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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 March 2025

Content: Hike MGNREGS wages to match price rise: parliamentary panel Aditya-L1 mission: scientists observe a flareless coronal mass ejection Scientists from India, U.K. join hands to study healthy brain aging Real-money gaming firms flag spike in offshore betting apps Hike MGNREGS wages to match price rise: parliamentary panel Context : Parliamentary Panel Recommendation The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development, headed by Congress MP Saptagiri Sankar Ulaka, has strongly recommended revising MGNREGS wages to match rising costs of living. Advocates for a uniform wage rate across the country to ensure fairness, as the scheme is centrally funded. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Existing Wage Disparity: Current MGNREGS wages vary significantly across states: Lowest: ₹234/day in Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. Highest: ₹374/day in Haryana and Sikkim. Wages are linked to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for agricultural labourers, but the panel argues this does not fully reflect inflation’s impact. Pending Wage Dues & Budget Constraints: ₹23,446.27 crore in pending liabilities (as of Feb 15), including ₹12,219.18 crore in wage dues. Budget constraint: ₹86,000 crore allocated for MGNREGS in FY 2024-25. ₹23,446 crore to clear last year’s dues, leaving only ₹62,553.73 crore for actual implementation. This limits the scheme’s effectiveness in ensuring rural livelihood security. West Bengal Funding Suspension: Centre stopped funds to West Bengal for MGNREGS since March 2022, citing corruption allegations. Led to increased distress migration and economic hardships in the state. The committee recommends releasing rightful dues for all eligible years, except the disputed year. Legal and Political Conflict: Centre invoked Section 27 of MGNREGA, 2005, to freeze funds for rule violations. This has strained Centre-State relations, with protests by TMC in Delhi and West Bengal. CM Mamata Banerjee has repeatedly demanded fund release and launched an alternative rural job scheme, Karmashree. Implications: Economic Impact: Delay in wage payments affects rural consumption and economic stability. Non-revision of wages despite inflation reduces the effectiveness of MGNREGS as a social safety net. Political Fallout: Highlights Centre-State tensions over federal fiscal relations. Potential electoral impact in West Bengal amid protests and alternative schemes. Policy Recommendations: Timely wage payments to ensure rural livelihood security. Reform in wage calculation methodology for accurate inflation adjustments. Restoration of funds to West Bengal, ensuring accountability without harming beneficiaries. Aditya-L1 mission: scientists observe a flareless coronal mass ejection Background: Aditya-L1 Mission: India’s first scientific mission dedicated to studying the Sun. VELC Instrument: The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), developed by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bengaluru, was used for observations. Relevance : GS 3(Science , Technology) Significant Observations Scientists from IIA observed a flareless CME using VELC. The event was recorded on July 5, 2024, with no associated solar flare. The instrument enables observations closer to the solar corona’s base and captures data at shorter time intervals than other coronagraphs in orbit. Scientific Insights The data provides insights into magnetic instabilities on the Sun that trigger flares and CMEs. This helps in understanding the differentiation between flare-associated and flareless CMEs. The study will soon be published in the Astrophysical Journal. Importance of Continuous Monitoring Increasing CME Activity: The Sun is approaching the maximum phase of Solar Cycle 25, leading to more frequent CMEs. VELC’s Advantage: Helps in uninterrupted monitoring of the Sun for CMEs. Observes CMEs near the solar limb, allowing better correlation studies between CMEs and flares. Understanding CMEs & Flares Both CMEs and solar flares are explosive events caused by magnetic reconnection. Solar flares: Primarily release electromagnetic radiation. CMEs: Massive plasma eruptions, carrying trillions of kilograms of solar material, and can travel at speeds up to 3,000 km/s. Unresolved Mystery: The exact relationship between CMEs and solar flares remains ambiguous. Conclusion The Aditya-L1 mission, particularly the VELC payload, is enhancing solar research by providing detailed insights into CMEs and their origins. This research contributes to space weather predictions, which are crucial for protecting satellites and communication systems on Earth. Scientists from India, U.K. join hands to study healthy brain aging India and the UK have partnered to advance research on healthy brain aging using AI, biomarkers, and diverse population studies. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) , GS 3(Science) International Partnership: Centre for Brain Research (CBR), IISc and UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI) launched a collaboration. Focus on scientific innovation and understanding of brain health. Objectives & Methods: Integration of blood-based biomarkers, AI-driven data analysis, and digital cognitive monitoring tools. Aim to prevent cognitive decline through advanced research. Diverse Population Studies: Utilization of Indian and UK research cohorts covering urban and rural populations. Collaboration with Health Data Research UK for epidemiological data analysis. Strategic Collaborative Framework: Establishment of cross-institutional collaboration. Includes structured research internships, joint educational initiatives, and resource-sharing. Focus Areas: Fluid Biomarkers: Helps in early diagnosis and personalized treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. AI-Powered Data Infrastructure: Integration of clinical and biological data to enhance research efficiency. Significance: Potential to address pressing health challenges related to aging. Strengthens global understanding of brain health. Aims to improve lives globally through technological and research advancements. Real-money gaming firms flag spike in offshore betting apps Indian real-money gaming (RMG) firms are struggling with high taxation (28% GST) while illegal offshore betting apps, which evade regulations and taxes, are growing rapidly. This has led to industry consolidation and calls for policy intervention to curb offshore competition. Relevance : GS 2(governance) ,GS 3(Economy) Key Concerns of Indian RMG Firms Indian real-money gaming (RMG) firms are concerned about the rapid growth of illegal offshore betting apps. High taxation (28% GST) on legal Indian RMG firms is driving players to offshore platforms that evade regulation and taxation. Offshore betting platforms use tactics like domain switching and “mule” bank accounts to avoid detection and taxation. Growth of Offshore Betting Apps Offshore apps are growing at a 30% CAGR, similar to the early growth of legal RMG firms before GST was imposed. In contrast, Indian RMG firms’ growth has slowed to 10%-15% due to high taxation and operational costs. A 2024 Think Change Forum report estimates the illegal betting market at ₹8.2 lakh crore, with rapid expansion. Regulatory & Enforcement Challenges Indian authorities have cracked down on some illegal apps (e.g., Mahadev app). However, foreign-based apps (e.g., 1xBet) are harder to regulate as they frequently switch banking providers. Despite industry appeals, the government has not reconsidered its taxation policies. Industry Consolidation Rising financial strain due to taxation has led to consolidation in the RMG industry: Head Digital Works acquired Adda52 for ₹491 crore. Nazara Technologies acquired a major stake in PokerBaazi (Moonshine Technology). OneVerse acquired PokerDangal. Regulatory Uncertainty & Industry Response The IT Rules, 2023 remain in a standby mode, with no self-regulatory body formally recognized yet. In response, Indian RMG firms are: Supporting studies that show playtime limits’ effectiveness. Introducing a code of ethics to reaffirm existing consumer protection measures. Policy Implications The Indian government faces a trade-off between maintaining high taxation on legal RMG firms and preventing the proliferation of unregulated offshore betting platforms. A potential policy response could involve reducing GST on legal RMG firms while strengthening enforcement against offshore apps. Lack of action could further weaken the domestic RMG industry while offshore betting apps continue to grow unchecked.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 March 2025

CONTENT: White Revolution 2.0 MEASURES TO CURB DRUG TRAFFICKING White Revolution 2.0 Launch & Objective Initiated by the Ministry of Cooperation on September 19, 2024. Aims to boost milk production and expand dairy cooperatives. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ) Implementing Body Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD). Key Schemes Rashtriya Gokul Mission – Enhances indigenous bovine breeds & milk productivity. National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) – Strengthens procurement & processing infrastructure. Supporting Dairy Cooperatives & Farmer Producer Organisations (SDCFPO) – Aids dairy cooperatives. Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF) – Funds infrastructure growth. Goals & Progress Target: Increase cooperative milk procurement to 1,007 lakh kg/day by 2028-29. Progress (as of March 12, 2025): 2.35 lakh dairy cooperative societies established/strengthened. Milk production (2023-24): 239.30 million tonnes (63.56% increase in a decade). State-wise Data (2023-24) State Production (‘000 tonnes) Per Capita Availability (g/day) Sales (LLPD) Uttar Pradesh 38,780 450 21.06 Rajasthan 34,733 1,171 29.88 Gujarat 18,312 700 65.84 (highest sales) Karnataka 13,463 543 52.69 Punjab 14,000 1,245 (highest per capita) 12.88 National Average 2,39,299 471 438.25 Karnataka’s Dairy Growth Milk Procurement Growth: 51.61 LKgPD (2013-14) → 82.98 LKgPD (2023-24). KMF Network: 15,888 societies across 24,000 villages (2024-25). Quality Improvement: Training programs in northern Karnataka. Consumption Data Issue: 2019 estimate: 162.4 million tonnes, but lacks updated figures. Key Insights Karnataka ranks 7th in production but 2nd in sales (52.69 LLPD) – strong market penetration. Punjab has the highest per capita availability (1,245 g/day), while Bihar lags (277 g/day). Uttar Pradesh leads in production but lacks sales efficiency. Implications & Challenges Positive Outcomes Expansion of cooperatives and genetic upgradation for sustainability. Infrastructure schemes aim to reduce wastage & boost farmer income. Challenges  Lack of consumption data complicates demand-supply balance. Production-sales mismatch (e.g., UP) indicates distribution inefficiencies. Conclusion White Revolution 2.0 strengthens India’s dairy industry, with Karnataka as a success model. To meet 2028-29 targets, bridging regional disparities and aligning production with demand are crucial. White Revolution 1.0 – Operation Flood Launched in 1970 by NDDB under Dr. Verghese Kurien. Objective: Transform India into the world’s largest milk producer. Phases: Implemented in three stages (1970-1996). Key Strategies Establishment of dairy cooperatives. Improvement of cattle breeds. Creation of a National Milk Grid. Achievements Milk Production Surge: 21.2 million tonnes (1970) → 69.1 million tonnes (1996) (226% increase). Farmers Empowered, import dependency reduced, India became self-sufficient in dairy. MEASURES TO CURB DRUG TRAFFICKING Drug trafficking poses a serious threat to national security, public health, and socio-economic stability. To combat this menace, the government has adopted a multi-faceted approach, integrating structural reforms, enforcement measures, technology, and international cooperation. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Structural Measures Narco-Coordination Centre (NCORD): A 4-tier system ensuring coordination between Central and State drug enforcement agencies, supported by the NCORD portal for data sharing. Anti-Narcotics Task Force (ANTF): Present in each State/UT, led by an ADG/IG-level officer, serving as the NCORD Secretariat to enforce decisions. Joint Coordination Committee (JCC): Chaired by the NCB Director General, overseeing investigations of major drug seizures. Enforcement Enhancements Empowered Forces: BSF, Assam Rifles, SSB, and RPF authorized under the NDPS Act, 1985, for search, seizure, and arrests at borders and railways. Joint Operations: NCB collaborates with the Navy, Coast Guard, BSF, and State ANTFs for coordinated anti-trafficking efforts. NCB Expansion: Regional Offices: Increased from 3 to 7 (new: Amritsar, Guwahati, Chennai, Ahmedabad). Zonal Units: Expanded from 13 to 30 (new: Gorakhpur, Siliguri, Agartala, Itanagar, Raipur; 12 sub-zones upgraded). Staff Strength: Increased to 1,496 with 536 new posts, focusing on cyber, legal, and enforcement roles. Narco-Canine Pool: Established at 10 NCB Zonal Offices to aid drug detection. Technological and Public Engagement Darknet & Crypto Task Force: Under the Multi-Agency Centre, monitors digital platforms, tracks trends, and updates databases to disrupt online trafficking. MANAS Helpline (1933): A 24/7 toll-free helpline enabling citizens to report drug issues via calls, SMS, chatbots, emails, and web-links. Forensic Upgrades: Central Government supports states in enhancing forensic labs for better investigations. International and Maritime Focus Maritime Security Group (NSCS): Established in November 2022 under the National Security Council Secretariat to counter maritime drug trafficking. Global Cooperation: NCB holds DG-level talks with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and other nations to tackle cross-border and maritime drug trafficking. Capacity Building Training Programs: NCB conducts continuous training for drug law enforcement officers to improve skills and coordination. Strengths:  Robust Coordination: NCORD, ANTF, and JCC ensure seamless inter-agency collaboration.  Expanded NCB Reach: Increased regional presence and staffing boost operational capacity.  Tech-Driven Initiatives: Darknet Task Force and MANAS Helpline modernize drug enforcement efforts. Challenges: Implementation Gaps: Requires consistent funding and inter-agency synergy. Local Loopholes: Corruption and enforcement bottlenecks may hinder effectiveness. Impact Potential: A well-executed combination of enforcement, technology, and public reporting could significantly disrupt trafficking networks.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 March 2025

Content: Welcome Gesture What the recent GDP data revisions reveal The dangerous illusion cast by development rankings Welcome Gesture Context & Recent Developments The Election Commission of India (ECI) has invited political parties for discussions to strengthen electoral processes. This marks a shift from its earlier defensive stance against Opposition grievances. Issues such as voter registration, turnout discrepancies, and transparency have been contentious. Relevance : GS 2(Election Commission) Practice Question : The Election Commission of India has played a crucial role in upholding the integrity of elections. However, concerns regarding transparency and impartiality persist. Discuss the recent initiatives of the ECI in addressing these concerns and suggest reforms to further strengthen electoral democracy in India. (250 words)  Significance of This Shift Enhancing Trust: The ECI’s openness to dialogue can help rebuild confidence in electoral democracy. Reducing Polarization: Political parties often allege bias in election administration. Regular engagement can ease tensions. Addressing Concerns Proactively: Instead of reacting defensively, the ECI can now address issues such as: Delays in publishing voter turnout figures Functioning of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) Campaign regulation and hate speech control Key Issues in Electoral Governance Voter Registration Discrepancies Duplicate voter entries across different polling locations. Need for better verification and database management. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) Scepticism Persistent doubts despite multiple audits and tests. Proactive awareness campaigns can improve voter confidence. Level Playing Field in Campaigns Allegations of bias in favor of ruling parties. Strict enforcement of Model Code of Conduct (MCC) needed. Transparency & Communication Timely and detailed release of election-related data. Regular briefings with all stakeholders for clarity.  Long-Term Electoral Reforms Needed Structural Changes: Selection of Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners needs a bipartisan mechanism (currently under Supreme Court review). Strengthening Election Oversight: More autonomy and checks to ensure fair conduct. Regulating Hate Speech & Campaign Financing: Stricter laws and monitoring.  Way Forward Institutional Reforms: Strengthen accountability mechanisms within ECI. Regular Stakeholder Engagement: Institutionalize dialogues with parties and civil society. Public Awareness Campaigns: Educate voters on electoral processes and safeguards. What the recent GDP data revisions reveal The recent GDP data revisions by the NSO indicate higher-than-expected real and nominal growth rates but highlight concerns over investment trends, consumption patterns, and fiscal constraints. These revisions impact medium-term growth prospects and policymaking strategies. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) Practice Question : The recent GDP data revisions indicate structural trends in India’s economic growth. Analyze the key findings and discuss the challenges in achieving the projected GDP growth for 2025-26. (250 words) Key Highlights of GDP Revisions Third Quarter Growth: Q3 2024-25 real GDP growth = 6.2% (up from Q2 growth of 5.6%). Agriculture: Strong performance (5.6% growth). Manufacturing: Marginal improvement (3.5% growth vs. 2.1% in Q2). Services (Trade, Hospitality, etc.): Growth rose to 6.7% (from 6.1% in Q2). Annual GDP Revisions: 2022-23: Revised real GDP growth 7.6%. 2023-24: Revised up from 8.2% to 9.2%. 2024-25: Estimated at 6.5% (subject to final revisions). Sectoral Upward Revisions: Manufacturing: Revised up by 2.4 percentage points. Financial & Real Estate Services: Increased by 1.9 percentage points. Understanding the Q2 Slowdown and Q4 Challenges Q2 (2024-25) GDP decline to 5.6% attributed to: Lower Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) contribution (from 4.3 to 3.3 percentage points). Investment contribution to GDP fell from 2.3 to 2.0 percentage points. Q4 (2024-25) Target Growth of 7.6% – Feasibility Concerns PFCE Growth Requirement: Needs to grow at 9.9%, which is unlikely. Investment Growth: Government capital expenditure needs to be ₹2.61 lakh crore in Feb-March 2025, but historical trends suggest shortfall. Risk: GDP growth may be revised downward from 6.5%. Investment, ICOR & Savings Trends Gross Capital Formation Growth: Dropped from 10.5% (2023-24) to 5.8% (2024-25). Implication: Lower investment-driven growth. Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR): 2022-23 = 4.8 2023-24 = 4.0 (sharp decline) 2024-25 = 5.5 (rise indicates less efficient investment). Policy Impact: Higher ICOR makes growth more capital-intensive. Savings Rate Concern: 30.7% in 2023-24 (below pre-COVID avg. of 31.2%). Nominal investment rate must increase to sustain long-term growth. Future Growth Prospects for 2025-26 Nominal GDP Growth: Likely higher than Budget’s 10.1% assumption. Real GDP Growth (Economic Survey Projection): Range: 6.3% – 6.8% Midpoint Projection: 6.55% Growth Strategy: Investment-Led Growth: Key to medium-term expansion. PFCE-to-GDP ratio rise: Could boost consumption but may reduce investment. Policy Focus: Higher savings & capital formation. Conclusion: Implications for Policymakers Short-Term Challenge: Achieving Q4’s implied 7.6% growth is difficult. Medium-Term Focus: Stabilizing investment growth amid global uncertainty. Long-Term Strategy: Investment-led growth remains viable, but efficiency of capital deployment must improve. The dangerous illusion cast by development rankings Context : Flawed Metrics of Development The Human Development Index (HDI) ranks countries based on life expectancy, education, and income but ignores environmental impact. High-ranking HDI countries, such as Norway and Switzerland, have some of the highest per capita resource consumption and carbon footprints. If all nations followed their development model, the planet would collapse due to overconsumption and ecological degradation. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : Critically examine the limitations of international development rankings such as the Human Development Index (HDI) in addressing environmental sustainability. Suggest alternative frameworks for measuring progress that align with ecological realities. (250 words) The Inherent Contradiction High-income countries have exceeded planetary boundaries in greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss. The Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI), introduced in 2020, attempts to account for environmental damage but remains a relative measure rather than an absolute ecological threshold. Even with PHDI adjustments, Nordic countries still rank high because they perform better than others like Qatar, not because they are truly sustainable. The Need for a New Development Model Development should be measured in terms of sustainability rather than wealth accumulation. Middle-income countries such as Costa Rica and Sri Lanka provide better models: Costa Rica: High life expectancy, universal health care, and near-universal literacy while maintaining a low ecological footprint through renewable energy and forest conservation. Sri Lanka: Achieved strong health and education indicators but suffers from economic instability, inflation, and ethnic conflicts, highlighting the need for political and economic stability. Lessons for India India, with 1.4 billion people, cannot afford the resource-intensive model of affluent nations. Instead, it must prioritize sustainability, balancing economic growth with ecological limits. Policies should focus on: Decentralized renewable energy to reduce fossil fuel dependence. Sustainable agriculture and water management to ensure food security. Social justice and equitable distribution of resources to prevent economic and ethnic conflicts. Rethinking “Progress” in the 21st Century Traditional development metrics (HDI, GDP) fail to address planetary limits. The new approach should focus on: Ecological resilience: Development that preserves natural resources. Social well-being: Ensuring that growth benefits all sections of society. Intergenerational equity: A sustainable future for coming generations. True progress means creating a world where dignity, sustainability, and equity coexist, rather than blindly chasing high HDI scores.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 March 2025

