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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 September 2025

Content India-China: the inability to define a border Lost in space? You might need just two stars to find your way Building a city of the future The foreign capital question BTR (Bodoland Territorial Region) GI-tagging initiative The Vanishing Practice of Apatanis India-China: the inability to define a border Why in News The 1993 Border Peace and Tranquillity Agreement (BPTA) between India and China marked a turning point in managing border tensions. It remains central to understanding the evolution of India-China border mechanisms, especially after later violations (e.g., Ladakh 2020). Relevance: GS II (International Relations – Border Disputes, Bilateral Agreements), GS III (Security – LAC Management, Confidence-Building Measures). Basics Background: India-China border dispute intensified post-1962 war. Rajiv Gandhi’s 1988 Beijing visit revived dialogue after decades of hostility. Six rounds of talks (1988–1993) via the Joint Working Group (JWG). BPTA (1993): Signed during PM P.V. Narasimha Rao’s visit to Beijing. First formal document recognizing the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Nine-article framework for peaceful border management. 1996 Agreement: Expanded on 1993 provisions. Introduced military confidence-building measures (CBMs) (force limits, arms restrictions, exercise regulations). Comprehensive Overview Diplomatic Breakthrough (1988–1993) Revival of bilateral ties: reopening border trade, consulates, defence exchanges. BPTA set the principle of peaceful consultations and non-use of force. Key Features of BPTA (1993) Commitment to resolve boundary issue peacefully. Both sides to respect and not overstep the LAC. Troop presence limited to “minimal forces,” reductions based on mutual and equal security. Agreement to jointly verify disputed LAC segments. Aim: Freeze the situation and expand cooperation in other fields. Strengthening with 1996 Agreement Codified CBMs: Force ceilings in sensitive sectors. Restrictions on heavy armaments near the LAC. Prohibition of large-scale military exercises near LAC or directing them towards the other side. Acknowledged that implementation required common LAC understanding → exchange of maps was crucial but failed. Failure of LAC Clarification Map exchanges (2000–2002) failed due to maximalist claims. By 2005, process abandoned. Disputed points: Depsang, Pangong Tso, Demchok, Chumar, etc. → later became flashpoints (e.g., Galwan 2020). Strategic Significance Shift from outright hostility to a framework of managed competition. Agreements reflected parallel economic liberalisation in both nations—peace on the border was prerequisite for growth. However, absence of a common LAC definition left the door open for recurring standoffs. Lessons & Legacy Agreements created a peace management regime, not a resolution of the dispute. Worked for two decades (relative peace until 2013–14). Violations (especially in 2020) exposed fragility of the framework. Reinforces the need for clear demarcation mechanisms, not just CBMs. Lost in space? You might need just two stars to find your way Why in News A June 2024 study (published in The Astronomical Journal) demonstrated that NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft could determine its position in deep space using only two stars (Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359) through stellar parallax. This provides a potential low-cost navigation method for future interstellar missions, where Earth-based tracking becomes impractical. Relevance: GS III (Science & Technology – Space Exploration, Navigation Systems), GS II (International Cooperation – NASA Missions, Global Research). Basics New Horizons Mission: Launched: 2006, by NASA. Major milestones: Pluto flyby (2015), Kuiper Belt exploration. As of 2024: 60+ AU (astronomical units) from Earth, setting a distance record. Current Navigation: Uses NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN): global radio antennae tracking spacecraft relative to Earth. Limitations: Earth-centric → delays increase with distance. Weakening signal strength → less reliability in deep space. Stellar Parallax Method: Same principle used historically to measure star distances. Observed shift in star positions when viewed from two widely separated vantage points. In 2020, New Horizons was 7 billion km from Earth, providing an unprecedented “baseline” for stellar parallax. Comprehensive Overview The Experiment Stars used: Proxima Centauri (4.2 light years) and Wolf 359 (7.9 light years). Measured parallax: Proxima Centauri → 32.4 arcseconds. Wolf 359 → 15.7 arcseconds. Derived spacecraft distance: 46.89 AU, closely matching DSN estimate of 47.11 AU. Tools needed: only a camera, spacecraft computer, and stellar catalogue. Significance Proof-of-concept: shows navigation possible without Earth’s beacons. Cost-effective: no specialized equipment beyond standard payload. Scalable: accuracy improves with better cameras/sensors. Limitations Accuracy insufficient for current navigation of New Horizons. Still reliant on DSN at present distances (~60 AU). Intended as a demonstration, not operational deployment. Future Applications Interstellar Missions: critical once signals from Earth become too delayed or weak. Self-reliant spacecraft: reduces dependence on ground stations. Can integrate with: Stellar Astrometric Navigation: uses multiple stars, accounts for relativity. Pulsar Navigation: uses neutron stars as “cosmic GPS beacons,” more precise but needs initial positioning input (where stellar parallax can assist). Broader Perspective Represents a shift from Earth-dependent navigation to autonomous celestial navigation. Parallels “explorers at sea using stars as compass,” but scaled to interstellar distances. Strengthens capability for long-duration missions (Voyager successors, exoplanet probes). Building a city of the future Why in News The World Bank report “Prosperous Cities in India” highlights the urgency of building resilient, climate-ready, and inclusive urban infrastructure as India prepares for rapid urbanisation. By 2070, India’s urban housing demand will require building twice the existing stock, presenting both risks and opportunities. Urban flooding, climate change, and weak planning currently make Indian cities highly vulnerable, requiring systemic reforms. Relevance: GS I (Urbanisation – Demographic Shifts), GS II (Governance – Urban Planning, Policy Reforms), GS III (Environment – Climate Resilient Infrastructure, Disaster Management). Basics Urbanisation Context: India’s urban population is expected to nearly double in the next 25 years. By 2070, India’s population will approach 1 billion in urban centres. Nearly 70% of infrastructure needed by 2070 is yet to be built. Key Risks for Indian Cities: Extreme weather (floods, cyclones, heatwaves). Rapid housing demand: 140 million new houses required by 2070. Inadequate transport & drainage infrastructure. Informal housing in hazard-prone areas. Opportunity Window: Current phase of infrastructure creation allows India to build climate-resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities. Requires large-scale investment, better governance, and citizen participation. Advanced Overview Urbanisation as an Opportunity & Challenge Demographic Dividend: With millions of young people entering the workforce, cities will be hubs of innovation and job creation. Megacity Transition: Several Indian cities are projected to exceed populations larger than many countries, requiring new governance models. Risk of Disorderly Growth: Without proactive planning, urbanisation could worsen slum proliferation, congestion, and inequity. Housing Demand & Climate Vulnerability Over 50% of housing stock for 2070 is yet to be built, meaning decisions taken now will determine resilience for decades. Current housing patterns: Informal, unregulated, often in floodplains or unstable slopes. Lacks adequate drainage, ventilation, and disaster preparedness. Implication: Without climate-sensitive planning, new housing could lock in high-risk vulnerabilities. Floods & Infrastructure Weaknesses Urban Flooding Trends: Increasingly common in Bengaluru, Chennai, Mumbai. Causes: Encroachment on wetlands and floodplains. Impervious surfaces preventing water absorption. Outdated stormwater drainage. Data Point: Three-fourths of India’s urban roads are directly exposed to flooding risks. Integrated Urban Resilience Approach Nature-based solutions: Restore wetlands, rivers, and urban forests to absorb excess water. City-wide drainage with sponge-city models (e.g., China’s urban planning reforms). Green-Blue Infrastructure: Treat stormwater not as waste but as a resource. Multi-sectoral Planning: Linking housing, transport, waste management, and energy grids under climate-proof frameworks. Transport and Connectivity India’s urban productivity depends heavily on efficient transport systems. Flood-disrupted roads cause productivity loss, logistical delays, and economic damage. Investments in resilient road networks and public transport are essential to maintain mobility during extreme weather. Economic & Social Implications Cost of Inaction: By 2030, climate-related urban damages could exceed $150 billion annually. Equity Concern: Poor and vulnerable populations are most exposed—living in hazard-prone areas with least adaptive capacity. Urban Productivity Loss: Flooding and extreme heat reduce labour productivity, increase healthcare costs, and disrupt supply chains. Governance & Policy Framework Institutional Reforms Needed: Strengthen municipal finance for infrastructure investment. Enhance urban planning capacity with data-driven GIS mapping of risks. Foster public–private partnerships for affordable housing and resilient infrastructure. Citizen Engagement: Community-level early warning systems, participatory planning, and neighbourhood-scale resilience building. Strategic Way Forward Adopt National Urban Resilience Mission integrating housing, transport, water, and waste management. Scaling Nature-based Solutions: Expand green buffers, wetlands restoration, rainwater harvesting. Financing Innovation: Climate bonds, municipal bonds, and World Bank-led climate funds. Technology Integration: Satellite data for flood risk prediction, AI-based urban modelling. Inclusive Growth: Ensure resilience planning does not marginalize urban poor but integrates affordable housing and basic services. Conclusion India’s urbanisation path is at a crossroads: it could either lock in fragile, climate-vulnerable cities or become an opportunity to create resilient, productive, and inclusive urban hubs. With more than half of future housing and infrastructure yet to be built, the next 25 years are decisive. Investing in climate-smart housing, resilient transport, and nature-based infrastructure will be crucial to sustain urban productivity, reduce risks, and unlock India’s full economic potential. The foreign capital question Why in News Despite being the world’s fastest-growing major economy (7.4% in FY 2023-24, 7.8% in Apr–Jun 2025 quarter), India’s foreign capital inflows are at a decade-and-a-half low. FY 2023-24 saw net FPI inflows of just $2.5 billion, lowest since FY 2018-19, with FDI also stagnating compared to previous years. Raises concerns about why India’s growth momentum has not translated into higher foreign investments. Relevance: GS III (Economy – Foreign Capital, BoP, FDI/FPI), GS II (Policy – Ease of Doing Business, Investment Climate). Basics Foreign Capital Inflows = Investment from abroad into Indian economy. Two key types: FDI (Foreign Direct Investment): Long-term, in productive assets. FPI (Foreign Portfolio Investment): Short-term, in stocks/bonds. Balance of Payments (BoP): Record of all economic transactions. Capital Account (inflows like FDI/FPI, external commercial borrowings). Current Account (trade deficit + invisibles like remittances). India’s BoP history: Net capital inflows peaked at $107.9 bn (2007-08). Declined to $15.8 bn in FY 2023-24, despite high GDP growth. Advanced Overview The Paradox Strong GDP growth + low capital inflows = mismatch. Normally, higher growth attracts more foreign capital. India’s inflows in FY 2023-24 are just 15% of 2007-08 peak levels, despite being the fastest-growing major economy. Factors Behind Low Inflows Shift in FPI preference: Earlier FPI went into equities; now focus is on debt, commercial bonds, and alternative assets. Risk aversion post-Global Financial Crisis & COVID-19: Preference for stable, safe assets globally. Rising domestic savings in India: Less dependence on foreign capital. High valuations in Indian equity markets: Discourage foreign investors. Policy environment: Public sector-led capex growth crowds out FDI/FPI interest. Global monetary tightening: Higher US interest rates pull capital to developed markets. Balance of Payments Implications Merchandise trade deficit widening due to strong domestic demand and high imports. Remittances (~$125 bn in 2023-24) and IT/other service exports partly offset trade deficit. But low capital inflows strain BoP, limiting RBI’s ability to build forex reserves. Strategic Concerns Dependence on domestic savings makes growth self-reliant, but foreign inflows remain crucial for: Infrastructure financing. Technology transfer. Reducing current account vulnerability. FDI stagnation reflects concerns about India’s business environment despite “ease of doing business” claims. Key Numbers 2007-08 peak inflows: $107.9 bn. FY 2021-22 inflows: $88.2 bn. FY 2022-23 inflows: $53.4 bn. FY 2023-24 inflows: $15.8 bn (lowest in 15 years). Current Account Deficit (Apr-Jun 2025): $10.2 bn. Conclusion India’s rapid GDP growth has not translated into higher foreign capital inflows, which are now at their lowest in 15 years, creating a growth–capital mismatch. Global monetary tightening, high domestic equity valuations, and policy-driven public capex dominance have made India less attractive for FPI/FDI compared to safer or alternative assets. While domestic savings and remittances cushion the BoP, sustained low foreign inflows could constrain forex reserves, infrastructure financing, and long-term investment climate. BTR (Bodoland Territorial Region) GI-tagging initiative Why in News The Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) government and community groups have secured GI tags for 21 traditional items (Nov 2023–May 2024), covering textiles, musical instruments, beverages, and cuisine. A special drive has been launched to secure GI tags for more traditional items of all 26 indigenous communities living in BTR. Initiative aligns with cultural preservation, rural development, and the upcoming BTR Council elections (Sept 22, 2025), making GI a key governance and identity issue. Relevance: GS I (Culture – Tribal Heritage, GI Products), GS II (Governance – Bodo Peace Accord, Identity Politics), GS III (Economy – Rural Development, IPR). Basics Geographical Indication (GI) Tag: A form of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Identifies goods as originating from a specific territory where quality, reputation, or characteristics are essentially attributable to geography. Benefits of GI Tagging: Provides legal protection against unauthorized use. Enhances market value and export potential. Preserves