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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 August 2025

Content Industrial growth jumps to four-month high of 3.5% Lost villages and other costs of coalfields Should States be compensated for revenue loss from GST reforms? Which sectors are worst hit by tariffs? School enrolment in 3-11 age group down by 25 lakh: UDISE+ Centering elderly women: caring for the quiet majority Industrial growth jumps to four-month high of 3.5% Understanding the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Definition: IIP measures the volume of production of different industry groups (manufacturing, mining, electricity). Base year: 2011–12. Weightage: Manufacturing: ~77% Mining: ~14% Electricity: ~8% Importance: Monthly indicator of industrial health. Proxy for economic activity and GDP (particularly industry sector). Guides policy interventions in demand, supply, and infrastructure. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy)   Key Data: July 2025 Overall industrial growth: 3.5% (July 2025) – four-month high. Lower than 5% (July 2024) → deceleration YoY. Sectoral performance: Manufacturing: +5.4% (six-month high), up from 4.7% in July 2024. Electricity: +0.6% (weak growth vs double-digit levels last year). Mining: -7.2% (fourth straight month of contraction). Use-based classification: Capital goods: +5% → investment revival. Consumer durables: +7.7% (seven-month high). Consumer non-durables: +0.5% (eight-month high, but very low absolute growth). Basic metals, fabricated metals, electrical machinery: strong double-digit growth. Non-metallic minerals: +9.5% → infra and construction push. Why Growth Picked Up in July 2025 Manufacturing rebound: Recovery after two months of contraction. Driven by investment demand (metals, machinery). Consumer durables revival shows festive/pre-festive demand pickup. Electricity slowdown: Monsoon impact → lower power demand from irrigation. High base effect (double-digit growth in 2024). Mining contraction: Seasonal monsoon disruption in coal, iron ore, limestone. Subdued global commodity demand, especially in China. Regulatory and environmental bottlenecks. Consumer goods mixed trend: Durables (+7.7%) → white goods, electronics, appliances supported by urban demand and credit growth. Non-durables (+0.5%) → rural demand still sluggish due to erratic monsoon, food inflation pressures. Structural Takeaways Investment revival signals: Capital goods + basic/intermediate goods expansion → infra + capex cycle strengthening. Rural–urban divergence: Strong urban discretionary demand, weak rural essentials. Policy sensitivity: RBI likely to watch rural weakness + commodity volatility for growth–inflation trade-off. Mining as a drag: Persistent contraction risks supply-side constraints for core industries (steel, cement, power). Base effect reality: Lower growth vs July 2024 highlights statistical distortion – economy grew on a high base last year. Implications For GDP growth (Q2 FY26): Industrial sector contribution may be moderate due to mining weakness + slower electricity. Manufacturing strength prevents sharp slowdown. For government policy: Need for rural demand stimulus (via MSP, rural jobs, credit). Mining reforms (ease clearances, monsoon-resilient infra). Support electricity diversification (RE integration, industrial demand). For markets & industry: Metals, machinery, and consumer durables show strong prospects. FMCG (non-durables) growth remains tepid, rural stress may weigh on stock performance. Lost villages and other costs of coalfields Coal Mining and Displacement in India Coal in India: India has 389.42 billion tonnes of estimated reserves (2024). Odisha is the largest coal reserve holder: 99.2 billion tonnes (25.5% of India). Coal still supplies ~45.65% of India’s electricity capacity (June 2025). Talcher Coalfields (Angul, Odisha): Largest in India. Angul spans 6.3 lakh hectares, with 32% cultivable land, 43% forests, and 12.26% coal-bearing areas. 66 coal blocks identified; 12 operational, 2 about to start. If all blocks become active → 348 villages to be displaced. Displacement in Odisha: 5,923 families displaced in past 5 years (2019–24), mainly from Angul. Angul accounts for 48% of Odisha’s coal production (269.71 MT in 2024). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Human Cost of Displacement Loss of community & cultural identity: Example: Antaryami Pradhan had to travel 10 km for his brother’s cremation as new village denied him land. Villagers scattered → weakened social cohesion. Disruption of livelihoods: Farmers, cattle rearers, milkmen lose land & traditional professions. Rehabilitation colonies often lack open space for farming. Psychological & social alienation: New villagers don’t accept displaced families socially. Migrants often feel like outsiders even in new houses. Gendered impacts: Pregnant/lactating women lose access to health workers and schemes post-relocation. Women bear additional burden of household and social adjustment. Compensation & Rehabilitation Issues Compensation discrepancies: Example: SCCL (Telangana) offers ₹70 lakh/acre. Gopiballavpur villagers offered only ₹11 lakh/acre. Within Angul, land valuation varies drastically between adjacent villages (e.g., ₹35 lakh vs ₹17 lakh per acre). R&R (Rehabilitation & Resettlement) packages: Options include: ₹35 lakh (cash in lieu of employment + self-relocation). ₹31 lakh + land at R&R colony. Issues: R&R colonies often delayed or on disputed land (e.g., forest land challenged at NGT). Many forced to rent or return to old villages. Failure in implementation: Law requires resettlement colonies before displacement → often violated. Welfare schemes (health, nutrition, education) do not transfer automatically post-relocation. Larger Structural Concerns Fragmented governance: No centralised displacement database in Angul. Land acquisition handled piecemeal → policies differ across projects. Legal & policy shifts: 2014: SC cancelled 204 coal block allocations (including 8 in Angul). 2015: Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act allowed auctions. 2020: Commercial coal mining introduced → private & foreign players entered. Outcome → increased pace of land acquisition & displacement. Energy paradox: India pushes renewables but still heavily dependent on coal. Angul remains at the epicenter of India’s coal–development trade-off. Socio-Economic & Environmental Impact Economic paradox: Some families receive life-changing sums but cannot buy equivalent land in towns. Compensation often erodes quickly without sustainable livelihood alternatives. Environmental stress: Villages, forests, agricultural lands consumed by expanding open-cast mines. Ecological degradation (loss of forest cover, dust pollution, groundwater depletion). Education disruption: Schools demolished → children’s education interrupted. Families caught in limbo delay investments in education due to uncertain future. Rural–urban shift stress: Villagers struggle to adapt to urban costs & lifestyles. Loss of access to affordable vegetables, community services, and collective rural economy. Implications For displaced communities: Identity erosion, livelihood collapse, weak social absorption → long-term vulnerability. Inter-generational impact as children lose educational continuity and cultural roots. For governance & policy: Need for uniform, transparent, and inflation-adjusted compensation. Collective relocation models (keeping villages intact) rather than atomised dispersal. Transfer of welfare entitlements (PDS, Anganwadi, health services) to new sites. Centralised displacement tracking & accountability mechanism. For India’s energy policy: Rising dependence on Odisha coalfields → concentrated risk. Balancing energy security vs social justice vs environmental sustainability will be a defining challenge. Transition to renewables must consider a “just transition” framework for coal-dependent regions. Should States be compensated for revenue loss from GST reforms? Basics of GST GST launched: July 1, 2017, as a destination-based, indirect tax subsuming central (excise, service tax, CST) and state taxes (VAT, entry tax, octroi). Current structure: Multiple slabs (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) + special rates (gold, precious stones) + cess (luxury/sin goods). Revenue sharing: GST collected is split between Centre and States (CGST + SGST; IGST for inter-state). Compensation principle (2017–2022): Centre guaranteed States 14% annual revenue growth, bridging losses via Compensation Cess on luxury/sin goods (cars, tobacco, aerated drinks). Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Taxation) Proposed Reform Move from 4–5 slab system → 2-tier (5% & 18%), with essentials exempt or 0% rated. Higher tax (40%) to continue on luxury/sin goods. Target average GST rate: reduce from ~11.5% (current) to ~10%. Objective: Simplification → compliance ease. Lower rates → boost consumption, formalisation, investment. At par with developed economies (average GST/VAT 10–12%). Likely Revenue Impact Short-term dip inevitable: Estimated ₹60,000–1,00,000 crore/year loss (~0.2–0.3% of GDP). FY2025–26: ~₹45,000 crore hit (partial year implementation). Medium/long term gains: Wider tax base: More consumption under formal economy. Leakage reduction: Simplified slabs reduce classification disputes. Demand boost: Lower rates on consumer durables/essentials → higher sales volume → more GST. Luxury/sin cess: Higher rates (40%) to partly offset revenue fall. Impact on States Unequal effect across States: Manufacturing/urban States (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu): Larger revenue hit as bulk of GST collections come from industrial goods and services. Agrarian/consumption-heavy States (Bihar, UP, NE States): Smaller impact since their GST base is narrower and skewed towards essentials (already exempt/low slab). Past experience: July 2018 GST cuts → Maharashtra/Karnataka collections dipped 3–4%, but NE states unaffected. Revenue distribution remains unequal: Richer States lose more; poorer States less affected. Compensation Question Legal status: 5-year compensation period (2017–2022) ended; technically Centre has no liability now. Arguments against further compensation: Perpetual transfers unsustainable. States should expand their tax base, plug leakages, attract investment. Alternative: allocate funds for infrastructure or contingency, not continuous GST gap-filling. Arguments for compensation: Asymmetry in GST revenue distribution → small states structurally disadvantaged. Global precedent: Countries like Australia/Canada initially provided both GST-linked compensation + consolidated fund support. Equity demands special packages for less industrialised states. Possible middle ground: Create Contingency/Equalisation Fund from part of GST or Consolidated Fund of India. Use mechanism like Kerala Flood Cess for State-specific needs. Time-bound compensation, not indefinite. Political & Institutional Dimensions GST Council: Consensus-based so far (except ~2 votes). Likely to approve reform since announced by PM. Potential friction: Product classification disputes (whether certain goods fall in 5% or 18%), timing of implementation, and transitional compensation. Consensus outlook: Strong — reforms likely passed in next Council meeting (may require vote, but government has majority). Macro Implications Average GST rate falls to ~10% → competitive with OECD economies. Ease of doing business improves: Simple two-rate GST system boosts investor confidence. Formalisation accelerates: lower rates + better compliance → more firms enter GST net. Revenue trajectory: Dip in Year 1–2, stabilisation by Year 3, higher buoyancy thereafter. State fiscal independence: Pushes states to strengthen own tax (property tax, excise, stamp duty) rather than rely on GST transfers. Summary Judgment: Reform = Simplification + Ease of doing business + Long-term revenue buoyancy. Short-term revenue dip of ₹45,000–1,00,000 crore inevitable, disproportionately hitting industrialised states. Compensation debate: Centre unlikely to extend blanket GST compensation; instead, targeted equalisation fund or special packages may balance inequities. Net effect = Moderate tax regime (~10% avg), stronger compliance, higher consumption, improved investor sentiment. Which sectors are worst hit by tariffs? Basics of the Tariffs Effective date: August 27, 2025. Tariff level: Flat 50% additional tariff on imports from India (over existing tariffs). Coverage: Broad, covering labour-intensive and manufacturing sectors where U.S. is a major export destination. Earlier tariff structure: Most sectors faced 0–10% tariffs; now in many cases, effective duties are 50–60%. Metrics of severity (impact analysis): Export value to U.S. (absolute terms). Share of U.S. in India’s total exports of that product. Final tariff rate post-hike. Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Tariff) Sectors Facing Severe Impact (a) Shrimp Exports to U.S.: $2.4 billion (2024–25). Share: 32.4% of India’s total shrimp exports. Tariff jump: 10% → 60%. Immediate impact: Sharp fall in demand from U.S. buyers. Reports of exporters in Andhra Pradesh lowering purchase prices. Cancelled contracts and shipment delays. High risk for aquaculture farmers and coastal labour. (b) Textiles & Apparel (Tiruppur cluster etc.) Exports to U.S.: $2.7 billion. Share: 13.2% of India’s total textile exports. Tariff jump: 4% → 54%. Immediate impact: Exporters rushing existing shipments before duties bite. U.S. buyers cancelling fresh orders. Threat to jobs in Tiruppur, Surat, Panipat (labour-intensive hubs). (c) Jewellery, Diamonds & Carpets U.S. a top market for India’s gems & jewellery (~$10–12 billion annually, though not all under 50% tariff). Impact: High-value exports like cut diamonds and studded jewellery hit severely. Surat, Jaipur clusters face job & liquidity pressures. Reports of production cuts and downsizing. Sectors Facing Moderate Impact (a) Metals (Steel, Aluminium, Copper) Exports to U.S.: $4.7 billion (17% of total Indian metal exports). Impact: U.S. not largest global market, but vital for SMEs in Delhi-NCR engineering belt and eastern foundry hubs. Stainless steel, aluminium casting, and copper semi-finished goods face job disruptions. (b) Machinery & Mechanical Appliances Exports to U.S.: $6.7 billion (20% of India’s total in this category). Impact: Demand drop expected, but diversified global buyers soften the blow. Still critical for SMEs dependent on U.S. orders. (c) Organic Chemicals Medium exposure to U.S. Tariff impact is cushioned by wider markets in EU, Japan, ASEAN. Industry body CHEMEXCIL has sought government intervention. Immediate Economic Impact Severe demand shock: shrimp, textiles, jewellery already seeing cancellations. Price crash: Shrimp prices falling in Andhra Pradesh procurement markets. Employment risk: Labour-intensive sectors (textiles, gems, aquaculture) at risk of layoffs. Exporters’ reaction: Pre-shipment rush, appeals to government, lobbying through industry bodies. Government Response (Short-term) “Swadeshi” & “Vocal for Local” narrative: Reduce export dependency; boost domestic demand. Multi-ministry plan under consideration (Commerce, Finance, External Affairs, MSME): Possible interest subvention / credit support for exporters. Export incentive packages for worst-hit sectors. Marketing support to explore alternative destinations. RBI readiness: Governor stated RBI will provide liquidity or credit easing to impacted sectors. Medium to Long-term Strategy Diversification of export markets: Leverage FTAs (UAE, Australia, EU in progress). Push into Africa, ASEAN, Latin America. Strengthening domestic value chains: Reduce reliance on U.S. orders. Special packages/funds: For sectors with high labour absorption (textiles, gems, marine exports). Negotiation channels: Possible WTO consultations or bilateral trade talks with U.S. International Parallels Similar protective tariffs by U.S. in past (e.g., Trump-era steel tariffs, China tariffs) caused: Short-term export pain. Trade diversion to alternate markets. Other countries responded with compensation packages for farmers/exporters or by negotiating bilateral deals. Summary High-impact sectors: Shrimp, textiles, jewellery/carpets (tariffs up to 60%, immediate order cancellations, production/job cuts). Moderate-impact sectors: Metals, machinery, organic chemicals (tariffs 50%, but diversified export base reduces damage). Government response: Short-term relief plan + credit support + long-term diversification strategy. Outlook: Immediate pain in labour-heavy sectors, with medium-term adjustment possible if markets diversify and domestic demand strengthens. School enrolment in 3-11 age group down by 25 lakh: UDISE+ Basics: What is UDISE+? Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+): Annual survey by the Ministry of Education. Covers pre-primary to Class 12 in govt., aided, private, and other schools. Provides data on enrolment, dropouts, Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), infrastructure, teachers, etc. Latest data: 2024-25, compared to 2023-24. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Social Issues)   Key Findings of UDISE+ 2024-25 Sharp fall in young student enrolment (ages 3–11; Anganwadi, pre-school, Classes 1–5): 2023-24: 12.09 crore 2024-25: 11.84 crore Decline: 24.93 lakh students Overall enrolment (Classes 1–12): 2023-24: 24.8 crore 2024-25: 24.69 crore Drop: 11 lakh students → lowest since 2018-19. Historical trend: 2012-13: 26.3 crore 2021-22: ~26 crore 2022-23: 25.18 crore 2023-24: 24.8 crore 2024-25: 24.69 crore Net fall in a decade: ~1.6 crore students (~6%). Causes of Decline in Enrolment Demographic transition: Falling birth rates → shrinking school-age population. India’s TFR = 1.91 (2021) < replacement level (2.1). Except UP, Bihar, Meghalaya, all states below replacement fertility. Shift to standalone pre-primary private institutions → some children outside UDISE+ school count. Methodological changes in 2022-23 and 2023-24 → not fully comparable to older datasets. Urbanization & migration: Possible undercounting of mobile/migrant children. Positive Indicators Amid Decline Rising GER (Gross Enrolment Ratio): Middle level: 89.5% → 90.3% (2023-24 to 2024-25). Secondary level: 66.5% → 68.5%. Suggests higher share of eligible children are actually enrolled, even if population base shrinks. Dropout rates improving: Preparatory stage: 3.7% → 2.3%. Middle school: 5.2% → 3.5%. Secondary: 10.9% → 8.2%. Indicates better retention, fewer children leaving school midway. Higher enrolment in upper classes: Classes 6–8: +6 lakh students (6.31 → 6.36 crore). Classes 9–12: +8 lakh students (6.39 → 6.48 crore). Suggests progress in transition from primary to secondary education. Implications of the Decline Demographic dividend challenge: Shrinking base of young students → smaller workforce in future. Education system planning: Govt. must align teacher recruitment, infrastructure, and budgets with falling school-age population. Policy focus shift: From universal access → to quality of learning outcomes. With fewer children, per-child investment can be higher. Regional disparities: States like UP & Bihar (still high fertility) may see continued high demand for schools, while southern & western states face declining enrolment. Long-term social impact: Lower child population → ageing society sooner, with implications for pensions, health care, and dependency ratios. Way Forward Use of upcoming 2026 Census: To update school-age population base and refine GER/dropout estimates. Policy realignment: Rationalizing school infrastructure in low-population areas. Investing more in teacher training, digital learning, foundational literacy. Focus on early childhood education: Integrate Anganwadis and standalone pre-schools into formal system (NEP 2020 mandate). Address regional imbalance: Northern states → focus on access (school availability). Southern states → focus on retention & higher-order skills. Centering elderly women: caring for the quiet majority India’s Ageing Context Demographic transition: India is moving from a young to ageing society due to falling fertility & rising life expectancy. India Ageing Report 2023 (IIPS + UNFPA): By 2050, 20%+ of India’s population will be aged 60+. This equals ~347 million elderly, compared to ~149 million in 2022. Gendered longevity: Women live 2.7 years longer than men on average. Results in a feminisation of ageing (more elderly women than men). Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Health & Longevity Gap Between Men and Women McKinsey Health Institute: Women spend 25% more years in poor health than men. Much of this burden falls in later years of life. Elderly women’s health paradox: Longer life expectancy ≠ better quality of life. Higher prevalence of chronic conditions, cancers, and cognitive decline. Social Determinants of Elderly Women’s Health Cultural & social conditioning: Women prioritise family health > own health. Gatekeeping of care decisions by husband/adult children. Economic dependency: 60% of elderly women have no personal income (UNFPA 2011). <20% women can pay their own medical bills (vs. 44% men). Very few elderly women have health insurance. Digital divide: Limited access to digital health platforms & insurance enrolment. Reduces access to information & tele-health solutions. Education gap: Education strongly linked to better health-seeking behaviour. Uneducated women face poor awareness about preventive screenings & therapies. Disease Burden Among Elderly Women Cancer risks: Breast cancer: Elderly women often get less aggressive treatment, lowering survival despite effectiveness of surgery/chemo. Cervical cancer: Vaccination awareness growing in younger women, but elderly women lack access to pap smear screening. Ovarian cancer: Most lethal gynaecological cancer; 5-year survival only 17% if diagnosed late. Neurodegenerative diseases: Higher vulnerability to Alzheimer’s, dementias (due to oestrogen decline, widowhood, isolation). LASI: Women 70+ report higher cognitive impairment, but are under-diagnosed & under-treated. Mental health: Depression highly under-reported. HelpAge India: Only 1 in 10 elderly women with depressive symptoms seek help. Barriers: stigma, lack of geriatric psychiatry services, family neglect. Positive Protective Factors Social embeddedness: Elderly women deeply connected to family & community networks. Protective against loneliness & cognitive decline. Active lifestyles: Walking groups, yoga, hobbies (painting, music) improve physical & mental well-being. Education advantage: Educated women are more likely to seek outpatient care, both public & private. Policy & Systemic Gaps Healthcare spending bias: Across age groups, health expenditure on men > women. Gender-insensitive care: Few healthcare facilities tailor care to elderly women’s needs (e.g., cancer screening, mental health). Elderly treated as dependents: Public discourse ignores elderly women’s agency; sees them only as caregivers or passive dependents. Insurance gap: Limited geriatric coverage; most elderly women lack health protection schemes. Way Forward – Recommendations Policy realignment: Build gender-sensitive geriatric health systems. NEP for ageing: integrate elderly women’s health into Ayushman Bharat & state health missions. Preventive care expansion: Free screening programs for cancers (cervical, breast, ovarian) & cognitive decline. Financial inclusion: Pensions, micro-insurance, and social security nets for widows & single elderly women. Mental health integration: Geriatric psychiatry, community counselling, elderly support helplines. Digital & health literacy: Train elderly women in basic digital health platforms. Expand awareness on vaccinations, screening, and treatment options. Community-driven solutions: Promote elderly women’s groups, SHGs, walking clubs, skill-based learning for social & mental health benefits.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 August 2025

Content MGNREGA: Building Rural Resilience Wheels of Change: India’s Electric Leap for Green Mobility MGNREGA: Building Rural Resilience Basics of MGNREGA Full Name: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005. Nature: Rights-based, demand-driven wage employment programme. Guarantee: At least 100 days of unskilled manual work per rural household in a financial year. Coverage: All districts of India (except those with 100% urban population). Legal Basis: Act of Parliament, making employment a legal entitlement. Primary Goals: Employment generation Creation of durable rural assets Strengthening rural livelihoods Promoting social inclusion (SCs, STs, women, landless labourers) Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Schemes) Objectives Provide 100 days of unskilled manual work as per demand. Strengthen livelihood resource base of rural poor. Ensure social inclusion of marginalized groups. Empower Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in planning and implementation. Promote sustainable rural development (water conservation, afforestation, soil health, rural infrastructure). Budgetary and Employment Data FY 2013–14: ₹33,000 crore allocation. FY 2025–26 (BE): ₹86,000 crore – highest since inception. Funds released (till July 2025): ₹45,783 crore (₹37,912 crore for wages). Employment Generation: FY 2024–25: 290.60 crore person-days. Households provided work: 15.99 crore. Women Participation: 2013–14: 48% 2024–25: 58.15% (440.7 lakh women) Social Inclusion & Women Empowerment Consistent >50% participation of women for last 5 years. Scheme supports SCs, STs, women-headed households, landless labourers. Women’s higher participation indicates shift towards economic inclusion & empowerment in rural areas. Technological & Governance Reforms Aadhaar Seeding & APBS: 13.45 crore workers Aadhaar-seeded (2025). 13.05 crore linked to Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS). eFMS (e-Payments): Wage payments through banks increased from 37% (2013–14) → 99.94% (2025). Geo-tagging: 6.36 crore assets geo-tagged for transparency. Digital Platforms: NMMS App: Real-time attendance with geotagged photos. GeoMGNREGA: Asset tracking. Yuktdhara Portal (with ISRO): Geospatial planning. JALDOOT App: Groundwater monitoring. JANMANREGA App: Citizen information & feedback. SECURE software: Estimation of rural works cost. Asset Creation and Sustainability Individual Assets: Grew from 17.6% (2013–14) → 57.05% (2025). Agri & Allied Activities: 44.14% of expenditure by 2025, strengthening agriculture. Mission AmritSarovar (2022): Target 50,000 water bodies → achieved 68,000+. 86.98 lakh assets created (by March 2025): water harvesting, irrigation canals, soil conservation, plantations, rural infrastructure. Skill Development Project UNNATI (2019): Skilling of MGNREGA workers. Target: 2 lakh workers. Achieved: 90,894 workers trained by March 2025. Goal: Transition workers from partial employment to self/wage employment. Transparency, Accountability & Monitoring Social Audit: Mandatory twice a year in Gram Panchayats. Fake Job Card Cancellation: FY 2024–25: 58,826 deleted (fake, duplicate, migrated, or expired). On-time Fund Transfer Orders (FTOs): 97.81% by March 2025. Citizen Information Boards: Display works, costs, beneficiaries for community monitoring. Convergence & Rural Development Convergence with 13 ministries: Border Roads Organisation (BRO) – rural connectivity. Women & Child Development – Anganwadi centres. Panchayati Raj – GP buildings. Strengthens rural infrastructure while ensuring job creation. Strengths Legal entitlement, not a welfare dole. Demand-driven nature prevents underemployment. Strong women’s participation – gender inclusive. Environmental focus – afforestation, water bodies, soil conservation. Technology-driven reforms – minimizes leakages, boosts accountability. PRIs empowerment – bottom-up planning through Gram Sabhas. Challenges Delayed wage payments despite high digital integration in some states. Corruption and ghost job cards (though Aadhaar reduced it). Asset quality varies across states; sometimes non-durable. Under-utilization of skilled labour (scheme restricted to unskilled manual work, except under convergence projects). Urban poor excluded – rural-centric only. Recent Developments (2025) Record allocation of ₹86,000 crore. Nearly 99.8% demand for work met in 2025–26 – strong responsiveness. 6.36 crore assets geo-tagged ensuring public monitoring. Convergence push: Anganwadi centres, GP buildings, border roads. Focus on agriculture-linked works (irrigation, soil health, water harvesting). Way Forward Ensure timely wage disbursal across all states. Expand Project UNNATI for large-scale skilling & rural entrepreneurship. Stronger social audits to reduce leakages. Greater urban employment guarantee linkage for migrant workers (debated idea). Focus on asset quality & durability to ensure long-term rural development impact. Enhanced climate resilience projects: water recharge, agroforestry, renewable energy-based assets. Conclusion MGNREGA has evolved into India’s largest social security and rural livelihood programme. It acts as a safety net, empowerment tool for women, and infrastructure builder for villages. With high allocations, strong tech integration, and convergence with rural development programmes, it is central to resilient, inclusive, and sustainable rural growth. Wheels of Change: India’s Electric Leap for Green Mobility Background and Context Transport sector share in emissions: Globally contributes ~23% of CO₂ emissions. In India, transport accounts for ~13.5% of total energy-related CO₂ emissions. Dependence on fossil fuels: 85% of crude oil demand is imported → creates energy insecurity and trade imbalance. Urbanisation pressure: Rising vehicle ownership (390 million registered vehicles in India, 2025) → worsens congestion, pollution, and oil demand. Solution pathway: Shift towards Electric Vehicles (EVs), supported by renewable power integration, aligns with India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement, COP26, and Net Zero 2070 goal. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure , Environment) India’s EV Journey – Timeline of Policy Push 2013: National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) launched. 2015–2019: FAME-I implemented → ₹895 crore sanctioned. 2019 onwards: FAME-II (₹11,500 crore) focusing on mass adoption, e-buses, and charging infra. 2021: PLI-Auto & ACC Battery Storage PLI announced. 2023: PM e-Bus Sewa launched (10,000 buses). 2024: PM E-Drive & SPMEPCI launched → targeted push for e-trucks and e-cars. 2025: India becomes Suzuki’s global EV hub with e-VITARA exports to 100+ countries. Current Status (as of Feb 2025) EV stock: 56.75 lakh registered EVs (~1.5% of total vehicles). Sales growth: E-2Ws (FY 2024-25): 11.49 lakh sales (+21% YoY). Strong uptake of e-3Ws and e-buses in urban mobility. Charging infra: 8,885 public charging stations (PCS) installed, out of 9,332 sanctioned. Domestic battery ecosystem: Localisation of >80% of hybrid battery electrodes. 40 GWh battery capacity awarded under ACC-PLI (out of 50 GWh target). Key Government Schemes Driving EV Transition A. FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) FAME-I (2015-19): Supported 2.55 lakh EVs, 425 e-buses, and ~520 charging stations. FAME-II (2019–2025): ₹11,500 crore outlay. Supported 16.29 lakh EVs till June 2025, including 14.35 lakh e-2Ws, 5,165 e-buses. Charging infra: 9,332 sanctioned → 8,885 installed. B. PLI Schemes PLI-Auto (₹25,938 crore): Attracted ₹29,576 crore investments; created ~45,000 jobs. PLI-ACC (₹18,100 crore): 40 GWh awarded capacity; minimum 25% localisation in 2 years, 60% by year 5. C. PM E-Drive (2024–28) ₹10,900 crore scheme. Subsidies given for 24.79 lakh e-2Ws, 3.15 lakh e-3Ws, 14,028 e-buses, and 5,643 e-trucks. ₹2,000 crore for charging infra on highways and cities. D. PM e-Bus Sewa (2023) ₹20,000 crore scheme → 10,000 buses under PPP. 7,293 buses approved in 14 states and 4 UTs. ₹1,062 crore sanctioned for depots and charging infra. E. SPMEPCI (2024) To attract global automakers → allows import of e-cars at 15% duty (vs 70–100% normally). Mandatory 25% localisation in 3 years, 50% in 5 years. Supporting Initiatives India Electric Mobility Index (IEMI, 2025) → first framework ranking states on EV adoption. Delhi, Maharashtra, Chandigarh = “frontrunners”. EV testing infra: ₹780 crore allocated for quality and safety improvements. Oil companies’ role: IOCL, BPCL, HPCL sanctioned ₹800 crore for 7,432 charging stations. Export push: Suzuki’s e-VITARA BEV plant makes India global EV export hub. Advantages of EV Transition Environmental: Lower GHG emissions, reduced PM2.5 & NOx levels. Economic: Cuts oil import bill, generates jobs in EV & battery manufacturing. Social: Cleaner air in cities, reduced health burden due to pollution. Strategic: Enhances energy security, aligns with “Aatmanirbhar Bharat”. Challenges High upfront cost of EVs vs ICE vehicles. Charging infra gaps → only ~9,000 public chargers for 56+ lakh EVs. Battery supply chain dependence on lithium, cobalt, nickel (mostly imported). Grid integration → renewable share must rise for EVs to be truly green. Disposal & recycling of used batteries → environmental hazard if unchecked. Future Targets & Vision EV penetration goal: 30% of total vehicles by 2030 (aligned with EV30@30 initiative). Emission reduction: Cut carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030. Reduce carbon intensity by 45% (relative to 2005 levels). Net-zero by 2070. Battery localisation: Target 50 GWh domestic manufacturing capacity. Urban mobility: Full electrification of public bus fleet in Tier-1 and Tier-2 cities by 2030. Conclusion India’s EV transformation is no longer aspirational but structurally embedded in policy, industry, and public life. With rising adoption (56.7 lakh EVs), localisation of battery production, and export-oriented manufacturing (e-VITARA), India is set to be a global EV hub. The success hinges on: Faster charging infra rollout. Securing mineral supply chains. Recycling ecosystem for batteries. Convergence of EV adoption with renewable energy expansion. India is not just riding the “EV wave” but driving it globally by blending climate responsibility, industrial growth, and technological innovation.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 August 2025

Content Countering the tariff Addiction, Not Play Countering the tariff Context The US imposed a “secondary tariff” of 25% on Indian products (from Aug 25). This was in retaliation to India’s earlier tariff increases (reciprocal measure). Tariff exclusions: pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, mobile phones, lumber, some chemicals. Broader backdrop: India-US negotiations to elevate bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : Discuss India’s options in dealing with rising US protectionism while safeguarding its export sectors and strategic interests.(150 Words) Trigger Event Trump administration’s aggressive protectionist stance. Pressures on India to: Reduce tariff barriers. Open markets wider to US products. Address bilateral trade deficit (India’s surplus, US deficit). India’s Trade Landscape India had imposed retaliatory tariffs on bourbon, motorcycles, apples, almonds, etc. after US withdrew GSP (Generalised System of Preferences) benefits. US objections: High import duties, non-tariff barriers. Price controls in pharma & medical devices. Agricultural restrictions (GMO crops not allowed). US Expectations from India Buy more energy (oil, LNG, coal) from the US. Reduce tariffs on agriculture, medical devices, ICT products. Bilateral FTA (Free Trade Agreement) discussions. Align more closely with US on trade policy rather than China/Russia. Why India is Vulnerable 55% of India’s exports to the US are high-skill manufactured goods: Pharmaceuticals Engineering goods Textiles Auto components Any tariff hikes hurt India’s high-value sectors. India’s major export competitors (Vietnam, Bangladesh, ASEAN countries) enjoy lower tariffs with US. US Focus Areas Shift away from agriculture/GMOs. More emphasis on energy exports (oil, gas, coal). India pressured to reduce Russian energy imports and switch to US suppliers. US wants currency/trade alignment, not rupee-based bilateral trade with others. India’s Counter-Options Diversify exports & markets: ASEAN, EU, Japan, Africa, Latin America. Reduce overdependence on US market. Leverage WTO: Appeal against unilateral tariffs as violation of WTO commitments. Highlight US hypocrisy (tariffs without legal sanction). Strategic balancing: Negotiate concessions without over-dependence. Avoid being forced into binary US vs China/Russia choices. Risks for US Tariffs could: Increase input costs for US industries (pharma, auto, textiles). Lead to supply chain disruptions. Push India closer to China or EU for trade alignment. May result in job losses in US and reduce competitiveness. Structural Issues US insists on WTO-plus trade terms (outside WTO framework). Rising trend of bilateral & regional FTAs (instead of multilateral rules). WTO dispute settlement system itself weakened since US blocked new judges in Appellate Body. Key Takeaways US tariffs on India violate WTO norms and are unilateral. India’s challenge: Protect its export sectors. Avoid excessive reliance on US. Strategically diversify export basket and destinations. Larger trend: US protectionism rising under Trump. Global trade moving away from WTO-led multilateralism. India must strengthen competitiveness and negotiate smartly in future trade pacts. Addiction, Not Play Context The article debates ban on online real-money gaming. Trigger: Concerns around economic, legal, psychological, and regulatory implications. Key argument: Ban is not merely about regulation but about mental health protection of youth, especially adolescents. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues, Governance) Practice Question : “Online real-money gaming is not merely an issue of regulation but a growing public health challenge.” Discuss in the context of youth mental health in India.(250 Words) Nature of Online Real-Money Gaming Involves: Psychological principles (operant conditioning, reward-based mechanisms). Immediate gratification via points, rewards, payments. When introduced early to children/adolescents → leads to dependency, addiction, and harmful behavioral patterns. Often transitions from leisure activity → compulsive addiction. Why it’s a Serious Issue Parents & educators already see impact: Decline in academic performance. Mental health breakdowns in adolescents. Adolescents: More vulnerable to addiction. Lack maturity to control impulses. Leads to financial ruin: draining family bank accounts, debts, impulsive spending. Psychological Mechanisms Games use behavioral psychology tools (reward loops, variable reinforcement). Creates a compulsion loop → brain seeks repeated small rewards → risk of dependency. Similar to gambling addiction (lottery, slot machines). Results in: Losing track of time. Depression, anxiety. Isolation and poor social interaction. In extreme cases → suicidal ideation/self-harm. Social Consequences Rising household financial distress (bankruptcy, debts). Disruption of family relationships. Strain on parent-child trust. Broader public health concern: impacts millions of families, increasing cases of psychological crisis. Why Ban Is Justified Reframing online gaming as: Mental health issue, not just legal/financial. Addiction disorder requiring state intervention. Ban helps: Provide immediate relief to families facing crisis. Prevent normalisation of addictive behaviour. Sends a strong public policy signal on prioritising youth well-being. Counter-View Industry often argues: Gaming generates revenue, jobs, economic activity. Banning may push users to illegal platforms. However, article stresses public health > profits. Long-Term Solutions Beyond Ban Ban is necessary but not sufficient. Requires: Thoughtful regulation. Counselling services for affected adolescents. Awareness programs in schools & communities. Recognising gaming disorder as public health challenge (like tobacco/alcohol). Global Parallels Countries like China, South Korea, EU states have already moved towards strict regulation of gaming hours and spending limits for youth. India needs a similar framework, considering its massive young population. Key Takeaways Online real-money gaming = addiction risk → should be treated as mental health epidemic. Adolescents most vulnerable → early intervention critical. Ban = necessary first step to prevent long-term harm. Must combine ban + regulation + awareness + counselling to create a safe digital ecosystem.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 August 2025

