250 Words) Basics Technological Sovereignty: Ability of a nation to independently design, develop, and maintain critical digital infrastructure (software + hardware). Present Dependence: Software ecosystems (OS, databases, cloud) dominated by a few foreign companies. Hardware sovereignty harder — semiconductor fabs, chip design, supply chains require massive investment. Emerging Threats: Cyberattacks, AI control, cloud service shutdowns can cripple essential sectors (banks, trains, power grids). Example: Recent denial of cloud services to a company shows risks are real. Proposed Path: Open-source adoption, indigenous ecosystem building, partnerships in chip design and assembly, collective IT community effort. Overview Strategic & Security Dimension Cyberwarfare is now more decisive than conventional warfare — dependence creates national security vulnerabilities. Critical infrastructure (banking, energy, transport) is at risk if foreign service providers withdraw or manipulate access. Sovereign technology strengthens strategic autonomy in geopolitics. Political & Constitutional Dimension Extends the meaning of sovereignty (Article 1, Preamble) beyond political to technological. Ensures digital self-determination consistent with democratic values. Economic & Industrial Dimension Indigenous tech ecosystem → boosts employment, startups, MSMEs in IT and electronics. Reduces import dependence in electronics (currently >60% of India’s electronics import bill is from China). Long-term investment in semiconductor design/fabs critical for Atmanirbhar Bharat and Digital India goals. Technological Dimension Software sovereignty: Build Indian OS, database, cloud ecosystem using open-source foundations (Linux, Android). Hardware sovereignty: Focus on chip design & assembly, gradually moving to fabrication. Open-source adoption ensures transparency, trust, and security (no hidden backdoors). Social Dimension Protects ordinary citizens, small businesses, and marginalised users from digital exclusion or service disruption. Builds public trust in Indian systems. A collective national tech movement (professionals, academia, industry) needed. Global Dimension Aligns with global debates on digital sovereignty (EU, US, China already pursuing indigenous models). Enhances India’s bargaining power in tech supply chains and partnerships (e.g., QUAD Critical Tech, MSP for semiconductors). Ethical Dimension Dependence on foreign-controlled AI/cloud creates risks of data colonisation and loss of privacy. Indigenous systems → ensure accountability and democratic control over data. Way Forward Launch a National Mission for Technological Independence (implementation-driven, not just research). Build product-like teams for continuous development of software & hardware solutions. Create a self-sustaining financial model for open-source development (beyond govt funding). Focus first on client-side & server-side components (email, databases, cloud servers). Parallel investment in semiconductor ecosystem (chip design, fabless models, global partnerships). Conclusion Political independence (1947) ensured sovereignty over territory and governance. 21st-century independence = technological independence. India must treat tech sovereignty as the new freedom struggle, mobilising industry, academia, and civil society to secure its digital future.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 September 2025

Content Radhakrishnan elected Vice-President of India Poor NARI ranking exposes women safety gaps in Delhi China digs in on ‘rare earth’, commands global market Lessons for India: how Kerala is tackling rapid urbanisation Governors must act as true guides and philosophers to States, says CJI Gavai Could our everyday artificially intelligent chatbots become conscious? Radhakrishnan elected Vice-President of India Why in News C.P. Radhakrishnan, Governor of Maharashtra and NDA nominee, was elected as the 17th Vice-President of India (2025). He secured 452 first-preference votes, defeating the joint Opposition candidate Justice B. Sudershan Reddy, who got 300 votes. 