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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 August 2024

CONTENTS Kasturi Cotton Bharat Programme Nandini Sahakar Yojana Kasturi Cotton Bharat Programme Context: The Kasturi Cotton Bharat programme of the Ministry of Textiles is a pioneering effort in traceability, certification and branding of Indian cotton. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Intervention Kasturi Cotton Bharat Initiative: The Kasturi Cotton Bharat program, initiated by the Ministry of Textiles, is focused on improving the traceability, certification, and branding of Indian cotton. This initiative is a joint effort between the Government of India, specifically the Cotton Corporation of India, along with various trade organizations and industry stakeholders, to enhance the traceability and certification processes of cotton. A specialized microsite featuring QR code verification and a blockchain platform has been established to ensure comprehensive traceability and secure transaction certification. The program receives national-level funding and is promoted globally, rather than being restricted to specific states. Implementation and Impact: The initiative has successfully registered approximately 343 modernized ginning and pressing units, with 15 of these units located in Andhra Pradesh. Notably, about 100 cotton bales from Andhra Pradesh have achieved certification under the Kasturi Cotton Bharat brand. Cotton, a crucial agricultural commodity in India, accounts for 25% of the global cotton production and is often referred to as “White-Gold” due to its significant economic importance. It is ideally suited for growth in hot, sunny environments and diverse soil conditions, although it is prone to damage from waterlogging. Nandini Sahakar Yojana Context: Recently, the Minister of Cooperation informed the Rajya Sabha about the Nandini Sahakar Scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Intervention Nandini Sahakar Yojana: The Nandini Sahakar Yojana is designed to support women cooperatives in initiating business model-based activities under the oversight of the National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC). The program centers on women, offering a structured approach to financial aid, project planning, mentoring, and enhancing capacities. Financial Framework: The scheme does not stipulate a minimum or maximum financial limit for projects undertaken by women’s cooperatives. Interest Subvention: Offers a 2% reduction on the interest rate for term loans on new and innovative initiatives and 1% on other activities, thereby reducing the cost of borrowing for women-led cooperatives. Eligibility Criteria: Cooperatives must be operational for at least three months to qualify for assistance, which is provided as credit linkage for infrastructure term loans. Eligible cooperatives must be officially registered as women cooperatives with at least 50% of membership comprising women, under any State or Central Act. Significance and Impact: Aims to uplift the socio-economic conditions of women by fostering entrepreneurial skills and financial independence through cooperatives. Enhances the capabilities of women’s enterprises by integrating essential components such as business planning, capacity building, credit facilities, and the benefits of other subsidy and interest subvention schemes.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 August 2024

CONTENTS Addressing Retail Inflation No Population Census — in the Dark Without Vital Data Addressing Retail Inflation Context: The RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has decided for the ninth consecutive meeting to maintain the benchmark interest rates, as it continues to address retail inflation that has remained above the medium-term target of 4% for 57 months, eroding consumer confidence. Relevance: GS3- Fiscal Policy Inclusive Growth Public Distribution System (PDS) Mains Question: What are the factors contributing to India’s elevated food inflation despite falling overall inflation? What can be done to effectively manage the rising food prices? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Consumer Food Price Inflation (CFPI): CFPI is a part of the larger Consumer Price Index (CPI), which the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) uses through the CPI-Combined (CPI-C). It tracks the price changes of a specific set of food items commonly consumed by households, such as cereals, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, meat, and other essential staples. Elevated Food Prices: RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das emphasized that complacency is not an option, given the persistent risks posed by elevated food prices to households’ inflation expectations and the credibility of broader monetary policy. He pointed out that high food prices not only slowed disinflation during the April-June quarter but also maintained their momentum into July, with key vegetable prices showing significant month-on-month increases according to high-frequency food price data. Specifically, Department of Consumer Affairs data indicated that tomato prices surged by 62% sequentially, onions became almost 23% more expensive than in June, and potato prices rose by 18%. With food prices accounting for about 46% of the overall Consumer Price Index, they cannot be ignored—not only for their impact on headline inflation but more importantly because consumers are most affected by the influence of food prices on their monthly household budgets. While not directly mentioned, he suggested that the proposal in the Economic Survey to consider removing food prices from the inflation-targeting framework is not a practical solution given the current circumstances. Factors Contributing to India’s Elevated Food Inflation Despite Falling Overall Inflation: Temperature and Weather Challenges: Adverse weather conditions, such as the prediction of a weak monsoon and heatwaves, have negatively impacted crop yields, especially for water-intensive crops like cereals, pulses, and sugar. This has led to supply shortages and higher domestic prices. Fuel Prices: The rising cost of fuel, which is a crucial input in agriculture, has significantly contributed to food inflation. Supply Chain Disruptions: Disruptions in the supply chain, caused by transportation constraints, labor shortages, and logistical challenges, have decreased the availability of food products, driving up prices. Global Impact: Although global food prices have decreased, India’s food prices remain high due to the limited transmission of international prices to domestic markets. The Russia-Ukraine war has further exacerbated this issue. While India is largely self-sufficient or an exporter for most agricultural commodities like cereals, sugar, dairy, fruits, and vegetables, it relies heavily on imports for edible oils (60% of consumption) and pulses, making these items more susceptible to global price fluctuations. Decisions Made: The MPC, with a 4-2 majority vote, decided to maintain interest rates and keep its policy stance focused on withdrawing accommodation to ensure inflation aligns with the target. The committee also raised its projection for headline retail inflation in the July-September quarter to 4.4%, which is 60 basis points higher than the 3.8% predicted in June. Additionally, the panel projected slightly higher inflation in the third fiscal quarter, increasing the estimate by 10 basis points to 4.7%, signaling that the near-term inflation outlook is less reassuring than it was two months ago. Mr. Das noted that in June, vegetable prices contributed about 35% to headline inflation, and the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) predicted that price pressures on vegetables would likely persist through the festive season until early November, adding to retail inflation. Conclusion: The MPC also suggested that core inflation may have bottomed out, highlighting risks from the spillover of food prices and the potential impact of mobile tariff revisions on broader non-food inflation. Policymakers emphasized that without ensuring sustained price stability, economic growth may remain fragile. No Population Census — in the Dark Without Vital Data Context: The Indian decadal Census has been delayed by over three years, raising significant concerns about the repercussions of not having this vital data. There is a widespread misconception among officials that the Census can be replaced with alternative methods of counting the population. However, the Census provides far more than just a population count. It collects a broad range of locational, familial, and individual data crucial for understanding the complete dynamics of a changing population. Relevance: GS1- Population and Associated Issues GS2- Government Policies & Interventions Mains Question: The Census is not limited to being a mere population count; it includes a wide range of crucial locational, familial and individual information. In this context, analyse the repercussions of a delay in census. (10 Marks, 150 words). Associated Issues: One of the primary issues with skipping the Census is the reliability of large-scale surveys, such as the National Family Health Survey and the Periodic Labour Force Survey, which are based on a Census framework that is now 15 years old. The past decade and a half has likely seen significant changes not only in population size and composition but also in areas such as education, occupation, employment, health (including the impact of COVID-19), and livelihoods. Delaying the Census, therefore, seems highly irresponsible, and considering alternatives to it is shortsighted. Moreover, there is growing demand for a caste Census, driven more by political motivations than by a genuine need for development planning. This demand highlights a limited understanding of the Census’s importance for refining strategies aimed at human welfare. Missing the 2021 Census is inexcusable, especially considering that a general election was held during the same period despite numerous uncertainties. The logistics required for a Census are comparable to those of an election, which suggests that the delay might be more about avoidance than logistical challenges. Without up-to-date Census data, evaluating the effectiveness of government schemes and programs will be misleading, as there will be no accurate baseline for comparison. The Urgency of Conducting a Population Census: The need for an immediate population Census is crucial, especially given India’s rapid demographic transition and the resulting demographic dividend. A Census is essential for accurately capturing changes in population structure, including familial arrangements, locational distribution, and occupational composition. Without a current Census, surveys become less reliable and representative, which undermines the generation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators. Consequently, any claims of progress based on these indicators may be questioned due to their statistical shortcomings. Accurate demographic data, as revealed by global population projections, are particularly important for large countries like India and China, where population dynamics significantly influence global trends. Relying on estimates based on outdated trends and projections is insufficient; the Census provides the necessary reality check for understanding these changes. Reducing the Census to merely a population count is a misunderstanding that must be corrected. In the context of the SDGs, there is a strong emphasis on generating a wide array of indicators, disaggregated to levels below the national average. These indicators require standardization based on detailed population data, segmented by age, sex, and other attributes. Without a recent Census, approximations or survey-based estimates are inadequate for representing the evolving realities of the population. The Caste Census Debate: While the urgency of conducting a population Census seems distant, political leaders are increasingly calling for a caste Census to further their agendas. A caste audit in India, especially when everything is portrayed as positive, seems misplaced. Historically, the Census included caste data in its early stages, but its discontinuation suggests there was a valid reason for this change. It’s important not to be misled into thinking that a caste audit is driven by a genuine desire to understand the inclusion of different caste groups. Instead, it is largely aimed at establishing differential entitlements by citing a lack of representation and deprivation. However, focusing solely on tangible assets is a limited way to assess deprivation, especially when there is no systematic evaluation of mobility in education and occupation, despite long-standing affirmative action. Conclusion: Delaying the Census may benefit the state, allowing it to claim progress based on numerical data without the proper denominator needed to calculate accurate indicators. The scientific community must advocate for the immediate resumption of the Census to dispel the illusion that surveys and other administrative statistics can replace it. This raises the key concern: is the Census simply delayed, or is there an intentional effort to avoid it altogether?