cultural identity and heritage. Builds consumer trust by ensuring authenticity. Fosters rural development through direct benefits to artisans and farmers. Comprehensive Overview Context of BTR Initiative BTR spans 8,970 sq. km across five districts bordering Bhutan; governed by the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC). The All Bodo Students’ Union (ABSU) had passed a resolution nearly a decade ago to pursue GI tagging of unique Bodo products. After the Bodo Peace Accord (2020), Chief Executive Member Pramod Boro prioritized recognition of indigenous heritage, aligning state support with community efforts. A youth-led team, including technocrats, artists, and social entrepreneurs, spearheaded the identification and documentation of items. Items Registered (Nov 2023 – May 2024) Textiles: Aronai, Dokhona, Zwmgra (motif-rich designs). Musical Instruments: Kham, Serza, Siphung. Alcoholic Beverages: Maibra Zwu Bidwi, Zwu Gisi. Cuisine: Gwkha Gwkhwi, Napham. Others: Gongar Dundia, traditional artefacts. Inclusive Approach Beyond the dominant Bodo community, the drive covers 26 indigenous groups: Adivasis, Gurkhas, Koch-Rajbongshis, Hajongs, Kurukhs, Madahi Kacharis, Hiras, Patnis, etc. Supported by Gandhi Hindustani Sahitya Sabha, which trains local scholars and leaders in documentation and filing of GI applications. Aim: Establish “GI Villages”, clusters where artisans/farmers receive training, infrastructure, and direct market linkages. Economic & Socio-Cultural Implications Economic Growth: Higher market value and branding of products can boost local incomes, exports, and tourism. Rural Development: Direct benefits for artisans and farmers, reducing dependence on middlemen. Cultural Preservation: Recognition of textiles, instruments, and food ensures safeguarding of intangible heritage. Political Significance: With BTC elections imminent, GI initiative doubles as a governance achievement and identity assertion tool. Comparative Example: Similar initiatives in Darjeeling tea, Pochampally Ikat, and Kodaikanal garlic show that GI-tagging can generate global recognition and premium markets. Challenges Ahead Commercialisation Risks: Without adequate marketing and distribution networks, GI tags may remain symbolic. Capacity Building: Need for sustained workshops, legal aid, and financial support to communities. Global Branding: Translating GI tags into actual export competitiveness requires quality assurance and certification mechanisms. Equity Concerns: Ensuring benefits flow to grassroots artisans and not just traders or intermediaries. The Vanishing Practice of Apatanis Why in News The Apatani tribe of Ziro Valley (Arunachal Pradesh) is witnessing the disappearance of its traditional facial tattoos and wooden nose plugs, once integral to women’s identity. The practice was banned in the 1970s due to social stigma and employment barriers, and now survives only among older Apatani women. Highlights the tension between cultural preservation and modernization in tribal societies. Relevance: GS I (Culture – Tribal Traditions, Identity), GS II (Governance – Tribal Rights, Policies), GS III (Society – Modernisation vs Tradition). Basics Community: Apatanis, living in Ziro Valley, Lower Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh. Geography: Ziro Valley – a UNESCO Tentative World Heritage site, bowl-shaped valley in the eastern Himalayas. Cultural Practice: Facial Tattoos (Tippei): Done around age 10 by elder women. Wooden Nose Plugs (Yaping Hullo): Inserted to make women “less attractive” to invaders; later became a symbol of beauty and tribal identity. Ban: Government prohibited the practice in the 1970s, citing social mobility barriers, especially for women seeking urban employment. Comprehensive Overview Origins and Evolution Protective Origins: Practice began as a strategy to deter abduction of Apatani women by rival tribes and outsiders. Cultural Identity: Over generations, it evolved into an honourable symbol of beauty, dignity, and tribal belonging. Ritual Process: Carried out during adolescence; nose plugs crafted from forest wood (after cleaning to avoid infection). Current Scenario Decline: Almost vanished among younger generations; now seen only in elderly women. Pride vs Modernity: Older women still consider tattoos and plugs integral to being Apatani, while younger generations see them as obstacles to education, employment, and social integration. Social Shifts: Globalisation, urban exposure, and inter-community marriage discourage continuation. Cultural Significance Represents unique indigenous aesthetics, differing from mainstream Indian concepts of beauty. Acts as a marker of community solidarity and oral history of resilience against external threats. Comparable to other indigenous body modification traditions worldwide (e.g., Maori tattoos in New Zealand, Ethiopian lip plates). Challenges of Preservation Government Ban: Initially imposed to promote assimilation and modern opportunities, inadvertently accelerated cultural erosion. Generational Gap: Younger Apatanis are ambivalent—balancing pride in heritage with aspiration for modern identity. Documentation Needs: Without active recording (photographs, ethnographic studies, digital archiving), the practice risks being lost completely. Larger Implications Anthropological Value: Important case study of how cultural practices transform under pressures of state policy, modernity, and globalization. Identity Politics: For many Apatanis, revival or remembrance of this practice ties into broader questions of tribal autonomy and heritage preservation. Policy Dimension: Raises debate on whether banning such practices protects or erodes cultural diversity. Tourism & Cultural Economy: Ziro Valley’s heritage, festivals (e.g., Ziro Music Festival), and unique traditions can be leveraged for sustainable cultural tourism.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 September 2025

Content India: A Global Bioeconomy Powerhouse GST Reforms 2025: Relief for Common Man, Boost for Businesses India: A Global Bioeconomy Powerhouse Growth Trajectory Expanded from USD 10 bn (2014) → USD 165.7 bn (2024). CAGR: ~35% over the decade, contributing 4.25% of GDP. Target: USD 300 bn by 2030, USD 1.4–2.7 tn by 2050 (6.5–12% of GDP). Global context: Bioeconomy expected to hit USD 30 tn by 2050 (12% of world GDP). Relevance : GS III (Economy, S&T, Environment) – Biomanufacturing, energy independence, innovation ecosystems. GS II (Governance) – Policy initiatives like BioE³, regulatory frameworks. GS I (Geography & Society) – Regional contribution, rural bio-agri impact. Essay & Ethics – Sustainability, bio-innovation, and climate justice.   Subsectoral Distribution (2024) BioIndustrial (47% | USD 78.2 bn) Biofuels, bioplastics, enzymes, green chemicals. Key driver of circular and green economy. BioPharma & BioMedical (35.2% | USD 58.4 bn) Affordable generics, vaccines, biologics, diagnostics, MedTech. Global reputation for cost-effective biopharma. BioAgri (8.1% | USD 13.5 bn) GM crops, Bt cotton success, precision farming, biofertilizers, biopesticides. BioResearch & BioIT (9.4% | USD 15.6 bn) Contract research, clinical trials, bioinformatics, biotech software. Strengthens India’s role as a global R&D hub.   State & Regional Contribution (2024) Top States: Maharashtra (USD 35.45 bn | 21.4%), Karnataka (USD 32.4 bn | 19.5%), Telangana (USD 19.9 bn | 12%). Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh follow. Regional Share: South (45.4%), West (30.3%), North (18.5%), East (5.8%). South dominates due to biotech clusters (Bengaluru, Hyderabad). Major Policy Interventions BioE³ Policy (2024): Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, Employment. Biomanufacturing & Biofoundry Initiative: Move from consumptive → regenerative production. 21 BioEnabler facilities: Shared infra for startups & R&D (focus on microbial biotech, smart proteins, marine biotech, gene therapy). BioE³ Youth Challenge (2025): Monthly innovation contest, prizes (₹1L to ₹25L), incubation & mentoring for grassroots biotech talent. Breakthrough Achievements Ethanol Blending: 20% blending (2025) → achieved 5 years ahead of target. Benefits: ₹1.21 lakh crore to farmers, elimination of sugarcane arrears, forex savings ₹1.44 lakh crore, crude substitution 245 LMT. Vaccine Leadership: Serum Institute: global share rose from 19% (2021) → 24% (2024). 3 Indian firms (Serum, Bharat Biotech, Biological E) among world’s top 10. Supplied 40% of WHO vaccines; 20% exports went to Africa. Precision Medicine & AMR: Launch of Nafithromycin (anti-AMR antibiotic). CAR-T therapies, AI-driven diagnostics, oncology gene sequencing.   Climate Change & Sustainability Role Bioeconomy enables: Emission reduction via biofuels, recycling, bioplastics. Carbon capture in agriculture, afforestation, food waste reduction. Greener manufacturing processes → reduced fossil dependence. Central to India’s net-zero roadmap by 2070. Startup & Investment Ecosystem Startups: 13,000 in 2025 (from 5,365 in 2021; +142%). Products: 800+ launched; $600 mn follow-on funding. FDI: MedTech FDI grew from $370 mn (2022) → $618 mn (2024). Ecosystem backed by BIRAC, DBT, venture funding, incubation infra. Global Positioning India is: Vaccine hub (low-cost, mass production). Ethanol leader (fastest adoption curve globally). Emerging precision medicine hub in the Global South. R&D outsourcing base for pharma & bioinformatics. By 2050, India may rival US, EU, and China as a bioeconomy power centre. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges: Regulatory harmonisation across subsectors. Biosafety, bioethics, and AMR management. Funding volatility & global competition in biotech patents. Need to scale from pilot → industrial-level biomanufacturing. Way Forward: Strengthen IP regime, clinical trial capacity, and global partnerships. Incentivise R&D tax breaks, green financing, and rural biotech adoption. Enhance regional biotech clusters in East & North India. Foster public trust via awareness on biotech safety and benefits. GST Reforms 2025: Relief for Common Man, Boost for Businesses Historical Context Pre-GST Era (Before 2017) Fragmented indirect tax system (VAT, excise, service tax, octroi, entry tax). Multiple levies created cascading effect (“tax on tax”). Different state laws caused compliance burden & litigation. Weak input tax credit provisions → high cost of goods & services. GST Introduction (2017) Rolled out on 1st July 2017 via 101st Constitutional Amendment. Subsumed 17 taxes & 13 cesses into a single national tax. Created “One Nation, One Tax, One Market” framework. Brought IT-based filing, improved transparency, and widened the tax base. Relevance : GS III (Economy) – Tax simplification, inflation relief, MSME competitiveness, boost to agriculture & manufacturing. GS II (Governance) – GST Council (Art. 279A), cooperative federalism, welfare-linked exemptions. GST Performance till 2025 Taxpayer base: Grew from 66.5 lakh (2017) → 1.51 crore (2025). Revenue Growth: FY 2017–18: ₹82,000 crore avg. monthly collection. FY 2024–25: ₹2.04 lakh crore avg. monthly collection. CAGR ~18%, gross collections doubled to ₹22.08 lakh crore in 4 years. Formalization: Stronger compliance + technology adoption increased revenues. 2025 GST Reform Highlights Simplification of Tax Structure Shift from 4 slabs (5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) → two slabs: 5% & 18%. 40% slab retained for luxury & sin goods (tobacco, aerated drinks, luxury cars, yachts, private aircraft). Focus: Relief to common man, lower input costs for MSMEs, boost to agriculture & manufacturing, and correction of inverted duty structures. Sector-Wise Impact A. Household & Food Daily essentials: soaps, toothpaste, shampoos, bicycles → down to 5%. Indian breads, paneer, UHT milk → NIL GST. Packaged foods (sauces, pasta, chocolates, coffee, preserved meat) → 18/12% → 5%. TVs (>32”), ACs, dishwashers → 28% → 18%. Impact: Boost in affordability + demand for FMCG & consumer durables. B. Housing & Construction Cement: 28% → 18%. Marble, granite, bricks, bamboo products → 12% → 5%. Impact: Lower construction costs, cheaper housing, push to infra sector, job creation. C. Automobiles Two-wheelers ≤350cc & small cars: 28% → 18%. Buses, trucks, three-wheelers, auto parts: 28% → 18%. Impact: Relief for middle-class + push for auto manufacturing & exports. D. Agriculture Tractors: 12% → 5%. Tires & tractor parts: 18% → 5%. Irrigation equipment, harvesters, sprinklers: 12% → 5%. Bio-pesticides, natural menthol: 12% → 5%. Impact: Lower input costs, farmer relief, boost to sustainable farming. E. Services Hotels (<₹7,500/day): 12% → 5%. Gyms, salons, yoga: 18% → 5%. Impact: Boost to hospitality, wellness, and tourism sectors. F. Textiles, Toys & Handicrafts Manmade fibre: 18% → 5%; yarn: 12% → 5%. Handicrafts, statues, paintings, toys: 12% → 5%. Impact: Boost exports, support artisans, rural jobs, cultural preservation. G. Education Exercise books, pencils, erasers, crayons, sharpeners → 0% GST. Geometry boxes, trays: 12% → 5%. Impact: Reduced education costs, student-friendly. H. Healthcare Life-saving drugs & diagnostic kits: 12% → 0%. Other medicines (Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy): 12% → 5%. Medical oxygen, surgical instruments: 12–18% → 5%. Spectacles: 28% → 5%. Impact: Affordable healthcare, support for domestic pharma & MedTech. I. Insurance Life & health insurance premiums → GST exempt. Impact: Promotes financial security, supports Insurance for All by 2047. Broader Economic Impact Consumers: Lower costs → higher disposable income → demand growth. MSMEs: Lower input costs, corrected inverted duty structure → competitiveness. Manufacturing: Boost to domestic value addition, exports. State Revenues: Simplified rates + wider base → higher compliance → stable revenues. Employment: Growth in construction, auto, textiles, handicrafts. Inflation: Expected moderation due to lower GST on essentials. Formalization: Simple two-slab system reduces disputes, encourages compliance. Challenges Ahead Revenue Neutrality: Risk of revenue loss from sharp rate cuts; must be offset by better compliance. State Compensation: Concerns of revenue shortfall for some states (esp. after cess phase-out). Transition Issues: Businesses must quickly adapt to new slabs, possible IT challenges. Luxury/Sin Goods Taxation: High 40% rate may sustain black market activity. Long-Term Significance Reinforces GST as citizen-centric & business-friendly. Aligns with India’s goal of Ease of Living + Ease of Doing Business. Supports Viksit Bharat @2047 vision by: Affordable healthcare & education. Strong MSME & manufacturing base. Sustainable agriculture. Formalized, transparent tax system. Conclusion: GST Reforms 2025 mark the biggest overhaul since 2017 rollout—from a complex multi-slab system to a simpler, fairer, two-rate structure. By lowering tax burdens across essentials, housing, health, and education, while supporting businesses and states, these reforms aim to create a virtuous cycle of lower costs → higher demand → wider tax base → stronger growth.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 September 2025

