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Nov 14, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 November 2025

Content Transgender-inclusive healthcare in Tamil Nadu Holding up GLASS to India; securing stewardship to tackle AMR Centre releases draft Seeds Bill; farm outfits cautious, industry welcomes it SC bats for protection of pristine sal forest in Jharkhand’s Saranda Workplace stress linked to rising cases of diabetes among adults Why Hepatitis A deserves a place in India’s Universal Immunisation Programme Transgender-inclusive healthcare in Tamil Nadu Why is this in News? Article highlights Tamil Nadu’s pioneering model in transgender-inclusive public healthcare. Showcases India’s first State-level integration of gender-affirming care into universal health coverage. WHO is preparing a global case study (2025) documenting Tamil Nadu’s model. Updates on progress: 8 Gender Guidance Clinics (GGCs), 5,200+ enrolments, and 600+ surgeries/hormone procedures under CMCHIS-PMJAY. Relevance GS 2 – Welfare of Vulnerable Sections Rights of transgender persons; health equity; inclusive public services GS 2 – Health & Social Justice Universal Health Coverage; insurance inclusion; role of State governments GS 2 – Governance & Policy Implementation State-level innovations; administrative reforms; public service delivery GS 1 – Society Gender identity, stigma, discrimination, social inclusion Basics “Leave no one behind” = Core commitment under UN SDGs and Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Transgender persons are recognised as a marginalised group needing targeted interventions under: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 NHM (Tamil Nadu) State Policy for Transgender Persons (2025) Why do Transgender Persons Face Healthcare Barriers? Skill Gaps in Medical Workforce Majority clinicians untrained in transgender health. Overfocus on STI treatment & surgeries; neglect of preventive, reproductive, geriatric, mental health. Structural Exclusion Low access to education, formal employment, housing, social security → unstable income & no insurance. Discrimination in Healthcare Settings Stigma, ridicule, denial of services. Fear erodes trust → delayed care, medical complications. Documentation Barriers Identity mismatch, lack of supportive families, exclusion from ration cards/ID-based welfare. Intersectionality Effects Health deprivation overlaps with caste, poverty, homelessness. What Has Tamil Nadu Done? 2008: Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital begins gender-affirming surgeries. 2008: India’s first Transgender Welfare Board created. 2018: NHM establishes Gender Guidance Clinics (GGCs) providing multidisciplinary care. 2025: 8 districts now host GGCs with free procedures. 2019–2024: 7,644 transgender individuals accessed GGC services. Services Offered Hormone therapy Gender-affirming surgery Mental health counselling STI/HIV services Legal/identity support, social linkage How Has Tamil Nadu Expanded Insurance Coverage? 2022: CMCHIS-PMJAY includes gender-affirming surgeries & hormone therapy. India = first South Asian country to integrate transgender care under UHC. Insurance Partner: United India Insurance Co. (5-year policy 2022–27). Advancing PMJAY TG Plus (which offers 50+ procedures): TN is 4 years ahead in implementation. Key Reforms for Accessibility Removed income limit of ₹72,000. Waived need for ration card with transgender person’s name. Addressed exclusion from families, lack of proof, stigma. Outcomes (as of Oct 2025) 5,200+ enrolled under CMCHIS-PMJAY. 600+ underwent surgeries/hormone therapy. Care provided in 12 empanelled hospitals (public + private). Policy & Legal Reforms Strengthening the Model 2019 Transgender Act (Sec 15): Mandates comprehensive healthcare. 2024: NHM trains GGC doctors on WPATH Standards of Care v8. Madras High Court Judgments: Recognised transgender marriages. Mandated curriculum reforms. Banned conversion therapy. Banned non-consensual intersex surgeries. Ordered reopening of GGCs post-COVID. Curbed police harassment. State Policy Framework 2019 TN Mental Health Care Policy 2025 State Policy for Transgender Persons: property rights, education, healthcare access. What Challenges Remain? Limited Coverage & Geographical Reach Need statewide GGC expansion and district-level continuum of care. Lack of Comprehensive Health Manual Standard protocols for hormones, surgeries, follow-up, mental health missing. Monitoring & Regulation Gaps Empanelled hospitals need strong oversight to prevent malpractice/exploitation. Mental Health Coverage Needs integration into insurance packages; high prevalence of depression, anxiety, violence trauma. Provider Competency Requires periodic training, certification, accountability mechanisms. Grievance Redressal Mechanisms Currently weak; community often fears reporting discrimination. Limited Research & Data Need for State-level epidemiological data on transgender health. Persistent Social Prejudice Requires cross-sectoral interventions: education, policing, media, families. Community Participation Policy design, implementation, monitoring must involve transgender-led organisations. Conclusion Tamil Nadu has created India’s most advanced model of transgender-inclusive healthcare with early adoption of gender-affirming services, strong insurance coverage, progressive jurisprudence, and community engagement. However, lasting equity requires continuous investment, wider coverage, accountability, and institutionalising transgender persons as partners—not beneficiaries—in the health system. Holding up GLASS to India; securing stewardship to tackle AMR Why is this in news? WHO released its Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) 2025 report in mid-October 2025. India identified as one of the worst AMR hotspots globally. Highlights a severe rise in antibiotic-resistant infections, especially in ICUs. Kerala’s progress and India’s slow national AMR implementation reignited policy debates. Published just ahead of World AMR Awareness Week (18–24 November). Relevance GS 3 – Science & Technology / Biotechnology Antimicrobial resistance, global surveillance systems (GLASS) GS 3 – Health & Disease Burden AMR as a major public health threat; ICU infections; One Health approach GS 3 – Environment Pharma effluent regulation, environmental determinants of AMR Basics Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve to resist antibiotics → infections become harder or impossible to treat. AMR is driven by human, animal, agriculture, and environmental pathways → a One Health problem. GLASS is WHO’s global AMR monitoring system, operational in 100+ countries; India joined in 2017. Key global findings (GLASS 2025) 1 in 6 infections globally resistant to commonly used antibiotics. South-East Asia shows the steepest rise; India is disproportionately affected. High resistance among critical pathogens: E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus. WHO flags a modest but insufficient improvement in the global antibiotic development pipeline. India-specific findings 1 in 3 infections in India in 2023 were antibiotic-resistant. Highest resistance burden in ICUs for E. coli, Klebsiella, and MRSA. Strong AMR drivers in India: Over-the-counter antibiotics Self-medication and incomplete courses Contaminated pharma effluents and hospital waste Weak enforcement of antibiotic regulations GLASS notes progress but flags underfunding, uneven surveillance, and weak coordination. Current efforts in India National Programme on AMR Containment. ICMR’s AMRSN / i-AMRSS network. NCDC’s NARS-Net. 2019 ban on colistin in animal feed (significant but long-term impact). Major weaknesses identified Surveillance bias: Overdependence on tertiary hospitals → overestimation of AMR; weak data from rural/primary-care settings. Underfunding: No long-term investment in AMR research, stewardship, or diagnostics. Poor One Health coordination. NAP-AMR implementation slow: 2017 plan remains mostly unexecuted in many States. Public awareness extremely low → AMR remains an abstract concept for most Indians. Expert assessments Abdul Ghafur India’s AMR levels are among the highest globally. True national estimates require integrating 500+ NABL labs + primary/secondary hospital microbiology. V. Ramasubramanian Surveillance centres must be geographically spread; without regional representation, conclusions are distorted. Ella Balasa Public needs relatable narratives; humanising AMR is essential for behavioural change. Antibiotic development pipeline (critical analysis) Global pipeline trends WHO 2024 pipeline report: 97 candidates in clinical & preclinical stages (up from 80 in 2021). Only 12 of 32 traditional antibiotics are innovative (new class or new mechanism). Just 4 candidates target WHO priority MDR Gram-negative pathogens. India’s status CDSCO has approved four new antibiotic candidates in the last two years. Six more have global approval. Limitations Pipeline is still too small to address global AMR. Limited innovation; low access in LMICs. Most new drugs do not target carbapenem-resistant Gram-negatives. Features needed in next-generation antibiotics New mechanisms bypassing current resistance. Dual formulations (IV + oral). Activity against highest-priority MDR pathogens. Safe, affordable, and aligned with stewardship guidelines. Low likelihood of inducing further resistance. Global and industry-side initiatives AMR Industry Alliance Promotes development of new antibiotics and diagnostics. Supports responsible antibiotic manufacturing. Works on equitable access, especially in LMICs. Funding gaps Surveillance and innovation receive intermittent and inadequate funding. Need sustained national investment in AMR research, stewardship, and public awareness. Kerala model Only State with a fully operational AMR State Action Plan. Kerala AMR Strategic Action Plan (2018) adopts a strong One Health model. AMRITH (2024) stops over-the-counter antibiotic sales. State antibiogram shows a slight reduction in AMR levels. Goal: antibiotic-literate Kerala by December 2025. Other significant interventions 2019 colistin ban in poultry/livestock → expected long-term benefits. Need uniform enforcement across all States. What India must do (priority recommendations) Surveillance Build a representative national network using NABL labs. Strengthen microbiology capacity in district and primary-care hospitals. Stewardship Nationwide ban on OTC antibiotic sales. Standardised antibiotic guidelines across hospitals. Functional stewardship committees in all tertiary and secondary facilities. Environment Regulate pharma effluents and medical waste. Mandatory antimicrobial pollutant monitoring. Awareness Large-scale community orientation on AMR. Humanised public campaigns (schools, digital media). Innovation Incentives for new antibiotic classes. Academia-industry collaborations. Public funding for early-stage R&D. Governance Accelerate implementation of NAP-AMR (2017). Strong State-level monitoring and coordination. Conclusion India’s AMR crisis is severe, escalating, and under-monitored.GLASS 2025 reinforces that resistance is rising faster than countermeasures, and progress remains fragmented. Kerala demonstrates that structured One Health interventions, regulatory enforcement, and public literacy can reduce resistance trends. India now needs integrated surveillance, strict stewardship, environmental control, innovation incentives, and long-term funding to prevent a future where routine infections again become untreatable. Centre releases draft Seeds Bill; farm outfits cautious, industry welcomes it Why in news? The Union government has released a new draft Seeds Bill, 2025, after two failed attempts to pass similar legislation in 2004 (UPA) and 2019 (NDA) due to farmer opposition. It aims to replace the Seeds Act, 1966 and the Seeds (Control) Order, 1983. Government claims alignment with current agricultural and regulatory needs, including seed quality control and liberalised imports. Public comments open till December 11. Relevance GS 3 – Agriculture Seed regulation, quality control, farmer access, seed imports GS 3 – Economy Private sector role in seed industry; liberalisation; ease of doing business GS 2 – Governance / Policy Legislative reforms; regulatory modernisation; stakeholder conflicts What are “seeds laws” in India? Seeds laws regulate: Quality parameters (germination %; genetic purity; physical purity; seed health). Certification processes (Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards). Registration of seed dealers and varieties. Liability for seed failure. The Seeds Act, 1966 is considered outdated: Focused on public-sector dominance. Lacks frameworks for modern hybrids, GM events, private R&D, and global seed trade. Key provisions of the draft Seeds Bill, 2025 Mandatory registration: Every seed dealer must register with the State government before selling or exporting/importing seeds. Quality regulation: Seeds sold must meet minimum certification standards for germination, purity, traits, health. Regulation of sale to ensure declared performance. Liberalisation: Greater freedom for seed imports, enabling access to global varieties. Decriminalisation: Minor offences decriminalised to reduce compliance burden. Serious violations retain strong penalties. Farmer protection: Ensures farmers’ access to high-quality seeds at affordable rates. Aims to prevent losses due to substandard seeds. Why earlier attempts (2004 and 2019) failed Farmer groups opposed: Mandatory registration and certification seen as restricting farmer-saved seeds. Fear of greater corporate control over the seed market. Concerns around liability provisions favouring companies. Bills were withdrawn after widespread protests, especially in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Telangana. Farmers’ perspective Seen as industry-friendly: “Bill favours seed companies and facilitates ease of doing seeds business” (BKU-Ekta Ugrahan). Key concerns: Could lead to higher seed prices. Risk of monopolisation by MNCs/private breeders. Stronger regulation might apply more to farmers than companies. Fear of indirect control over farmer-saved and exchanged seeds via registration norms. Seed industry perspective Welcomed as a modernising move, especially by the Federation of Seed Industry of India. Benefits to industry: Clearer regulatory regime. Decriminalisation reduces business risk. Liberalised imports expand breeding and hybridisation possibilities. Predictability for private investment. Larger policy context: why regulate seeds more tightly now? India’s seed market size: ₹25,000–27,000 crore; private sector share: 65–70%. Issues: Quality failures cause 10–30% yield loss depending on crop. Spurious seeds cases frequently reported in cotton, paddy, vegetables. Need to integrate global seed variety testing, DUS criteria, and digital traceability. Critical analysis Strengths Modernises a 60-year-old law. Better consumer protection through quality benchmarks. Enables innovation and global germplasm flow. Rationalises penal provisions → encourages private R&D. Concerns May unintentionally promote corporate dominance in seeds. Registration rules could affect: farm-saved varieties, community seed systems. Liberalised imports risk entry of high-cost foreign varieties → price inflation. No clarity on seed liability and compensation mechanisms — historically the most contentious aspect. Risk of conflict with: PPV&FRA, 2001 (farmers’ rights), Biodiversity Act, 2002 (access to genetic resources). Governance risks States’ capacity to run robust registration and testing systems remains weak. Enforcement uneven across India → inconsistent protection for farmers. SC bats for protection of pristine sal forest in Jharkhand’s Saranda Why in news? The Supreme Court has directed the Jharkhand government to declare 31,468.25 hectares (314 sq. km.) of the Saranda forest as a wildlife sanctuary. This ends the State’s reluctance and its earlier proposal to declare only 24,941.64 hectares due to concerns over mining and infrastructure. The court emphasised the State’s constitutional duty to protect ecologically significant areas and balance conservation with sustainable mining. Relevance GS 3 – Environment & Biodiversity Sal forest ecosystem; wildlife sanctuary declaration; threatened species GS 3 – Conservation vs Development Mining–ecology conflict; sustainable mining; iron ore reserves GS 2 – Judiciary / Constitutional Provisions Public trust doctrine; State’s duty to protect forests Basics: where and what is Saranda? Location: West Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. Known as one of the world’s most pristine sal forests. Ecological features: Dominant sal (Shorea robusta) ecosystem. Home to endemic sal forest tortoise, four-horned antelope, Asian palm civet, wild elephants. Social context: Inhabited for centuries by Ho, Munda, Uraon and allied Adivasi communities. Livelihoods deeply tied to minor forest produce and cultural traditions. Why is the area contentious? Saranda forest division also contains 26% of India’s iron ore reserves. SAIL and Tata Steel depend critically on mining in this region. Judicial declaration of the entire 314 sq. km. as a sanctuary could: Restrict or reshape mining operations. Affect employment in mining-linked areas. Require reevaluation of several leases. Key observations of the Supreme Court State’s duty: Forests and wildlife must receive statutory protection where ecologically significant. The State cannot “run away from its duty to declare” such areas. Balanced approach: Conservation must coexist with sustainable iron ore mining, not eliminate it. Sanctuary notification does not automatically extinguish tribal rights. Community protection: Court directed mass communication that individual and community forest rights under FRA, 2006 will not be adversely affected. Ecological significance: Court stressed the unique sal ecosystem, biodiversity richness, and presence of threatened species. Government’s position (as per hearings) Initially proposed declaring only 24,941.64 hectares due to: “Vital public infrastructure” in the remaining area. Concerns about halting mining. Later clarified: The 31,468.25 hectares being considered had no mining, no non-forest use, and no prior diversion. After the court’s push, the government agreed to proceed with full notification. Ecological significance Saranda is a high-integrity sal landscape—rare globally. Functions as a critical elephant habitat and corridor. Sanctuary status ensures: Stricter protection under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Better control over fragmentation from roads, mining, and encroachments. Mining–conservation tension Region’s mineral value is extremely high (26% national iron ore). Conservation imperatives clash with: Employment generation. Steel sector supply chains. Local economic activity. Court’s directive pushes for “sustainable mining + strict ecological zoning” rather than blanket bans. Tribal rights and welfare FRA, 2006: Sanctuary notification cannot extinguish existing rights. Court acknowledged: Tribes are ecosystem stakeholders. Sanctuary declaration must not lead to displacement. Important shift from earlier models of exclusionary conservation. Governance implications Sets a precedent: States must declare ecologically important areas even if economically sensitive. Strengthens judicial oversight over forest governance. Enhances application of: Precautionary principle Public trust doctrine Requires integrated landscape planning for: Mining zones No-go biodiversity zones Community rights areas Workplace stress linked to rising cases of diabetes among adults Why in news? New clinical observations and emerging Indian research show a sharp rise in workplace-stress–linked Type 2 diabetes, especially among young urban working adults. Doctors report increasing cases among tech, finance, customer service, healthcare and night-shift workers. The report is released in the context of World Diabetes Day, highlighting stress as a major but under-recognised metabolic risk factor. Relevance GS 3 – Health / NCDs Stress-induced Type 2 diabetes; metabolic disorders; India’s disease burden GS 3 – Economy / Labour Workplace wellness, productivity loss, occupational health risks GS 1 – Society Changing work culture; lifestyle transitions; urbanisation impacts Basics: what is stress-linked diabetes? Prolonged workplace stress → chronic activation of cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones: Raise blood glucose Reduce insulin sensitivity Increase central (abdominal) fat Disrupt circadian rhythm (especially in shift workers) Result: Insulin resistance → pre-diabetes → Type 2 diabetes. What the data shows ? India: 10.1 crore diabetics (ICMR–INDIAB, 2023). Tamil Nadu study: higher perceived stress = poorer glycaemic control + longer disease duration. Hospitals in Chennai & Bengaluru report earlier onset (30s–40s) even without excess dietary intake. Clinical observations Early metabolic signs (often ignored as “busy life”) Abdominal weight gain Daytime fatigue Fragmented sleep Increased cravings Borderline BP Mildly elevated triglycerides Rising post-meal sugars Why they worsen unnoticed Normalisation of long work hours Sleep deprivation Irregular meals Sedentary desk culture High device dependence and constant “on-call” pressures Why certain professions are high-risk IT, Finance, Customer Support Long screen hours High cognitive load Deadline cycles Constant notifications Guilt about switching off devices Healthcare Emotional labour + erratic schedules Night-shift workers Circadian rhythm disruption Irregular meals → reduced insulin sensitivity Higher glucose variability despite good diet adherence Pathophysiology: how stress translates to diabetes Chronic stress → persistent HPA axis activation. Elevated cortisol: Increases hepatic glucose output Promotes visceral fat accumulation Reduces muscle glucose uptake Adrenaline surges: Fluctuating post-meal sugars Sleep disruption End result: progressive insulin resistance. Doctors’ insights from multiple hospitals More young adults (29–45 years) showing central obesity + borderline sugars. Women show higher incidence of stress-linked metabolic changes in recent studies. Many patients discover diabetes incidentally through routine tests. Stress management improves glycaemic stability even in medicated patients. Workplace factors driving the trend No scheduled lunch breaks Prolonged sitting Excessive meeting loads Late-night logging Shift rotation gaps Poor sleep hygiene High job insecurity Multitasking pressure Evidence-backed low-cost interventions For workplaces Protected lunch breaks 5–10 minute movement gaps between meetings Restrictions on after-hours work communication Healthier cafeteria menus Predictable shift rotations For individuals 7–8 hours sleep Mindfulness/therapy Structured daily routines Consistent meal timings Device-free downtime Walking meetings / micro-activity Doctors emphasise: “Stabilising cortisol stabilises blood sugar.” Overview Public health significance Stress-linked diabetes is emerging as a non-traditional risk factor. Shifts diabetes from being purely lifestyle-driven to occupational-environment–driven. Raises concerns for India’s young workforce and productivity. Economic implications Higher absenteeism and presenteeism Rising corporate healthcare costs Long-term burden on insurance systems Earlier onset → longer disease duration → higher complications Gender dimension Women face dual stress exposures: workplace + unpaid care work. Increasing evidence of higher pre-diabetes progression rates in women under occupational stress. Policy relevance Need for integration of occupational health within NCD programmes. Shift work regulation and circadian-friendly policies. Mandatory workplace wellness norms for high-risk sectors. Behavioural challenge Stress is intangible → symptoms normalised. Requires awareness + employer accountability + clinical screening. Why Hepatitis A deserves a place in India’s universal immunisation programme Why in news? India is debating including the Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP). Experts argue that Hepatitis A vaccination deserves even higher priority because the disease burden is shifting toward adolescents and adults — groups at significantly higher risk of severe disease, including acute liver failure. The article highlights that an effective indigenous Hepatitis A vaccine exists, yet policy inclusion is pending. Relevance GS 2 – Health / Immunisation UIP expansion; vaccine policy; epidemiological transition GS 3 – Public Health Outbreak management; sanitation transition; acute liver failure GS 2 – Governance & Policy Evidence-based policymaking; cost-effectiveness; indigenous vaccine development Basics: what is Hepatitis A? Acute viral liver infection typically mild in young children. Historically: >90% Indians exposed in childhood → lifelong immunity. Current shift: improved sanitation → fewer children infected early → more susceptible adolescents & adults. Severe disease in older age groups → acute liver failure, hospitalisation, deaths. No specific antiviral treatment → only supportive care. Changing epidemiology Seroprevalence (protective antibodies) dropping from ~90% to <60% in many urban regions. Outbreaks reported in Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi. Clusters of acute liver failure in hospitals show rising severity. Hepatitis A now an emerging public-health threat, not a benign childhood disease. Hepatitis A vs Typhoid: key contrasts Disease burden Typhoid mortality declining with antibiotics + sanitation. Hepatitis A rising in older children/adults → more severe outcomes. Treatment Typhoid: antibiotics available; AMR emerging but treatable. Hepatitis A: no specific treatment, recovery depends entirely on supportive care. Vaccine characteristics Hepatitis A vaccines: 90–95% efficacy Single dose for live vaccine Long-lasting (15–20 years to lifelong) No issues of waning immunity or resistance Typhoid vaccines: require multi-dose cycles in some settings; immunity relatively shorter. Programmatic simplicity Hepatitis A vaccine is single-dose, easy to integrate with existing booster schedules. Indigenous product (Biovac-A by Biological E) has two decades of excellent use in private sector. Cost-effectiveness Hepatitis A: high-cost outbreaks, expensive hospitalisation, severe disease in adults → strong economic rationale for universal vaccination. Typhoid: important but lower immediate cost-effectiveness because mortality has declined. Why Hepatitis A deserves priority Growing susceptible population: fewer children infected early → rising young adult vulnerability. Severe disease profile: adult infection = higher hospitalisation + acute liver failure risk. No treatment: prevention via vaccination is the only effective shield. Low-hanging fruit: Single dose Long-term immunity Indigenous supply available Clear scientific evidence: declining antibodies + frequent outbreaks. Recommended strategy for India Adopt a phased introduction, aligned with UIP’s proven approach: Start with States facing repeated outbreaks or low seroprevalence. Co-administer with DPT or MR boosters to use existing systems. Conduct periodic serosurveys to monitor immunity levels. Gradually expand to national scale. Public health rationale Fits UIP tradition of proactive shifts (Hepatitis B, Rotavirus, Pneumococcal). Helps prevent avoidable severe disease and hospital burden. Reduces long-term healthcare costs by preventing liver complications early. Overview Epidemiological relevance The shift from early childhood exposure to adolescent vulnerability reflects India’s sanitation transition. Parallel seen previously in East Asia and Latin America before they introduced universal Hepatitis A vaccination. Without vaccination, India risks repeated outbreaks and rising adult mortality from acute liver failure. Programmatic feasibility Single-dose administration makes planning efficient. Indigenous production ensures supply security and affordability. Can be rapidly scaled using existing UIP logistics. Economic considerations Adult hospitalisations for Hep A are expensive (ICU care, liver monitoring, long recovery). Vaccination cost per child is low compared to treatment cost. Higher workforce productivity because adults are protected. Policy gap Scientific consensus is strong, but policy action is lagging, unlike for TCV where debate is ongoing. No technical barrier: the missing piece is only political and administrative decision-making.