Content India May Become 2nd-Largest Economy by 2038 (PPP terms) Finance Ministry’s July 2025 Economic Review – US Tariff Impact E-commerce Exports Policy Debate India–US Tariff & Diplomatic Tensions ISRO’s Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) & Gaganyaan Roadmap India May Become 2nd-Largest Economy by 2038 (PPP terms) Understanding PPP & GDP GDP (Nominal): Measured at market exchange rates; useful for global financial flows. GDP (PPP): Purchasing Power Parity adjusts for price level differences → reflects real purchasing power, living standards. India’s position today (2024-25): Nominal GDP ~ $4.1 trillion (5th largest). PPP GDP ~ $15.4 trillion (3rd largest, after China & US). Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) EY Report (Aug 2025) – Key Projections 2030: India’s GDP at $20.7 trillion (PPP). 2038: India at $34.2 trillion (PPP) → 2nd largest economy, overtaking the US. US in comparison: Debt >120% of GDP, slower growth (~2.1%). China: Still No.1 but faces aging & debt issues. Growth Drivers for India Demographics Median age: 28.8 years (2025) vs China (39), US (38). Large working-age population → “demographic dividend”. Savings & Investment Among the highest savings rates globally → fuels capital formation. Infra spending + private investments rising under PLI (Production Linked Incentives). Structural Reforms GST → unified tax regime. IBC → improved insolvency resolution. UPI → digital payments revolution. PLI schemes → boost manufacturing, exports. Fiscal Position Govt. debt-to-GDP projected to decline: 81.3% (2024) → 75.8% (2030). Relatively sustainable compared to US (120%+) or Japan (250%+). Technology & Green Growth Adoption of AI, renewables, EVs, green hydrogen. Digital infra (UPI, Aadhaar, ONDC) = global benchmark. Risks & Challenges External shocks: US Tariffs (Aug 2025): 50% tariffs on Indian goods → potential 0.9% GDP impact. With countermeasures, hit reduced to just 0.1% (10 bps). Internal hurdles: Job creation lagging vs working-age population. Regional disparities (North-South divide). Skill development gap in AI, advanced manufacturing. Global Comparisons: China: Growth slowing (aging, high debt). US: Political polarization, debt >120% GDP. Germany/Japan: Aging population + dependence on trade. → India seen as most dynamic among top 5 economies. Global Implications Geo-economics: India as growth engine of Global South. Alternative to overdependence on China for global supply chains. Geo-politics: Larger role in G20, BRICS, WTO reform. Strengthens case for UNSC permanent membership. Viksit Bharat 2047 Vision: Second-largest economy by 2038 → aligns with India’s plan to become a developed nation by 2047. Key Takeaways India’s trajectory to $34.2 trillion GDP (PPP) by 2038 makes it No.2 globally. Drivers: demographics, reforms, savings, infra, digital, green energy. Risks: tariffs, global slowdowns, domestic unemployment. Strategy Needed: Diversify trade partners. Invest in education & skills. Push domestic demand + manufacturing. Sustainable fiscal & energy policies. Finance Ministry’s July 2025 Economic Review – US Tariff Impact Tariffs & Trade Tariff: Tax imposed on imports/exports → makes goods costlier, reduces competitiveness. Direct effect: Higher tariffs → costlier Indian exports in US → lower demand. Indirect/Secondary effect: Supply chain disruptions, reduced investment, job losses in export sectors. Tertiary effect: Slower growth in allied sectors (logistics, finance, services linked to exports). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Immediate Context US action: Extra 15–20% tariff, potential 50% tariff on some Indian exports (Aug 2025). Sectors exempted: Pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, consumer electronics → soften the blow. India’s exports to US: ~2% of GDP. Exposure subject to tariffs: ~12% of India’s GDP (after exemptions). Finance Ministry’s Key Observations Immediate impact limited, but: Secondary & tertiary effects could hurt exports, capital formation, investor confidence. Diversification Strategy: Recent FTAs: UK, EU. Ongoing negotiations: US, EU, New Zealand, Chile, Peru. Will take time to yield results. Government’s Approach: “Government & private sector acting in tandem” can minimise disruption. Tariffs seen as a temporary setback → opportunity to strengthen resilience. Global Credit Outlook: S&P upgraded India’s rating BB+ → BBB. Suggests India’s fundamentals are strong enough to absorb tariff shocks. Risks Identified Short-term risks: Export slowdown in high-value sectors (engineering goods, textiles, auto components). Reduced capital formation (investment hesitancy due to uncertainty). Medium-term risks: Supply chain disruptions. Loss of competitiveness vis-à-vis Vietnam, Bangladesh, ASEAN (who enjoy lower US tariffs). Long-term risks: Overdependence on US market (India’s largest trading partner). Risk of being caught in US–China geopolitical rivalry. Opportunities in Crisis Export Diversification: Shift to EU, UK, ASEAN, Africa, Latin America. Domestic Demand Push: Boosting “Make in India” for local consumption. Resilience-building: Policies to handle global shocks better (PLI, infra, digital push). Strategic Negotiation: Use tariff threat as leverage in India-US trade deal. Global & Domestic Context Global backdrop: Rising protectionism (US, EU), weakening WTO dispute settlement. India’s positioning: Dynamic among top 5 economies (growth ~6–6.5%). Strengthened fiscal & external fundamentals → buffer against shocks. Key Takeaways Direct hit limited: Only ~2% of GDP exposed directly. Secondary/tertiary risks matter: exports, investment, supply chains could slow. Mitigation: Diversification, policy agility, public-private cooperation. Big picture: India can turn tariff pressure into opportunity to push reforms, diversify trade, and accelerate domestic capacity-building. E-commerce Exports Policy Debate E-commerce Export Models Marketplace model (current dominant in India) Platform acts as an intermediary (Amazon, Flipkart, Meesho). Sellers own goods; platform facilitates sale. Suits MSMEs selling handicrafts, books, garments, jewellery (avg. value $25–$1,000). Inventory-led model (debated) Platform owns inventory → sells directly to consumers. Allows efficiency, scale, compliance ease. China’s success: $300 bn exports via inventory-led e-commerce. India currently restricts FDI in inventory-led B2C (to protect local traders & prevent monopolies). Relevance : GS 3(Export-Import) Current Context India’s e-commerce exports (2025): ~$5 billion only. Potential (GIRI think-tank): $350 billion by 2030 if reforms + ECEHs succeed. ECEHs (E-commerce Export Hubs): Announced in Union Budget → clusters for logistics, warehousing, packaging, customs clearances, MSME support. Stakeholder Positions MSMEs’ demand: Allow FDI in inventory-led model. Reduces compliance burden (taxes, customs, paperwork). Ensures better logistics, global competitiveness. Opposition groups (domestic traders, policy hawks): Fear of market concentration by giants (Amazon, Walmart, Alibaba). Threat to kirana shops & small sellers. Risk of predatory pricing, job losses in traditional retail. Government stance (so far): Exploring options but cautious due to political sensitivity (trader community = large voting bloc). Consultations ongoing with US firms, American-Indian retailers, MSME groups. Opportunities for India China model replication: From <$10 bn in early 2000s → $300 bn exports today. MSME integration into global value chains via digital platforms. Boost to “Vocal for Local” + “Atmanirbhar Bharat” → reach foreign markets. Potential growth driver: E-commerce exports could rival IT exports boom of early 2000s. Foreign investment inflow: Efficient inventory-led supply chains attract FDI. Risks & Challenges Market distortion: Few large platforms dominating → MSMEs may become dependent. Policy contradictions: Atma Nirbhar Bharat vs. heavy FDI inflows. Trader associations (CAIT) resistance. Infrastructure gaps: Customs, logistics, warehousing not yet fully digitized. Data concerns: Inventory-led models → control of consumer data by foreign giants. Political economy: Trader lobby’s clout may block reforms despite economic logic. Global Context China: Inventory-led e-commerce + logistics backbone → dominant in cross-border trade. US/EU: Hybrid models (marketplace + inventory). India lagging: Despite digital revolution (UPI, ONDC, GST), exports via e-commerce <1% of total merchandise exports. Way Forward Short-term: Operationalize ECEHs with single-window clearances, warehousing, packaging, payment solutions. Provide export credit + insurance to MSMEs selling online. Medium-term: Gradual opening to FDI in inventory-led model with safeguards (caps, domestic sourcing norms). Integrate MSMEs with ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce) for cross-border trade. Long-term: Build China-style logistics backbone (ports, bonded warehouses, digital customs). Target $350 bn e-commerce exports by 2030, aligning with “Viksit Bharat 2047” goals. Key Takeaways India’s e-commerce exports = $5 bn (2025) vs China’s $300 bn. Potential = $350 bn by 2030 if reforms + FDI allowed in inventory-led model. MSMEs demand easing compliance via inventory-led FDI, but strong opposition exists. Policy balance needed between boosting exports and protecting small domestic traders. India–US Tariff & Diplomatic Tensions Trade Relationship India–US trade (2024–25): Goods trade: ~$200 bn (US is India’s largest trading partner). Services trade: ~$65–70 bn (IT, consulting, digital services major contributors). India exports to US: ~2% of India’s GDP; exposure to tariffs (after exemptions) ≈ 12% of GDP exports. New tariffs (Aug 27, 2025): US imposed 50% tariffs on Indian goods (some exemptions → pharma, consumer electronics). Immediate effect limited, but secondary + tertiary effects (supply chains, investor sentiment, FDI flows) more worrying. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations), GS 3(Indian Economy) Diplomatic Context US Treasury Secretary Bessent: Called India–US relationship “complicated”. Stressed that Trump & Modi enjoy strong personal rapport. Assured that “end of the day, both countries will come together”. Donald Trump’s stance: Reiterated claims of brokering India–Pakistan ceasefire (May 2025), even suggesting he “prevented a nuclear conflict”. Threatened India with “tariffs so high your head will spin” if hostilities resumed. Highlights Trump’s transactional style → linking security issues (India–Pakistan) with trade deals. Indian Govt response: Commerce Ministry: “Communication lines open” with US; also engaging industry to soften tariff impact. Ongoing India–US FTA talks, but progress slow due to divergences (agriculture, digital trade, tariffs). Geopolitical Layer India–Pakistan angle: Trump claims → pressure diplomacy (“stop war or face tariffs”). India rejects external mediation, but acknowledges US influence in crisis de-escalation. Energy & Russia factor: US pushing India on Russian oil imports. India balancing → cheap Russian crude vs. avoiding sanctions. Visas & People-to-People ties: Parallel US debates: H-1B visas (DeSantis calling them a “scam”), green card reforms. Impacts ~1 million Indian professionals in US → politically sensitive. Domestic Implications for India Economic: Immediate tariff impact small (0.1% GDP hit). Risk of export diversification pressure → India needs FTAs with EU, UK, others. MSMEs & textile/handicraft exporters most affected. Political: Modi–Trump personal rapport may cushion fallout. But Trump’s rhetoric (“your head will spin”) plays into domestic political optics. Strategic: India cannot allow trade tensions to spill over into defense cooperation (Quad, Indo-Pacific strategy, defense tech transfers). Opportunities for India Negotiating leverage: India can offer tariff reductions on US agri/energy imports in exchange for easing tariffs. Diversification: Boosting trade with EU, UK (FTAs signed), ASEAN, Africa to reduce overdependence on US. Reforms push: Tariff shock can accelerate domestic reforms (logistics, ease of doing business, MSME digitization). Risks & Challenges Transactional Trump: Uses tariffs as foreign policy tool → creates uncertainty. Domestic US politics: H-1B crackdown, election year rhetoric can harden stance on India. Geopolitical linkage: US tying India–Pakistan conflict to trade concessions complicates India’s diplomatic space. Investor sentiment: Long-term US tariffs could discourage US FDI in Indian manufacturing. Big Picture India–US ties = multi-dimensional (trade, defense, people-to-people, Indo-Pacific security). Current tensions underline the need for: Redrawing India’s trade “red lines” (per Editorial note). Accelerating domestic reforms (infrastructure, MSMEs, e-commerce exports). Strategic hedging: Balancing US pressure with alternative markets (EU, ASEAN, BRICS). Key Takeaways India–US trade conflict (2025) = economic + political + geopolitical mix. Tariff impact modest on GDP, but secondary effects → riskier (exports, FDI, supply chains). Trump’s rhetoric links security (India–Pak conflict) with trade concessions, complicating matters. India must use this pressure as an opportunity to diversify trade & accelerate reforms, while safeguarding strategic ties with the US. ISRO’s Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) & Gaganyaan Roadmap What is IADT? Definition: An experimental test to validate the parachute-based deceleration system that slows down and safely lands the Gaganyaan crew module after atmospheric reentry. How conducted (Aug 24, 2025): 4.8–5 tonne dummy crew capsules dropped from 3 km altitude using an Indian Air Force Chinook helicopter. Parachutes deployed in sequence (pilot chute → drogue chute → three main chutes of 25 m each). Aim: Ensure safe splashdown in sea conditions within 8 m tolerance. Purpose: Replicate the last and most critical stage of a human spaceflight — safe recovery of astronauts. Relevance : GS 3(Space ) Agencies Involved ISRO: Lead agency, developing human-rated systems. IAF (Indian Air Force): Provided Chinook helicopter. DRDO labs: DMRL: Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory → heat-shield & structural materials. LRDE: Electronics & avionics for parachute and health monitoring. Navy & Coast Guard: Recovery readiness in case of failures or emergencies. Why Multiple Tests are Needed Human spaceflight demands 99.9%+ reliability (vs ~90–95% for robotic missions). Tests ensure redundancy & safety under all possible failures: Crew Escape System (CES) – abort during launch. Air-drop tests – safe parachute deployment. Pad abort & in-flight abort tests – already demonstrated in 2018 & 2023. Uncrewed Gaganyaan missions (G1, G2) before actual astronauts. Hundreds of subsystem tests (ECLS, IVHMS, escape motors, composites) → certification before human flight. Preparations for Gaganyaan Mission goal: Send 3 astronauts to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for 3 days (~400 km altitude). Launcher: Human-rated LVM3 (GSLV Mk-III) rocket. Milestones: TV-D1 (Oct 2023) → CES pad abort success. TV-D2 (Dec 2023) → helicopter abort test. TV-D3 (2024) → multiple abort scenarios. G1 (Apr 2024) → first uncrewed orbital flight with Vyommitra humanoid robot. Crewed H1 mission → post-2025 after full validation. India’s Long-Term Spaceflight Roadmap Not just Gaganyaan → foundation for broader human space program. Key milestones announced: Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) in Low Earth Orbit by 2035. Crewed lunar landing by 2040. Technologies needed: Reusable launch vehicles. Advanced life-support & environmental systems. Deep-space propulsion & radiation protection. Habitability modules for orbital stations. Strategic & Economic Significance Prestige: India joins elite club (US, Russia, China) in human spaceflight. Technology spin-offs: Materials science, robotics, AI, avionics, composites, life-support tech. Geopolitical leverage: Space diplomacy → collaborations with NASA, ESA, JAXA, Roscosmos. Economic multiplier: Indigenous tech fosters aerospace, defense, MSME ecosystem. Challenges Cost: Gaganyaan budget ~₹9,000–10,000 crore (excluding BAS & lunar mission). Safety: Astronaut life-risk → zero margin of error. Delays: Pandemic, supply chain disruptions, and technology development slowed timelines (original crewed flight target: 2022, now ~2025–26). Capability gap: Human-rating rockets, radiation shielding, long-duration life support still under development. Big Picture IADT success = critical milestone → validates safe astronaut recovery. Gaganyaan = stepping stone → India’s roadmap is about sustained human presence in space, not just one-off missions. Aligns with “Viksit Bharat @2047” vision: tech leadership, self-reliance, and space power status.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 August 2025