Content: In Mauritius, Prime Minister says ‘free, open, and secure’ Indian Ocean priority for both countries Should India focus on its global image or domestic concerns? Is the government stifling the online gaming sector? Lok Sabha passes Bill to boost investments in oil and gas sector Indian Railways to dig ponds under govt.’s Mission Amrit Sarovar APAAR ID system voluntary, but activists and parents raise concern over growing mandates The promise of mycelium bricks against climate change  In Mauritius, Prime Minister says ‘free, open, and secure’ Indian Ocean priority for both countries India strengthens strategic, economic, and security ties with Mauritius, reaffirming support for its sovereignty over Chagos and enhancing Indian Ocean cooperation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Indian Ocean Priority: PM Narendra Modi emphasized a “free, open, secure, and safe” Indian Ocean as a common priority for India and Mauritius. Support for Chagos Sovereignty: India reaffirmed support for Mauritius’s sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago, aligning with the UK-Mauritius agreement of 2024. Trade & Economic Cooperation: Agreement to settle trade issues through local currencies. India to launch development projects worth MUR 500 million. Security & Defence Cooperation: India to assist in establishing a Police Academy and National Maritime Information Sharing Centre in Mauritius. Commitment to protecting Mauritius’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Defence collaboration through regional forums like the Colombo Security Conclave and Indian Ocean Rim Association. Military Base at Diego Garcia: Agreement ensures unhindered operation of the Diego Garcia military base for 99 years. Cultural Ties: India to assist Mauritian travelers in Char Dham Yatra and Ramayana Trail. Honours & Agreements: Modi conferred Grand Commander of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean. Eight MoUs signed, including an agreement between India’s Enforcement Directorate and Mauritius’s Financial Crimes Commission. Strategic Implications: Strengthens India’s Indian Ocean outreach and regional security cooperation. Enhances economic and trade ties with a key maritime neighbor. Reinforces India’s geopolitical stance against external influences in the Indian Ocean region. Should India focus on its global image or domestic concerns? Debate over whether India should prioritize its global image or focus on pressing domestic concerns like poverty and farmer protection. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Global Presence: India’s leadership at the G20 Summit has strengthened its diplomatic standing but sparked debates on whether resources should be allocated to global image-building or domestic needs. Survey Insights: A Lokniti-CSDS study (5,248 respondents across 50 cities) reveals mixed public opinion on priorities. Public Opinion on Global vs. Domestic Priorities Poverty Alleviation vs. Global Image: 42% believe funds for city beautification (G20) should be redirected to poverty relief. 29% support prioritizing India’s global image through international events. Class Divide in Opinions: Lower-income groups: 36% favor spending on poverty alleviation. Upper-income groups: 39% support boosting India’s image, but 42% also back poverty relief. Trade Liberalization & Public Concerns Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the EU: 37% support increasing exports for global market strength. 39% prefer restricting exports to focus on domestic markets. Agriculture & Import Policies: 64% favor limiting food grain imports to protect Indian farmers. Only 12% support increasing food imports at the cost of local farmers. Policy Dilemma & Future Challenges The government aims to enhance global standing via trade agreements and summits. Public opinion reflects a demand for balancing foreign policy with domestic economic concerns. The upcoming FTA with the EU will test how well India can align global economic ambitions with public sentiment. Is the government stifling the online gaming sector? Despite its high growth potential, the online gaming sector faces a 28% GST burden, retrospective tax demands, and regulatory uncertainty, which could stifle startups, push users to illegal platforms, and hinder India’s global competitiveness. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Taxation ) Economic Potential of Online Gaming: Online skill-based gaming is a high-growth industry with ₹33,000 crore revenue in 2023, projected to double to ₹66,000 crore by 2028 (PwC report). The sector can generate 2-3 lakh additional jobs in the next few years. India, with 650 million smartphone users and a young population, has the potential to become a global leader. Regulatory & Tax Burden: 28% GST imposed on online gaming, equating it with public harms like gambling, liquor, and tobacco. The ₹1.12 lakh crore retrospective GST demand is a major setback for startups. State bans on online gaming (e.g., Karnataka, Telangana) were overturned by courts as unconstitutional, affirming “games of skill” are legal. Challenges & Risks: Small startups may shut down due to excessive tax burdens. Overregulation could push users towards illegal offshore betting platforms. Industry faces perception issues, with concerns over gaming addiction and responsible gaming practices. Suggested Solutions: Rationalise GST rates to support industry growth. Collaborate with industry to craft a balanced regulatory framework. Drop the retrospective tax demand to prevent stifling the sector’s expansion. Lok Sabha passes Bill to boost investments in oil and gas sector The Bill amends the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, delinking petroleum from mining operations, ensuring lease stability, and decriminalizing certain offenses. While it aims to boost FDI and regulatory clarity, critics argue it lacks a long-term vision for energy security and domestic exploration incentives. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Energy Security) Highlights of the Bill Amendment to 1948 Act: The Bill seeks to modify the existing Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948, to attract investments. Delinking Petroleum & Mining Operations: Separates petroleum operations from mining activities to streamline regulations. Investment Boost: Aims to address concerns of global oil firms by ensuring stability in lease tenure and operational conditions. State Rights Unaffected: States will continue granting petroleum leases and receiving royalties. Level Playing Field: No preference given to private or public sector companies. Decriminalization of Offenses: Certain provisions replaced with penalties and adjudication mechanisms. Government’s Justification Fuel Price Stability: Union Minister Hardeep Singh Puri highlighted that petrol and diesel prices have reduced in India due to central excise duty cuts. Attracting FDI in Oil & Gas: The Bill removes legal uncertainties, offering a more predictable regulatory environment. Criticism & Opposition Views Lack of Long-term Vision: Congress MP Manish Tewari argued that the Bill does not provide a roadmap for making India energy-sufficient. No Incentives for Independent Oil Explorers: The Bill lacks provisions to encourage domestic oil exploration. Dependence on Oil Imports: Critics argue that the Bill does not address India’s long-term energy security concerns. Potential Implications Enhanced Foreign Investments: A more stable policy framework may attract global energy firms. Regulatory Clarity: Simplified rules could lead to faster project approvals and reduced legal disputes. Energy Security Concerns Persist: The Bill does not outline strategies for reducing dependence on oil imports. Indian Railways to dig ponds under govt’s Mission Amrit Sarovar Context & Background Mission Amrit Sarovar: Launched in April 2022 to construct/rejuvenate 75 ponds per district across India. Objective: Address water scarcity, improve groundwater recharge, and promote sustainable water management. Progress: By October 2024, over 68,000 ponds have been completed. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure , Environment and Ecology) Phase 2 of the Mission Renewed Focus: Community participation (Jan Bhagidaari) for inclusive water conservation. Climate resilience & ecological balance to ensure long-term sustainability. Target: Completion of a significant number of ponds by August 15, 2025. Role of Indian Railways Key Responsibilities: Desilting & excavation of existing water bodies. Construction of new ponds in railway-adjacent areas. Implementation Strategy: Coordination with district authorities to identify suitable sites. Excavated soil to be reused for railway embankments, reducing waste and cutting costs. Collaboration with the Rural Development Ministry for execution. Significance & Impact Water Security: Enhanced availability of surface & groundwater resources. Sustainability: Strengthening climate resilience & ecological balance. Infrastructure Efficiency: Utilizing excavated material for railway projects reduces environmental impact. Community Engagement: Encourages local participation in water conservation efforts. Challenges & Way Forward Land Identification: Effective coordination with local authorities for suitable sites. Maintenance & Monitoring: Ensuring long-term upkeep of rejuvenated water bodies. Integration with Other Policies: Aligning with programs like Jal Shakti Abhiyan for a holistic approach. APAAR ID system voluntary, but activists and parents raise concern over growing mandates The APAAR ID system, though officially optional, is increasingly mandated through directives like CBSE’s push for full enrolment and state-level enforcement, raising concerns over data privacy, Aadhaar linkage, and potential denial of education. With no dedicated legal safeguards, its implementation contradicts Supreme Court rulings on Aadhaar’s role in education access. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Education) Voluntary in Principle, Mandatory in Practice: The APAAR ID system is officially voluntary, but directives like the CBSE’s push for 100% saturation have raised concerns. Some states like Uttar Pradesh are linking it to school enrolment, making opting out difficult. Link to Aadhaar and Data Privacy Risks: APAAR requires Aadhaar linking, leading to data mismatches and bureaucratic hurdles. Privacy advocates warn about inadequate data protection measures for minors’ sensitive information. No dedicated legal framework governs APAAR’s data collection and usage policies. Legal and Constitutional Concerns: K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2019) ruled that Aadhaar cannot be mandatory for access to basic education. Advocacy groups argue that coercive APAAR enrolment contradicts this judgment. State-Level Enforcement and Parental Pushback: In U.P., APAAR is being used to verify school enrolments, with officials held accountable for discrepancies. Madrasas in Bahraich were warned of de-recognition if they did not enrol students in APAAR. Some parents, with the help of advocacy groups, have successfully resisted APAAR enrolment in schools. Implications Potential Denial of Education: If APAAR becomes effectively compulsory, students without it may face barriers to education and benefits. Lack of Legal Safeguards: Absence of a dedicated data protection law leaves student data vulnerable to misuse. Precedent for Future Policies: If Aadhaar-linked IDs become routine for education, similar mandates may extend to other public services. The promise of mycelium bricks against climate change Introduction: The Need for Sustainable Construction The construction industry is a major contributor to climate change, particularly through the production of fired clay bricks. Nearly 300 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions are generated annually from brick manufacturing. Urbanization is expected to increase this burden, necessitating alternative materials. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) What Are Mycelium Bricks? Mycelium refers to the vegetative part of fungi, composed of branching filaments. These bricks are made by combining husk, sawdust, and fungal spores, creating a lightweight, insulative, and biodegradable material. Within a few days, the fibrous network solidifies, forming a sturdy structure. Advantages of Mycelium Bricks  Sustainability – Biodegradable and significantly lower carbon footprint. Lightweight – Easier to transport and install. Thermal Insulation – Good heat resistance, making it energy-efficient. Fire Resistance – Naturally resists flames without releasing toxic fumes. Versatile Applications – Potential uses in interior design, liquid filters, sports equipment, and electronics. Challenges & Limitations  Low Load-Bearing Capacity – Cannot replace concrete for heavy structures. Moisture Sensitivity – Absorbs water, making it unsuitable for damp environments. Biodegradability – While an advantage, it also limits long-term structural use. Production Cost & Infrastructure – Scaling up production remains expensive. Susceptibility to Termites – Needs additional protective treatment. Possible Solutions Strength Enhancement: Research on hybrid materials to improve load-bearing capacity. Fire & Moisture Resistance: Non-toxic flame retardants and UV-protective coatings. Policy & Market Push: Government incentives and awareness campaigns to promote adoption. Future Outlook The demand for sustainable materials is increasing, driven by climate concerns and innovations in high-performance buildings. Startups and research institutions, like Roha Biotech (IIT Madras), are working on improving the feasibility of mycelium bricks. With policy support and R&D investments, mycelium-based construction could become a viable alternative to traditional bricks.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 March 2025