Nov 13, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 November 2025

Content Unlocking India’s Green Hydrogen Production Potential From 2 to 597 Unlocking India’s Green Hydrogen Production Potential Why in News ? India commissioned its first port-based Green Hydrogen Pilot Project at V.O. Chidambaranar Port, Tamil Nadu. Three ports — Deendayal, Paradip, and V.O. Chidambaranar — declared Green Hydrogen Hubs (MNRE, Oct 2025). Targets: 5 MMT Green Hydrogen production by 2030 ₹8 lakh crore investment 125 GW renewable energy addition 6 lakh jobs ₹1 lakh crore import reduction 50 MMT CO₂ emissions avoided annually Relevance : GS 3 – Environment, Energy, Infrastructure Renewable energy transition & Net Zero 2070 goals. National Green Hydrogen Mission (₹19,744 crore) – decarbonising industry, transport, shipping. Port-based hydrogen hubs (Deendayal, Paradip, Tuticorin). R&D under SHIP with BARC, ISRO, IITs for indigenous tech. ₹8 lakh crore investment, 6 lakh jobs, 50 MMT CO₂ reduction. Strategic exports to Japan, Korea, EU – energy security & Atmanirbharta. Understanding Green Hydrogen Type Source Energy Emissions Example Grey Hydrogen Natural gas (steam methane reforming) High CO₂ Current majority of hydrogen production Blue Hydrogen Fossil fuels + Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) Moderate Transitional fuel Green Hydrogen Renewable energy (solar/wind) via electrolysis of water ≤2 kg CO₂ eq per kg H₂ Cleanest form Definition (India Standard 2023): Hydrogen qualifies as green if lifecycle emissions ≤ 2 kg CO₂-e/kg H₂. National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) – Overview Launched: January 2023 Outlay: ₹19,744 crore (FY 2023–30) Mission Objectives Make India a global hub for Green Hydrogen production, use, and export. Achieve energy self-reliance (Atmanirbharta) by reducing fossil imports. Enable industrial decarbonisation in hard-to-abate sectors: steel, fertilizer, refining. Create new green jobs and boost domestic manufacturing. Mission Architecture Component Outlay (₹ crore) Objective SIGHT Programme 17,490 Incentives for green hydrogen and electrolyser manufacturing Pilot Projects 1,466 Demonstration in industry, mobility, shipping R&D / Innovation (SHIP) 400 Collaborative research across value chain Other Components 388 Skill, policy, infrastructure, certification Sectoral Implementation (A) Industrial Sector Fertilizers: 7.24 LMT green ammonia procurement auctioned (₹55.75/kg). Steel: 5 pilot projects with PSUs & private firms to test hydrogen-based iron reduction. Refineries: Gradual substitution of grey hydrogen with green hydrogen. (B) Mobility & Transport Road Transport: 37 hydrogen-powered vehicles (15 fuel-cell, 22 ICE) across 10 routes; ₹208 crore support. High-Altitude Mobility: NTPC’s Leh hydrogen project (3,650 m altitude) — world’s highest; reduces 350 MT CO₂/year. Shipping: Tuticorin Pilot (2025): 10 Nm³/hr H₂ plant + EV charging from hydrogen. Green Methanol Bunkering: ₹42 crore project to create Coastal Green Shipping Corridor (Kandla–Tuticorin). Policy and Regulatory Framework Framework Purpose Nodal Agency Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme (GHCI), 2025 Certifies hydrogen as “green” based on lifecycle GHG emissions Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Open Access & ISTS Waiver Ensures low-cost renewable energy for electrolysis MNRE Skill Development Programme 5,600+ trainees certified in hydrogen tech NSDC + MNRE Hydrogen Hubs Deendayal, Paradip, Tuticorin MNRE / Port Authorities Strategic Hydrogen Innovation Partnership (SHIP) Public–Private R&D platform to co-develop advanced hydrogen technologies. Collaboration with BARC, ISRO, CSIR, IITs, IISc. ₹400 crore R&D Fund + ₹100 crore Start-up Grant Call (2025) (up to ₹5 crore/project). 30+ joint projects under EU–India TTC for hydrogen from waste. Enabling Frameworks Infrastructure: Storage, pipelines, refueling network, port-based hubs. Finance: Viability gap funding, PLI-style incentives under SIGHT. Skill Ecosystem: Workforce development, IIT-based training centres. Policy De-risking: Clear open access, faster approvals, and land allocation for renewable energy zones. Global Partnerships Partner Collaboration Area EU–India TTC R&D, waste-to-hydrogen tech UK Standardization & safety codes Germany (H2Global Stiftung) Export mechanisms, joint tendering Singapore (Sembcorp) Port-based H₂ & NH₃ export hubs World Hydrogen Summit, Rotterdam (2024) India’s first official participation, “India Pavilion” launched Expected Outcomes by 2030 Parameter Target Annual Green H₂ Production 5 MMT Renewable Capacity 125 GW Jobs 6 lakh Emission Reduction 50 MMT CO₂ eq/year Fossil Import Savings ₹1 lakh crore Investment ₹8 lakh crore Challenges High Production Cost: $3–6/kg (target <$1/kg by 2030). Electrolyser Dependency: 80% currently imported (mainly China & EU). Water Use: 9 litres per kg H₂ – stress in arid zones. Infrastructure Gap: Storage, pipelines, safety standards still evolving. Technology Maturity: Need for R&D in solid oxide, PEM, and AEM electrolysers. Way Forward Domestic Manufacturing Push: Scale up electrolyser production via SIGHT. Hybrid RE Parks: Dedicated solar-wind clusters for H₂ generation. Green Hydrogen Corridors: Industrial and mobility linkages (refineries–fertilizer–ports). Export Strategy: Leverage India’s geographic proximity to Japan, Korea, and EU. R&D Acceleration: Advance hydrogen carriers (ammonia, methanol), storage materials, and safety systems. Policy Synchronisation: MNRE–MoP–MoPNG coordination under single-window mechanism. Key Facts Nodal Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) Implementing Agency: Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) Certification Body: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Ports Declared Hydrogen Hubs: Deendayal, Paradip, V.O. Chidambaranar First Port-Based Hydrogen Pilot: Tuticorin, 2025 World’s Highest H₂ Project: NTPC Leh (3,650 m) Emission Limit for ‘Green’ Tag: ≤2 kg CO₂-e/kg H₂ Conclusion India’s Green Hydrogen Mission exemplifies “Clean Growth for Self-Reliance.” It intertwines climate ambition (Net Zero 2070) with industrial competitiveness and strategic energy security. By integrating policy, technology, investment, and global partnerships, India aims to become the third-largest green hydrogen hub globally, driving the global shift toward decarbonised economies. From 2 to 597 Why in News ? Record achievement: 597 students from Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) cleared India’s toughest competitive exams — JEE Main, JEE Advanced, and NEET (2024–25). Massive rise from just 2 students in 2022–23 → 597 in 2024–25, showing transformative success of the EMRS initiative under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. 101 out of 230 EMRSs offering Class 12 produced successful candidates. Reflects impact of focused educational interventions for Scheduled Tribe (ST) youth. Relevance : GS 2 – Governance, Education, Social Justice EMRS expansion (722 sanctioned, 485 functional) under Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Operationalisation of Articles 46 & 275(1) – education for ST welfare. NESTS-led coaching & digital learning → 597 students cleared JEE/NEET (2025). Promotes gender empowerment, social mobility, and inclusive growth. Aligns with NEP 2020 and shifts from welfare to capability-based education. What are EMRS Schools? Feature Description Implementing Ministry Ministry of Tribal Affairs Managing Body National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS) Scheme Launch 1997–98 (under Article 275(1) of the Constitution) Purpose To provide quality residential education (Class VI–XII) to ST students, preparing them for higher education and competitive exams Education Board CBSE-affiliated Facilities Free education, boarding, nutrition, healthcare, sports, and digital classrooms Current Status (2025) 722 sanctioned, 485 functional; 1.38 lakh students enrolled Performance Surge (2022–25) Year IIT–JEE Qualified NEET Qualified 2022–23 2 – 2023–24 16 6 2024–25 219 344 → Growth: ~30× in 3 years, driven by structured coaching and digital learning interventions. State-wise Achievements (2024–25) Top States in JEE (Main + Advanced): Telangana (70), Madhya Pradesh (61), Gujarat (40) Top States in NEET: Gujarat (173), Madhya Pradesh (115), Chhattisgarh (18) Representation from 12 States shows expansion beyond traditional tribal belts. Human Stories of Transformation Jatin Negi (Himachal Pradesh): From Sangla village, cleared JEE Advanced (AIR 421) → B.Tech, IIT Jodhpur. Overcame power cuts, isolation, and personal loss — testament to resilience + institutional mentorship. Padvi Urjasviben (Gujarat): Cleared NEET (AIR 11,926) → MBBS, GMERS Medical College, Junagadh. Broke gender stereotypes in tribal Gujarat village; symbol of educational empowerment of tribal girls. Constitutional & Legal Foundations Provision Relevance Article 46 (DPSP) State to promote educational and economic interests of SCs/STs; protect from injustice/exploitation Articles 15(4) & 15(5) Permit special provisions for advancement of socially & educationally backward classes and STs/SCs in education Article 275(1) Grants-in-aid from Consolidated Fund for ST welfare and educational infrastructure (basis for EMRS funding) Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006 Mandates 7.5% reservation for STs, 15% for SCs, 27% for OBCs in centrally funded higher education institutions Significance: EMRS is a direct operationalization of Article 46 and 275(1) — combining affirmative action with institutional capacity building. Administrative Mechanism National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS) Autonomous body under Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Implements EMRS in coordination with State EMRS Societies. Ensures standardized pedagogy, teacher training, digital infrastructure, and exam readiness. Targeted Academic Support Initiatives (Under NESTS) Initiative Focus Area Key Highlights Centres of Excellence JEE/NEET Coaching 3 Centres (Bhopal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh); MoU with NGOs for offline coaching Digital Tutoring Competitive Exam Prep Partnerships with Ex-Navodayan Foundation & PACE IIT & Medical iHUB DivyaSampark (IIT Roorkee) STEM Exposure Hands-on science & tech experience centres DTH Channel (CIET–NCERT) Remote Learning Broadcasts content for Classes 9–12 Smart Classrooms (ERNET–MeitY) Digital Learning Infrastructure Wi-Fi enabled, multimedia learning Skill Labs (PMKVY 4.0) Vocational Training SANKALP Project + CBSE Skill Labs Amazon Future Engineers Coding & CS Education 178 teachers trained from 187 EMRSs Atal Tinkering Labs Innovation Ecosystem 26 labs with AI kits, 3D printers, robotics TALASH Programme Career Counseling Tribal Aptitude, Life Skill, and Self-Esteem Hub for guidance Governance & Financials Metric Data (2025) Functional Schools 485 Total Sanctioned 722 Funds Released (2024–25) ₹6,841.8 crore Students Enrolled 1,38,336 Hostel Infrastructure 100% free residential schooling Education Pattern CBSE-based; integration of vocational + digital learning Policy Impact Bridging Educational Divide: Rural–urban and social gaps narrowed in access to elite institutions (IITs, AIIMS, etc.). Women’s Empowerment: Increasing participation of tribal girls in STEM and medicine. Social Mobility: First-generation learners entering India’s top institutions. Localized Development: Schools located in or near tribal belts — reducing dropout and migration. Nation-building Impact: From welfare model to capability model — aligning with “Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas”. Challenges Faculty Shortage: Remote postings lead to uneven teacher distribution. Regional Disparities: Some NE states lag in EMRS functioning. Language Barriers: Medium of instruction transition (tribal → English/CBSE) remains difficult. Limited Awareness: Families often unaware of opportunities beyond Class 10–12. Infrastructure Gaps: Connectivity and digital access in high-altitude or forest regions. Way Forward Teacher Capacity Building: Incentivize postings + digital mentorship network. Outcome-Based Monitoring: Annual JEE/NEET/CBSE tracking via NESTS dashboard. Localized Coaching Partnerships: Expand NGOs & EdTech tie-ups for exam prep. Gender-Focused Support: Scholarship schemes for tribal girls in STEM. Integration with NEP 2020: Introduce multidisciplinary learning & regional language modules. Career Continuity: Create EMRS Alumni Network & mentorship with IIT/NIT/STEM graduates. Key Facts EMRS Scheme: Started 1997–98; major expansion in Union Budget 2018–19. Target Coverage: Every block with >50% ST population & ≥20,000 tribal persons. Funding Source: Grants under Article 275(1) of the Constitution. Nodal Agency: Ministry of Tribal Affairs via NESTS. Education Board: CBSE. Current Functional Schools: 485 (as of July 2025). Top-performing State (2025): Gujarat (173 NEET qualifiers). First-time achievement: EMRS students now in IITs, AIIMS, and top NITs. Conclusion The success of EMRS students — from 2 to 597 achievers in just three years — represents a quiet revolution in tribal education. It marks a shift from access to excellence, proving that when constitutional intent (Articles 46 & 275) meets institutional innovation (EMRS & NESTS), social equity becomes achievable. EMRS has evolved from a welfare instrument to a platform for empowerment, setting the foundation for inclusive nation-building through education.

Nov 13, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 November 2025

Content Inter-State rivalry that is fuelling India’s growth Fine-tune the AI labelling regulations framework Inter-State rivalry that is fuelling India’s growth Why in News ? Google announced its largest AI data centre outside California in Andhra Pradesh (Visakhapatnam). Triggered political reactions in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, showcasing intense inter-State competition for global tech investment. Marks a shift from Centre-driven patronage to State-led economic federalism. Relevance GS 2 – Governance, Federalism Centre–State relations, cooperative and competitive federalism, devolution of powers. GS 3 – Economy Investment climate, infrastructure growth, FDI policy, industrial reforms. Practice Question Discuss how competitive federalism has transformed India’s investment landscape in the post-liberalisation era. Illustrate with recent examples.(250 Words) Historical Context: Centralised Control (Pre-1991) Planned Economy & License Raj: Industrial decisions—what, how much, and where to produce—were made in New Delhi. States vied for favour, not for investors; bureaucrats, not markets, allocated capital. Political patronage > Economic efficiency, creating distorted industrial geography. Liberalisation (1991) and the Shift in Power Economic Reforms (1991): Abolished licensing, opened trade & FDI, decentralised economic authority. Power shift from Centre → States, enabling them to design investor-friendly policies. Initially slow: State bureaucracies retained a “control mindset”. Rise of Competitive Federalism (Post-2014) Definition: Healthy inter-State rivalry to attract investment, jobs, and innovation through governance, not lobbying. Key Enablers: Ease of Doing Business rankings (DPIIT). Start-up, Export Readiness, Logistics Index assessments by Centre. Digitalisation and fiscal autonomy post-GST. Case Studies: State-Level Investment Competition Andhra Pradesh: Secured Google AI Data Centre; high EoDB ranking, port infrastructure. Gujarat: Won Foxconn–Vedanta semiconductor project through policy clarity. Tamil Nadu vs Telangana: Competing EV manufacturing hubs. Uttar Pradesh: Emerging electronics hub in Noida under UP Electronics Policy. Global Comparisons United States: 200+ cities competed for Amazon HQ2; improved governance and urban planning. Germany (Bavaria): Innovation-led growth via proactive State policy. Australia & Canada: Subnational competition in clean energy, education, and technology sectors. Lesson: Decentralised competition spurs efficiency and innovation. Benefits of Competitive Federalism Economic Efficiency: States innovate to reduce red tape and boost infrastructure. Governance Reforms: Best practices diffuse quickly—single-window clearances, EV policies, digital facilitation. Skill & Employment: Industrial rivalry drives local job creation and skill development. Regional Balance: Reduces over-dependence on a few industrial States. National Advantage: Each State’s success strengthens India’s collective competitiveness (“India competes globally through its States”). Risks & Challenges Subsidy Race: Fiscal strain from excessive incentives or land giveaways. Environmental Oversights: Race for industrialisation may neglect sustainability. Uneven Capacity: Not all States possess equal institutional readiness or governance capacity. The New Federal Compact From Patronage to Persuasion: States pitch directly to global investors, not to Delhi. Mindset Change: Growth through data, governance, and credibility, not concessions. Outcome: Emergence of a “federation of opportunity” — multiple growth poles (Andhra–Tamil Nadu–Gujarat–UP). Way Forward Compete through Competence, not Concessions. Build human capital, legal predictability, and logistics networks. Strengthen Centre’s role as facilitator (incentive-linked rankings, fiscal incentives). Encourage regional partnerships (e.g., southern tech corridor). Conclusion India’s evolving competitive federalism marks a paradigm shift—from Delhi’s patronage to State-led persuasion, where economic performance, policy credibility, and institutional innovation decide the winners. Each State that attracts global investment doesn’t just grow individually—it strengthens India’s global economic standing. Fine-tune the AI labelling regulations framework Why in News? The government proposed draft amendments to the IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 to mandate labelling of AI-generated or synthetic media. Triggered by AI deepfake misuse, such as a fake video of FM Nirmala Sitharaman endorsing a fraudulent investment scheme that caused a ₹66 lakh loss to a citizen. Relevance GS 3 – Internal Security, Cybersecurity, Technology & Governance Tackling misinformation and fraud via deepfakes. Balancing innovation with ethical AI governance. Role of IT Act and intermediary liability in regulating digital platforms. Cyber ethics, privacy, and responsible AI use in India. Practice Question Critically examine the challenges in regulating AI-generated synthetic media in India. How do the proposed IT Rules 2021 amendments address these issues?(250 Words) Background and Context AI Deepfakes Surge: Rapid proliferation of near-real synthetic videos, audios, and images due to generative AI tools. Public Harm: Used for misinformation, fraud, and reputation damage — eroding trust in digital content. Government Response: Earlier believed existing IT Rules were sufficient; now introducing explicit labelling mandates for synthetic media. Stakeholders: Ministry of Electronics & IT, major SSMIs (Meta, YouTube, X), and civil society groups. Key Provisions of Draft Rules Mandatory Labelling: Platforms must clearly mark synthetic/AI-generated media. Label to cover ≥10% of visual area in videos. Label to appear for ≥10% of duration in audios. Responsibility: Applies to Significant Social Media Intermediaries (SSMIs) – Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, X, etc. User Disclosure: Users creating AI-generated content must declare it while uploading. Verification: Platforms to deploy AI tools to verify user declarations. Core Issues & Ambiguities Broad Definition Problem: “Synthetic media” covers both harmless and harmful content — needs clarity. Mixed Media Confusion: Difficulty in labelling hybrid content (real visuals + cloned audio). Ineffective Labels: 3-second or small-font disclaimers may fail to alert users. Non-future-proof Rules: Fixed “10% rule” may not adapt to evolving AI tech. Unreliable Watermarks: Easily removable; not a foolproof authenticity marker. Proposed Improvements Tiered Labelling System: Fully AI-generated (entirely synthetic) AI-assisted (minor AI edits or enhancements) AI-altered (real base with AI modification) Graded Compliance: Larger creators (above follower threshold) = mandatory disclosure. Smaller creators = voluntary self-labelling. Independent Verification: Inclusion of third-party auditors or fact-checking bodies. Cross-platform collaboration using C2PA (Content Provenance & Authenticity) standards. Implementation Challenges Technology Gap: Detection tools are less advanced than AI-generation tools. Platform Failure: Audit by Indicator (2024) showed only 30% of AI posts were labelled; Google and Meta failed to tag their own AI outputs. Training & Accuracy: Current AI detection models lack diverse datasets and regional adaptability (e.g., Indian languages, faces). Creator Resistance: Many fear overregulation or loss of creative flexibility. Global Parallels EU AI Act: Mandates transparency and risk classification for generative AI outputs. U.S. Initiatives: Voluntary watermarking frameworks led by companies like OpenAI and Adobe. China: Requires prior government approval and source disclosure for AI-generated content. Way Forward Principle-based, Tech-neutral Regulation: Avoid fixed numeric prescriptions. AI-labelling Standards: Unified global metadata and watermarking protocols. Cross-Stakeholder Collaboration: Platforms + government + auditors + researchers. Public Literacy: Campaigns on AI misinformation and media discernment. Accountability Mechanisms: Penalties for fraudulent use of synthetic media. Significance Protects Information Integrity: Ensures citizens can trust digital media. Balances Innovation and Regulation: Maintains creative freedom while curbing misuse. Strengthens Cyber Governance: Aligns with Digital India & Safe Internet missions. Enhances India’s Global Credibility: Positions India as a responsible AI regulator.