Content Nari Shakti se Viksit Bharat: Women Leading India’s Economic Transformation Story GeM Surpasses ₹15 Lakh Crore in Cumulative GMV Since Inception Nari Shakti se Viksit Bharat: Women Leading India’s Economic Transformation Story Why Women’s Economic Empowerment Matters Demographic Dividend: India’s large young population requires full utilization of both male and female workforce potential. Multiplier Effect: Higher female labor force participation (FLFP) boosts household income, reduces poverty, and raises GDP. UN SDGs Linkage: Women empowerment is central to SDG 5 (Gender Equality), but also accelerates SDGs on poverty, health, education, and economic growth. Global Context: World Bank estimates that closing gender gaps in labor markets could increase global GDP by $5–6 trillion. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice , Governance)   Current Progress: Data from PLFS, EPFO, and Other Sources Workforce Participation Rate (WPR): 2017-18 → 22% 2023-24 → 40.3% Nearly doubled in 6 years. Female Unemployment Rate (UR): 2017-18 → 5.6% 2023-24 → 3.2% Shows stronger job absorption. Rural vs Urban Trends: Rural: 96% rise in female employment. Urban: 43% growth. Education & Employability: Employability of female graduates → 42% (2013) to 47.5% (2024). Postgraduate women WPR → 34.5% (2017-18) to 40% (2023-24). Formal Workforce Expansion: 1.56 crore women added to formal jobs (EPFO payroll). 16.69 crore women registered on e-Shram (unorganized workers).   Women-Led Development: Policy & Institutional Push From Welfare to Entrepreneurship: Shift from “women development” to “women-led development” under Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. Gender Budgeting: 2013-14 → ₹0.85 lakh crore 2025-26 → ₹4.49 lakh crore (↑ 429%). Schemes Supporting Women: 70 Central schemes, 400+ State-level schemes. Examples: NRLM, Startup India, Mudra Yojana, SVANidhi, Drone Didi, Lakhpati Didi. Women in Entrepreneurship & Business Startups: Nearly 50% DPIIT-registered startups (74,410/1.54 lakh) have a woman director. Mudra Yojana: Women received 68% of total loans (35.38 crore loans worth ₹14.72 lakh crore). PM SVANidhi: 44% beneficiaries are women vendors. MSMEs: Women-owned proprietary establishments → 17.4% (2010-11) to 26.2% (2023-24). Number of women-led MSMEs doubled → 1 crore (2010-11) to 1.92 crore (2023-24). Generated 89 lakh jobs for women (FY21–FY23). Structural Drivers of Change Education & Skill Development: Better female literacy (77% in 2022-23) and access to higher education. Digital & Financial Inclusion: Jan Dhan accounts: 56% women account holders. UPI adoption by women entrepreneurs. Social Norms & Aspirations: Cultural acceptance of women in business and non-traditional roles is rising. Political Support: Women-centric electoral promises, enhanced reservation in local bodies, and policy emphasis on Nari Shakti. Challenges & Gaps Regional Disparities: Female LFPR remains low in certain states (e.g., Bihar, UP). Quality of Jobs: Much of the rise is in agriculture and informal services; wage parity remains an issue. Workplace Barriers: Safety concerns, lack of childcare, and gender stereotypes limit participation. STEM & Leadership Gaps: Women underrepresented in tech, higher management, and policymaking roles. Unpaid Care Work: Women continue to bear disproportionate household responsibilities. Global Benchmarking India’s FLFP (2023-24): ~40% (sharp rise, but still below global avg. of ~47%). OECD Countries: Often above 55-60%. China & Bangladesh: Higher female participation historically, but India catching up post-2018 reforms. Future Outlook: Towards Viksit Bharat 2047 Target: 70% female workforce participation by 2047. Pillars for Next Stage: Expanding formal sector absorption. Deepening women’s role in startups, tech, and green jobs. Removing wage & leadership gaps. Scaling financial inclusion beyond micro-credit. Stronger care economy support (childcare, maternity benefits). Significance for India’s Transformation Economic Impact: McKinsey estimates adding $770 billion to India’s GDP by 2025 with gender parity in labor force. Social Impact: Reduces poverty, improves nutrition, education, and intergenerational mobility. Strategic Impact: Women-led growth strengthens India’s global image as an inclusive democracy. GeM Surpasses ₹15 Lakh Crore in Cumulative GMV Since Inception What is GeM? Launched: August 9, 2016, by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry. Purpose: Unified online marketplace for government procurement of goods and services. Nature: Paperless, cashless, contactless platform using technology to remove intermediaries. Scale (2025): 70,000+ buyer organizations. Over 65 lakh sellers/service providers. 11,000+ product categories and 320+ service categories. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Importance of Public Procurement in India Public procurement = 20–25% of India’s GDP (World Bank). Traditionally faced issues: corruption, cartelization, delays, lack of vendor diversity. GeM solves this via: Real-time price discovery & reverse e-auctioning. Direct govt-to-vendor contracts (removes middlemen). Integrated payment systems with PFMS (Public Financial Management System). Milestone Achievement – ₹15 Lakh Crore GMV (2025) Gross Merchandise Value (GMV): Cumulative value of goods/services sold. Achievement: ₹15 lakh crore in 9 years (2016–2025). Annual GMV acceleration: ₹1 lakh crore in 2019–20. ₹2.5 lakh crore in 2021–22. ₹4 lakh crore in 2022–23. ₹6.2 lakh crore in 2023–24. Key Features Driving Success Inclusivity: ~57% of registered sellers are MSEs. Over 12 lakh women entrepreneurs registered. 1.5 lakh+ SC/ST entrepreneurs onboarded. Ease of Doing Business: End-to-end online registration, e-bidding, 100% digital payments. Transparency: Price comparison, contract history, no human discretion in bidding. Innovation: AI-driven analytics for demand forecasting; pilots with blockchain for contract security. Integration: Linked with Aadhaar, Udyam, GSTN, PAN databases for vendor validation. Socio-Economic Impact Savings for Government: Estimated 9–10% cost reduction vs traditional procurement (CAG reports). Support for MSEs: Over 50% of total order value goes to MSEs. Women & Marginalized Vendors: 12% of procurement earmarked for women-led & SC/ST enterprises. SHGs in states like UP, Bihar, and MP sell handicrafts, textiles, agri-products. Employment & Innovation: Strengthened rural entrepreneurship by connecting SHGs. Startups gain direct market access (Startup India–GeM integration). Policy & Governance Significance Digital India Alignment: End-to-end online procurement supports e-Governance. Atmanirbhar Bharat Push: Preference to Make in India suppliers; over 75% of orders are domestic. Fiscal Accountability: Integrated with PFMS → reduces payment delays & leakages. Viksit Bharat Vision (2047): Move towards a fully digital, transparent, inclusive procurement ecosystem. Challenges Ahead Regional disparities: Seller concentration in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka; weaker presence in NE states & rural belts. Digital Divide: Limited internet access & literacy among SHGs/rural MSEs. Quality Control: Ensuring inclusivity while maintaining quality standards. Cybersecurity Risks: Fraud, phishing, fake vendors. Training Gap: Many local bodies, Gram Panchayats, and small vendors lack digital procurement training. Way Forward Expand Onboarding: Focus on SHGs, women, rural entrepreneurs. Deepen Tech Use: AI for fraud detection, predictive procurement; Blockchain for contract integrity. Green Procurement: Prioritize eco-friendly goods/services (Net Zero 2070 goal). Global Outreach: Position GeM as a DPI model for developing nations (like UPI). Capacity Building: Training programs for govt officials & rural vendors. Strategic Significance Economic: Streamlines procurement worth ₹15 lakh crore+, freeing fiscal space for welfare schemes. Social: Empowers women, SHGs, SC/ST enterprises by integrating them into govt business. Governance: Reduces corruption & leakages, enhances trust in state systems. Global Image: Along with UPI, CoWIN, Aadhaar → GeM strengthens India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) profile.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 August 2025

Content The dangerous wiring together of a ‘conspiracy’ India–Japan ties — Old Partners, New Priorities The dangerous wiring together of a ‘conspiracy’ Context of the Case Trigger: FIR filed (May 9, 2025, Guwahati) against journalists Karan Thapar and Siddharth Varadarajan for allegedly undermining national security through interviews/articles published in The Wire. Legal Provision Invoked: Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, which criminalises acts endangering the “sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.” Judicial Intervention: Supreme Court ordered no coercive action (August 2025) but investigation continues. Significance: Seen as a re-emergence of sedition in a new form despite its formal repeal. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Fundamental Rights) Practice Question : The repeal of sedition law was hailed as a progressive step, yet Section 152 of the BNS risks reintroducing it in another form. Discuss with reference to constitutional morality, rule of law, and democratic accountability.(250 Words) Legal and Constitutional Framework Freedom of Press: Rooted in Article 19(1)(a) – freedom of speech & expression. Recognised explicitly in Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras (1950, SC Constitution Bench). Restrictions: Article 19(2) – reasonable restrictions on grounds like sovereignty, integrity, public order, security of the State. Sedition Law History: IPC Section 124A (colonial sedition law) struck down in 2022–23 review process; not included in BNS. Section 152 BNS introduced instead – broader wording, covering “subversive activities” & “encouraging separatist feelings.” Judicial Standards: In Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar (1962), SC held only speech inciting violence or armed rebellion qualifies as sedition. By analogy, mere dissent or criticism should not fall under Section 152 BNS. Key Issues Raised by Justice Lokur (a) Nature of Section 152 – “Sedition in Sheep’s Clothing” Though sedition is gone, Section 152 has similar scope with vaguer language. Punishment includes life imprisonment → high potential for misuse. “Endangering sovereignty/integrity” can be misinterpreted to target dissent, unlike earlier sedition’s defined threshold. (b) Chilling / Freezing Effect on Free Speech Journalists may self-censor to avoid FIRs. Even TV panelists or critics risk charges if their speech is misinterpreted as undermining sovereignty. National security becomes a catch-all excuse to silence criticism. (c) Process as Punishment Summons in distant states (e.g., Guwahati) impose: Financial costs (travel, lawyers, stay). Time burden with repeated hearings. Harassment without accountability of police officers. Alternative like video-conferencing questioning exists, but not adopted. (d) Police Arbitrariness & Impunity Violation of SC’s Youth Bar Association of India (2016) ruling → accused must get FIR copy. Journalists tried to obtain FIR but were denied; Magistrate too had no copy. Raises questions of rule of law, state accountability, and judicial oversight. Wider Implications For Democracy & Press Freedom: Creates a “freezing effect” worse than the chilling effect of sedition. Undermines watchdog role of media, core to constitutional democracy. For Federalism & Policing: Journalists in Delhi summoned to Assam → raises forum shopping concerns. State police can harass individuals across India without safeguards. For Rule of Law & Accountability: Police act without following SC-mandated safeguards. Lack of accountability jurisprudence → innocents spend years in jail (as in Mumbai wrongful incarceration example). For Separation of Powers: Judiciary’s cautious interim relief (no coercive action) helps, but systemic misuse continues until a Constitution Bench reviews Section 152. Comparative Perspective UK & USA: Sedition laws repealed decades ago; only actual incitement to violence punishable. India: Repeal of sedition hailed as progressive, but Section 152 risks becoming “new sedition” with broader misuse potential. Challenges Identified Vague and broad wording of Section 152 → scope for arbitrary application. Over-criminalisation of dissent under the garb of national security. Lack of police accountability → harassment via summons. Inaccessibility of justice → high litigation costs discourage ordinary citizens. Way Forward (Justice Lokur’s Implied Suggestions) Legal Review: Constitution Bench must test constitutionality of Section 152. Safeguards: Clear guidelines limiting application to actual secessionist/violent acts. Procedural Reform: Ensure FIR copies provided immediately. Mandate video-conferencing for questioning. Accountability: State should bear costs of summoning accused across states. Democratic Culture: Protect critical journalism as part of democratic checks & balances. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. India–Japan ties — Old Partners, New Priorities Historical Background of India–Japan Relations Cultural ties: Buddhism was the earliest link (6th century onwards). Diplomatic relations: Established in 1952 after the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Japan’s role post-1991 reforms: Became one of the first major investors when India liberalised its economy. 2000s onwards: 2000 – “Global Partnership” announced. 2006 – Elevated to “Strategic and Global Partnership”. 2008 – “Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation” (only 2nd country after Australia). 2014 – Modi & Abe elevated ties to “Special Strategic and Global Partnership”. Common outlook: Both democracies, maritime nations, wary of China’s rise. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Evaluate the significance of Japan’s long-term investment and strategic commitments to India in shaping the Indo-Pacific order. How does this balance India’s relations with China and the United States?(250 Words) Current Economic Engagement Japan’s Investment Pledge (2025): ¥10 trillion (~$68 billion) over 10 years → One of the largest Japanese overseas commitments. Focus: Infrastructure, clean energy, manufacturing, semiconductors, and digital technologies. Ongoing Projects: Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train: Shinkansen E10 technology; Japan funding ~80% via soft loans. Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) and other industrial zones. Trade: Bilateral trade 2023–24: ~$22 billion (India exports $6.4B; imports $15.6B). Japan = India’s 5th largest source of FDI (~$38B cumulative till 2024). Technology: Expanding cooperation in AI, startups, green hydrogen, and digital innovation. Security & Strategic Cooperation Defence Cooperation: 2008 security pact being updated to address new realities. Regular 2+2 dialogues (Defence + Foreign Ministers). Joint exercises: JIMEX (naval), Dharma Guardian (army), and participation in Malabar (Quad naval exercise). Economic Security Initiative (2025): Cooperation in semiconductors, critical minerals, pharma supply chains, clean energy. Aimed at reducing dependence on China-dominated supply chains. Indo-Pacific Vision: Both advocate Free, Open, Rules-based Indo-Pacific (FOIP). Maritime cooperation in South China Sea, Indian Ocean, and under Quad. Geopolitical Context of 2025 Visit China Factor: India–China ties still tense post-Galwan (2020), but limited thaw (trade facilitation, resumed flights, visas). Modi’s parallel visit to China (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) shows strategic balancing. U.S. Factor (Trump 2.0): U.S. reliability questioned due to erratic foreign policy, weakening of Quad commitment. India seeks strategic autonomy — deepening Japan ties cushions against U.S. unpredictability. Quad’s Uncertainty: Japan, India, Australia want continuity; U.S. disengagement threatens Quad’s operational credibility. Political & Diplomatic Messaging Japan as Anchor Partner: Unlike U.S. (unpredictable) and China (competitive, mistrust), Japan offers consistency, resources, and shared democratic values. India’s Flexibility: Engaging China for stability, Japan for strategic depth, U.S. despite unpredictability. Shows “multi-alignment” strategy without compromising on Indo-Pacific clarity. Signal to Region: India is deepening ties with like-minded democracies (Japan, Australia) while keeping open dialogue with rivals. Enhances India’s image as an independent pole in multipolar Asia. Challenges in the Relationship Implementation delays: Bullet Train project faces land acquisition hurdles. Trade imbalance: India imports 2.5x more from Japan than it exports. Japan’s domestic constraints: Ageing population, slow growth may limit overseas commitments. Geopolitical risks: China’s pushback against Indo-Pacific cooperation and Quad. Future Prospects Economic: Strengthening supply chains (semiconductors, EVs, green hydrogen, digital infra). Strategic: Closer defence-industrial cooperation; more joint exercises. Regional Role: Co-lead Indo-Pacific initiatives in Southeast Asia and Indian Ocean. Support for capacity building in Africa (third-country cooperation). Global Governance: Japan’s support for India’s UNSC permanent seat bid. Collaboration in G20, Quad, and climate forums. Strategic Significance For India: Reliable economic and security partner amidst U.S. unpredictability and Chinese rivalry. Key to Make in India, Digital India, and Atmanirbhar Bharat. For Japan: India as growth market + counterweight to China in Asia. Partner for securing critical supply chains. For Indo-Pacific: India–Japan axis forms the most stable leg of the Quad. Reinforces democratic values, maritime security, and rule of law.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 August 2025

Content SC asks Union govt. to draw up rules on social media conduct India, Fiji call for open Indo-Pacific region, agree to deepen defence ties Stealth frigates Udaygiri, Himgiri to join Navy today Like other relics, India’s fossils are at high risk of being sold abroad About 30% of MPs and MLAs face serious criminal cases What does the new online gaming Act outline? Videshi in One’s Own Country: India’s Internal Diasporas SC asks Union govt. to draw up rules on social media conduct   Basics Free Speech (Article 19(1)(a), Constitution of India): Fundamental right but not absolute. Reasonable Restrictions (Article 19(2)): Speech can be regulated in the interest of decency, morality, public order, defamation, etc. Case Context: Comedians faced complaints for insensitive jokes about persons with disabilities. Petition filed by an NGO (SMA Cure Foundation). Question before SC: How to balance freedom of expression with dignity of vulnerable groups in a diverse society. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Constitution ) Supreme Court Observations Commercialisation of Free Speech: Social media influencers use speech for profit; such speech can amplify harm. Impact on Communities: Speech must respect dignity of persons with disabilities, women, children, senior citizens, and minorities. On Humour: Recognised humour’s value, but cautioned that levity should not cross into hurtful stereotyping. Main Concern: Insensitive jokes undermine the constitutional goal of inclusion for disabled persons. On Guidelines: Need clear rules with specific and proportionate consequences for violations. Guidelines must draw a line between free speech vs. prohibited/hurtful speech. Consequences must not be “empty formalities.” Government’s Position (Attorney-General R. Venkataramani) Objective: Focus on sensitisation of social media users, not censorship. Accountability: Violators must take responsibility. Observation: Many online blogs/podcasts “feed egos” rather than serve public good. Legal Classification of Speech (as noted by SC) Free Speech – protected expression. Commercial Speech – profit-oriented, subject to regulation. Prohibited Speech – unlawful (hate speech, obscenity, etc.). Overlap Concern: Online comedy shows and influencer content often blend commercial and potentially prohibited speech. Wider Issues Highlighted Influence of Social Media: What influencers say shapes attitudes of an entire generation. Dignity vs. Expression: Vulnerable groups risk mockery, reinforcing exclusion. Precedent Risk: Today disability, tomorrow jokes on women/children/elders → slippery slope of insensitivity. Directions by Court Comedians asked to tender unconditional apology through their shows. Centre asked to frame social media guidelines in consultation with stakeholders (National Broadcasters and Digital Association). Case listed again in November 2024. Comprehensive Analysis Constitutional Balance: Court is not curtailing free speech but seeking a balance with Article 21 (Right to Life with Dignity). Evolving Jurisprudence: Expands interpretation of restrictions on speech in digital age. Treats influencers as responsible public figures, not private speakers. Policy Implications: Rules may cover podcasts, comedy shows, reels, stand-ups with commercial intent. Likely to emphasise sensitisation, grievance redressal, proportionate penalties. Global Parallels: EU’s Digital Services Act (2022): accountability of online platforms for harmful content. U.S.: Free speech absolute but limited by hate speech jurisprudence in practice. India is moving towards a hybrid model: protect speech but curb offensive, discriminatory content. Way Forward Guideline Formation: Involve civil society, disability rights groups, digital platforms. Sensitisation Campaigns: Make influencers ambassadors of inclusion. Stronger Grievance Redressal: Quick complaint resolution on platforms. Graduated Penalties: Apology → Fines → De-platforming for repeated violations. Judicial Oversight: SC ensures rules don’t become tools for censorship. India, Fiji call for open Indo-Pacific region, agree to deepen defence ties   Basics Indo-Pacific Region: Geopolitical concept spanning the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Central to global trade, maritime security, and strategic competition (notably India–China–US dynamics). Fiji’s Position: An island nation in the South Pacific. Strategically located within the “Blue Pacific Continent,” often seen as a gateway to Pacific island states. India–Fiji Relations: Historical ties through Indian diaspora in Fiji (approx. 