Content: Trump’s tariff war as opportunity for the Global South GST 2.0 is a landmark in India’s tax journey Trump’s tariff war as opportunity for the Global South Basics Global Context: Rising economic nationalism and protectionism led by the U.S. under Trump. Challenges to liberal international order: free trade, multilateralism, global institutions. U.S. tariffs and sanctions reshaping global trade dynamics. India caught in cross-currents: balancing ties with the U.S., China, Russia, and Global South. Key Issue: U.S. tariffs, sanctions, and unilateralism disrupt India’s economy (textiles, gems, metals, auto parts). Erosion of 25 years of India-U.S. strategic convergence. Need for India to recalibrate strategy amid polycrisis (economic, geopolitical, technological). Relevance : GS II (IR, Governance) – India–US relations, impact of protectionism on multilateralism, strategic autonomy, Global South leadership. GS III (Economy, Trade) – Effects of tariffs on exports, FDI flows, supply chains, energy security. GS I (Society & Diaspora) – Indian diaspora in U.S. facing racism and visa uncertainties. Practice Question :  How can India leverage the ongoing global protectionist wave to strengthen its leadership role in the Global South? (250 Words) Trump’s Motivations Domestic Politics Pandering to “silent majority” resentful of globalisation’s inequities. Instead of structural reforms, resort to xenophobia, racism, and economic populism. Sanctions (30+ nations), tariffs (70+), attacks on immigration, trade blocs reshaped. Economic Strategy Tariffs = disguised tax on American consumers (70% burden). Goal: maintain U.S. economic dominance, curb China’s rise (26% vs 17% of global GDP). Protectionism, subsidies, and coercive trade tactics with hypocrisy (criticises India’s farm protections while imposing huge tariffs on tobacco, dairy, fruits). Geopolitics & Security Bipartisan consensus in U.S. on reversing deindustrialisation and checking China. Tariffs weaponised for leverage on Russia–Ukraine war. China seen as ultimate challenge → tariffs aligned with U.S. security and strategic interests. Impacts on India Economic Impact Tariffs hurt textiles, jewellery, auto parts, metals. Farmers face pressure as U.S. demands India cut protections while it maintains high tariffs. India conceded on oil imports from Iran/Venezuela and cotton duties, weakening bargaining power. Geopolitical Impact U.S. re-hyphenating India–Pakistan; renewing ties with Islamabad. Quad commitments uncertain; U.S. firms hesitant in India. India–China tensions exploited; two-front security problem intensifies. Societal Impact Indian diaspora facing racism amid U.S. political climate. What New Delhi Must Do Re-examine Assumptions Don’t overestimate “democratic counterweight to China” narrative. Recognise limits of U.S. convergence; protect national interests. Adopt Firm Negotiating Posture U.S. respects strength, not compliance. Avoid unnecessary concessions (Iran oil, cotton duties). Balance ties with multiple powers (multi-alignment > symbolic alliances). Correct Foreign Policy Adventurism Limit over-personalised diplomacy, diaspora theatrics. Prioritise strategic interests over symbolic gestures. Leverage Polycrisis Champion multipolarity as an alternative to U.S. unipolarity or China–U.S. bipolarity. Push for a New Economic Deal – fairer rules for Global South, reform of multilateral institutions. Address Domestic Structural Weaknesses Revive manufacturing (lowest in 40 years). Tackle unemployment, private investment stagnation, poor R&D. Use PSUs strategically like China’s SOEs. Build bipartisan consensus at home, coordinate with Global South abroad. Larger Significance for India Short-Term: Protect economy from tariffs, secure energy supplies, manage U.S. unpredictability. Medium-Term: Avoid two-front security trap; balance U.S. and China ties. Long-Term: Lead Global South by advocating equitable globalisation, inclusive multilateralism, and multipolar world order. GST 2.0 is a landmark in India’s tax journey Basics GST (Goods and Services Tax): A destination-based indirect tax introduced in 2017, subsuming multiple central & state taxes (excise, VAT, service tax). GST Council (Art. 279A): Apex decision-making body chaired by Union Finance Minister with state FMs as members. Earlier Structure: Multiple slabs (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%), causing complexity, inverted duty structures, and compliance burden. Relevance : GS III (Economy) – Tax simplification, inverted duty correction, MSME relief, green growth incentives. GS II (Governance & Federalism) – GST Council (Art. 279A), cooperative federalism, dispute resolution via GSTAT. GS I (Society) – Relief on essentials, healthcare, insurance, rural/agri impact, job creation in labour-intensive sectors. Practice Question : Critically analyse the role of GST reforms in advancing the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. (250 Words) Structural Simplification Shift from 4 major slabs → 2 slabs: 18% Standard Rate 5% Merit Rate 40% De-merit Rate for luxury/sin goods (e.g., tobacco, high-end SUVs). Impact: Reduces complexity, boosts predictability, and aligns with global “simple tax” practices. Relief for Households & Consumers Exempted: UHT milk, paneer, chapati, paratha (essentials). 5% bracket: Soap, shampoo, toothpaste, bicycles, kitchenware. Reduced: Packaged foods, noodles, chocolates, beverages. Outcome: More disposable income, higher consumption, improved equity. Health & Insurance Boost Zero GST on life and health insurance – improves penetration, supports senior citizens and low-income families. Exemptions/reductions on drugs & devices for cancer, rare diseases, chronic conditions → affordable healthcare, lower out-of-pocket expenditure. Agriculture & Farmers Tractors, farm machinery @ 5%. Fertilizers & key inputs (sulphuric acid, ammonia) @ 5% (down from 18%). Outcome: Lower cultivation costs, higher productivity, better farm incomes. Labour-Intensive & Traditional Sectors Rate cuts for handicrafts, marble, granite, leather goods. Impact: Demand revival, job protection, export competitiveness, preservation of traditional industries. Key Sectoral Corrections Textiles: MMF & yarn @ 5% → removes inverted duty anomaly, boosts exports & jobs. Cement: From 28% → 18% → reduces construction cost, boosts housing & infra growth. Renewables & auto parts: Lower rates → accelerates green growth & EV ecosystem. Hospitality & wellness: Rationalized → tourism revival & service sector growth. Institutional & Process Reforms GST Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT): Operational by end-2025 → faster dispute resolution, legal consistency. Provisional refunds for inverted duty cases → liquidity support to businesses. Risk-based compliance checks & harmonized valuation rules → lower compliance burden, less litigation. Fiscal & Economic Balance Phased implementation from Sept 22, 2025 → protects revenue while ensuring immediate consumer benefits. Demand push + investment revival → short-term growth stimulus, long-term revenue buoyancy. Stakeholder Alignment Many CII recommendations accepted → simplification, healthcare relief, farm support, textile competitiveness. Reflects consultative federalism & partnership with industry. Big Picture – GST 2.0 A citizen-centric reform rather than just a technical tax change. Promotes inclusive growth: benefits households, farmers, workers, MSMEs, and traditional industries. Aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047 by simplifying taxation, boosting competitiveness, and strengthening institutions.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 September 2025

Content Auto, Pharma Sectors Cheer GST Slabs; Airlines Say Wings Clipped Should Commercial Speech on Digital Platforms Be Regulated? India–China: The Making of a Border India’s Birth Rate Down: First Dip in TFR in 2 Years How the Antibiotic Culture in India Imperils Mental Health Logs in Himachal Floodwaters: Supreme Court Response New Foreigners Act, 2025 PVTGs and Enumeration Issues Auto, pharma sectors cheer GST slabs; airlines say wings clipped Basics GST (Goods and Services Tax): Indirect tax introduced in 2017, subsuming multiple central & state taxes. GST Council: Apex decision-making body under Article 279A, chaired by Union Finance Minister. Inverted Duty Structure: Situation where tax on inputs > tax on final product, discouraging domestic value addition. Recent Decision (Sept 2025): GST Council revised rates across multiple sectors → auto, insurance, appliances, pharma, renewable energy, but also imposed higher rates in textiles, airlines, and services. Relevance: GS III (Economy – Taxation, GST reforms, federal fiscal relations, sectoral impacts on industry and labour). Key Changes Positive for Industry: Auto sector: Rate rationalisation + removal of GST Compensation Cess on certain vehicles. Pharma & Fertilisers: Corrected inverted duty structure → reduces input cost burden. Renewable energy: Adjustments encouraging investment in green projects. Consumer appliances: Lower duties on select items → boost demand. Negative for Some Sectors: Textiles & Garments: GST on labour charges raised 12% → 18% → affects small units, handlooms, embroidery, wedding wear. Cloth Manufacturers Association of India: Warned higher costs will hurt migrant workers and common consumers (woollens, handlooms, traditional clothing). Airlines: Criticised higher GST on non-economy class tickets. Service providers/SMEs: Fear higher compliance costs. Stock Market Reaction: Initial optimism but ended flat, Sensex barely up → reflects mixed industry sentiment. Implications Economic Impact Rationalisation reduces litigation & compliance disputes. Correction of inverted duty structure supports Make in India and boosts domestic value chains. But labour-intensive textile sector hit → job losses possible for migrant/daily-wage workers. Social Impact Higher tax on garments affects low-income consumers → affordability issue. Migrant workers in textile hubs (Surat, Tiruppur, Panipat) likely to face wage squeeze. Political Angle Rate hikes on essential clothing → politically sensitive before elections, esp. in states with large textile workforce. Industries lobbying for rollback may pressure govt. Governance Angle Shows federal cooperation in GST Council but also trade-offs → boosting revenue vs protecting vulnerable industries. Addresses long-pending duty inversion, improving tax efficiency. Sectoral Winners & Losers Winners: Auto, pharma, renewable energy, fertilizers. Losers: Textiles, airlines, MSME service providers. Should commercial speech on digital platforms be regulated? Basics Commercial Speech: Expression with an economic motive (advertisements, influencer content, monetized performances). Recognised under Article 19(1)(a) (Tata Press Ltd. v. MTNL, 1995). Regulatory Context: IT Act, 2000 & BNS, 2023 provide mechanisms for prosecution and content removal. SC’s 25 Aug 2024 Order: Urged govt. to draft guidelines for social media content, triggered by derogatory remarks by comedians against persons with disabilities. Constitutional Framework: Free speech subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) (security, public order, decency, morality, etc.). Individual dignity is not an explicit ground under Art. 19(2), but SC upheld criminal defamation (2016) recognising dignity as linked to reputation. Relevance: GS II (Polity – Fundamental Rights: Free Speech & Reasonable Restrictions; IT laws; Judiciary–Executive balance). Arguments Against New Regulation Existing Laws Already Cover It: FIRs filed under BNS & IT Act show enforceability. Section 69A already provides takedown powers. Risk of Overreach: Using “dignity” as an independent ground risks expansive censorship. Chilling Effect: Comedians, satirists, journalists may self-censor, harming democratic debate. Judicial Precedent: SC has protected unpalatable speech (e.g., quashing FIR against Imran Pratapgadhi’s poem, 2024). Commercial Nature ≠ Justification for Regulation: Profit-driven speech still falls under free expression (Sakal Papers v. Union, 1962). Arguments for Some Regulation Protection of Vulnerable Groups: Content mocking disabilities or minorities affects dignity and participation in public life. Social Responsibility: Commercialisation of free speech (influencer marketing, stand-up comedy, monetised social media) increases its reach and impact. Judicial Role of “Complete Justice”: SC has inherent jurisdiction to balance free expression with social harm. Safeguards Against Hate Speech: Commercial platforms amplify hate speech faster; some oversight is needed to prevent real harm. Key Constitutional & Legal Precedents Sakal Papers v. Union (1962): Struck down govt. attempt to regulate newspaper page limit; reinforced commercial speech as part of free expression. Tata Press Ltd. v. MTNL (1995): Affirmed advertisements as part of free speech under Art. 19(1)(a). Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India (2016): Upheld criminal defamation, linking dignity with reputation. Recent SC orders: Protected “disturbing or offensive” speech (2024). Questioned excessive executive censorship via IT Act Sec. 69A. Risks of Over-Regulation Censorship Creep: Govts may regulate under “social value” standards, suppressing dissent. Opaque Mechanisms: Existing takedown regime already lacks transparency and notice to content creators. Institutional Overreach: SC asking executive to draft regulations may reinforce state censorship with judicial backing. Way Forward – Safeguards Needed Strong Review Mechanisms: Independent tribunals or oversight bodies for content removal. Clear Definitions: Avoid vague terms like “dignity” or “offensive content”. Stakeholder Consultation: Must include creators, civil society, and vulnerable groups—not just state or industry bodies. Transparency: Public disclosure of takedown/blocking orders; notice to affected parties. Balance Approach: Protect vulnerable groups from targeted ridicule while preserving space for satire, dissent, and artistic freedom. India-China: the making of a border Basics of the Border Issue Colonial Legacy: Border derived from British (India) and Manchu (China) empires, drawn imprecisely in Himalayan, uninhabited terrain. Post-Independence Indian Position: India assumed British-era maps were final; avoided negotiations. China viewed border as undefined. Key Disputed Areas: Western Sector: Aksai Chin (strategically important for China’s Xinjiang–Tibet highway). Eastern Sector: Arunachal Pradesh (esp. Tawang), based on McMahon Line (1914 Simla Agreement with Tibet). Relevance: GS I (History – Colonial Legacies) + GS II (IR – India-China Relations, Border Disputes) + GS III (Security – Border Management).   Beginning of Conflict China built Aksai Chin highway (1950s) → India discovered only later. 1959 Proposal: China suggested Line of Actual Control (LAC) + mutual pullback (20 km). 1960 Zhou Enlai Proposal: Swap deal (Aksai Chin to China, Arunachal to India). India rejected. 1962 War: Triggered by Indian forward moves in Aksai Chin; China retained Aksai Chin but withdrew in east north of McMahon Line.   Post-War Developments (1962–1979) 1967: Nathu La & Cho La clashes in Sikkim → Indian Army showed stronger resolve. 1975: Sikkim merged with India → Chinese protests. 1975: Formation of China Study Group (CSG) → institutionalized patrolling, mapping with satellite imagery. 1979: FM Vajpayee visited Beijing → first high-level political contact post-war; partial normalisation attempt. 