Nov 13, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 November 2025

Content All High Courts must disclose time taken by judges to deliver verdicts: Supreme Court Three out of four Indians believe climate change is affecting them: Pew Survey Why India’s road safety system keeps failing: Supreme Court flags structural flaws Union Cabinet clears new royalty rates for critical minerals India ranks 9th worst-affected by extreme weather in Climate Risk Index 2026 India’s TB incidence falls by 21%: WHO Global TB Report 2025 India–Botswana sign cheetah translocation pact under Project Cheetah All HCs should upload details of time taken by judges to deliver verdicts: SC Why in News? The Supreme Court directed all High Courts to publicly disclose data on how long judges take to pronounce verdicts after hearings are reserved. The order arose during a plea by four life convicts (ST/OBC) whose appeals were pending before the Jharkhand High Court for over 2–3 years after being reserved for judgment. Relevance GS 2 – Polity & Governance Separation of powers, judicial accountability, transparency in institutions. Right to speedy trial and constitutional morality. GS 4 – Ethics Ethical governance, accountability of public functionaries, performance integrity in institutions. Judicial Delays in Pronouncing Verdicts No statutory timeline: Neither the Constitution nor procedural laws fix a specific deadline for delivering judgments. Conventionally, judgments should be pronounced within 2–6 months after being reserved. Ground reality: Many High Courts and even the Supreme Court often delay judgments beyond a year. Reasons include heavy caseload, complexity of cases, or judicial transfers/retirements. Supreme Court’s Observations (Bench: Justices Surya Kant & Joymalya Bagchi) Judicial transparency must extend beyond case listings and hearings to the timeliness of judgments. Directed High Courts to: Publish data on: Number of reserved judgments. Average time taken to pronounce them. Date of pronouncement and upload on court websites. Purpose: Ensure accountability, efficiency, and public confidence in judicial functioning. Justice Surya Kant (CJI-designate) emphasised: “Let everybody know how many judgments have been reserved and pronounced by each judge.” Legal and Institutional Context Article 21 – Right to Speedy Justice: Delay in judgment delivery violates the constitutional guarantee of a fair and timely trial. Supreme Court in Anil Rai v. State of Bihar (2001) held that judgments must ordinarily be delivered within six months of being reserved. Judicial Accountability: A critical element of judicial ethics and transparency, central to good governance and public trust. Article 235: Empowers High Courts to oversee judicial administration — including discipline, efficiency, and performance of subordinate judges. Causes Behind Delay in Verdict Pronouncements Caseload Pressure: India’s courts handle over 4.5 crore pending cases (as of 2025). Limited Bench Strength: Chronic vacancies in High Courts (~25–30% unfilled). Complexity of Cases: Constitutional and commercial matters demand extensive reasoning. Administrative Burdens: Judges also manage non-judicial tasks (rosters, transfers, committees). Lack of Monitoring Mechanisms: No uniform data tracking on reserved or pending judgments. Implications of the Supreme Court’s Direction Transparency Boost: Public access to judgment timelines enhances judicial credibility. Enables performance assessment of judges. Institutional Accountability: Encourages High Courts to streamline case management and reduce pendency. Public Trust: Citizens gain visibility into how efficiently justice is being delivered. Systemic Reform Precedent: May lead to formal judicial performance metrics and National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) integration. Challenges Ahead Implementation: Courts need standardised reporting formats and regular updating of websites. Resource Gaps: IT infrastructure and manpower in smaller High Courts remain limited. Judicial Independence Concerns: Performance tracking must not compromise judicial autonomy or create “league tables” of judges. Data Accuracy: Risk of inconsistent reporting unless centrally monitored (e.g., by e-Committee of Supreme Court). Way Forward Codify Timelines: Institutionalise a maximum 6-month limit post-reservation, as per Anil Rai guidelines. Integrate with NJDG: Real-time data on reserved and pronounced judgments. Judicial Training: Capacity building in case management and judgment writing. Periodic Audits: Conduct performance audits via High Court registries. Balance Transparency with Independence: Ensure accountability without public shaming of individual judges. Significance Reinforces Article 21’s guarantee of speedy justice. Advances judicial reform through transparency — a step toward citizen-centric governance. Strengthens public confidence in the judiciary, making it more accountable and data-driven. Three out of four Indians believe climate change is affecting them Why in News? A Pew Research Center survey (Jan–Apr 2025) covering nine middle-income countries found that Indians show the highest willingness globally to make lifestyle changes to counter climate change, with consistently high concern across age groups and strong faith in international climate action. Relevance GS 3 – Environment & Climate Change Public participation in climate action; behavioural adaptation to environmental challenges; LiFE Mission. GS 2 – Governance / International Relations Role of public perception in policy success; global cooperation on sustainable development. Survey Overview Countries surveyed: Argentina, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, South Africa, Turkey. Objective: To gauge public perception of climate change, willingness for behavioural change, and trust in global action. Period: January 8 – April 21, 2025. Key Findings for India Uniform Willingness Across Age Groups: Over 75% of Indians across all age groups (18–34, 35–49, 50+) were ready to make “a lot” or “some” lifestyle changes. Contrasts with other nations where older groups showed much lower willingness. Perception vs. Action Gap Narrow: Even among those who said their area isn’t affected by climate change, ~35% were willing to make major changes — 2nd highest globally. Indicates moral and preventive motivation, not just reactive concern. Optimism About Global Action: Over 70% of Indians believe international measures will significantly reduce climate impacts. Reflects trust in multilateral frameworks like UNFCCC, COP processes, and global technology transfer. Top Environmental Concerns (2025): Drought – Most cited (over 40%), though declining since 2015. Heatwaves – Rising sharply to 26%, showing growing awareness of temperature anomalies. Other concerns: erratic rainfall, flooding, crop losses. Comparative Global Insights Other middle-income countries show age and perception divides: Older populations in Brazil, Turkey, and South Africa are less willing to alter habits. Those not directly affected by climate change are less motivated to act. India thus stands out for broad-based climate consciousness, across age, geography, and experience. Reasons Behind India’s High Willingness Lived Experience of Climate Stress: Recurring droughts, erratic monsoons, and heatwaves make climate impacts visible. Cultural and Community Ethics: Traditions of “sustainable living” and “collective responsibility”. Media & Government Campaigns: Initiatives like LiFE Mission (Lifestyle for Environment), Swachh Bharat, and Mission Amrit Dharohar promoting behavioural change. Public Trust in Collective Solutions: India’s leadership role in ISA, COP30 commitments, and green tech diplomacy enhances faith in global cooperation. Implications Policy Leverage: Strong domestic willingness can accelerate adoption of energy-efficient technologies, public transport, and renewables. Behavioural Economics Perspective: Public readiness opens pathways for incentive-driven environmental policies. Global Soft Power: India’s proactive citizen response enhances its credibility in global climate negotiations. Concerns and Gaps Awareness ≠ Action: Translating intent into sustained behavioural change remains a challenge. Socioeconomic Divide: Willingness may not translate into practice among low-income groups due to cost barriers. Data Reliability: Self-reported willingness may not fully reflect ground-level behavioural adaptation. Way Forward Policy Integration: Embed LiFE mission outcomes in education, urban planning, and industry codes. Behavioural Nudges: Use choice architecture — subsidies, rewards, carbon points — to sustain eco-friendly habits. Community-Based Adaptation: Strengthen local resilience projects (water harvesting, agroforestry). Public-Private Collaboration: Scale up citizen-led sustainability initiatives. Significance Demonstrates India’s citizen-level climate consciousness, crucial for meeting Net Zero 2070 targets. Shows that climate action is becoming democratised — beyond government policy to everyday life. Reinforces India’s moral leadership in climate negotiations — linking personal responsibility to planetary outcomes. Why does India’s road safety system keep failing? Why in News? On November 10, 2025, the Supreme Court took suo motu cognisance of two major road accidents in Phalodi (Rajasthan) and NH-163 (Telangana), killing 33 people. The Court highlighted India’s recurrent road safety failures, despite years of policy efforts. India recorded over 1.7 lakh road deaths in 2023, reaffirming its status as the world’s deadliest road network. The Magnitude of the Problem 1.7 lakh fatalities and 4.4 lakh injuries (2023) – among the highest globally (NCRB 2024). India accounts for ~10% of global road deaths, though it has only 1% of the world’s vehicles. Crashes kill more Indians annually than major diseases like TB or AIDS. Licensing & Training Failures Systemic Weakness: Licensing treated as an administrative formality, not a safety filter. Untrained drivers can easily obtain licences through brokers or corrupt channels. No standardised driver training: Commercial drivers lack structured, scientific instruction in vehicle control, fatigue management, or hazard perception. Post-licence negligence: No periodic skill or health reassessment. Fatigued, visually impaired, or ill drivers operate heavy vehicles unchecked. Reform Imperative: Implement mandatory simulator-based and certified driver training. Create a national digital licence registry linking training history and penalties. Enforcement Deficit Core causes: Speeding, overloading, lane indiscipline, drunk driving. Policing weaknesses: Manual enforcement—inconsistent, corrupt, and resource-poor. Limited use of automated systems (ANPR, speed cameras, e-challans). Weak data integration—violations rarely result in penalty recovery. Judicial push: Supreme Court has directed States to adopt electronic enforcement standards, but compliance is patchy. Way Forward: Full deployment of ITMS (Integrated Traffic Management Systems). AI-based monitoring of speeding and lane behaviour. Infrastructure Deficiencies Unsafe road design: Outdated engineering prioritised speed over safety. Poorly banked curves, missing barriers, blind intersections, and poor illumination are common. Unforgiving roads: Even minor driver errors result in fatalities due to hazardous road conditions. Maintenance & planning failures: Broken medians, unmarked construction zones, and encroachments increase risk. Pedestrian neglect: 13% of all fatalities are pedestrians; sidewalks and crossings are rare or encroached. Best-practice model: Zero Fatality Corridor (ZFC) – Mumbai–Pune Expressway: Data-driven design + enforcement + trauma response cut crash deaths by 50%. Post-Crash Trauma Care Golden Hour Problem: Survival often depends on care in the first hour, not the impact. Ambulance disparity: Rural India faces delays >1 hour; even cities lack trained paramedics. Facility gaps: Local hospitals often lack trauma specialists, blood banks, and resuscitation gear. Legal proposal: A Right to Trauma Care Law could mandate: Time-bound emergency response standards, Coordinated trauma networks, Accountability for delay or denial of care. Model Initiatives: SaveLIFE Foundation’s Emergency Response Model, Tamil Nadu’s 108 Ambulance Network. Structural Problem – Siloed Governance Fragmentation: Licensing (Transport Ministry), infrastructure (MoRTH/NHAI), trauma care (Health Ministry) operate separately. Lack of coordination: Road safety needs a unified command—linking engineering, enforcement, and emergency care. Institutional reform: Empower National Road Safety Board (NRSB) as an apex body for integrated policy and monitoring. Root Causes Administrative apathy and fragmented accountability. Weak data culture — poor crash investigation and absence of real-time analytics. Over-prioritisation of speed and throughput over human life. Low civic discipline and lack of public awareness on road ethics. Way Forward Systemic Integration: Unified command for transport, police, and health. Design Safety First: Adopt global Safe System Approach — roads built to absorb human error. Evidence-based Engineering: Replicate Zero Fatality Corridor model nationwide. Professional Training: Mandatory driver certification; AI-based licensing tests. Right to Trauma Care: Legal framework for emergency response time. Public Awareness: National behaviour-change campaigns under Sadak Suraksha Abhiyan. Significance Road safety is both a public health and governance challenge. Preventing crashes aligns with SDG 3.6 (reduce road injuries and deaths by 50% by 2030). A transparent, accountable safety ecosystem enhances India’s human capital productivity and global road safety ranking. Rationalisation of Royalty Rates for Critical Minerals Why in News ? The Union Cabinet approved new royalty rates for critical minerals — graphite, caesium, rubidium, and zirconium — to promote auction and domestic mining of these strategically vital resources essential for EVs, semiconductors, and renewable energy technologies. Relevance : GS 3 – Economy / Science & Tech / Environment Critical Mineral Security and Supply Chains Government Policies for Mineral Development Sustainable Mining and Resource Efficiency Background Critical minerals are those essential for economic and national security but with high supply chain vulnerability due to import dependence. India currently imports many such minerals, especially from China and Africa, leading to strategic risks. The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 empowers the government to fix royalty rates. New Royalty Structure (Approved by Cabinet, Nov 2025) Mineral Previous Royalty Basis New Royalty Rate Rationale Graphite (<80% carbon) Per tonne basis 4% of Average Sale Price (Ad valorem) Encourages transparency and revenue alignment with market price Graphite (≥80% carbon) Per tonne basis 2% of Average Sale Price Supports high-quality domestic production Caesium Not previously specified 2% of Average Sale Price (based on contained metal) Promotes exploration; essential for atomic clocks, oil drilling fluids Rubidium Not previously specified 2% of Average Sale Price (contained metal) Used in electronics, photoelectric cells Zirconium Not previously specified 1% of Average Sale Price Used in nuclear reactors, ceramics, alloys Significance Facilitates Auctions: Enables transparent and predictable bidding for new mineral blocks under the auction regime. Promotes Domestic Production: Reduces import dependency in critical sectors like electronics, defence, clean energy. Boosts ‘Critical Mineral Mission’: Supports India’s efforts under the National Critical Minerals Strategy (2023). Investor Confidence: Ad valorem basis ensures royalty linked to actual market value, not fixed rates, improving fairness. Challenges Limited Exploration: Geological Survey of India (GSI) data indicates India’s limited reserves for rubidium and caesium. Environmental Clearances: Mining of rare minerals often faces regulatory and ecological hurdles. Supply Chain Integration: Domestic extraction must be matched by refining and processing capacity. Global Context India is aligning with global efforts by countries like Australia, the U.S., and Japan, which are building critical mineral supply alliances to reduce dependence on China. The India-Australia Critical Minerals Investment Partnership (2023) aims to secure key inputs for energy transition technologies. Way Forward Expand exploration under NMET (National Mineral Exploration Trust). Encourage public–private partnerships in critical mineral value chains. Integrate with PLI schemes for EV batteries and electronics to create end-use demand. Strengthen recycling and circular economy for rare minerals. India Ranks 9th Worst-Affected by Extreme Weather — Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2026 Why in News: The Climate Risk Index (CRI) 2026 by Germanwatch (released at COP30, Belém, Brazil) ranked India 9th among countries most affected by extreme weather events between 1995–2024, highlighting the rising human and economic toll of climate change. Relevance : GS 3 – Environment, Disaster Management, Climate Change Climate Change Impacts on India Global Climate Reports (Germanwatch CRI) Adaptation & Resilience Strategies Loss and Damage Fund at COP30 Key Findings (Global) Period Covered: 1995–2024 Extreme Events: 9,700+ globally Deaths: 832,000+ people Affected Population: ~5.7 billion Economic Losses: $4.5 trillion (inflation-adjusted) Top Affected Countries: Haiti, Philippines, Pakistan, Myanmar, Mozambique, Puerto Rico, Bangladesh, Thailand, India (9th) India-Specific Impacts Recurring Disasters: Floods, cyclones, droughts, and increasingly severe heatwaves. Regional Concentration: Floods & Cyclones: East Coast (Odisha, WB, Andhra Pradesh) Droughts: Central and Western India Heatwaves: Indo-Gangetic Plains, Rajasthan, Delhi, Maharashtra Economic Cost: Crop losses, infrastructure damage, energy demand spikes, and displacement. Recovery Gap: Frequent events occur before full recovery, especially in vulnerable regions. About Germanwatch & CRI Germanwatch: Bonn-based NGO advocating global equity and climate justice. CRI Objective: Quantifies the impact of extreme weather using mortality, GDP loss, and affected population. Highlights loss and damage suffered by developing countries to push for climate finance and adaptation support. Significance Reinforces that developing nations, though least responsible for emissions, bear the highest adaptation burden. Strengthens the case for Loss and Damage Fund operationalisation at COP30. India’s ranking signals urgent need for climate-resilient infrastructure and early warning systems. Challenges for India Inadequate adaptation financing and local resilience mechanisms. Urban heat islands intensifying heatwaves. Agricultural vulnerability — monsoon variability impacting yields. Poor coordination in disaster risk management and relocation. Policy & Institutional Response National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC, 2008) – Mission-mode approach (Solar, Water, Green India, Sustainable Agriculture). State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs) – local adaptation. Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) – India-led global initiative. Loss and Damage Fund (COP28–COP30) – under operationalisation; India a key voice for developing countries. Way Forward Integrate climate risk assessment into planning and budgeting. Enhance heatwave and flood early-warning systems. Expand climate insurance for farmers and coastal communities. Prioritise resilient urban design and nature-based solutions. India’s TB Incidence Falls by 21% — WHO Global TB Report 2025 Why in News: The WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2025 highlighted that India’s TB incidence declined by 21% (2015–2024) — from 237 cases per lakh to 187 per lakh, nearly double the global rate of decline (12%). This marks one of the steepest reductions globally among high-burden nations. Relevance : GS 2 – Health, Governance, Social Justice Government Schemes (TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan) Public Health Infrastructure & Disease Control SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being Role of WHO Reports in Policy Evaluation Key Data & Achievements TB Incidence: 2015 → 237 per lakh 2024 → 187 per lakh (↓21%) Global Decline: 12% (India nearly double). Treatment Coverage: 2015 → 53% 2024 → 92%, with 26.18 lakh patients diagnosed (of estimated 27 lakh). “Missing Cases” Reduced: 2015 → ~15 lakh 2024 → <1 lakh (remarkable detection efficiency). TB Mortality: 2015 → 28 per lakh 2024 → 21 per lakh (↓25%). Treatment Success Rate: India: 90% Global Average: 88%. MDR-TB: No significant rise reported. India’s Interventions & Innovations TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (launched Dec 2024): Screened 19 crore vulnerable individuals. Detected 24.5 lakh TB cases, including 8.6 lakh asymptomatic. Innovative Measures: Digital surveillance (Ni-kshay portal) for real-time case tracking. Decentralised diagnostics: Expanded use of GeneXpert, TrueNat, and AI-driven X-ray screening. Community-based screening & awareness drives through NGOs and ASHA networks. Nutrition support under Nikshay Poshan Yojana. Private sector engagement for early reporting and adherence. Global & Domestic Context Global TB Scenario (WHO): Still one of world’s top infectious killers (~10 million new cases annually). COVID-19 had reversed earlier gains; India’s recovery outpaced global trends post-2021. India’s Goal: Eliminate TB by 2025 (five years ahead of global SDG target of 2030). Supported by National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) under MoHFW. Challenges Ahead Rural & marginalised populations — under-detection and undernutrition-linked vulnerability. MDR-TB management — high treatment cost and adherence issues. Stigma and delayed health-seeking behaviour. Sustainability of screening and nutritional support schemes. Significance Demonstrates India’s public health success through technology, decentralisation, and mass mobilisation. Strengthens India’s case as a global model for community-driven infectious disease control. Highlights importance of synergising health, nutrition, and digital governance. Way Forward Consolidate TB Mukt Bharat gains with stronger primary healthcare integration. Scale up preventive therapy for household contacts. Intensify research on TB vaccines (e.g., BCG replacement candidates). Strengthen nutrition and social protection for TB-prone groups. India–Botswana Cheetah Translocation Pact Why in News: On November 12, 2025, India and Botswana formally announced a cheetah translocation pact, under which eight cheetahs will be relocated from Botswana to India as part of Project Cheetah. The agreement was finalised during President Droupadi Murmu’s state visit to Botswana, marking a significant milestone in India–Africa conservation diplomacy. Relevance GS 3 – Environment & Biodiversity Project Cheetah and Wildlife Conservation Biodiversity Diplomacy and International Cooperation India–Africa Partnership in Sustainable Development GS 2 – International Relations India–Botswana Bilateral Relations South–South Cooperation and Global South Leadership Key Highlights Agreement Signed: Between India and Botswana to translocate eight cheetahs to India. Symbolic Handover: Botswana President Mokgweetsi Duma Boko symbolically handed over the big cats to President Murmu in Gaborone, the capital. Timeline: The cheetahs will arrive in India after undergoing quarantine procedures, likely within a few months. Destination: To be relocated to an Indian wildlife reserve under Project Cheetah, expanding the genetic diversity of India’s cheetah population. Significance for Botswana Biodiversity Diplomacy: Enhances Botswana’s role as a key conservation partner in Africa. Legacy of Success: Botswana hosts one of the world’s largest wild cheetah populations (~2,000–2,500), known for robust conservation policies. Strategic Soft Power: By partnering with India, Botswana strengthens its global image in wildlife management, eco-tourism, and sustainable conservation. Economic Angle: India is a major trading partner, especially in diamonds, with potential expansion in renewable energy and digital cooperation. Political Context: Reaffirms Botswana’s commitment to South–South cooperation and India–Africa strategic ties beyond trade. India–Botswana Cooperation Focus Areas: Agriculture & renewable energy Health, education & digital development Defence & affordable housing Climate and biodiversity action Diplomatic Milestone: The pact follows the signing of a Protocol on Foreign Office Consultations to institutionalise dialogue. Upcoming Plans: Establishment of Indian diplomatic mission in Botswana by 2026. Project Cheetah Context Objective: Reintroduce the Asiatic cheetah’s ecological role using African cheetahs. Launched: 2022, under the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA). Current Source Countries: Namibia (2022), South Africa (2023), now Botswana (2025) — expanding the African cooperation network. Previous Success: 20 cheetahs already relocated to Kuno National Park (Madhya Pradesh); births of cubs mark early success. Challenge: Mortality due to adaptation stress and prey limitation; new genetic stock aims to stabilise the population. Strategic and Diplomatic Relevance India’s Broader Africa Policy: Strengthens India–Africa partnership in line with the India–Africa Forum Summit objectives. Positions India as a conservation leader in the Global South. Promotes science-led ecological diplomacy. Soft Power & Development Diplomacy: Symbolic of India’s model of cooperative sustainability, not extractive engagement. Way Forward Ensure ecological suitability and prey base in release sites. Strengthen India–Botswana scientific collaboration on wildlife genetics and disease control. Build joint eco-tourism and conservation technology platforms. Establish long-term monitoring using radio collars and satellite data.