40% of Fiji’s population). Enhanced defence ties since 2017 Defence Cooperation MoU. Member of the Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Announcements during Rabuka’s Visit (2024) Defence Cooperation: Training & equipment support for Fiji’s maritime security. Capacity building for Fijian armed forces. Cooperation on UN peacekeeping, military medicine, and White Shipping Information Exchange. Planned Indian naval ship port call to Fiji for enhanced interoperability. Two ambulances gifted to Fiji’s military; Defence Wing to open at India’s High Commission in Suva. Strategic Statements: Both countries reaffirmed support for a “free, open, inclusive, secure, and prosperous Indo-Pacific”. India sees Fiji as a hub in its Pacific outreach. Implicit balancing of China’s growing influence in Pacific islands (notably naval base concerns). Other MoUs Signed: Super-specialty hospital in Fiji. Migration & mobility agreement. Cybersecurity cooperation, including a new training cell in Fiji. Strengthening counter-terrorism cooperation. Strategic Significance For India: Expands India’s strategic footprint in the Pacific islands. Strengthens FIPIC and Act East + Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). Counters China’s attempts to gain military bases and leverage over Pacific states. Enhances India’s image as a development partner and security provider. For Fiji: Gains military, maritime, and cyber capacity-building support. Protects its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and maritime resources. Diversifies security partnerships beyond China. Benefits from Indian aid in health, mobility, and counter-terrorism cooperation. For Indo-Pacific: Strengthens the principle of open seas, freedom of navigation, and rules-based order. Reinforces coalition-building among like-minded states (India, Fiji, Japan, Australia, US). Highlights role of smaller island nations as pivotal players in regional security. Underlying Geopolitics Fiji’s PM Sitiveni Rabuka has earlier opposed China’s naval base plans in the Pacific islands. Joint India–Fiji statement subtly signals alignment with Quad principles. India balances soft power (diaspora, hospital, training) with hard power (naval visits, defence cooperation). Fiji leverages partnerships to avoid strategic overdependence on China. Stealth frigates Udaygiri, Himgiri to join Navy today Basics What are frigates? Medium-sized warships, versatile for escort, patrol, anti-submarine, and surface warfare roles. Crucial for maintaining maritime security and projecting naval power. Project 17A: Follow-on of the Project 17 (Shivalik-class) stealth frigates. Envisages 7 stealth frigates, designed by the Warship Design Bureau (WDB). Key focus: stealth features, modular construction, advanced sensors and weapons, and high indigenous content. Shipbuilders involved: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. (MDL), Mumbai – builder of Udaygiri. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata – builder of Himgiri. Relevance : GS 3(Defence , Internal Security) Key Highlights of Commissioning First-ever simultaneous commissioning of two frontline warships built at different shipyards. Udaygiri is the 100th vessel designed by WDB, marking 50 years of indigenous design capability. Udaygiri was delivered faster due to modular construction techniques. Names Udaygiri and Himgiri revive the legacy of earlier Indian Navy warships. Both join the Eastern Fleet, enhancing presence in the Indian Ocean. Technical Features Stealth Capabilities: Reduced radar, infrared, acoustic, and magnetic signatures. Propulsion: Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) system. Combat Systems: Advanced weaponry and modern sensor suite for anti-air, anti-surface, and anti-submarine warfare. Automation: Integrated Platform Management System for efficient operations. Indigenisation: ~75% indigenous content, including Indian-made weapons and sensors, supported by MSMEs. Strategic Significance Blue-Water Navy Expansion: Capable of sustained operations in distant waters, bolstering India’s regional and global maritime role. Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Strengthens India’s indigenous defence manufacturing ecosystem. Inter-Yard Collaboration: Demonstrates coordination between MDL and GRSE, a milestone in India’s shipbuilding sector. Force Multiplier: Enhances India’s ability to safeguard Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) and counter maritime threats in the Indian Ocean. Symbolic Continuity: Heritage revival through warship names reflects India’s naval traditions. Like other relics, India’s fossils are at high risk of being sold abroad What are Fossils? Definition: Preserved remains, impressions, or traces of ancient life forms (plants, animals, microorganisms). Age criteria: Must be at least 10,000 years old to be considered a fossil. Types: Body fossils (bones, shells), trace fossils (footprints, burrows), plant fossils. Scientific importance: Reconstruct Earth’s history. Help study evolution, paleo-climate, geology. Provide evidence of extinct species. Relevance : GS 1(Heritage) , GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Science) Fossil Richness in India Geological context: India split from Gondwanaland (~150 million years ago). Isolated for ~90 million years → unique biodiversity. Collision with Asia (~50–60 million years ago) → emergence of new species (ancestral horses, whales). Important fossil records: Dinosaurs (Jabalpur, Balasinor, Kutch). Earliest plant fossils. Human ancestors’ skulls. Whale ancestor Indohyus (M.P.). Recently discovered Vasuki indicus (giant snake, ~47 million years old, ~15m length). Global Context & Commercialisation Fossil trade abroad: Ammonites sold in Paris shops. Dinosaur fossils sold in auctions. July 2024: Sotheby’s sold a Stegosaurus fossil for $44.6 million (record). Private collectors: 71 important T. rex fossils in private hands vs. 61 in public institutions (U.S. data, 2024). Celebrities (Nicolas Cage, Leonardo DiCaprio) and billionaires actively purchase fossils. Heritage risk: Fossils becoming luxury commodities rather than scientific specimens. India’s Situation Challenges: No dedicated national fossil repository (a draft plan exists but stalled). No clear legal framework to regulate extraction, trade, or preservation. Risk of theft, vandalism, or sale in black markets. Examples: Buddhist relics (1898, UP) nearly auctioned abroad in 2025 → Govt intervention stopped sale. Fossils like dinosaur eggs stolen from Mandav museum (M.P.). Private collections (e.g., Ranga Rao–Obergfell Trust) contain unsorted and unstudied fossils, some kept in homes and gardens. Custodianship & Individual Efforts Palaeontologists: Sunil Bajpai (IIT-Roorkee) → discovered Vasuki indicus. Ashok Sahni → veteran palaeontologist highlighting theft issues. Amateurs & enthusiasts: Vishal Verma (schoolteacher, M.P.) rescues fossils from riverbeds and hills. Deposited some finds in govt museums but faced theft and poor protection. Issue: Individual efforts cannot substitute institutional frameworks. Risks of Fossil Loss Scientific loss: Once fossils are destroyed or sold abroad, they are lost to science. Weakens India’s contribution to global evolutionary studies. Cultural loss: Fossils are part of natural heritage, akin to monuments. Economic loss: Fossils could enrich geotourism and museums. Their illegal trade denies India potential cultural economy benefits. Policy & Legal Gaps India: Archaeological Survey of India protects monuments but fossils are largely outside its ambit. No comprehensive legislation for fossil protection (unlike antiquities, monuments, or wildlife). Abroad: U.S., China, and Europe → stricter fossil export laws + public repositories. India’s Draft Plan: Proposal for a National Fossil Repository (still not implemented). Way Forward Legal framework: Enact a National Fossil Protection Act to regulate excavation, storage, and trade. Classify fossils as national heritage objects, akin to antiquities. Institutional measures: Establish a National Fossil Repository & Museum Network. Fast-track cataloguing of existing private collections (e.g., Ranga Rao collection). Capacity building: Strengthen training in palaeontology at universities. Fund fossil excavation and preservation projects. Public participation: Encourage citizen science (schoolteachers, local communities) with safeguards. Awareness campaigns on fossil importance. Security measures: Prevent thefts via digital cataloguing, museum security, legal export bans. About 30% of MPs and MLAs face serious criminal cases What are “Serious Criminal Charges”? Definition: Offences punishable with 5 years or more imprisonment, OR Non-bailable offences. Examples: Murder, rape, kidnapping, corruption, extortion, rioting, etc. Declared in self-sworn affidavits filed by candidates to the Election Commission (mandatory since Supreme Court ruling in ADR vs Union of India, 2002). Relevance : GS 2(Democracy , Constitution ,Polity) National Trends Lok Sabha (2009–2024): 2009 → 14% MPs with serious criminal cases. 2024 → 31% MPs with serious criminal cases (more than doubled). State Assemblies (2024): 29% MLAs face serious criminal charges (~1,200 MLAs). Indicates a rising criminalisation of politics. State-Wise Analysis MPs (2024): Telangana → Highest share (71%). Bihar → 48%. Uttar Pradesh → Highest absolute number (34 MPs). MLAs (2024): Andhra Pradesh → Highest share (56%). Telangana → 50%. Uttar Pradesh → Highest absolute number (154 MLAs, 38% of total). Why does this happen? Electoral factors: Candidates with muscle and money power have higher winnability. Voters sometimes prefer such candidates for “protection” or local influence. Legal loopholes: Conviction (not charges) leads to disqualification (Representation of People Act, 1951). Cases drag for years; candidates contest despite multiple charges. Party incentives: Parties prioritise “winnability” over criminal record. Criminals often fund their own campaigns. Weak enforcement: Poor police/judicial capacity → cases pending for decades. Consequences Democratic credibility: Declining public faith in institutions. Governance impact: Policy-making influenced by vested interests. Rule of law weakened: Lawmakers themselves accused of serious offences. Institutional capture: Politicians influence police, bureaucracy, and judiciary to delay/derail cases. Social fabric: Criminalisation linked with rise in violence, caste/communal politics. Judicial & Institutional Responses Supreme Court directives: 2013 Lily Thomas case: Convicted legislators disqualified immediately. 2014 SC: Ordered EC to collect affidavits on criminal, financial, educational background. 2020 SC: Ordered parties to publish reasons for giving tickets to candidates with criminal cases (not just winnability). Election Commission efforts: Voter awareness campaigns (NOTA, background disclosures). But limited powers to reject nominations. Parliamentary inaction: No comprehensive law passed to debar charge-sheeted candidates (Law Commission 244th Report, 2014 had recommended this). Way Forward Legal reforms: Amend RPA, 1951 to bar candidates with serious charges (framed by court, not just FIRs). Fast-track courts for speedy disposal of cases against politicians. Electoral reforms: State funding of elections to reduce dependence on money-criminal nexus. Stricter scrutiny of party candidate selection. Judicial reforms: De-clog criminal justice system → quick trial and conviction/acquittal. Political will: Parties must self-regulate by denying tickets to tainted candidates. Public pressure: Civil society + media vigilance. Voter awareness campaigns against criminal candidates. What does the new online gaming Act outline? What is Online Gaming? Definition: Any game played on an electronic/digital device, operated via internet-based software. Three Segments (as per the Act): E-sports → Competitive skill-based games, recognised under National Sports Governance Act, 2025 (e.g., Call of Duty, Grand Theft Auto). Social Gaming → Recreational/educational games with no financial stakes. Govt can promote these under Section 4. Real Money Games (RMGs) → Games played with payment/fee, with expectation of monetary reward or convertible stakes (tokens, coins, credits). Examples: Rummy, Poker, Fantasy Cricket, Ludo variants. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance) Why was the Bill introduced? User protection: Govt data → Indians losing ~₹15,000 crore annually on RMGs. WHO findings: RMGs linked to compulsive behaviour, psychological distress, financial hardship, family disruption. Social harms: 32 suicide cases (Karnataka, 31 months) linked to gaming addiction. Financial crimes & frauds: ₹2,000 crore tax evasion (Financial Intelligence Report, 2022). ₹30,000 crore GST evasion (Govt reports). ED case → Chinese app FIEWIN defrauded Indians of ₹400 crore. Parliamentary Panel (2023) → Gaming portals linked to terror funding. Opaque business models: Manipulative algorithms, use of bots, offshore operations bypassing domestic laws. Key Provisions of the Act Ban on RMGs & their advertisements. Penalties: Offering RMGs / fund transactions → Up to 3 years’ imprisonment, fine up to ₹1 crore, or both. Unlawful advertisements → Up to 2 years’ imprisonment, fine up to ₹50 lakh, or both. Offences under BNSS, 2023 → Cognisable & non-bailable. CERT-IN role: Empowered to block/disable apps; Interpol may be roped in for offshore violators. No penal action against players (only operators targeted). Budget allocation: From Consolidated Fund of India for promoting social gaming. Regulatory Authority: Central Govt to set up a body for recognition, categorisation, and registration of online games. Regulation vs Federal Structure Constitutional context: Entry 34 & 62, State List (Seventh Schedule) → States have jurisdiction over betting and gambling regulation/taxation. Past state-level actions: Telangana (2017) → Ban on all online gaming. Andhra Pradesh (2020) → Ban on online gambling. Tamil Nadu (2022) → Ban on Poker, Rummy. Centre’s intervention: Uniform regulation across India, citing financial fraud, money laundering, and digital security. Economic & Industry Concerns Industry estimate: Ban may affect 2 lakh jobs across 400+ companies. GST issues: 2023 → 28% GST imposed on full deposit/entry fee (not just platform commission). Gaming firms → Claim retrospective taxation unfair, as their platforms are “skill-based”. Supreme Court stay (2024–25) → On notices issued for GST dues; verdict pending. Judicial Standpoints Skill vs chance debate: SC earlier → Games like Rummy and Fantasy Sports involve substantial skill, not gambling. Current Act → Treats all RMGs alike (no distinction skill/chance). Possible constitutional challenge: Critics argue blanket ban may violate Article 19(1)(g) (Right to Trade & Occupation). SC may examine proportionality, state vs centre jurisdiction, and whether “games of skill” deserve exemption. Broader Implications Social: May reduce gambling addiction, debt traps, and associated suicides. But risks pushing users to illegal or offshore apps via VPNs. Economic: Potential job losses, slowdown in India’s gaming/start-up ecosystem. Reduced tax revenues if companies relocate abroad. Federalism: Could trigger state-centre tussles over jurisdiction. Governance & Digital Regulation: Strengthens role of CERT-IN. Adds to India’s growing digital regulatory framework (IT Rules, DPDP Act, etc.). Way Forward Balanced regulation: Instead of blanket bans, consider age limits, spending caps, parental controls. Clear distinction: Between skill-based games (Fantasy Sports, Rummy) vs chance-based gambling. Consumer awareness: Education campaigns on risks of addiction & fraud. Transparency mandates: Algorithms, fairness audits, disclosure of odds. Tax clarity: Rational GST framework to avoid litigation. International cooperation: Tackle offshore firms via treaties and cyber-security collaboration. Videshi in One’s Own Country: India’s Internal Diasporas What is Diaspora? Conventional definition: Diaspora refers to people migrating and settling outside their homeland (international migration). Internal diaspora: People who migrate within the same country across linguistic, cultural, or regional boundaries. Example: A Tamilian worker in Surat, a Punjabi trader in Bengaluru. They may sometimes feel like “videshi” (foreigner) due to cultural and linguistic differences, despite being in India. Relevance : GS 1(Society) Size & Scale of India’s Internal Diaspora Overseas diaspora: High-Level Committee Report on Indian Diaspora (2001) → 20 million Indians abroad. Today → over 30 million overseas Indians. Internal diaspora: Much larger — estimated at 100+ million people (10%+ of India’s population). Linguistic groups with highest internal diasporas (2010 data, Census & academic estimates): Punjabi: 4.3 million Malayalam: 4.6 million Tamil: 7.9 million Telugu: 6.9 million Gujarati: 4.9 million Hindi (incl. Bhojpuri, Marwari): 39.1 million Marathi: 5.5 million Kannada: 2.9 million Bengali: 3.6 million Most dispersed: Punjabi, Malayalam, Tamil. Least dispersed: Marathi, Kannada, Bengali. Drivers of Internal Diaspora Economic migration: Movement for jobs, construction, industries, IT hubs. Business & trade: Gujarati, Marwari, Sindhi, Telugu traders established across regions. Education & urbanisation: Movement towards metro cities and educational hubs. Historical patterns: “Old” diasporas → e.g., Gujarati traders in Tamil Nadu (centuries-old). “New” diasporas → e.g., IT professionals in Bengaluru/Hyderabad since 1990s. Socio-Cultural Dynamics Language & identity: Migrants may face difficulties in communication and integration. Community associations: Migrants preserve culture through organisations (e.g., Gujarati Samaj, Telugu Sangham). Festivals & religion: Adaptation of regional festivals (Durga Puja in Mumbai, Onam in Delhi). Generational differences: 1st generation → Strong attachment to native culture, limited assimilation. 2nd generation → Greater integration, bilingual/multicultural identity. Issues & Challenges Cultural alienation: Some migrants feel treated as “outsiders”. Language barriers: Can affect access to services, education, employment. Urban tensions: High inflows into cities → housing shortages, social frictions. Balancing identities: Preserving cultural roots vs. integrating into local society. Comparative Lens Similarities with international diaspora: Preservation of culture. Creation of associations. Challenges in assimilation. Differences: Internal diaspora less studied than NRI/PIOs. Internal migration does not involve legal/visa restrictions. Global parallel: Telugu diaspora in the U.S. resembles internal Telugu migration (e.g., Andhra → Karnataka). Implications for India Democracy & diversity: Internal diasporas highlight India’s pluralism and cultural coexistence. Federalism: Necessitates accommodative policies for inter-state migrants. Urbanisation: Migrant inflows reshape demographics of metros (Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru). National identity: Internal migration fosters both regional pride and pan-Indian identity. Way Forward Policy recognition: Acknowledge and study internal diasporas alongside international diaspora. Inclusive governance: Ensure equitable access to housing, healthcare, education, and language support. Inter-state cooperation: Create mechanisms for better management of migrant populations. Cultural sensitisation: Encourage mutual respect between locals and migrants. Research & academia: Expand diaspora studies to include internal migration for informed policymaking.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 August 2025