Content: Parvatmala: National Ropeways Development Programme PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Crosses Milestone of 10 Lakh Installations Parvatmala: National Ropeways Development Programme Introduction The Parvatmala Pariyojana is a National Ropeways Development Programme launched to enhance last-mile connectivity in hilly and remote regions. Announced in Budget 2022, the initiative focuses on Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode under the National Highway Logistics Management Limited (NHLML). Aim: Develop over 250 ropeway projects covering 1,200 km within five years. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure ) Need for Ropeway Infrastructure Geographical Challenges: Rail and air transport networks are limited, while road construction in hilly terrains faces engineering difficulties. Last-Mile Connectivity: Ropeways offer direct access to remote areas, reducing travel time. Tourism & Pilgrimage Support: Provides efficient and safe connectivity to religious and tourist sites. Border Area Strengthening: Supports vibrant border villages, enhancing national security. Features of Parvatmala Pariyojana Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model Sustainable & Eco-friendly Transport 50% Indigenous Components (Aligned with ‘Make in India’ initiative) Minimal Land Acquisition Requirement Low Carbon Footprint & Energy Efficiency  Major Ropeway Projects Under Parvatmala A. Approved Projects in Uttarakhand Govindghat – Hemkund Sahib Ji Ropeway Length: 12.4 km Cost: ₹2,730.13 crore Technology: Monocable & Tricable Detachable Gondola Passenger Capacity: 1,100 per hour per direction Impact: Replaces 21-km trek with a modern transport system. Enhances access to Hemkund Sahib Ji and Valley of Flowers (UNESCO Heritage Site). Boosts local economy via tourism, employment, and business growth.  Sonprayag – Kedarnath Ropeway Length: 12.9 km Cost: ₹4,081.28 crore Technology: Tri-cable Detachable Gondola (3S) Passenger Capacity: 1,800 per hour per direction Impact: Reduces travel time from 8-9 hours to 36 minutes. Provides all-weather, safe connectivity for 20 lakh annual pilgrims. Strengthens tourism industry & local economy. B. Other Key Ropeway Projects Urban Ropeways Varanasi Urban Ropeway: India’s first urban ropeway to ease congestion. Length: 3.85 km, Capacity: 96,000 passengers/day. Upcoming & Awarded Ropeways Gaurikund – Kedarnath Ropeway (9.7 km) (Altitude: 3,584m) Bijli Mahadev Ropeway (Himachal Pradesh) Mahakaleshwar Temple Ropeway (Madhya Pradesh) Shankaracharya Temple Ropeway (J&K) Kamakhya Temple Ropeway (Assam) Benefits of Ropeways A. Economic Advantages Lower Construction & Maintenance Costs: Single power plant & operator reduce operational expenses. Employment Generation: Creates jobs in construction, operation & maintenance. Boost to Local Businesses: Encourages tourism, hospitality & transport sectors. B. Environmental & Technical Benefits Minimal Land Requirement: Uses narrow vertical supports, reducing land use conflicts. Eco-Friendly: Low emissions compared to roads & railways. Efficient in Steep Terrains: Handles large slopes & elevation differences without tunnels or switchbacks. C. Enhancing Connectivity & Mobility Ideal for Difficult Terrains: Serves mountainous, remote & ecologically sensitive areas. Faster Travel: Ropeways bypass traffic & obstacles, providing direct connectivity. Improved Safety: Less prone to landslides, floods, and other natural calamities. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges: High Initial Investment: Significant capital required for advanced technology & infrastructure. Maintenance & Safety: Regular inspection & upkeep needed to ensure safety. Integration with Other Transport Modes: Needs seamless connectivity with roads & railways. Way Forward: Policy Support & Incentives: Government should provide financial aid & tax benefits. Skill Development: Train technicians & operators for efficient ropeway management. Smart Integration: Link ropeways with bus, rail & air networks for multimodal transport efficiency. PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Crosses Milestone of 10 Lakh Installations Overview of the Scheme World’s largest domestic rooftop solar initiative, launched on 13th February 2024. Aims to provide free electricity to 1 crore residential households via rooftop solar systems by 2026-27. Environmental impact: Reduces carbon emissions, equivalent to planting 100 trees per household. Energy transition: Reduces dependence on conventional power sources, enabling citizens to become energy producers. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes) , GS 3(Infrastructure, Energy Sector) Key Milestones Achieved Total installations (as of 10th March 2025): 10.09 lakh households. Applications received: 47.3 lakh. Subsidy disbursed: ₹4,770 crore to 6.13 lakh beneficiaries. Total rooftop solar capacity installed: Over 3 GW. Target: Additional 27 GW by March 2027. Financial Support & Subsidy Mechanism Collateral-free loans up to ₹2 lakh at 6.75% interest via 12 Public Sector Banks (PSBs). Subsidy structure: Up to ₹78,000 for 3 KW rooftop solar systems. A 3 KW system requires an investment of ₹15,000 and can generate returns of ₹15 lakh over 25 years. Automated loan & subsidy process Loan applications received: 3.10 lakh. Loans sanctioned: 1.58 lakh. Loans disbursed: 1.28 lakh. Subsidy credited within 15 days to beneficiaries’ bank accounts. State-Wise Progress & Achievements Chandigarh & Daman & Diu: Achieved 100% government building rooftop solar targets. Top-performing states: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu – Significant contribution to overall installation numbers. Government monitoring: Ensuring smooth and timely execution across states. Expansion to Public Infrastructure Government buildings being equipped with solar rooftop systems. Benefits: Reduces operational energy costs. Sets a model for commercial & industrial sectors to follow. Boosting Domestic Manufacturing & Make in India Mandates use of Indian-made solar modules & cells. Local manufacturing push for: Solar inverters. Balance of Plant (BoP) components. Strengthens India’s renewable energy ecosystem. Future Outlook & Challenges Scaling up from 10.09 lakh to 1 crore households. Ensuring last-mile connectivity for installations & financing. Public awareness & adoption to accelerate participation. Expanding financial support mechanisms for wider accessibility. Conclusion PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana is a game-changer in India’s energy transition, empowering households, boosting domestic solar manufacturing, and promoting environmental sustainability. With rapid adoption, government support, and strong financial backing, the scheme is set to play a pivotal role in India’s clean energy future.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 March 2025

Content: Building compassion into the health-care structure More signs of overhauling the compliance framework Building compassion into the health-care structure Context The World Health Organization (WHO) released a report on February 7, 2025, titled “Compassion and Primary Health Care”, emphasizing compassion as a transformative force in health care. WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus called for the role of compassion to be explored in improving the quality of health-care services. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health) Practice Question : Compassion is the foundation upon which a people-centric health-care system must be built. In the light of the recent WHO report, discuss the role of compassionate health care in improving health outcomes and reducing burnout among medical professionals. Suggest measures to institutionalize compassion in India’s health-care framework. (250 words) Significance of Compassion in Health Care Impact on Patients Studies indicate that compassionate care leads to faster recovery and shorter hospital stays. Stanford University (CCARE) Research: Patients treated with compassion recover more quickly. Johns Hopkins Study on Cancer Patients: 40 extra seconds of compassionate communication led to reduced patient anxiety and better recovery outcomes. Impact on Health-Care Professionals Reduced stress and burnout: Compassion helps doctors and nurses avoid empathy fatigue. Improved job satisfaction due to stronger patient-doctor relationships. Leads to high-quality, sustainable health care. Understanding the Difference: Compassion vs. Other Emotional Responses Term Definition Impact on Health Care Providers Sympathy Feeling pity for someone’s suffering. Temporary response, not action-oriented. Empathy Deeply immersing oneself in another’s suffering. Can lead to emotional exhaustion and burnout (Empathy Fatigue). Compassion Recognizing suffering and taking mindful action to alleviate it. Enables balanced care without being emotionally overwhelmed.   Compassionate health care = Mindful problem-solving + Emotional stability + Action-driven care. Compassion in Mental Health Urgency: Depression is being seen as the “next pandemic” due to its widespread impact. Case Study: Pradeep (A Rescued Child at Bal Ashram) Labeled as a “cursed child” and nearly sacrificed. After receiving compassionate care, he overcame trauma, started socializing, and shared his story. Key takeaway: Compassion transforms mental health rehabilitation by fostering trust and healing. Strategies to Integrate Compassion into Health Care Awareness and Leadership Commitment Compassion should be a decision-making parameter in hospitals, think tanks, and industry leadership. Shift from a profit-driven approach to patient-centric care. Training and Capacity Building Invest in quality training for doctors, nurses, and paramedical staff. Differentiate between empathy (emotionally draining) and compassion (sustainable care). Incorporate experiential learning and practical case studies. Equitable and Accessible Health Care Compassionate health care must be available to all, irrespective of socio-economic status, gender, or caste. Universal health care policies should integrate compassion as a fundamental principle. More signs of overhauling the compliance framework Context : The Persistent Issue of Corruption in Business Compliance The “India Business Corruption Survey 2024” highlights the pervasiveness of bribery in business operations. 66% of businesses admitted to paying bribes. 54% stated that bribes were necessary to expedite processes, secure permits, or comply with regulations. Sectors most affected: Labour, GST, income tax, pollution, provident fund, property registration, drugs, and health departments. Impact on Investment: EY-FICCI survey reveals that 80% of respondents believe corruption deters Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Regulatory unpredictability discourages global businesses from investing in India. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Economy) Practice Question : India’s compliance framework is plagued by excessive regulation, corruption, and unpredictability. Discuss the key challenges and suggest measures to create a transparent, efficient, and business-friendly regulatory environment. (250 words) Government Reforms and the Jan Vishwas Act The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023 was a step toward decriminalizing business laws. Removed 180 provisions that imposed imprisonment clauses. Budget 2025 introduced Jan Vishwas 2.0, proposing decriminalization of 100 more provisions. Challenge: Over 20,000 provisions with imprisonment clauses remain untouched, keeping businesses vulnerable to bureaucratic harassment. Compliance Complexity and Corruption Nexus Regulatory officials often misuse compliance laws to demand bribes. Subjectivity in inspections leads to arbitrary factory shutdowns and penalties. Excessive regulatory updates create uncertainty: In 2023 alone, 9,420 compliance changes were issued (average of 36 per day). Such frequent updates either indicate poor policy planning or deliberate intent to enable corruption. Case Study: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) New directive ensures annual compliance updates, reducing unpredictability. Similar measures should be extended to other regulatory bodies. Labour Law Reforms: A Stalled Initiative Labour laws are under the Concurrent List, requiring both Central and State action. 