Nov 12, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 November 2025

Content Redefining India’s Highways From Urban Hubs to Rural Heartlands Redefining India’s Highways Why in News ? India is undergoing a digital transformation of its National Highway infrastructure, integrating smart technologies, real-time data systems, and sustainable practices. Key new initiatives: Rajmargyatra App for citizen-centric highway management. NHAI One app for internal digital governance. Launch of Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) tolling. Integration of GIS & PM Gati Shakti for planning. Strengthened Green Highways Mission and sustainability initiatives. Relevance GS 3 (Infrastructure & Economy): Expansion and modernization of road infrastructure; logistics efficiency; economic impact of highway development. GS 3 (Science & Technology): Use of AI, GIS, IoT, and RFID in transport governance (digital tolling, MLFF, ATMS, V2X). GS 2 (Governance): E-governance initiatives (Rajmargyatra App, NHAI One), citizen-centric delivery, transparency, and accountability mechanisms. Context and Scale India’s total road network (March 2025): 63 lakh km (2nd largest globally). National Highways (NHs): 1.46 lakh km (up ~60% since 2013–14, from 91,287 km). 54,917 km of NHs added between 2014–2025 — reflecting physical expansion and digital modernization. Digital transformation adopted across all phases of highway lifecycle: Planning → DPR → Construction → Maintenance → Tolling → Monitoring. Digital Tolling Revolution a) FASTag & NETC System Implemented by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) under National Electronic Toll Collection (NETC) framework. RFID-based FASTag: Enables automatic toll deduction. Penetration: ~98%; Users: 8+ crore. FASTag Annual Pass: ₹3,000 for non-commercial vehicles (1-year validity / 200 toll crossings). Activated via Rajmargyatra/NHAI website. 25 lakh+ users, 5.67 crore transactions in two months post-launch (Aug–Oct 2025). b) Revised Tolling Rules (Nov 2025) Non-FASTag vehicles: Double fee. UPI users: 1.25× fee. Objective: promote digital tolling, reduce congestion, increase transparency. c) Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) Tolling Launched (Aug 2025) at Choryasi Fee Plaza, NH-48, Gujarat. Barrier-free, camera- and RFID-based tolling system. Enables toll deduction without stopping; reduces fuel, time, and emissions. Rajmargyatra App — Citizen-Centric Highway Interface Developed by Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH). Functions: Real-time info on highways, toll plazas, nearby facilities (fuel, hospitals, EV chargers, weather). Integrated with FASTag for toll payments. Complaint system: Geo-tagged photo/video uploads for issues like potholes, safety hazards. Features: multilingual support, speed alerts, voice assistance. Performance: 15+ lakh downloads; 4.5★ rating. Ranked #23 overall and #2 in travel category (Play Store). Top government app post FASTag Annual Pass integration. NHAI One — Internal Digital Backbone Integrates 5 core operations: Field Staff Attendance Highway Maintenance Road Safety Audits Toilet Maintenance Daily Construction Audits (RFIs) Stakeholders: Regional Officers, Project Directors, engineers, auditors, contractors. Features: geo-tagging, time-stamping, and real-time reporting. Objective: enhance accountability, streamline workflows, bridge gap between execution and public service delivery. GIS & PM Gati Shakti Integration PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (NMP): digital platform for integrated infrastructure planning. GIS-based NMP Portal: 550+ data layers — economic, environmental, logistical. All 1.46 lakh km NHs mapped and validated on the portal. Impact: faster clearances, efficient alignment, reduced project delays, and ecosystem-friendly planning. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) a) Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) Enables real-time monitoring, incident detection, automated enforcement. Deployed on major expressways: Delhi–Meerut, Trans-Haryana, Eastern Peripheral, Bengaluru–Mysore. Impact: Significant drop in accidents post-ATMS adoption (e.g., Bengaluru–Mysore, July 2024). b) Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Ecosystem Future integration of vehicle, infrastructure, and communication networks for predictive traffic management. c) Smart Transparency Initiatives Project Information Sign Boards with QR codes for project details and amenities. Network Survey Vehicles (NSVs) with 3D laser systems, 360° cameras, deployed across 23 states, covering 20,933 km, to detect defects automatically. Green & Sustainable Highways a) Green Highways Mission (2015 Policy) Goals: reduce pollution, control erosion, generate jobs, beautify corridors. Tree plantation: 56 lakh (2023–24) + 67.47 lakh (2024–25) = 4.69 crore trees total since inception. b) Water Body Restoration (Mission Amrit Sarovar, 2022) 467 water bodies developed. Generated 2.4 crore m³ soil for road use → ₹16,690 crore cost saving. c) Use of Recycled Materials 631 lakh metric tonnes of fly ash, plastic waste, and reclaimed asphalt used (2023–24). Promotes circular economy and eco-friendly construction. Strategic and Developmental Significance Economic: reduces logistics cost (~13–14% of GDP) by improving efficiency. Governance: enhances transparency, accountability, and real-time monitoring. Environmental: integrates green, sustainable practices and emission reduction. Technological: integrates GIS, IoT, AI, RFID — core of India’s Digital Infrastructure Mission. Citizen-centric: Rajmargyatra app empowers commuters; grievance redressal + safety tools. Global Positioning: aligns with India’s G20 infrastructure agenda and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure). Challenges Ahead Digital divide and interoperability of tech systems. Data privacy and cybersecurity in highway digitization. Maintenance of digital and physical infrastructure simultaneously. Funding for MLFF nationwide rollout and ITS expansion. Conclusion India’s highways are transitioning from physical assets to smart, data-driven ecosystems — blending infrastructure, intelligence, and inclusivity. The integration of digital tolling, GIS planning, ATMS, and sustainability missions redefines mobility governance and sets the foundation for a connected, climate-conscious, and citizen-responsive transport future. From Urban Hubs to Rural Heartlands Why in News ? The Government of India announced expansion and digital transformation of KVS & NVS institutions to further educational equity and NEP 2020 goals. Key recent approvals: 57 new Kendriya Vidyalayas (2025–2034) with ₹5,862.55 crore outlay. 28 new Navodaya Vidyalayas (2024–2029) with ₹2,359.82 crore outlay. Upgradation under PM SHRI: 913 KVs and 620 NVs as model schools implementing NEP 2020. Relevance : GS 2 (Education & Governance): Role of KVS and NVS in delivering equitable quality education; implementation of NEP 2020 and PM SHRI scheme. GS 2 (Social Justice): Bridging rural–urban, gender, and socio-economic divides through inclusive schooling (Balvatika, ECCE, reservations). GS 2 (Government Policies): Evaluation of government flagship programmes — PM SHRI, Balvatika, and ECCE integration within NEP framework. Understanding KVS & NVS Parameter Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS) Established 1963 (from Central Schools Organisation, 1962) 1986 (under National Policy on Education, 1986) Ministry Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India Nature Co-educational, non-residential, CBSE-affiliated schools Fully residential, co-educational, CBSE-affiliated schools Target Group Wards of Central/State Govt. employees, Defence & PSU personnel Talented rural students (75% seats for rural areas) Funding 100% Central Government 100% Central Government Medium English/Hindi Regional language up to Class VIII, then English/Hindi Focus Uniform quality education & national integration Equity, inclusivity, and rural talent development Scale and Reach (as of Oct 2025) KVS: 1,290 functional schools → 13.7 lakh students. NVS: 662 operational schools → 3.1 lakh students. Total Reach: Over 16.5 lakh students nationwide, bridging urban-rural disparities. Evolution & Policy Framework KVS: Started 1963 for mobility of govt. employees’ children; now pan-India with digital & NEP 2020-aligned pedagogy. NVS: Born from NPE 1986 to nurture rural merit; one school per district model. Both follow CBSE + NEP 2020 + National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2023 guidelines. 2025 Expansion & Budgetary Highlights KVS Expansion: 57 new KVs approved with ₹5,862.55 crore for 9 years (2026–2034). ₹2,585.52 crore (Capital) + ₹3,277.03 crore (Operational). NVS Expansion: 28 new NVS approved (2024–29) with ₹2,359.82 crore. ₹1,944.19 crore (Capital) + ₹415.63 crore (Operational). Budget Support (2024–25): NVS: ₹5,370.79 crore Grant-in-Aid; total available funds ₹6,000.83 crore. KVS: Continuous expansion backed by MoE and PM SHRI allocations. Digital Transformation a. KVS 90% schools now have smart classrooms, AI learning tools, and virtual labs. Integrated with DIKSHA for adaptive NEP-aligned content. Focus: hybrid learning, vocational modules, multilingual digital pedagogy. b. NVS 9,417 Smart Classrooms + 312 Digital Language Labs. 311 schools with leased-line internet; rest with broadband. 26,118 desktops across NVs. Supported by PM SHRI and CBSE CSR digital projects. PM SHRI Scheme: Transformative Catalyst Launched: 2022; Outlay: ₹27,360 crore (2022–27). Goal: Upgrade 14,500+ schools as NEP-exemplar institutions. Parameter KVS Impact NVS Impact Upgraded Schools 913 620 Focus Areas Smart classrooms, AI integration, eco-clubs, leadership hubs Innovation labs, cultural integration, rural talent incubation Alignment NEP 2020 – experiential learning, skill orientation NEP 2020 – equity, inclusion, digital literacy Beneficiaries ~10 lakh students ~3 lakh students ECCE & Balvatika Integration ECCE (Early Childhood Care & Education) under NEP 2020 ensures foundational literacy & numeracy by Grade 3. Balvatika Program in KVS: Operational in 505 schools (Balvatika I–III for ages 3–8). 57 new KVs (2025) to include Balvatika from inception (capacity ~13,680). Emphasis on play-based, multilingual, inclusive learning (3% seats for differently-abled). NVS Contribution: Bridges ECCE through remedial foundational programs for rural entrants at Class VI level. Urban–Rural Equity: Comparative Infrastructure Aspect KVS (Urban/Semi-Urban) NVS (Rural/Remote) Infrastructure Focus Smart Classrooms, Language Labs, AI tools Self-contained residential campuses Curriculum Adaptation STEM, AI, Coding, Vocational Labs Multilingual, Contextual Rural Curriculum Accessibility Goal Mobility & uniformity for Govt. employees Equity & opportunity for rural merit NEP 2020 Implementation Both institutions serve as NEP 2020 pilots for school reforms: 5+3+3+4 structure, competency-based assessment, multilingualism, experiential pedagogy, and teacher training. Integration of digital learning, vocational skills, and foundational literacy in curriculum delivery. Significance & Impact Bridging Divides: Urban-rural, linguistic, digital, and socio-economic. Equitable Access: Education for 16.5 lakh+ students across all states/UTs. Digital Equity: Reduced digital divide through ICT and AI in classrooms. National Integration: Inter-state student migration (especially in NVS) builds unity in diversity. Future Readiness: Embeds skills, coding, and AI literacy for India’s demographic dividend. Challenges Teacher shortages, especially in remote NVSs. Maintenance of infrastructure & tech support in rural regions. Bridging gaps between digital readiness of teachers and systems. Ensuring continuity in budgetary flows for expansion and quality enhancement. Way Forward Strengthen teacher capacity-building via digital platforms (NISHTHA 2.0). Expand Balvatika & ECCE coverage to all new KVs and feeder schools to NVS. Deepen AI-driven personalised learning and rural broadband connectivity. Continuous impact audits for PM SHRI upgrades to track NEP 2020 outcomes. Conclusion KVS (1963) and NVS (1986) form India’s twin pillars of educational equity and excellence. 2025 marks a watershed with digital empowerment, institutional expansion, and NEP alignment. Through PM SHRI integration and Balvatika foundations, they exemplify urban efficiency meeting rural empowerment, shaping India’s unified, inclusive education future.

Nov 12, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 November 2025

Content Exploited workers, a labour policy’s empty promises Act of evil Exploited workers, a labour policy’s empty promises Why in News ? The Union Ministry of Labour and Employment has released the draft “Shram Shakti Niti 2025”, projecting it as India’s “future-ready” labour and employment policy for a “Viksit Bharat”. It comes amid rising evidence of forced labour, informalisation, and exploitation in multiple sectors — particularly seafood, textile, and construction — exposing gaps in India’s labour protection regime. India currently houses ~11 million people in modern slavery (ILO 2024) — the highest globally, highlighting the urgency for a just and enforceable labour framework. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance, Social Justice): Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections (workers, informal sector). Role of government policies and interventions in social justice. Constitutional provisions: Articles 14, 15, 19, 21, 41. Labour rights, social security, and gender inclusion. GS 3 (Economy): Employment generation and skill development. Future of work in AI and digital economy. Informalisation and its macroeconomic implications. GS 4 (Ethics): Dignity of labour, just transition, corporate ethics. Practice Question: “Digitalisation of labour welfare without strengthening ground-level enforcement may create a ‘paper paradise’ of rights.” Discuss in light of the Draft Shram Shakti Niti 2025.(250 Words) Context and Ground Reality Investigations reveal rampant exploitation of informal and female labour: Women in seafood processing plants reclassified as “daily wagers” to deny PF/ESI benefits. Wages stagnant despite inflation; long hours, no gloves, no safety standards. ~90% of India’s workforce is informally employed (ILO, 2024). Forced labour, contract fraud, and unsafe conditions persist in: Steel and textile sectors (West/North India) Quarrying and seafood sectors (East/South India) Core Provisions of Draft Shram Shakti Niti 2025 Universal Social Security Account (USSA): Integrates EPFO, ESIC, PM-JAY, e-SHRAM, and state welfare boards into a portable account covering health, pension, maternity, and accident insurance. Draws on Article 41 (Right to work, education, and assistance). AI-driven National Career Service (NCS): Job matching, credential verification, and skill mapping, especially for Tier-II/III cities and MSMEs. Targets 91.75% graduate skill mismatch through integration with Skill India Mission. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH): Enforces Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020. “Near-zero workplace fatalities by 2047” target. Gender-sensitive risk audits aligned with ILO Convention 155. Green Transition & AI Vision: Promotes AI-based safety systems, reskilling coal workers, and climate-aligned jobs under SDG-13 (Climate Action). Labour and Employment Policy Evaluation Index (LEPEI): A digital dashboard to monitor state-wise implementation and convergence with NEP and Digital India. Claimed Objectives “Future-ready workforce” blending ancient Indian ethos with modern governance. “Ease of living” for workers and “ease of doing business” for employers. 35% female labour force participation by 2030 (from 33.7% in 2024). Leverage AI and digital systems to make social protection portable and inclusive. Major Concerns and Critiques a. Digital Exclusion Only 38% household literacy limits access to digital systems like USSA/e-SHRAM. Risk of exclusion of women, elderly, and low-literates, violating Articles 14 & 15. Lack of offline access mechanisms undermines universal reach. b. Informalisation & Labour Rights Contractualisation and gig work continue without regulation. No clear employer funding or state matching for social security — risking collapse of existing e-SHRAM payouts. Weak penalties → encourages “employer ease” over worker justice. c. Union & Collective Bargaining Absence of union safeguards erodes bargaining power. Article 19 rights (association, speech) weakened by surveillance under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA). Decline of unions = decline of accountability. d. Gender Equity Gaps While aiming for higher FLFP, no quotas or penalties for non-compliance. Informal women workers excluded from maternity and childcare support. Ignores intersectional vulnerabilities of Dalit, Adivasi, and gig women workers. e. Implementation Deficit Target of “zero fatalities by 2047” unrealistic given shortage of 70% safety inspectors (MoLE, 2024). Weak grievance redressal, underfunded inspection systems. No timeline for tripartite enforcement (State–Employer–Worker). Constitutional and Legal Dimensions Provision Constitutional/Legal Link Concern Universal Social Security Article 41, DPSPs Unfunded, risks exclusion Gender equality & FLFP Articles 14, 15, 16 Weak gender enforcement Forced labour prohibition Article 23 Informalisation enables covert forced labour Worker safety Article 42, ILO 155 Poor enforcement, limited penalties Union rights Article 19(1)(c) Digital surveillance & weak union role International and Global Benchmarks ILO Convention 29 (Forced Labour) – India ratified but enforcement weak. OECD Just Transition Framework – absent in India’s green policy. ILO Convention 195 – promotes equal mobility; policy lacks enforcement architecture. India’s rank (Global Slavery Index 2024): 1st with 11 million modern slaves. Way Forward Tripartite enforcement model: Central, State, and Union participation in funding and audits. Offline grievance redressal & multilingual access to social security platforms. Union-vetted AI algorithms to prevent caste/gender bias in job allocation. Independent ethics audits for gig platforms. Dedicated fund for informal and transitional workers (especially women and migrants). Integration with SDG 8 (Decent Work) and SDG 13 (Climate Action) for coherent labour–climate synergy. Broader Implications Political: Moves labour regulation toward a more centralised, tech-mediated structure — risk of bureaucratic control over rights. Economic: Potential to formalise welfare delivery if funded adequately; else, digital optics without substance. Social: Without union and offline inclusion, policy could deepen inequality in India’s already stratified labour market. Conclusion The Draft Shram Shakti Niti 2025 aspires to reimagine India’s workforce for “Amrit Kaal”, but risks becoming a “digital mirage” if rights remain unenforced and the informal majority stays excluded. True “future-readiness” will depend not on portals and dashboards, but on penalties, funding, and participation that uphold dignity, equity, and justice — the true essence of Shram Shakti. Act of evil Why in News ? On November 9, 2025, the Sri Lankan Navy arrested 14 Tamil Nadu fishermen for allegedly crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) near the Palk Bay. This adds to a recurring maritime dispute — with 128 Indian fishermen and several boats currently under Sri Lankan custody (as per TN CM’s letter to EAM S. Jaishankar). The issue exposes the longstanding India–Sri Lanka fishing conflict, aggravated by bottom trawling, ecological destruction, and livelihood dependence on unsustainable practices. Relevance: GS 2 (International Relations): India–Sri Lanka bilateral relations. Maritime boundary agreements (1974, 1976) and their socio-political impact. Cross-border issues and diplomacy in neighbourhood policy. GS 3 (Environment & Economy): Sustainable fisheries management. Marine ecology and livelihood sustainability. Blue economy and deep-sea fishing initiatives. GS 1 (Geography): Physical geography of Palk Bay, Gulf of Mannar, and marine ecosystems. Practice Question: The Palk Bay dispute reflects the tension between ecological sustainability and livelihood dependence. Analyse the diplomatic and economic measures India should pursue to resolve it sustainably.(250 Words) Historical and Geographical Context Palk Bay, a narrow stretch (~137 km wide) separating Tamil Nadu and Northern Sri Lanka, has historically been a shared fishing ground. The IMBL was formalised in 1974 and 1976 agreements between India and Sri Lanka, ceding Katchatheevu Island to Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu fishermen, citing traditional rights, continue to cross the IMBL for rich fishing grounds. The Northern Province fishermen, recovering from decades of civil war, depend heavily on local marine resources for subsistence. Nature of the Current Dispute Frequent arrests and boat seizures by the Sri Lankan Navy — viewed as a violation of livelihood rights by India and sovereignty by Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu fishermen use mechanised trawlers for bottom trawling — dragging weighted nets along the seabed to collect shrimp and small fish. Environmental damage: Destroys coral reefs and benthic ecosystems. Leads to fish stock depletion and shrimp habitat loss. Reduces long-term productivity of the Palk Bay ecosystem. Sri Lankan fishermen, who use sustainable gill nets and small boats, suffer ecological and economic losses. Ecological and Socio-Economic Dimensions Aspect Impact Bottom Trawling Depletes fish stocks, damages coral, releases carbon from seabed. Livelihood Dependence ~2 lakh TN fishermen rely on Palk Bay fisheries. Sri Lankan Side ~25,000 Northern fishermen impacted; post-war livelihoods under stress. Economic Loss India loses ~₹200 crore annually due to boat seizures and fines. Environmental Cost Severe decline in shrimp catch and coral cover (CMFRI, 2023). Diplomatic & Policy Developments Joint Working Group (JWG) on Fisheries met in Colombo (Oct 29, 2024) — reaffirmed commitment to sustainable fishing and humane treatment of arrested fishermen. Track-II initiatives: March 2025: Fisher leaders from Rameswaram and Jaffna held informal talks — no official sanction. Political stance: The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna-led NPP government in Sri Lanka has adopted a hardline position, delaying resolution. India’s approach: Focus on release diplomacy and rehabilitation of arrested fishermen. Push for deep-sea fishing transition schemes (e.g., Blue Revolution, Sagarmala). Key Challenges a. Ecological Overexploitation of coastal fisheries; destruction of coral beds and breeding zones. Loss of biodiversity in Gulf of Mannar — a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. b. Economic High fuel cost and debt traps drive fishermen toward short, intensive trawling voyages. Deep-sea fishing transition schemes underutilised due to high capital costs and training gaps. c. Diplomatic Unresolved boundary perceptions and domestic political sensitivities in Tamil Nadu and Colombo hinder long-term settlement. d. Humanitarian Recurring arrests, detention, and confiscation cause psychological distress and loss of livelihood. Lack of joint humanitarian protocol for fishermen’s safe release. Expert Recommendations and Sustainable Alternatives Gradual phase-out of bottom trawling with targeted economic support. India–Sri Lanka Marine Research Station in Palk Bay: Joint studies on marine regeneration, coral restoration, and fish breeding. Equitable Fishing Quotas: Learn from EU Baltic model — cooperative resource sharing based on stock assessment. Deep-Sea Fishing Incentives: Liberal assistance schemes and subsidised vessel conversion for Tamil Nadu fishermen. Joint Patrolling & Communication Hotlines to prevent escalation and accidental trespassing. Constitutional and Legal Dimensions Aspect Legal Reference Implication Maritime Sovereignty UNCLOS, 1982 Violations invite diplomatic liability. Livelihood Rights Article 21 Fishermen’s right to life includes livelihood security. Environmental Duty Article 48A, 51A(g) State and citizens must protect marine ecology. Cooperative Federalism Centre–State coordination (TN & MEA) essential for policy coherence. Comparative Lessons EU Baltic Fisheries Framework: quota-based sharing to prevent depletion. Indo-Bangladesh Enclaves Model (2015): successful through sustained negotiation and humane diplomacy. Sri Lanka–Maldives Fisheries Accord: cooperative marine surveillance reducing conflicts. Way Forward Diplomatic: Institutionalise annual Joint Fisheries Dialogue with implementation timelines. Economic: Expand Deep-Sea Fishing Subsidy Scheme with assured market linkages. Support alternative livelihoods (seaweed, mariculture, eco-tourism). Technological: Introduce GPS-enabled alert systems to prevent IMBL trespass. Environmental: Enforce ban on destructive trawling, promote selective gear usage. Community: Build cross-border fishermen cooperatives for trust and joint conservation. Conclusion The Palk Bay fishing conflict is not merely a maritime boundary issue but a complex interplay of ecology, economy, and emotion. For durable peace and prosperity, India must lead by example — banning bottom trawling, investing in sustainable fisheries, and rebuilding trust with Northern Sri Lankan fishermen. True diplomacy here lies not in maritime muscle, but in marine stewardship — turning conflict waters into shared livelihood zones through science, dialogue, and compassion.