98.2% turnout of the electoral college; cross-voting noted from the Opposition camp. Relevance: GS II (Polity – Constitution, Executive, Parliament, President & Vice-President, Electoral processes, Articles 63–66, Judicial review)   Vice-President of India Constitutional Provision: Article 63: There shall be a Vice-President of India. Article 64: Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. Article 65: Acts as President in case of vacancy, resignation, removal, or absence. Election Process (Article 66): Elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament (nominated members included). Proportional Representation by means of Single Transferable Vote (STV); election held by secret ballot. Value of vote is equal for all MPs (unlike Presidential election where vote value differs). Eligibility (Article 66 & 84): Citizen of India. At least 35 years old. Qualified for election as a member of Rajya Sabha. Not hold any office of profit. Term & Removal: Term: 5 years, eligible for re-election. Can resign to the President or be removed by a resolution of Rajya Sabha (effective if agreed by Lok Sabha). Comparative Dimension First Vice-President: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan (1952–1962). Longest-serving VP: Hamid Ansari (2007–2017). Precedent: Several Vice-Presidents (Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, Dr. Zakir Husain, V.V. Giri, R. Venkataraman, Shankar Dayal Sharma, K.R. Narayanan) later became Presidents. Static Knowledge Vice-President vs Speaker of Lok Sabha: VP: Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha, elected by both Houses, does not vote except in case of tie. Speaker: Elected only by Lok Sabha members, has casting vote in case of tie. Removal Procedure Difference: VP can be removed only by Rajya Sabha resolution agreed by Lok Sabha. President can be impeached by both Houses with 2/3rd majority. Important Case Law: Mohd. Akbar vs Union of India (1969): VP’s election disputes are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court. Poor NARI ranking exposes women safety gaps in Delhi Why in News The National Annual Report & Index on Women’s Safety (NARI) 2025 revealed serious gaps in women’s safety in Delhi, 13 years after the 2012 Nirbhaya case. Delhi ranked 28th out of 31 cities on the safety index, ahead only of Kolkata, Srinagar, and Ranchi. Relevance: GS II (Polity – Fundamental Rights: Articles 14, 15, 21; Social Justice – Women safety, Nirbhaya Fund, Urban Governance, Law enforcement, Criminal Law), GS III (Social Issues – Gender equality, SDG 5, Urban development) Basics NARI Index 2025: Conducted by Pvalue Analytics, ideated with the National Commission for Women (NCW). Survey Size: 12,770 women across 31 Indian cities. Indicators: Women-friendly infrastructure, harassment experiences, policing, perceptions of safety (day vs. night). Key Findings of NARI Report (2025) Infrastructure gaps: 31% of Delhi women said women-friendly infrastructure was minimal/non-existent. Safety perception: 8% unsafe during day; 35% unsafe at night. Harassment: National avg: 7% women faced harassment in public spaces. Delhi: 12% (highest disparity). 61% of victims faced harassment more than twice → failure to deter repeat offenders. Unsafe spaces: Neighbourhood areas (34%) most unsafe. Transport facilities (32%). Deserted/unlit areas cited as key reasons for fear. Demands from women: 51% → stronger policing. 17% → timely police action. Overview Constitutional & Legal Dimension Article 14: Equality before law. Article 15(3): State can make special provisions for women. Article 21: Right to life includes dignity and safety. Laws enacted post-2012: Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 – expanded definitions of sexual offences. Justice Verma Committee Report (2013) – recommended police reforms, faster trials, gender sensitisation. Nirbhaya Fund (2013) – financial support for women’s safety initiatives. Governance & Policing Dimension Poor enforcement of CCTV coverage, street lighting, police patrolling. Low trust in police action (timeliness, sensitivity). Underutilisation of Nirbhaya Fund – CAG reports flag delays. Need for smart policing (apps, helplines, gender desks in police stations). Social Dimension Patriarchal attitudes → normalisation of harassment. Underreporting due to stigma, fear of reprisal. Safety concerns reduce women’s mobility, education, and workforce participation. Urban Planning Dimension Lack of gender-sensitive urban infrastructure: Poor street lighting. Isolated bus stops, unsafe last-mile connectivity. Inadequate public toilets for women. Safe Cities Mission (2018) exists but patchy implementation. Economic Dimension Unsafe environments reduce women’s participation in the economy (India’s female LFPR ~37% in 2024). Impacts productivity, urban growth, and SDG 5 (Gender Equality). Comparative Perspective Cities like Kohima, Visakhapatnam, Aizawl, Mumbai ranked better due to stronger community policing, civic culture, and infrastructure. Delhi, despite being the national capital, lags behind, raising credibility concerns. Static Knowledge Schemes/Initiatives: Nirbhaya Fund (2013). Safe City Project under Nirbhaya Fund – being implemented in 8 metro