Content PLI Scheme: Powering India’s Industrial Renaissance Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana PLI Scheme: Powering India’s Industrial Renaissance What is PLI? Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme = performance-based incentives given to firms for boosting domestic manufacturing, exports, and job creation. Incentives = linked to incremental sales/production, not subsidies upfront. Objective = raise India’s manufacturing share of GDP to 25% by 2025–30 (currently ~17%). Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Manufacturing Sector) Genesis and Rationale India’s economy = services-heavy (50%+ GDP), but manufacturing lagged behind. Dependence on imports for electronics, semiconductors, APIs (pharma), and solar weakened strategic autonomy. PLI launched in 2020 amid COVID-19 disruptions → to: Revive domestic manufacturing. Reduce import dependency. Strengthen Atmanirbhar Bharat & $5 trillion economy vision. Initial launch: mobile phones, electronic components, pharma APIs, medical devices. Later expanded → 14 key sectors (electronics, pharma, textiles, auto, semiconductors, food, solar, white goods, etc.). Scale and Coverage Incentive outlay: ₹1.97 lakh crore (over 5 years). Applications approved: 806 (as of 2025). Committed investments: ₹1.76 lakh crore (Nov 2024). Total sales by PLI firms: ₹16.5 lakh crore. Jobs created: 12+ lakh (direct + indirect). Coverage = 14 strategic sectors → sunrise industries (semiconductors, EVs, solar) + traditional strengths (pharma, textiles). Sectoral Impact a. Electronics & Mobile Manufacturing Production jumped 146% (₹2.13 lakh cr → ₹5.25 lakh cr, FY21–25). India = 2nd largest mobile phone producer globally. Attracted global OEMs (Apple, Samsung, Foxconn) + Indian firms. b. Automobiles & EVs Investment committed: ₹67,690 cr; invested: ₹14,043 cr. Incentives cover 19 categories of EVs & 103 auto-tech components. Linked to FAME scheme → EV ecosystem boost. c. Pharmaceuticals Shift from API import dependence to export surplus (₹2,280 cr FY25). Pharma sales under PLI (3 yrs): ₹2.66 lakh cr, exports: ₹1.7 lakh cr. Domestic value addition: 83.7%. d. Food Processing 171 projects approved; investments: ₹8,910 cr. Links with PM-FME & PMKSY → value-added exports, modern food branding. e. Solar PV Modules PLI Tranche I & II: 48 GW domestic capacity planned. Investment: ₹48,120 cr, jobs: 38,500. Import dependence cut, energy security strengthened. f. Semiconductors 6 projects approved + 4 new fabs (Odisha, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh). Incentive under India Semiconductor Mission (ISM). Job creation: 2,034 skilled professionals (direct), with multiplier effects. Goal = self-reliant semiconductor ecosystem by 2030. g. Textiles (MMF & Technical Textiles) Outlay: ₹10,683 cr. Exports up: MMF ₹499 → ₹525 cr; Technical textiles ₹200 → ₹294 cr. Linked with RoSCTL, RoDTEP schemes for zero-rated exports. h. White Goods (ACs & LED Lights) Outlay: ₹6,238 cr. Local value addition to rise from 20–25% → 75–80% by 2028–29. Local manufacturing of compressors, motors, LED chip packaging → reduces imports. Wider Economic Impact Job Creation: 12+ lakh (direct + indirect). MSME Ripple Effect: anchor firms create supply chains → new MSME vendors. Cluster Development: Display fabs & semiconductor parks → Gujarat. MMF textiles → Surat. Medical devices → Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. Exports Boost: Pharma, electronics, textiles → stronger global footprint. FDI Push: India emerging as a China+1 manufacturing hub. Challenges & Concerns Implementation gaps: delays in project execution in some sectors. Over-dependence on incentives: risk of industries not sustaining post-PLI. Global competitiveness: India must match China, Vietnam, Taiwan in logistics, infrastructure, supply chains. Skill shortages: especially in semiconductors, EVs, advanced electronics. Budgetary pressure: large incentive outlays require fiscal balance. Strategic Significance Strengthens Atmanirbhar Bharat & resilience in critical supply chains (chips, APIs, solar). Aligns with Digital India (electronics, semiconductors), Green India (EVs, solar), Health India (pharma). Helps India position as a trusted manufacturing hub amid US-China decoupling. Supports $5 trillion economy target and India’s industrial renaissance. Conclusion PLI = more than subsidies → it’s a structural industrial policy tool. Demonstrated success in electronics, pharma, solar, textiles, EVs. If sustained with infrastructure upgrades, logistics efficiency, skill development, R&D push, India can achieve: Global competitiveness in advanced manufacturing. Resilient domestic supply chains. Inclusive job creation across regions. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana Basics Launched: 1 January 2017. Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Women & Child Development (MWCD). Umbrella Scheme: Mission Shakti → under Samarthya sub-scheme for women’s economic empowerment. Legal Backing: National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 (Section 4 – maternity benefits). Type: Conditional cash transfer scheme → to promote rest, nutrition, and institutional delivery. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Schemes) Why Needed? High undernutrition burden: 1 in 3 women undernourished. 1 in 2 women anaemic. Maternal-child health link: Undernourished mothers → low birth weight babies → lifelong deficits. Work pressure: Women often work till late pregnancy and resume soon after delivery → prevents recovery & exclusive breastfeeding. Health-seeking behaviour gap: Low institutional deliveries and ANC (Ante-natal Care) in poor households. Social dimension: Son preference and declining Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB). Objectives Cash incentive: Partially compensate wage loss → encourage rest pre & post-delivery. Health behaviour: Promote ANC check-ups, institutional delivery, exclusive breastfeeding. Gender equity: Promote positive attitude towards girl child (incentives for 2nd child if girl). Key Features PMMVY 1.0 (2017–2021): ₹5,000 cash incentive for first living child. PMMVY 2.0 (April 2022 onwards): ₹5,000 for first child. ₹6,000 for second child if girl → incentive for improving SRB. Linked with Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) → ~₹6,000 total maternity benefit package. Target group: Pregnant Women & Lactating Mothers (PW&LM), mainly disadvantaged households. Mode of transfer: DBT into Aadhaar-linked bank/post office accounts. Eligibility & Enrolment Beneficiaries: Pregnant women & lactating mothers (except Govt employees). Required documents: Mother & Child Protection (MCP) Card + ID + eligibility proof (e.g., BPL card). Enrolment modes: PMMVY Portal (https://pmmvy.wcd.gov.in). UMANG platform. Field-level workers: Anganwadi/ASHA via PMMVY App. Monitoring, Reporting, and Evaluation (Digital Reforms) PMMVYSoft (launched March 2023) – end-to-end IT platform for real-time monitoring. Real-Time Authentication: Aadhaar-based verification (UIDAI + NPCI). Biometric (facial recognition) at enrolment → prevents duplication. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Seamless transfer to Aadhaar-seeded accounts. Transparency & Grievance Redressal: Toll-free multilingual helpline (14408). SMS alerts (12 languages) at each stage (registration → approval → payment). Online grievance module integrated into portal. Digital Reporting: Paperless enrolment + mobile app reporting at Anganwadi level. Training & Awareness: State-level workshops, YouTube tutorials, IEC campaigns. Performance & Impact (till 2025) Coverage: Over 3 crore women beneficiaries since 2017. Financial transfers: ₹5,000–6,000 per beneficiary → reduced financial stress. Health impact: Boosted ANC check-ups & institutional deliveries. Encouraged exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Gender impact: PMMVY 2.0 incentivizing girl child births → supports Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao. Digital governance: PMMVYSoft improved efficiency, transparency, and fraud prevention. Challenges & Criticisms Limited coverage: Restricted to first child (now 2nd if girl); excludes many mothers. Low awareness: Many rural women unaware of scheme or find procedures complex. Delayed payments: Despite DBT, fund transfer delays reported in some states. Wage loss compensation inadequate: ₹5,000–6,000 far below actual wage loss (~₹15,000–20,000 during maternity). State capacity gaps: Dependence on Anganwadi/ASHA workers, who are already overburdened. Strategic Significance Strengthens women-led development under Mission Shakti. Supports nutrition and health goals under POSHAN Abhiyaan. Contributes to SDG 3 (Health), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger). Acts as a social security net for poor mothers. Links with NFSA 2013 → statutory entitlement dimension. Conclusion PMMVY addresses the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition, ensuring healthier mothers and children. With digital reforms (PMMVYSoft, DBT), the scheme has become transparent, scalable, and accountable. Yet, to fully empower mothers, coverage expansion, higher benefit amount, and stronger awareness drives are needed. PMMVY is not just a cash transfer scheme but a public health and gender equity intervention, shaping future generations.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 August 2025

Content The new Constitution Bill, the need for a balancing act Nourish to Flourish: The Nutrition–Cognition Link The new Constitution Bill, the need for a balancing act The Paradox of Moral Integrity in Indian Politics Electorate demand: Citizens expect high moral standards and clean governance. Ground reality: Rising criminalisation of politics. Leaders with serious criminal charges holding public office. Declining trust in governance and institutions. Contradiction: Integrity expected, but compromised political ethics persist. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Polity , Constitution) Practice Question : Discuss the merits and challenges of the 130th Amendment Bill, 2025 in addressing the criminalisation of politics.(250 Words) The 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2025 – Key Provisions Introduced: 20 August 2025, Lok Sabha. Core clause: Ministers (Union & State), Chief Ministers, and the Prime Minister must resign or be automatically removed if in custody for more than 30 consecutive days in crimes punishable with ≥ 5 years imprisonment. Articles amended: Article 75 (Union Council of Ministers). Article 164 (State Council of Ministers). Article 239AA (Delhi Ministers). Mechanism: Removal on advice of PM/CM. Automatic removal if no advice given. Reappointment possible once released from custody. Constitutional Basis Doctrine of “Pleasure”: Articles 75(1), 164(1), 239AA(5) → ministers hold office at President’s/Governor’s pleasure. Judicial limits: Shamsher Singh vs State of Punjab (1974), Nabam Rebia vs Deputy Speaker (2016). Judicial morality precedents: S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994): Constitutional morality is guiding principle. Manoj Narula vs Union of India (2014): Ministers with serious criminal charges ought not to be appointed. Lily Thomas vs Union of India (2013): Legislators disqualified immediately upon conviction (Section 8(3), RPA). Merits of the Bill (Progressive Dimensions) Strengthens accountability: Prevents leaders in custody from continuing in executive office. Public trust: Addresses citizen frustration with corrupt leaders retaining power. Normative shift: Elevates standards of political morality in line with judicial expectations. Checks criminalisation: Sends strong message against governance by tainted leaders. Concerns & Constitutional Quandaries (a) Violation of Presumption of Innocence Arrest ≠ conviction. Article 21: Right to life & liberty includes presumption of innocence. Detention without conviction cannot be equated to guilt. (b) Inconsistency with Legislators MPs/MLAs disqualified only on conviction (RPA, 1951). Ministers face harsher treatment (removal even on arrest). Creates paradox: Legislator convicted of corruption may remain until disqualified, but minister under arrest is removed. (c) Political Misuse & Partisanship Dual mechanism: Discretion of PM/CM + automatic removal. Risks political vendetta (hostile governments may allow rivals to fall; allies may be shielded for 30 days). May destabilize governance → frequent resignations/reappointments (“revolving door”). (d) Governance Instability Short-term detentions may cause weeks of political uncertainty. Frequent leadership changes erode executive stability. (e) Over-broad applicability Covers all offences punishable with ≥ 5 years. Includes minor non-serious offences → disproportionate consequences. The Larger Context: Criminalisation of Politics Data (ADR–NEW, 2024 General Elections): 46% of MPs have criminal cases. Up from 43% (2019), 34% (2014), 30% (2009). 55% increase in 15 years. Structural problem: Weak law enforcement. Electoral compulsions (winnability > morality). Delayed judicial process → charges remain pending for years. Possible Alternatives / Nuanced Models Trigger based on judicial scrutiny: Link removal not to arrest, but to framing of charges by a competent court. Prevents politically motivated arrests. Independent Review Mechanism: Tribunal/judicial panel to decide on minister’s removal. Insulates process from partisan misuse. Suspension, not Removal: Interim suspension of ministerial functions pending trial. Balances governance continuity & accountability. Scope refinement: Limit to offences involving moral turpitude, corruption, serious crimes. Avoid sweeping inclusion of minor offences. Critical Analysis Strength: Responds to moral deficit in politics; institutionalises integrity. Weakness: Risks undermining fair trial principles; creates inconsistency in treatment. Opportunity: Chance to set global precedent in ethical governance. Threat: Politicisation of law; destabilisation of governance. Conclusion The 130th Amendment Bill, 2025 reflects citizens’ yearning for clean politics and constitutional morality. However, its blunt approach risks compromising due process, stability, and fairness. True reform must lie in a nuanced framework: judicially backed triggers, impartial review, and focus on serious offences. As the Supreme Court cautioned in Bommai and Narula, morality in politics is indispensable, but it must align with constitutional values. Ultimately, integrity without fairness endangers democracy, just as power without integrity corrodes it. Criminalization of Politics – Data & Facts 2024 Lok Sabha Elections (Latest Data): 46% of MPs elected in 2024 (251 out of 543) have pending criminal cases – the highest number in history (Association for Democratic Reforms) 27 MPs have been convicted of crimes (National Election Watch data) 31% (170 MPs) are charged with serious criminal offences, including murder, attempt to murder, and crimes against women (ADR analysis) Success rate for candidates with criminal charges was 15.3%, while candidates without criminal cases had only 4.4% success rate (Election Commission data analyzed by ADR) Nourish to Flourish: The Nutrition–Cognition Link Understanding the Basics Critical Window (First 1,000 Days): From conception → 2 years of age. Equivalent to the “make-or-break” period for physical growth, brain development, and cognition. Missing this window = irreversible damage. Analogy: Just as missing the airport check-in “critical hour” leads to missing the flight, missing proper nutrition + stimulation in first 1,000 days leads to lifelong developmental setbacks. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues ,Health) Practice Question : Examine the role of ICDS and recent initiatives like Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi in integrating nutrition with cognitive development.(250 Words) Scientific Foundations of Nutrition–Cognition Link Brain Growth: By 2 years → brain = 80% of adult weight. Synaptic density peaks in early years; “neuroplasticity” strongest before 5 years. Frontal lobes (self-regulation, planning, language, executive function) develop in spurts in first 2 years. Nutritional Deficiencies → Cognitive Impairments: Iron deficiency → affects language, memory, and processing speed. Protein-energy malnutrition → stunting + reduced IQ. Micronutrient gaps (iodine, zinc, vitamin B12, folate) → impaired neurodevelopment. Many deficiencies are irreversible beyond age 3. Neuroplasticity & Learning: Early years = fastest and most permanent learning phase. Children retain language, rhymes, motor skills learned before 5 years. Poor nutrition in this window → weaker circuits → lifelong disadvantage. India’s Nutritional Context Progress: Decline in stunting (height-for-age). Challenge: At current pace → 10% stunting only by 2075. To reach by 2047 (Amrit Kaal target), pace must double. Data (NFHS-5, 2019–21): Stunting = 35.5%. Wasting = 19.3%. Anaemia (children 6–59 months) = 67%. Shows nutritional insecurity remains structural and intergenerational. Nutrition + Cognition = Integrated Approach Evidence: Stand-alone nutrition programmes = low-to-moderate impact. Stronger results when nutrition + early stimulation/learning combined. Tamil Nadu Vellore study: Early iron deficiency → poorer language skills & slower processing by age 5. Policy Framework in India ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services): World’s largest early childhood programme. Covers nutrition, health, early learning. Key Initiatives: Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi (2023) → combines nutrition + early education. Navchetana (National Framework for Early Childhood Stimulation): Structured 36-month activity calendar. 140 stimulation activities for play-based learning + nutrition reinforcement. Delivered by Anganwadi/crèche workers & parents during home visits. Gaps and Challenges ICDS limitations: 14 lakh Anganwadis exist, but coverage, quality & consistency are uneven. Urban poor often left out. Monitoring & evaluation weak. Technology underutilised: Digital tools can enhance monitoring, caregiver education, and early learning but remain patchy. Human Resource Gaps: Anganwadi workers are overburdened (nutrition, pre-school, immunisation, record-keeping). Crèche provision inadequate: Weak link between women’s workforce participation & reliable child-care facilities. Broader Socio-Economic Linkages Child’s development → National development: Malnourished child = low learning → low-skilled adult → productivity trap. Nutritional lag perpetuates poverty cycle. Gender empowerment: Crèche services allow mothers to participate in workforce. Nutrition + stimulation → reduces care burden on women → boosts equality. Automation & AI economy: Future jobs will demand cognitive skills > physical labour. Malnutrition + poor cognitive base = India risks a demographic liability. Way Forward Strengthen ICDS & Anganwadis: Universalise high-quality coverage. Special focus on urban poor and tribal areas. Integrate Nutrition + Stimulation: Nutrition must go hand in hand with early learning activities. Adopt home-based play-learning as in Navchetana. Technology leverage: Mobile apps for mothers/caregivers on nutrition + learning. Real-time monitoring of growth data. Workforce support: Expand crèche models (public, community, PPP). Link with women’s skilling & employment. Targeted interventions: Micronutrient supplementation (iron, folate, iodine, zinc). Fortified food distribution. Evaluation & Monitoring: Regular cognitive, health, and psychosocial assessment of children <6 years. Conclusion The first 1,000 days = India’s true Amrit Kaal for child development. Nutrition and cognition are inseparable — “we are what we eat and what we think.” Investments in integrated early childhood care: Break intergenerational poverty cycles. Empower women. Build a cognitively strong workforce for a technologically advanced India. Bottom line: What is lost in early years can never be regained — nourishing children today is the only way to ensure India flourishes tomorrow. Child Malnutrition – Data & Facts NFHS-5 (2019-21) Confirmed Statistics: 35.5% of Indian children under five are stunted (National Family Health Survey-5) 19.3% are wasted (NFHS-5 data) 32.1% are underweight (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare) 57% of Indian women suffer from severe anemia (NFHS-5 findings) Trends and Patterns: Stunting improved slightly from 38.4% in NFHS-4 to 35.5% in NFHS-5 (Government health ministry data) Wasting prevalence increased slightly from 19.9% in NFHS-1 to 20.5% in recent surveys (UNICEF India analysis) Concurrent wasting and stunting decreased from 8.7% in 2005-06 to 5.2% in 2019-2020 (Indian Journal of Pediatrics study) The rate of stunting reduction slowed significantly – annual average rate of reduction was only 1.33% between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, compared to 2.20% between NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 (Public health researchers’ analysis) Critical Age Patterns: Concurrent wasting and stunting peaks at 19 months (8%), then drops after 24 months (Pediatric nutrition studies) Malnutrition rates are higher in rural areas than urban areas (NFHS-5 comparative analysis)