29 colonial-era laws replaced by four new labour codes, but implementation remains stalled. Need for state cooperation to operationalize the long-overdue labour reforms. The Case for a Digital-First Compliance System Current Scenario: Setting up a factory requires submitting hundreds of self-attested and notarized documents across 40+ departments. Multiple identity numbers (PAN, GSTIN, CIN, professional tax, factory licence, etc.) create inefficiencies. Proposed Solution: A unified ‘One Nation, One Business’ Identity System Single digital identity for businesses. Uses Digi Locker to store verified, tamper-proof documents. Could reduce approval time from months to days. Success Model: Digi Yatra in airport security, which streamlined passenger verification. Global Competition: The Urgency of Reform United States Example: New Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) is simplifying business regulations. A more efficient US economy ($27 trillion GDP) will attract global investment. India at Risk: With excessive bureaucracy, India ($4 trillion GDP) may fail to attract global capital and talent. Without a predictable and transparent compliance framework, investors may choose other emerging markets. Conclusion: The Need for Decisive Action Jan Vishwas 2.0 is a step forward but not enough. The government must focus on: Predictable regulatory updates (like FSSAI’s annual update model). Implementing labour reforms without further delay. Digitization of compliance for faster and corruption-free approvals. Establishing a single business identity system to streamline processes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 March 2025

Content: Delhi most polluted Capital in world: report What’s in a (disease’s) name? In 2023, U.S. spent 0.24% of its national income on foreign aid Is rising consumer credit cause for concern? New immigration Bill seeks to tighten existing regulations New, Greener Electrochemical Process Turns Urine into Plant Fuel Delhi most polluted Capital in world: report Context : India’s air pollution crisis 13 out of the world’s 20 most polluted cities are in India. Byrnihat  is the most polluted city globally. Delhi remains the most polluted capital city worldwide. India is the 5th most polluted country in 2024. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Comparative Air Quality Trends India saw a 7% decline in PM2.5 levels (from 54.4 mgpcm in 2023 to 50.6 mgpcm in 2024). However, Delhi’s air pollution worsened, with PM2.5 levels rising from 102.4 mgpcm in 2023 to 108.3 mgpcm in 2024. Other severely polluted cities: 4 in Pakistan, 1 in China. Factors Contributing to Delhi’s Pollution Crisis Year-Round Pollution Sources Vehicular emissions (Delhi has one of the highest vehicle densities in the world). Industrial emissions from NCR regions like Ghaziabad, Noida, and Faridabad. Construction dust due to rapid urban expansion. Winter-Specific Aggravating Factors Paddy-straw burning in Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh. Meteorological conditions (low wind speed, temperature inversion trapping pollutants). Diwali firecrackers contributing to severe pollution spikes. Household emissions (biomass and coal burning for heating). Implications of Severe Air Pollution Health Risks Increased cases of respiratory diseases (asthma, bronchitis, COPD). Higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. PM2.5 exposure linked to reduced life expectancy. Economic and Social Impact Increased healthcare costs due to pollution-related illnesses. Productivity loss due to air-quality-induced health issues. Negative impact on tourism and international image. Environmental Consequences Reduced visibility and frequent smog episodes. Damage to crops and local ecosystems. Way Forward: Policy Interventions and Solutions Strengthening Pollution Control Measures Strict enforcement of Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). Promotion of cleaner fuel alternatives (electric vehicles, bio-CNG). Phasing out older diesel vehicles. Agricultural & Industrial Reforms Large-scale adoption of crop residue management solutions to curb stubble burning. Transition to cleaner industrial technologies and emissions monitoring. Urban Planning and Public Transport Expansion of metro networks, buses, and non-motorized transport infrastructure. Implementation of congestion pricing and odd-even traffic schemes. Public Awareness & Citizen Participation Encouraging community-led initiatives like urban forests, rooftop gardens. Stricter firecracker regulations and behavioral change campaigns. What’s in a (disease’s) name? Introduction Diseases named after geographical locations (toponymous diseases) can lead to misinformation, stigma, and racial prejudice. Examples: Spanish flu, Delhi boil, Madura foot, West Nile Virus. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Historical Example: Spanish Flu Misnomer The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic was called Spanish flu, despite not originating in Spain. Reason: Spain, being neutral in World War I, had a free press that reported on the disease openly, unlike countries involved in the war. Impact: 500 million people affected, 20+ million deaths, yet the name wrongly associated the disease with Spain. WHO’s Intervention in Disease Naming (2015 Onwards) WHO mandated scientific names instead of geographical references. Example: Zika Virus: Originally named after the Zika forest (Uganda), causing Congenital Zika Syndrome. Monkeypox → Mpox: Renamed due to racist and stigmatizing language. The Trichophyton Indotineae Controversy A new fungal species causing severe, drug-resistant ringworm infections was named Trichophyton indotineae. Objections: Indian & international dermatologists (from 14 countries) opposed it. Named by Japanese researchers based on cases found in India and Nepal, though origin is still unknown. Pejorative connotations and violates WHO’s naming guidelines. The fungus has spread to 40+ countries, proving its non-localized nature. Impact: Inaccurate name blames a region without scientific basis. Hinders global cooperation in medical research. WHO’s Guidelines & Renaming Practices WHO renames diseases to avoid controversy and correct unethical attributions. Example: Reiter’s Syndrome → Reactive Arthritis (due to its namesake’s Nazi affiliations). WHO’s disease naming considerations: Scientific appropriateness Pronounceability across languages Avoiding geographic/zoological references Historical retrievability Need for Responsible Disease Naming Naming should aid scientific progress, not politicize diseases. Microbes do not respect borders, but stigmatization divides people. Unified, scientific naming fosters global cooperation in disease prevention and treatment. In 2023, U.S. spent 0.24% of its national income on foreign aid Context :  U.S. Foreign Aid Spending vs. Public Perception In 2023, the U.S. spent 0.24% of its Gross National Income (GNI) on foreign aid. However, public perception is vastly different – surveys show Americans believe it to be as high as 31% of the national budget. The disparity suggests a lack of awareness about actual foreign aid expenditures. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) The Role of Foreign Aid in Global Health Achievements In the 1980s, polio paralyzed nearly 500,000 children annually. By 2023, polio cases were as low as two days’ worth of cases from 1981. Foreign aid programs, particularly government funding and private donations, were crucial in the eradication of polio. Similar success stories: PEPFAR (U.S. initiative): Saved 25 million lives from HIV. Bednets and antimalarial treatments: Reduced malaria mortality. Global Fund and USAID: Helped curb tuberculosis deaths. How Much Foreign Aid Is Actually Given? Total global foreign aid in 2023: $240 billion (a tiny fraction of rich countries’ economies). Norway is the only country spending more than 1% of its GNI on foreign aid. The UN target for developed nations: 0.7% of GNI to foreign aid. Only five countries met this in 2023: Norway Luxembourg Sweden Germany Denmark Who Funds Foreign Aid? Governments vs. Private Donors More than 95% of global foreign aid came from national governments. Private donations accounted for just 4.5% ($11 billion) of the total. Implications: If governments reduce foreign aid budgets, it can have a huge impact on global aid. If the U.S. had cut its aid by just 20%, global aid would have dropped by $13 billion, wiping out private philanthropic contributions. Can Public Perception Drive Higher Foreign Aid? Public support influences government spending. If all developed nations met the UN’s 0.7% target, global foreign aid would nearly double (+$216 billion). However, most citizens drastically overestimate aid spending: A 2015 U.S. survey found Americans believed foreign aid made up 31% of the federal budget (actual: under 1%). When asked how much should be spent, the average response was 10%, 10 times the actual figure. Is rising consumer credit cause for concern? Overview of Rising Consumer Credit Household Debt Increase: Household debt in India has risen from 36.6% of GDP in June 2021 to 41% in March 2024, reaching 42.9% by June 2024, per the FSR 2024. Comparison to Emerging Markets: Despite this increase, India’s household debt-to-GDP ratio remains lower than many emerging market economies. Shift in Borrowing Purpose: A notable portion of this debt is being used for consumption rather than asset creation, signaling potential macroeconomic weaknesses. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) Positive Indicators Highlighted by RBI Increase in Borrowers, Not Indebtedness: The RBI notes that the rise in household debt stems from more individuals borrowing, not an increase in average debt per borrower. Shift to Healthier Borrowers: The proportion of sub-prime borrowers has decreased, with nearly two-thirds of debt held by prime and super-prime borrowers (those with high credit quality). Super-Prime Borrowing Trends: Rising per-capita debt is primarily among super-prime borrowers, who tend to use loans for asset creation (e.g., housing, vehicles). Post-Pandemic Credit Growth: Consumer borrowing has driven credit growth since the pandemic, but RBI measures introduced in 2023 have slowed this growth, shifting it toward healthier borrowers. Reduction in Sub-Prime Borrowing: Sub-prime borrowing has relatively declined, suggesting a healthier credit market focused on asset-building by creditworthy individuals. Concerning Trends in Consumption Borrowing Rising Consumption Loans: The share of loans for consumption (e.g., personal loans, credit card debt) has increased, rather than for productive purposes like housing or education. Decline in Household Assets: Household assets dropped from 110.4% of GDP in June 2021 to 108.3% in March 2024, indicating borrowing is not translating into asset accumulation. Income Disparity in Borrowing: While 64% of super-prime borrowers’ loans are for assets, nearly 50% of sub-prime borrowers’ loans are for consumption, disproportionately affecting lower-income households (earning less than ₹5 lakh annually). Unsecured Loan Stress: Personal loans and credit card debt delinquencies rose in September 2024 compared to September 2023, reflecting financial strain among lower-income borrowers. Cascading Risk: About 50% of borrowers with unsecured loans (e.g., credit card debt) also have housing or vehicle loans; defaults in one category could classify all loans as non-performing assets (NPAs), amplifying risk to the financial system. Potential Causes of Increased Consumption Borrowing Income Insecurity: Post-pandemic income challenges