cities. One Stop Centres (OSCs) – for violence survivors. Women Helpline (181). SHE Teams (Telangana model). Judicial Cases: Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997) – workplace harassment guidelines. Laxmi v. Union of India (2014) – acid attack regulations. Nirbhaya case (2012–2020) – strengthened criminal law framework. Way Forward Urban Safety Audits: Gender-sensitive city planning (lighting, transport, toilets). Policing Reforms: Increase women in police force (current ~11%), fast-track women’s safety cases. Technology Integration: Panic apps, AI surveillance, predictive policing. Community Participation: Involve RWAs, NGOs, student groups in monitoring. Education & Sensitisation: Change in public attitudes through awareness campaigns. Effective Utilisation of Nirbhaya Fund with transparent monitoring. China digs in on ‘rare earth’, commands global market Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Definition: Group of 17 chemically similar metallic elements (15 lanthanides + scandium + yttrium). Categories: Light Rare Earths (LREEs): Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium. Heavy Rare Earths (HREEs): Gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, yttrium. Exclusion: Promethium (radioactive, no mineable reserves). Uses: Clean energy: EV batteries, wind turbine magnets (NdFeB). High-tech devices: Smartphones, hard drives, fibre optics, ceramics, phosphors. Defence: Aerospace, radar, precision-guided weapons, stealth technology. Relevance: GS III (Economy – Minerals & Resources, Critical minerals, Trade & Industrial Policy; Science & Technology – Clean energy tech, EVs, high-tech devices; Security – Strategic minerals, Defence applications; International Relations – India–China trade, MSP, global supply chains) China’s Dominance Reserves: Nearly 50% of world reserves (IEA). Production: >60% of global production in last 5 years. Refining: 92% of global refining capacity. Exports: Largest exporter (≈30% of global demand). Restrictions: 2023 – banned export of processing tech. April 2025 – curbed export of 7 REEs (esp. for NdFeB magnets). 2025 interim measures – quotas + govt approval for trade. Research Strength: 30% of global REE research papers (vs. U.S. & Japan ≤10%, India ≈6%). Funding: $14 billion annually (2022–24) in mineral exploration (highest in decade). India’s Position Imports: 75%+ of rare earth imports from China (since 2021). Reserves: Significant monazite sands (Odisha, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu). Production: Limited; India contributes <2% of global REE output due to policy restrictions. Institutions: Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL): PSU under DAE for mining/processing. Atomic Minerals Directorate (AMD): Exploration of monazite and other RE-bearing minerals. Challenges: Monazite contains thorium → falls under Atomic Energy Act, limiting private sector participation. Processing & refining bottlenecks → India exports raw ores but imports refined products. Overview Strategic & Security Dimension Rare earths are “critical minerals” → essential for Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence & clean energy. Over-dependence on China creates strategic vulnerability (supply disruptions, price manipulation). U.S.–China tensions show weaponisation of REEs as a geopolitical tool. Economic Dimension Global clean energy transition (EVs, wind) → REE demand projected to triple by 2040 (IEA). India’s electronics & EV targets (30% EV penetration by 2030) → rising REE demand. Import dependence threatens current account stability. Technological Dimension Refining & separation of REEs is highly complex, polluting, and capital-intensive. China’s dominance lies not just in reserves, but mastery of refining tech. India lags in R&D, recycling, and processing capacity. Environmental Dimension REE mining/refining causes radioactive & chemical waste → ecological concerns. Need for green processing methods, circular economy (REE recycling from e-waste). Political & Global Dimension Rare earths are now at the heart of critical mineral diplomacy. U.S., Japan, EU, Australia diversifying supply chains via alliances (e.g., Minerals Security Partnership – MSP). India is part of MSP (2023) → chance to collaborate on exploration, refining, and supply chain resilience. Social Dimension Local communities near REE-rich coasts (Kerala, Odisha) face livelihood & displacement issues from mining. Balancing resource exploitation with social/environmental safeguards is key. Ethical Dimension Resource nationalism vs. equitable access debate. Data parallels with “resource curse” → risk of exploitation without