Nov 12, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 November 2025

Content India Recorded the Highest Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2024 Why Do Astronauts Wear Pressurised Suits? What’s the Status of the Rare Earth Hypothesis? Don’t Use COP30 to Change Paris Deal ‘Architecture’: India SC Judge: Imported Ideas May Not Save Endangered Species All Plastics Are Not the Same: Why Only Some Plastics Can Be Recycled India Must Safeguard Its Baryte Reserves India recorded the highest greenhouse gas emissions for 2024 Why in News? India registered the world’s largest absolute increase in GHG emissions in 2024 — adding 165 MtCO₂e, the highest among all countries. India became the 3rd largest global emitter (after China and the U.S.), but its per capita emissions remain < half the global average (3 tCO₂e vs 6.4 tCO₂e). Global emissions hit a record 57,700 MtCO₂e in 2024, rising mainly from fossil fuels, methane (CH₄), and land-use changes. Significance: Highlights India’s development–climate paradox — rapid industrial growth versus equity-based emission responsibility. Relevance: GS 3 – Environment & Climate Change • Global emission trends and India’s emission profile (sector-wise) • Climate finance, carbon intensity, and sustainable development trade-offs • Policies: NDCs, National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), Mission LiFE • Role of renewables, hydrogen, and EVs in emission reduction • Carbon markets and India’s net-zero pathway GS 2 – International Relations • India’s climate diplomacy in UNFCCC and COP30 context • Principle of CBDR-RC and Global South negotiations • Climate justice and equity in international climate regimes Key Data Snapshot (2024) Indicator Global India Total GHG emissions 57,700 MtCO₂e (record high) ~3,900 MtCO₂e Increase over 2023 +1,500 MtCO₂e +165 MtCO₂e (largest globally) Share in global emissions — ~6.7% Per capita GHG emissions 6.4 tCO₂e 3 tCO₂e (<50% of global avg) Growth rate of per capita emissions (2023–24) 0.04% 3.7% Sources of GHG Emissions A. CO₂ (69% of total GHGs) Origin: Combustion of coal, oil, natural gas. Sectors: Power generation (~40%) Industry (steel, cement, fertilizers) Transport (rapid rise in road and aviation emissions) Residential fuel use (LPG, biomass, coal). B. CH₄ (16% of total) Agriculture: Paddy fields, enteric fermentation (livestock). Waste: Landfills, sewage. Energy: Fugitive emissions during coal mining and gas extraction. C. N₂O & F-gases (remaining share) Fertiliser use and industrial refrigerants (HFCs, SF₆). India’s Emission Profile – Drivers and Dynamics Economic Growth: Energy-intensive industrialisation under Make in India & infrastructure expansion. Coal Dependence: ~70% electricity from coal-based plants. Urbanisation: Rising transport & construction emissions. Agriculture: Methane from rice cultivation and livestock. Land-use Change: Deforestation, loss of carbon sinks. Energy Inequality: Reliance on biomass and diesel in rural sectors. Climate Justice Perspective Principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR): India’s historical share (1850–2019) is only ~4% of cumulative global emissions, far below developed nations. Equity argument: India’s low per capita and developmental needs justify gradual transition. Climate Finance Gaps: $100 billion annual pledge (COP15) remains unfulfilled — hampering developing nations. India’s National Commitments & Policy Framework A. NDCs under the Paris Agreement (Updated 2022): Reduce emission intensity of GDP by 45% (by 2030) from 2005 levels. Achieve 50% cumulative power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030. Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes CO₂e through afforestation. B. Key Domestic Schemes: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) – 8 missions (Solar, Energy Efficiency, Green India, etc.). Perform, Achieve & Trade (PAT) – industrial energy efficiency. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles (FAME). National Hydrogen Mission (2021) – Green hydrogen target: 5 MMT by 2030. Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (2023). Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) Mission – individual responsibility in emissions reduction. Implications of Rising Emissions Environmental: Increased frequency of heatwaves, floods, and erratic monsoons. Glacial melt and sea-level rise threaten Himalayan and coastal ecosystems. Economic: Higher adaptation and loss-damage costs (≈2–2.5% of GDP by 2050). Potential carbon-border tariffs (like EU’s CBAM) hurting exports. Social: Agriculture distress due to changing rainfall and temperature patterns. Health risks from air pollution (India already has 7/10 most polluted cities). Strategic: Pressure in international forums (COP30 in Belém) to adopt faster decarbonisation. Way Forward A. Energy Transition Phase down coal via Just Transition Plans (JTPs) for coal regions. Scale up renewables to 500 GW by 2030; accelerate grid storage & green hydrogen. Expand nuclear and offshore wind portfolios. B. Carbon Management Develop Carbon Capture, Utilisation & Storage (CCUS) infrastructure. Promote bio-CNG, ethanol blending (target 20% by 2025). C. Agriculture and Methane Mitigation Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) for paddy to cut CH₄. Bio-digesters and feed additives for livestock methane reduction. D. Forest and Land Use Expand mangroves & community forestry. Implement Green Credit Programme (2023) for carbon sinks. E. International & Financial Strengthen Climate Finance Mobilisation through GCF, LiFE Bonds. Push for Loss & Damage Fund operationalisation at COP30. Why do astronauts wear pressurised suits? Purpose: To counter the absence of atmospheric pressure in space that otherwise causes ebullism (boiling of body fluids), hypoxia, and tissue expansion. Function: Maintains internal body pressure. Supplies oxygen and removes CO₂. Provides thermal regulation and micrometeoroid protection. Prevents rapid decompression injuries. Relevance: GS 3 – Science & Technology (Space Technology) • Human spaceflight safety systems – pressure, oxygen, and temperature regulation • Gaganyaan mission and indigenous crew module development • Collaboration with Russia (Sokol KV-2 suit technology) • Physics behind decompression, Boyle’s law, and vacuum effects on human body • Space suit design as application of materials and life-support engineering Why is wearing IVA suits mandatory during ascent and descent? Ascent & Descent = Critical Phases Highest risk of cabin depressurisation, high G-forces, vibration, and thermal stress. In 1971, Soyuz 11 tragedy: A cabin vent valve opened prematurely at 168 km altitude → pressure loss → 3 cosmonauts suffocated. Post-Soyuz Safety Reform: Mandatory IVA (Intra-Vehicular Activity) suits during these phases. Serves as a personal life-support backup in emergencies. Types of Suits: Type Purpose Key Features Weight EVA (Extra-Vehicular Activity) Spacewalks / external repairs Miniature spacecraft; 12–14 layers; protection from vacuum, radiation, micrometeoroids 100–130 kg IVA (Intra-Vehicular Activity) Inside spacecraft; during launch/re-entry Pressure maintenance, oxygen backup, temperature control 8–10 kg Which IVA suit does Gaganyaan use? Model: Sokol KV-2 suit (Russian, by Zvezda). Features: Two layers: Inner pressure bladder: Rubberised polycaprolactam — airtight barrier. Outer restraint layer: White nylon canvas — mechanical strength. Heritage: Used in 128+ Soyuz missions. Functionality: Ensures survival in case of cabin pressure loss during launch/re-entry. Significance: Symbolises India’s step in indigenous human spaceflight capability while leveraging international collaboration. Key Concept — Atmospheric Pressure At sea level: ~1 atm (~101.3 kPa) = ~20 tonnes of force on human body. Human physiology is tuned to this pressure; any sudden drop (e.g., vacuum) leads to lethal decompression effects within seconds. The Gist Earth’s atmosphere ensures pressure balance vital for life. In vacuum, body fluids boil and oxygen deprivation occurs instantly. Pressure suits = lifesaving interface between biology and vacuum. Gaganyaan adopts the globally proven Sokol KV-2 IVA suit for crew safety during critical mission phases. What’s the status of the rare earth hypothesis? Why in News ? Recent James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) findings on TRAPPIST-1 system (2023–24) revealed that even Earth-sized exoplanets may lack stable atmospheres, questioning how common Earth-like conditions are. This revived interest in the Rare Earth Hypothesis (REH) — whether complex life like that on Earth is truly rare in the universe. New exoplanet data (Kepler & JWST missions) have provided mixed evidence: Earth-sized planets in habitable zones are not rare. But stable, life-supporting conditions remain uncommon. Relevance: GS 3 – Science & Technology • Exoplanet discovery missions – JWST, Kepler, TRAPPIST-1 • Rare Earth Hypothesis (Ward & Brownlee) – planetary habitability factors • Role of astrophysics, geology, and biology in astrobiology research • Technological advancements in telescope instrumentation and data analytics GS 1 – Geography (Universe & Earth Systems) • Earth’s uniqueness and conditions supporting life • Relevance of planetary evolution and habitability in Earth science Origin of the Hypothesis Proposed by: Peter D. Ward (palaeontologist) & Donald Brownlee (astronomer). In their 2000 book “Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe.” Core Idea: Microbial (simple) life may be common. Complex, multicellular, intelligent life is exceptionally rare. Rationale: Complex life requires a long chain of interdependent, finely tuned planetary and astrophysical conditions. What Makes Earth “Rare” ? A combination of planetary, geological, and cosmic factors make Earth uniquely habitable. Factor Explanation Why Critical Location in Habitable Zone Earth receives optimal solar radiation for liquid water. Enables stable surface water & moderate temperature. Stable Atmosphere Balanced oxygen, CO₂, and nitrogen levels. Supports respiration & temperature regulation. Magnetic Field Shields from solar radiation & cosmic rays. Prevents atmospheric erosion. Plate Tectonics Regulates long-term carbon cycle. Maintains climate stability over billions of years. Presence of Moon Stabilises Earth’s axial tilt. Prevents extreme climate fluctuations. Jupiter-like Giant Planet Alters asteroid/comet trajectories. Reduces catastrophic impacts (though debated). Long-term Stellar Stability Sun’s stable luminosity. Prevents runaway greenhouse or freeze-out. Recent Developments — What New Data Shows (a) Exoplanet Discoveries (Kepler Mission) NASA’s Kepler Telescope (2009–2018) found that 20% of Sun-like stars might have Earth-sized planets in habitable zones. Conclusion: Earth-sized planets are not rare, weakening one part of the REH. (b) JWST Findings (2023–2024) TRAPPIST-1b and 1c: No thick CO₂ atmosphere → Earth-sized ≠ Earth-like. Suggests many such planets lose atmospheres due to stellar radiation (especially around active M-dwarf stars). (c) Planetary Atmospheres & Magnetic Fields M-dwarfs emit strong UV and particle radiation → strip atmospheres. Only planets with strong magnetic fields, moderate orbits, and volcanic replenishment may retain atmospheres. These combinations are rare, supporting the REH. (d) Plate Tectonics & Climate Regulation Earth’s carbon-silicate cycle stabilises climate for billions of years. Some models suggest planets without tectonics can stabilise via volcanism-weathering balance, but less efficiently. Data inconclusive — Earth-like tectonic longevity may be rare. (e) Role of Giant Planets Early belief: Jupiter protects Earth from impacts. Newer simulations: Jupiter can both deflect and direct comets inward. Conclusion: No universal rule — depends on system architecture. (f) Search for Technosignatures Breakthrough Listen Project (2015–present): Surveyed thousands of stars for artificial radio signals → no detections yet. Suggests technologically advanced civilisations are very rare or non-detectable at our scale. Scientific Debates Aspect Optimistic View Rare Earth View Planet Frequency Many rocky planets in habitable zones (Kepler data). True, but most are tidally locked or irradiated. Atmosphere Retention Some planets may keep air with magnetic shields. Most lose air due to stellar radiation. Plate Tectonics May not be essential for life. Likely crucial for long-term stability. Jupiter Effect Water delivery possible via giant planets. System-specific; not generalisable. Technosignatures Silence may be due to detection limits. Or civilisation rarity (Fermi paradox). Key Implications Microbial life may be common, as basic organic chemistry occurs widely. Complex ecosystems (land-ocean, oxygen balance, stable climates) appear rare. Earth might be one of few planets with the precise combination of: Long-term climate buffering, Magnetic protection, Atmospheric retention, Tectonic activity, and Evolutionary stability. Future Directions Observational Advances: JWST & ELTs (Extremely Large Telescopes): Detect atmospheric gases like CO₂, CH₄, O₂, H₂O. LUVOIR & HabEx Missions: Target exo-Earths around Sun-like stars. Theoretical Advances: Modelling exoplanet geology, magnetic fields, and long-term carbon cycles. Don’t use COP30 to change Paris deal ‘architecture’: India Why in News ? At the 30th UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) in Belém, Brazil (Nov 2025), India reiterated that the global climate regime must stay anchored in “equity and common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR)”. India cautioned against attempts to alter the Paris Agreement architecture (2015) during its 10th anniversary discussions. India, on behalf of LMDC (Like-Minded Developing Countries) and BASIC (Brazil, South Africa, India, China), emphasized adaptation, climate finance, and early net-zero commitments by developed countries. Relevance: GS 2 – International Relations • India’s stance on Paris Agreement architecture and CBDR principle • Role in Global South, BASIC, and LMDC groups • Climate negotiations and geopolitical divide on climate finance • COP30 (Belém, Brazil) – agenda, expectations, and equity debate GS 3 – Environment • Implementation of NDCs and long-term low-emission strategies • Climate adaptation, mitigation, and finance mechanisms • Role of domestic policies aligned with global commitments Background — Climate Governance Architecture UNFCCC (1992) – Established the principle of CBDR-RC (Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities). All nations must act on climate, but responsibilities differ by historical emissions and capacities. Kyoto Protocol (1997): Binding emission targets only for developed nations. Paris Agreement (2015): Voluntary Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for all countries. Aims: Limit warming to well below 2°C, pursue 1.5°C. Introduced bottom-up approach, but reaffirmed CBDR. India’s Key Points at COP30 (a) Defending the Paris “Architecture” India warned that revisiting or “reinterpreting” CBDR undermines trust and equity. Argued that developed nations must not shift the burden of mitigation onto developing countries under new terminologies like “net-zero alignment” or “global stocktake”. (b) Focus on Adaptation India stressed adaptation as an equal pillar with mitigation — critical for the Global South facing: Heatwaves, floods, droughts, coastal inundation. Low adaptive capacity despite minimal per capita emissions. Called for submission of National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) aligned with national priorities. India’s own NAP and updated NDC (2035) are pending submission. (c) Climate Finance Deficit Developed nations pledged only $300 billion/year by 2035, far below the $1.35 trillion demanded by developing countries. India highlighted: Chronic failure of the $100 billion/year (by 2020) promise. Need for predictable, new, and additional finance and technology transfer. Urged reforms in multilateral development banks (MDBs) to deliver concessional finance. (d) Net-Zero and Negative Emissions India (and BASIC bloc) urged developed countries to: Achieve net-zero earlier than projected. Invest more in negative emission technologies (carbon capture, direct air removal, afforestation). India’s own net-zero target: 2070, announced at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021). (e) Unity Among Global South LMDC & BASIC represent ~50% of global population. They collectively resisted attempts to: Dilute CBDR, Overemphasize mitigation targets, and Ignore adaptation and finance gaps. Broader Context — Climate Politics 2024–25 US withdrawal (Trump era) weakened Paris funding mechanisms. Finance pledge gap: Only $300 bn by 2035 vs demand for $1.35 trillion annually. COP28 (Dubai, 2023) – Global Stocktake exposed slow progress; developed nations missed targets. COP29 (Baku, 2024) – Disputes over the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on finance unresolved. Hence, COP30 becomes a make-or-break moment for rebuilding trust and revising commitments under equity. Key Principles Reasserted by India Principle Description India’s Stand CBDR-RC Nations share responsibility based on capability & historic emissions Non-negotiable Equity Developed nations must lead, developing nations need space for growth Must guide all climate actions Climate Justice Least emitters suffer most impacts Requires finance + adaptation focus Adaptation–Mitigation Balance Both pillars essential Adaptation must not be sidelined Climate Finance Accountability Fulfilling past pledges, not creating new excuses Must be frontloaded & transparent India’s Domestic Context NDCs (2015, updated 2022): Reduce Emission Intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 (from 2005). Achieve 50% cumulative electric power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030. Major Initiatives: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) – 8 missions. LiFE Mission (Lifestyle for Environment, COP26 initiative). National Hydrogen Mission, PM Surya Ghar Scheme, E-Mobility, Biofuel blending. Adaptation Efforts: National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC). State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs). Challenges for India Balancing development needs vs emission reduction. Securing low-cost finance and technology access. Increasing climate resilience in agriculture, water, health, and coastal sectors. Meeting energy transition goals amid global geopolitical volatility and supply-chain issues. Global Implications India’s position strengthens the Global South narrative — equity, justice, and adaptation. Exposes continued North–South divide in climate negotiations. Reinforces need for trust restoration through genuine financial and technological transfers. SC judge: imported ideas may not save endangered species Why in News ? Justice P.S. Narasimha of the Supreme Court remarked that several environmental law principles imported from the West, such as “inter-generational equity”, are anthropocentric (human-centered) and inadequate for protecting endangered species. The observation came during a hearing on a petition for conservation of the Great Indian Bustard (GIB) and Lesser Florican, both critically endangered bird species. Relevance: GS 3 – Environment & Biodiversity Conservation • Ecocentrism vs anthropocentrism in wildlife protection • Constitutional provisions – Articles 48A & 51A(g) • Landmark judgments – T.N. Godavarman (2012), Animal Welfare Board (2014) • Laws – Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Biodiversity Act, 2002 • Conservation of endangered species – Great Indian Bustard, Florican GS 2 – Polity & Judiciary • Judicial philosophy on environmental protection • Role of Supreme Court in expanding environmental jurisprudence • Integration of traditional Indian ecological ethics in legal reasoning Case Context Petitioner: M.K. Ranjitsinh (noted wildlife conservationist). Concern: Rapid decline of Great Indian Bustard and Lesser Florican populations. GIB: ~150 in wild, ~70 in captivity. Lesser Florican: ~70 individuals. Issue: Captive breeding showing limited success; extinction risk imminent. Respondent: Union and State governments, on conservation failures. Key Observation by Justice Narasimha Critique: Western-origin doctrines like inter-generational equity treat nature’s value through the lens of human utility — “Biblical roots” placing man atop creation. Argument: Such human-centered frameworks fail to protect non-human species whose value isn’t tied to human benefit. Emphasis: Courts and laws should adopt an ecocentric approach — valuing all life forms intrinsically, not just for human welfare. Reference: Supreme Court’s earlier Red Sanders (2011) case, where the Court acknowledged the “intrinsic worth of all species” over their instrumental value. Conceptual Background (a) Anthropocentrism Human-centered worldview; nature valued for its utility to humans. Example: Inter-generational equity → focuses on fair use of resources for present and future human generations. Critique: Ignores intrinsic rights of nature and species. (b) Ecocentrism Nature-centered ethics; ecosystems and species possess intrinsic rights. Every species has a moral and legal right to exist, irrespective of human needs. Rooted in Indian ecological philosophy (e.g., Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, Ahimsa, Pancha Mahabhutas). Key Environmental Principles Discussed Principle Origin Focus Criticism/Observation Inter-generational Equity Western (Weiss, 1989) Resource fairness across generations Anthropocentric — prioritizes human needs Sustainable Development Brundtland Report (1987) Development meeting human needs Human welfare–oriented Precautionary Principle Western Preventive approach to harm Often framed around human safety Ecocentric Approach Indigenous & global ecological ethics Rights of nature, intrinsic worth Favoured by Indian jurisprudence (SC, 2012–23) Evolution of Environmental Jurisprudence in India Phase Landmark Cases Key Principle 1980s–90s: Anthropocentric Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra (1985), Vellore Citizens (1996) Sustainable development, inter-generational equity 2000s–2010s: Shift to Ecocentrism T.N. Godavarman (2012), Animal Welfare Board v. A. Nagaraja (2014) Rights of species, compassion for all life 2020s: Constitutional deepening Great Indian Bustard case (2021–25) Ecocentrism over anthropocentrism reaffirmed Key Precedent Cases Referenced Red Sanders Case (2011): Amicus Curiae urged focus on “intrinsic worth” of species. SC accepted ecocentric argument — human interests not the only measure of environmental protection. T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India (2012): Recognized “ecocentric jurisprudence”; emphasized duty to protect all species. Animal Welfare Board v. A. Nagaraja (2014): Declared animals have right to live with dignity; introduced “compassion for all living creatures” (Art. 51A(g)). Great Indian Bustard case (2021–present): SC directed undergrounding of power lines in bustard habitats. 2025 hearing focuses on broader moral and philosophical underpinnings of conservation law. Constitutional and Legal Basis for Ecocentrism Article 48A: State to protect and improve the environment. Article 51A(g): Duty of every citizen to protect and show compassion for living creatures. Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Recognizes need to conserve species and ecosystems. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Provides statutory protection for endangered species. Judicial Trend: Interprets constitutional duties as moral-ecological imperatives. Broader Philosophical Debate Approach Focus Legal Implication Anthropocentric Humans as central agents Environmental protection only when human welfare is affected Ecocentric Nature as a self-existent entity Extends rights and compassion to all life forms Biocentric Life-centric (every organism matters) Balances between human and non-human life Justice Narasimha’s critique reflects India’s shift from anthropocentrism → ecocentrism, aligning law with Indian civilizational ethos and biodiversity ethics. All Plastics Are Not the Same: Why Only Some Plastics Can Be Recycled Why in News ? The article explains why recycling works only for specific kinds of plastics, despite global focus on a circular economy and India’s Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016, amended 2022). The discussion gains relevance amid the global plastic treaty negotiations (INC-5) and India’s EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) implementation drive. Relevance: GS 3 – Environment & Pollution Control • Polymer science – thermoplastics vs thermosets and recyclability challenges • Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 & 2022 amendments • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and circular economy • Waste segregation, recycling technologies (mechanical & chemical) • SDG linkages – Responsible Consumption (SDG 12), Climate Action (SDG 13) GS 3 – Science & Technology (Material Science) • Chemistry and structure of polymers determining reusability • Innovation in biodegradable and bio-based plastics What Are Plastics? Definition: Plastics are synthetic polymers — long chains of repeating monomer units — derived mainly from petroleum and natural gas. Composition: Base polymer (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene) Additives (plasticizers, dyes, flame retardants, UV stabilizers, fillers) These additives and polymer linkages determine melting point, flexibility, transparency, and recyclability. Classification of Plastics Type Bonding Nature Behavior on Heating Examples Recyclability Thermoplastics Weak van der Waals forces Soften when heated, harden on cooling PET (bottles), HDPE (jugs), LDPE (films), PVC (pipes) Easily recyclable Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets) Strong covalent cross-links Do not soften; decompose or crack Epoxy resin, Bakelite, Melamine, Polyurethane Non-recyclable by conventional methods Polymer chemistry (GS-3 Science & Tech) and waste classification (GS-3 Environment). Why Only Some Plastics Are Recyclable ? (a) Molecular Structure Thermoplastics retain polymer chains even after melting → can be remolded repeatedly. Thermosets form irreversible cross-linked molecular networks → break on heating, not melt. (b) Additives and Contaminants Food residue, colorants, and plasticizers alter flow and strength of molten plastic. Such impurities lower mechanical quality of recycled material → limit reusability. (c) Composite & Multilayer Packaging Common in chips, sachets, tetra packs → made of PET + PE + aluminum foil layers. Difficult to separate; hence often non-recyclable, ending up in landfills or incineration. (d) Economic Viability Recycling involves collection → segregation → washing → shredding → remolding. Cost-effective only when waste stream is homogeneous, large-scale, and clean (e.g., PET bottles). Mixed waste, foams, or films lack steady market demand for recycled pellets. Chemical vs Mechanical Recycling Method Process Pros Cons Mechanical Recycling Plastics shredded, melted, and remolded Simple, low energy Limited to clean, single-type thermoplastics Chemical Recycling Polymers broken down into monomers or oils using heat/catalysts Can handle mixed or dirty plastics Energy-intensive, expensive, limited scalability Example: Pyrolysis → breaks polymers to synthetic oil. Depolymerization → converts PET to monomers (ethylene glycol, terephthalic acid). India’s Plastic Waste Landscape Annual Plastic Waste Generation (CPCB 2023): ~3.5 million tonnes. Recycling rate: ~60% (mostly informal sector, mechanical recycling). Rules: Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 (amended 2022) — Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), ban on certain single-use plastics. Swachh Bharat Mission & SBM 2.0: Urban local bodies mandated waste segregation and MRF (Material Recovery Facility) setup. India’s commitment to circular economy — NITI Aayog 2022 roadmap. Environmental Implications Non-recyclable plastics → landfill overflow, microplastic pollution, and toxic leachates. Burning mixed plastics → releases dioxins, furans, and GHGs (climate implications). Marine plastic → threatens biodiversity and enters food chain (bioaccumulation). India’s SDG link: SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production) SDG 14 (Life Below Water) SDG 13 (Climate Action) Technological & Policy Way Forward Promote mono-material packaging → easier recycling. Invest in chemical recycling R&D and bio-based polymers (PLA, PHA). Strengthen EPR → enforce accountability on producers & FMCGs. Expand waste segregation infrastructure at municipal and panchayat levels. Create demand-side pull → government procurement of recycled plastic goods. Encourage informal sector integration → formalize waste-picker networks. Topic Integration Pollution Control Plastic waste → air, water, soil contamination Environmental Governance PWM Rules, EPR, CPCB guidelines Science & Tech in Everyday Life Polymer chemistry, thermoplastics vs thermosets Sustainable Development Circular economy, resource efficiency Climate Change Link Fossil fuel-based plastics → lifecycle GHG emissions India Must Safeguard its Baryte Reserves Why in News ? India, despite being the world’s largest exporter of barytes since 2018, holds only ~4% of global reserves (USGS data). Rapid depletion of the Mangampet deposit (Andhra Pradesh) — the source of over 95% of India’s baryte output — threatens energy and defence security. China, the US, and Russia have already imposed export curbs on barytes due to its strategic importance. Relevance: GS 3 – Economy & Energy Security • Strategic minerals in oil drilling and defence industries • Rapid depletion of Mangampet (Andhra Pradesh) baryte reserves • Export-oriented mining vs strategic stockpiling • Critical Minerals Strategy 2023 and national resource security • Long-term energy and defence self-reliance GS 2 – Governance & Policy • Centre–State coordination in mineral resource governance (APMDC role) • Export regulation and strategic mineral management • Global practices – China, US, Russia export restrictions and lessons for India What is Baryte? Chemical Name: Barium Sulphate (BaSO₄). Nature: Dense, chemically inert, non-magnetic, non-radioactive mineral. Key Properties: High specific gravity (~4.5 g/cm³), insoluble in water, high X-ray opacity. India’s Deposits: Concentrated mainly at Mangampet (Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh) — one of the largest baryte deposits globally. Uses and Strategic Significance Sector Application Relevance Energy Sector Mixed into drilling muds in oil & gas exploration to control pressure and prevent blowouts. Critical for ONGC, OIL, and private upstream exploration. Defence Industry Used in high-density missile components, radar shielding, and counterweights. No affordable substitute available. Medical Sector Barium sulfate used in X-ray imaging (barium meals). Civilian use but also dual-purpose technology. Paints, Plastics, and Electronics Used as filler and radiation shield. Industrial importance. Strategic minerals, energy security, critical mineral policy, self-reliance in defence. India’s Baryte Scenario (Data & Trends) Reserves: ~49 million tonnes (2015) → <23 million tonnes (2024) – a depletion rate of 2–3 million tonnes per year (Indian Minerals Yearbook 2021). Production: ~2.5–3 million tonnes/year (mostly Andhra Pradesh). Exports (2023): ~2.3 million tonnes – 3x China’s exports. Global Share: India ≈ 4% of global deposits but ≈ 40% of global exports. Implication: Export-oriented policy is depleting reserves faster than domestic industrial demand growth. Global Context: Baryte as a Critical Mineral China (since 2015): Export restrictions to conserve reserves for domestic industry. US, Russia, Iran: Similar curbs to maintain long-term energy independence. India: No export cap yet → vulnerability to future import dependence, especially when other suppliers tighten exports. Strategic Parallel: Mirrors China’s rare earth dominance — control over resource = geopolitical leverage. Policy Problem: Export-Driven Depletion Current policy encourages state-controlled export mining (APMDC model). Short-term revenue focus is undermining long-term strategic security. India risks transitioning from net exporter → future importer, just like with crude oil and lithium. Economic Risk: Domestic shortage → costlier imports → energy sector cost escalation. Strategic risk in defence → dependence on uncertain foreign supplies. Strategic & Environmental Implications a) Energy Security Baryte indispensable for deep-sea and onshore drilling fluids. Without secure domestic supply, India’s oil exploration and strategic petroleum reserve operations could be affected. b) Defence Security Used in missile guidance, ballast systems, radar shielding → critical to national security. Export-driven depletion risks import dependence in sensitive sectors. c) Resource Sustainability Mining without restraint may exhaust reserves within 5–7 years. Environmental degradation due to open-pit mining in Mangampet region. Comparative Policy Lessons Country Policy Approach Lesson for India China Export restrictions; domestic priority; state stockpiles. Resource nationalism as strategic tool. US Prefers to import barytes despite reserves; maintains domestic backup. Long-term conservation strategy. Russia/Iran Controlled extraction for domestic oil & defence industries. Align mineral policy with strategic sectors. Way Forward: Strategic Resource Management Impose calibrated export restrictions Prioritise domestic allocation for oil, gas, and defence sectors. Export only surplus after strategic stockpile threshold. Create a Strategic Baryte Reserve On lines of Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). Buffer for energy & defence contingencies. National Critical Minerals Policy Integration Include barytes under India’s Critical Minerals List (2023), alongside lithium, cobalt, and rare earths. Technology & Substitution R&D Encourage CSIR–NGRI, AMD, and DRDO to explore synthetic or alternative materials. Sustainable Mining Practices Enforce stricter environmental clearances, mine closure plans, and waste recycling (BaSO₄ reprocessing). Public–Private Partnerships in Processing Develop domestic beneficiation and value-addition capacity to reduce export of raw barytes.