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 August 2024

CONTENTS RBI’s 50th MPC Meeting: Emphasizing Flexible Inflation Targeting New Transit-Oriented Development Plan for Major Indian Cities Himalayan Towns Need a Different Kind of Development Concerns Over New Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill 2024 First Information Report Homo Floresiensis Gout RBI’s 50th MPC Meeting: Emphasizing Flexible Inflation Targeting Context: The Reserve Bank of India’s 50th Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) meeting has introduced significant updates regarding interest rates and broader economic policies. Marking the eighth anniversary of the flexible inflation targeting (FIT) framework, this milestone meeting focused on evaluating and enhancing measures designed to control inflation and improve economic efficiency. The emphasis on FIT highlights its central role in the country’s economic strategy and its impact on monetary policy decision-making. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Key Decisions of the 50th Monetary Policy Committee Meeting Flexible Inflation Targeting Framework Instruments of Monetary Policy About Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) Key Decisions of the 50th Monetary Policy Committee Meeting The MPC has maintained the repo rate at 6.50% to manage inflation effectively and support economic growth. The Standing Deposit Facility Rate is held at 6.25%, and the Marginal Standing Facility and Bank Rate are both maintained at 6.75%, helping to manage the economy’s liquidity and borrowing costs. The committee continues to aim for a 4.0% inflation target, emphasizing the importance of controlling inflation while fostering economic growth. Global Economic Insights Global Economic Trends: There is consistent but varied growth worldwide, with manufacturing slowing and services remaining robust. Inflation Trends: A gradual reduction in inflation is noted globally, with the price of services remaining persistent. Monetary Policy Variations: Across the globe, monetary policies vary, with some central banks reducing rates and others increasing them. Challenges: Demographic changes, climate change, geopolitical tensions, rising public debt, and technological advancements like AI are driving uncertainties in global economic prospects. Domestic Economic Performance Economic Resilience: India’s economy shows resilience, buoyed by effective monsoon seasons and robust kharif crop production. Sector Performance: The manufacturing and service sectors are showing robust growth, evidenced by a rise in the Industrial Production Index. Consumer Spending: There is strong consumption growth driven by increased rural demand and sustained urban spending. Inflation Dynamics Headline inflation rose to 5.1% in June 2024, primarily due to rising food prices, while core inflation has moderated. Food costs significantly influence overall inflation, with vegetable prices notably impacting the Consumer Price Index. Food inflation is expected to remain high, although some relief may come from favorable weather conditions. Financial Market Stability Market Volatility: Global financial markets have shown volatility, impacted by economic downturns, geopolitical unrest, and shifting trade dynamics. Stability of Indian Markets: Despite global challenges, Indian financial markets remain stable, supported by solid macroeconomic fundamentals. Regulatory Updates and Digital Initiatives The RBI is setting up a public registry of digital lending apps to increase transparency and combat unauthorized practices, following discoveries of numerous illegal apps. UPI Enhancements: The transaction limit for UPI payments will increase from Rs 1 lakh to Rs 5 lakh to facilitate smoother tax payments, and new features will allow delegated payment capabilities, enhancing the utility for a broader user base. Cheque Processing Improvement: The RBI is moving to a ‘real-time settlement’ Cheque Truncation System to expedite cheque processing, aiming to clear cheques on the day of presentation to improve transaction efficiency. Flexible Inflation Targeting Framework Implementation Date: Launched in February 2015, the Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT) Framework is designed to maintain inflation around a 4% target, with a permissible range of ±2%, enabling occasional deviations to bolster economic growth. Collaborative Establishment: Formulated through a collaborative agreement between the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Ministry of Finance, this framework aims to balance inflation management with economic growth, based on insights from the Urjit Patel Committee Report. Objective of FIT: The primary goal is to solidify inflation expectations, thereby promoting macroeconomic stability and contributing to sustainable economic growth. Legislative Support: In 2016, an amendment to the RBI Act of 1934 was enacted to establish a formal monetary policy framework, mandating that the inflation targets be determined by the government in consultation with the RBI every five years. Framework Goals: The FIT is structured to enhance the transparency and predictability of monetary policy, which aids in improving the synergy between the RBI’s monetary policy operations and governmental economic strategies. Instruments of Monetary Policy There are several direct and indirect instruments that are used for implementing monetary policy. Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank provides overnight liquidity to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF). Reverse Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank absorbs liquidity, on an overnight basis, from banks against the collateral of eligible government securities under the LAF. Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF): The LAF consists of overnight as well as term repo auctions. Progressively, the Reserve Bank has increased the proportion of liquidity injected under fine-tuning variable rate repo auctions of range of tenors. The aim of term repo is to help develop the inter-bank term money market, which in turn can set market based benchmarks for pricing of loans and deposits, and hence improve transmission of monetary policy. The Reserve Bank also conducts variable interest rate reverse repo auctions, as necessitated under the market conditions. Marginal Standing Facility (MSF): A facility under which scheduled commercial banks can borrow additional amount of overnight money from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) portfolio up to a limit at a penal rate of interest. This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system. Corridor: The MSF rate and reverse repo rate determine the corridor for the daily movement in the weighted average call money rate. Bank Rate: It is the rate at which the Reserve Bank is ready to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers. The Bank Rate is published under Section 49 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. This rate has been aligned to the MSF rate and, therefore, changes automatically as and when the MSF rate changes alongside policy repo rate changes. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The average daily balance that a bank is required to maintain with the Reserve Bank as a share of such per cent of its Net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) that the Reserve Bank may notify from time to time in the Gazette of India. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): The share of NDTL that a bank is required to maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as, unencumbered government securities, cash and gold. Changes in SLR often influence the availability of resources in the banking system for lending to the private sector. Open Market Operations (OMOs): These include both, outright purchase and sale of government securities, for injection and absorption of durable liquidity, respectively. Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS): This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004. Surplus liquidity of a more enduring nature arising from large capital inflows is absorbed through sale of short-dated government securities and treasury bills. The cash so mobilised is held in a separate government account with the Reserve Bank. About Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is the body of the RBI, headed by the Governor, responsible for taking the important monetary policy decisions about setting the repo rate. Repo rate is ‘the policy instrument’ in monetary policy that helps to realize the set inflation target by the RBI (at present 4%). Membership of the MPC The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is formed under the RBI with six members. Three of the members are from the RBI while the other three members are appointed by the government. Members from the RBI are the Governor who is the chairman of the MPC, a Deputy Governor and one officer of the RBI. The government members are appointed by the Centre on the recommendations of a search-cum-selection committee which is to be headed by the Cabinet Secretary. Objectives of the MPC Monetary Policy was implemented with an initiative to provide reasonable price stability, high employment, and a faster economic growth rate. The major four objectives of the Monetary Policy are mentioned below: To stabilize the business cycle. To provide reasonable price stability. To provide faster economic growth. Exchange Rate Stability. -Source: Indian Express New Transit-Oriented Development Plan for Major Indian Cities Context: The union government has introduced a comprehensive transit-oriented development (TOD) plan targeting 14 large Indian cities, each with a population exceeding 30 lakh. This strategic initiative aims to transform these cities into dynamic “growth hubs” by integrating economic and transit planning with the structured development of peri-urban areas. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Benefits of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Components of TOD Challenges Associated with Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) TOD is a strategic urban planning approach that focuses on concentrating jobs, housing, and services around public transportation hubs. The goal is to foster environments that are pedestrian and cyclist-friendly, ensuring easy access to transit options. The strategy hinges on the synergistic relationship between economic growth, urban transportation, and land use, ensuring these elements are integrated efficiently for optimal urban development. Global Examples: Cities such as Stockholm, Copenhagen, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Singapore have effectively implemented TOD, demonstrating its viability and benefits. World Bank 3V Framework for TOD: Node Value: Measures the significance of transit stations based on traffic, connectivity, and central location within the transit network. Place Value: Assesses the attractiveness and quality of the environment surrounding transit stations. Market Potential Value: Evaluates the economic potential surrounding transit areas, considering aspects like job availability, housing density, and market dynamics. Benefits of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Enhanced Urban Density and Competitiveness: TOD promotes the clustering of jobs in compact areas, which heightens urban competitiveness. Boost in Economic Productivity: Studies indicate that doubling job density can elevate economic productivity by between 5% and 10%. Creation of Vibrant Urban Spaces: TOD strategically locates jobs, housing, and amenities near transit stations, fostering lively communities with excellent public spaces and reduced commute times. Synergy Between Urban Planning and Transit: There is a mutual reinforcement between dense urban development and efficient public transit. This density increases ridership, which in turn makes transit systems economically viable and supports the broader urban infrastructure. Attractive Neighborhoods and Increased Property Values: Proximity to transit hubs enhances neighborhood appeal and boosts property values. Funding Opportunities for Urban Development: The increased property values can be leveraged to fund transit improvements, affordable housing projects, and sustainable urban growth initiatives. Success Stories: Hong Kong: From 1980 to 2005, the TOD model in Hong Kong generated 140 billion Hong Kong Dollars and supported the development of 600,000 public housing units. Stockholm: The implementation of TOD along transit routes in Stockholm from 1993 to 2010 led to a 41% increase in economic value per person and a 35% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Affordable Housing Integration: By integrating affordable housing within new developments, the potential increase in property prices associated with TOD can be managed, ensuring access remains broad-based. Inclusivity and Accessibility: A well-implemented TOD strategy ensures that people of all income levels have access to essential services and employment opportunities. Reduction in Environmental Impact: By decreasing reliance on cars and shortening commutes, TOD significantly reduces carbon emissions and enhances overall urban sustainability. Disaster Resilient Development: Implementing TOD in areas less susceptible to natural hazards promotes safer, high-density living, which minimizes risk exposure. Components of TOD: Pedestrian-Centric Design: TOD prioritizes pedestrian-friendly environments where walking is a central element of the design. Mixed-Use Developments: Incorporates a diverse blend of uses including offices, residential areas, retail, and civic amenities within close proximity to each other. Transit System Integration: Includes comprehensive transit options like streetcars, light rail, and buses. Cycling and Scooting: Facilities are designed to accommodate bicycles and scooters as everyday transport modes. Reduced and Managed Parking: Parking is strategically reduced and confined to areas within a 10-minute walk from central transit hubs. Retail and Service Offerings: Transit stations offer specialized retail and service options catering to both commuters and local residents. Challenges Associated with Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Fragmented Authority and Planning: The presence of multiple municipal and state authorities with differing priorities often results in fragmented and inefficient TOD planning. This fragmentation is compounded by separate processes for land use and transportation planning, which frequently lead to misaligned goals. Sector Integration Failures: TOD planning frequently neglects the requirements of crucial sectors like agriculture, affecting the comprehensive development of TOD areas. Regulatory and Infrastructure Overloads: Inadequate or overly restrictive regulations can result in uneven development—either overdevelopment or underutilization of certain areas. This often leads to high-density developments that can overburden existing infrastructure, rendering parts of cities underdeveloped and poorly connected. Pedestrian and Transit Accessibility: Many Indian cities suffer from poorly designed pedestrian infrastructures, making access to transit stations difficult and unsafe. This challenge is crucial as pedestrian accessibility is a core component of effective TOD. Cultural and Behavioral Barriers: Effective TOD requires significant behavioral changes, particularly in reducing reliance on private vehicles. Motivating such changes remains a challenge despite considerable investments in public transit infrastructure. Disaster Risk Enhancement: High concentrations of population in TOD zones can amplify the risk of casualties and overstretch emergency services during disasters, highlighting a need for disaster-resilient planning. Urban Sprawl and Rapid Urbanization: The rapid urbanization typical of many Indian cities complicates the creation of compact, walkable neighborhoods, which are essential for successful TOD. Inclusivity Concerns: Ensuring that TOD benefits all socio-economic groups equally is a persistent challenge, with a risk that new developments may disproportionately serve more affluent populations. Local Opposition and Financial Constraints: Implementation of effective TOD strategies is often hindered by local regulations, community resistance, and budgetary constraints, particularly in major cities like Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata. Contextual Suitability: The success of TOD strategies employed in cities like Hong Kong or Singapore may not directly translate to Indian cities such as New Delhi or Bengaluru due to differing urban sprawl characteristics and local contexts. -Source: The Hindu Himalayan Towns Need a Different Kind of Development Context: The Indian Himalayan Range (IHR), comprising 11 States and two Union Territories, had a decadal urban growth rate of more than 40% from 2011 to 2021. Towns have expanded, and more urban settlements are developing. However, Himalayan towns require a different definition of urbanisation. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Current Challenges Causes of the Crisis Solutions and Recommendations Conclusion Overview of Current Challenges Almost every town in the Himalayan region, including prominent state capitals like Srinagar, Guwahati, Shillong, and Shimla, grapples with severe civic management challenges. The predominant issues include inefficient handling of sanitation, and the management of solid and liquid waste. Additionally, water management poses significant challenges. These issues are exacerbated by the adoption of planning models inappropriate for the unique geographical and ecological conditions of the Himalayas, combined with a critical shortage of skilled personnel in urban planning departments. Expansion and Environmental Impact Urban expansion is aggressively consuming surrounding rural lands, leading to the degradation of communal lands, forests, and watersheds. Notably, Srinagar witnessed a dramatic increase in built-up areas, which expanded by over 75% in two decades, severely impacting local water bodies and leading to unmanaged waste disposal. Causes of the Crisis The root causes of these environmental and civic challenges include: Rapid Urbanization and Poor Planning: Expansion is often uncontrolled, with little regard for sustainable practices. High-Intensity Tourism: Tourism, while beneficial economically, often replaces eco-friendly infrastructure with harmful constructions and inadequate waste management systems. Climatic Changes: Increasingly variable weather patterns contribute to water scarcity, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. Solutions and Recommendations Revised Planning Approaches: There is an urgent need for planning reforms tailored to the unique needs of the Himalayan towns, focusing on sustainable land use and incorporating local community insights. Infrastructure Financing: A dedicated financial strategy for urban infrastructure in the Himalayas is essential, recognizing the high costs and special requirements of these regions. The Finance Commission should consider a separate allocation for these towns to enhance sustainability. Community-Driven Planning: Moving away from consultant-driven models to community-centric planning can ensure that development aligns with the local socio-ecological context. Enhancing Central Support: Current financial transfers from central to local governments are insufficient, covering only a fraction of necessary expenditures. Increasing this support is crucial for sustainable urban development in the Himalayan regions. Conclusion For Himalayan towns to thrive amidst these challenges, a shift towards integrated, locally informed, and ecologically sensitive planning is critical. By fostering community involvement and ensuring adequate funding, these towns can aim to balance development needs with environmental sustainability. -Source: The Hindu Concerns Over New Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill 2024 Context: The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) has released a draft version of the Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill 2024, targeting enhanced regulation within the broadcasting sector. This draft has been shared with select industry stakeholders for input and discussion. A significant aspect of the proposed legislation is the introduction of stricter guidelines for independent news content creators on digital platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and X. This move has sparked a debate regarding potential impacts on freedom of speech and expression, highlighting the delicate balance between regulatory oversight and individual liberties in the digital age. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Objective and Purpose of the Draft Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill 2024 Key Elements of the Bill Impacting Creative Freedom Challenges and Concerns with the Draft Bill Future Directions for Internet Regulation in India Objective and Purpose of the Draft Broadcasting Services Regulation Bill 2024: Digital media is recognized as a crucial platform for creators and commentators to scrutinize government actions and enforce accountability. The bill seeks to empower voices marginalized by mainstream media, fostering diverse narratives on critical issues. It aims to expand existing broadcast regulations to include internet platforms, enhancing accountability and regulatory oversight. Specifically targets prominent influencers, content creators, and political commentators to regulate their speech, which could severely restrict creative freedom and limit online expression, affecting the democratic vibrancy of India. Key Elements of the Bill Impacting Creative Freedom: Defines digital news broadcasters as entities systematically broadcasting news and current affairs online, whether through text, video, or audio on platforms like YouTube, Twitter, or podcasts. Mandates these digital broadcasters to register with the government, adhere to a specific Programme Code, establish grievance mechanisms, and comply with a structured regulatory framework. Requires non-news digital content to undergo pre-certification from a Content Evaluation Committee. Authorizes the government to impose penalties, demand cessation of broadcasts, or completely ban broadcasts based on national security, public order, or other state interests. Subjects global digital content creators and commentators to the same regulatory conditions. Imposes new responsibilities on social media platforms to monitor and report on broadcasters’ activities. Challenges and Concerns with the Draft Bill: Unlike traditional TV’s broad dissemination, internet content is individualized and interactive, raising concerns that the bill could disproportionately increase operational costs and hinder the agility of small-scale creators and independent journalists. Potential for severe censorship effects, risking a suppression of free speech. Difficulty in enforcing extraterritorial provisions due to the decentralized nature of the internet. Overlap and potential conflict with existing laws such as the IT Act 2000, which already governs social media platforms with similar provisions for grievance redressal and content management. Future Directions for Internet Regulation in India: The draft bill is seen as part of broader efforts to regulate digital content, paralleling challenges faced with the IT Rules 2021, which courts have temporarily blocked. Emphasizes the need for using existing laws like the IT Act 2000 to address concerns around misleading or harmful content. Stresses the importance of comprehensive consultations and discussions with a wide array of stakeholders before finalizing the legislation to ensure it aligns with democratic principles and protects individual freedoms. -Source: The Hindu First Information Report Context: The Delhi High Court has ruled that a first information report (FIR) must be mandatorily registered in cases of alleged fake encounters, reinforcing legal accountability for police actions. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions  of the Article: What is an FIR? What are cognizable offence and non-cognizable offence? What is an FIR? An FIR is the document that has been prepared by the police after verifying the facts of the complaint. The FIR may contain details of the crime and the alleged criminal. The term first information report (FIR) is not defined in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, or in any other law, but in police regulations or rules, information recorded under Section 154 of CrPC is known as First Information Report (FIR). Section 154 (“Information in cognizable cases”) says that “every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing by him or under his direction, and be read over to the informant; and every such information, whether given in writing or reduced to writing as aforesaid, shall be signed by the person giving it, and the substance thereof shall be entered in a book to be kept by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe”. Also, “a copy of the information as recorded…shall be given forthwith, free of cost, to the informant”. Three important elements of an FIR: The information must relate to the commission of a cognizable offence, It should be given in writing or orally to the head of the police station It must be written down and signed by the informant, and its key points should be recorded in a daily diary. What happens after an FIR is filed? The police will investigate the case and will collect evidence in the form of statements of witnesses or other scientific materials. They can arrest the alleged persons as per law. If there is sufficient evidence to corroborate the allegations of the complainant, then a chargesheet will be filed. Or else, a Final Report mentioning that no evidence was found will be filed in court. If it is found that no offence has been committed, a cancellation report will be filed. If no trace of the accused persons is found, an ‘untraced’ report will be filed. What are cognizable offence and non-cognizable offence? A cognizable offence/case is one in which a police officer may, in accordance with the First Schedule of the CrPC, or under any other law for the time being in force, make an arrest without a warrant. In the First Schedule, “the word ‘cognizable’ stands for ‘a police officer may arrest without warrant’; and the word ‘non-cognizable’ stands for ‘a police officer shall not arrest without warrant’.” What is the difference between a complaint and an FIR? The CrPC defines a “complaint” as “any allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his taking action under this Code, that some person, whether known or unknown, has committed an offence, but does not include a police report.” However, an FIR is the document that has been prepared by the police after verifying the facts of the complaint. The FIR may contain details of the crime and the alleged criminal. If, on the basis of a complaint, it appears that a cognizable offence has been committed, then an FIR under Section 154 CrPC will be registered, and police will open an investigation. If no offence is found, the police will close the inquiry. Section 155 (“Information as to non-cognizable cases and investigation of such cases”) says: “When information is given to an officer in charge of a police station of the commission within the limits of such station of a non-cognizable offence, he shall enter or cause to be entered the substance of the information in a book…and refer the informant to the Magistrate. No police officer shall investigate a non-cognizable case without the order of a Magistrate having power to try such case or commit the case for trial.” -Source: Indian Express Homo Floresiensis Context: A microscopic analysis of a 700,000-year-old miniature human arm and dental fossils has put an end to the debate on the origins of Homo floresiensis. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Homo floresiensis: Homo floresiensis is an archaic human species that once inhabited Flores Island in Indonesia approximately 60,000 years ago. Commonly referred to as ‘Hobbit’ due to their diminutive stature. Fossils have been dated between 100,000 and 60,000 years ago, with stone tools dating from around 190,000 to 50,000 years ago. Physical and Behavioral Characteristics: Individuals stood about 3 feet 6 inches tall, characterized by tiny brains, large teeth relative to size, shoulders that slouched forward, no chins, and receding foreheads. They possessed disproportionately large feet compared to their short legs. They crafted and utilized stone tools, hunted small elephants and large rodents, managed threats from predators like the giant Komodo dragon, and possibly used fire. Their small size and reduced brain volume are believed to be adaptations to island dwarfism—a condition of evolutionary adjustment to limited resources and reduced threat levels on isolated islands. Both the smallest known species of Homo and the Stegodon elephant coexisted on Flores, highlighting the island’s unique biodiversity and evolutionary dynamics. -Source: The Print Gout Context: Recently, Lucknow based CSIR-NBRI has developed a herbal product called ‘NBRI-Gout Out’ which is a combination of five medicinal plants, to address the problem of Gout. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Gout: Gout is a prevalent and intricate form of arthritis that can affect anyone. The condition stems from elevated levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. Prevalence: It is more commonly observed in men, primarily because women generally have lower uric acid levels. Risk Factors: Factors that can increase uric acid levels, leading to gout, include obesity, certain medications like diuretics, and consumption of foods and beverages rich in purines such as alcohol and sugary drinks. Symptoms: Joint Pain: The most intense pain usually affects the big toe but can occur in any joint including the ankles, knees, elbows, wrists, and fingers. Inflammation: Affected joints become swollen, tender, warm, and red, showing visible signs of inflammation. Treatment: Medication: Treatment options include medications like allopurinol (Aloprim, Lopurin, Zyloprim) and febuxostat (Uloric), which are designed to reduce the body’s uric acid production. -Source: Indian Express, PIB

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 August 2024