1980s Escalation & Diplomacy 1980 Deng Proposal: China willing to accept McMahon Line if India recognised Aksai Chin status quo. India refused. 1981–85 Talks: Resumed but deadlocked; India wanted sector-by-sector talks, China insisted on package deal. 1983–86 Crisis: China demanded Tawang, shifting stance (linked to Tibet policy). 1986: Wangdung standoff → India launched Operation Falcon, strong forward deployment. Showed India’s improved military preparedness. 1988 Rajiv Gandhi Visit: Turning point in ties. Both sides agreed on “mutual understanding & mutual accommodation” (MUMA). Normalisation of ties + creation of Joint Working Group (JWG) on border issue. Implications Strategic Factors: China needed Aksai Chin for Tibet–Xinjiang connectivity. India viewed Arunachal (esp. Tawang) as non-negotiable due to cultural, historical, and security reasons. Diplomatic Approaches: China repeatedly offered “package deals”; India preferred incremental, sectoral talks. India’s stance shaped by 1962 trauma → reluctance to accept territorial concessions. Military Evolution: 1962: Indian Army unprepared → humiliation. Post-1967 & 1986: India demonstrated stronger capability & resolve. Geopolitical Context: 1960s–70s: China wary of Soviet Union, sought neutralising India. 1980s: China recalibrated post-Afghanistan war, wary of Indo-US proximity, opened to India. Outcome by late 1980s: Border dispute unresolved. Shift from confrontation to “peaceful coexistence + negotiation”. Framework for future CBMs (Confidence Building Measures) laid. ‘India’s birth rate down, first dip in TFR in 2 years’ Basics Crude Birth Rate (CBR): No. of live births per 1,000 population/year. Declined from 19.1 (2022) → 18.4 (2023). Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Avg. no. of children a woman is expected to bear during her reproductive span. Declined from 2.0 (2021 & 2022) → 1.9 (2023). First dip in 2 years. Replacement-level fertility: 2.1 (needed for population stabilization). Highest CBR (2023): Bihar (25.8). Lowest CBR (2023): Tamil Nadu (12). Highest TFR: Bihar (2.8). Lowest TFR: Delhi (1.2). States with TFR above replacement level: Northern India – Bihar (2.8), UP (2.6), MP (2.4), Rajasthan (2.3), Chhattisgarh (2.2). States/UTs with lowest TFRs: Delhi (1.2), West Bengal (1.3), Tamil Nadu (1.3), Maharashtra (1.4). Elderly proportion (2023): 9.7% of population (↑ 0.7% in one year). Highest elderly share: Kerala (15%). Lowest: Assam, Jharkhand (7.6%), Delhi (7.7%). Relevance: GS I (Society – Demographic Trends, Population Issues) + GS II (Governance – Health, Education, Social Policy). Demographic Trends India’s fertility is steadily declining → convergence towards below-replacement fertility in majority of states (18 States/UTs). North-South divide: North/Central India still above replacement (Bihar, UP, MP, Rajasthan). South & urbanised states far below replacement (TN, WB, Delhi, Maharashtra). Indicates demographic heterogeneity – “two Indias” in population dynamics. Implications of Falling TFR Population Stabilisation: India nearing replacement level fertility; long-term population expected to peak around mid-2060s. Ageing Society: Elderly share rising (9.7% in 2023; Kerala already at 15%). Labour Force Impact: Declining fertility may affect working-age population growth after 2040, impacting economic growth potential. Gender Dimension: Falling fertility often linked with female education, urbanisation, workforce participation, and healthcare access. Policy & Governance Aspects Civil Registration System (CRS) & SRS: Key demographic data sources; delays (4-year lag in CRS, MCCD) weaken timely policymaking. Healthcare Planning: Rising elderly population requires stronger geriatric care, social security, and pensions. Regional Planning: High fertility states (Bihar, UP, MP) will continue to add to India’s population momentum → implications for resource allocation, jobs, and migration. Population Policies: Need state-specific approaches rather than “one-size-fits-all.” Socio-Economic Drivers of Fertility Decline Education & Awareness: Female literacy rise → lower fertility. Urbanisation: Higher in low-TFR states (Delhi, TN, WB). Access to Family Planning: More widespread in southern/western states. Economic Aspiration: Shift from “quantity to quality” of children (health, education). Delayed Marriage & Fertility Choices: Seen in urban India. Challenges & Opportunities Opportunities: Fertility decline supports sustainable development. Lower dependency ratio in short term (demographic dividend). Challenges: Demographic imbalance between north (population boom) and south (population stagnation/decline). Ageing burden → healthcare, pensions, social support. Skewed sex ratio and declining fertility may exacerbate social issues. How the antibiotic culture in India imperils mental health Basics Context: Rising mental health awareness in India, but antibiotic misuse poses hidden risks via gut-brain axis disruption. Gut-brain axis: Bidirectional communication between gastrointestinal tract and brain, influencing mood, cognition, and stress. Antibiotics’ role: Overuse disturbs gut microbiota → contributes to anxiety, depression, cognitive decline. India’s antibiotic crisis: 2,67,000 deaths due to AMR (2021); projected 1.2 million by 2030 (IHME). ~50% antibiotics consumed in India are unapproved formulations (Lancet 2022). Institutions involved: NIMHANS, AIIMS exploring gut dysbiosis–psychiatric disorder links. Relevance: GS II (Health – Public Health & Policy) + GS III (Science & Tech – Antibiotic Resistance, Gut-Brain Axis Research). Health & Science Dimensions Gut microbiota produces serotonin, dopamine, and SCFAs (short-chain fatty acids) → regulate mood, sleep, stress. Antibiotic misuse → gut dysbiosis → inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α), neurochemical imbalance, cognitive decline. Psychobiotics (probiotics + prebiotics) emerging as adjunct therapy for depression and anxiety. Probiotic-rich Indian foods (curd, idli, dosa, pickles) naturally support microbial diversity. Mental Health Impact Gut disruption linked to anxiety, depression, and neurodegenerative disorders. Dysbiosis-induced inflammation alters neurotransmitter metabolism and neuroplasticity. Psychiatric care must integrate gastrointestinal and nutritional assessments. Drivers of Antibiotic Misuse in India Cultural: Preference for “quick fixes” over lifestyle changes. Systemic: Over-the-counter sales, weak enforcement of prescription laws. Economic: Doctors over-prescribe to satisfy patients; pharmacies act as dispensaries. Rural-urban gap: Easy availability in rural/semi-urban areas without medical oversight. Governance & Policy Challenges Weak enforcement of CDSCO prescription rules. Inadequate awareness campaigns on antibiotic misuse. Need for stronger AMR surveillance networks (INSAR expansion with mental health metrics). Public health campaigns (NHM, Ayushman Bharat) yet to integrate gut-brain literacy. Solutions & Way Forward Regulatory: Strict prescription-only antibiotic sales, penalties for violations. Public Health: Awareness drives on gut health, microbiome, and mental well-being. Medical Education: Antibiotic stewardship integrated into medical curriculum. Research & Data: Invest in Indian microbiome research; link AMR + mental health surveillance. Integrated Care: Combine psychiatry, gastroenterology, nutrition, and public health. Traditional Knowledge: Promote fermented foods as natural probiotics. Logs in Himachal floodwaters, SC response Basics Context: Supreme Court (SC) took suo motu note of videos showing timber logs washed away in Himachal floods. Prima facie concern: Possible case of illegal felling of trees in Himalayan states. Bench: Chief Justice DY Chandrachud and Justice BR Gavai. Parties involved: Centre, NDMA, MoEFCC, Jal Shakti Ministry, NHAI, States (HP, Uttarakhand, Punjab, J&K). Deadline: 2 weeks to respond. Relevance: GS I (Geography – Himalayan Ecology) + GS II (Polity – Judicial Intervention, Environmental Governance) + GS III (Disaster Management).   Key Issues Highlighted Flood-linked destruction: Logs floating downstream → linked to landslides, deforestation. Ecological damage: Loss of forest cover → destabilises slopes, worsens floods. Illegal logging nexus: Timber mafia suspected behind large-scale tree felling. Infrastructure vulnerability: Example: 14 tunnels between Chandigarh–Manali face landslide risks. “Near-death trap” situation during blockages; 300 people stranded on one occasion. Development vs Ecology: CJI observed – “Development has to be there, but must balance with ecology.” Petitioner’s Concerns Call for national-level plan: Mechanism for disaster prevention & eco-protection in Himalayan states. Eco-fragility: Frequent cloudbursts, flash floods, landslides intensifying due to unchecked deforestation, road cutting, dam projects. Pristine ecology threat: Himalayan biodiversity and rivers at stake. SC Observations Unprecedented landslides and floods in HP, Uttarakhand, Punjab. Videos show timber logs in floodwaters → indicates systemic illegal felling. Urged immediate response from officials to prevent future ecological collapse. Overview Environmental Angle: Deforestation weakens slope stability → landslides and flash floods. Floating logs = dual disaster (physical obstruction + ecological loss). Fragile Himalayan ecosystem cannot sustain large-scale construction + deforestation. Governance & Policy Issues: Weak enforcement of Forest Conservation Act, 1980 & Indian Forest Act, 1927. Poor coordination between state forest departments and NHAI during road expansion. Need for stricter timber tracking, community monitoring, and green clearances. Disaster Management Angle: NDMA and states lack real-time flood and landslide monitoring. Rescue challenges in tunnels/remote highways highlight poor contingency planning. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) largely missing. Socio-economic Angle: Local livelihoods disrupted (farmers, transporters, small traders). Increased vulnerability of downstream communities (Punjab flood plains). Hidden costs of “development-at-all-costs” approach. Way Forward: Independent probe into illegal logging in Himalayas. Strict forest clearance norms for infrastructure. Eco-sensitive zone expansion + carrying capacity studies. Investment in early warning systems, slope stabilisation, tunnel safety. Promotion of community-led forest monitoring & afforestation. New Foreigners Act, 2025 Basics Law: Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025 (in force from Sept 1, 2025). Objective: Overhaul India’s framework on entry, stay, movement, and exit of foreigners. Consolidation: Merges 4 earlier Acts – Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920 Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939 Foreigners Act, 1946 Immigration (Carrier’s Liability) Act, 2000 Need for change: Old laws = fragmented, colonial, ambiguous, poor enforcement. Relevance: GS II (Polity – Migration, National Security, Citizenship & Foreigners Laws, Centre–State Powers). Key Provisions & Analysis Documentation Rules: All foreigners must carry valid passport/visa; penalties for non-compliance. Defined immigration posts for legal entry/exit. Defined Registration & Monitoring: Mandatory registration with Foreigners Regional Registration Officers (FRROs). Hotels, transport, religious institutions, employers → must report foreign clients/workers. Special Permits: Required for restricted/prohibited areas (esp. border/tribal zones). Enforcement & Penalties: Powers of entry, search, arrest with due procedure. Fines from ₹10,000 to ₹5 lakh. Offences: overstaying, fake documents, illegal entry, visa misuse. Delegation & Centralisation: Central government retains core powers; can delegate to states. Emergency provisions for quick directions. Exemptions & Categories: Special rules for Tibetans, Sri Lankan Tamils, Bhutanese/Nepalese citizens, minorities from Pakistan–Afghanistan–Bangladesh. Limited protection for bona fide mistakes. Different fine slabs (e.g., Tibetan/Bhutanese migrants, Rohingya, Buddhist monks). New in the statute: Digital records: compulsory reporting by hotels, universities, hospitals. Diplomatic clauses: rules for warships, foreign military, diplomats. Exemption categories: tighter listing for humanitarian cases, minorities, Tibetans, Sri Lankans. Likely Impact Positive: Single law → clarity & consistency. Stronger enforcement & digital monitoring. Better national security management. Concerns: Risk of over-centralisation. Compliance burden on institutions (hotels, universities). Possible misuse against vulnerable groups (e.g., refugees). PVTGs (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) and Enumeration Issues Basics PVTGs: Sub-category within Scheduled Tribes (STs), identified as the most vulnerable. Origin of Concept: Based on the Dhebar Commission (1960–61) which noted disparities among tribal groups → recommended identification of “Primitive Tribal Groups” (renamed as PVTGs in 2006). Criteria for Identification: Declining/stagnant population Low literacy Pre-agricultural level of technology (hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation) Economic backwardness Geographical and social isolation Relevance: GS II (Polity – Migration, National Security, Citizenship & Foreigners Laws, Centre–State Powers).   Overview Historical Context 1975: Govt identified 52 tribal groups as PVTGs. 1993: 23 more added → total 75 PVTGs. Spread across 18 States + 1 UT (A&N Islands). Enumeration Issues So far, PVTGs never separately enumerated in Census (treated under STs). Govt now wants separate data on PVTGs for targeted schemes like Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN). Challenge: Lists of STs (and PVTGs) are state-specific, not uniform nationally. Past Efforts Census 2011: Some PVTGs (Baigas in MP, Abujh Marias in Chhattisgarh, Kamars) enumerated separately, but not uniform. 2013: Abujh Marias + Hill Korbas in Chhattisgarh included in ST list by Parliament law. 2016 Lok Sabha Reply: 75 PVTGs officially recognized (40 listed as “single-entry” groups under Article 342). Current Situation As per 2011 Census, 13 PVTGs were listed under single-entry STs. Examples: Great Andamanese, Onges, Jarawas, Sentinelese (Andaman), Kutia Kondh, Birhor, Korwa, Sahariya etc. Population estimates (2011–13 survey): Total: 27.45 lakh PVTGs across India. Highest population: Madhya Pradesh (6.57 lakh). Lowest: Andaman & Nicobar tribes (few hundred) – e.g., Sentinelese (population ~50). Policy Significance PM-JANMAN Scheme (2023): Rolled out to improve housing, health, education, livelihood support, and basic amenities in 200+ districts. Enumeration critical for: Addressing health gaps (maternal/child mortality, malnutrition, endemic diseases). Education & livelihoods (preserve skills, provide access). Infrastructure planning (housing, roads, connectivity). Monitoring inclusion in welfare schemes. Challenges Identification Criteria outdated (still uses Dhebar Commission benchmarks). Social exclusion & isolation → remote forests, islands. Data Gaps → many still not fully counted, esp. uncontacted tribes like Sentinelese. State-specific lists complicate uniform national policy.  Larger Significance Ensuring inclusive development without eroding tribal autonomy & culture. Supports SDGs: poverty reduction, health, education, inequality. Strengthens tribal justice framework under Constitution (Art. 46, 275, 342).