Nov 11, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 November 2025

Content Proactive Measures taken by CAQM to contain Air Pollution Exercise MITRA SHAKTI–XI Proactive Measures taken by CAQM to contain Air Pollution Why in News ? The CAQM reported a notable improvement in Delhi–NCR air quality due to multi-sectoral interventions. Average AQI (Jan–Nov 2025): 175 (↓ from 189 in 2024). PM2.5: 75 µg/m³ (↓ from 87 µg/m³) | PM10: 170 µg/m³ (↓ from 191 µg/m³). The improvement reflects effective implementation of statutory directions and cross-sector coordination across agriculture, waste management, transport, industry, and greening initiatives. Relevance • GS 3 (Environment): Air pollution control, Environmental governance, and statutory mechanisms (CAQM, GRAP, NCAP). • GS 2 (Governance): Inter-governmental coordination, Centre–State relations in environmental regulation, policy implementation challenges. • GS 3 (Science & Tech): Role of technology in pollution monitoring (OCEMS, anti-smog guns, predictive modelling). Agricultural Emissions – Curbing Farm Fires Farm Fire Reduction (2025 vs 2024): Punjab: 4,062 fires vs 6,266 → 35.2% decline. Haryana: 333 fires vs 959 → 65.3% decline. Reasons: Real-time review by CAQM with Punjab & Haryana authorities. Strict enforcement of Statutory Directions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. Promotion of in-situ residue management technologies (Happy Seeder, Super Seeder). Targeted awareness and incentive programmes for farmers. Significance: Stubble burning contributes up to 30–40% of PM2.5 in winter, so this reduction directly improved regional AQI. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management Achievements: 23 lakh tonnes of dumpsite waste bio-mined in Delhi. 7,000 TPD Waste-to-Energy and 750 TPD Bio-CNG/CBG capacity under development. Legacy waste clearance ongoing in Gurugram, Noida, Faridabad, Ghaziabad. Infrastructure Enhancements: CCTV cameras, methane detectors, fire suppression systems, PPE kits at landfills. Zero tolerance for open burning (directive issued June 2025). Enhanced night-time surveillance and citizen awareness via RWAs and local bodies. Impact: Reduced methane emissions, landfill fires, and open waste burning, curbing both PM and GHG emissions. Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Implementation Stage I (AQI 201–300): Enforced on 14 Oct 2025. Stage II (AQI 301–400): Enforced on 19 Oct 2025. Measures Implemented: Mechanical Road Sweeping Machines (MRSMs) and water sprinklers deployed. Anti-smog guns intensified across NCR. Regulation of diesel generator (DG) sets. Dynamic activation using IMD & IITM forecasts for predictive air quality management. Significance: Transition from reactive to preventive pollution control model. Vehicular Emission Control Statutory Directions (2025): All inter-city buses to/from Delhi shifted to EV/CNG/BS-VI diesel. Entry ban on BS-III and below commercial vehicles (HGVs, MGVs, LGVs) from 1 Nov 2025. From 1 Jan 2026, only CNG/Electric 3-wheelers to be inducted in aggregator/delivery fleets. Objective: Tackle emissions at source rather than through end-of-pipe controls. Impact: Vehicular sector = ~25% of NCR’s PM2.5 load; transition ensures long-term emission cuts and improved urban mobility. Industrial & Construction Sector Compliance Industrial Sector: 96% industries in NCR shifted to approved cleaner fuels (PNG, biomass, etc.). PNG network extended to 224 of 240 industrial areas. OCEMS Cell (Online Continuous Emission Monitoring System) set up for real-time emissions tracking. 3,551 units identified for OCEMS; 1,556 closures for violations after 24,080 inspections. Construction & Demolition (C&D) Control: Mandatory registration for sites >500 m² on state portals (DPCC/SPCB). 30,000+ inspections, 250 closures for non-compliance. Dust mitigation: barriers, covering materials, sprinkling, anti-smog guns. Expansion of C&D waste processing capacity and promotion of recycled materials. Impact: Ensures significant reduction in PM10 and secondary dust—the largest year-round pollutant source. Greening and Urban Forestry Initiatives Progress (till Sep 2025): 4.37 crore saplings planted across NCR – exceeding annual targets. Key Initiatives: Urban forests using Miyawaki technique. Green buffers along roads and industrial corridors. Use of treated wastewater for irrigation. Citizen engagement through schools, RWAs, institutions. Environmental Value: Enhances carbon sequestration, mitigates urban heat islands, and improves microclimatic conditions. Monitoring, Enforcement & Coordination Integrated Oversight: CAQM continuously reviews actions with NCR States, SPCBs, DPCC, ULBs. Regular sectoral performance reviews to sustain improvement trend. Deployment of Flying Squads for surprise checks and enforcement. Institutional Role: CAQM acts as a statutory authority under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, ensuring cohesive regional air governance. 2025 – Key Outcome Indicators Parameter 2024 2025 % Change Avg AQI (Jan–Nov) 189 175 ↓ 7.4% PM2.5 (µg/m³) 87 75 ↓ 13.8% PM10 (µg/m³) 191 170 ↓ 11.0% Farm Fires (Punjab) 6,266 4,062 ↓ 35.2% Farm Fires (Haryana) 959 333 ↓ 65.3% Strategic Significance Reflects multi-sectoral integration – agriculture, transport, industry, waste, greening. Aligns with National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) goals and SDG 11.6 (Clean Cities). Strengthens India’s preventive air quality governance model through data-led, statutory coordination. Enhances inter-state cooperation under a unified institutional framework. AQI Categories: Category AQI Range Colour Health Impact Good 0–50 Green Minimal impact Satisfactory 51–100 Light Green Minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people Moderate 101–200 Yellow Breathing discomfort to people with lungs/heart issues Poor 201–300 Orange Breathing discomfort on prolonged exposure Very Poor 301–400 Red Respiratory illness on prolonged exposure Severe 401–500 Maroon Serious health impacts even on healthy people Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) Statutory Authority: Established under the Commission for Air Quality Management in National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021 to ensure coordinated, region-wide action on air pollution. Jurisdiction: Covers Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh — i.e., entire NCR and adjoining districts with transboundary pollution influence. Composition: Chaired by a Government of India appointee (usually a senior bureaucrat); includes representatives from MoEFCC, CPCB, state governments, and technical experts. Functions: Formulates statutory directions, monitors compliance, coordinates inter-state actions, and oversees implementation of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) and National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) measures. Powers: Can issue binding directions, impose penalties, close polluting units, and supersede state pollution control boards in matters related to NCR air quality management. Conclusion The CAQM’s integrated approach across agriculture, transport, industry, waste, and greening sectors has led to measurable air quality improvement, with Delhi’s AQI falling to 175 in 2025. Over 96% industrial units’ fuel transition, 35–65% farm fire decline, and strengthened waste and vehicular regulations mark a shift from reactive to preventive air governance. The model demonstrates institutional convergence and data-driven accountability, aligning with NCAP and SDG 11.6 objectives for sustainable urban air management. Exercise MITRA SHAKTI–XI Why in News ? The 11th edition of India–Sri Lanka joint military exercise “Mitra Shakti–2025” commenced on 10 November 2025 at Foreign Training Node, Belagavi, Karnataka. Scheduled from 10–23 November 2025. Aimed at enhancing interoperability, counter-terrorism capabilities, and UN peacekeeping preparedness between the two armies. Relevance • GS 2 (International Relations): India–Sri Lanka bilateral relations; Defence and strategic cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region. • GS 3 (Internal Security): Counter-terrorism training, joint military exercises, and interoperability under UN peacekeeping mandates. Basic Details Participating Countries: India and Sri Lanka Edition: 11th Venue: Belagavi, Karnataka (India) Duration: 10–23 November 2025 Indian Contingent: 170 personnel – mainly from Rajput Regiment + 20 IAF personnel Sri Lankan Contingent: 135 personnel – mainly from Gajaba Regiment + 10 SLAF personnel Objectives of the Exercise Primary Aim: To jointly rehearse sub-conventional operations under Chapter VII of the UN Charter (peace enforcement). Operational Goals: Counter-terrorist and counter-insurgency operations. Enhance joint tactical coordination between ground and air elements. Practice UN peacekeeping scenarios and humanitarian assistance drills. Scope and Training Activities Operational Drills: Raid, search and destroy missions Heliborne operations and securing helipads Drone operations and Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (C-UAS) Casualty evacuation during CT ops Combat reflex shooting, Army Martial Arts Routine (AMAR), and Yoga Focus Areas: Joint planning and execution of sub-conventional missions. Minimising collateral damage and civilian casualties. Developing interoperability and mutual trust for real-world peacekeeping. Strategic Significance Defence Cooperation: Strengthens India–Sri Lanka military-to-military ties under the framework of regional security cooperation. Expands the scope of defence diplomacy in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Regional Security Context: Both nations face non-traditional threats such as terrorism, maritime piracy, and hybrid warfare. Reinforces India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision. UN Peacekeeping Preparedness: Aligns with Chapter VII UN mandates for peace enforcement operations. India’s experience in UN peacekeeping (one of the largest troop contributors) helps Sri Lanka upgrade its capabilities. Technology Integration: Inclusion of drones, counter-UAS, and air support marks a modernisation shift. Enhances joint situational awareness and real-time coordination. Evolution and Background Initiated: 2013, as part of growing defence cooperation post-civil war in Sri Lanka. Rotation Pattern: Conducted alternately in India and Sri Lanka. Recent Editions: Mitra Shakti–X (2023): Held in Aundh, Pune. Mitra Shakti–IX (2021): Ampara, Sri Lanka. Relevance for India’s Strategic Objectives Neighbourhood First Policy: Deepens ties with a key maritime neighbour. Indian Ocean Strategy: Counters external influence (e.g., China) in the region through defence engagement. Capacity Building: Assists Sri Lanka in professionalising its military and adapting to multi-domain threats. Conclusion The 2025 edition deepens India–Sri Lanka defence cooperation through realistic counter-terrorism, peacekeeping, and air–ground coordination drills. It enhances interoperability under UN Chapter VII mandates while supporting India’s SAGAR and Neighbourhood First policies. The exercise strengthens regional stability and showcases India’s role as a security partner and capacity–builder in the Indian Ocean Region.