may be pushing lower-income households to rely on credit cards and unsecured loans to bridge consumption gaps, suggesting a weak macroeconomy. Financial Innovation: The proliferation of credit instruments (e.g., credit cards) may be enabling easier access to debt, potentially exposing lower-income households to financial fragility. Unanswered Questions: The text raises whether this trend reflects structural economic weakness or overreach by financial institutions, with implications for stability. Macroeconomic Implications Impact on the Multiplier Effect: Lower-income households typically have a higher income multiplier (more income spent on consumption), but rising debt reduces disposable income as funds go toward debt servicing, lowering consumption and economic growth. Reduced Growth Potential: An economy with high household debt, especially among poorer households, may experience weaker growth for the same level of investment due to this diminished multiplier. Policy Effectiveness: Macroeconomic policies (e.g., tax cuts) may have limited impact if indebted households prioritize debt repayment over spending. Is Rising Consumer Credit a Cause for Concern? Yes, for Lower-Income Households: Rising unsecured debt and delinquencies among sub-prime and lower-income borrowers signal financial stress. Consumption-focused borrowing, rather than asset creation, limits wealth-building and increases vulnerability. Potential for defaults to spill over into higher-value loans (e.g., housing) poses systemic risks. No, in the Broader Context (RBI’s View): The shift toward prime and super-prime borrowers suggests a healthier credit profile overall. Increased borrowing reflects broader participation rather than excessive leverage per borrower. RBI interventions have moderated credit growth and improved borrower quality since 2023. Mixed Outlook: While the credit market appears stable for wealthier, prime borrowers, the growing reliance on consumption loans among lower-income groups is a red flag. The decline in household assets alongside rising debt undermines long-term economic resilience. New immigration Bill seeks to tighten existing regulations Objective of Consolidation: The bill unifies four existing laws—the Foreigners Act, 1946; Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920; Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939; and Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act, 2000—eliminating overlaps and modernizing India’s immigration framework. It replaces colonial-era laws with contemporary security measures. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Strengthening Regulatory Framework: The bill introduces stricter provisions for foreigners, increasing penalties for unauthorized entry, fake documents, or overstaying visas (fines up to ₹10 lakh, imprisonment up to 7 years). Immigration officers gain expanded powers to detain, investigate, and deport illegal immigrants without a warrant. Shift in Burden of Proof: Section 16 places the burden of proof on individuals to establish their legal status, similar to laws like PMLA and PCA. This reduces the evidentiary burden on authorities and curbs document fraud but may raise constitutional concerns. Enhanced Registration Requirements: Foreigners must register with the Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO). Private hosts, universities, hospitals, and institutions must report foreign guests’ details, ensuring better tracking and accountability. Carrier Liability and Enforcement: Airlines and shipping companies must remove foreigners denied entry at their own expense, with fines up to ₹5 lakh for violations. Non-compliance may lead to vehicle seizure, reinforcing border control. Security and Monitoring Implications: The bill strengthens internal security through real-time tracking but raises concerns about overreach and harassment. Implementation challenges include FRRO staffing and technological constraints. Critics argue the burden of proof shift may violate fundamental rights. Broader Context: The bill aligns with global immigration trends, focusing on illegal immigration from neighboring countries. Its success depends on coordinated enforcement and balancing security with India’s tourism-friendly image. New, Greener Electrochemical Process Turns Urine into Plant Fuel Historical Context & Urine’s Value Urine, rich in phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen, has historically been considered “liquid gold.” In the 17th century, Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus while distilling urine, showcasing its chemical potential. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology, Agriculture) The Problem Addressed Humans excrete 450–680 liters of urine annually, containing enough nitrogen and phosphorus to sustain crop growth. Current wastewater treatment lacks efficient urea extraction, leading to resource wastage and environmental issues. Innovation: Electrochemical Conversion to Percarbamide A new process converts urine into percarbamide (a nitrogen-rich crystalline peroxide) using graphitic carbon-based catalysts. Two reaction pathways: Direct reaction of urea with hydrogen peroxide. Urea binding to hydroperoxyl intermediates, forming percarbamide. Catalyst & Optimized Conditions Uses an activated graphitic carbon catalyst to stabilize hydrogen peroxide and enhance conversion. Optimal conditions: Urea concentration: 15–38% pH: ~4 (slightly acidic) Temperature: Just above freezing Dual Benefits—“Two Birds, One Stone” Wastewater Treatment: Removes urea, reducing nitrogen pollution. Resource Recovery: Produces percarbamide, a slow-release fertilizer. Percarbamide’s Properties & Applications Acts as both a nitrogen source and an oxygen-releasing agent, benefiting plant growth. Potential applications beyond agriculture (e.g., industrial processes). Sustainability & Efficiency Greener alternative to the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process. Reduces dependency on synthetic fertilizers, lowering carbon footprints. Scientific Breakthrough & Practical Implications Discovery that urine-based urea stabilizes hydrogen peroxide led to a dual-purpose solution. Farmers can use percarbamide as a locally sourced fertilizer, and wastewater plants can integrate it into resource recovery systems. Challenges & Future Directions Scaling requires electrochemical reactors & catalyst production. Needs real-world wastewater testing beyond lab conditions. Broader Significance Promotes circular economy by turning waste into a resource. Transforms urine from a waste product to a sustainable fertilizer, echoing historical discoveries with modern innovation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 March 2025

Content: Safety Audit of Coal Mines DECLINING GROUNDWATER LEVELS Safety Audit of Coal Mines The Ministry of Coal has undertaken significant measures to enhance coal mine safety, modernization, and worker welfare through regulatory updates and technological advancements. The introduction of the National Coal Mine Safety Report Portal (2024) and Coal Mines Regulations 2017 reflects a strong commitment to safety, environmental sustainability, and mechanization in coal mining operations. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Infrastructure) Safety Health Management System Audit & Safety Report Portal As per the Ministry of Coal Guidelines (December 2023), an annual Safety Health Management System Audit is conducted. On 17th December 2024, the Ministry launched the National Coal Mine Safety Report Portal with an integrated safety audit module for streamlined submission of audit reports. Amendments to Coal Mine Safety Regulations Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) replaced the outdated Coal Mines Regulation 1957 with Coal Mines Regulations 2017. The revision was aimed at: Modernization & Mechanization of mining processes. Strengthening emergency response and evacuation systems. Modernization & Mechanization for Worker Safety Blast-free mining technologies introduced to minimize risks: Continuous Miner & PSLW (Powered Support Longwall) for underground (UG) mines. Surface Miner & Hybrid High Wall Mining for open-cast (OC) mines. Eccentric/Vertical Ripper for better efficiency in OC mines. Real-time environmental monitoring: Environmental Telemonitoring System (ETMS) for underground conditions. Gas Chromatographs for accurate mine air sampling and hazard detection. Strata Stability Measures: Mechanized roof bolting systems (UDM, QUAD, Twin Bolter) with advanced instrumentation. Dust suppression technologies: Truck-mounted Fog Canons and Sprinkler-mist sprays to reduce dust inhalation risks. Training & Skill Development: Simulator-based training for Heavy Earth Moving Machinery (HEMM) operators. Virtual Reality (VR) training programs for better risk preparedness. Geotechnical advancements for safety monitoring: 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for mine mapping. Slope Stability Radars for monitoring overburden stability. GPS-based Operator Independent Truck Dispatch System (OITDS) for tracking heavy machinery. Environmental Management in Coal Mining Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies are mandatory for new/expansion projects. Key measures under EIA/Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Assessment of mining impact on biodiversity, air, and water quality. Compliance with MoEF&CC clearance norms before project approval. Continuous environmental monitoring during operational phases. Worker Welfare Initiatives Legal Framework: Mines Act, 1952 and Mines Rules, 1955 mandate essential welfare facilities. Mine Vocational Training Rules, 1966 ensure proper training for workers. Worker Welfare Provisions: Regular health check-ups, first aid, and welfare officers in mines. Shelters, canteens, creches, and pit-head baths to improve worker living conditions. Financial & educational support: Scholarships and financial assistance for children, including support for IIT & NIT admissions. Compassionate employment to married, divorced, and deserted daughters in case of worker deaths. Skill Development & Safety Training: Structured vocational training for skill upgradation. Advanced simulator-based training for specialized mining operations. Specialized job-based training for drilling, blasting, roof support, and firefighting. Conclusion The Ministry of Coal has taken proactive steps to modernize, mechanize, and improve safety standards in coal mining. The initiatives ensure safer working conditions, reduced environmental impact, and improved worker welfare. Advanced technology adoption, enhanced monitoring systems, and rigorous safety audits contribute to a more sustainable and safe coal mining sector. Declining Groundwater Levels Context: Water being a State subject under the Seventh Schedule (Entry 17, State List) of the Constitution of India places the primary responsibility of groundwater management on State Governments. However, groundwater depletion is a national concern, necessitating Central Government intervention through policies, schemes, and technical assistance. The Ministry of Jal Shakti and other central ministries have been implementing various initiatives to ensure sustainable groundwater management, prevent over-extraction, and promote community participation in water conservation. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Constitutional and Institutional Framework Water is a State subject under the Indian Constitution, giving State Governments primary responsibility for groundwater management. The Central Government provides technical and financial assistance through schemes and projects. Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA), under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, regulates groundwater development under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Regulatory Mechanisms: CGWA issues NOCs for groundwater abstraction, ensuring compliance with sustainability norms. 