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 September 2025

Content Role of Technology in Empowering Annadatas Recommendations of the 56th Meeting of the GST Council held at New Delhi, toda Role of Technology in Empowering Annadatas Basics Annadata: Literally “provider of food” – refers to Indian farmers. Importance: 45%+ of India’s workforce is engaged in agriculture; sector contributes ~18% to GDP (2024-25). Challenge: Low productivity, climate change, fragmented landholdings, price volatility, middlemen exploitation. Solution Pathway: “Beej se Bazaar Tak” modernization through technology → higher yields, reduced risks, better incomes Relevance : GS III (Economy – Agriculture, Energy Security, Sustainable Development) + GS II (Governance – Farmers’ Welfare, Rural Development, Climate Commitments) + GS I (Geography – Resource Distribution). Artificial Intelligence (AI) & Internet of Things (IoT) Information access: Kisan e-Mitra: AI chatbot in 11 languages; 95 lakh+ queries solved; reduces language & literacy barriers. Crop protection: NPSS (2024): Covers 61 crops & 400 pests; issued 10,154 pest advisories by Mar 2025 → minimizes losses from pests/climate risks. Precision & smart farming: AI-enabled satellite mapping improves crop forecasting & farm-level decisions. IoT sensors: Monitor soil, water, and weather → optimize input use. Research application: IIT Ropar’s IoT for saffron → enhancing niche/high-value crops. Impact: Predictive analytics → less dependence on guesswork; reduces costs, increases sustainability. Space Technology in Agriculture Crop Forecasting (FASAL Project): MNCFC uses ISRO’s optical & microwave satellite data → covers wheat, rice, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds. Crop Health Factor introduced → better early warning for stress. Risk Management: Real-time drought monitoring via SAC geoportals. Support to PMFBY (insurance): Smart sampling, yield estimation, dispute resolution. Decision Making: Krishi-DSS: Integrates weather-soil-water data for farmers & policymakers. Impact: Space-based agriculture transforms macro-forecasting into micro-advisories for farmers. Drone Revolution Government support (SMAM): Subsidies: Up to 100% for ICAR/Institutions, 75% for FPOs, 40–50% for farmers & CHCs. Special benefits for SC/ST, women, NE farmers. Applications: Precision spraying, crop monitoring, soil health mapping, insurance surveys. Namo Drone Didi (2023-26): Budget: ₹1261 crore; 15,000 drones for Women SHGs; 80% subsidy up to ₹8 lakh. Empowerment of women as agri-entrepreneurs. SVAMITVA (Land mapping): Drones surveyed 3.23 lakh villages (till July 2025). Outcomes: Reduced land disputes, formal ownership papers → bank credit access. Impact: Drones reduce costs, democratize tech, empower women & rural youth. JAM Trinity in Agriculture Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT): Eliminates middlemen & corruption. Example: PM-KISAN 20th installment (Aug 2025) – ₹20,500 crore to 9.7 crore farmers. Financial empowerment: Bank accounts + Aadhaar + Mobile → rural credit inclusion. Impact: Predictable income flow, better planning capacity for farmers. Broader Digital Ecosystem Digital Agriculture Mission: Promotes agri-startups, use of big data, digital platforms. e-NAM (National Agricultural Market): Online trading platform; reduces mandi-based exploitation; widens market access. Agri-Tech Startups: Innovating in supply chain, storage, e-commerce, credit scoring for small farmers. Integration: Seed → Production → Market → Insurance → Credit all digitized. Strategic Impact of Technology on Annadatas Productivity: Smart farming & AI forecasting reduce input costs and increase yields. Resilience: Space-based & IoT monitoring makes agriculture climate-smart. Equity: JAM & drone schemes empower smallholders, women, and marginalized groups. Efficiency: Drones, digital marketplaces, and satellite tools cut delays & wastage. Trust & Transparency: DBT & land mapping reduce disputes and middlemen exploitation. National Goals: Contributes to Doubling Farmers’ Income, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and SDGs (2 – Zero Hunger, 5 – Gender Equality, 8 – Decent Work, 13 – Climate Action). Conclusion Technology as Equalizer: AI, IoT, drones, and space tech bridge information and resource gaps, empowering small and marginal farmers with tools once limited to large-scale farming. Inclusive Growth Driver: Initiatives like JAM, Namo Drone Didi, and SVAMITVA ensure transparency, financial inclusion, and women’s participation, making agriculture more equitable and resilient. Future-Ready Agriculture: By integrating “Beej se Bazaar Tak” digitally, India is building a climate-smart, market-linked, and self-reliant agricultural ecosystem, securing both farmer prosperity and national food security. Recommendations of the 56th Meeting of the GST Council held at New Delhi, today Basics of GST GST (Goods and Services Tax): Indirect tax subsuming excise duty, service tax, VAT, CST, etc., implemented in India w.e.f. 1st July 2017. GST Council: Apex federal body chaired by Union Finance Minister with State FMs, decides GST rates and reforms. Current Structure (till now): 4-tier rate system – 5%, 12%, 18%, 28% (plus cess on demerit goods). Challenges in GST so far: Complex multi-rate structure. Inverted duty structure (higher tax on inputs than finished goods). Pending disputes due to absence of appellate tribunal. Burden on small businesses in compliance. Affordability of essentials like healthcare, insurance, and medicines. Relevance : GS III (Economy – Taxation, Resource Mobilisation, Growth & Development) + GS II (Governance – Cooperative Federalism, Institutions, Ease of Doing Business). Rate Rationalisation Move from 4-tiered structure → 2 rates + demerit slab: Merit Rate: 5% (essentials, food items, agri-goods, labour-intensive products). Standard Rate: 18% (majority of goods & services). Demerit Rate: 40% (sin goods – pan masala, gutkha, cigarettes, tobacco). Simplifies compliance, reduces disputes, improves consumer trust. Relief to Common Man Insurance: Exemption of GST on all life and health insurance policies. Healthcare: GST NIL on 33 lifesaving drugs, NIL on 3 cancer/rare disease medicines. Medicines: 12% → 5%; Medical apparatus & diagnostic kits: 18/12% → 5%. Household goods: Reduction to 5% on soaps, shampoos, toothpaste, bicycles, tableware. Food: UHT milk, paneer, Indian breads → NIL. Packaged food (noodles, chocolates, coffee, butter, ghee, cornflakes) → 5%. Boost to Key Sectors Agriculture: Machinery, tractors → 12% → 5%. Labour-Intensive industries: Handicrafts, granite, leather goods → 5%. Automobiles: Small cars & motorcycles ≤350cc → 28% → 18%. Buses, trucks, ambulances, 3-wheelers → 18%. Auto parts → uniform 18%. Cement: 28% → 18% (massive infra push). Textiles: Correction of inverted duty (fibre 18% → 5%; yarn 12% → 5%). Fertilizers: Acids (sulphuric, nitric, ammonia) 18% → 5%. Renewables: Devices & parts 12% → 5%. Hospitality: Hotel accommodation ≤ ₹7,500/day → 5%. Well-being services: Gyms, salons, yoga centres → 5%. Institutional Reforms Operationalisation of GST Appellate Tribunal (GSTAT): Appeals by Sept 2025, hearings by Dec 2025. Principal Bench to act as National Appellate Authority for Advance Rulings. Reduces litigation backlog, enhances taxpayer trust. Trade Facilitation Refunds: 90% risk-based provisional refunds for exports (zero-rated supplies). 90% refunds for inverted duty claims (from Nov 2025). Removal of threshold for small exporters (courier/postal mode exports). Simplified GST Registration: Low-risk businesses with <₹2.5 lakh monthly liability → auto registration in 3 days. Benefits ~96% new applicants. E-commerce sellers: Simplified GST for small suppliers operating across states. Amendments for Intermediary Services: Export services to be taxed at location of recipient, enabling export benefits.  Law & Procedure Reforms Post-sale discounts: Discount eligibility simplified; ITC reversal mechanism clarified. Circular 212/6/2024 rescinded to cut disputes. Pan masala, gutkha, tobacco: GST based on Retail Sale Price (RSP) rather than transaction value to curb evasion. Lottery valuation rules aligned with revised GST. Implementation Timeline 22 Sept 2025: New GST rates on goods & services (except tobacco/sin goods). 1 Nov 2025: Refund reforms + simplified registration. Till compensation cess loan repayment: No rate cut on sin goods (pan masala, cigarettes, gutkha). Broader Implications For Citizens: Lower prices on essentials, healthcare, insurance → higher affordability & social security. For Economy: Boost to agriculture, MSMEs, textiles, construction, renewables → growth multiplier. For Business Climate: Simplified structure, uniform auto-parts rate, corrected duty inversions → ease of doing business. For Governance: GSTAT + refund reforms → reduces litigation & delays, strengthens trust in GST system. For Fiscal Health: While revenue short-term dips, broadened base + compliance efficiency expected to compensate.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 September 2025

Content Concealing a judge’s dissent, eroding judiciary’s authority India’s recent maritime reforms need course correction Concealing a judge’s dissent, eroding judiciary’s authority Basics Judicial appointments in India: Done through the Collegium system (judge-led mechanism established through SC judgments). Collegium system origin: First Judges Case (1981) – Executive primacy. Second Judges Case (1993) – Judicial primacy (creation of Collegium). Third Judges Case (1998) – Collegium expanded to 5 judges (CJI + 4 senior-most SC judges). Transparency issue: Collegium works in secrecy; decisions rarely explained. Justice B.V. Nagarathna’s dissent (2025 case): She reportedly opposed Justice Vipul M. Pancholi’s elevation → dissent concealed, revealed only through media leaks. Culture of justification (Etienne Mureinik, South African scholar): Every public power exercise must be explained/defended. Democratic principle: Judiciary expects accountability from legislature/executive but resists the same standard for itself in appointments. Relevance : GS II – Structure, organization and functioning of the judiciary; Issues in appointments; Collegium system; Transparency & accountability of institutions; Separation of powers. Practice Question : Collegium system has often been criticized for opacity and lack of accountability. Critically examine whether disclosure of dissent within the Collegium could strengthen judicial legitimacy in India.(250 Words) Significance of Dissent Dissent in constitutional courts = vital for accountability, transparency, and legitimacy. Suppression of dissent within Collegium undermines public trust. Justice Nagarathna’s dissent (grave concerns) never disclosed → democratic deficit. Structural Issues in Collegium System Judge-made law (not in Constitution). Decisions deliberated privately, without full disclosure. Resolutions published (2017 onwards) → skeletal in nature. 2018 experiment of detailed reasons withdrawn citing reputational harm → rollback of transparency. Defences for Opacity (and Criticism) Defence 1: Protect candidates’ reputation Counter: Other democracies manage reputational risks through structured disclosure (e.g., UK JAC, South Africa’s JSC). Defence 2: Avoid political interference Counter: Secrecy has not stopped executive delays or interference; govt can return/reject names. Comparative Perspectives UK: Judicial Appointments Commission publishes criteria + assessment reports. South Africa: Public interviews by Judicial Service Commission. Both ensure legitimacy through openness, unlike India’s closed-door process. Democratic Stakes Judiciary is unelected but holds extraordinary constitutional powers. Legitimacy of unelected judges depends on transparent, justifiable appointments. Democracy is not just majoritarianism; judiciary ensures liberty, equality, and protection against majoritarian excess. Risks of Continued Opacity Erodes judiciary’s institutional credibility. Creates perception of arbitrariness and favoritism. Weakens public faith in judiciary’s independence. Judicial independence cannot survive without accountability. Way Forward Collegium must embrace reform: Publish structured, reasoned justifications for appointments/rejections. Balance reputational concerns with transparency (partial disclosures, anonymized reasoning). Adopt global best practices (UK, South Africa) adapted to Indian context. Reform = strengthening, not weakening, judicial independence. Trust of people = true anchor of judiciary’s authority. India’s recent maritime reforms need course correction Basics Context: Rajya Sabha passed the Indian Ports Bill, 2025 on August 18. Replaces: The colonial-era Indian Ports Act, 1908. Part of a legislative package alongside: Coastal Shipping Act, 2025 Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025 Merchant Shipping Act, 2025 Government’s aim: Modernise India’s maritime governance, streamline regulations, align with international conventions, and boost trade & investment. India’s maritime importance: 7,500+ km coastline, 12 major and ~200 non-major ports. 95% of trade by volume and 70% by value carried through sea routes. Strategic role in Sagarmala, PM Gati Shakti, and India’s Indo-Pacific vision. Relevance : GS II – Federalism (Centre-State relations, distribution of powers) , GS III – Economy (Infrastructure – Ports, Shipping); Internal and external security (Maritime security); Investment & trade; Governance reforms , GS I – Geography (resources, ports, trade routes). Practice Question : The Indian Ports Bill, 2025 has been criticized for excessive centralisation. Analyse its implications for cooperative federalism and Centre-State relations in maritime governance.(250 Words) Potential Benefits of Reform Updates outdated laws (1908 Act not aligned with modern shipping, finance, offshore operations). Promotes ease of doing business by unifying fragmented regulations. Encourages sustainable port development and coherent planning. Aligns India with global maritime practices (safety, liability, training, environmental obligations). Strengthens India’s ambition of becoming a global maritime hub. Concerns with the Indian Ports Bill, 2025 Centralisation of power: Maritime State Development Council chaired by Union Minister of Ports can direct states → undermines federalism. States’ maritime boards lose flexibility and fiscal autonomy. Opacity in passage: No major parliamentary debate or Standing Committee scrutiny. Dispute resolution: Clause 17 excludes civil courts, forces parties into in-house committees → lack of independent judicial review. Compliance burden: Smaller operators (especially coastal and fishing communities) may face excessive regulations. Issues with the Merchant Shipping Act, 2025 Positives: Expands vessel definition (offshore drilling units, non-displacement crafts). Tightens oversight of maritime training institutes. Aligns liability and insurance with international norms. Concerns: Dilution of ownership safeguards → allows partial foreign/OCI ownership of Indian-flagged vessels. Risk of India becoming a “flag-of-convenience” jurisdiction. Recognition of Bareboat Charter-Cum-Demise (BBCD) without strong safeguards → possible foreign control retention. Mandatory registration for all vessels, even small ones → bureaucratic overload. Issues with the Coastal Shipping Act, 2025 Cabotage rules: Seeks to reserve domestic trade for Indian-flagged vessels. Problematic clauses: DG Shipping can license foreign vessels on vague grounds like “national security” or “strategic plans” → scope for arbitrariness. Impact on small operators: Fishing communities and small cargo operators face compliance costs. Mandatory voyage/cargo reporting without data protection clarity → risks misuse. Centralised planning: National Coastal and Inland Shipping Strategic Plan mandated by Centre → undermines local autonomy. Federal and Democratic Deficit Lack of state participation in decision-making. Over-centralisation mirrors broader debates on Centre-State relations. Absence of independent dispute settlement mechanisms reduces trust of private players. Implications for India’s Maritime Security & Economy Short term: Brings India closer to global standards, could attract FDI. Long term risks: Weakens cooperative federalism. Opens loopholes in ownership → potential foreign dominance of Indian shipping. May disadvantage small domestic players while benefitting larger corporates. Could undermine India’s strategic autonomy in maritime sector. Way Forward Clearly define ownership thresholds in the Act, not through executive discretion. Strengthen judicial independence in dispute resolution. Introduce federal safeguards → empower states in port governance. Calibrate compliance to avoid burdening small operators. Learn from best practices (Singapore’s Maritime and Port Authority, EU’s competition safeguards in shipping). Ensure reforms balance ease of doing business with federal balance, fair competition, and maritime sovereignty.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 September 2025