Nov 11, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 November 2025

Content What South Asia wants from COP30 Right to life begins with right to breathe What South Asia wants from COP30 Why in News? Ten years after the Paris Agreement (2015), climate impacts have intensified — with South Asia emerging as one of the world’s most climate-vulnerable regions. South Asia (home to nearly 2 billion people) faces compounding crises — monsoon floods, glacial melt, heatwaves, and coastal inundation — even as global climate cooperation weakens. Relevance GS 3 (Environment): Climate governance, Paris Agreement implementation, adaptation–mitigation balance, regional cooperation mechanisms. GS 2 (International Relations): India’s climate diplomacy, South-South cooperation, regional leadership at COP30. Practice Question : “The success of COP30 will depend not on new promises but on credible delivery.” Critically analyse this statement in the context of South Asia’s climate vulnerabilities and institutional preparedness.(250 Words) Decade after Paris Agreement Paris Agreement (2015): Aimed to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Reality Check (2025): Global emissions rose by ~8% since 2015 (IEA, 2024). Only 65 countries submitted enhanced NDCs. CEEW (2024): Only 5% of 203 post-2015 climate initiatives achieved stated goals. U.S. withdrawal (again) from Paris undermined trust and weakened global momentum. South Asia’s Paradox: Least responsible (≈4% of global emissions) but most affected — climate-linked GDP loss could reach 2–8% annually by 2050 (ADB, 2023). Key Concerns and Priorities of South Asian Countries Implementation Deficit – The Achilles Heel Huge gap between pledges and delivery in both action and finance. Governance weaknesses: fragmented reporting, low accountability, lack of inclusive frameworks. Action Needed: Build regional climate cooperation forum via BIMSTEC, BRICS, G20, aligning South Asian priorities. Institutionalize participation of local governments, women, and communities. Leverage existing initiatives: India’s Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI). Nepal’s Sagarmatha Sambaad on mountain vulnerabilities. Outcome goal: Transform symbolic pledges into verifiable regional impact. Adaptation on Par with Mitigation ADB projections: Days >35°C in South Asia to double from ~100 to 200 annually by 2100. Key risks: Glacial lake floods (Nepal, Bhutan) Sea-level rise (Maldives, Bangladesh) Heat stress and droughts (India, Sri Lanka) Action Pathway: Mainstream locally led adaptation (LLA) into development planning. Develop Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) with region-specific, simple, measurable indicators. Strengthen institutional and technical capacity for climate-resilient agriculture, water management, and disaster forecasting. Rebuilding Trust in Global Climate Governance Broken promises: $100 billion annual climate finance target (by 2020) still unmet. CEEW analysis: Developed countries off track for 2030 NDC targets; current trajectories lead to 2.7°C warming. South Asia’s stand: Push for accountable, transparent, time-bound NDC tracking. Demand binding commitments and stricter penalties for withdrawal from agreements. Reinforce multilateralism through South-South cooperation and climate diplomacy. Climate Finance — Predictable, Fair, and Non-Debt Inducing Financing needs: ~$1.3 trillion/year (Baku–Belém Roadmap to 2035). Targets: Tripling of adaptation finance by 2035. $300 billion adaptation goal must have measurable milestones. Mechanisms proposed: Dedicated regional allocations from the Green Climate Fund, Loss & Damage Fund, and Adaptation Fund. Launch South Asian Resilience Finance Facility (SARFF) to mobilise blended finance and debt-for-nature swaps. Ensure funds are accessible, non-debt inducing, and prioritise vulnerable groups and LDCs. Non-State Actors as Engines of Scale State-led actions are insufficient; success requires multi-actor engagement. Subnational entities: Implement local adaptation & mitigation projects. Private sector: Unlock green finance and sustainable investment flows. Civil society: Ensure transparency, conduct independent assessments, share best practices. Youth & Academia: Promote climate literacy, innovation, and intergenerational justice. Business: Integrate sustainability into value chains and trade systems. Technology and Innovation Gaps Technology exclusion: <33% of climate-tech initiatives focused exclusively on Global South (CEEW, 2025). South Asia’s limited access to clean tech, patents, and digital infrastructure impedes transformation. Priority Areas: Promote technology-sharing alliances (South–South cooperation). Invest in Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for climate data, AI, blockchain, and remote sensing applications. Encourage innovation ecosystems through regional R&D hubs and academic exchanges. The Way Forward — From Promises to Delivery Delivery is the new currency of trust. Transformation rests on three mutuals: Mutual Clarity: Defined responsibilities, transparent pathways. Mutual Cooperation: Joint recognition of vulnerabilities and shared opportunities. Mutual Implementation: Converting pledges into measurable action. COP30 (Belém, Brazil) — opportunity for South Asia to demonstrate credible, united climate leadership grounded in regional solidarity. Right to life begins with right to breathe Why in News? A spontaneous citizen protest emerged at India Gate (Delhi), where parents, youth, and citizens gathered against toxic air and government inaction. The protest marks a shift from environmental activism to a health rights movement, demanding air quality accountability and transparent governance. It underscores how air pollution in Delhi-NCR—classified as “very poor to severe”—is now a public health emergency, not merely an environmental issue. Relevance GS 2 (Governance): Policy transparency, inter-agency coordination, accountability in environmental governance. GS 2 (Social Justice): Right to health, vulnerable groups (children, elderly, low-income populations). GS 3 (Environment): Urban air pollution, public health–environment nexus, data-driven environmental management. Practice Question : “India’s air pollution crisis is no longer an environmental issue but a public health emergency.” Discuss with reference to institutional and policy gaps in urban air quality management.(250 Words) Context and Background Delhi’s AQI (Nov 2025): Frequently above 450 (Severe) — 8–10 times WHO safe limits. Health Burden: IQAir (2024): Delhi ranked world’s most polluted capital. Lancet Planetary Health (2023): 1.6 million premature deaths in India annually due to air pollution. AIIMS Pediatric Dept (2024): 1 in 3 children in Delhi has reduced lung function. Despite the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) and Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), public communication, health alerts, and accountability remain weak. Key Issues Highlighted Public Health Missing from Pollution Response No health alerts or emergency classification, despite levels equivalent to hazardous viral outbreaks. The Health Ministry and public health institutions are not integrated into pollution management. Lack of a “Health Emergency Protocol” for high AQI days—schools, hospitals, and workplaces lack clear guidelines. Data Manipulation and Lack of Transparency AQI monitors show missing data points or values capped to avoid triggering stricter GRAP measures. Citizens demand real-time, audited, open-access air quality data, similar to COVID dashboards. Independent oversight is needed to prevent data tampering and bureaucratic complacency. Weak Accountability and Governance Gaps Pollution management remains fragmented — split between CAQM, CPCB, Delhi Govt, and local bodies with overlapping mandates. Citizens called for an Independent Air Quality and Public Health Commission, Autonomous, science-led, answerable to Parliament. Equipped with enforcement powers and citizen-facing accountability tools. Lack of Citizen-Centric Alert Systems Demand for a “Clean Air App” or “Aarogya Setu for Air”: Real-time risk alerts via SMS, radio, schools, hospitals, buses, and trains. Health advisories and preventive steps for children, elderly, and outdoor workers. Absence of public awareness measures leaves citizens uninformed and vulnerable. Ritualistic Policy Response Annual cycle: winter “emergency measures” → temporary bans → relaxation post-winter. No structural change in transport, waste, construction, or energy systems. Citizen trust erosion: failure of enforcement, visible corruption, and symbolic clean-air drives. Core Argument: Treat Air Pollution as a Health Epidemic Analogy: Just as a viral outbreak prompts emergency response, quarantine, data tracking, and health advisories, toxic air should trigger the same urgency. WHO defines air pollution as the single largest environmental health risk globally. Pollution-related diseases — COPD, asthma, cardiovascular and cognitive decline — have reached endemic proportions in Indian cities. Citizen Demands Independent Air & Health Commission: Expert-led, depoliticised, transparent. Public alert systems: Real-time communication and preventive health advisories. Open Data Access: Public dashboards for AQI, emissions, and fund utilisation. Financial Accountability: Every rupee spent on “Clean Air” must be traceable and outcome-linked. Children’s Right to Clean Air: Recognised as a fundamental right under Article 21 (Right to Life). Ethical and Constitutional Dimensions Ethical governance: Transparency, empathy, and accountability in public health policy. Right to Life (Art. 21): Clean air as a non-negotiable component of health and dignity. Environmental Justice: Unequal exposure—poorer communities, outdoor workers, and children bear disproportionate health costs. Strategic Way Forward Health-based air quality policy: Integrate air pollution into National Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat frameworks. Cross-sectoral response: Involve Health, Urban Development, and Education Ministries alongside CAQM. Data Infrastructure: Citizen-facing Air Health Index (AHI) integrating pollution + hospital admissions + mortality data. Mandate public disclosure by CAQM, CPCB, and state agencies. Behavioral change and enforcement synergy: Combine awareness with strict legal accountability. India – National Air Quality Index (AQI) Launched by: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), 2014 Parameters (8 pollutants): PM10, PM2.5, NO₂, SO₂, CO, O₃, NH₃, Pb AQI Categories: Category AQI Range Colour Health Impact Good 0–50 Green Minimal impact Satisfactory 51–100 Light Green Minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people Moderate 101–200 Yellow Breathing discomfort to people with lungs/heart issues Poor 201–300 Orange Breathing discomfort on prolonged exposure Very Poor 301–400 Red Respiratory illness on prolonged exposure Severe 401–500 Maroon Serious health impacts even on healthy people