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 August 2025

Content The ASI is facing a credibility crisis Indians least concerned about the global economy: PEW survey How have deception techniques evolved? 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill ISRO holds air-drop test for Gaganyaan mission Cryptocurrency: unlocking the digital vaults Is India underestimating the cost of dealing with invasive species? Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) India and the world in dairy Arctic sea ice melting has slowed, but here is why this isn’t ‘good news’ The ASI is facing a credibility crisis Basics: What is ASI? Archaeological Survey of India (ASI): Premier national body under the Ministry of Culture, responsible for archaeological research, excavation, and conservation of monuments in India. Mandate: Excavation of ancient sites. Preservation of monuments. Publication of findings. Guiding India’s official archaeological narrative. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage) The Keeladi Excavation Location: Near Madurai, Tamil Nadu (Vaigai river valley). Started: 2014. Findings: Around 7,500 artefacts uncovered in initial phases. Evidence of urban, literate, secular society. Bridged gap between Iron Age (12th–6th BCE) and Early Historic Period (6th–4th BCE). Suggested part of the second urbanisation of India (6th–2nd BCE). Significance: Challenges the North-centric narrative of early Indian urbanisation → highlights ancient Tamil civilisation’s sophistication. Scholars began calling it the “Vaigai Valley Civilisation”. The Controversy 2017: Lead archaeologist K. Amarnath Ramakrishna was abruptly transferred to Assam → perceived as an attempt to downplay findings. ASI halted excavation, claiming “no significant findings”. Sparked a political conflict between Tamil Nadu government and the Union government. Madras High Court intervened → excavation handed to Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology. State-led excavations (2018 onwards) → over 18,000 artefacts unearthed. Scientific Dispute 2023 Report by Ramakrishna: Substantiated early findings with Stratigraphic sequencing. Material culture analysis. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating → confirming antiquity of artefacts. ASI Response: Asked for “revision” of report → accused of political interference. Issue highlights politics within archaeological practice and credibility crisis of ASI. Broader Pattern of ASI’s Conduct a) Tamil Nadu Sites Adichanallur (Thoothukudi): Excavated 1900s, revived in 2004 by ASI. Iron Age artefacts (3,000+ years old). Findings delayed for 15 years, published only after court intervention. Sivagalai (Thoothukudi): Similar neglect in publishing findings. b) Rajasthan Site (Bahaj Village): Unearthed 23m-deep paleochannel → linked by ASI to mythical Saraswati River. Report claimed links to “Mahabharata period”. Example of mytho-historical narrative embraced without rigorous scientific basis. Key Criticisms of ASI Institutional Problems: Arbitrary transfers & politicisation (e.g., Keeladi case). Delayed publication of findings. Reliance on outdated Wheeler method (grid system excavation). Lack of comprehensive research design. Closed internal review system – most findings stay in internal reports, not peer-reviewed journals. Academic Critiques: Ashish Avikunthak (2021): Bureaucratic hurdles, poor infrastructure, stifled research environment. Supriya Verma & Jaya Menon (2003): Ayodhya excavation lacked scientific rigour. Dilip K. Chakrabarti, Jürgen Neuß: ASI stuck in outdated methodologies, fails in holistic interpretation. Contrast with Global Practices: Institutions in Germany (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut), France (INRAP), Japan (Agency for Cultural Affairs): Publish findings in international journals. Ensure transparency, accountability, and global engagement. Conceptual Issue: Methodological Nationalism ASI accused of projecting a state-sanctioned, singular narrative of India’s past. Characteristics: Privileging certain histories (civilisational unity, monolithic antiquity). Teleological interpretations (presenting history as linear progress towards modern Indian nationhood). Suppressing alternative regional narratives (e.g., Tamil civilisation). Implications Academic: Loss of credibility in global scholarly community. Political: Fuels regional vs central tensions (Tamil Nadu vs Union government). Cultural: Undermines India’s diverse historical past → promotes homogenised narratives. Institutional: ASI faces crisis of legitimacy as an objective scientific body. Way Forward Institutional Reform: Greater autonomy from political interference. Transparent review & publication system. Adoption of modern excavation techniques (remote sensing, digital stratigraphy). Decentralisation: Empower state archaeological departments to conduct excavations independently. Global Engagement: Publish in peer-reviewed international journals. Plural Histories: Recognise India’s regional diversities & multiple civilisational strands, not just a monolithic past. Capacity Building: Better training, funding, and infrastructure for archaeologists. Indians least concerned about the global economy: PEW survey What is the Pew Research Center Survey? Independent US-based think tank → conducts opinion surveys globally on politics, society, and international issues. 2025 Survey details: Conducted March 24–30, 2025. Covered 25 countries (including India). Compared with past surveys (2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2022). Focused on five perceived global threats: Spread of false online information. Global economy. Climate change. Terrorism. Infectious diseases. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Global Findings (Across 25 Countries) False information online: Median 72% → major threat. Seen as No. 1 threat in 7 countries (Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, U.K., U.S., South Korea). Global economy: Median 70% → major threat. For first time since 2017, ranked above climate change. Driven by concerns over slowing growth, U.S. tariffs, and ongoing wars. Climate change: Median 67% → major threat. Ideological divide → Left more concerned than Right. No country ranked it as top single threat. Terrorism: Median 69% → major threat. Higher concern in middle-income countries (79%) vs high-income countries (60%). More concern among older, less educated, and right-leaning populations. Infectious diseases: Significant concern in Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Mexico (ranked top threat). India-Specific Findings Terrorism: 79% Indians → major threat. Among the highest shares globally. Similar to Israel, Nigeria, Turkey. False online information: Close to 70% Indians saw it as a threat → similar to global median. Infectious diseases: Nearly 70% Indians saw it as a threat. Global economy: Only 49% Indians → major threat (among the lowest globally). Climate change: Only 55% Indians → major threat (again among the lowest shares globally). Contrasts with Advanced Economies (9 Countries) Advanced economies (U.S., U.K., Japan, Germany, etc.): More concerned about false online information & economy. Climate change concern stronger among left-leaning populations. India: More concerned about terrorism & infectious diseases than economy/climate. Reflects security-focused public psyche vs eco-climate anxieties in developed nations. Reasons for India’s Unique Response High terrorism concern: Legacy of cross-border terrorism (Pakistan, Afghanistan spillover). Domestic insurgencies (Kashmir, Naxal-affected regions). Media amplification of security threats. Lower climate change concern: Climate change seen as long-term/global issue, less immediate. Developmental priorities (jobs, poverty, growth) dominate public perception. Awareness gap despite frequent heatwaves, floods, air pollution crises. Lower economy concern: India’s relatively high growth rate (7%+ in recent years) compared to slowing global economies. Strong government narrative on resilience of Indian economy may reduce perceived risk. False information concern: Reflects India’s high social media penetration and rise of misinformation in elections, communal tensions. Implications of Survey Results For India: Public opinion shaped more by immediate security threats than long-term structural challenges. Possible policy-populism gap: Govt needs strong climate & economy focus, even if people under-prioritise them. Rising misinformation threat → need for digital literacy, stronger regulation of online platforms. For Global Governance: False information becoming the new universal threat → undermines democracy, trust, and global cooperation. Economic anxieties outweighing climate concerns could weaken global climate commitments (e.g., COP negotiations). Divergent threat perceptions between rich and middle-income countries complicate multilateral policy alignment. Way Forward for India National security: Continue strengthening counter-terrorism measures. Climate change: Improve public awareness linking local disasters (floods, heatwaves) to climate change. Economy: Enhance resilience amid global shocks, communicate real risks better. Digital governance: Invest in fact-checking, AI moderation, cyber laws. Health security: Strengthen pandemic preparedness, integrate infectious disease monitoring. How have deception techniques evolved? Basics of Decoys in Warfare Definition: Deliberate use of fake signatures, objects, or signals to mislead enemy sensors, targeting systems, or decision-making. Traditional role: Camouflage, dummy equipment, false troop movements (e.g., WWII inflatable tanks). Modern transformation: Digital-era electronic spoofing. Multispectral deception (radar, thermal, acoustic, infrared). AI-enabled decoys. Strategic purpose: Confuse/saturate enemy targeting systems. Waste enemy munitions. Protect high-value assets (fighters, ships, tanks). Provide time for counter-manoeuvre or retaliation. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) India’s Deployment of Decoys Air Force: Fibre-Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD) – X-Guard Context: Used during Operation Sindoor by IAF Rafales. Function: Trailed ~100m behind aircraft. Mimics Radar Cross-Section (RCS), Doppler velocity, and spectral signature. Integrated with Rafale’s SPECTRA EW suite. Generates 360° jamming signals. Impact: PAF J-10C fighters misidentified decoys as real Rafales. Wasted PL-15E beyond-visual-range missiles. Possibly led PAF to wrongly claim shootdowns. Significance: First known operational Indian use of AI-enabled aerial decoys. India seeking emergency procurement of more units. Comparable Global Systems Leonardo’s BriteCloud (Eurofighter, Gripen-E, F-16). Raytheon/BAE’s AN/ALE-50/55 (F/A-18). Adaptations possible for UAVs (Heron, MQ-9 Reaper). Navy: Torpedo and Missile Decoys INS Karanj (Scorpene-class submarine): Equipped with state-of-the-art torpedo decoy system. Creates misleading acoustic signatures to divert incoming torpedoes. Surface warships: Use floating chaff, acoustic decoys, offboard active deception systems. Comparable to Nulka decoy (Australia-U.S.) → mimics radar signature of larger ship, diverts anti-ship missiles. Army: Land-Based Decoys Current use: Inflatable, radar-reflective, and heat-emitting dummies (tanks, artillery, missile batteries, command posts). 2025 RFI (Request for Information): For decoys replicating T-90S/SK tanks. Must mimic dimensions, thermal, and acoustic signatures. Aimed at confusing enemy drones, loitering munitions, precision-guided missiles. Comparisons: Russia’s Inflatech → simulates entire armoured brigades. Ukraine’s wooden/3D-printed fakes → drain Russian missile stocks. U.S. decoy vehicles tested against Javelin ATGMs. China → extensive investment in camouflage & deception. How the X-Guard FOTD Works (Mechanics) Weight: ~30 kg, retractable, reusable. Functions: Projects false RCS & velocity → radar thinks it’s a real aircraft. Replicates onboard ECM signals of Rafale. Creates a convincing phantom aircraft for human operators & AI targeting systems. Integration with SPECTRA EW suite: SPECTRA detects threats, manages jamming. X-Guard acts as an expendable decoy shield. Importance of Decoys in Modern Warfare Asymmetric advantage: Decoys cost a fraction of real platforms. Force enemy to expend expensive munitions. Multi-domain necessity: Air: Protects 4th/5th gen fighters against advanced radar-guided missiles. Land: Protects tanks/artillery against drones, PGMs, ATGMs. Sea: Protects ships/submarines against anti-ship missiles, torpedoes. Future trajectory: AI-enhanced autonomous decoys. Networked deception swarms (air & sea drones). Greater role in countering drone/loitering munition saturation. Strategic Implications for India Operational: Enhances survivability of high-value platforms (Rafales, Scorpenes, T-90s). Economic: Low-cost, high-return investment. Psychological: Creates fog of war, undermines enemy confidence. Defensive posture: Especially critical against Pakistan’s and China’s advanced missile/drone arsenals. Industrial opportunity: Scope for domestic R&D in decoys under Atmanirbhar Bharat. Global Lessons for India From Ukraine: Low-cost decoys can exhaust superior adversaries. From U.S./Australia: Offboard, independent decoys (like Nulka) vital for naval survival. From Russia/China: Mass deployment of fake formations creates operational paralysis for enemies. Conclusion Decoys have moved from supplementary camouflage to a strategic asset equal to firepower. India’s adoption of X-Guard, torpedo decoys, and land-based fakes indicates recognition of this trend. The future battlefield will likely see AI-enabled swarms of decoys operating alongside real systems, blurring the line between illusion and reality. 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill Context of Criminalisation of Politics Definition: Entry and participation of individuals with criminal background in legislative and executive positions. Magnitude (ADR Data): 46% of sitting MPs and 45% of MLAs face criminal cases. Candidates with criminal records have 15.4% chance of winning vs 4.4% for clean candidates. Consequences: Weakens democracy, undermines rule of law. Promotes muscle-power & money-power in elections. Public distrust in political institutions. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution ) Existing Legal Framework Representation of the People Act (RP Act), 1951: Section 8: Disqualification on conviction if sentence ≥ 2 years. Applies for entire sentence duration + 6 years post-release. Section 8(4): Earlier allowed MPs/MLAs to continue in office if appeal was filed → struck down in Lily Thomas (2013) case. Current gap: Law disqualifies MPs/MLAs from being legislators, but no explicit provision for disqualification from being a minister (PM/CM or cabinet). What does the 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill propose? Amendments: To Articles 75, 164, and 239AA (Union Council of Ministers, State Council of Ministers, and NCT of Delhi). Key provisions: If a Minister is arrested and detained for 30 consecutive days in connection with an offence punishable with ≥ 5 years imprisonment, they must be removed. Process: Removal based on advice of PM/CM. If no advice is given, automatic cessation from office on 31st day. PM/CM themselves: Must resign on 31st day if detained ≥ 30 days. Once released, they can be re-appointed. Extension: Similar provisions proposed for J&K and Puducherry. Procedure: Needs 2/3rd majority in both Houses (since constitutional amendment). Rationale Behind the Bill Address criminalisation of politics by ensuring that individuals facing serious criminal charges do not hold executive authority. Prevent misuse of executive power by tainted ministers during investigation/trial. Bring executive disqualification in line with legislative disqualification norms under RP Act. Issues and Criticisms Undermines Parliamentary Democracy: PM/CM should have freedom to choose their council of ministers (basic feature of Constitution). External restriction weakens this discretion. Police Action Before Trial: Even without conviction, mere arrest + detention for 30 days leads to removal. Violates principle of “innocent until proven guilty”. Scope for Misuse: Governments may misuse police machinery to arrest opposition ministers. Particularly dangerous in Centre–State conflicts (e.g., opposition-ruled states). Temporary Nature: Ministers can be reappointed after release → little real deterrent effect. Focus on Effect, Not Cause: Bill addresses ministers already in office, not selection of candidates. Real issue: Political parties nominating tainted individuals in the first place. Alternatives and Reforms Needed Election Commission’s 2016 Recommendation: Bar candidates from contesting elections once charges are framed by a competent court for offences punishable ≥ 5 years. Judicial Oversight: Safeguards against frivolous cases (screening by independent judicial body before disqualification). Political Party Responsibility: Stop giving tickets to candidates with criminal background. Supreme Court (2018, 2020 judgments): Parties must publicly justify selection of candidates with criminal cases. Voter Awareness: Strengthening disclosure norms under affidavits (Form-26). Fast-Track Courts: To decide cases against MPs/MLAs quickly → prevent prolonged uncertainty. Strategic Implications Positive: Symbolic move against corruption & criminalisation. May enhance executive accountability. Negative: Weakens federalism, creates potential for political vendetta. Risks destabilisation of governments through misuse of arrests. Conclusion The 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill reflects India’s attempt to tackle criminalisation of politics, but it risks constitutional overreach and misuse. True reform lies in preventing criminal candidates from entering politics, not only in removing them after being elected/appointed. A balanced approach requires: Judicial safeguards, Political