Content GST Council approves two-rate tax slab effective September 22 Less than 40% of disabled persons have ID needed for benefits Should reservations exceed the 50% cap? How bail hearings take on the garb of a trial Indians’ spending on foreign studies hitting a seven-year low GST Council approves two-rate tax slab effective September 22 Basics GST Council: Apex federal body chaired by Union Finance Minister with state finance ministers as members. Meeting: 56th meeting held in September 2025. Objective of reforms: Rate rationalisation → simplify GST structure, boost compliance, support common man, and ensure buoyancy. Proposed structure: 5% (essential/common goods & services) 18% (standard rate for majority of goods & services) 40% “special rate” (sin goods & luxury items like tobacco, big cars, yachts, helicopters). Relevance :GS III (Taxation, Inclusive Growth, Economy) + GS II (Federalism & Governance – Centre–State fiscal relations). Key Tax Rate Changes Household & Middle-Class Items: Hair oil, soap, shampoo, toothbrush, toothpaste, bicycles, tableware, kitchenware → shifted to 5% from 12%/18%. Packaged Food Items: Namkeens, sauces, pasta, instant noodles, chocolates, coffee, butter → now at 5%. Agriculture & Labour-intensive: 12 bio-pesticides, bio-menthol → reduced to 5%. Handicrafts, marble, granite blocks, leather goods → shifted to 5%. Cement: From 28% to 18% → major boost to construction & infrastructure. Essential Food Products: Milk (UHT), paneer, all Indian bread (roti, chapati, paratha) → 0% tax. Insurance Services: Life & health insurance → 0% from 18%. Medicines: 33 life-saving drugs → 0% from 12%. Electric Vehicles (EVs): Retained at 5%. Implications for Economy & Society Consumer Relief: Reduced tax burden on essential & middle-class goods → boosts disposable income. Healthcare Support: 0% GST on health insurance + life-saving medicines → strengthens social protection. Agriculture & MSME boost: Bio-pesticides, handicrafts, intermediate leather goods → lower costs, better competitiveness. Housing & Infrastructure: Cement rate cut to 18% → lower construction cost, supports PM Awas Yojana & infra push. Sustainability Push: EVs kept at 5% → consistent with green mobility goals. Fiscal Impact Estimated revenue loss = ₹48,000 crore annually (based on 2023–24 consumption). Officials expect buoyancy effect (higher compliance + wider tax base) to offset loss. Real impact will depend on current consumption data. Governance & Policy Significance Citizen-Centric Reform: Prioritises common man & middle class. Simplification: Moves away from 5-rate structure (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) → towards 2 broad slabs + 1 special rate. Federal Cooperation: Reflects consensus-building between Centre & States in GST Council. Equity Principle: Differentiates essentials vs. luxuries/sin goods. Challenges & Criticisms Revenue Stress for States: Rate cuts may strain state finances unless buoyancy materialises. Compliance Burden: Frequent rate changes create transitional confusion for businesses. Distortion Risks: 40% special rate may incentivise evasion in luxury/sin goods. Exemptions Expansion: More 0% items → narrows tax base, complicates GST credit chain. Way Forward Monitor revenue trends → adjust compensation mechanism for states if needed. Improve GST compliance architecture (AI-based fraud detection, invoice matching). Phase out unnecessary exemptions over time to keep tax base broad. Balance between equity (supporting poor) and efficiency (stable revenue for states). Regular periodic reviews by GST Council to plug loopholes. Less than 40% of disabled persons have ID needed for benefits Basics PwDs in India: ~2.68 crore as per Census 2011 (~2.2% of population; real number likely higher). UDID Scheme: Launched by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD). Aim: Create a national database of PwDs; issue Unique Disability ID (UDID) cards. Benefits: Access to welfare schemes (ADIP for assistive devices). Scholarships, reservations in jobs/education. Recognition of disability uniformly across states. Earlier system: State-specific disability certificates at district/taluka level → fragmented, not portable. Relevance : GS II (Governance – Welfare Schemes, Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, Digital Divide) + GS II (Federalism – Centre–State implementation gaps). Current Status Coverage: Less than 40% of projected PwDs have UDID cards. Only 4 states (TN, Odisha, Meghalaya, Karnataka) crossed 50% coverage. West Bengal: ~6% coverage (lowest). Pending Applications: Over 11 lakh, with 60% pending for 6+ months. High pendency: Himachal Pradesh (80%+), Ladakh, Mizoram. Causes of Low Coverage Implementation Delays: Staggered rollout, weak ground-level communication. Digital Divide: Applications only via website. Need to upload scanned documents → barrier for digitally illiterate. Govt survey: Only 60% of Indians above 15 yrs can use basic digital tools (copy-paste); lower among women. Administrative Bottlenecks: Processing delays at state/district levels. Funding Constraints: While overall PwD schemes saw higher allocation, UDID sub-scheme funding declined. Political Marginalisation: PwDs (~2.68 crore) form a small vote bank, hence low political priority. Implications Exclusion from Welfare: PwDs without UDID denied assistive devices, scholarships, reservations. Inequity in Access: State-specific disparities widen inequalities. Trust Deficit: Long pendency erodes faith in institutions. Digital Inequality: Exposes systemic exclusion of vulnerable groups in “Digital India” push. Governance & Policy Concerns Rights Perspective: PwDs’ rights enshrined in Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. Failure of Convergence: UDID intended as a universal identity for seamless access → failing due to weak implementation. Centre–State Gaps: Execution uneven, states vary widely in outreach & processing. Data Reliability Issues: Projections based on 2011 Census & NSSO → outdated, underestimates real PwD population. Global Comparisons US: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) ensures rights + central database integration with welfare programs. EU: European Disability Card → mutual recognition across member states. India: Still struggling with universal coverage, digital barriers, and fragmented implementation. Way Forward Administrative Efficiency: Clear deadlines to process applications; reduce pendency backlog. Offline/Hybrid Access: Allow UDID applications at CSCs, panchayat offices, PHCs → bridge digital divide. Awareness Campaigns: Grassroots communication on benefits of UDID. Digital Literacy Training: Special modules for PwDs and caregivers. Updated Data: Use NFHS/updated census for realistic PwD numbers. Enhanced Funding: Increase UDID-specific allocation, not just general PwD schemes. Political Mainstreaming: Recognise PwDs as a rights-based constituency, not just a welfare target. Should reservations exceed the 50% cap? Basics Constitutional Provisions: Article 15: Prohibits discrimination; allows special provisions for socially & educationally backward classes, SCs, STs. Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment; allows reservations for backward classes inadequately represented. Current Reservation at Centre: OBCs – 27% SCs – 15% STs – 7.5% EWS – 10% Total = 59.5% (varies across states). Judicial Ceiling: 50% limit (Balaji, Indra Sawhney), unless extraordinary circumstances. Creamy Layer Concept: Introduced in Indra Sawhney (1992) for OBCs; excludes advanced sections to ensure benefits for the truly backward. SC/ST Debate: No creamy layer exclusion yet; pending before SC (Davinder Singh, 2024). Relevance : GS II (Polity – Constitutional Provisions: Articles 15 & 16, Judiciary, Social Justice, Reservation Policy).   Recent Developments Bihar Opposition Promise: Tejashwi Yadav pledges 85% reservation if voted to power. SC Notice to Centre: On demand for introducing creamy layer in SC/ST reservations. Judicial Evolution Balaji v. State of Mysore (1962): Reservations must be “reasonable,” capped at 50%. N.M. Thomas (1975): Substantive equality → reservations as a continuation of equality, not exception. Indra Sawhney (1992): Upheld 27% OBC quota. Affirmed 50% cap (except in extraordinary cases). Introduced creamy layer exclusion for OBCs. Janhit Abhiyan (2022): Upheld 10% EWS quota; clarified that the 50% ceiling applies only to backward classes, not EWS. Davinder Singh (2024): Judges urged Centre to extend creamy layer to SCs/STs; Centre rejected. Competing Principles of Equality Formal Equality: Equal treatment; reservations are exceptions → hence capped. Substantive Equality: Unequal groups need differential treatment → justifies affirmative action beyond 50%. Constituent Assembly View (Ambedkar): Reservations necessary but should remain a minority share to protect equality of opportunity. Key Issues in Current Debate Reservation Expansion (85%): Pros: Reflects caste demographics, addresses historic exclusion. Cons: May violate equality principle, reduce open competition to negligible share. Creamy Layer for SC/ST: Pros: Prevents dominant sub-castes from cornering benefits; ensures justice for most deprived. Cons: Large vacancies remain unfilled; exclusion may weaken protection for SCs/STs facing stigma. Backlog & Representation Gaps: 40–50% of reserved seats for SCs/STs/OBCs remain unfilled in Central govt jobs. Rohini Commission: Found concentration of OBC benefits in ~25% castes; ~1,000 OBC communities had zero representation. Political Economy: Demands for caste census and quota hikes are tied to electoral mobilization. Implications Legal: Exceeding 50% quota will face constitutional scrutiny; may require amendment or new precedent. Social: Heightened caste competition; intra-caste divisions (sub-categorisation). Political: Reservation demand becoming a central plank (Maratha, Patidar, Jat, OBC mobilisation). Administrative: Rising quota share may reduce general/open seats, fuelling resentment. Way Forward Caste Census (2027): Empirical basis for rationalising reservation levels. Sub-Categorisation: Implement Rohini Commission recommendations within OBCs; explore 2-tier system for SC/STs. Creamy Layer Expansion: Debate extension to SCs/STs while ensuring no dilution of protection against stigma/discrimination. Skill Development & Jobs: Reservation alone insufficient; need parallel focus on employability, private sector absorption. Balanced Approach: Blend of substantive equality with merit protection to avoid social fracture. How bail hearings take on the garb of a trial Basics UAPA (Unlawful Activities [Prevention] Act, 1967): India’s primary anti-terror legislation. Allows extended detention without bail. Bail provision: Courts cannot grant bail if, on the basis of police documents, accusations appear prima facie true. Bail Principle (Criminal Law): Accused is presumed “innocent until proven guilty.” Bail should be denied only if there is flight risk, chance of evidence tampering, or intimidation of witnesses. Problem in UAPA cases: Bail hearings mimic mini-trials. Courts rely only on the prosecution’s version (police reports), while defence is restricted. Given long trials (10+ years), denial of bail ≈ de facto conviction. Relevance : GS II (Polity – Fundamental Rights: Article 21, Judiciary, Criminal Justice Reforms) + GS III (Internal Security – UAPA, Counterterrorism Laws). Judicial Precedents NIA v. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali (2019): SC restricted lower courts from scrutinising prosecution evidence deeply during bail. Effectively made bail nearly impossible in UAPA cases. Bail Hearings as Trials: Courts reproduce police allegations without cross-examination or defence evidence. Defence limited to pointing out contradictions, not disproving accusations. Systemic Issues Delayed Trials: UAPA trials often exceed 10 years. Low conviction rate (< 3%). Denial of bail = prolonged incarceration without proof of guilt. Procedural Imbalance: Police narrative dominates. Defence cannot meaningfully contest charges. Violates principle of natural justice and Article 21 (right to life and liberty). Impact on Rights: Pre-trial incarceration undermines “innocent until proven guilty.” Denial of bail becomes equivalent to punishment. Selective targeting (e.g., activists vs. hate speech perpetrators) raises concerns of misuse. Broader Criminal Justice Concerns Overdependence on Harsh Laws: UAPA bypasses ordinary safeguards. Encourages investigative laxity (police can rely on prolonged detention without needing to secure early convictions). International Standards: ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) protects liberty and presumption of innocence. India’s UAPA framework risks violating these obligations. Way Forward Short Term: SC to “read down” UAPA bail restrictions, allow deeper scrutiny of police reports. Fast-track UAPA cases with statutory timelines for trial completion. Medium Term: Introduce sunset clauses or periodic review of UAPA cases. Incorporate proportionality test: extended detention only if justified by specific threats. Long Term: Comprehensive criminal justice reform (investigation, trial efficiency). Balance security needs with fundamental rights. Consider alternatives: surveillance, house arrest, bail with strict conditions. Indians’ spending on foreign studies hitting a seven-year low Basics Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS): RBI scheme allowing Indian residents to remit up to USD 250,000 per financial year abroad for permissible current/capital account transactions (education, travel, medical, investments). Introduced in 2004; liberalised over time. Trend (Jan–Jun 2025): Outward remittances for foreign studies = USD 11.6 billion. Decline = 22% lower than same period in 2024. Lowest in 7 years. Spending on education abroad forms a large share of total LRS transfers, especially in first half of year (admission season). Relevance : GS II (Governance – Education Policy, NEP 2020, Internationalization of Education) + GS III (Economy – Forex, LRS, Higher Education as Infrastructure) + GS II/III (International Relations – Mobility & Migration Policies).   Reasons for Decline US Visa Troubles & Policy Tightening: Delays, stricter eligibility, and new restrictions on “duration of status” for international students. Rising political sensitivity around immigration in the US (precedent: Harvard-Trump legal tussle). Rising Entry Barriers in Other Countries: Canada: Proof of funds requirement more than doubled to CAD 22,895. Australia: Higher IELTS thresholds for English proficiency. UK: Tightening admission norms and visa regulations. High Costs & Domestic Alternatives: Inflation and rising cost of living abroad. Strengthening of Indian higher education institutions under NEP 2020, attracting students to stay in India. Shift in Destination Choices: From US-dominated preference to alternative geographies like Germany and other European countries. But transition still limited by language and structural constraints. Economic & Social Impact Banking & Financial Sector: Education loan disbursements impacted. June 2025: Indian banks’ outstanding education loans = up 14% YoY, but slower than last year’s 27% growth. Reduced overseas remittances → lower forex outflow. Families & Aspirants: Students face higher financial burden (proof of funds, visa costs). Anxiety due to policy unpredictability in host countries. Push for local or alternative destinations with lower barriers. Education Ecosystem: Demand for quality Indian institutions may rise. Private universities, tie-ups with foreign institutions in India may see growth. Geopolitical & Policy Dimensions Global Trends: US, UK, Canada, Australia increasingly adopting restrictive immigration policies. Rising populism and job protection politics influencing student visa policies. India’s Position: Need to strengthen domestic higher education (NEP 2020, international campuses in India, collaborations). Encourage Indian universities to offer globally accredited degrees to reduce outflow. Way Forward Policy Measures: Expand scholarships, credit support for students studying abroad. Attract global campuses (as proposed under NEP 2020, e.g., IIT campuses abroad and foreign universities in India). Invest in domestic quality institutions to make India an education hub. Strategic Approach: Monitor foreign policy developments affecting student visas. Negotiate bilateral agreements to secure education pathways. Promote alternative destinations (Germany, East Asia, Middle East) with lower costs and friendlier visa norms.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 September 2025