17 States/UTs have implemented their own groundwater regulation frameworks. Model Groundwater Bill drafted and circulated to all States/UTs, with 21 States/UTs adopting it. Environmental Compensation (EC) charges are levied for violations. Key Central Initiatives for Groundwater Conservation Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA) Launched in 2019, aims at rainwater harvesting and water conservation. JSA 2024 focuses on 151 water-stressed districts. Over 1.07 crore water conservation structures built in four years. National Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM) Project Conducted by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Mapped 25 lakh square km of aquifers. District-wise aquifer maps and management plans prepared for localized interventions. Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Groundwater (2020) Provides blueprint for constructing 1.42 crore recharge structures. Estimated to harness 185 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) of water. Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) Scheme Launched in 2015-16, focuses on micro-irrigation and efficient water use. 94.36 lakh hectares covered under micro-irrigation (till Dec 2024). Mission Amrit Sarovar Targets development of 75 water bodies per district. Nearly 69,000 Amrit Sarovars constructed/rejuvenated. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) & Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY-WDC) Provide funds for water conservation and rainwater harvesting. Strengthening Community Participation in Groundwater Management Atal Bhujal Yojana Implemented in 7 States, emphasizes community-led groundwater management. Gram Panchayat-level water budgeting and Water Security Plans (WSPs) developed. Public Awareness and Training Programs Public Interaction Programs (PIP), Mass Awareness Programs (MAP) conducted by CGWB. Jal Shakti Kendras (JSKs) established for community engagement. Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Initiative (Launched in 2024) Promotes whole-of-society and whole-of-government approach to water conservation. Community Involvement in Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) 24 lakh women trained for water quality testing using Field Test Kits (FTKs). Impact of Groundwater Conservation Efforts Increased groundwater recharge Total annual groundwater recharge improved from 433 BCM (2017) to 446.90 BCM (2024). Enhanced efficiency in water use through micro-irrigation and artificial recharge structures. Improved water conservation infrastructure with large-scale rainwater harvesting. Challenges and Way Forward Regulatory Gaps Despite progress, many states have not yet adopted the Model Groundwater Bill. Need for better enforcement of groundwater extraction regulations. Climate Change and Depleting Resources Climate variability impacts groundwater recharge. Promotion of nature-based solutions like wetland conservation, afforestation. Strengthening Local Governance Need for institutional capacity building at Panchayat levels. Decentralized water governance for better management. Technology Integration Expanding use of remote sensing and AI-based water resource monitoring. Encouraging sensor-based irrigation systems to optimize water use

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 March 2025

Content: The Indian university and the search for a V-C An India-U.S. trade agreement and the test of WTO laws The Indian university and the search for a V-C Context: The UGC’s Draft Regulations 2025 propose changes in the appointment of Vice-Chancellors, reducing State executive influence and broadening eligibility criteria, sparking debates on autonomy, governance, and academic leadership. Relevance :GS 2(Education ,Governance) Practice Question: Discuss the implications of the UGC’s Draft Regulations 2025 on the appointment of Vice-Chancellors, focusing on institutional autonomy, federalism, and academic leadership in India. (250 words) Reservations on UGC Draft Regulations 2025 The draft regulations have raised concerns, especially regarding: The method of appointment of Vice-Chancellors (V-Cs) Broadening the criteria for selecting V-Cs These concerns are significant in the context of: Federal structure of governance Legal precedents set by the Supreme Court The Role of State Executive in V-C Appointments The Supreme Court has minimized the role of State executives in V-C appointments. Earlier, State statutes allowed government nominees in search-cum-selection committees. The Court has ruled against this in several landmark cases: Gambhirdan K. Gadhvi vs State of Gujarat (2019) Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee (2022) Professor (Dr.) Sreejith P.S vs Dr. Rajasree M.S. (2022) Dr. Premachandran Keezhoth vs Chancellor, Kannur University (2023) Key ruling: Any influence of the State executive renders the appointment process void ab initio (invalid from the beginning), even if the appointee is qualified. UGC’s Proposed Changes in the Selection Process The search-cum-selection committee will include only highly qualified persons who have held V-C or equivalent positions. Members will be nominated by: Chancellor of the university University executive body UGC This structure aligns with Central University statutes, where the Visitor (President of India) and UGC nominees, rather than government representatives, conduct the selection process. Counterarguments by State Governments State executives argue that: State universities are established through State Legislature statutes. State governments provide the majority of funding. State universities must align with regional development needs. They contribute to the State’s innovation ecosystem and must work with government research bodies. Central universities have limited enrollment capacity, and private universities may not be affordable for many students. Possible Solutions Option 1: Consensus-based Selection The university executive could nominate an independent former academic, acceptable to the government. The nominee must not be a government officer or politically affiliated person. This ensures neutrality while considering State concerns. Option 2: Limited State Representation The UGC may allow a State-nominated member in the search committee. The nominee must be: A former V-C or equivalent. Independent of direct political influence. The idea is to balance participation while ensuring academic autonomy. Broadening Eligibility Criteria for V-Cs The draft regulations propose expanding V-C eligibility beyond traditional academia. Previously, courts (especially the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court) interpreted UGC regulations strictly, limiting eligibility to: 10 years of professorship Teaching and research experience Need for a Wider Talent Pool Universities require leaders with: Expertise in public policy, government, industry, and international organizations. High-impact research, communication, networking, and strategic vision. Backgrounds in public diplomacy, creative fields, and even sports. Globally, universities value diverse leadership skills, not just academic credentials. The UGC’s attempt aligns with modern higher education leadership trends. Need for a Paradigm Shift in University Leadership Indian universities must evolve into dynamic, innovative institutions. Traditional selection based solely on academic seniority is outdated. Amanda Goodall’s view (from “Socrates in the Boardroom”): V-Cs should not be reclusive scholars. They must blend philosophy with business acumen and vision. The UGC’s move to diversify leadership selection is a step toward modernizing Indian universities. An India-U.S. trade agreement and the test of WTO laws Background and Context On February 13, 2025, India and the U.S. agreed to negotiate a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) by the fall of 2025. This agreement is not labeled as a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) but remains a multi-sector trade agreement. Given that both nations are WTO members, the agreement must comply with WTO trade law, particularly the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provisions. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: Discuss the challenges India faces in negotiating a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with the U.S. under WTO regulations. How can India ensure compliance with WTO laws while safeguarding its economic interests? (250 words) WTO’s Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Principle and Exceptions MFN Principle: Prohibits discrimination between trading partners. Any preferential trade treatment offered to one country must be extended to all WTO members. Exceptions: Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): Allowed under Article XXIV of GATT. Interim Agreements: Temporary arrangements leading to an FTA. Enabling Clause: Allows developed countries to provide trade preferences to developing countries. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) under WTO Law FTAs are permitted as exceptions to the MFN principle but must meet strict conditions: Article XXIV.8(b) of GATT: Requires elimination of tariffs and trade barriers on “substantially all trade” between FTA members. The meaning of “substantially all trade” is undefined but implies high coverage of trade sectors. WTO members must be notified of the FTA. Concerns for India-U.S. BTA: If it reduces tariffs on only selective products, it may violate WTO law. For legality, it must cover a large proportion of trade or be categorized as an interim agreement. Interim Agreements: A Possible Legal Route Article XXIV.5 of GATT allows countries to enter an interim agreement to prepare for an eventual FTA. Conditions: Must be necessary for forming an FTA. Must include a clear plan and schedule to establish the FTA, ideally within 10 years. Challenges for India-U.S. BTA: If used only to bypass MFN rules and not genuinely leading to an FTA, it would be legally questionable. The Enabling Clause and Its Limitations Allows preferential market access to developing countries. However, India-U.S. BTA cannot use this route because: The agreement seems to provide better access for U.S. products in India. The spirit of the enabling clause is to support developing countries, not to mutually reduce tariffs between a developing and a developed country. WTO Compliance and India’s Strategic Position Potential WTO Violations by the U.S.: Reciprocal Tariffs Policy: Introduced during Donald Trump’s presidency, conflicts with WTO principles. Violates MFN Principle and Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT) for developing countries. Contradicts bound tariff rate obligations, which cap tariff increases. India’s Policy Considerations: As a country advocating a rule-based trading order, India must resist any compromise on WTO principles. The BTA should align with legal trade frameworks rather than short-term economic or political gains

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 March 2025

