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Current Affairs 10 October 2025

Content India inks £350-mn deal with U.K. to buy missiles of global stability Are women deciding Assembly elections? What are the various electoral forms? Why we need to change the way we talk about antibiotic resistance Prioritising mental health during emergencies is essential: experts Red List initiative India inks £350-mn deal with U.K. to buy missiles of global stability’ Why in News ? India and the U.K. have signed a £350-million defence deal for missiles, marking a strategic milestone in India-U.K. defence cooperation. The agreement includes procurement of Lightweight Multirole Missiles (LMM) for the Indian Army and collaboration on electric-powered naval engines. This follows high-level discussions between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.K. PM Keir Starmer in Mumbai, highlighting expanding bilateral ties across defence, technology, and education. Relevance GS II – International Relations: Bilateral defence and technology partnership with the U.K. Strategic cooperation in education and research sectors. GS III – Defence & Economy: Modernisation of armed forces and advanced weapons acquisition. Boost to defence manufacturing, Make in India, and technology transfers. Economic diplomacy via investment flows and educational partnerships. Context and Background Part of broader India-U.K. strategic partnership, described as an “important pillar of global stability.” Defence deal aligns with India’s modernisation of armed forces and push for domestic and international collaboration. U.K. universities (Lancaster & Surrey) approved to open campuses in India, reflecting increasing education and technology cooperation. 64 Indian companies committed £1.3 billion (~₹15,430 crore) investment in the U.K., showing strengthened economic ties post trade deal. Details of the Defence Deal Value: £350 million (missiles) + £250 million for electric-powered naval engines. Procurement: Lightweight Multirole Missiles (LMM) manufactured in Belfast. Purpose: Strengthen Indian Army’s missile capabilities. Broaden defence partnership towards “complex weapons collaboration.” Boost bilateral defence R&D and industrial linkages. Strategic Objective: Enhance interoperability and technology exchange. Support Make in India by leveraging foreign technology and investment. Strategic and Geopolitical Significance Global Stability: Strengthens India-U.K. defence alignment amid turbulent global scenario. Regional Security: Enhances India’s deterrence posture in the Indo-Pacific region. Technology Collaboration: Paves way for joint development of advanced missile systems and naval technology. Defence Industry Boost: Encourages investments, technology transfer, and R&D in India’s defence sector. Economic and Industrial Implications Indian firms invest £1.3 billion in U.K., enhancing bilateral trade confidence. Defence procurement fosters indigenous supply chains via Make in India initiative. Joint ventures in defence manufacturing can create jobs and skill development opportunities. Electric naval engine collaboration supports green technology adoption in defence. Conclusion The defence deal enhances India-U.K. strategic and technological cooperation while modernising India’s armed forces. It also strengthens regional security and boosts Make in India through joint R&D and industrial linkages. Are women deciding Assembly elections? Why in News ? In the run-up to the Bihar Assembly elections, direct cash transfer schemes like the Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana have targeted women voters. This has revived the debate on whether women are becoming a decisive electoral force, reflecting increasing political focus on gender as an identity in voting behaviour. Relevance GS II – Governance & Social Justice: Gender-responsive policy formulation and evaluation. Electoral inclusion and institutional mechanisms for women’s political participation. Intersectionality in policy design. GS II/III – Polity & Economy: Welfare schemes and direct benefit transfers as tools of social empowerment. Clientelism vs. inclusive policy delivery. Socio-economic empowerment of women as a driver of development. Context and Background Bihar CM Nitish Kumar transferred ₹10,000 to 25 lakh women (Oct 3, 2025) under Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana. PM Modi announced ₹7,500 crore transfer to 75 lakh women under the same scheme (Sept 26, 2025). Women increasingly treated as a “vote bank,” similar to caste or religious groups. Share of women voters rising; women voters outnumber men in several constituencies in recent elections. Key Insights from the Article Agency over freebies: Women seek empowerment, dignity, and autonomy, not just cash schemes. Political parties must internalise women’s aspirations rather than assume them as monolithic beneficiaries (“labharthis”). Intersectionality: Women’s voting preferences are shaped by caste, class, religion, region, and other social identities. Treating women as a homogeneous group risks marginalising their agency and reinforces clientelist politics. Electoral Inclusion and Disadvantages: Documentation issues in exercises like SIR (Bihar) and NRC (Assam) disproportionately affect women. Despite being celebrated as voters, systemic barriers limit women’s political participation. Impact of Welfare Schemes: Schemes like Ladli Behna, Ladki Bahin, and Mahila Rojgar Yojana provide direct cash transfers. Success varies with timing, implementation, conditional clauses (e.g., school education). Evidence shows schemes do not automatically translate into votes for any party; women increasingly exercise independent choice. Evolution of Political Attention to Women: Modern political manifestos include women-centric measures (e.g., free cycles, toilets, cash transfers). These initiatives signal recognition of women’s role, but risks of tokenism and essentialisation remain. Overview Women voters are influential but not decisive: Their importance lies in parity with other voting blocs rather than a monolithic swing factor. Empowerment vs. Clientelism: Schemes can empower women financially and socially if implemented effectively. Pre-election cash transfers risk being perceived as vote-buying rather than empowerment. Policy Design Lessons: Gender-responsive policies must consider intersectional identities. Effective delivery, awareness, and support for independent use of benefits are critical. Conclusion Women’s growing electoral presence highlights their increasing political agency, though they are not a monolithic vote bank. Effective gender-responsive policies and empowerment measures, rather than pre-election cash transfers, can strengthen meaningful participation. What are the various electoral forms? Why in News ? The Election Commission (EC) recently concluded the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar ahead of Assembly elections and plans a phased rollout across other States. The process has sparked debate over voter inclusion, documentation requirements, and electoral fairness. Relevance GS II – Polity & Governance: Role of EC in preparation and revision of electoral rolls. Right to vote, voter inclusion, and clean elections. Judicial oversight in election administration. GS II – Democracy & Accountability: Citizen participation in electoral processes. Challenges in electoral inclusion for marginalized groups. Context & Background Legal Basis: Section 21 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (RP Act) allows preparation and revision of electoral rolls. EC can carry out a summary revision before elections and a special revision at any time. SIR in Bihar: EC order dated June 24, 2025 initiated SIR nationwide, starting with Bihar. Bihar Assembly elections due in November 2025; July 1 fixed as qualifying date. Process Steps: Submission of enumeration forms by registered voters. Submission of eligible documents proving citizenship (for voters registered post-2003). Publication of draft electoral rolls. Period for filing claims and objections. Verification and disposal of claims by Electoral Registration Officers (ERO). Publication of final electoral roll (Bihar roll released on Sept 30, 2025). Judicial Intervention: SIR process challenged in the Supreme Court. Court directed EC to accept Aadhaar as proof of identity along with enumeration forms. Forms & Citizen Participation Relevant Forms: Defined in Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 (RER). Include forms for new voter registration, migration, objections, corrections, deletions, etc. Citizens should fill out the relevant forms based on their status. Citizen Responsibility: Verify published draft rolls. Submit forms if new voters or migrated. Seek assistance from political parties, civil society, or EROs, especially for marginalized groups. Significance Clean electoral rolls are vital for free and fair elections. Ensures every eligible citizen can exercise their right to vote without compromise. Phased rollout in other States aims to improve efficiency and inclusivity. Challenges & Concerns Short timelines may disadvantage marginalized groups, particularly women, migrants, and those with weak documentation. Political debates about SIR often highlight fears of exclusion or voter manipulation, though EC maintains neutrality. Need for adequate public awareness and facilitation to avoid disenfranchisement. Way Forward Extended timelines for SIR to allow hassle-free participation. Ensure Aadhaar and other accepted documents are widely communicated. Political parties and civil society must assist vulnerable populations in verifying and updating rolls. Phased nationwide SIR can improve the accuracy of rolls for upcoming Assembly elections. Conclusion Special Intensive Revision (SIR) and other electoral processes ensure inclusive and accurate voter registration. Robust citizen participation, timely awareness, and facilitation are essential to maintain free and fair elections. Why we need to change the way we talk about antibiotic resistance Why in News Context: Renewed focus on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) due to stagnation in public awareness despite increasing medical risk. Catalyst: NDM (New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase) first reported in 2010, highlighting India as a hotspot for antibiotic resistance. Current Concern: Communication fatigue and public desensitization to alarming AMR statistics; need for a personalized, biology-centered narrative. Relevance GS III – Science & Technology / Health: Antimicrobial resistance, NDM-1, antibiotic stewardship. Public health policies, microbiome science, personalized medicine. GS II – Governance / Policy: Chennai Declaration, G20/G7 AMR policies, India’s national health response. GS III – Economics: Economic burden of AMR, healthcare cost escalation, productivity loss. Understanding AMR & NDM AMR: Occurs when microorganisms evolve to survive exposure to antibiotics. Leads to infections that are harder to treat, increasing morbidity and mortality. NDM-1: A gene producing an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to nearly all antibiotics, including last-resort drugs. First identified in The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2010. Sparked political controversy over naming, highlighting global attention to India’s AMR problem. Impact of AMR: Health: Increased treatment failures, prolonged hospital stays, higher mortality. Economy: Predicted $100 trillion global economic loss by 2050 (Lord Jim O’Neill report). Social: Poses a global public health threat, affecting low- and middle-income countries disproportionately. Evolution of Awareness & Policy Initiatives Chennai Declaration (2012): Indian consensus framework to tackle AMR. Global Recognition: G7 and G20 included AMR in their agendas; AMR recognized as a medical, economic, and political issue. Problem: Over time, repeated alarmist messaging led to psychic numbing—public and policymakers became desensitized to statistics. Communication Crisis Traditional messaging relies on large-scale catastrophic forecasts, e.g., 10 million deaths by 2050. Habituation: Repeated exposure to statistics dulls public and policymaker response. Need for personalized storytelling connecting AMR to everyday health impacts. Making AMR Personal Microbiome Concept: Human body hosts trillions of beneficial microbes, essential for digestion, immunity, metabolism, skin health, and even mood regulation. Antibiotics Effects: Disrupt gut microbiome for months; sometimes permanent changes. Linked to anxiety, depression, obesity, diabetes, asthma, eczema. Impacts are present-day, not just future predictions. Positive framing: Microbes are not only harmful; they create individuality, influence experiences (e.g., how perfume smells on different people). Protecting beneficial microbes is a personal responsibility with immediate health consequences. Shift in Messaging From distant catastrophe → personal impact. From fear → responsibility. From statistics → biology. From bad bugs → good bugs. Goal: Sustainable public engagement, keeping AMR on the policy and individual action agenda. Significance & Policy Implications Healthcare: Need for judicious antibiotic use, stewardship programs, and infection control. Education & Awareness: Shift from abstract warnings to practical, relatable impacts on individual health. Research: Encourage studies on microbiome preservation and AMR mitigation. Global Health: India’s AMR crisis is part of a global threat, requiring coordinated national and international response. Conclusion AMR communication must shift from abstract catastrophic statistics to personalized, biology-focused messaging to drive responsible antibiotic use. This approach improves public engagement, policymaking, and sustainable health outcomes. Prioritising mental health during emergencies is essential: experts Why in News Event: World Mental Health Day 2025 (October 10) Theme: “Access to Services: Mental Health in Catastrophes and Emergencies” Relevance: Highlights urgent need for accessible mental health services during disasters, conflicts, climate-induced crises, and pandemics. Context in India: Recurring natural disasters (tsunamis, cyclones), COVID-19 pandemic, and humanitarian emergencies have exposed gaps in mental health response. Relevance GS II – Governance / Social Justice: Mental health policy, integration in disaster management, child and adolescent protection. GS III – Health / Disaster Management: Psychological first aid, crisis mental health services, impact of emergencies on health systems. GS II/III – International Cooperation: WHO guidelines, Inter-Agency Standing Committee recommendations, global frameworks for disaster mental health. Understanding Mental Health in Emergencies Definition: Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being; crucial for coping with stress and disasters. Crisis Impact: WHO estimates ~1 in 5 individuals experience mental health conditions during disasters/conflicts. Common Conditions: Depression, anxiety, PTSD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia. Historical Lessons in India: 2004 Tsunami: Recognized need for psychological first-aid alongside physical relief. COVID-19 Pandemic: Highlighted widespread stress, isolation, and anxiety affecting both infected and uninfected individuals. Cyclones & Natural Disasters: e.g., 2018 Gaja cyclone – mental health teams intervened for grief and trauma. Challenges in Mental Health Response Underestimation of Need: Mental health often seen as secondary to physical and economic recovery in emergencies. Accessibility: Services concentrated in urban centers; rural and remote populations underserved. Stigma: Social barriers prevent individuals from seeking care, especially in disaster-affected areas. Long-term Impact: Children and adolescents exposed to trauma face lasting psychological effects. Reactive Approach: Often addressed post-disaster instead of being integrated into initial emergency planning. Key Recommendations & Best Practices Decentralization: Ensure mental health services are available in all districts affected by disasters. Create mobile mental health units in rural or conflict-affected zones. Integration into Emergency Response: Mental health support should be part of initial disaster relief planning along with food, shelter, and medical care. Teams should assess acute stress, grief, and trauma immediately. Child & Adolescent Focus: Prioritize psychosocial support for children exposed to violence, displacement, or loss. Capacity Building: Train first responders, medical staff, and volunteers in psychological first aid. Leverage WHO and Inter-Agency Standing Committee guidelines for mental health in emergencies. Awareness & De-stigmatization: Promote discussions about mental health across all sectors. Encourage community participation to normalize seeking psychological support. Sustainability: Mental health support should not be reactive, but pre-planned, structured, and continuous. Follow-up and long-term care should be incorporated post-crisis. Significance Public Health: Early mental health intervention reduces long-term psychiatric morbidity. Social Stability: Reduces post-disaster social tensions, substance abuse, and domestic violence. Disaster Resilience: Mentally healthy populations are better able to adapt and recover from catastrophes. Global Commitments: Aligns with WHO, Sustainable Development Goal 3 (good health and well-being) and disaster preparedness frameworks. Conclusion Integrating mental health into disaster response reduces long-term psychological impact and strengthens societal resilience. Decentralized, pre-planned, and continuous care is crucial for effective emergency management. Red List initiative Why in News ? India is preparing a national-level ‘Red List’ of species for the first time, assessing 11,000 species (7,000 flora + 4,000 fauna). Announcement made by Union Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Kirti Vardhan Singh on the first day of the World Congress of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Abu Dhabi. Initiative aligns with India’s commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF). Relevance GS III – Environment & Biodiversity: Biodiversity conservation, Red List, endangered species, endemic species. Role of government and international organizations (IUCN, CBD). GS III – Disaster & Ecology Linkages: Understanding species risk contributes to ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction. Understanding the Red List IUCN Red List: Global standard for assessing extinction risk of species. Categories of Assessment: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, Not Evaluated. Purpose: Helps policymakers and wildlife biologists prioritize conservation actions, allocate resources, and plan recovery for species at risk. Scope in India: 55,726 species recorded. Currently, IUCN assessed only 7,516 species (13.4% are threatened). 1,012 species threatened; 289 near threatened; 13.8% data deficient. High endemism in amphibians (79%) and reptiles (54.9%) among threatened species. Objectives of the National Red List Assess extinction risk for 11,000 species across India. Establish a participatory, nationally coordinated, and upgradable Red Listing system. Reflect the true conservation status of India’s biodiversity. Track progress of biodiversity protection targets under KM-GBF and SDGs. Integrate expert inputs from taxonomists, conservation biologists, and non-profit organizations. Create a framework for future conservation recovery plans. Key Stakeholders Government Agencies: Union Environment Ministry Botanical Survey of India Zoological Survey of India Non-governmental & Research Organisations: Wildlife Institute of India Taxonomists and conservation biologists across India Global Alignment: Coordinated with IUCN global standards. Significance of the Initiative Biodiversity Conservation: Enables scientific, evidence-based conservation planning. Policy Impact: Helps identify priority species and habitats needing immediate protection. Global Commitment: Strengthens India’s role in CBD and KM-GBF goals. Endemism Protection: Highlights species unique to India, crucial for ecosystem balance and ecological resilience. Awareness & Engagement: Promotes participation of civil society, researchers, and local communities in biodiversity monitoring. Challenges Data Deficiency: Many species lack sufficient information, potentially underestimating threats. Scale: India has ~55,726 documented species, making assessment resource-intensive. Coordination: Requires collaboration across government, academia, NGOs, and international frameworks. Implementation: Translating Red List data into actionable conservation policies and field interventions. Why It Matters Now ? Global Biodiversity Targets: India committed to stop biodiversity loss by 2030 under KM-GBF. Climate Change & Habitat Loss: Rapid environmental change is increasing extinction risk. Awareness & Policy: With this initiative, India strengthens national conservation policies and international credibility. Conclusion India’s National Red List provides evidence-based prioritization for species conservation, aligning with global biodiversity commitments. It enables targeted policies, protects endemic species, and promotes scientific and community engagement in biodiversity preservation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 October 2025