Content The Income Tax Act, 2025 Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) The Income Tax Act, 2025 Background and Evolution Earlier framework: Income-tax Act, 1961 governed direct taxes in India for 64 years. Complexity problem: Amended ~65 times, with 4000+ changes. Multiple exemptions and deductions → reduced tax base. Outdated legal language → inaccessible to common taxpayers. Fragmented structure + litigation-heavy provisions. Reform process: Announced in July 2024 by Finance Minister. Drafted after stakeholder consultations and Select Committee review. Parliament passed Income-tax (No. 2) Bill, 2025 → effective 1st April 2026. Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Taxation), GS 2(Governance) Rationale for the Reform Simplify overly complex tax law. Reduce litigation and compliance burden. Remove obsolete provisions. Make law digital-ready and aligned with global best practices (UK, Australia). Improve ease of doing business and voluntary compliance. Guiding Principles Textual & Structural Simplification: Replace archaic legal jargon with plain English. No Major Policy Changes: Tax slabs and rates largely unchanged for continuity. Predictability: Focus on clarity, not revenue overhaul. Key Features of Income Tax Act, 2025 A. Simplified Framework Fewer sections, reorganized chapters, structured schedules, and formulae. Example: TDS provisions consolidated into Section 393 (earlier scattered). B. Tax Year Concept Replaces confusing “Assessment Year” & “Previous Year” with “Tax Year”. Defined as April 1 – March 31 (financial year). Enhances clarity for taxpayers. C. Power to Frame Schemes (Section 532) Government can design schemes to: Minimize human interface via technology. Improve efficiency with functional specialization & economies of scale. D. Digital-First Enforcement Virtual Digital Space defined (emails, servers, cloud, social media, trading accounts, websites). Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs): Broader scope including cryptocurrencies, tokenized assets, and other blockchain-based assets. E. Simplified Compliance Streamlined filing, reduced redundancies. Emphasis on faceless assessments and digital compliance. F. Dispute Resolution Robust taxpayer-friendly framework. Goal: reduce litigation backlog, improve trust-based tax culture. Core Objectives Simplification: Modern drafting, clarity, reduced ambiguity. Digital Integration: Faceless assessment, online compliance, reduced corruption. Taxpayer-Centric Approach: Simplified filing, reduced litigation, transparency. Global Alignment: Recognition of VDAs, taxation aligned with global norms. Ease of Doing Business: Predictable, accessible, transparent tax framework. Strategic Importance Reflects Atmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat @2047 vision. Enhances taxpayer trust → fosters voluntary compliance. Encourages digital economy adoption. Positions India’s tax system in line with global digital asset regulation trends. Implications For taxpayers: Easier to understand rules, reduced confusion. Lower litigation burden. For businesses: Predictability, simplified TDS, clarity in compliance. Boosts investment climate. For government: Streamlined administration. Greater efficiency with technology-driven assessments. Potential to expand tax base by reducing exemptions. Conclusion The Income Tax Act, 2025 is not a rate-change reform, but a structural clarity reform. It transforms taxation into a predictable, efficient, digital, and taxpayer-friendly system. A landmark shift from complexity → clarity, aligning India’s tax law with global best practices. Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) Basics Launch: 29 June 2020, under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan. Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS). Duration: FY 2020-21 to FY 2025-26. Total Outlay: ₹10,000 crore. Cost Sharing: 60:40 → Centre: States. 90:10 → North-Eastern & Himalayan States. 60:40 → UTs with legislatures. 100% Centre → Other UTs. Coverage Goal: Support 2 lakh micro food processing units. Vision: “Vocal for Local in Food Processing Sector” → competitiveness, formalisation, job creation. Relevance : GS 3(Economy & Food Processing) , GS 2 (Governance & SHGs)   Context and Need India has 25 lakh → 64 lakh registered food business operators (2020–2025). Food processing sector = vital link between agriculture and industry. Sector contributes significantly to: GDP (value addition). Employment (large rural base). Exports (USD 49.4 bn agri & processed food in FY 2024-25, ~20.4% from processed foods). Issues faced: High informality in micro food units. Lack of access to finance, branding, infrastructure, and technology. High post-harvest losses & wastage. PMFME fills the gap by formalising micro units and creating stronger value chains. Key Achievements (as of June 2025) Funds released: ₹3,791.1 crore to States/UTs. Loans sanctioned: 1,44,517 loans worth ₹11,501.79 crore (Credit Linked Subsidy). Training: 1,16,666 beneficiaries trained. Seed capital support: Approved for 1,03,201 SHG members, ₹376.98 crore. FY 2024-25: 50,875 loans sanctioned under CLS. Component-wise approvals (till June 2025): Credit Linked Subsidy → 1,44,517 units (₹11,501.79 cr). Seed Capital → 3,48,907 members (₹1,182.48 cr). Common Infrastructure → 93 projects (₹187.20 cr). Branding & Marketing → 27 projects (₹82.82 cr). Key Components A. Support for Individual Units Credit-linked capital subsidy: 35% of project cost. Ceiling: ₹10 lakh per unit. Beneficiary contribution: Minimum 10%, balance via bank loan. B. Support for Groups FPOs/Producer Cooperatives: 35% grant, training, credit linkage. Self-Help Groups (SHGs): Seed Capital: ₹40,000 per member (working capital, small tools). Priority to ODOP-linked SHGs. Disbursed as repayable loan via federation. C. Branding & Marketing Support Target groups: FPOs, SHGs, Cooperatives, SPVs. Focus: ODOP products. Eligible activities: Common branding, packaging, standardisation. Tie-ups with retail chains & institutions. Quality certification & control. DPR support: up to ₹5 lakh for marketing/branding proposals. D. Common Infrastructure Funded facilities: Assaying, sorting, grading, warehousing, cold storage. Common processing units for ODOP produce. Incubation centres for training + shared facilities. Capacity Building & Research Lead institutes: NIFTEM (Kundli). IIFPT (Thanjavur). Collaborations: ICAR, CSIR labs, CFTRI, DFRL. Role: Skill development, R&D, product-specific training, technology transfer. Outcomes: 225 R&D projects, 20 patents, 52 technologies commercialised. ODOP (One District One Product) Focus States/UTs identify priority products (fruits, vegetables, spices, fisheries, honey, turmeric, etc.). Objective: Promote local produce & traditional foods. Reduce wastage & post-harvest losses. Strengthen value chains (linking production, processing, marketing). Complement Agriculture Export Policy and cluster-based approaches. Case Study Ruby Fresh Snacks, Ernakulam (Kerala): Started in 2011 with groundnut laddoos. PMFME loan (₹3 lakh in 2021) → purchased machines, expanded products. Profits increased from ₹12,000/day → ₹20,000/day. Turnover crossed ₹32 lakh in FY 2021-22. Showcases transformational potential of PMFME support. Strategic Significance Rural development: Jobs, women empowerment (via SHGs). Formalisation: Micro units enter GST/FSSAI ecosystem. Value addition: Boosts farmer income and reduces food wastage. Exports: Enhances India’s processed food share in global markets. Economic resilience: Strengthens supply chains, aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat. Challenges & Way Forward Awareness gap among rural entrepreneurs. Delays in DPR preparation & credit disbursal. Quality standards and certification adoption need scaling. Need stronger retail & e-commerce linkages for ODOP brands. Sustainability of incubation centres and SHG-based enterprises. Conclusion PMFME is a bridge between informal micro units and organised sector. Through credit, training, ODOP branding, and infrastructure, it transforms local producers into competitive entrepreneurs. Strengthens farm-to-market linkages, reduces wastage, boosts exports, and drives inclusive rural growth. A core driver of India’s ambition to become a global leader in food processing by leveraging local strengths.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 September 2025

Content India needs more women judges in the Supreme Court Sickle cell: The battle for disability justice India needs more women judges in the Supreme Court Women in the Supreme Court of India Current status (Sept 2025): Out of 34 judges, only 1 woman (Justice B.V. Nagarathna). Historical record: Only 11 women judges out of 287 since 1950 (≈3.8%). Milestone: First woman judge – Justice Fathima Beevi (1989). Notable fact: Justice B.V. Nagarathna is set to be the first woman CJI (2027), but only for 36 days. Relevance : GS 2 (Polity-Judiciary, Constitution, Governance), GS 1(Society – Gender Justice) Practice Question : Why does the underrepresentation of women in the higher judiciary weaken both judicial legitimacy and gender justice? Suggest structural reforms to ensure gender diversity in judicial appointments.(250 Words)   Problems of Gender Imbalance Scant appointments: Women appointments remain rare and irregular (last batch in 2021 was considered “unprecedented”). Tenure disadvantage: Women often appointed late → short tenure → less chance to enter Collegium or become CJI. Exclusion from Bar route: Since 1950, 9 men elevated directly from Bar vs only 1 woman (Justice Indu Malhotra, 2018). Diversity gap: No women from SC/ST communities; only Justice Fathima Beevi represented a minority faith. Collegium bias: Seniority, caste, region considered in appointments; gender not institutionalised as a criterion. Structural Issues in Judicial Appointments Collegium system: Appointments decided by CJI + 4 senior-most judges → recommendations sent via Law Ministry → PM → President. Opaque criteria: No clear, public standards for selection; transparency inconsistent (only some resolutions explain reasons). Gender blindness: Even when diversity in caste/region considered, gender is overlooked. Excuses cited: “Lack of senior women judges” – but seniority norms were ignored in recent male appointments. Impact of Underrepresentation Judicial perspective: Women judges bring insights shaped by gendered experiences of law and society. Public trust: A representative bench fosters confidence in judicial impartiality. Substantive equality: A court adjudicating on gender rights but lacking women judges undermines legitimacy. Policy paradox: SC has directed Bar associations to ensure 30% women representation but has no such mandate for itself. Comparative Perspective Global practice: Many judiciaries institutionalise gender diversity in appointments (e.g., Canada, South Africa). India’s lag: Despite being vocal on gender equality jurisprudence, structural gender inclusion in higher judiciary missing. Needed Reforms Institutionalise gender criterion: Mandate gender representation in Collegium policy. Diversify sources: Encourage direct elevation of senior women lawyers from Bar. Earlier appointments: Appoint women at younger ages → longer tenure, higher chance at Collegium/CJI. Representation mandate: Written policy ensuring diversity (gender, caste, region, religion). Transparency: Collegium must disclose reasons for selections/rejections. Pipeline strengthening: Promote women in High Courts, Senior Advocate positions, and judicial services. Key Takeaway The Supreme Court cannot be the true guardian of gender equality and constitutional justice if women remain token representatives rather than equal participants. Institutionalised reforms, not one-off appointments, are required for genuine gender inclusion in India’s judiciary. Sickle cell: The battle for disability justice Basics of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Genetic disorder: Caused by inheriting two copies of the sickle cell gene (HbS) or combinations like HbS + β-thalassemia/HbD. Pathophysiology: Red blood cells become crescent/sickle-shaped → reduced oxygen carrying capacity → blockages in blood vessels. Symptoms: Chronic anaemia, intense pain crises, recurrent hospitalisations, organ damage, reduced life expectancy. Impact: Early childhood onset; disrupts schooling, jobs, livelihood, and overall quality of life. Social dimension: Stigma + disproportionate burden on Adivasi and Dalit communities in India. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues- Health , Governance) Practice Question : Despite being recognised under the RPWD Act, 2016, sickle cell disease patients continue to remain excluded from substantive disability justice. Critically analyse.(250 Words) RPWD Act, 2016 & SCD Aligns with UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Expanded disability definition to include “benchmark disabilities” (≥40% impairment). Rights guaranteed: free school education, reservations in higher education, government jobs (4% quota), poverty alleviation schemes, land/housing benefits. SCD recognised under revised March 2024 guidelines → but excluded from the 4% job quota (reserved for vision/hearing loss, locomotor, intellectual disabilities). Disappointment: Inclusion on paper without meaningful protections = “exclusion disguised as inclusion.” Issues in Current Framework 1. Narrow Medical Lens Disability measured by biomedical scoring (pain, transfusions, neurological complications). Ignores invisible, episodic, and fluctuating disabilities like SCD. Fails to capture socioeconomic and emotional toll (missed school, lost jobs, stigma). 2. Arbitrary Certification Disability percentage depends on hospital/doctor → subjective. Same patient may receive different scores from different boards. Many with debilitating SCD may fall below 40% benchmark, losing entitlements. 3. Accessibility Barriers Certification requires confirmatory tests from government labs + evaluation at district hospitals. Rural, Adivasi, Dalit patients struggle to travel or afford repeated hospital visits. Benefits often inaccessible to those who need them most. Socioeconomic & Policy Dimensions States like Odisha & Himachal Pradesh provide enhanced pension schemes for severe disabilities. Income tax deduction (Sec 80U): ₹75,000 (disability), ₹1.25 lakh (severe disability). But without certification, individuals with SCD are excluded from both financial and welfare benefits. Needed Reforms Reservation Inclusion: Extend 4% job quota to SCD and other blood disorders. Certification Reform: Move beyond biomedical scoring → incorporate rights-based and lived-experience lens. Flexible Thresholds: Account for fluctuating, episodic nature of chronic diseases. Decentralisation: Local healthcare units (PHCs/CHCs) should certify disability to reduce rural access barriers. Awareness & Training: Medical boards must sensitise doctors on invisible disabilities and ensure uniformity in scoring. Holistic Understanding: Recognise disability as a product of health + social exclusion + structural barriers, not just impairment percentage. Key Takeaway The Supreme Court cannot be the true guardian of gender equality and constitutional justice if women remain token representatives rather than equal participants. Institutionalised reforms, not one-off appointments, are required for genuine gender inclusion in India’s judiciary.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 September 2025

Content Decoding the SC order on regulatory assets On call 24/7: a spotlight on gig workers who are running the new economy Made in India Vikram Processor and Semicon India 2025 How dead birds, old maps are helping scientists track biodiversity loss Why do women in India face higher cancer incidence but lower mortality than men? Odisha’s ‘Dongar’ cultivation in danger  Decoding the SC order on regulatory assets Basics DISCOMs (Distribution Companies): State-run/private companies responsible for last-mile electricity distribution to consumers. Annual Revenue Requirement (ARR): Total revenue DISCOMs are allowed to recover through tariffs + government subsidies. Reflects approved expenditure (power purchase, O&M, interest, depreciation, return on equity). Average Cost of Supply (ACS): Actual cost incurred by DISCOMs to supply one unit of electricity to consumers. Includes cost of buying power, transmission, distribution losses, etc. ACS-ARR Gap: If ACS > ARR, DISCOM makes a loss per unit supplied. Causes financial stress since revenue ≠ cost. Regulatory Asset (RA): Mechanism to defer recovery of revenue gap. SERCs allow DISCOMs to record unrecovered costs as “regulatory assets” instead of immediately increasing tariffs. Costs deferred for recovery in future years (with interest). Relevance: GS II (Polity & Governance – Role of Judiciary in enforcing financial discipline) GS III (Economy – Infrastructure: Power sector, Distribution reforms, Subsidy management, Tariff rationalisation) Supreme Court Order (2025) Existing regulatory assets to be cleared within 4 years. New regulatory assets must be liquidated within 3 years. Cap: RA ≤ 3% of a DISCOM’s ARR. Transparent recovery roadmaps to be prepared by SERCs. Intensive audits for DISCOMs failing to recover assets. Why ACS-ARR Gap Persists? Non-cost reflective tariffs: Populist policies keep tariffs artificially low. Delayed subsidies: States delay subsidy transfers for agriculture/BPL households. Rising input costs: Sudden hikes in coal/gas prices increase power purchase costs. Technical & commercial losses: Theft, billing inefficiencies, high AT&C losses. Impact of Regulatory Assets Short-term benefit: Tariffs don’t rise sharply, consumers shielded temporarily. Long-term burden: Deferred costs accumulate → future tariff shocks. Carrying cost (interest): Consumers ultimately pay higher than original gap. Cash flow stress: DISCOMs can’t pay power generators on time → risk of load shedding. Debt trap: DISCOMs borrow to bridge gap → rising liabilities. Modernisation impact: Funds locked in unrecovered costs → less investment in smart grids, renewable integration, and consumer services. Examples Punjab (2003-04): First RA created (₹487 crore gap, ₹150 crore deferred). Delhi (2024-25): BSES Rajdhani: ₹36,057 crore RA. BSES Yamuna: ₹22,040 crore RA. Tata Power Delhi: ₹8,226 crore gap. Tamil Nadu (2021-22): ₹89,375 crore RA → systemic stress. Consumer Impact Example: Delhi DISCOMs need to recover ₹16,580 crore annually within 4 years. With 30 billion units consumed annually, tariff hike ≈ ₹5.5/unit if immediate recovery attempted. Hence RAs are used, but deferred hikes become steeper over time. Way Forward Tariff Rationalisation: Tariffs must reflect actual cost. Targeted subsidies for vulnerable consumers (DBT model). Timely Subsidy Payments: States should release subsidies on time → prevent revenue gap. Automatic Cost Pass-through: Mechanisms like Fuel & Power Purchase Cost Adjustment (FPPCA) allow quick tariff revision with fuel cost changes. Annual True-up Exercises: Regular reconciliation of projected vs. actual costs to avoid backlog. Financial Discipline: SERCs must enforce strict RA caps. DISCOMs must cut AT&C losses and improve billing efficiency. Grid Modernisation Financing: Ring-fence funds for grid upgrades, smart meters, and renewable integration separate from RA recovery. Judicial