CONTENTS National Coastal Mission Scheme Metal-Air Batteries National Coastal Mission Scheme Context: Recently, the Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change informed the Lok Sabha about the National Coastal Scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions National Coastal Mission Scheme: Initiated in 2014, the National Coastal Mission (NCM) is part of India’s broader strategy under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) aimed at addressing the impacts of climate change on coastal and marine ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities. Key Components: Conservation Initiatives: Includes the Management Action Plan focused on the conservation of mangroves and coral reefs. Research and Development: Dedicated to enhancing the marine and coastal ecosystems. Sustainable Development: Targets the sustainable management of beaches under the Beach Environment & Aesthetic Management Service. Capacity Building and Outreach: Engages Coastal States and Union Territories (UTs) in programs aimed at conserving marine and coastal ecosystems, including initiatives like beach cleaning drives. Implementation: The scheme is implemented by State Governments of Coastal States and UT Administrations, ensuring localized and effective management and execution of the program’s objectives. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Launched on June 30, 2008, the NAPCC outlines India’s strategy to address climate change and achieve sustainable development by integrating climate change measures into national planning processes. Core Elements: The plan comprises eight National Missions which are central to its strategy: National Solar Mission National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem National Mission for a Green India National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change Metal-Air Batteries Context: Researchers from CSIR-CMERI, Durgapur synthesised a cathode material which can be used as catalyst in Metal-air batteries. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Metal-Air Batteries: Metal-air batteries function through electrochemical reactions between an “Air Electrode” (cathode) and a “Metal Electrode” (anode). Common metals used for the anode include lithium, zinc, aluminum, iron, and sodium, paired with a porous carbon material and a catalyst at the cathode. Advantages: Higher Energy Density: These batteries offer greater energy density compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. Accessibility: Utilizing metals that are readily available in India enhances accessibility and dependence on local resources. Cost-Effectiveness: Local production minimizes the need for imports, thus reducing costs. Eco-Friendly: Metal-air batteries are recyclable, posing fewer environmental hazards than their lithium-ion counterparts. Lightweight: The use of lightweight metals like aluminum allows these batteries to provide high energy density, making them especially suitable for various applications. Applications: Large-Scale Energy Storage: Ideal for stationary applications where large amounts of energy storage are required. Transportation: Can be used in electric vehicles due to their high energy efficiency and lighter weight. Renewable Energy Systems: Suitable for storing energy generated from renewable sources, aiding in managing supply and demand fluctuations.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 August 2024

CONTENTS Change in Bangladesh, the Challenges for India Why Himalayan Towns Need a Different Kind of Development Change in Bangladesh, the Challenges for India Context: As events unfold rapidly in Bangladesh, it is also time to reflect on February 2009, when then-new Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina faced a significant crisis shortly after taking office. The mutiny of the Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), a paramilitary force, ultimately failed, as Sheikh Hasina had just ascended to power through “clean” elections, enjoying strong support from women and youth without military interference. However, over her 15-year tenure, much of this support seemed squandered. Relevance: GS2- India and its Neighborhood- Relations Mains Question: India can capitalise on its strong development partnership with Bangladesh and work closely with the interim government, the army, and the people. Discuss in the context of the recent events in Bangladesh. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Growing Disconnect: A growing disconnect emerged with the 2024 elections, marked by the Opposition’s boycott, shrinking democratic space, erosion of human rights, economic downturn, and significant youth unemployment—a demographic that previously benefited from economic growth under Hasina. When student protests erupted, led by the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement, the government’s heavy-handed response, treating the protesters as enemies of the state and resorting to violence, marked a turning point for Hasina. Change in the Army’s Alignment: Considering public opinion and challenges, Bangladesh Army chief General Waker-uz-Zaman has stepped into a situation distinct from the 2007 coup led by General Moeen U. Ahmed. Back then, the army’s intervention was necessary to curb anarchy and violence instigated by major political parties, restore governance, and facilitate elections. In 2024, the army is perceived as aligning with public sentiment by removing a beleaguered Prime Minister and reinstating democratic processes. This shift has made the army more vulnerable and responsive to public opinion. Choice of the Head of the Interim Government: An indication of this vulnerability is the acceptance of Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus as the head of the interim government chosen by the students. Typically, coup leaders appoint uninspiring technocrats to run the country under their strict control, rather than a popular leader who commands widespread respect both domestically and internationally. However, the army’s vulnerability may be the silver lining Bangladesh needs. Mr. Yunus is viewed as a strong advocate for democratic values and the rule of law. He has been critical of Hasina due to her treatment of him. While he once harbored political ambitions and wanted to form his own party, he is not aligned with the two main parties, the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. This situation might provide the opportunity he needs to establish a third force in Bangladesh. Persisting Challenges: However, forming the interim government is not the only challenge at present. There is also the serious issue of the students’ movement being co-opted by those oppressed under the previous regime, those who boycotted the elections, or those who supported from abroad. These include not only the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and the opposition but also the banned Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, which had instigated Islamic jihadist violence in 2006-07. Violence against Awami League supporters and their properties continues, and symbols of Bangladesh’s liberation, including statues of Sheikh Mujibur Rehman, are being destroyed, with the Hindu minority community under attack. Incorporating such polarized forces into the interim government will weaken both Mr. Yunus and the army, inevitably boosting anti-India elements. Role of India: While India was the first country to highlight “contemporary forms of religiophobia against non-Abrahamic religions” in the United Nations Security Council in 2021 and in the UN General Assembly in 2022, it has hesitated to address this issue more assertively with its neighbors and the West, aside from the usual expressions of concern. Recent events in Bangladesh have demonstrated, once again, that if India does not take the lead, no one else will. Reflecting the situations in Myanmar and the Maldives, the events in Bangladesh are more similar to those in Myanmar than in Sri Lanka. After three consecutive elections in Myanmar, the coup leaders are struggling to maintain control over the people and ethnic groups, potentially facing collapse sooner rather than later. Similarly, after four consecutive elections in Bangladesh, where democratic aspirations have been heightened, the military will find its role significantly restricted. Conclusion: For India, the scenario resembles what happened in the Maldives, where it supported President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih without engaging with the opposition, leading to challenges when the opposition gained power. However, India’s advantage lies in its strong development partnerships and projects that benefit the people, whether in the Maldives, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, or now in Bangladesh. India’s best strategy is to collaborate closely with Mr. Yunus, the military, and the people. Why Himalayan Towns Need a Different Kind of Development Context: The Indian Himalayan Range (IHR), which includes 11 states and two Union Territories, experienced an urban growth rate exceeding 40% from 2011 to 2021. Towns have expanded, and new urban settlements are developing. However, urbanization in Himalayan towns requires a unique approach. Relevance: GS3- Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment Mains Question: Cities along the Indian Himalayan Range suffer from inadequate funds and resources to manage civic issues. Analyse. What can be done to ensure better management of Himalayan areas? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Challenges Faced by IHR Towns: Nearly all Himalayan towns, including state capitals, face significant challenges in managing civic issues. Cities like Srinagar, Guwahati, Shillong, and Shimla, along with smaller towns, struggle with sanitation, waste management, and water supply. The planning institutions in these states often fail because they rely on models designed for the plains, which have limited applicability in the Himalayas. City governments suffer from a shortage of human resources, with a deficit of nearly 75%. For example, in the Kashmir Valley, excluding the Srinagar Municipal Corporation, there are only 15 executive officers for over 40 urban local bodies. The expansion of cities into peripheral areas encroaches on village commons. Srinagar and Guwahati are examples of such expansion, resulting in the loss of open spaces, forests, and watersheds. In Srinagar, land use changes between 2000 and 2020 showed a 75.58% increase in built-up real estate, which rose from 34.53 square kilometers to 60.63 square kilometers, covering 23.44% of the total municipal area. Meanwhile, water bodies have shrunk by almost 25%, from 19.36 square kilometers to 14.44 square kilometers. Nearly 90% of liquid waste enters water bodies untreated. Reasons for the Challenges: The IHR faces growing pressure from urbanization and development, exacerbated by high-intensity tourism, unsustainable infrastructure, and resource use, along with climatic changes like altered precipitation patterns and rising temperatures. These factors result in water shortages, deforestation, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, and increased pollution, including plastic waste. These pressures pose significant threats to lives and livelihoods, affecting the socio-ecological balance of the Himalayas. Tourism in the IHR has grown and diversified, with an anticipated average annual growth rate of 7.9% from 2013 to 2023. However, current tourism practices often replace eco-friendly infrastructure with unsuitable, unsightly, and dangerous constructions, poorly planned roads, and inadequate waste management, leading to the depletion of natural resources and harm to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Promoting ecotourism, which focuses on environmentally friendly practices, is crucial for achieving long-term sustainability. Steps Needed for Improvement: Planning institutions in IHR cities still rely on traditional land-use principles. Each town needs to be mapped with layers that identify vulnerabilities from geological and hydrological perspectives. Climate-induced disasters annually damage infrastructure built without such mapping, emphasizing the need for a planning process that involves local communities and follows a bottom-up approach. Consultant-driven urban planning processes should be abandoned for Himalayan towns, with urban design focusing on climate resilience. Additionally, none of the cities in the IHR can generate the capital required for their infrastructure needs. The Finance Commission should include a separate chapter on urban financing for the IHR. The high costs of urban services and the lack of industrial corridors place these towns in a unique financial situation. Current intergovernmental transfers from the center to urban local bodies account for only 0.5% of GDP; this should be increased to at least 1%. Conclusion: Himalayan towns must engage in broader discussions about sustainability, focusing on urban futures through robust, eco-centric planning processes that involve public participation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 August 2024

CONTENTS Preamble Removed from new NCERT Textbooks 5 Years after Removal of Article 370 Quit India Movement Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar Pyrocumulonimbus Clouds Eta Carinae Preamble Removed from new NCERT Textbooks Context: The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has recently removed the Preamble to the Constitution from select textbooks for Class 3 and 6, as issued in 2024. This decision aligns with NCERT’s broader educational strategy, which now prioritizes a comprehensive understanding of the Indian Constitution, encompassing its Preamble, fundamental duties, rights, and the National Anthem. This shift in focus is guided by the objectives of the National Education Policy 2020, aiming to promote holistic development in students. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Basis and Amendment of Preamble Key Words in Preamble Overview of the Preamble’s Status Significance of the Preamble Amendment of the Preamble Basis and Amendment of Preamble The Preamble to the Indian Constitution is based on the ‘Objectives Resolution’, drafted and moved by Pandit Nehru, and adopted by the Constituent Assembly. It has been amended by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976), which added three new words​—socialist, secular and integrity Ingredients of the Preamble The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components: Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India. Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and republican polity. Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives. Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949 as the date. Key Words in Preamble Sovereign The word ‘sovereign’ implies that India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any other nation, but an independent state. There is no authority above it, and it is free to conduct its own affairs (both internal and external). Socialist Even before the term was added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, the Constitution had a socialist content in the form of certain Directive Principles of State Policy. In other words, what was hitherto implicit in the Constitution has now been made explicit. Moreover, the Congress party itself adopted a resolution to establish a ‘socialistic pattern of society’. Notably, the Indian brand of socialism is a ‘democratic socialism’ and not a ‘communistic socialism’ (also known as ‘state socialism’) which involves the nationalisation of all means of production and distribution and the abolition of private property. Democratic socialism, on the other hand, holds faith in a ‘mixed economy’ where both public and private sectors co-exist side by side Secular The term ‘secular’ too was added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. However, as the Supreme Court said in 1974, although the words ‘secular state’ were not expressedly mentioned in the Constitution, there can be no doubt that Constitution-makers wanted to establish such a state and accordingly Articles 25 to 28 (guaranteeing the fundamental right to freedom of religion) have been included in the constitution. The Indian Constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism that is, all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength) have the same status and support from the state Democratic A democratic polity, as stipulated in the Preamble, is based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty, that is, possession of supreme power by the people. Democracy is of two types Direct democracy People exercise their supreme power directly as is the case in Switzerland. There are four devices of direct democracy, namely, Referendum, Initiative, Recall and Plebiscite Indirect democracy In indirect democracy, on the other hand, the representatives elected by the people exercise the supreme power and thus carry on the government and make the laws. This type of democracy, also known as representative democracy, is of two kinds Parliamentary Presidential. The Indian Constitution provides for representative parliamentary democracy under which the executive is responsible to the legislature for all its policies and actions. Universal adult franchise, periodic elections, rule of law, independence of judiciary, and absence of discrimination on certain grounds are the manifestations of the democratic character of the Indian polity. Republic A democratic polity can be classified into two categories monarchy and republic. In a monarchy, the head of the state (usually king or queen) enjoys a hereditary position, that is, he comes into office through succession, eg, Britain. In a republic, on the other hand, the head of the state is always elected directly or indirectly for a fixed period, eg, USA. Therefore, the term ‘republic’ in our Preamble indicates that India has an elected head called the president. He is elected indirectly for a fixed period of five years. Justice The term ‘justice’ in the Preamble embraces three distinct forms social, economic and political, secured through various provisions of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. Social justice denotes the equal treatment of all citizens without any social distinction based on caste, colour, race, religion, sex and so on. It means absence of privileges being extended to any particular section of the society, and improvement in the conditions of backward classes (SCs, STs and OBCs) and women. Economic justice denotes the non-discrimination between people on the basis of economic factors. It involves the elimination of glaring inequalities in wealth, income and property. A combination of social justice and economic justice denotes what is known as ‘distributive justice’. Political justice implies that all citizens should have equal political rights, equal access to all political offices and equal voice in the government. The ideal of justice social, economic and political has been taken from the Russian Revolution (1917). Liberty The term ‘liberty’ means the absence of restraints on the activities of individuals, and at the same time, providing opportunities for the development of individual personalities. The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship, through their Fundamental Rights, enforceable in court of law, in case of violation. The liberty conceived by the Preamble or fundamental rights is not absolute but qualified. The ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in our Preamble have been taken from the French Revolution (1789–1799). Equality The term ‘equality’ means the absence of special privileges to any section of the society, and the provision of adequate opportunities for all individuals without any discrimination. Fraternity Fraternity means a sense of brotherhood. The Constitution promotes this feeling of fraternity by the system of single citizenship. Also, the Fundamental Duties (Article 51-A) say that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic, regional or sectional diversities. The Preamble declares that fraternity has to assure two things the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation. The word ‘integrity’ has been added to the preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976). Overview of the Preamble’s Status The Preamble to the Constitution of India, while not a directly enforceable part of the document in terms of judicial proceedings, plays a crucial role in constitutional interpretation. Its significance and application have been elaborated upon through various landmark judgments. Key Judicial Interpretations Berubari Union Case (1960) Context: This case concerned the implementation of an agreement between India and Pakistan regarding the exchange of certain territories. Supreme Court’s View: The Court referenced the Preamble under Article 143(1) to understand the intentions of the framers of the Constitution. It concluded that the Preamble, while providing a key to the minds of the framers, does not itself constitute an enforceable part of the Constitution. Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) Significance: This landmark decision involved the largest bench ever assembled at the time—a 13-judge bench—to adjudicate a writ petition. Ruling: The Court reversed earlier opinions by declaring that the Preamble is indeed a part of the Constitution. However, it emphasized that the Preamble does not confer supreme power, nor does it impose restrictions; rather, it serves a significant interpretative role for understanding the Constitution’s text. Union Government vs LIC of India Case (1995) The Court reaffirmed its position, recognizing the Preamble as an integral part of the Constitution. However, it maintained that the Preamble is not justiciable, meaning its provisions are not enforceable in courts as direct claims Significance of the Preamble The Preamble embodies the basic philosophy and fundamental values— political, moral and religious on which the Constitution is based. It contains the grand and noble vision of the Constituent Assembly, and reflects the dreams and aspirations of the founding fathers of the Constitution. Amendment of the Preamble The question as to whether the Preamble can be amended under Article 368 of the Constitution arose for the first time in the historic case of Kesavananda Bharati (1973). It was urged that the Preamble cannot be amended as it is not a part of the Constitution. The petitioner contended that the amending power in Article 368 cannot be used to destroy or damage the basic elements or the fundamental features of the Constitution, which are enshrined in the Preamble. The Supreme Court, however, held that the Preamble is a part of the Constitution. The Court stated that the opinion tendered by it in the Berubari Union (1960) in this regard was wrong, and held that the Preamble can be amended, subject to the condition that no amendment is done to the ‘basic features’. In other words, the Court held that the basic elements or the fundamental features of the Constitution as contained in the Preamble cannot be altered by an amendment under Article 368. The Preamble has been amended only once so far, in 1976, by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, which has added three new words— Socialist, Secular and Integrity—to the Preamble. This amendment was held to be valid. -Source: The Hindu 5 Years after Removal of Article 370 Context: Recently, the fifth anniversary of the revocation of Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, was observed. On 5th August 2019, the Government of India revoked Article 370. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Article 370 of the Indian Constitution: Special Provisions for Jammu and Kashmir Removal of Special Status of Jammu and Kashmir: Article 370 and Subsequent Developments Impact of the Abrogation of Article 370 Challenges Ahead for Jammu and Kashmir: Addressing Key Concerns Understanding Article 370 of the Indian Constitution: Special Provisions for Jammu and Kashmir Context and Scope: Article 370 is the initial provision of Part XXI, titled ‘Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions,’ in the Indian Constitution. It grants special provisions to Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), allowing the state to have its own constitution and offering exemptions from certain aspects of the Constitution of India. Exemptions and Legislative Restrictions: Article 370 exempts J&K from the application of the Indian Constitution, with the exception of Article 1 (which defines the territory of India) and Article 370 itself. It enables the state to draft its own constitution. Parliamentary legislative powers over J&K are restricted, necessitating “consultation” with the state government for extending central laws related to subjects listed in the Instrument of Accession (IoA). Instrument of Accession and Powers: The Instrument of Accession (IoA) was signed in 1947 by Raja Hari Singh of J&K and Governor General Lord Mountbatten. The IoA granted Parliament authority to legislate on Defence, External Affairs, and Communications for J&K. However, for extending these powers to other subjects, the “concurrence” of the state government is essential. Application and Transformation: Often described as a “tunnel,” Article 370 facilitated the gradual application of the Indian Constitution to J&K. Through a 1954 order, a significant portion of the Constitution, including numerous Constitutional amendments, was extended to J&K. Removal of Special Status of Jammu and Kashmir: Article 370 and Subsequent Developments Article 370(3) and Removal of Special Status: Article 370(3) allows for the removal of Jammu and Kashmir’s special status through a Presidential Order. Such an order requires prior concurrence from J&K’s Constituent Assembly, which was dissolved in 1957. Views on Removal: One perspective holds that since the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, the removal of special status is not possible. Another viewpoint suggests that removal can occur with the concurrence of the State Assembly. 2019 Developments: The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order 2019, issued by the President, eliminated J&K’s special status and extended the Indian Constitution’s provisions to the region. The J&K (Reorganization) Act 2019 led to the division of J&K into two Union Territories: J&K with a Legislative Assembly and Ladakh without one. Legal Challenge and Supreme Court Hearing: The Supreme Court of India is presently hearing petitions challenging the 2019 abrogation of Article 370. These developments are significant in shaping the legal and constitutional landscape surrounding Jammu and Kashmir’s special status. Impact of the Abrogation of Article 370 Domicile Clause Implementation: Introduced in April 2020, redefining residency and eligibility for domicile certificates in J&K for individuals with 15 years of residency or 7 years of education culminating in 10th/12th exams in the region. Land Law Revisions: Fourteen land laws were amended, with 12 being repealed, altering land ownership rules that previously favored permanent residents over non-permanent ones. Rights to West Pakistan Refugees: Proprietary rights granted to West Pakistan Refugees and those displaced by the 1965 India-Pakistan war. Legal and Administrative Changes: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (previously the Indian Penal Code) replaced the Ranbir Penal Code, making central laws enforceable. Establishment of the State Investigation Agency in November 2021 to synergize with the National Investigation Agency for efficient handling of terrorism cases. Security and Societal Impacts: Post-abrogation, marked decrease in terrorist activities, recruitment, and violent protests, leading to an enhanced peace and order scenario in the region. Challenges Ahead for Jammu and Kashmir: Addressing Key Concerns Grassroot Democracy and Development: Despite the establishment of District Development Councils (DDCs), genuine grassroot democracy remains a challenge. Development plans are often formulated by officials rather than by elected representatives, hampering effective local governance. Electoral Uncertainty and Protests: The delimitation process sparked speculation about early Assembly elections, but their timing is uncertain. Efforts to include new groups in the state’s Scheduled Tribes (ST) list led to protests from certain communities like the Gujjars and Bakerwals. Targeted Killings and Security Vulnerabilities: A series of targeted civilian killings, particularly of Kashmiri Hindus and non-Kashmiris, has exposed vulnerabilities despite improved security measures. The security situation is complicated by the use of small weapons dropped by drones and alleged “part-time” militants engaged by handlers from across the border. -Source: Indian Express Quit India Movement Context: August Kranti Day is observed on the 8th August annually in India. In 2024, India celebrates the 82nd anniversary of the Quit India Movement. Relevance: GS I- Modern History Dimensions of the Article: Build-up to August 1942 Extent of Mass Participation Brutal suppression of protests Build-up to August 1942 While factors leading to such a movement had been building up, matters came to a head with the failure of the Cripps Mission. With World War II raging, the beleaguered British government needed the cooperation of its colonial subjects. With this in mind, in March 1942, a mission led by Sir Stafford Cripps arrived in India to meet leaders of the Congress and the Muslim League. The idea was to secure India’s whole-hearted support in the war, and the return offer to Indians was the promise of self-governance. But things did not go that way. Despite the promise of “the earliest possible realisation of self-government in India”, Cripps only offered dominion status, not freedom. Also, there was a provision for the partition of India, which was not acceptable to the Congress. The failure of the Cripps Mission made Gandhi realise that freedom would come only if Indians fought tooth and nail for it. The Congress was initially reluctant to launch a movement that could hamper Britain’s efforts to defeat the fascist forces. But it eventually decided on mass civil disobedience. At the Working Committee meeting in Wardha in July 1942, it was decided the time had come for the movement to move into an active phase. Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech, followed by the launch of a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called “An Orderly British Withdrawal” from India. Almost the entire leadership of the Indian National Congress was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi’s speech. The slogan ‘Quit India’ While Gandhi gave the clarion call of Quit India, the slogan was coined by Yusuf Meherally, a socialist and trade unionist who also served as Mayor of Bombay. A few years ago, in 1928, it was Meherally who had coined the slogan “Simon Go Back”. Extent of Mass Participation The participation was on many levels. Youth, especially the students of schools and colleges, remained in the forefront. Women, especially school and college girls, actively participated, and included Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kripalani and Usha Mehta. Workers went on strikes and faced repression. Peasants of all strata were at the heart of the movement. Even some zamindars participated. These peasants concentrated their offensive on symbols of authority and there was complete absence of anti-zamindar violence. Government officials, especially those belonging to lower levels in police and administration, participated resulting in erosion of government loyalty. Muslims helped by giving shelter to underground activists. There were no communal clashes during the movement. The Communists did not join the movement; in the wake of Russia (where the communists were in power) being attacked by Nazi Germany, the communists began to support the British war against Germany and the ‘Imperialist War’ became the ‘People’s War’ The Muslim League opposed the movement, fearing that if the British left India at that time, the minorities would be oppressed by the Hindus. The Hindu Mahasabha boycotted the movement. The Princely states showed a low-key response. Lack of Unity The British had the support of the Viceroy’s Council (which had a majority of Indians), of the All India Muslim League, the princely states, the Indian Imperial Police, the British Indian Army, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian Civil Service. Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did NOT support the Quit India Movement. Brutal suppression of protests The Quit India movement was violently suppressed by the British — people were shot and lathicharged, villages were burnt, and backbreaking fines were imposed. In the five months up to December 1942, an estimated 60,000 people had been thrown into jail. However, though the movement was quelled, it changed the character of the Indian freedom struggle, with the masses rising up to demand with a passion and intensity like never before: that the British masters would have to Quit India. -Source: Indian Express Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar Context: The Indian government has introduced the Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP) awards for the year 2024, establishing a new precedent in acknowledging scientific contributions. This initiative marks a transformative step in the country’s strategy towards celebrating scientific achievements. The inaugural presentation of these awards is scheduled for August 23rd, coinciding with India’s first National Space Day, which commemorates the successful moon landing of Chandrayaan-3. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar Special Recognitions of 2024 Overview of Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar The RVP was established in 2024, replacing the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, aiming to offer a more inclusive and contemporary acknowledgment of achievements in science and technology. Open to scientists, technologists, and innovators of Indian origin, including Persons of Indian Origin (PIO), regardless of their location. Awards are distributed across several fields including Physical, Chemical, Biological, Mathematical, Earth & Atmospheric, and Engineering Sciences. Award Categories and Recognition Vigyan Ratna (VR): For lifetime achievements in science and technology, with up to 3 awardees each year. Vigyan Shri (VS): Recognizes significant contributions in any scientific or technological domain, with up to 25 awardees annually. Vigyan Yuva-Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (VY-SSB): Focuses on young scientists under 45 who have shown exceptional innovation or research. Vigyan Team (VT): Honors collaborative efforts in science and technology, with up to 3 team awards each year. Special Recognitions of 2024 Vigyan Ratna: Awarded to G. Padmanabhan for his research on malaria parasites. Vigyan Team: The Chandrayaan-3 Team for their historical moon landing in 2023. Vigyan Shri: Awarded to Annapurni Subramaniam, Jayant Bhalchandra Udgaonkar, and Naba Kumar Mondal for their contributions to astrophysics, biology, and particle physics, respectively. Vigyan Yuva: Recognizes Vivek Polshettiwar for carbon capture technologies, Urbasi Sinha for quantum research, and Roxy Mathew Koll for climate science. Award Ceremony The awards are announced on May 11th, National Technology Day. Ceremony: Held on National Space Day, where each awardee receives a ‘Sanad’ (Certificate) from the President of India, and a brochure detailing their contributions is distributed. -Source: Indian Express Pyrocumulonimbus Clouds Context: The wildfires currently raging in the United States and Canada are so intense that they have created ‘pyrocumulonimbus’ clouds, which have the potential to spit out thunder and spark more fires. Relevance: GS I: Geography Pyrocumulonimbus Clouds Pyrocumulonimbus clouds, often formed during intense wildfires or volcanic eruptions, represent a dramatic and powerful natural phenomenon. Formation Pyrocumulonimbus clouds develop exclusively during extreme heat conditions like wildfires or volcanic activities. Process: The fire heats the surrounding air, causing it to rise rapidly. This hot, buoyant air carries water vapor along with smoke and ash upwards. As the air ascends and cools, the water vapor condenses on the particles of ash, forming a dense, grey or brown cloud initially known as a pyrocumulus or ‘fire cloud.’ With enough moisture and heat, these can develop into larger, more complex pyrocumulonimbus clouds. Characteristics and Impact These clouds can soar up to 50,000 feet, creating their own weather systems, including thunderstorms. Despite producing lightning, these clouds seldom bring significant rainfall. Secondary Effects: They can ignite new wildfires far from the original fire due to lightning strikes. They may generate strong winds that exacerbate fire spread, making containment efforts challenging and unpredictable. Environmental Concerns Climate Change Link: There is growing evidence that climate change, contributing to higher global temperatures, may be increasing the frequency and intensity of conditions favorable to the formation of pyrocumulonimbus clouds. Broader Implications: As global temperatures continue to rise, wildfires and consequently pyrocumulonimbus clouds are expected to become more frequent and intense, posing increased risks to ecosystems and human settlements. -Source: Indian Express Eta Carinae Context: Astronomers are closely monitoring Eta Carinae, as it may be on the verge of a spectacular explosion. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Eta Carinae: Eta Carinae is classified as a hypergiant star, with a mass around 100 times greater than that of the Sun. This star resides approximately 7,500 light-years away within the Carina Nebula, positioning it among the most massive and luminous stars known, making it a prime candidate for a future supernova event. About 170 years ago, Eta Carinae experienced a massive outburst known as the Great Eruption, which momentarily made it one of the brightest stars visible from the southern hemisphere. This event led to the formation of the Homunculus Nebula, an iconic hourglass-shaped cloud of gas and dust encircling the star. Unique Characteristics: Uniquely, Eta Carinae is the only star known to emit natural laser light, enhancing its mysterious nature. The Hubble Space Telescope has captured detailed imagery of the nebula surrounding Eta Carinae, featuring intriguing phenomena like diffraction spikes and radial streaks that remain unexplained. The eventual supernova of Eta Carinae is anticipated to be a monumental astronomical event, possibly surpassing the brilliance of any other recorded supernova, including SN 2006gy. The supernova of Eta Carinae, when it occurs, is expected to be a spectacular visual event from Earth, providing critical data for understanding the life cycles of massive stars. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 August 2024

CONTENTS Ayushman Bharat National Handloom Day Ayushman Bharat Context: Beneficiaries aged 70 years and above made up over 12 per cent of all admissions under the government’s flagship Ayushman Bharat health insurance scheme, according to data presented in Parliament by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Relevance: Focus:  GS II-  Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources. Dimensions of the Article: Key Progress and Insights from the Ayushman Bharat Scheme Elderly Care Focus in Ayushman Bharat About Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) About the National Health Authority (NHA) Key Progress and Insights from the Ayushman Bharat Scheme As of January 2024, the Ayushman Bharat scheme successfully issued over 30 crore Ayushman cards, with a notable app launch aimed at streamlining the card creation process. Uttar Pradesh leads with 4.83 crore cards, followed by Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra with 3.78 crore and 2.39 crore cards, respectively. Notably, 48% of the treatments under this scheme have been utilized by women, showcasing the scheme’s commitment to gender equity. The scheme has facilitated over 6.2 crore hospital admissions, translating into more than Rs. 79,000 crores in medical treatments. Elderly Care Focus in Ayushman Bharat Senior Citizen Coverage: Elderly beneficiaries (aged 70 and above) represent over 12% of all admissions and nearly 14% of the total expenditure, reflecting the scheme’s targeted support towards aging populations. Government Expansion Plans: There are plans to extend benefits to all individuals over 70, potentially adding nearly 4 crore new beneficiaries, regardless of their economic status. State Expenditure on Elderly: States like Maharashtra, Kerala, and Haryana are among those with the highest expenditure on elderly care, indicating a focused allocation of resources towards aging populations. Policy Utilization and Costs: The inclusion of ASHA and Anganwadi workers in February’s interim budget, with a slight budget increase in July, aims to broaden the scheme’s reach and impact, particularly among India’s growing elderly population projected to reach 319 million by 2050. About Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme having central sector component under Ayushman Bharat Mission anchored in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). It is an umbrella of two major health initiatives, namely Health and wellness Centres and National  Health Protection Scheme. The PM Jan Arogya Yojana beneficiaries get an e-card that can be used to avail services at an empanelled hospital, public or private, anywhere in the country, with which they can walk into a hospital and obtain cashless treatment. The scheme has certain pre-conditions by which it picks who can avail of the health cover benefit. While in the rural areas the list is mostly categorized on lack of housing, meagre income and other deprivations, the urban list of PMJAY beneficiaries is drawn up on the basis of occupation. AB PM-JAY is the flagship scheme of the Union government as a part of the Indian government’s National Health Policy. National Health Protection Mission (AB-PMJAY) AB-PMJAY provides a defined insurance benefit cover of Rs. 5 lakh per family per year. This cover will take care of almost all secondary care and most of tertiary care procedures. To ensure that nobody is left out (especially women, children and elderly) there will be no cap on family size and age in the scheme. The beneficiaries can avail benefits in both public and empanelled private facilities. All public hospitals in the States implementing AB-PMJAY, will be deemed empanelled for the Scheme. Benefits of the scheme are portable across the country and a beneficiary covered under the scheme will be allowed to take cashless benefits from any public/private empanelled hospitals across the country. To control costs, the payments for treatment will be done on package rate (to be defined by the Government in advance) basis. Health and Wellness Centres (AB-PMJAY) Under this 1.5 lakh existing sub centres will bring health care system closer to the homes of people in the form of Health and wellness centres. These centres will provide comprehensive health care, including for non-communicable diseases and maternal and child health services. About the National Health Authority (NHA) National Health Authority (NHA) is the apex body responsible for implementing India’s flagship public health insurance/assurance scheme called “Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana”. The NHA been entrusted with the role of designing strategy, building technological infrastructure and implementation of “Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission” to create a National Digital Health Eco-system. National Health Authority (2019) is the successor of the National Health Agency, which was functioning as a registered society since 2018 (Not a Statutory body). NHA has been set-up to implement PM-JAY, as it is popularly known, at the national level. NHA is an attached office of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare with full functional autonomy. NHA is also leading the implementation for Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission ABDM in coordination with different ministries/departments of the Government of India, State Governments, and private sector/civil society organizations. NHA is governed by a Governing Board chaired by the Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare and it is headed by a Chief Executive Officer (CEO), an officer of the rank of Secretary to the Government of India, who manages its affairs. National Handloom Day Context: Recently, the 10th National Handloom Day was celebrated on 7th August 2024. This day has been celebrated since 2015 and marks the launch of the Swadeshi Movement on 7th August 1905, part of the independence struggle promoting domestic handloom products. Relevance: GS-I Art and Culture Introduction Handloom sector is a symbol of the country’s glorious cultural heritage and an important source of livelihood in the country. The sector is key to women empowerment as over 70% of handloom weavers and allied workers is women. National Handloom Day 7th August was chosen as the National Handloom Day to commemorate the Swadeshi Movement which was launched on the same date in the year 1905. On this day, the handloom weaving community is honoured and the contribution of this sector in the socio-economic development of this country is highlighted. The objective is to generate awareness about Handloom Industry amongst public at large and its contribution to the socio-economic development. The objective is to generate awareness about Handloom Industry amongst public at large and its contribution to the socio-economic development. The more the world knows about the richness and diversity of these products, the greater our artisans and weavers will benefit.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 August 2024

CONTENTS Balancing Competition and Sustainability for India Powering India’s Future Balancing Competition and Sustainability for India Context: Markets are at the heart of the economy, having evolved from the barter system to today’s digital platforms. The dynamics of supply and demand largely dictate pricing and consumer preferences. Climate change disrupts the supply side, causing an imbalance between supply and demand, which affects consumer demand and the overall economy. Relevance: GS3- Inclusive Growth, Environmental Conservation Mains Question: For India, to reach its pledged state of net zero emissions, every economic sector must contribute to greener means of production. Discuss. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Corporate Sustainability Reporting: In 2023, the Securities and Exchange Board of India introduced a framework for corporate sustainability reporting. The updated Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report requires companies to account for the environmental impact of their value chains, promoting transparency, combating greenwashing, and ensuring that sustainability benefits extend throughout the value chain. The Competition and Sustainability Scale Globally: Globally, competition authorities have raised concerns about the need for competitors to offset potential drawbacks of being early adopters of change while also achieving sustainability goals. Many authorities were hesitant to incorporate sustainability considerations, fearing that competitors might use it as a pretext for collusion. Nevertheless, authorities should focus on encouraging companies to jointly pursue sustainability goals and assess cooperation where enterprises can demonstrate the aim of achieving sustainability objectives. Japan’s Anti-Monopoly Act introduced guidelines to assist private businesses in engaging in horizontal collaborations for a “green society.” These guidelines indicate that most activities aimed at environmental sustainability are unlikely to restrict competition, and they often have pro-competitive effects that can benefit consumers. The European Commission recently released a draft of revised guidelines on horizontal agreements, which now include a specific section on sustainability agreements. Concerns will only arise if these agreements impose serious competition restrictions by object or create significant negative effects on competition contrary to Article 101(1). The goals are to tackle climate change, reduce pollution, limit natural resource use, and promote resilient infrastructure and innovation. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) and Sustainability: While many countries worldwide are incorporating sustainability policies into competition law through cooperation among competitors and guidelines, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) might also consider integrating sustainability policies into its evaluations. India has committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, but in 2023, it ranked fifth in global warming contributions. The CCI chairperson, Ravneet Kaur, recently mentioned that the CCI will explore sustainability policies for markets. During the pandemic, the CCI issued an advisory acknowledging that COVID-19 disrupted supply chains and noted that businesses might need to share information to ensure fair distribution of products and services. The Competition Act, 2002, has safeguards to protect businesses from sanctions, and the CCI only considered businesses necessary to address COVID-19 concerns. The CCI could release advisories exempting collaborations aimed at sustainable goals or greener technological innovations when necessary and proportionate. Under Section 49(3) of the Competition Act, 2002, the CCI can take measures to promote competition advocacy and awareness and participate in formulating economic policies related to competition and sustainability. The CCI could focus on sustainability policies and enterprise collaboration for greener innovations, releasing guidance notes on sustainability agreements and exemption methods under the Competition Act, 2002. In the U.K., the Competition and Markets Authority launched a market study into the electric vehicle charging sector to explore the development of competition alongside innovation, choice, lower prices, investment, and quality improvements. A similar comprehensive study on green initiatives and market feasibility would benefit the Indian market. In 2011, the TRAI released recommendations that sustainability practices be included in the proposed National Telecom Policy, promoting an environmentally friendly telecom sector. The CCI might consider incorporating sustainability practices into the National Competition Policy in the future. Way Forward: Competition cannot be separated from sustainability. Addressing climate change requires adopting new technologies that reduce resource consumption and promote innovation through sustainability policies. For India to achieve its goal of net-zero emissions, every economic sector must adopt greener production methods. The CCI can implement competition policies that enhance innovation while taking environmental concerns into account. Competition policy should incorporate sustainability economics while addressing market failures and collective action challenges. Conclusion: By issuing guidelines, the benefits of sustainability can outweigh potential negative impacts on competition. Including sustainability considerations in evaluating cooperation among competitors can significantly enhance sustainability in markets. Powering India’s Future Context: In her seventh consecutive budget speech, the Finance Minister outlined measures that underscore India’s dedication to transitioning to clean energy. These measures include developing policies for pumped hydro storage and creating energy transition pathways to support nuclear energy and improve energy efficiency. However, the recent record-breaking summer heatwaves, which increased power demand, highlight the challenges posed by a growing economy and a warming climate. Relevance: GS3- Environmental Conservation Mains Question: Discuss a roadmap for investing in a cleaner, flexible, and resilient power grid that will help our economy grow sustainably and create jobs in the clean energy sectors. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Milestones Achieved: For the current government, energy security and the clean energy transition have been priorities. This focus is evident from three significant milestones India has reached in the past decade. First, near-universal electrification was achieved through the Saubhagya scheme, with independent surveys by the Council on Energy, Environment, and Water (CEEW) indicating that about 97% of households were electrified by 2020. Second, the country experienced a five-fold increase in installed renewable energy (RE) capacity, making India the fourth-largest globally in RE capacity. Third, there was a 40% reduction in aggregate losses of power distribution companies (discoms), reaching an all-time low of about 15% in 2022-23. Associated Challenges: However, India faces challenges in rapidly decarbonizing its power system while ensuring quality and affordable power for consumers. Additionally, India’s power sector must brace for stronger headwinds. Annual electricity demand has been growing by 7-9% each year since the COVID-19 pandemic, with peak demand increasing even faster. Climate change-induced weather extremes exacerbate these challenges. Discoms find it difficult to meet unplanned surges using affordable options and existing network capacity, leading to power outages. Way Forward: Raise Targets for Renewable Energy and Storage: To address these concerns, the government must raise targets for renewable energy and storage systems beyond 500 GW by 2030. Despite past efforts to add renewable capacity, its share in India’s power generation mix is only 13%. Previous power supply shortages and anticipated rising energy demand have led policymakers to consider new coal capacity. Instead, we should aim to increase the share of renewables in India’s power generation mix and scale up storage solutions. Renewables and storage can support peak demand, are cost-competitive, and can be built more quickly. Accelerate the Deployment of a Diverse Range of Clean Energy Resources: Second, accelerate the deployment of a diverse range of clean energy resources. In 2023 alone, China added 300 GW of solar and wind capacity, while the European Union added 73 GW. As of March, India’s cumulative renewable capacity was 144 GW, with another 128 GW in progress. This comparison underscores the need to rapidly and extensively deploy clean resources. This requires tapping into the renewable energy potential in more states, speeding up grid connectivity, and ensuring access to suitable, conflict-free land for timely project commissioning. Diversifying from solar energy to other clean technologies would also help India meet its evolving demand. Improve Energy Availability: Third, implement measures to improve energy availability. During FY23, only 6.3% of India’s power generation was procured through power exchanges, with the rest sourced through bilateral agreements. The low liquidity (volume being traded) in the power exchange presents risks of price volatility. This limits both buyers and sellers from relying on the exchange for power procurement and value recovery, thus constraining our ability to integrate renewables at scale. India needs innovation in bid designs to attract renewable energy developers to sell power on the exchange, along with setting up capacities for long-term contracts. For example, under the RE Implementation Agency-led bidding process, RE developers might be required to allocate part of the project capacities for merchant sales, in addition to the bid quantum for long-term contracts. Effective Maintenance and Utilization of the Coal Fleet: Fourth, ensure effective maintenance and utilization of the coal fleet. Even as more renewables are added, coal continues to play an important role. CEEW’s analysis of MERIT data shows that in FY24, over 210 GW of coal capacity generated about 80% of the power during non-solar hours. However, more than 40 GW of coal capacity was unavailable for nearly 60% of the time that year due to planned maintenance or technical faults. State regulators must revise norms to enable timely maintenance of the coal fleet and compensate for investments to make select coal plants flexible. Accelerate Digitalization: Finally, accelerate digitalization to enable discoms and consumers to actively participate in India’s energy transition. Smart meters can help discoms accurately forecast power demand, improve network planning, and integrate renewables cost-effectively. Over 11 million smart meters have already been installed in India, with half located in Bihar and Assam. However, India is still far from its target of 250 million smart meters. Discoms need to overcome their hesitation and look to Bihar and Assam for inspiration, as they are already experiencing benefits such as reduced losses and timely bill delivery through smart metering. It is crucial to prioritize consumer privacy and system preparedness against cyberattacks in regulations and digitalization efforts. Conclusion: All eyes are on the Indian government to deliver in this critical decade. Investing in a cleaner, more flexible, and resilient power grid will help the economy grow sustainably and create jobs in the clean energy sectors

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 August 2024

CONTENTS Upcoming Amendments to Enhance Accountability in Waqf Boards Concerns Over Tiger Conservation Efficacy in Madhya Pradesh Rising Concerns Over GST on Insurance Premiums in India Sucralose Earth Observation Sattellite-8 President Droupadi Murmu Receives Fiji’s Highest Civilian Honor Upcoming Amendments to Enhance Accountability in Waqf Boards Context: The Indian Parliament is poised to introduce the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, aimed at amending the Waqf Act, 1995. This legislation is designed to increase accountability and transparency within Waqf boards. A key aspect of the proposed amendments is the removal of provisions that currently grant Waqf Boards the unchecked authority to declare any property as Waqf without adequate oversight. These changes are intended to ensure more rigorous checks and balances in the management and declaration of Waqf properties. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Waqf Act 1955 Key Amendments in Waqf Act (Amendment Bill), 2024 Criticisms of the Amendment Conclusion Overview of the Waqf Act 1955 Initially passed in 1954, the Waqf Act was designed to manage religious and charitable endowments in India. The act was significantly revised in 1995 and further amended in 2013 to enhance the powers of Waqf Boards. Key Aspects of the Waqf Act Waqf involves the dedication of movable or immovable property for religious, pious, or charitable purposes under Muslim law. Funds from Waqf properties typically support educational institutions, graveyards, mosques, and shelters for the needy. Management: Managed by Waqf Boards and a Mutawali (custodian), these properties are maintained to serve perpetual religious and charitable functions. Administration and Regulation Waqf Boards: Empowered to acquire, manage, and litigate property, these boards ensure the upkeep and proper use of Waqf properties. Central Waqf Council: Established in 1964, this council oversees state-level Waqf Boards and aids in the national coordination of Waqf activities. Significance Economic Impact: Waqf properties are extensive, with over 872,000 registered assets across 800,000 acres, generating significant revenue. Legal Framework: Properties designated as Waqf are non-transferable and are held in perpetuity for the benefit of the community. Key Amendments in Waqf Act (Amendment Bill), 2024 Mandatory Verification: The bill introduces mandatory verification for all Waqf property claims to enhance transparency. Board Composition Changes: Amendments to Sections 9 and 14 aim to alter the composition and functionality of Waqf Boards, including adding women representatives. Increased Oversight: New verification processes involving district magistrates are set to address disputes and prevent misuse of Waqf properties. Addressing Power Imbalances: The changes respond to concerns about unchecked powers within Waqf Boards, which have led to extensive and sometimes controversial claims on land. Criticisms of the Amendment Critics argue that these amendments could undermine the autonomy of Waqf Boards, thereby affecting their ability to effectively manage properties. There are concerns that these changes might adversely affect Muslim communities, for whom Waqf properties hold religious and charitable significance. The increased involvement of district magistrates could lead to bureaucratic overreach, complicating the governance of Waqf properties rather than simplifying it. The introduction of new verification processes is seen as a potential catalyst for more disputes and complications, rather than providing clarity and fairness in the administration of Waqf properties. Conclusion The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 significantly refines the oversight and management of Waqf properties in India, ensuring more structured governance, accountability, and better utilization of assets. This legislative update empowers Waqf boards to more effectively channel benefits to the communities they serve. It seeks to uphold the integrity of Waqf assets while bolstering social welfare and economic growth, thereby enhancing community trust and engagement. -Source: The Hindu Concerns Over Tiger Conservation Efficacy in Madhya Pradesh Context: A Special Investigation Team (SIT) report has brought to light serious issues in the wildlife protection efforts in Madhya Pradesh, particularly after documenting the deaths of 43 tigers at Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve and Shahdol Forest Circle between 2021 and 2023. The report reveals critical lapses in the investigation processes, a lack of sufficient evidence collection, and a worrying absence of accountability among officials tasked with tiger conservation. These findings have raised significant concerns about the effectiveness of current measures in place to protect one of India’s most iconic wildlife species. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Insights from the SIT Report on Tiger Deaths Tiger Mortality Trends in India Project Tiger Concerns Regarding India’s Tiger Protection and Conservation Plans Insights from the SIT Report on Tiger Deaths Investigation Shortcomings: The report highlights that in at least 10 tiger death cases, there was insufficient investigation, leading to only two arrests. This lack of interest by authorities has resulted in several cases with missing body parts. Forensic and Data Gaps: There is a notable absence of mobile forensics and electric trip data in cases involving electrocution. Additionally, there is a neglect in investigating land ownership, which is crucial for tackling poaching. Misattributed Causes of Death: There’s a recurrent issue of attributing tiger deaths to infighting without thorough investigation, possibly concealing instances of poaching. Post-mortem Inadequacies: The procedures for post-mortem are criticized for poor sample collection and inadequate documentation. Medical Negligence: There have been instances of medical negligence, such as failures to detect foreign objects during treatment, leading to fatalities among tigers. Tiger Mortality Trends in India The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has observed an increase in tiger deaths, with the numbers rising annually from 96 in 2019 to a peak of 178 in 2023, the highest since 2012. From 2019 to 2024, a total of 628 tigers have died in India, where the tiger population was recorded at 3,682 in 2022, accounting for approximately 75% of the global wild tiger population. India initiated Project Tiger in 1973 to bolster tiger conservation efforts. There are 55 tiger reserves in India, spanning over 78,735 square kilometers, which is nearly 2.4% of the country’s geographical area dedicated to tiger habitats. Project Tiger Introduction: Project Tiger is a conservation program launched by the Indian government on April 1, 1973, to protect tigers from extinction due to widespread hunting and poaching. Objectives: The primary objectives of Project Tiger are to promote the conservation of the tiger and its habitat, control the poaching of tigers, and maintain a viable population of tigers in India. Implementation: The program was started in nine tiger reserves of different states in India, covering over 14,000 sq km. The project also ensured the preservation of the natural habitat of tigers, which is vital for their survival. Success and Challenges: The program’s success was evident from the rise in the tiger population in India, estimated to be around 3,000 by the 1990s. However, the local extermination of tigers in Rajasthan’s Sariska in 2005 was a significant setback. To overcome the challenge, the Indian government established the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to reconstitute Project Tiger. Current Status: Today, there are 54 tiger reserves across India, spanning 75,000 sq km. The current tiger population in the country stands at 3,167, showing a steady rise from 1,411 in 2006, 1,706 in 2010, and 2,226 in 2014. The goal of Project Tiger is to have a viable and sustainable tiger population in tiger habitats based on a scientifically calculated carrying capacity. Concerns Regarding India’s Tiger Protection and Conservation Plans: Buffer Area’s Intended Purpose: The Buffer Area outside the Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH) aims to foster human-animal coexistence while respecting the rights of local communities in terms of livelihood, development, social, and cultural aspects. However, the overarching ‘fortress conservation’ strategy has inadvertently displaced communities that historically coexisted with tigers. Long-Term Consequences of ‘Fortress Conservation’: The ‘fortress conservation’ approach has led to a rise in man-wildlife conflict incidents as tigers are compelled to inhabit and inherit landscapes that disrupt their natural coexistence with local populations. The proliferation of tigers, Tiger Reserves, and connecting corridors is turning India’s tiger territory into a potential hotspot for conflict rather than biodiversity. Legal Frameworks and Relocation: The Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA) prohibits relocation, except for “voluntary relocation on mutually agreed terms and conditions” that adhere to legal requirements. According to the Forest Rights Act (FRA) and the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (LARR) Act 2013, relocation mandates the consent of affected communities. The LARR Act necessitates a comprehensive rehabilitation package, offering financial compensation and ensuring secure livelihoods for those subject to relocation. However, these legal provisions are not consistently adhered to in practice, raising concerns about their effective implementation. -Source: The Hindu Rising Concerns Over GST on Insurance Premiums in India Context: This year has seen a rise in the cost of health and life insurance premiums in India, further exacerbated by the addition of an 18% Goods and Services Tax (GST). This increase has made insurance less affordable for many, sparking protests by opposition leaders in Parliament who demand the removal of GST on these premiums. In a significant move, Union Minister Nitin Gadkari has reached out to the Finance Minister, arguing that the imposition of GST on insurance premiums adversely affects life’s uncertainties and stifles growth within the industry. This issue underscores the tension between government revenue needs and the financial burden on consumers. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: India’s Insurance Sector GST Impact on Insurance Policy Rationale and Financial Implications Challenges and Recommendations India’s Insurance Sector Industry Performance: In the fiscal year 2023-24, the general and life insurance sectors in India saw substantial revenues, with health insurance generating Rs 1,09,000 crore and life insurance amassing Rs 3,77,960 crore, with a significant contribution from LIC. Regional Contributions: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Delhi significantly contributed to health insurance, accounting for 64% of total premiums, highlighting regional disparities in insurance distribution. Penetration Trends: A decline in life insurance penetration from 3.2% to 3% alongside stable non-life insurance penetration at 1% suggests a stagnation or reduction in market depth year-over-year. GST Impact on Insurance Tax Overhaul: The implementation of an 18% GST on insurance, replacing previous taxes and cesses, has led to increased premium costs, impacting affordability amidst a backdrop of 14% medical inflation. Legislative Feedback: Parliamentary discussions have acknowledged the public’s call for reduced GST on insurance to alleviate financial burdens on consumers. Policy Rationale and Financial Implications GST Framework: Managed by the GST Council, the tax structure aims to standardize the fiscal approach to services like insurance, where recent collections amounted to significant sums, indicating a robust revenue stream from this sector. Tax Relief Measures: Despite existing tax deductions under income tax provisions, the high GST rate has sparked debates about its impact on policy affordability and the broader goal of universal insurance coverage by 2047. Challenges and Recommendations Premium Hikes: Notable increases, such as a 50% hike by a major insurer, have intensified scrutiny over GST’s role in escalating costs. Expert Opinions: Critiques suggest that India’s GST rate on insurance is among the highest globally, potentially hindering the expansion of insurance coverage. Parliamentary Review: Recent recommendations from the Standing Committee on Finance advocate for a more balanced GST rate to encourage policy uptake and support the national initiative for comprehensive insurance access by 2047. -Source: Indian Express Sucralose Context: A recent study from India examining the effects of replacing sucrose or table sugar with an artificial sweetener, sucralose, found no adverse impact on glucose or HbA1c levels and in fact indicated a slight improvement in body mass index (BMI). Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Sucralose: Sucralose is a no-calorie sweetener designed to reduce sugar intake while maintaining the sweet taste. It belongs to a group of sweeteners that includes both low-calorie options like aspartame and no-calorie choices such as monk fruit and stevia sweeteners. Sucralose is approximately 600 times sweeter than sugar. Usage: Can be incorporated into any food or beverage. Remains stable under various conditions, ensuring longevity in taste. Manufacturing Process: Origin: Derived from ordinary table sugar (sucrose). Chemical Modification: Involves replacing three hydroxyl groups with chlorine atoms to prevent breakdown by digestive enzymes, enhancing safety. Post-Consumption Dynamics: Absorption and Excretion: About 85% of ingested sucralose passes through the body unabsorbed, excreted unchanged in feces. Caloric Contribution: The minimal amount absorbed (roughly 15%) provides no calories and is rapidly excreted via urine. -Source: The Hindu Earth Observation Sattellite-8 Context: ISRO’s Earth Observation Sattellite-8 (EOS-8) is expected to be launched by the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)-D3 on August 15 from Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Earth Observation Sattellite-8 Launch Vehicle: Scheduled for launch via the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)-D3. Mission Goals: Design and development of a microsatellite. Creation of payload instruments tailored to fit the microsatellite bus. Integration of innovative technologies for future satellite missions. Construction Basis: Built on the Microsat/IMS-1 bus framework. Key Payloads: Electro Optical Infrared Payload (EOIR): Captures imagery in Mid-Wave IR (MIR) and Long-Wave IR (LWIR) bands for round-the-clock applications including surveillance, disaster response, environmental monitoring, and volcanic activity observation. Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R): Utilizes GNSS-R for remote sensing tasks such as analyzing ocean surface winds, assessing soil moisture, conducting cryosphere studies in the Himalayas, and detecting floods and inland water bodies. Additional Instruments: SiC UV Dosimeter: Positioned within the Crew Module of the Gaganyaan Mission to monitor UV irradiance and act as a gamma radiation high-dose alarm; the device is slated for a one-year operational period. -Source: The Hindu President Droupadi Murmu Receives Fiji’s Highest Civilian Honor Context: During her landmark visit to Fiji—the first ever by an Indian President—President Droupadi Murmu has been honored with the Companion of the Order of Fiji, the highest civilian award of the nation. This prestigious accolade is in recognition of the strong diplomatic and cultural ties between India and Fiji, highlighting the importance of their bilateral relationship on the global stage. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Indian Girmitiya Legacy and Fiji’s Cultural Tapestry Girmitiya Contributions: The President of India has recently highlighted the significant role of the Girmitiya laborers in the Indian diaspora. Originating from the Hindi word ‘girmit’, meaning ‘agreement’, these laborers were essentially indentured servants sent to regions like Fiji and Mauritius under harsh conditions disguised as employment agreements. Challenges Faced by Girmitiyas: Although not classified as slaves, Girmitiyas often faced conditions similar to slavery through deceitful practices known as “blackbirding”, which involved coercing them into labor under extremely poor conditions. Fiji’s Diverse Ecosystem: Fiji, situated in the South Pacific Ocean and encompassing over 300 islands, of which around 100 are inhabited, is renowned for its expansive coral reefs, spanning over 4,000 square kilometers and known as the “soft coral capital of the world.” Economic and Cultural Landscape: Historically, sugarcane farming has been a pivotal economic activity in Fiji. Today, Fiji operates as a parliamentary democracy, housing a diverse population that includes Indigenous Fijians, Indians, Europeans, and other groups. A notable cultural landmark is the Sri Siva Subramaniya Swami Temple, the largest Hindu temple in the Southern Hemisphere, symbolizing the deep-rooted Indian influence in the region. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 August 2024

CONTENTS Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Commemorative Stamps Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana Context: The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is being implemented successfully across the country since 2016.  The Government has made several interventions for ensuring better transparency, accountability, timely payment of claims to the farmers and to make the scheme more farmer friendly, as a result of which the area and farmers covered under the scheme in 2023-24 is at all-time high.  The scheme is now the largest in the world in terms of farmer applications insured. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) launched on 2016 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi is an insurance service for farmers for their yields. PMFBY is in line with One Nation – One Scheme theme. The PMFBY will replace the existing two schemes National Agricultural Insurance Scheme as well as the Modified NAIS. The Scheme shall be implemented through a multi-agency framework by selected insurance companies under the overall guidance & control of the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW), Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (MoA&FW), Government of India (GOI) and the concerned State in co-ordination with various other agencies. Premium cost over and above the farmer share is equally subsidized by States and the Central Government of India. However, the Central Government shares 90% of the premium subsidy for North Eastern States to promote the uptake in the region. Objectives To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities, pests & diseases. To stabilise the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in farming. To encourage farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural practices. To ensure flow of credit to the agriculture sector. Beneficiaries: All farmers growing notified crops in a notified area during the season who have insurable interest in the crop are eligible. Coverage of Crops: Oil seeds Food crop Annual Commercial / Annual Horticultural crops. In addition, for perennial crops, pilots for coverage can be taken for those perennial horticultural crops for which standard methodology for yield estimation is available. Risks covered under the scheme Prevented Sowing/Planting/Germination Risk: Insured area is prevented from sowing/planting/germination due to deficit rainfall or adverse seasonal/weather conditions. Standing Crop (Sowing to Harvesting): Comprehensive risk insurance is provided to cover yield losses due to non-preventable risks, viz. Drought, Dry spell, Flood, Inundation, widespread Pests and Disease attack, Landslides, Fire due to natural causes, Lightening, Storm, Hailstorm and Cyclone. Post-Harvest Losses: Coverage is available only up to a maximum period of two weeks from harvesting, for those crops which are required to be dried in cut and spread / small bundled condition in the field after harvesting against specific perils of Hailstorm, Cyclone, Cyclonic rains and Unseasonal rains Localized Calamities: Loss/damage to notified insured crops resulting from occurrence of identified localized risks of Hailstorm, Landslide, Inundation, Cloud burst and Natural fire due to lightening affecting isolated farms in the notified area. Add-on coverage for crop loss due to attack by wild animals: The States may consider providing add-on coverage for crop loss due to attack by wild animals wherever the risk is perceived to be substantial and is identifiable. General Exclusions: Losses arising out of war and nuclear risks, malicious damage and other preventable risks shall be excluded. Commemorative Stamps Context: Recently, the department of Posts released a set of commemorative postage stamps to celebrate the Paris Olympics. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Commemorative Stamps Commemorative stamps celebrate major events, notable individuals, natural wonders, and other significant themes. These stamps are special issues available in limited quantities at designated Philatelic Bureaux and through the Philatelic Deposit Account Scheme. Guidelines for Issuance Submission Process: Any citizen of India can propose the issuance of a commemorative stamp. Criteria for Issuance: Stamps are issued to commemorate milestones like the 100th, 125th, or 150th anniversaries of prominent institutions or organizations recognized nationally or internationally. Individuals commemorated must be of significant historical or cultural importance, and no stamps are issued for living persons. Commemorative stamps for individuals are issued at least ten years posthumously, typically marking significant death anniversaries such as the 10th, 25th, 50th, or 100th. Exceptions may be made for figures in the arts, culture, and music sectors. Architectural stamps are issued for buildings or monuments on significant anniversaries if they are designated heritage sites of national or international significance. Administrative Details Issuing Authority: These stamps are released by the Department of Posts under the Ministry of Communications, ensuring they are both a tribute and a collector’s item, enriching India’s philatelic legacy.

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