Content Curbing Cyber Frauds in Digital India Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0 Curbing Cyber Frauds in Digital India Why in News The Government released an update (8 Oct 2025) on India’s cyber fraud prevention efforts under the Digital India mission. Coincides with India Mobile Congress 2025, where cybersecurity is a major focus area. Reflects India’s transition from cyber awareness to national-scale cyber resilience. Relevance: GS-3 (Internal Security): Cyber threats, CERT-In, NCIIPC, I4C, national cyber resilience. GS-2 (Governance): Data Protection Act 2023, IT Rules 2021, Online Gaming Bill 2025. GS-3 (S&T): AI-driven frauds, NM-ICPS, digital infrastructure security. Digital India and the Expanding Cyber Landscape Digital India Initiative (2015–): Rapid digitisation of services, e-governance, and financial inclusion. Internet penetration: 86% of households connected (2025). Digital transactions: Massive surge via UPI, Aadhaar-enabled payments, and e-governance platforms. Challenge: The expanded digital ecosystem increases exposure to cyber threats and frauds.       Rising Cyber Threats: Data Trends Cybersecurity incidents: 2022: 10.29 lakh 2024: 22.68 lakh (120% rise) Cyber fraud loss: ₹36.45 lakh reported on NCRP (as of Feb 2025). SIM/IMEI blocking: 9.42 lakh SIMs 2,63,348 IMEIs linked to frauds blocked. Budget allocation 2025–26: ₹782 crore for cybersecurity. Helpline 1930: Centralized, rapid-response channel for cyber fraud victims. Nature of Cyber Frauds Definition: Deceptive online activities aimed at financial or data theft. Common types: Phishing and spoofing (fake identities, emails, URLs). Deepfake scams using AI. UPI payment frauds through compromised SIMs. Online betting and gaming apps promising fake returns (₹400 crore proceeds). Fraud “factories” in Southeast Asia linked to organized cybercrime. Emerging Threat Responses Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI): Launched by DoT; categorizes phone numbers as Medium, High, or Very High risk. Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill, 2025: Encourages e-sports/social gaming. Bans money-based gaming and advertisements to curb illegal betting-linked fraud. Cybersecurity Legal & Institutional Framework A. Key Legislations Information Technology Act, 2000 Legal foundation for cybercrime prosecution. Covers identity theft, data breaches, impersonation, online obscenity. Enables blocking of malicious sites/apps. IT (Intermediary Guidelines & Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 Imposes responsibility on social media and digital intermediaries. Mandates removal of unlawful/AI-manipulated content. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 Data collection only with consent and lawful purpose. Obligates data fiduciaries to ensure security safeguards. Reduces unauthorized access/misuse. Cybersecurity Institutions and Mechanisms A. Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) National nodal agency for cybersecurity response. Functions: Threat monitoring, advisory issuance, vulnerability management. 109 mock drills held (1,438 organizations) to assess cyber readiness. B. National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) Protects critical sectors—banking, power, telecom, transport. Operates under Section 70A of IT Act. Conducts sector-specific risk assessments and issue advisories. C. Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C) MHA initiative to coordinate LEAs across India. Supports training, R&D, and real-time data sharing. Blocked: 3,962 Skype IDs and 83,668 WhatsApp accounts linked to frauds. Capacity Building and Awareness CyTrain Portal: 1,05,796 police officers registered. 82,704 certificates issued in cybercrime investigation. Cyber Crime Prevention Against Women and Children (CCPWC) Scheme: Funding: ₹132.93 crore. 33 cyber forensic labs set up. 24,600 officials trained. Cyber Crisis Management Plan (CCMP): Framework for recovery during cyber-attacks. 205 workshops conducted nationwide. Technological & Strategic Tools A. Samanvaya Platform Analytics-based platform linking inter-state cybercrime data. Pratibimb module visualizes criminal networks and geography. Results: 12,987 arrests; 1,51,984 criminal linkages mapped. B. Sahyog Portal Centralized mechanism for removal of unlawful online content. Connects all authorized enforcement agencies under one digital interface. C. Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System (CFCFRMS) Enabled saving of ₹5,489 crore in 17.82 lakh complaints. Integrates banks, payment intermediaries, and LEAs for real-time freezing. D. NM-ICPS (National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems) Promotes R&D in cybersecurity, AI, IoT defense mechanisms. Enhances capability for detection and prevention of emerging cyber threats. National Cyber Awareness and Outreach Cyber awareness campaigns: radio, metro, and print media. MyGov Cyber Safety Weeks for community engagement. Handbook for Adolescents and Students: cyber hygiene education. NCCC (National Cyber Coordination Centre): Provides real-time situational awareness of threats. Integrates intelligence from multiple agencies. Social media campaigns to promote safe cyber practices. Cybersecurity Exercises and Global Collaboration Bharat National Cybersecurity Exercise 2025: 21 July–1 Aug 2025; 600+ participants. STRATEX simulation tested national response to large-scale cyber breach. India Mobile Congress 2025 (8–11 Oct): Cybersecurity among six key global summits. Focus on 6G, AI, IoT, Satellite Communication, and Telecom Manufacturing. 1.5 lakh visitors, 7,000+ international delegates, 400+ exhibitors. Financial and Institutional Achievements Cybersecurity Budget (2025–26): ₹782 crore. Blocked fraud infrastructure: 9.42 lakh SIMs, 2.63 lakh IMEIs. Direct savings via cyber intervention: ₹5,489 crore. Inter-agency coordination success: CERT-In, I4C, NCIIPC, CyTrain, Sahyog, Samanvaya. Challenges Ahead Increasing AI-driven frauds (deepfakes, voice cloning). Cross-border syndicates operating via dark web. Need for citizen digital hygiene and strong private-sector compliance. Balancing privacy, innovation, and surveillance in data governance. Forward Path: Building a Cyber-Resilient India Multi-tier cyber architecture: Prevention → Detection → Response → Recovery. Expansion of AI-based fraud detection and threat intelligence networks. Integration of 5G/6G security layers into Digital India infrastructure. Strengthening public-private partnerships and international cooperation. Promoting citizen cyber literacy as a key national asset. Conclusion India’s digital revolution has outpaced most nations, but so have cyber risks. Through laws, technology, inter-agency coordination, and public awareness, India is creating a secure digital ecosystem. Cybersecurity is now central to national security and economic sovereignty. The government’s “whole-of-nation” approach—integrating citizens, institutions, and innovation—marks India’s transition from a Digital India to a Cyber-Secure India. Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0 Why in News The Government of India (Ministry of Education + Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) launched Tobacco Free Youth Campaign 3.0 on 9th October 2025. Aim: To promote a tobacco-free learning environment and move towards a tobacco-free generation under Viksit Bharat@2047 vision. Relevance : GS-2 (Governance & Social Justice): Health policy, inter-ministerial coordination, preventive health campaigns. GS-3 (Health & S&T): Lifestyle diseases, behavioural interventions, awareness mechanisms. Tobacco Burden in India Tobacco kills ~13 lakh people annually in India. Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) 2019: 8.4% of students (aged 13–15 years) currently use tobacco. Average initiation age: 10 years. India is the second-largest consumer of tobacco globally. Youth and adolescents are the most vulnerable group, due to peer influence, advertising, and lack of awareness. Objective of TFYC 3.0 Duration: 60 days (Oct–Dec 2025). Core Goals: Prevent initiation of tobacco use among youth. Support cessation (help students quit). Create awareness about ill-effects of tobacco and substance abuse. Strengthen enforcement of Tobacco-Free Educational Institution (ToFEI) guidelines. Promote physical, mental, and emotional wellness among students. Key Features and Activities Enforcement Drives: Ensure schools, colleges, and universities remain tobacco-free zones. Monitor 100-yard no-tobacco zones around educational campuses. Capacity Building: Training for school heads, NSS/NCC volunteers, and teachers. Focus on peer-led awareness and early detection of substance use. Counselling Support: On-campus sessions and counselling for students willing to quit tobacco. Integration with National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP) resources. Community & Institutional Campaigns: Public rallies, competitions, and recognition for ToFEI-compliant institutions. Engage local communities to sustain tobacco-free zones. Digital & Youth Engagement: Awareness videos, posters, and quizzes via MyGov platform. World No Tobacco Day Quiz and School Challenge: Towards a Tobacco-Free Generation. Policy and Legal Framework Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003: Prohibits sale of tobacco products within 100 yards of educational institutions. Bans advertisements and sponsorships targeting minors. ToFEI Guidelines (2022, updated 2025): Mandates signage, regular inspections, awareness activities, and reporting mechanisms in institutions. National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP): Operational since 2007–08. Focuses on awareness, cessation services, and enforcement of tobacco laws. Pictorial Health Warnings: 85% of tobacco product packaging must display health warnings under COTPA Rules. Whole-of-Government Approach Ministry of Education: Drives institutional compliance, student sensitization, and integration with school health programs. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare: Leads awareness, cessation support, and data monitoring. Collaboration with: NSS, NCC, CBSE, AICTE, NCERT, and State Education Departments. NGOs and public health institutions for outreach. Significance Addresses public health and educational nexus — linking youth health with learning outcomes. Supports SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-being) and SDG 4 (Quality Education). Contributes to India’s Viksit Bharat@2047 vision through healthy human capital. Reinforces youth empowerment, behavioural change, and preventive health culture. Challenges Ahead Peer pressure and social acceptability of tobacco in some communities. Rise of e-cigarettes and vaping devices despite restrictions. Implementation gaps in rural and semi-urban institutions. Sustained enforcement beyond campaign duration. Forward Path Integrate tobacco-free norms under School Health Programme of Ayushman Bharat. Continuous monitoring through digital reporting platforms. Expansion of cessation services in schools and colleges. Introduce youth ambassadors for peer-led awareness. Periodic national surveys (like GYTS 2.0) to track behaviour trends. Conclusion TFYC 3.0 represents India’s multi-ministerial commitment to safeguard youth health. The campaign shifts focus from prohibition to prevention and empowerment. By promoting awareness, enforcement, and behavioural change, it aims to build a generation that is not only tobacco-free but also physically and mentally resilient — a cornerstone for Viksit Bharat@2047.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 October 2025

Content The danger of an unchecked pre-crime framework A verdict that misses the fine print The danger of an unchecked pre-crime framework Why in News Case Trigger: Dhanya M. vs State of Kerala (2025 INSC 809) — Supreme Court set aside a preventive detention order under the Kerala Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act, 2007 (KAAPA). Key Judicial Observation: Preventive detention should be used sparingly, not as a substitute for criminal prosecution or to bypass bail. Significance: Revives constitutional debate on the validity, scope, and misuse of preventive detention under Article 22(3)–(7). Relevance : GS 2 – Polity & Governance Constitutional provisions: Article 22 (Preventive Detention), Article 21 (Right to Life & Liberty). Judicial interpretation of liberty and due process — A.K. Gopalan, Maneka Gandhi, Dhanya M. cases. Executive overreach and misuse of preventive detention laws. Balance between individual liberty and national security. Constitutional morality vs. legal exceptionalism. Practice Question : Preventive detention remains one of the most paradoxical features of the Indian Constitution. Examine its constitutional validity and the dangers of its misuse in light of recent Supreme Court judgments.(250 words) Concept and Colonial Origins Definition: Preventive detention means detaining a person to prevent them from committing an offence — before the act occurs. Colonial Legacy: Originated under Bengal Regulation III of 1818 — to maintain colonial control. Empowered executive to detain individuals on suspicion without trial. Government of India Act, 1935: Granted provincial legislatures power to legislate on preventive detention for “public order”. Independent India: Retained this colonial relic through Preventive Detention Act, 1950 — despite British usage only during wartime. Constituent Assembly Debate Highly Contested Provision: Members like Somnath Lahiri called it a “Police Constable Constitution”. Others justified it due to post-Partition unrest and communist uprisings. Gautam Bhatia’s View: Article 22 was a “Janus-faced provision” — combined due process elements but excluded them from preventive detention laws. Result: Articles 22(3)–(7) gave the legislature power to permit detention without trial for up to 12 months or more under “special circumstances”. Constitutional Framework Articles 22(1)–(2): Safeguards for arrested persons — right to legal counsel, to be informed of grounds, and produced before magistrate within 24 hours. Articles 22(3)–(7): Allow preventive detention even without trial. Parliament may define the period and procedure, and even bypass review by advisory boards. Irony: Fundamental rights (Articles 14, 19, 21) do not apply fully to preventive detention cases, creating a constitutional “black hole”. Judicial Evolution: From Gopalan to Dhanya M. A. A.K. Gopalan vs State of Madras (1950) Facts: Communist leader detained under the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Challenge: Violation of Articles 19 & 21. Judgment: SC upheld detention; ruled each fundamental right is isolated and compartmentalized. Preventive detention tested only under Article 22. Impact: Created the metaphorical “Devil’s Island” — Article 22 isolated from other rights. B. Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India (1978) Doctrine: Expanded Article 21 — “procedure established by law” must be fair, just, and reasonable. Golden Triangle: Articles 14, 19, and 21 must be read together. Hope: Suggested possible integration of preventive detention within broader due process guarantees. C. A.K. Roy vs Union of India (1982) Setback: SC reaffirmed pre-Maneka reasoning, holding that preventive detention cannot be challenged under Articles 14, 19, or 21. Doctrine of proportionality rejected for detention laws. Result: Preventive detention remains a Bermuda Triangle where constitutional rights disappear. D. Recent Correctives Rekha vs State of Tamil Nadu (2011): Preventive detention is an exception to Article 21 — to be used only in rare situations. Banka Sneha Sheela vs State of Telangana (2021): Detention must be tested against Article 21. S.K. Nazneen vs State of Telangana (2023): Detention not valid for mere law and order issues. Dhanya M. vs State of Kerala (2025): Reinforced restraint, clarified difference between public order and law and order. Analytical Themes A. Constitutional Contradiction India’s Constitution, while guaranteeing liberty (Art. 21), simultaneously legalises detention without trial (Art. 22). Creates a structural paradox — liberty within legality vs security through exceptionalism. B. “Golden Triangle vs Bermuda Triangle” Golden Triangle: Articles 14, 19, 21 — equality, freedoms, due process. Bermuda Triangle: Articles 22(3)–(7) — space where these vanish. C. Executive Overreach Broad, vague definitions in state laws (e.g., “goonda”, “rowdy” under KAAPA). Preventive detention often used against dissenters, activists, and protesters — not just criminals. Granville Austin (1999): Called preventive detention a “seductive crutch” — encourages police laziness and weakens investigative capacity. D. Ethical and Jurisprudential Dilemma Preventive detention punishes intention rather than action — similar to pre-crime. Violates principles of presumption of innocence, audi alteram partem, and judicial scrutiny. Cultural Metaphor: Minority Report Analogy Steven Spielberg’s “Minority Report” (2002) visualises the dystopian logic of preventive detention. “Precogs” predict crimes before they occur — echoing subjective satisfaction of detaining authorities in India. “Minority reports” reveal uncertainty in prediction — mirrors arbitrary misuse in India. Judicial and executive authorities act as “Precogs” without proof, relying on perception and probability. Core Constitutional Questions Can a democracy detain on suspicion while claiming fidelity to due process? Should Article 22 be read down, reinterpreted, or amended in light of expanded Article 21 jurisprudence? Should preventive detention remain within national security & terrorism domain only — not everyday administration? Way Forward Narrow the Scope: Restrict to grave threats like terrorism, espionage, or transnational organized crime. Judicial Scrutiny: Mandatory application of proportionality and reasonableness tests. Periodic Review: Ensure time-bound and transparent advisory board evaluations. Data Publication: Annual reporting of preventive detention cases, durations, and outcomes. Legislative Clarity: Define “public order” and “law and order” distinctly to curb misuse. Harmonisation: Read Article 22 within the golden triangle spirit — liberty as the rule, detention as exception. Concluding Insight Preventive detention is a constitutional exception turned routine tool of governance. Despite judicial interventions like Dhanya M., the structural imbalance between security and liberty persists. Unless India reclaims the primacy of Articles 14, 19, and 21, its “pre-crime constitutionalism” risks eroding the democratic ethos the Constitution was meant to safeguard. A verdict that misses the fine print Why in News Supreme Court Judgment (May 16, 2025): Declared post-facto (retrospective) environmental clearances illegal under the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006. Key Message: Projects initiated or completed without prior Environmental Clearance (EC) cannot later be legalized through retrospective approvals. Implication: Shakes the foundation of India’s infrastructure, industrial, and real estate governance frameworks. Immediate Concern: States now face confusion — should projects without EC be demolished, penalized, or regularized under new terms? Relevance: GS 3 – Environment & Ecology EIA Notification 2006 and Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. Judicial review and environmental rule of law — Vanashakti (2025), Alembic (2020). Conflict between procedural compliance and sustainable development. Institutional and governance gaps — SEIAAs, SPCBs, MoEFCC. Economic implications of strict environmental adjudication. GS 2 – Governance: Centre–State coordination and policy clarity in environmental regulation. Practice Question : The Supreme Court’s 2025 verdict on post-facto environmental clearances strengthens procedural integrity but risks undermining sustainable development. Discuss. (250 words) The Legal Background Trigger Case (2025): Vanashakti v. Union of India — Supreme Court upheld the NGT’s 2013 position against post-facto ECs. Root Case (2013): S.P. Muthuraman v. Union of India — Southern Bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) stayed a 2012 MoEFCC Office Memorandum allowing “prospective clearances” for ongoing projects. Core Issue: Can the Environment Ministry retrospectively legalize projects that began operations without prior approval? Legal Trajectory (2013–2025): 2013–2020: NGT repeatedly struck down post-facto ECs as illegal. 