inclusive growth. Way Forward for India Policy Reforms: Amend Atomic Energy Act to allow private/foreign participation in non-nuclear REEs. Exploration: Accelerate surveys under NMET (National Mineral Exploration Trust). Processing Tech: Invest in refining & separation technologies (AIIMS + CSIR collaborations). Recycling: Promote urban mining of e-waste (rare earth recovery). Strategic Stockpiling: Build reserves for critical sectors (defence, EVs, power). Global Partnerships: Deepen cooperation via MSP, Quad, and bilateral deals with Australia, U.S., Japan. Static Knowledge IEA Definition: REEs = 17 metals, critical for clean energy transition. India’s Monazite Reserves: ~12 million tonnes, mostly in beach sands. Institutions: IREL, AMD, BARC’s rare earth metallurgy division. Global Context: REEs included in U.S. “Critical Minerals List” & EU “Strategic Raw Materials Act (2023)”. Lessons for India: how Kerala is tackling rapid urbanisation Kerala Urban Policy Commission (KUPC) Set up: December 2023 by Kerala Cabinet. Report submitted: March 30, 2025 (2,359 pages). Nature: First State-level Urban Commission in India. Mandate: To prepare a 25-year urban roadmap tailored to Kerala’s unique “rurban” context (villages merging into towns, high climate risks). Why needed: Kerala urbanisation > national average; projected 80% urban by 2050. Frequent climate disasters: 2018–19 floods, recurring landslides, coastal erosion. Mismatch between national urban frameworks and Kerala’s sub-national realities. Relevance: GS II (Polity – State governance, 73rd & 74th Amendments, Urban Local Bodies, Municipal governance), GS III (Infrastructure – Urbanisation, Disaster management, Climate-resilient planning, Municipal finance, SDG 11) Key Recommendations of KUPC Climate & Risk-Aware Planning Mandatory hazard zoning: floods, landslides, coastal inundation. Integration of LIDAR, satellite, tide gauges, real-time data. Digital Data Revolution A Data Observatory at Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA). Dashboards with community-generated indicators. Crowd-sourced inputs: fishermen’s experiences, bazaar vendors’ mobility issues. Finance Empowerment Municipal Bonds: Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode to issue; pooled bonds for smaller towns. Green Fees: Levies on eco-sensitive projects. Climate Insurance: Parametric model for quick disaster payouts. Governance Recalibration City Cabinets led by mayors, replacing bureaucratic inertia. Specialist municipal cells (climate, waste, mobility, law). Jnanashree Programme: Recruit youth technocrats for urban governance. Place-Based Economic Revival Thrissur-Kochi → FinTech hub. Thiruvananthapuram-Kollam → Knowledge corridor. Kozhikode → City of literature. Palakkad & Kasaragod → Smart-industrial zones. Commons, Culture, and Care Revive wetlands, waterways, heritage zones. City health councils for migrants, students, gig workers. Overview Constitutional & Governance Dimension Falls under State List (urban development, local government – 7th Schedule). Strengthens 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendments: empowerment of municipalities. Brings in decentralised planning + climate governance. Administrative Dimension Moves from reactive disaster management → proactive resilience planning. Enhances municipal autonomy with financial tools. Reduces dependence on centrally driven schemes (e.g., Smart Cities Mission). Climate & Environmental Dimension Urban planning integrates hazard mapping and resilience. Green levies + insurance → internalising climate risk. Unique: embeds resilience as a core pillar, not an add-on. Economic & Financial Dimension Municipal bonds + pooled financing → fiscal autonomy for local bodies. Encourages private & community investment in climate-safe infrastructure. Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat Urban Finance Agenda. Technological & Data Dimension Urban Data Observatory: first state-driven “living intelligence engine”. Integrates satellite, GIS, LIDAR, crowd-sourced citizen data. Facilitates evidence-based policymaking. Social Dimension Protects vulnerable groups: migrants, gig workers, women. Blends lived experience with formal planning (e.g., fisherfolk voices in hazard maps). Recognises Kerala’s rurban identity → continuity of village–town–city. Political & Ethical Dimension Democratizes urban governance by empowering mayors, youth technocrats. Upholds principles of participatory planning. Ensures inclusivity, reducing elite capture of urban development. Value Addition 74th Amendment Act, 1992 → Constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). NITI Aayog’s