party self-discipline, Electoral reforms (pre-screening of candidates), Strengthening institutional mechanisms like ECI and judiciary. ISRO holds air-drop test for Gaganyaan mission  Gaganyaan Mission Objective: India’s maiden human spaceflight mission. Timeline: Targeted for execution in coming years (preparatory missions ongoing). Goal: To send a 3-member crew to low-Earth orbit (LEO) (~400 km altitude) for 3 days and bring them back safely. Agencies involved: ISRO (lead), Indian Air Force, Navy, Coast Guard, DRDO. Relevance : GS 3(Space) What is the IADT (Integrated Air Drop Test)? Purpose: End-to-end demonstration of parachute-based deceleration system for crew module recovery. Why important: Safe descent and splashdown are critical risk phases in human spaceflight. Process: A dummy crew capsule (~5 tonnes) was lifted by an Indian Air Force Chinook helicopter. Capsule released mid-air → descended from a few km altitude. Drogue parachutes deployed first to stabilise → followed by sequential deployment of main parachutes. Parachutes slowed capsule for safe splashdown speed. Critical Systems Involved Crew Module (CM): Houses astronauts. Requires controlled descent and recovery. Parachute Recovery System: Designed for redundancy (multiple parachutes to ensure safe deceleration). Crew Escape System (CES): 5 types of solid motors tested; ensures astronauts can escape in case of launch failure. Environmental Control & Life Support System (ECLSS): Provides oxygen, pressure, and climate control inside capsule. Significance of IADT-1 Validation step: Proves reliability of parachute-based deceleration and recovery system in near-real conditions. Human-rating of systems: Essential before flying astronauts. Ensures safety compliance. Cross-agency coordination: Demonstrates synergy between ISRO, IAF, DRDO, Navy, Coast Guard for recovery operations. Infrastructure readiness: Facilities like crew training centres, control centres, and modified launch pads already established. Why Recovery Phase is High Risk Atmospheric re-entry: Capsule faces extreme heat, requiring robust heat shields. Descent dynamics: High velocity (~7–8 km/s in orbital return) must be reduced drastically. Splashdown precision: Capsule must land safely at pre-identified zones in sea for Navy recovery. Human safety: Even minor failure in parachutes/ECLSS can risk astronaut lives. Preparatory Steps Before Human Flight Unmanned Test Missions: Test vehicle flights (abort & escape systems). Pad Abort Tests (crew escape reliability). IADT series: More tests to validate parachute deployments at different conditions. Orbital Module Preparation Facility: Readying crew and service modules. Crew training: Indian astronauts undergoing training in Russia + advanced training in Bengaluru. Strategic Significance India’s entry into human spaceflight club: After USA, Russia, and China. Boost for indigenous aerospace tech: Parachutes, life-support, CES—all indigenously developed. Spinoffs: Enhanced capabilities in re-entry vehicles, space tourism, future lunar missions. National prestige & soft power: Strengthens India’s standing as a space power. Cryptocurrency: unlocking the digital vaults What is Cryptocurrency? Etymology: Derived from Greek word “kryptos” = hidden/secret. Definition: Digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. Nature: Not physical (can’t be touched/seen). Stored in virtual wallets (software or hardware). Not controlled by RBI, SEBI, or Govt. of India – fully decentralised. Medium: Works on decentralised computer networks (nodes). Transactions: Peer-to-peer (P2P), no banks/intermediaries required. Example: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, etc. Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Currencies) How is it Different from Traditional Money? Traditional Currency: Regulated by central banks (RBI, Federal Reserve). Physical + digital form. Requires intermediaries (banks, payment gateways). Transactions can be altered/reversed. Cryptocurrency: Decentralised, no central regulator. Purely digital, secured by cryptography. Transactions are irreversible and recorded permanently. Runs on blockchain technology. What is Blockchain? (The Backbone of Crypto) Definition: A decentralised, digital, distributed ledger storing all transaction history of a cryptocurrency. Analogy: Like a global accountant’s notebook + Google Sheet shared with everyone. Every page = a block. Once a block is filled, it is time-stamped, sealed, and linked to the next via a hash (unique code). Together, they form a chain of blocks = blockchain. Key Features of Blockchain Transparency: Anyone can view transactions. Immutability: No one can delete/alter past records. Security: Encrypted and verified by multiple nodes. Decentralisation: No central authority. Trustless System: Transactions validated by code, not institutions. How Do Transactions Work? Initiation: Ram sends a crypto coin to Shyam. Bundling: This transaction + previous ones grouped into a block. Validation: Nodes verify authenticity using cryptography. Linking: Once block is full → sealed with hash → linked to previous block. Updating: Blockchain updated across all nodes instantly. Example analogy: Shared Google Sheet where everyone can see entries, add new ones, but no one can delete past data. Why Do People Invest in Crypto? High returns: Potentially exponential growth (e.g., Bitcoin rise since 2009). Borderless: Works across countries, independent of banks. Transparency & security: Immutable records. Diversification: Alternative asset class beyond stocks, gold, real estate. Utility: Used for payments, smart contracts (Ethereum), NFTs, DeFi. Risks and Challenges Volatility: Prices fluctuate wildly (e.g., Bitcoin crashed >70% in 2022). Regulatory uncertainty: India, US, EU still evolving laws. Security threats: Hacks, scams, phishing, wallet theft. No consumer protection: Unlike banks, no recourse for fraud/loss. Speculative nature: Without knowledge, investment = gambling. India and Cryptocurrency Adoption: Millions of Indians hold crypto assets. Payments: Some firms accept crypto payments globally. Regulation: Not legal tender in India. 30% tax on crypto gains (since Union Budget 2022). 1% TDS on transactions. Future: India exploring CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency) as regulated alternative. Why Blockchain is Revolutionary (Beyond Crypto) Applications: Banking & finance (faster, transparent settlements). Supply chains (track authenticity). Healthcare (secure patient records). Governance (land records, e-voting). NFTs & Metaverse (digital ownership). Is India underestimating the cost of dealing with invasive species? Basics: What are Invasive Alien Species (IAS)? Definition: Non-native plants, animals, or microbes introduced (intentionally/unintentionally) into a new ecosystem where they outcompete native species. Pathways of spread: Global trade (timber, crops, live animals, plants). Shipping (ballast water, hull fouling). Travel and tourism. Agriculture, aquaculture, ornamental trade. Examples in India: Lantana camara, Prosopis juliflora, Parthenium hysterophorus (Congress grass), African catfish, Golden apple snail. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Findings of the New Study (Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2025) Global economic cost: Over $2.2 trillion (1960–2022). Underestimation: Actual costs may be 16 times higher than earlier reported. Regional costs: Europe: $1.5 trillion (71.4% of global costs). North America: $226 billion. Asia: $182 billion. Africa: $127 billion. Australia & Oceania: $27 billion. India: No exact absolute cost estimated. Highest discrepancy in reporting: 1.16 billion % difference in recorded vs. real management expenditure (suggesting hidden/unreported costs). Global median discrepancy: 3,241%. Europe: 15,044%. Asia (excl. India): 3,090%. Africa: 1,944%. Who are the Major Invaders? Plants: Largest economic impact, $926.38 billion (1960–2022). Example: Lantana camara (covers Bandipur NP, highly combustible). Example: Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) – costly per sq. km. Arthropods (insects, spiders, etc.): $830.29 billion. Mammals: $263.35 billion. Impact of Invasive Species Economic Crop yield loss. Forestry destruction. Increased fire hazards (lantana). Higher management/control costs. Ecological Displacement of native species. Alteration of soil chemistry and water cycles. Spread of diseases. Reduced biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. Social Threats to food security. Human health impacts (e.g., allergies from Parthenium). Higher burden on resource-constrained economies (India, Africa). Why Underreporting in India? Lack of centralised data systems. Poor inter-agency coordination (forest, agriculture, fisheries, environment departments). Limited funding for monitoring & control. Reports in local/regional languages often excluded from global databases (InvaCost bias). Competing conservation priorities (e.g., tiger reserves, afforestation drive). Policy and Management Strategies Global treaties: Ballast Water Management Convention – prevent spread via shipping. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – parties (including India) must prevent, control, or eradicate invasive species. Response strategies: Prevention of introduction (quarantine, stricter import checks). Eradication (if caught early). Control & suppression (mechanical removal, biocontrol agents). Slow spread management (buffer zones, awareness). Challenge: Complete eradication often impractical, since many agricultural crops themselves are non-native. India-Specific Issues High invasion intensity in forests, wetlands, and agricultural landscapes. Examples: Parthenium in farmlands. Prosopis juliflora degrading grasslands. Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) choking wetlands. Costs: Hidden/unrecorded, but among the highest globally. Need: Centralised national invasive species database, scientific monitoring, integration of invasion control in policies like National Biodiversity Action Plan. Big Picture Analysis Dual challenge: Mitigating economic losses & ecological damage. Reconciling with globalisation and trade, which accelerates invasions. Climate change: Increases invasibility of ecosystems, aiding spread of alien species. Way forward for India: National-level invasive species action plan. Stronger quarantine laws at ports. Integration with agriculture and forest policies. Regional cooperation (since invasions cross political borders). Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) Basics Air Defence Systems (ADS): Designed to detect, track, intercept, and destroy hostile aerial threats (aircraft, UAVs, missiles). Can be short-range, medium-range, or long-range. In modern warfare, integrated systems combine radars, missiles, guns, lasers, and electronic warfare tools. Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS): A multi-layered defence shield being developed by DRDO. Successfully completed maiden flight tests off Odisha coast (Aug 24, 2025). Part of Mission Sudarshan Chakra (announced by PM Modi on Independence Day 2025). Target year: 2035 for full operationalisation. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence , Science and Technology)   Components of IADWS Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles (QRSAM): Short-to-medium range missile. Mobile, can engage multiple aerial targets quickly. Advanced Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS): Portable, shoulder-fired or tripod-based. Effective against low-flying aircraft, UAVs, helicopters. Directed Energy Weapons (DEW): High-power lasers. Future-oriented technology for soft kill (jamming, blinding) and hard kill (destroying drones, missiles). Surveillance & Cybersecurity Integration: Combines radar-based tracking with networked surveillance & cyber defence systems. Aimed at intercepting threats across domains (air, cyber, electronic). Strategic Context Why Needed? Rising threats from long-range missiles, drones, UAV swarms, stealth aircraft, and cyber warfare. China and Pakistan both developing advanced missile systems and UAV capabilities. India’s critical installations (nuclear plants, command centres, metro cities, defence bases) require a layered security shield. Global Comparison: Similar systems: US: Patriot & THAAD. Russia: S-400, S-500. Israel: Iron Dome, David’s Sling, Arrow. India is moving towards self-reliant, indigenised solutions instead of heavy dependence on imports. Significance for India National Security Will provide multi-layered protection at borders and critical infrastructure. Better defence against Pakistan’s Nasr missiles and China’s cruise/hypersonic threats. Strategic Autonomy (Atmanirbhar Bharat) Reduces reliance on foreign systems like Russian S-400. Boosts India’s indigenous defence R&D and defence exports. Technological Leap Integration of cyber, laser weapons, AI-based tracking marks entry into futuristic warfare. Enables network-centric warfare capability. Private Sector Participation Defence organisations + private companies will jointly develop system. Encourages growth of Indian defence-industrial ecosystem. Challenges Technology complexity: Directed energy weapons and multi-layered integration are highly advanced fields. Costs: Extremely high financial burden; long-term sustained funding required. Timelines: Target year 2035 may face delays (common in defence projects). Adversary countermeasures: China/Pakistan may develop decoys, electronic countermeasures, or hypersonic glide vehicles. Big Picture The IADWS is a strategic leap towards building a robust, indigenous, multi-layered air defence system. Complements India’s existing S-400 system (Russian import), Akash, and other missile defence layers. Strengthens deterrence posture, providing credible defensive depth against modern aerial threats. Aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat and India’s ambition to become a global defence exporter. India and the world in dairy Basics India’s Dairy Sector India is the world’s largest milk producer (~22% of global output). Milk = key contributor to rural income and nutrition. Dairy in India is largely smallholder-driven, unlike large mechanised farms in the US/EU. Cooperatives (like Amul/GCMMF) play a major role in procurement, processing, and marketing. Global Dairy Trade Major exporters: US, EU, New Zealand, Australia. Major importers: China, Southeast Asia, Middle East. India is mostly self-sufficient; exports are limited. Pressure from WTO & bilateral trade deals (esp. US) to open Indian market to global dairy products. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture , Dairy Farming) Price Competitiveness Comparison with US: Example: Corn (feed input) – US farmers get maize at ₹15.4/kg vs ₹22–23/kg in India → lowers US dairy input cost. But India’s farm-gate milk price (~₹34/litre for cow milk in Maharashtra) is comparable or lower than US. Reason: Unpaid family labour in India → keeps costs artificially low. India’s low-cost model relies on labour intensity, not productivity. Efficiency & Value Chain Price Transmission: In Gujarat, farmers get 45–46 per litre for cow milk (3.5% fat, 8.5% SNF) vs ₹34–35 private dairies pay. Farmers share 55–57% of consumer rupee – higher than US (35%). Cooperatives compress the value chain → better margins for farmers. Processing Efficiency: Cooperatives like Amul add value through butter, cheese, ghee, etc. Procurement, transport, marketing more integrated in India → efficiency in converting farm milk to retail. Challenges Sustainability of Low-Cost Advantage Based on cheap/unpaid labour, not productivity gains. As rural wages rise & alternative employment grows, labour-based competitiveness may weaken. Input Constraints Scarcity of high-quality fodder. Small, unviable herd sizes → limited economies of scale. Labour-intensive milking (manual), unlike automation in US/NZ. Global Competition Countries like New Zealand have abundant pastures → cost-effective, grass-fed milk. US/EU → high mechanisation, selective breeding, advanced fodder genetics → higher yields. Climate & Resource Stress Dairying in India is water-intensive (fodder, cattle rearing). Climate change may impact feed availability & productivity. Big Picture: India’s Position Strengths: World’s largest producer, self-sufficiency. Strong cooperative model (Amul success story). High farmer share of consumer rupee. Weaknesses: Cost competitiveness based on low wages, not efficiency. Productivity per animal much lower than global standards (India’s ~1,800 litres/year vs US/NZ >10,000 litres/year). Poor fodder base & fragmented production. Opportunities: Genetic improvement (cross-breeding, selective breeding). Mechanisation & automation (milking machines, feed technology). Fodder innovation (high-yield fodder, hydroponics). Dairy exports (value-added products like ghee, paneer, casein). Threats: Trade liberalisation → cheap US/NZ dairy may undercut Indian farmers. Rising labour costs → erode low-cost advantage. Climate change & resource pressure. Arctic sea ice melting has slowed, but here is why this isn’t ‘good news’ Context : Arctic Sea Ice Floating ice formed from seawater in the Arctic Ocean. Seasonal: expands in winter, shrinks in summer. Important climate indicator → reflects solar radiation (albedo effect), regulates global climate, supports ecosystems. Why It Matters Sea ice decline accelerates global warming (less reflection, more heat absorption). Impacts global ocean currents, weather patterns, ecosystems, human settlements (sea-level rise indirectly via Greenland). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology)   Key Findings of Study Conducted by researchers from University of Exeter, Columbia University, UC Irvine. Analysed Arctic Sea Ice Loss since 1980s. Found: rate of Arctic ice loss has slowed in past 20 years, compared to 1990s. BUT: slowdown is due to natural climate variability, not reduced global warming. Why has Arctic ice loss slowed down? Natural variability in climate systems: Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), and ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation). These fluctuations alter sea surface temps, circulation, cloud cover, influencing Arctic climate. Ice loss reduced from 8.3 lakh sq km per decade (1992–2012) to 3.1 lakh sq km per decade (2003–2022). Why this is not ‘good news’ Not a recovery, only temporary The slowdown doesn’t mean melting has reversed. Ice is still thinning and fragile → makes sudden collapse more likely in the near future. Masking the trend Natural variability is temporarily offsetting the greenhouse-gas-driven warming. Once variability shifts, ice loss could accelerate dramatically. No evidence of climate action impact The slowdown is not due to reduced CO₂/GHG emissions. Thus, policy inaction continues to be dangerous. Future Risks If melting accelerates again, collapse could be faster than previously modelled. This would trigger abrupt climate shifts (feedback loops like methane release, disrupted monsoons, altered jet streams). Scientific Context Arctic amplification: Arctic warms 2–4 times faster than global average. Tipping Point Risk: A critical threshold exists beyond which sea ice loss becomes irreversible, even if emissions are reduced later. Analogy by scientists: Ice loss is like a ball rolling downhill. Temporary slowdown = ball pauses, but slope ensures it will roll down faster later. Implications For Climate Science Need to account for natural variability in climate models. Avoid misinterpreting slowdown as progress. For Policy Reinforces urgency of deep emission cuts. Reliance on natural pauses is dangerous. For Global Climate Systems Faster future melting could disrupt: Monsoons (South Asia). North Atlantic currents (AMOC). Global temperature regulation.

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