2020: Supreme Court in Alembic Pharmaceuticals v. Rohit Prajapati reaffirmed that post-facto ECs violate the precautionary principle. 2025: Apex Court conclusively banned retrospective clearances, closing the debate. Environmental Clearance (EC) — Basics Governed by: EIA Notification, 2006 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA). Purpose: Ensure that environmental impacts of large projects (industrial, real estate, mining, ports, power, etc.) are assessed and mitigated before construction begins. Key Steps in EC Process: Screening and Scoping (identifying potential impacts). Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. Public hearing and stakeholder consultation. Appraisal by Expert Committee. Grant or rejection of EC. Principle: Prevention over cure — anticipatory environmental scrutiny before irreversible harm occurs. What the Judgment Said Post-facto ECs = Illegal: No project can begin or continue operations without obtaining EC before commencement. No Regularisation: Past or ongoing violations cannot be legalized by paying fines or completing paperwork later. Environmental Rule of Law: Compliance cannot be retrospective; procedural due process is mandatory. Accountability: Authorities that allowed or ignored such violations may also be held responsible. Immediate Fallout and Legal Confusion Regulatory Freeze: States unsure whether to issue demolition notices or impose penalties. Mass Uncertainty: Thousands of factories, buildings, and infrastructure projects risk invalidation. Public Concern: Homebuyers, schools, hospitals, and small industries caught in legal limbo. Governance Paralysis: Bureaucrats hesitant to clear projects or renew permits pending interpretation. Key Legal Gaps and Shortcomings A. No Guidance on Implementation Judgment bans post-facto ECs but provides no clarity on what to do with already completed or ongoing projects. States left to interpret — creating uneven enforcement and policy chaos. B. Treats All Violations Equally No distinction between willful violators and those trapped by regulatory delay or confusion. Ignores intent, scale, or environmental impact of the project. C. Overlooks Sustainable Development Principle Article 21 (Right to Life), as expanded in Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum (1996), balances environment and livelihood. Blanket bans and demolitions could violate the principle of proportionality. D. Administrative Overlap Court’s silence on Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2011 under the EPA creates confusion. EC and CRZ regimes differ — applying one verdict to both could cause legal overreach. E. Risk of Over-Extension If extended to Water Act (1974) and Air Act (1981), industries lacking prior pollution control consents may face closure — massive economic impact. Environmental Paradox: When Protection Harms the Environment Mass Demolitions: Could create mountains of debris, air pollution, and emissions. Social Displacement: Thousands of workers and residents affected; undermines social justice. Ecological Irony: Demolition contradicts sustainable development; protection of nature shouldn’t destroy livelihoods. Compliance Fear: Developers may go underground, evading oversight, worsening environmental monitoring. Economic and Social Fallout Economic Losses: Infrastructure worth billions (roads, bridges, housing) at risk. Stalled industrial output and employment. Investment Uncertainty: Erodes investor confidence and “Ease of Doing Business”. Governance Dilemma: Balancing environmental rule of law with continuity of economic development. Citizen Impact: Homebuyers, school operators, and local businesses face legal insecurity despite good faith. The Constitutional Angle Article 21: Expands to include right to a clean environment and right to livelihood — requires balancing both. Article 48A: State shall protect and improve environment. Article 51A(g): Citizen’s duty to protect environment. Judicial Evolution: Courts have emphasized sustainable development, inter-generational equity, and proportionality. Present Verdict: Upholds procedural purity but lacks substantive proportionality — a gap between environmental idealism and practical justice. Comparative Jurisprudence Global Practice: United States & EU: Allow “after-the-fact” regularisation with strict penalties and mitigation plans. China: Introduced “rectification within a time limit” model to enforce compliance without halting projects. India’s Verdict: Among the few that completely ban retrospective approvals — a zero-tolerance but high-cost model. The Coastal and Multi-Law Ambiguity CRZ Notification, 2011: Separate regime under EPA for coastal areas — regulates tourism, ports, housing. Court’s silence on CRZ leads to legal uncertainty for coastal States (Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat). If judgment extends to CRZ: Ports, resorts, fishing infrastructure could face closure. Without clear differentiation, federal disputes likely. Structural Issues in Environmental Governance Fragmented Regulation: EIA, CRZ, Forest, Air, and Water Acts function in silos. Weak Institutional Capacity: SPCBs and SEIAAs lack manpower and technology to monitor effectively. Delayed Decision-Making: Approval processes often exceed statutory timelines, prompting developers to start construction prematurely. Corruption and Ambiguity: Inconsistent interpretations across States fuel non-compliance. Way Forward: A Balanced Compliance Framework A. Hybrid Regularisation Model Objective: Retain legality of the Court’s intent but prevent socio-economic collapse. Key Features: Ban regularisation in eco-sensitive or protected zones (e.g., ESZs, wetlands, wildlife corridors). Mandate ex-post environmental assessment for existing unapproved projects. Impose restoration costs and fines proportional to ecological damage. Ensure independent third-party audits and transparent disclosure. Set compliance deadlines (e.g., 12–24 months) with progress monitoring. B. Strengthen Environmental Institutions Build capacity in SEIAAs, SPCBs, and CPCB with digital monitoring, GIS tracking, and public dashboards. Establish National Environmental Compliance Authority to harmonize overlapping laws. C. Reform EIA Framework Update EIA Notification, 2006 to reflect 2025 realities: Introduce graded clearances, online tracking, and citizen grievance redressal. Integrate climate risk assessment and social impact analysis. D. Policy Innovation Encourage self-reporting and compliance declarations with strict penalties for falsehoods. Promote green ratings and incentives for proactive compliance. Encourage public participation through transparent hearings and access to EIA data. Review Petition and Future Outlook Review Filed by: Confederation of Real Estate Developers’ Associations of India (CREDAI) and others. Court’s Stand: Agreed to review — not to dilute environmental protections but to clarify implementation ambiguities. Expected Outcomes: Clear guidance for State governments on treatment of pre-existing projects. Possible creation of a graded compliance mechanism instead of mass demolition. Larger Message for Environmental Governance Positive Aspect: Reinforces accountability, rule of law, and environmental due diligence. Negative Aspect: Risks being seen as judicial overreach if not practically implementable. Moral Lesson: Law must evolve with time — protecting nature must not come at the cost of livelihood and trust. Ultimate Goal: A science-based, participatory, and reform-oriented environmental governance system that integrates ecology, economy, and equity. Conclusion The 2025 verdict is a historic inflection point in India’s environmental jurisprudence. It reaffirms the principle that law cannot retrospectively cleanse illegality, yet exposes the governance vacuum that allowed such illegality to persist for a decade. India now faces a defining choice: Legal Purity vs Pragmatic Sustainability. The way forward lies in smart compliance, transparent governance, and proportional justice, ensuring that environmental protection strengthens — not stifles — India’s development journey.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 October 2025