SDG Index → Kerala ranks high in SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities & Communities). Urban Finance Tools in India: Municipal bonds (Pune, Ahmedabad were pioneers). Pooled finance model → Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF). Climate-Urban Nexus: IPCC AR6 stresses urban vulnerability in coastal & hilly states like Kerala. India’s National Urban Policy Framework (2018) had climate mentions, but not as central as KUPC. Why KUPC is Unique & Lessons for Other States First state-level urban commission → tailored to sub-national context. Integrates data, finance, governance, and identity into one framework. Template for others: combine technical + social knowledge, empower local bodies, mandate resilience in planning. Governors must act as true guides and philosophers to States, says CJI Gavai Why in News The Supreme Court’s five-judge Presidential Reference Bench, headed by CJI B.R. Gavai, is hearing whether timelines can be imposed on Governors and the President for deciding on Bills under Articles 200 & 201. Kerala and other opposition-ruled States highlighted the indefinite delay of assent to Bills by Governors, calling it unconstitutional and adversarial. Court observed that Governors must act as “true guides and philosophers” to State governments, ensuring a collaborative federal relationship. Relevance: GS II (Polity – Centre–State relations, Federalism, Role of Governors, Articles 163, 200–201, Presidential Reference under Article 143, Judicial review, Constitutional morality, Sarkaria & Punchhi Commission recommendations) Basics Articles 200 & 201: Article 200: Governor may assent, withhold assent, or reserve the Bill for President’s consideration. Article 201: President may assent, withhold assent, or return the Bill. No explicit timeline prescribed in the Constitution. Presidential Reference (Art. 143): Allows President to seek SC’s advisory opinion on questions of law or constitutional interpretation. Governor’s Role in Legislature: Nominal head of the State. Part of State Legislature (like President at the Centre). Expected to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers (Article 163). Governor’s Discretion: Limited to certain situations (e.g., hung assembly, reserving Bills for President, recommending President’s Rule). Overview Constitutional Dimension Right to legislate is with the elected legislature, not the Governor. Unreasonable delay violates Article 14 (fairness) and undermines parliamentary democracy. Indefinite pendency → undermines basic structure: federalism, democracy. SC in Shamsher Singh (1974): Governor must act on aid & advice except in exceptional circumstances. Judicial Dimension April 2024 SC ruling: Fixed a 3-month timeline for Governors/President on Bills. Debate: Should SC read timelines into Articles 200 & 201 (like substantive due process into Article 21)? Risk: Court-imposed timelines could trigger fresh litigation (as in medical admission cases). Federal Dimension Conflicts mostly in opposition-ruled States (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Punjab, Telangana, West Bengal). Seen as Governors acting as agents of the Union, undermining cooperative federalism. Creates perception of dyarchy (dual authority in States). Administrative Dimension Indefinite delay in assent disrupts governance and welfare measures. Kerala cited 8 Bills pending with Governor for 7–23 months. Lack of timelines leads to policy paralysis and undermines public trust. Political Dimension Disputes reflect the Centre–State political tussle. In BJP-ruled States, Bills get assented faster; opposition-ruled States face hurdles. Raises concerns about neutrality of Governors. Ethical & Democratic Dimension Democracy demands legislative supremacy of elected representatives over unelected authorities. Delays harm citizens’ welfare → ethical question of accountability. Governor should be a constitutional statesman, not a political actor. Comparative Perspective UK: Royal Assent is a formality; refusal not practiced since early 18th century. Canada & Australia: Governors-General largely act as rubber stamps on advice of ministers. India: Retains vestiges of colonial discretionary powers → need for reform. Value Addition Constituent Assembly Debates: Dr. Ambedkar clarified Governor is not an independent authority, but bound by advice of ministers. Sarkaria Commission (1988) & Punchhi Commission (2010): Recommended limiting Governor’s discretion, ensuring neutrality, and specifying timelines. ARC Reports: Suggested reforms in appointment, tenure, and role of Governors to prevent misuse. Judgments: Shamsher Singh (1974) – Governor