Content : Flawed food regulations fuel the obesity crisis Income levels of salaried class have stagnated in recent years What is behind the rise of quick commerce? India second-largest arms importer after Ukraine in 2020-24, says SIPRI SEBI may rejig short-selling norms Looking for a potent cosmic particle accelerator? There’s one near earth Flawed food regulations fuel the obesity crisis The Rising Obesity Crisis in India Statistics: 1 in 4 Indian adults are obese; 1 in 4 are diabetic or pre-diabetic (NFHS-5). Government Response: Government has called for action against obesity; Economic Survey 2025 suggests a ‘health tax’ on ultra-processed foods (UPFs). Relevance : GS 2(Health) Failure of Food Regulations Weak Labelling Laws: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has not enforced labelling and advertising regulations proposed in 2017. No front-of-pack (FoP) warning labels exist on HFSS (high fat, sugar, salt) foods. Flawed Indian Nutrition Rating (INR) System (2022): Modelled on Australia’s unsuccessful ‘health star’ rating. Misleading ratings: UPFs like biscuits, soft drinks, and corn flakes receive 2-3 stars despite being unhealthy. FSSAI ignored its own 2021 draft regulation recommending traffic light warning labels and bowed to industry pressure. Advertising and Regulatory Gaps Ineffective Advertisement Restrictions: Four existing laws to curb HFSS advertising remain weak and ambiguous. Consumer Protection Act (2019): Defines misleading ads but does not mandate disclosure of sugar/salt/fat content. HFSS and UPFs lack clear definitions and threshold limits under FSSAI rules. Impact of Weak Advertising Laws: UPFs are widely marketed, especially targeting children. Global evidence: Chile’s black warning labels cut UPF consumption by 24%. . The Way Forward Scrap the INR system and introduce mandatory ‘high in’ warning labels as per WHO/NIN guidelines. Define HFSS and UPFs with clear sugar, salt, and fat limits. Strengthen advertising laws: Amend existing laws or create a unified law banning HFSS/UPF ads. Launch a public awareness campaign on UPF risks in multiple languages. Income levels of salaried class have stagnated in recent years Context : Findings from PLFS Data Salaried Class Stagnation: Real wages for salaried workers have stagnated since 2019. In June 2024, they were 1.7% lower than in June 2019. Casual Labour Wages Rise: Wages for casual labour increased by 12.3% in real terms since 2019, despite a dip during the pandemic. Self-Employment Struggles: Wages for self-employed workers declined by 1.5% in real terms compared to 2019. The share of self-employed workers has increased. Relevance : GS 3(Income , Economy) Expert Opinions on Stagnation Labour Market Mismatch: Overqualified workforce and lack of well-paying jobs (Anamitra Roychowdhury). Skill Deficit: Need for skill development at all levels (Arvind Virmani). Low Private Investment: Depressed demand leads to fewer jobs and wage stagnation (Rahul Menon). Sector-wise Wage Trends Salaried Workers Wages increased by 2% in June 2020 but dipped by 6% in 2021 and 1% in 2022. Declining returns to higher education; employment growth lacks quality. Casual Labour Real wages rose by over 12% in rural areas and 11.4% in urban areas. Growth in casual labour not a net positive due to irregularity and job insecurity. Self-Employed Workers Rural self-employed wages increased by 3.02%, but urban wages fell by 5.2%. Increase in unpaid helpers in household enterprises (from 15.9% in 2019-20 to 19.4% in 2023-24). Higher self-employment share is a sign of distress rather than growth. Macroeconomic Implications Weak Consumption Demand: Wage stagnation affects demand, slowing economic growth. Policy Impact: Demonetisation and GST led to economic shocks affecting wages. Government Response: Budget changes in tax slabs suggest an attempt to address low domestic demand. Future Outlook Private investment remains weak, making wage recovery uncertain. Without wage growth, consumption-driven economic growth may remain sluggish. What is behind the rise of quick commerce? What is driving the rise of Q-commerce? Q-commerce gained popularity during the COVID-19 lockdown as consumers sought rapid delivery services. Despite the end of lockdowns, the model has persisted due to convenience, urban demand, and changes in consumer behavior. The availability of low-cost, employable manpower in India has boosted operational efficiency. Platforms benefit from economies of scale, making it easier to distribute perishable or frozen products without high infrastructure costs. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Commerce) How does Q-commerce function? Q-commerce is a subclass of e-commerce that delivers products within 10–20 minutes. It relies on dark stores (warehouses dedicated to online order fulfillment) to ensure proximity to customers. Unlike traditional retail, Q-commerce leverages customer data from mobile apps to: Personalize shopping experiences. Predict demand trends (e.g., seasonal or demographic influences). Optimize inventory management. How do dark stores facilitate Q-commerce? Dark stores are strategically located mini-warehouses ensuring quick deliveries. They eliminate the need for in-person shopping, making fulfillment efficient. Their placement in urban centers enables hyper-local distribution. How does customer data enhance the shopping experience? Q-commerce apps track user behavior to offer personalized recommendations. Data helps platforms plan inventory efficiently, stocking high-demand products in advance. Dynamic pricing and discounts can be optimized based on purchasing patterns. Market Growth & Economic Impact The Indian Q-commerce market was valued at $3.34 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $9.95 billion by 2029 (Grant Thorton Bharat). The sector saw a 76% YoY growth in FY 2024. Increased brand visibility benefits retailers and manufacturers, enhancing consumer engagement. Challenges & Concerns from Traditional Retailers Allegations of Anti-Competitive Practices: The All-India Consumer Products Distribution Federation (AICPDF) has filed complaints against Blinkit, Zepto, and Swiggy Instamart with the Competition Commission of India (CCI). Accusations include predatory pricing, deep discounting, and the use of venture capital funding to eliminate competition. Impact on Traditional Retailers: Local kirana stores and distributors claim they cannot compete with artificially lowered prices. Concerns over data-driven differential pricing, which may disadvantage certain customers. Call for Regulation: Traditional retail associations demand a level playing field to ensure fair competition. Conclusion Q-commerce has revolutionized shopping habits in urban India, offering speed and convenience. The sector is experiencing rapid growth but faces regulatory scrutiny over pricing strategies. Balancing innovation with fair competition remains a key challenge in India’s evolving retail landscape. India second-largest arms importer after Ukraine in 2020-24, says SIPRI Context : Global Arms Imports: Ukraine became the largest arms importer globally (2020-24), with a 100-fold rise from 2015-19 due to the ongoing war. India ranked second-largest despite a 9.3% decline in imports compared to 2015-19. China dropped out of the top 10 arms importers for the first time since 1990-94, reflecting its domestic industrial growth. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) India’s Arms Suppliers & Trends: Russia remains India’s top supplier, but its share dropped to 36% (from 55% in 2015-19 & 72% in 2010-14). France emerged as a key supplier, with India receiving 28% of French arms exports, the highest share among all nations. India continues to import major military platforms, including Rafale jets & Scorpene-class submarines, with more deals lined up (e.g., 26 Rafale-M jets & three submarines). Pakistan’s Growing Imports: Pakistan’s arms imports increased by 61% (2015-19 to 2020-24). China dominates as Pakistan’s supplier, providing 81% of total imports (up from 74% in 2015-19). Global Arms Export Trends: USA expanded its share in global arms exports to 43%. Russia’s arms exports declined by 64%, now comprising 7.8% of global exports. France became the 2nd largest arms exporter (9.6%), surpassing Russia. Italy climbed to 6th place, with a 4.8% share in exports. European Arms Build-up: European arms imports surged by 155% (2015-19 to 2020-24) due to security concerns post-Ukraine war. France’s arms exports to European nations tripled (187%), mainly due to combat aircraft deliveries to Greece, Croatia, and arms supplies to Ukraine post-2022 invasion. At least 35 countries have supplied weapons to Ukraine since 2022, accounting for 8.8% of global imports. Global Arms Transfer Trends: Overall arms transfers remained stable (compared to 2015-19 and 2010-14), with regional variations. Major importers like Saudi Arabia, India, and China saw declines due to policy changes, domestic production, or geopolitical factors. Key Takeaways India remains one of the largest arms importers, diversifying suppliers beyond Russia. France’s rise as a key defense partner for India signals strategic shifts. Pakistan-China defense ties continue to strengthen, with Beijing dominating Pakistan’s imports. European arms trade is surging, driven by the Ukraine conflict and NATO’s security concerns. Russia’s declining arms exports reflect its geopolitical and economic challenges post-Ukraine war. Relevance for India Strategic Shift: Reduced dependence on Russia, increasing reliance on Western suppliers like France. Self-reliance Push: India’s focus on domestic defense production (e.g., Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat) may explain the decline in imports. Geopolitical Impact: The growing Indo-French defense partnership aligns with India’s broader global security and strategic interests. SEBI may rejig short-selling norms SEBI is considering revamping short-selling norms to expand access, remove disclosure requirements, and address settlement challenges. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ) Broader Short-Selling Access: SEBI is considering allowing short selling for all stocks, except those in the trade-to-trade (T2T) segment. Removal of Disclosure & Penalty Norms: The regulator may scrap the requirement for upfront short-sale disclosures and penalties imposed by exchanges. Current Short-Selling Regulations: Investors can sell stocks without owning them but must settle the transaction. Only stocks in the Futures & Options (F&O) segment are allowed for short selling. Observations by SEBI: Non-institutional investors are already engaging in short selling for non-F&O stocks by squaring off positions within the same day. Impact of Direct Payout of Securities: Strategies like buy-today-sell-tomorrow (BTST) may be affected. Stocks purchased in earlier settlements but awaiting delivery may not be counted as short sales. Expected Regulatory Changes: Removal of weekly scrip-wise short-sale disclosure requirement. Elimination of penalties for settlement failures at the exchange level, reducing double charges. Rationale Behind the Move: Advancements in clearing and settlement infrastructure (like the Securities Lending and Borrowing Mechanism) make disclosure norms redundant. Ensuring a level playing field for brokers by removing the need for real-time access to clients’ demat accounts. Next Steps: A consultation paper on the proposed changes is expected soon. Looking for a potent cosmic particle accelerator? There’s one near earth Scientists discovered that Earth’s bow shock acts as a natural particle accelerator, boosting electrons to near-light speeds. This finding helps explain cosmic ray acceleration and suggests planetary shock interactions may contribute to high-energy particles across the universe. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Discovery of High-Energy Particles: Data from NASA’s MMS, THEMIS, and ARTEMIS missions (2017) revealed an unusual large-scale phenomenon upstream of Earth’s bow shock (where the solar wind meets Earth’s magnetosphere). Electrons in the Earth’s foreshock (leading region of the bow shock) were found with 500 keV of energy, moving at 86% the speed of light—far above the usual 1 keV energy levels. Scientific Significance Shock Waves as Natural Particle Accelerators: The study, published in Nature Communications, shows that collisionless shock waves (formed in plasma) act as powerful cosmic particle accelerators. These waves can energize electrons without direct collisions, using electromagnetic interactions instead. Such processes could be responsible for generating high-energy cosmic rays observed across the universe. Resolving the “Electron Injection Problem”: A major puzzle in astrophysics is how electrons get their first acceleration to 50% the speed of light before further boosting. The study identifies multiple plasma acceleration mechanisms occurring in Earth’s foreshock as a potential solution. Broader Implications Connection to Cosmic Phenomena: Similar shock waves are found near pulsars, magnetars, black holes, and supernovae. The findings suggest planetary systems with massive magnetic fields (e.g., gas giants orbiting close to stars) might produce relativistic electrons via the same process. Raises the possibility that some cosmic rays originate not just from supernovae but also from planetary shock interactions. Future Research Directions Further validation required from stellar astrophysics and particle acceleration communities. Studying other planetary systems to see if they exhibit similar particle acceleration mechanisms.

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