Nov 11, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 November 2025

Content Red Fort Blast and J&K Terror Module: Revival of Hybrid Terrorism in India Women as the ‘Largest Minority’: Supreme Court Push for Political Representation 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC), 2025: Balancing Fiscal Prudence and Pay Equity Nobel Prize in Economics 2025: Knowledge Diffusion, Technological Change, and Inclusive Growth India–Thailand Rescue Mission: Repatriation of Citizens from Myanmar Cybercrime Centres Sudan Civil War: Intensifying Conflict and Humanitarian Catastrophe in North Kordofan Social Spending in India: States Driving Welfare Amid Central Fiscal Retrenchment Red Fort Blast and J&K Terror Module Why in News? A high-intensity explosion occurred in a slow-moving car outside the Red Fort, New Delhi, killing at least 9–10 people and injuring over 20. Simultaneously, the Jammu & Kashmir Police busted an inter-State and transnational terror module linked to Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind (AGuH). The seizure of 2,600 kg of IED-making material in the past 15 days points to a major terror plot with possible linkages between the two incidents. Relevance: GS 3 – Internal Security • Terror financing, cyber-radicalisation, and hybrid terrorism • Coordination among security and intelligence agencies (NIA, NSG, MAC) • Cross-border terrorism and Pakistan’s proxy networks • Regulation of explosives, chemicals, and digital evidence • Legal framework – Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967; Explosives Act, 1884 GS 2 – Governance & Polity • Centre–State coordination in law and order matters • Role of judiciary and human rights protection in counter-terror operations Basic Facts Location: Red Fort Traffic Intersection, Central Delhi – a high-security zone near several strategic sites. Time of Blast: Around 7:00 p.m. Casualties: 9–10 killed, 20+ injured. Suspects: Car registered under a person detained in Gurugram, Haryana. Investigating Agencies: Delhi Police, NIA, NSG, FSL, IB. Home Ministry Action: Union Home Minister Amit Shah ordered a multi-agency probe and maintained that “no angle is ruled out”. Terror Module Details (J&K Angle) Arrests: 7 individuals linked to JeM and AGuH, both Pakistan-based terrorist organizations. Seizure: 2,900 kg of IED-making materials — including ammonium nitrate and other components. Pattern: Indicates revival of hybrid terrorism — radicalized youth and professionals working covertly, often with online radical handlers. White-Collar Radicalism: Police noted involvement of educated professionals and students, forming a “white-collar terror ecosystem.” Foreign Handlers: Suspected coordination from Pakistan and Gulf countries through encrypted digital platforms. Background: Terror Trends in India (Data-Based Context) NCRB 2023 Data: J&K still accounts for over 70% of registered terror incidents in India. NIA’s 2022–24 investigations show a rise in transnational linkages in modules across Delhi, Punjab, and Karnataka. NSCS (National Security Council Secretariat) 2024 Analysis: Hybrid terrorism — local actors + foreign funding — is now the dominant modus operandi. The use of chemical precursors for IEDs has risen by over 300% since 2019. Delhi as a Target: Previous attacks include 2000 Red Fort Attack by Lashkar-e-Taiba (Lt. General Ashfaq Rehman case) and 2005 Diwali Delhi bombings. Possible Linkages & Patterns Cross-border Nexus: JeM and AGuH share roots in Pakistan’s Bahawalpur and Peshawar networks, historically aligned with ISI’s low-intensity proxy warfare. Digital Radicalization: Use of Telegram, Signal, and dark web forums for recruitment and funding. Security Implications Urban Terrorism Threat: Shift from large-scale attacks to localized, high-impact incidents using easily available chemicals. Challenges for Intelligence Agencies: Difficulty tracking low-cost, decentralised cells. Need for better inter-agency coordination (IB–NIA–State Police). Critical Infrastructure Security: The blast near Red Fort exposes vulnerability even in high-security zones. Institutional Mechanisms Involved National Investigation Agency (NIA): To probe inter-State and foreign linkages. Multi-Agency Centre (MAC): Coordinates intelligence inputs from IB, R&AW, and State Police. UAPA (Unlawful Activities Prevention Act): Legal framework for prosecution of arrested individuals. National Security Guard (NSG): For bomb disposal and forensic sampling. Way Forward Integrated Urban Surveillance: Expansion of CCTNS + ICJS network to track suspect movement. Regulation of Chemical Sales: Strict control over dual-use precursors under the Explosives Act, 1884. Deradicalization Programs: Targeting educated youth susceptible to ideological indoctrination. International Cooperation: Enhanced intelligence sharing with Gulf nations and Interpol for tracing transnational handlers. Counter-Fake News Monitoring: Many such incidents see misinformation surges, affecting communal harmony. Women are ‘largest minority’, says SC Why in News? The Supreme Court (Bench led by Justice B.V. Nagarathna and Justice R. Mahadevan) observed that women are the “largest minority” in India, constituting 48.44% of the population, yet their representation in Parliament is declining. The Court was hearing a petition by Jaya Thakur, seeking early implementation of the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 (106th Constitutional Amendment Act). Justice Nagarathna questioned the delay in operationalizing the Act, asking: “Why delay the Vandan?” Relevance: GS 2 – Polity & Governance • Women’s reservation and constitutional provisions – Articles 15(3), 243D, 243T • Supreme Court activism and separation of powers • Women’s political empowerment and democratic deepening • 106th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023 (Women’s Reservation Bill) • Barriers to representation – patriarchal norms, electoral financing, tokenism GS 1 – Indian Society • Gender equality and political participation as indicators of social empowerment • Feminist constitutionalism and inclusive governance Basic Facts Law Name: Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 Constitutional Amendment: 106th Amendment Act Provision: 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. Assent: President Droupadi Murmu, September 2023. Status: Not yet implemented — awaits next Census and Delimitation exercise. Duration: Valid for 15 years, extendable by Parliament. Supreme Court’s Key Observations Women as the “largest minority” — though nearly half the population, women remain politically underrepresented. Political justice is as vital as social and economic justice — echoing the Preamble’s triad of justice. Cited Article 15(3) — empowers the State to make special provisions for women’s advancement. Questioned why Census and Delimitation are being used as preconditions for implementation. Stressed that a Constitutional amendment can’t be “held back” indefinitely due to procedural delays. Data and Trends: Women in Indian Politics Population Share: 48.44% (Census 2011). Lok Sabha Representation: 2014: 62 women MPs (11.3%) 2019: 78 women MPs (14.36%) — highest ever, but still below global average. State Assemblies: Average 9% representation across India (2023 data). Global Comparison (IPU 2024): Rwanda – 61%, Mexico – 50%, UK – 34%, India – 14%. Local Bodies (73rd & 74th Amendments): Over 13 lakh women representatives (≈45%) — a proven model of political empowerment. Constitutional & Legal Context Article 15(3): Enables affirmative action for women. Article 243D & 243T: Mandate 1/3rd reservation for women in Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Bodies — successfully implemented. Article 82: Calls for delimitation after each Census — hence used as a basis for delaying the women’s quota implementation. Past Attempts: Bills introduced in 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2008, but never implemented until 2023. Women’s Reservation Bill (2008) passed Rajya Sabha in 2010 but lapsed. Critical Issues Implementation Delay: Conditional upon Census (yet to be conducted) and Delimitation, making the law’s enforcement indefinite. No Fixed Timeline: The Act does not prescribe deadlines for Census or delimitation. Possible Legal Vacuum: The Census last held in 2011; next delayed due to COVID-19 and administrative reasons. Political Implications: Risk of tokenism without structural follow-up. Scholarly Perspectives Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Warned that “political democracy cannot last unless it lies at the base of social democracy.” Martha Nussbaum (Political Theorist): Argues that representation ensures justice through voice and visibility, especially for marginalized groups. Justice Nagarathna’s remark aligns with feminist constitutionalism — recognizing women as a distinct, underrepresented constituency. Broader Governance Implications Democratic Deepening: Women’s presence in legislatures improves policy diversity (health, education, gender equity). Evidence: World Bank (2022) – countries with ≥30% women lawmakers have higher social spending and lower corruption indices. UN Women – gender quotas globally raise female representation by 15–20 percentage points within two elections. Policy Continuity: Strengthening pipeline from local governance (73rd–74th) to legislative representation. Way Forward Expedite Census & Delimitation: To operationalize reservation before 2029 General Elections. Voluntary Party Quotas: Political parties can nominate more women candidates even before legal enforcement. Gender Sensitization in Political Institutions: Training, funding support, and leadership mentoring for women. Periodic Review Clause: Parliament should institute implementation monitoring via Standing Committees. 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC), 2025 Why in News? The Central Government has constituted the 8th Central Pay Commission (CPC) under retired Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai as Chairperson. Members: Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai (Retd.) – Chairperson Prof. Pulak Ghosh (IIM Bangalore) – Part-time Member Pankaj Jain, IAS (Secretary, GoI) – Member-Secretary Mandate: To review and recommend revisions in salary, pension, and service conditions of Central Government employees and defence personnel. Timeline: Report to be submitted within 18 months of constitution. Relevance: GS 3 – Economy • Public expenditure management and fiscal responsibility (FRBM targets) • Pay–productivity linkage in public administration • Pension reforms – NPS vs. OPS sustainability debate • Inflationary pressures and wage–price spiral concerns • Fiscal federalism – implications for States’ finances GS 2 – Governance • Efficiency and motivation in bureaucracy • Role of pay commissions in administrative reforms What is a Pay Commission? A Pay Commission is an expert body constituted by the Government of India by executive order (based on a Cabinet decision). Its role is to review and recommend changes in: Pay structure of Central government employees Pension and retirement benefits Service conditions of civil and defence personnel Recommendations are advisory, not binding; implementation is through Cabinet approval. First Pay Commission: 1946 (before independence). Since then, seven Pay Commissions have submitted reports; the 8th CPC continues this decadal practice. Why Pay Commissions Matter ? Affect 47 lakh Central employees and 68 lakh pensioners (approx. 3% of total workforce). Their recommendations impact: Public expenditure, inflation, and fiscal deficit. Wage benchmarks for State Governments and PSUs (most adopt CPC recommendations). Example: 7th CPC (2016) increased Central salaries by ~23.55%, costing ₹1.02 lakh crore (0.7% of GDP). Terms of Reference (ToR) of the 8th CPC The Union Cabinet defines ToR; the 8th CPC must consider: Economic Conditions and Fiscal Prudence. Adequate resources for welfare and developmental spending. Impact on State finances, since most States adopt CPC scales. Unfunded pension liabilities from non-contributory schemes. Comparison of public and private sector pay levels. Working conditions and emoluments in PSUs and private sector. Data Snapshot: Fiscal & Pension Burden Parameter Amount (2025–26 est.) % of Revenue Expenditure Total Revenue Expenditure ₹39.44 lakh crore 100% Pension Bill (Central) ₹2.76 lakh crore ≈7% Pay + Allowances (2024–25) ~₹2.2 lakh crore 5.5% Total Impact of 7th CPC (2016) ₹1.02 lakh crore 0.7% of GDP Unfunded pension liability is a key fiscal risk; several States (e.g., Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Punjab) have reverted to Old Pension Scheme (OPS), aggravating sustainability concerns. Historical Evolution of CPCs CPC Year Chairperson Key Outcome 1st 1946 Srinivasa Varadachariar Introduced structured pay scales 4th 1986 P.N. Singhal Rationalized pay grades 6th 2006 B.N. Srikrishna Introduced Pay Bands & Grade Pay 7th 2016 A.K. Mathur Fitment factor 2.57×; abolished Grade Pay 8th 2025 R.P. Desai Pending (expected 2026–27 implementation) Comparative International Perspective Public Sector Pay Systems (Global Evolution): Pre-1970s: Pay equity with private sector. 1980s: Focus shifted to efficiency and fiscal discipline. 1990s–2000s: Performance-linked pay and competency-based HR adopted. Current Trend: Balancing attracting talent with cost containment. Key Indicators (Comparative Snapshot): Country Public Sector Share of Total Employment Public Sector Wage Bill (% of GDP) India ~4% ~9% US 15% 11% UK 17% 10% France 22% 12% → Contrary to popular belief, India’s public sector is smaller and leaner relative to major democracies. Structural & Policy Concerns Compression Ratio: 1:12.5 (lowest to highest salary) fixed by 7th CPC; critics argue for rationalizing top-end pay to attract specialists. Private vs Public Pay Parity: Entry-level government jobs pay more than private sector. Higher/specialist positions pay less, deterring top talent. Perks & Intangibles: Job security, housing, and healthcare offset lower monetary pay but need modernization. TOR Gap: Issues like training, learning culture, flexible work, and mental health not covered; should be addressed for productivity enhancement. Broader Economic and Governance Implications Fiscal Pressure: Higher wage bills may crowd out capital expenditure and social spending. Inflationary Effect: Large pay revisions tend to raise aggregate demand and consumption-led inflation (noted post-6th CPC). State Finances: States adopting CPC scales often face budget stress, widening fiscal deficits. Talent Management: Modern governance demands competitive pay for data, tech, and specialist roles — CPC must balance equity with efficiency. New HR Paradigm: Move towards performance-linked incentives (PLI), competency-based promotions, and digital productivity metrics. Key Critiques and Suggestions Need to broaden composition — include economists, HR professionals, and finance experts along with judiciary/bureaucracy. Must incorporate evidence-based benchmarking using private sector data. Introduce periodic indexation of pay to inflation (CPI-IW linkage). Consider transition to contributory pensions (NPS) for fiscal sustainability. Align recommendations with Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) targets. Way Forward Time-bound Submission & Implementation: Ensure report by 2026 for rollout in FY 2027–28. Data-driven Pay Design: Integrate analytics on productivity and sectoral parity. Focus on Performance & Welfare: Link part of pay hikes to measurable governance outcomes. Institutionalize Pay Revision Mechanism: Shift from ad-hoc commissions to permanent Pay Review Body (as in UK). Nobel Prize in Economics 2025 — Technological Change, Knowledge, and Growth Why in News ? The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded jointly to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt. Awarded for their pioneering research on the role of technological change, creative destruction, and knowledge diffusion in driving long-run economic growth. Relevance: GS 3 – Economy & Science–Tech Interface • Endogenous growth theory – knowledge as capital (Aghion, Howitt) • Innovation ecosystems and R&D policy in India • Education, skill development, and inclusive technological diffusion • Role of AI, automation, and human capital formation • India’s innovation bottlenecks – inequality, institutional weaknesses GS 2 – Governance • Role of State in promoting innovation-led growth (NITI Aayog, NEP 2020) • Public–private partnerships in research and technology diffusion About the Laureates Joel Mokyr (Northwestern University) – Historian of economics; studied how knowledge, culture, and institutions drive technological progress. Philippe Aghion (Collège de France & LSE) and Peter Howitt (Brown University) – Developed the Schumpeterian model of creative destruction, explaining how innovation by new firms disrupts old ones, sustaining productivity growth. Mokyr’s Model of Knowledge and Growth Two Types of Knowledge: Propositional knowledge – Theoretical or scientific understanding (“knowing why”). Prescriptive knowledge – Practical or technical know-how (“knowing how”). Core Idea: Economic growth accelerates when both kinds of knowledge expand and when societies freely share and apply knowledge. Social Prerequisite: Growth thrives where: Knowledge is accessible to the majority, not monopolised by elites. Cultural and institutional norms promote exchange of ideas and open inquiry. Key Implication: Technological progress is not purely economic — it is a social and cultural process shaped by inclusivity and the freedom to learn, share, and apply. Contemporary Relevance for India Caste and Knowledge Restriction: Historically, the caste system confined knowledge to a few upper groups. Violence and exclusion limited access to education and technical learning. Despite reservations post-Independence, access to quality education remains skewed toward the elite. Data: Only 27% of SC and 16% of ST students access higher education (AISHE 2022). Over 60% of rural youth cannot afford private college tuition. Implication: Restricting educational access = restricting innovation, as fewer can tinker, experiment, and invent. Automation and Job Polarisation Current Challenge: AI-driven automation reshapes labour markets. Job Polarisation: Middle-skill routine jobs decline; growth in low-skill services and high-skill tech roles. ILO (2023): Up to 25% of routine jobs globally face automation risk. India: Sectors like manufacturing and BPOs most exposed. Problem: Fewer workers gain hands-on technical knowledge (“prescriptive knowledge”). Loss of on-the-job learning limits diffusion of practical know-how. Long-term result: decline in innovation potential, even if short-term productivity rises. Creative Destruction and Economic Growth (Aghion–Howitt Framework) Schumpeterian principle: Innovation destroys old technologies and creates new industries. Key insight: Sustainable growth depends on continuous innovation, entrepreneurial dynamism, and inclusive knowledge systems. Policy takeaway: Growth cannot rely only on markets; it requires education, competition, and R&D ecosystems that allow new ideas to emerge. Policy Implications for India Democratisation of Education: Invest in public higher education, not just elite IIT/IIM clusters. Implement reservations in private universities or fee subsidies for equity. UNESCO (2023): India spends only 2.9% of GDP on education, below global average of 4.4%. Bridging Skill Gaps in Automation Era: Promote re-skilling programs and technical apprenticeships. Incentivise firms to train workers in emerging technologies. Breaking Caste Barriers: Strengthen social inclusion policies and affirmative educational funding. Encourage inter-community innovation networks to broaden idea sharing. Encourage Knowledge Ecosystems: Link academia–industry–state collaboration. Fund open innovation platforms to democratise R&D participation. Balanced State Role: Neither excessive control nor complete laissez-faire — a “facilitating state” that ensures equal knowledge access. Key Takeaways Knowledge diffusion — not mere accumulation — drives sustained growth. Social institutions (like caste) and economic structures (like automation) shape how knowledge circulates. Democratizing access to education and technology is essential for inclusive and sustainable economic progress. As Mokyr’s thesis suggests, a society with inaccessible knowledge is as stagnant as one with none. India airlifts 197 citizens rescued from cybercrime centres in south Myanmar Why in News ? The Indian Air Force (IAF) recently evacuated 197 Indian nationals from Mae Sot, Thailand, as part of a repatriation mission for Indians trapped in cyberscam centres in southern Myanmar. Earlier on November 6, 2024, 270 Indians were rescued from Myawaddy (Myanmar) after the Myanmar military cracked down on illegal cybercrime hubs. The operation reflects India–Thailand cooperation against transnational crimes, including cyber fraud and human trafficking. Relevance: GS 2 – International Relations • India–Thailand cooperation under Act East Policy and BIMSTEC • Humanitarian diplomacy and citizen protection abroad • Transnational crimes – cyber fraud and human trafficking • Regional instability post-Myanmar coup (2021) and India’s stakes • International law – Vienna Convention on Consular Relations GS 3 – Internal Security • Cybercrime networks and trafficking nexus • Coordination between I4C, MEA, and state agencies in digital policing Background Myawaddy (southeastern Myanmar) has become a hub for illegal cybercrime syndicates, operating scam centres run by Chinese criminal networks in collaboration with local militias. Thousands of foreign workers (from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc.) have been lured by fake job offers to work in “IT companies” or “data entry jobs,” only to be forcibly employed in online scam operations. These operations are concentrated in lawless border regions like Shan, Karen, and Kayin States, beyond effective control of the Myanmar junta. According to Interpol (2024), such scam hubs have trapped over 2,00,000 victims across Southeast Asia, many through debt bondage and coercion. Details of the Evacuation Rescue Location: Mae Sot, a Thai border town opposite Myawaddy. Agencies Involved: Embassy of India, Bangkok Consulate of India, Chiang Mai Indian Air Force (IAF) Royal Thai Government Thai Prime Minister Anutin Charnvirakul personally oversaw the operation. Evacuees: 197 in the latest batch; total 467 Indians repatriated so far. Post-Evacuation: All evacuees will undergo detailed questioning by Indian authorities for verification, debriefing, and rehabilitation. Significance and Analysis Humanitarian Diplomacy Reflects India’s growing focus on “Protection Diplomacy” — ensuring safety of nationals abroad. In line with India’s “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” ethos and Citizen-Centric Foreign Policy. Similar to earlier operations: Operation Kaveri (Sudan, 2023) Operation Ganga (Ukraine, 2022) Vande Bharat Mission (COVID-19, 2020–21) MEA’s MADAD and e-Sanad platforms used for tracking citizens in distress. Transnational Cybercrime Network These scam centres conduct online investment frauds, romance scams, and crypto frauds, targeting global citizens. UNODC (2024) warned that cyber fraud syndicates in the Mekong region generated billions of dollars annually, often linked to money laundering and trafficking. India’s MHA (2023) reported over 5.5 lakh cybercrime complaints annually, with many linked to foreign IPs. Human Trafficking Dimension Workers often trafficked under false employment promises via illegal recruitment agents. Victims face passport confiscation, forced labour, and physical abuse. Violates: UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (2000) ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) India’s Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Bill, 2021 remains pending — such incidents renew urgency for its enactment. Regional Security and Law Enforcement ASEAN region emerging as global cybercrime hotspot due to weak governance and border conflicts. India–Thailand coordination highlights growing security cooperation under BIMSTEC and ASEAN-India frameworks. Both nations agreed to share intelligence and strengthen cybercrime enforcement mechanisms. Strategic Implications The Myawaddy crisis underscores how weak state control in Myanmar post-coup (2021) is fuelling criminal economies. Impacts India’s Act East Policy and Kaladan Multimodal Transit Project, given proximity of scam hubs to Indian strategic corridors. Reinforces need for stability in Myanmar and enhanced border vigilance. Data and Facts Parameter Data / Source Indians evacuated from Myanmar (as of Nov 2024) 467 Global victims trapped in SE Asian scam hubs >2,00,000 (Interpol 2024) Annual global loss from cyber fraud $10.5 trillion by 2025 (Cybersecurity Ventures) Cybercrime complaints in India (2023) 5.52 lakh (MHA report) Indian overseas population ~1.36 crore (MEA, 2024) Policy Challenges Weak oversight of overseas job recruitment by unauthorised agents. Lack of bilateral extradition and mutual legal assistance frameworks with Myanmar. Limited capacity in Indian cybercrime investigation units for cross-border cooperation. Rehabilitation and reintegration of rescued citizens into domestic employment remain gaps. Way Forward Strengthen Bilateral and Regional Cooperation Establish a triangular anti-cybercrime task force (India–Thailand–Myanmar). Enhance collaboration through ASEAN-India Cyber Dialogue. Regulate Overseas Employment Channels Strict licensing of recruitment agencies; expand eMigrate portal coverage. Cybercrime Deterrence Enhance capabilities of Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) and CERT-In for foreign-linked cybercrimes. Victim Protection and Reintegration Provide rehabilitation, legal aid, and mental health support to returnees. Regional Stability Support ASEAN’s “Five-Point Consensus” for restoring peace in Myanmar. Conclusion The evacuation operations are not isolated humanitarian missions but part of India’s strategic and ethical response to transnational organised crime. As cybercrime and trafficking networks transcend borders, cooperative security and knowledge-sharing across Southeast Asia will be key to safeguarding citizens and digital economies. Sudan Conflict Displacement Why in News ? As per UN’s International Organization for Migration (IOM), intense clashes between the Sudanese Army and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in North Kordofan displaced ~2,000 people in 3 days (Nov 8–10, 2025). Marks a worsening of the Sudan Civil War (2023–present), one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises. Relevance: GS 2 – International Relations • Civil war between Sudanese Armed Forces and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) • Role of regional organisations – African Union, IGAD, UN • Humanitarian crisis – displacement (12 million), food insecurity, rights violations • Impact on Red Sea geopolitics and Horn of Africa stability • India’s diplomatic role and evacuation efforts (Operation Kaveri) GS 3 – Disaster Management & Security • Protection of civilians in conflict zones • Global refugee management and humanitarian intervention ethics Background of the Conflict Historical Roots: Sudan has faced decades of internal conflict—from Darfur genocide (2003–04) to South Sudan’s secession (2011). The 2023 civil war arose from a power struggle between: Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) under Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) under Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti). Trigger: Disagreement over integrating RSF into the regular army during the planned civilian transition after the 2019 revolution that ousted Omar al-Bashir. Current Situation Flashpoint Region: North Kordofan (Bara town). Casualties: 47 killed (including women and children). Newly Displaced: 2,000 (Nov 8–10). Total Impact: 40,000+ killed (WHO). 12 million displaced, 25 million in need of aid (UN). RSF captured el-Fasher in Darfur recently—mass killings and refugee surge reported. Humanitarian Crisis Mass Displacement: Largest since the Syrian war, with internal displacement exceeding Ukraine’s. Famine Threat: UN warns of food insecurity across Darfur and Kordofan. Collapse of Governance: 80% of hospitals non-functional. Human rights abuses: killings, sexual violence, child soldier recruitment. Regional Spillover: Refugee influx into Chad, South Sudan, Egypt. International Response Diplomatic Efforts: Jeddah Peace Talks (Saudi Arabia–U.S. mediated) collapsed due to non-compliance. African Union and IGAD pushing for regional ceasefire. UN Mission (UNITAMS) withdrew in 2023 after attacks on peacekeepers. International Fracture: Competing influence of UAE, Egypt, Russia (via Wagner Group) complicates mediation. Sanctions and arms embargo discussions ongoing in UN Security Council. Geopolitical & Strategic Significance Location: Sudan lies on the Red Sea–Horn of Africa corridor, critical for global trade and India’s maritime security. Natural Resources: Rich in gold and agricultural land — a driver of foreign interference. Regional Stability: Prolonged war threatens Horn of Africa, already volatile due to Ethiopia–Tigray conflict and Somalia instability. India’s Stakes Diaspora & Evacuation: India conducted Operation Kaveri (April 2023) — evacuated ~3,800 nationals. Strategic Concerns: Disruption near Red Sea trade routes, key to India’s energy security. Implications for India’s maritime outreach (Project SAGAR, Indo-Pacific vision). Social Spending in India: State Governments Driving Welfare Amid Central Cuts Why in News ? Recent RBI data show that India’s rise in social spending (education, health, welfare) over the past decade has been driven mainly by State governments, despite: Cuts in central transfers, Rise in cesses & surcharges, and Erosion of fiscal federalism through GST and centralisation. Relevance: GS 2 – Governance & Welfare Schemes • Centre–State fiscal relations and cooperative federalism • Role of Finance Commission and GST Council in devolution • Cesses, surcharges, and declining central transfers • States as drivers of welfare and social sector investment • Human capital formation through education, health, and social protection GS 3 – Economy & Inclusive Growth • Fiscal sustainability and social sector prioritisation • Welfare economics and efficiency of public spending • Impact on inequality, poverty, and inclusive development Concept: What Is Social Spending? Definition: Public expenditure aimed at improving human welfare — includes education, health, nutrition, rural employment, and social protection. Economic Significance: Strengthens human capital → boosts productivity and long-term growth. Reduces inequality and poverty → enhances social cohesion. Acts as automatic stabiliser during economic shocks (e.g., COVID-19). Historical Context 2004–2014: Massive welfare expansion — MGNREGA, NRHM, RTE, NFSA. Social spending averaged 8.5% of total budget. 2014–present : Continued welfare delivery but with more central branding (e.g., PMGKY, PM-Kisan). However, aggregate central social spending share fell to ~8%. Real increases came from State budgets, not Central initiatives. Data Highlights (RBI 2023 Report) Indicator 2004–14 2014–23 Source Central Govt. social spending (as % of total outlay) ~8.5% ~8% RBI, State Finances Per capita nominal social spending — Centre ↑76% (2014–23) — RBI Per capita nominal social spending — States ↑397% (2014–23) Double that of Centre RBI States’ dependence on central transfers ↓ from 45% (2016–17) → 28.3% (2022–23) — RBI Share of cesses & surcharges in gross tax revenue ↑ from 10.4% → 20.4% (now ~14.5%) — MoF, Union Budget Drivers of Divergence: Why States Spent More ? Decentralised Demand: States face direct pressure from citizens for welfare delivery. Political Competition: Regional parties and State leaders (e.g., TN, Odisha, Telangana) prioritised cash transfer and welfare schemes. COVID-19 Shock: Forced States to spend more on health, food security, and direct aid, even with limited revenue space. Limited Federal Support: GST regime reduced States’ tax autonomy. Rise in non-shareable cesses/surcharges restricted revenue sharing. Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) became more top-down, limiting local flexibility. Federal Fiscal Imbalance 14th Finance Commission (2015): Raised States’ share in divisible taxes from 32% → 42%, a landmark reform. However: Post-2017, Centre expanded non-shareable cesses and conditional grants. States’ fiscal space shrank despite nominal devolution gains. Many CSS became politically selective, favouring BJP-ruled States. Implications For Welfare Delivery: States remain the main implementers of welfare (education, health, PDS). Yet financial constraints threaten sustainability. For Federalism: Centralisation via GST & cesses erodes “cooperative federalism”, replacing it with “competitive clientelism”. For Political Economy: Despite the Centre’s image as the “welfare provider”, data show that State-led spending sustains India’s welfare model. Suggests political credit centralisation but fiscal decentralisation in practice. Broader Economic Insight Jayati Ghosh & C.P. Chandrasekhar’s argument: India’s social spending success is misattributed; it reflects State efforts under fiscal duress. Centre’s welfare narrative (e.g., free ration, PM-Kisan) masks declining real central social investment. The pattern highlights asymmetric federalism — policy control at the Centre, expenditure burden at the States. Way Forward Strengthen Fiscal Federalism: Expand tax devolution and limit cesses. Reform GST compensation to protect State autonomy. Rebalance Centre–State Relations: Empower States to design context-specific social schemes. Ensure predictable, formula-based transfers. Enhance Transparency: Disclose social spending disaggregated by sector and level of government. Institutionalise “Social Spending Rule”: Minimum threshold (say, 8–10% of GDP) for human development spending.

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