is a constitutional head, bound by aid & advice. Nabam Rebia (2016) – Governor cannot act as an “all-pervading super-constitutional authority”. Way Forward Specify timelines: Clear constitutional/legislative mandate (e.g., 3 months). Governor reforms: Neutral appointments, fixed tenure, adherence to constitutional morality. Judicial clarity: Balanced approach → prevent misuse without judicial overreach. Strengthen cooperative federalism: Build trust between Centre and States. Could our everyday artificially intelligent chatbots become conscious? Why in News? Rapid proliferation of chatbots across customer service, healthcare, education, and entertainment has raised debates about whether advanced AI systems can achieve consciousness. Ethical dilemmas (trust, emotional attachment, liability, and job displacement) are emerging. The 2022 Google LaMDA controversy (Blake Lemoine claiming AI sentience) highlighted the sensitivity of the issue. Relevance: GS III (Science & Technology – AI/ML, Emerging technologies, Neuromorphic computing, AI ethics), GS IV (Ethics – Responsible AI, Ethical dilemmas, Governance frameworks), GS II (Governance – AI regulation, NITI Aayog initiatives, UNESCO AI ethics framework) Basics Chatbots: Software applications using AI/ML (esp. Large Language Models – LLMs) to simulate human-like conversations. Consciousness: Phenomenal consciousness – subjective “what it feels like” experiences (pain, joy, awareness). Access consciousness – ability to access and use information for reasoning/action. The ELIZA Effect (1966): People tend to anthropomorphize chatbots, attributing emotions/intent to algorithmic outputs. Core Debate: Chatbots simulate intelligent conversation but do not experience it. Overview Philosophical & Cognitive Dimension For consciousness: If human consciousness emerges from physical brain processes, theoretically, advanced computational models could mimic it. Against consciousness: No subjective experience (qualia). No intentionality (no goals beyond programmed tasks). No self-awareness (they simulate “I” but do not experience it). Lack of embodiment (no sensorimotor engagement with the world). Chinese Room Argument (John Searle, 1980) – machines manipulate symbols but don’t understand meaning → strong case against machine consciousness. Technological Dimension Current chatbots (GPT, LaMDA, etc.) rely on statistical pattern recognition → not true comprehension. They generate probabilistic word predictions, not conscious thought. Limitation: lack of memory, emotions, beliefs, or continuity of self. Ethical Dimension Over-trust in chatbots (esp. in healthcare, legal advice) may cause harm. Emotional attachment risks psychological manipulation. Accountability issues: Who is liable if a chatbot provides harmful/bias-laden output? Asimov’s Laws of Robotics – attempt to govern ethical AI behaviour. Social Dimension Increased anthropomorphism → risk of users mistaking chatbots for sentient beings. May deepen loneliness or cause dependency in vulnerable groups. Psychological concerns: emotional manipulation, echo chambers. Legal & Governance Dimension No legal framework yet on “machine personhood.” Question: If AI ever becomes conscious (hypothetically), what rights would it have? Current AI governance debates (EU AI Act, UNESCO’s AI Ethics Framework, India’s NITI Aayog AI for All). Economic Dimension Job displacement concerns in customer service, education, content creation. Simultaneously, chatbots improve efficiency, reduce costs, and expand access. Dual challenge: protecting workers + harnessing productivity. Security Dimension Deepfakes, misinformation, and malicious chatbot deployment are growing threats. Consciousness is not the issue here → misuse is. UPSC GS III (Internal Security) – disinformation and AI misuse. The Case Against AI Consciousness Current chatbots are input-output machines → sophisticated but mechanistic. No scientific proof of AI consciousness. Most experts caution against anthropomorphizing. Future Possibilities Some argue advanced neuromorphic computing or quantum AI might mimic neural substrates → raising new debates. But consciousness may require more than computation → possibly biological substrates. If achieved, raises dilemmas on AI rights, ethical treatment, and redefining “personhood.” Conclusion Chatbots are not conscious beings; they are advanced statistical systems. The debate reflects technological optimism, philosophical inquiry, and ethical caution. For UPSC: Focus on governance frameworks. Ethical deployment of AI. Distinction between simulation and consciousness.

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