Oversight: SC’s intervention acts as a disciplinary push for States, regulators, and DISCOMs. On call 24/7: a spotlight on gig workers who are running the new economy Basics Gig Economy: A labour market characterised by short-term, contract-based, or freelance work mediated largely through digital platforms. Examples: Food delivery (Swiggy, Zomato), cab services (Uber, Ola), e-commerce delivery (Amazon, Flipkart), freelance IT/creative work. Scale: 7.7 million workers (2020–21) → projected 23.5 million by 2029–30 (NITI Aayog, 2022). India’s digital economy projected at $1 trillion in the next five years. Relevance: GS II (Polity & Governance – Welfare schemes, Social security, Labour laws, Rights of workers) GS III (Economy – Employment trends, Informal sector, Digital economy, Future of work) GS I (Society – Changing urban lifestyles, Consumerism, Inequality) Essay/Case Study (Ethics & Society – Human dignity, Invisible labour, Tech-driven inequality) Opportunities Created Job Creation: Provides income opportunities to millions, especially youth, migrants, and semi-skilled workers. Flexibility: Workers can choose working hours, multiple platforms, and supplement income. Consumer Convenience: Rapid service delivery (cabs, food, groceries) transforming lifestyles. Digital Inclusion: Entry point into the formal digital economy for low-skill workers. Post-COVID Acceleration: Pandemic pushed adoption of digital platforms and AI-enabled gig work. Challenges for Workers Precarity & Insecurity: No fixed wages, job security, or guaranteed hours. Low Wages: Long hours for meagre earnings; often below minimum wage equivalents. Algorithmic Control: Workers are monitored, incentivised, and penalised by opaque algorithms. Lack of Social Security: No health insurance, pensions, paid leave, or accident coverage by default. Psychological Stress: Pressure to meet delivery targets; isolation and lack of worker identity. Exploitation of Aspirations: Platforms market “flexibility” but often trap workers in exploitative cycles. Broader Social Implications Consumerism Boom: Instant delivery culture fuels demand but erodes human connection (faceless delivery). Urban Culture Shift: Traditional vendor-customer relationships replaced by impersonal transactions. Income Disparity: Platform owners earn exponentially compared to gig workers. Invisible Labour: Consumers rarely acknowledge or engage with delivery workers’ struggles. Policy & Legal Dimensions Lack of Recognition: Gig workers often not categorised as “employees” under labour law. Social Security Code, 2020: First attempt to extend protections (like provident fund, insurance) to gig/platform workers, but implementation remains weak. State Responses: Rajasthan Gig Workers Welfare Act, 2023 – world’s first legislation creating a welfare fund for gig workers. Other states exploring welfare boards and data-sharing obligations for platforms. Unionisation & Resistance: Increasing strikes and protests by delivery and cab drivers demanding fair wages and social security. Literary & Cultural Reflections Film – Zwigato (2022): Captures life of food delivery workers – insecurity, pressure, family struggles. Books: OTP Please (2025) – Voices of gig workers across South Asia, consumerism critique. Gig Economy in India Rising (2020) – Gig work as future of jobs, flexible but precarious. The Gig Economy in India (2025, Pradip Thomas) – Examines State–entrepreneur–platform dynamics. Global works (Gigged 2018, The Gig Economy 2019) – highlight precarity and future of work debates. Way Forward Formalisation with Flexibility: Recognise gig workers as a distinct labour category with rights. Social Security Framework: Mandatory health, accident, and pension coverage funded jointly by platforms and governments. Algorithmic Transparency: Platforms must disclose rating, payment, and penalty systems. Collective Bargaining: Encourage unions and digital worker associations. Consumer Awareness: Build empathy and responsibility among users of gig services. Long-Term Reform: Integrate gig workers into labour codes, welfare boards, and skilling initiatives. Made in India Vikram Processor and Semicon India 2025 Basics Event: Semicon India 2025 (annual semiconductor conference). Highlight: Union IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw presented PM Modi a ‘Made in India’ Vikram 32-bit Processor Launch Vehicle Grade chip. Developers: Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), ISRO. Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Chandigarh. Legacy: Upgraded version of VIKRAM1601 (16-bit processor), used in ISRO launch vehicle avionics since 2009. Relevance: GS III (Science & Tech – Indigenisation of technology, Semiconductor industry, ISRO achievements, Atmanirbhar Bharat in high-tech) GS II (Governance – Industrial policy, Public–private–academia partnerships) GS III (Economy – Strategic industries, Electronics manufacturing, Supply chain resilience) Essay/IR (Geopolitics – Semiconductor wars, India as alternative hub vs Taiwan/China/US)   About the Vikram 32-bit Processor Category: Launch Vehicle Grade Microprocessor. Function: Used in avionics systems of ISRO’s launch vehicles. Upgradation: From 16-bit (VIKRAM1601) → to 32-bit (higher processing power, reliability, and efficiency). Significance: Enhances self-reliance in critical semiconductor technology. Reduces dependence on foreign aerospace-grade processors. Boosts India’s space missions (efficiency, safety, speed). Academic & R&D Collaboration Memento also included 31 prototype chips developed by academic institutions: IIT Jammu, IIT Roorkee, IIT Dhanbad, NIT Durgapur, NIT Calicut, IIT Ropar, etc. Reflects strong academia–industry–government collaboration in semiconductor R&D. India’s Semiconductor Push Five Semiconductor Units: Under construction rapidly. One pilot line already completed. Two more to start production in coming months. Policy Framework: Stable, investor-friendly semiconductor policies. Focus on covering design, fabrication, packaging, and supply chain. Pitch to Global Players: India projected as manufacturing hub amidst global supply chain uncertainties. Strategic Significance National Security: Semiconductor self-sufficiency reduces vulnerability to supply chain shocks. Critical for defence, space, telecom, and AI systems. Economic Growth: Semiconductor industry projected as foundational for India’s $10 trillion economy target. Creates high-tech jobs and skilling opportunities. Geopolitics: In a world dominated by Taiwan, South Korea, U.S., and China in semiconductors → India positioning itself as an alternative hub. Challenges High Capital Requirement: Semiconductor fabs need billions of dollars in investment. Global Competition: Taiwan (TSMC), South Korea (Samsung), U.S. (Intel), and China’s state-led push. Supply Chain Dependence: Raw materials, advanced lithography machinery (ASML, Netherlands) still external. Technology Catch-up: India is a late entrant compared to decades of global R&D. How dead birds, old maps are helping scientists track biodiversity loss Basics Nilgiri Mountains: Part of Western Ghats → a global biodiversity hotspot, rich in endemic species (Nilgiri pipit, Nilgiri sholakili, Nilgiri laughingthrush). Biodiversity Monitoring Challenge: Current field studies show only a “snapshot”; long-term biodiversity loss requires historical baseline comparisons. Role of Museums & Archives: Preserve old specimens, maps, and notes → crucial for studying species decline, habitat change, and climate impacts. Relevance: GS III (Environment – Biodiversity conservation, Habitat loss, Climate change impact, Grassland ecology) GS I (Geography – Human–environment interaction, Land-use change, Western Ghats ecosystems) GS I (History – Colonial records as scientific resources, Museums as repositories) Essay (Heritage & Ecology – Role of archives, science–society linkage in conservation) The Study (Vijay Ramesh et al., Global Change Biology, 2025) Data Sources: Bird specimens from British-era natural history museums (late 1800s). Old land-use maps (e.g., Captain John Ouchterlony’s 1848 Nilgiri land-cover map). Contemporary field surveys across 42 sites. Modern satellite imagery. Methodology: Digitisation of historical museum specimens + maps. GIS-based land-use change analysis (1848–2018). Bayesian statistical tool (FAMA – field abundance–museum abundance) → estimated species’ relative abundance. Key Findings Grassland Decline: 80% reduction → from 993 sq. km (1848) → 201 sq. km (2018). Grassland birds most affected: Nilgiri pipit, Malabar lark. 90% decline in relative abundance of grassland birds. Forest Birds Stability: 53% of forest bird species showed stable populations. Reason: Grasslands converted into wooded forests (plantations + invasive woody species). Indicates habitat “substitution” but not genuine conservation. Conservation Blind Spot: Grasslands not recognised as critical ecosystems. Policies & public perception focus on “forests” and tree planting → inadvertently harm grasslands. Significance of Museums in Conservation Functions: Preserve historical records of species distribution & abundance. Aid taxonomy & species identification. Enable studies on long-term ecological changes (migration, size shifts, community collapse). Baseline data for conservation planning. Examples: Dead birds collected 150 years ago → now key evidence of species decline. Old maps digitised → show land-cover shifts invisible in short-term monitoring. Challenges Access Issues: Most collections in Western museums (colonial legacy). High costs, visa barriers for Indian researchers. Institutional Barriers: Lack of digitisation in Indian archives. Funding constraints & bureaucratic hurdles. Ethical Concerns: Specimens collected from India but housed abroad → question of ownership & repatriation. Broader Ecological Insights Grassland Neglect: Seen as “wastelands” → converted into plantations, agriculture, or urban land. Historical Baselines: Essential to understand true extent of biodiversity loss (short-term data underestimates decline). Climate Change Link: Land-use change + temperature rise → shift in ecosystems, pushing species to edge of survival. Why do women in India face higher cancer incidence but lower mortality than men? Understanding Cancer Incidence & Mortality Incidence: Number of new cancer cases diagnosed in a population during a specific time period. Mortality: Number of deaths due to cancer in the same period. Crude Incidence Rate (CIR): New cancer cases per 100,000 population. Age-Adjusted Incidence Rate (AAIR): Statistical measure adjusted for differences in age distribution across populations (older populations naturally have more cancer cases). Relevance: GS II (Health – Public health, Disease burden, Cancer screening, Gendered healthcare inequality) GS I (Society – Gender issues, Women’s health & nutrition, Patriarchy in healthcare access) GS III (Science & Tech – Preventive healthcare, Vaccination, Epidemiology) Essay/Case Study (Ethics – Healthcare equity, Gender justice, Lifestyle diseases)   Current Trends in India (2015–2019, PBCR Data) Incidence: Women: 51.1% of cases (≈700,000 cases). Men: 48.9%. Mortality: Men: 55% of cancer deaths. Women: 45%. Most common cancers: Women: Breast, cervical, ovarian. Men: Oral, lung, prostate. Regional hotspot: Northeast India (Aizawl, Kamrup Urban, Papumpare, East Khasi Hills). Why Women Face Higher Cancer Incidence Biological & Reproductive Factors Hormonal exposure (estrogen, progesterone) → breast & ovarian cancer risk. Delayed childbirth, fewer pregnancies, reduced breastfeeding. Menstrual/reproductive patterns linked to higher hormone exposure. Lifestyle & Environmental Changes Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, poor diet (processed foods, low fibre). Alcohol & tobacco use rising among women. Pollutants in air, chemicals in cosmetics, pesticides, processed foods → hormone-related cancers. Occupational & Social Risks Entry into workforce (exposure to chemicals, night shifts). Greater susceptibility to infections (e.g., HPV for cervical cancer). Gender inequality → poor nutrition, limited screening access, lower economic parity. Why Women Have Lower Cancer Mortality Nature of Predominant Cancers Breast & cervical cancers → relatively higher survival rates if detected early. Breast cancer: 5-year survival >90% (early diagnosis, treatment). Cervical cancer: Preventable via HPV vaccination, detectable through Pap smears. In contrast, men’s cancers (oral, lung, liver) are highly aggressive with poor survival outcomes. Awareness & Screening Large-scale campaigns for breast & cervical screening. HPV vaccination drives (though limited) improving survival chances. Women’s reproductive health often a focus in public health interventions. Behavioral Factors Men have higher tobacco & alcohol use → aggressive cancers + late diagnosis. Men less likely to seek preventive healthcare compared to women. Why Women’s Mortality is Rising Faster Now Healthcare Gaps: Late-stage diagnosis, poor rural access to oncology facilities. Socioeconomic Barriers: Costs of treatment, patriarchal decision-making limiting healthcare spending on women. Misdiagnosis & Delays: Symptoms ignored, stigma around breast/cervical exams. Double Burden: Women face biological susceptibility + structural neglect. Trend Projection: Over the next 2 decades, female cancer deaths projected to rise faster than men’s (Lancet 2025). Key Takeaways Higher Incidence: Women more exposed to reproductive, hormonal, and lifestyle-linked risk factors. Lower Mortality (Currently): Women’s cancers more survivable with early detection, while men’s cancers (oral/lung) have poor outcomes. Alarming Trend: Mortality among women is rising quickly due to healthcare inequality, misdiagnosis, and changing lifestyles. Policy Priority: Expand HPV vaccination & cervical screening. Tackle environmental pollutants & unsafe cosmetics. Integrate cancer detection in primary health systems. Address gender bias in healthcare access & affordability. Odisha’s ‘Dongar’ cultivation in danger Dongar Cultivation Meaning: Dongar = traditional upland/mountain slope farming system of the Kondh tribes in Odisha. Method: Mixed cropping of millets, pulses, oilseeds, tubers → ensures food diversity, nutrition, and ecological balance. Parallels: Similar to bewar system in Madhya Pradesh’s Dindori district. Tools: No ploughing, only hand tools; fully organic; depends on seed exchange and community labour. Significance: Climate-resilient system. Ensures food sovereignty and cultural identity of Kondh tribes. Maintains biodiversity and soil health. Relevance: GS I (Geography – Traditional farming systems, Agro-ecology, Millets, Shifting cultivation parallels) GS III (Environment – Sustainable agriculture, Biodiversity conservation, Climate-resilient farming) GS I (Society – Tribal livelihoods, Culture, Food security, Nutrition) Rise of Eucalyptus Monoculture in Rayagada Agents: Outsiders linked to paper mills (mainly from southern states). Strategy: Leasing tribal lands for eucalyptus plantations. Providing seedlings, fertilisers, and easy loans. Buy-back arrangements ensure assured market. Spread: From lowlands → midlands → uplands (dongar areas). Economics: Farmers get only ₹1,500–₹3,000 per acre annually when leasing land, much below food/fodder value. Attractiveness: Eucalyptus is low-maintenance, grows in 5 years, requires little care compared to millet/pulse farming. Problems of Eucalyptus Monoculture Food Security & Nutrition Loss Reduces cultivation of millets, pulses, tubers. Forces dependence on PDS rice + tamarind, leading to loss of nutrition. Decline in tribal food diversity and seed heritage. Ecological Impacts Soil Infertility: Eucalyptus depletes nutrients, reduces fertility. Water Stress: High water absorption → groundwater depletion. Biodiversity Decline: Birds, tubers, and natural foods vanish in eucalyptus areas. Monocultures worsen vulnerability to climate change. Economic & Social Issues Meagre lease incomes compared to livelihood losses. Landowners prefer leasing to mills rather than to tribal farmers → tribals lose access to land. Tribal youth shifting away from dongar → cultural erosion. Resistance & Revival Efforts Living Farms NGO: Active in ~200 villages. Working with Talia Kondhs & Kutia Kondhs. Promoting awareness drives on climate-resilient dongar farming. Reviving seed conservation and organic methods. Encouraging rejection of chemicals, revival of labour exchange practices. Community Role: Women and elders sharing traditional farming knowledge. Farmers experimenting with millet revival (ragi, maize) against cotton and eucalyptus. Broader Context Millets in Danger: Despite 2023 being International Year of Millets, upland millet cultivation is collapsing under eucalyptus + BT cotton pressure. Climate Change Lens: Studies show monoculture plantations (perennials) more vulnerable to climate change than mixed cropping. Policy Vacuum: No strict restrictions on plantation companies leasing tribal land. Easy credit for eucalyptus vs neglect of millet promotion. Weak extension services for traditional crops. Key Takeaways Eucalyptus monoculture = short-term commercial profit but long-term loss of food security, ecology, and tribal identity. Dongar = climate-smart, biodiversity-rich, nutrition-sustaining farming system → must be revived. Solution Pathways: Strengthen millet promotion schemes (link with MSP, PDS). Provide institutional credit for dongar farming. Legal safeguards against exploitative land leasing. Promote seed banks, community-based conservation, and youth involvement. Recognise dongar as a model of climate-resilient tribal agroecology.

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