Content Manipur data mask scale of crimes against women in 2023 Are workers’ rights being eroded? India’s invasive species present a dilemma: document or conserve Making ‘room’ for new uses of Chemistry Microplastics impact coral reproduction at multiple stages: Report Seneca Lake ‘Drums’ Mystery Manipur data mask scale of crimes against women in 2023 Why is it in News ? The 2023 NCRB report on Manipur presents a striking anomaly: While most categories of crime skyrocketed during the ethnic conflict, Crimes against women reportedly declined by 30% — contradicting eyewitness reports, FIRs, and the Supreme Court’s own observations of widespread sexual violence. The data exposes a major crisis of underreporting and institutional breakdown in conflict zones. Relevance: GS-1 (Social Issues): Gender-based violence, women’s safety, conflict impact on vulnerable populations. GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Institutional failures, NCRB data integrity, Supreme Court interventions, law enforcement accountability. The 2023 Manipur Ethnic Conflict Conflict began: May 3, 2023 Parties involved: Meitei community (valley-based, largely Hindu) Kuki-Zo tribes (hill-based, largely Christian) Trigger: Meitei demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status. Impact: Over 200 deaths and 70,000 displaced (as per government & media estimates). Massive destruction of property, arson, and targeted violence. Reports of systemic gender-based violence amid the conflict. Supreme Court’s Observation (July 2023) The apex court termed the sexual violence in Manipur as of “systemic” and “unprecedented magnitude.” Ordered: Special investigation teams (SITs) under the supervision of former High Court judges. Transfer of some cases to the CBI, including those involving sexual violence against women. Emphasis on victim protection and fair trial mechanisms. Key NCRB Data (Manipur, 2022 vs 2023) Category of Crime 2022 2023 % Change / Observation Arson 27 6,203 22,800% Rioting 84 5,421 6,350% Dacoity 1 1,213 Massive rise Murder 47 151 221% Attempt to Murder 153 818 434% Robbery 7 330 4,614% Burglary 39 183 369% Theft 1,286 2,394 86% Crimes under Arms Act 64 116 81% Promoting enmity between groups 15 473 3,053% Crimes Against Women (overall) – – ↓ 30% decline Contradiction: Despite extensive media coverage and legal action highlighting sexual violence, NCRB recorded: Rape cases: 42 → 27 Assault on women’s modesty: 67 → 66 Sexual harassment: 5 → 1 POCSO (minor rape): 44 → 43 Ground Reports of Gendered Violence Multiple verified cases indicate widespread sexual crimes despite official denials: May 4, 2023: Women working at a car wash in Imphal East tortured by a mob (FIR accessed by The Hindu). Kuki-Zo legislators’ statement (July 2023): At least four incidents of rape/murder of Kuki women. Complaints to NCW and civil groups: Harassment of Kuki-Zomi women on Manipur University campus. Assaults at Nightingale Nursing Institute. Alleged rape and murder of four women in Imphal. Reasons for Underreporting Institutional Collapse: Police and administrative systems fragmented along ethnic lines, eroding neutrality. Displacement of communities meant many survivors had no access to police stations. Social Stigma and Fear: Strong cultural taboo against reporting sexual violence, worsened by community conflict. Fear of retaliation and lack of witness protection. Data Suppression: Local police reluctant to register cases that implicate dominant groups or security forces. Technical Classification: Many incidents recorded under “rioting” or “violence”, not as sexual crimes. Displacement Barrier: Many victims in relief camps or migrated out of the state — FIRs never registered or pursued. Implications Humanitarian: Survivors denied justice and trauma care. Institutional: NCRB’s credibility questioned — data may not reflect real ground situation in conflict zones. Constitutional: Violation of Article 21 (Right to Life with Dignity) and Article 14 (Equality before Law). Judicial: Reinforces the Supreme Court’s finding of a “systemic failure of law enforcement.” Broader Pattern Underreporting of sexual violence is a national issue, but the Manipur case amplifies it due to: Militarization and ethnic polarisation. Collapsed trust in state machinery. Lack of gender-sensitive policing in emergencies. Similar patterns seen in conflict zones like Kashmir (1990s) and Northeast insurgencies. Way Forward Independent Investigations: Expand Supreme Court-monitored SITs and CBI probes. Involve NHRC and NCW for transparent documentation. Conflict-Sensitive Policing: Deploy gender-balanced police teams trained for humanitarian and relief contexts. Data Reform: NCRB must annotate conflict-related cases separately to avoid statistical distortion. Survivor-Centric Approach: Ensure psychological counselling, compensation, and rehabilitation for victims. Witness and survivor protection under the Victim Compensation Scheme (2015). Accountability: Fix command responsibility for non-registration of FIRs. Periodic judicial audits of police response in conflict zones. Conclusion The 2023 Manipur data exposes a deep institutional and moral failure — where recorded statistics obscure lived realities. While the State burned and women were brutalized, official data painted a false picture of safety. This disjuncture between record and reality underscores the urgent need for transparent data governance, accountable policing, and gender-sensitive conflict resolution mechanisms to restore trust and justice in Manipur. Are workers’ rights being eroded? Why is it in News ? A series of fatal industrial accidents between June–September 2025 has highlighted India’s persistent failure in ensuring workplace safety: June 30, 2025 (Telangana): Chemical reactor burst at Sigachi Industries killed 40 workers, many unregistered. July 1, 2025 (Tamil Nadu): Explosion at Gokulesh Fireworks, Sivakasi killed 8 workers. September 30, 2025 (Chennai): Collapse of a 10-metre-high coal-handling plant at Ennore Thermal Power Station killed 9 workers. The British Safety Council estimates that 1 in 4 fatal workplace accidents worldwide occur in India, a figure likely underreported due to informal employment and data concealment. Triggered a nationwide debate on dilution of labour protections, corporate accountability, and state oversight. Relevance: GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Labour law enforcement, regulatory failures, government accountability. GS-3 (Economy): Industrial safety, informal workforce, labour market reforms, impact on productivity. Basic Facts India’s industrial base employs a large informal workforce: ~80–85% of industrial labour is either contract-based or unregistered. Underreporting: Many deaths and injuries go unrecorded because of lack of registration, falsified records, and absence of inspections. ILO data: Industrial accidents are rarely random — they result from systemic neglect, poor enforcement, and cost-cutting by employers. Why Do Workplace Accidents Occur Negligence and poor prevention: Outdated or unsafe machinery (as in Sigachi Industries). Lack of alarms, maintenance, or trained safety officers. Operating equipment at twice permissible limits. Regulatory failure: Missing inspections or corrupt inspection systems. “Self-certification” replacing independent oversight. Unsafe practices: Long working hours, low wages, and excessive workloads. Use of unregistered labour to avoid accountability. Absence of on-site medical facilities and rescue mechanisms. Legal Framework for Worker Safety Factories Act, 1948 Cornerstone of India’s industrial safety law. Covers factory licensing, machinery maintenance, working hours, rest breaks, and welfare (canteens, crèches). Amended in 1976 and 1987 (post-Bhopal Gas Tragedy) to tighten safety norms. Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 Ensures compensation for injury or death due to workplace accidents. Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 Provides medical benefits and income protection for industrial workers. Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSHWC) Code, 2020 Aims to consolidate 13 existing laws. Criticism: Shifts safety from statutory right to executive discretion, allowing dilution of worker protections. Still in abeyance (not yet implemented). Structural Weaknesses in Enforcement Post-1990s reforms: Shift from labour protection to “labour flexibility”. Ease of Doing Business policies: States allowed self-certification (e.g., Maharashtra, 2015). Reduced physical inspections to promote business ease. COVID-era relaxations: Some States (e.g., Karnataka, 2023) extended working hours and reduced rest periods, permanently weakening safeguards. Criminal accountability gap: Employers rarely prosecuted for preventable deaths. Governments use public funds for compensation, absolving corporate liability. Consequences Human cost: High death tolls in hazardous sectors (chemical, mining, thermal, fireworks). Economic cost: Lost productivity, medical expenditure, and reputational damage to Indian industry. Moral cost: Systemic disregard for the right to safe work — a constitutional right under Article 21 (Right to Life). Way Forward Reinstate workplace safety as a legal right, not an administrative favour. Mandatory inspections — a mix of scheduled and surprise checks by independent authorities. Criminal liability for negligent employers under IPC and labour laws. Transparent reporting of workplace accidents and public access to safety audits. Strengthen union representation and whistleblower protection for labour complaints. Incentivize safety compliance — linking tax benefits or contracts to verified safety performance. Technological monitoring — use of AI-driven safety sensors, digital attendance and exit logs for factories. Conclusion India’s unsafe industrial ecosystem mirrors the post-liberalisation erosion of labour rights. The pattern of profit over protection shows that India’s growth narrative often sidelines worker welfare. Without reform, India risks both international censure (ILO, BSC) and domestic social unrest over labour exploitation. India’s invasive species present a dilemma: document or conserve Why in News ? Conservation scientists warn about “stealth invader” species—invasive alien species (IAS)—that are rapidly transforming Indian landscapes and eroding local biodiversity. India faces a research-policy dilemma: whether to first document all IAS impacts or simultaneously conserve and study. The issue has gained urgency amid rising economic and ecological losses globally from IAS. Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Biodiversity): Biodiversity conservation, invasive alien species (IAS), ecosystem services, SDG 14 & 15. GS-2 (Governance/Policy): National Biodiversity Action Plan, IAS management, biosecurity policies. What Are Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Definition: Non-native species introduced intentionally or accidentally into new ecosystems. Pathways of introduction: Accidental: through trade, transport, or ballast water. Intentional: for ornamental purposes, pest control, or land restoration. Once introduced, these species: Outcompete native flora and fauna, Alter habitats and food webs, Reduce agricultural productivity, Cause local or global extinctions. Global Scenario 37,000 established alien species introduced worldwide due to human activity. ~200 new alien species added every year. 10% (~3,500 species) have documented harmful impacts on ecosystems and people (K.V. Sankaran, former Director, Kerala Forest Research Institute). Economic and non-economic losses: biodiversity degradation, soil decline, crop yield loss, and altered hydrology. Status in India 139 identified invasive alien species, mostly insect pests of crops (Ankila Hiremath, ATREE). Others indirectly affect crops by disrupting native pest-control insects. IAS threaten ecosystems ranging from forests to freshwater bodies. India’s invasion biology research remains fragmented and poorly documented. Case Studies: Key Invasive Species in India A. Lantana camara Introduced as ornamental shrub during British rule. Now widespread, blocking conservation of elephants and other large herbivores. Thrives in diverse soil types, unpalatable to herbivores, forms dense thickets. Ecological consequences: Restricts movement of elephants → human-wildlife conflict increases. Alters habitat structure, impeding regeneration of native plants. B. Prosopis juliflora (“Gando Bawar”) Introduced from South America/Caribbean in 19th century; later spread in Gujarat’s Banni grasslands (1960s–70s). Originally meant to reduce soil salinity and boost green cover. Now covers 50–60% of grassland, causing: Severe groundwater depletion (“thirsty” tree). Competition with native Acacia and grasses. Soil salinisation and ecosystem imbalance, harming pastoralist livelihoods. C. Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) Among world’s 10 worst invasive species. Dominates paddy fields, lakes, wetlands, including Kaziranga National Park. Impacts: Blocks sunlight → reduces oxygen in water. Harms migratory bird habitats and aquatic biodiversity. Increases vector-borne diseases by providing mosquito breeding grounds. D. Other Aquatic Invaders Alligator weed, duckweed, water lettuce — degrade freshwater ecosystems. Alien fish (626 species) introduced via aquarium trade, aquaculture, mosquito control, sport fishing (Rajeev Raghavan, Kerala University of Fisheries). Now found in Dal Lake (Kashmir), Manipur, Telangana, Kerala, etc. Major threat to 1,070 freshwater fish species in India. Ecological Impacts of IAS Level Impact Type Examples Species Level Reduced survival, reproduction, and genetic diversity Native fishes and ants displaced Population Level Decline in population size, reduced range Native ant populations replaced by yellow crazy ant Community Level Disruption of food webs, altered predator-prey balance Herbivore-plant interactions altered by Lantana Ecosystem Level Changes in soil porosity, water turbidity, nutrient cycles Prosopis altering Banni hydrology, hyacinth affecting lakes Key Scientists’ Perspectives Ankila Hiremath (ATREE): IAS like Lantana and Prosopis modify soil and water balance, worsening wildlife conflicts. Achyut Banerjee (Azim Premji University): IAS degrade natural habitats, disrupt predator-prey dynamics. Rajeev Raghavan: Alien fishes threaten India’s endemic freshwater fauna; freshwater invasion biology is “still in its infancy”. Alok Bang (Azim Premji University): Emphasizes defining “conservation” scientifically, given differing stakeholder perceptions. Advocates for simultaneous documentation and conservation instead of waiting for exhaustive records. Documentation and Research Gaps Most IAS in India lack invasion histories, spread maps, and ecological assessments. Absence of standardised methods for: Impact measurement, Cumulative effect mapping, Cross-species ecological modeling. Freshwater invasion biology particularly underdeveloped. Need for micro-level data on distribution, native–alien interactions, and ecosystem-level impacts. Policy Dilemma: Document or Conserve? Option 1: Wait for full documentation → impractical, resource-heavy, time-consuming. Option 2 (preferred): Parallel approach — conduct conservation planning and impact studies simultaneously, learning from global experiences. India should: Use foreign ecological case studies to anticipate local outcomes. Prioritize high-impact species and regions for early intervention. Recommended Strategies Develop standardized quantitative methods to assess IAS impacts (species & ecosystem scale). Create IAS atlases through citizen science and digital mapping tools. Identify invasion hotspots and prioritize management pathways. Encourage multi-stakeholder collaboration among scientists, forest departments, farmers, and local communities. Integrate IAS management into: National Biodiversity Action Plan, National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing, State Wildlife Action Plans (2023–2033). Promote biosecurity measures for imports, aquaculture, and ornamental trades. Broader Implications IAS threaten India’s biodiversity hotspots — Western Ghats, Northeast India, and Andaman–Nicobar. Undermines ecosystem services like pollination, carbon sequestration, and soil fertility. Causes economic losses in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Aggravates human-wildlife conflict and pastoral distress. Affects SDG 14 (Life Below Water) and SDG 15 (Life on Land) targets. Conclusion Invasive alien species are a silent but escalating threat to India’s ecological stability. Their multi-level, cascading impacts demand immediate, integrated, and adaptive management. India must move beyond fragmented studies to a national IAS strategy emphasizing: Rapid detection, Risk assessment, Restoration of invaded ecosystems, Public participation and awareness. Without decisive action, IAS could irreversibly reshape India’s biodiversity and rural livelihoods. Making ‘room’ for new uses of Chemistry Why is it in News ? The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi. Recognition for creating Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous materials with huge potential in climate, environmental, and industrial applications. The award highlights growing relevance of MOFs in India and worldwide, especially in carbon capture, water harvesting, and gas storage. Relevance: GS-3 (Science & Technology): Materials chemistry, MOFs applications in carbon capture, water harvesting, energy storage. GS-3 (Environment): Climate mitigation technologies, clean energy, pollution control. What are MOFs MOFs are materials with a lattice structure where metal atoms are connected to organic molecules. Unique feature: large, well-defined empty spaces inside the molecular structure. Analogy: Normal materials: tightly packed atoms like solid brick walls with small rooms. MOFs: structured like pillars and beams forming large, controllable rooms (pores) for storing other substances. Key Scientists and Contributions Richard Robson – Conceptualized linking metals with molecules to create spread-out molecules with empty spaces (1970s). Susumu Kitagawa – Experimented with “usefulness of useless” ideas, demonstrated MOFs’ practical potential. Omar Yaghi – Expanded MOF design and applications; developed numerous MOFs with controlled porosity. Special Properties of MOFs Customizable porosity: Size and number of empty spaces can be pre-designed. Selective absorption: MOFs can target specific molecules (e.g., carbon dioxide, toxic gases, water). Stability & scalability: MOFs can be engineered for industrial-scale applications. Versatility: Unlike random porous materials (bread, sponge), MOFs offer precise molecular control. Applications Environmental Carbon dioxide capture: Helps mitigate climate change by selectively trapping CO₂. Water harvesting: Extracts water from arid air efficiently. Industrial Gas storage: Methane, hydrogen, and toxic gases for energy and safety purposes. Catalysis: MOFs act as frameworks for chemical reactions. Scientific & Medical Controlled delivery of molecules for drug delivery and chemical research. Significance of the Nobel Prize Scientific impact: MOFs represent a major advancement in materials chemistry. Economic & policy relevance: Encourages governments and private sector to invest in MOF research and industrialisation, including in India. Sustainability potential: Supports climate change mitigation, water security, and clean energy technologies. Current Trends Thousands of MOFs have been designed, demonstrating high versatility and industrial relevance. Growing research focus on redesigning MOFs for specific challenges: Carbon capture from atmosphere Water purification and storage Selective adsorption of pollutants or hazardous gases India is increasingly investing in MOF research, inspired by global attention and Nobel recognition. Conclusion MOFs are a revolution in material science, combining customizable structure, porosity, and selective absorption. The Nobel Prize underscores their practical importance, particularly in environmental sustainability and industrial chemistry. The award may catalyze greater research, funding, and application of MOFs in India, boosting both scientific innovation and climate solutions. Microplastics impact coral reproduction at multiple stages: Report Why in News A new study published in Frontiers in Marine Science (Oct 2025) reveals that chemicals leaching from microplastics significantly impair coral reproduction and larval settlement. The report coincides with bleaching-level heat stress affecting 84.4% of global coral reef areas (Jan 2023–Sep 2025) — a double ecological threat. Mass bleaching recorded across 83 countries and territories (NOAA Satellite and Information Services). Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Biodiversity): Marine pollution, microplastics, coral reef degradation, climate change impact. GS-2 (Governance): Policy gaps in marine plastic regulation, international frameworks (MARPOL, UNEP). Coral Reproduction Basics Corals reproduce sexually via two modes: Brooding species: Fertilization and larval development occur internally; larvae are released ready for settlement. Spawning species: Eggs and sperm released externally; fertilization occurs in the water column. The planula larvae phase is crucial — larvae must settle on suitable substrates guided by chemical cues to metamorphose into reef-building polyps. Once settled, corals become sessile (immobile), thus exposure to pollutants early in life has lasting consequences. About the Study Conducted on two coral species: Montipora capitata (broadcast spawner) Harbor Porites (brooder) Exposure setup: Leachates from 4 plastic polymers: Nylon, PP (Polypropylene), HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene), LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) Concentrations: 50, 100, 200 particles per litre Duration: 7 days Aim: Assess chemical (not physical) effects of microplastics on larval survival, settlement, and development. Key Findings Negative impacts observed across multiple coral life stages: Reduced fertilization success due to chemical and physical interference (especially from larger or weathered plastic particles). Altered fatty acid composition and endocrine disruption in coral eggs (Montipora capitata). Reduced survival and settlement of planula larvae due to exposure to microplastic leachates. Species-specific and time-dependent effects: Harbor Porites larvae showed relatively higher survival than M. capitata. Significant effects emerged late in the experiment (days 5–7) — indicating cumulative or delayed toxicity. Polymer-type variation: LDPE (200 particles/L) → Lower survival rates. HDPE (100 particles/L) → Notable decline in both species’ larval survival. Mechanism of Impact Chemical leachates (e.g., phthalates, BPA, and flame retardants) disrupt: Endocrine systems → affect reproduction and metamorphosis. Membrane integrity → hinder nutrient absorption. Chemical cue recognition → larvae fail to identify suitable settlement sites. Physical factors: Larger microplastic particles cause abrasion and mechanical interference with fertilization. Comparison with Earlier Studies Year Study Focus Key Outcome 2019 (Australia) Weathered PP effects on Acropora tenuis Reduced fertilization, minimal impact on embryo & larval stages 2024 Microplastic pollution & coral gametes Confirmed impact on gametes but not on larval development 2025 (Current) Full life-cycle impact Demonstrates multi-stage, cumulative chemical impacts on coral reproduction Ecological and Global Context Microplastic pollution + thermal stress form a compound threat: Microplastics weaken coral resilience → lower reproductive success. Heat stress causes bleaching → loss of symbiotic algae. Global reef status: 84.4% under bleaching-level heat stress. Lakshadweep reefs: Lost nearly 50% coral cover in 24 years. Coral reefs support ~25% of marine biodiversity and ~500 million people globally through fisheries and tourism. Policy and Conservation Implications Scientific relevance: Highlights the need for integrated monitoring of chemical pollution (not just physical microplastics). Policy gaps: Microplastic leachates remain largely unregulated under most marine pollution frameworks (e.g., MARPOL, UNEP plastic treaties). Current reef restoration efforts do not factor in chemical pollution impacts. Recommendations: Include leachate monitoring in coral reef health assessments. Reduce single-use plastics (especially LDPE and HDPE types). Expand coral cryobanking (e.g., Coral Triangle initiative). Integrate plastic pollution control in global reef resilience frameworks like the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030). Conclusion Microplastics’ chemical toxicity poses a hidden, long-term threat to coral reproduction and reef recovery. Effects are species-specific, cumulative, and delayed, complicating conservation strategies. Urgent need for: Comprehensive global microplastic regulation, Cross-stage coral biology research, and Synergistic mitigation addressing both climate and pollution stresses. Seneca Lake ‘Drums’ Mystery Why is it in News Researchers are investigating the centuries-old phenomenon of the “Seneca Guns” or “Seneca Drums”, mysterious booms heard near Seneca Lake, New York. Recent studies suggest the sounds may be caused by methane or other geological gases escaping from the lake bed — a potential scientific explanation for a folklore mystery. This news combines geology, folklore, and modern environmental science, capturing public attention. Relevance: GS-3 (Science & Tech/Environment): Geology, methane gas release, environmental monitoring. GS-1 (Culture/History): Folklore integration with scientific inquiry. What are the Seneca Drums Seneca Guns/Drums: Intermittent, unexplained booming sounds heard in the Seneca Valley for centuries. Folklore explanations: Seneca Native tradition: A deity punishing a warrior for violating sacred grounds. American folklore: Ghostly drumbeats of a lost Revolutionary War soldier. Scientific inquiry: Aimed at identifying a geological or environmental cause. Prevailing Scientific Theory First proposed by Herman Fairchild in 1934: Natural gas bubbles trapped under the lake bed escape to the water surface. Gas eruptions displace water, producing low-pitch, intermittent booming sounds. Previous lack of investigation due to: Random, unpredictable occurrence of sounds. Difficulty pinpointing exact locations in the lake. Recent Research Findings Sonar Survey (2024) Revealed 14 craters/pockmarks on the southern end of Seneca Lake. Cratered lake bed compared to moon’s surface. These craters are hypothesized as pathways for methane and other gases. Water Sampling (September 2025) Researchers from SUNY and Cornell University collected samples from five craters, hundreds of feet below the surface. Purpose: test for methane and other geologic gases that could explain the booming. Scientific Hypothesis Methane or other gases trapped beneath the lake bed may escape periodically, forming bubbles that: Reach the lake surface. Displace water rapidly. Create audible low-frequency sounds, perceived as “drums” or “booms”. Analogy: lake “burping” like a pimple releasing gas. Challenges in Studying the Phenomenon Intermittency: Booms occur randomly; many residents have never heard them. Spatial unpredictability: No fixed location for sound emissions. Data analysis pending: Researchers are still testing samples to confirm gas composition and exact mechanisms. Significance Scientific: Provides a geophysical explanation for a long-standing mystery. Environmental: Understanding methane release from lake beds can contribute to climate and ecological studies. Cultural: Bridges folklore with modern science, highlighting how legends may have natural explanations. Conclusion While the Seneca Drums were historically mysterious, modern research suggests methane gas eruptions from craters on the lake bed as a probable cause. Full confirmation requires analysis of water and gas samples, but the studies mark a major step in resolving a centuries-old mystery.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 October 2025

Content Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Nurturing Organic Farming in India Ministry of Textiles celebrates ‘World Cotton Day’ 2025 Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Nurturing Organic Farming in India Why in News ? As of 30 January 2025, ₹2,265.86 crore released under PKVY (2015–25). ₹205.46 crore released under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) for PKVY during FY 2024–25. 15 lakh hectares under organic cultivation; 52,289 clusters formed; 25.30 lakh farmers benefited (as of Feb 2025). Jaivik Kheti Portal records: 6.23 lakh farmers, 19,016 local groups, 89 input suppliers, and 8,676 buyers (Dec 2024). Relevance : GS III – Agriculture, Environment & Economy Promotes chemical-free organic farming, aligning with sustainable agriculture goals. Enhances soil fertility, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration — crucial for climate resilience. Strengthens agri-value chains, market linkages, and organic branding via Jaivik Kheti Portal. Example of eco-friendly technology integration in agriculture (traceability, blockchain). Contributes to doubling farmer income and inclusive rural development. What is PKVY ? Launch Year: 2015–16. Under: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Objective: Promote cluster-based organic farming to reduce chemical inputs, restore soil health, and ensure sustainable livelihoods. Approach: Cluster approach—minimum 20 ha area per cluster managed collectively. Core Objectives Promote eco-friendly, low-cost, chemical-free agriculture. Enhance soil fertility and conserve biodiversity. Create market linkages for organic produce. Empower small & marginal farmers through collective certification and capacity building. Strengthen organic value chains and rural branding. Coverage and Scale (as of 2025) Clusters formed: 52,289. Farmers benefitted: 25.30 lakh. Area under organic farming: ~15 lakh hectares. Funds released (2015–25): ₹2,265.86 crore. RKVY support (FY 2024–25): ₹205.46 crore. Financial Assistance ₹31,500 per hectare over 3 years (per cluster). ₹18,700 – On-farm & off-farm organic inputs (biofertilizers, compost, green manuring). ₹7,500 – Certification & residue analysis. ₹5,300 – Marketing, branding, and training. Disbursed through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) for transparency. Implementation Framework Regional Councils (RCs) act as facilitators between farmers and State governments. RCs prepare Annual Action Plans (AAPs) consolidating farmer applications. AAPs approved by Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (MoAFW). Central funds → State Govts → Regional Councils → Farmers (via DBT). Focus on training, certification, marketing, and infrastructure support. Certification Systems under PKVY (a) Participatory Guarantee System (PGS-India): Community-based certification for domestic markets. Relies on peer verification, mutual trust, and collective responsibility. Cost-effective, ideal for small and marginal farmers. (b) National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP): Third-party certification for export markets. Ensures compliance with international organic standards (EU, USDA). Managed by APEDA, under Ministry of Commerce. Large Area Certification (LAC) Introduced: 2020–21. For regions where no chemical inputs ever used (tribal belts, hilly/island areas). Fast-track certification: Conversion period reduced from 2–3 years to a few months. Enhances market access and export readiness. Supports India’s Organic Bharat Vision by scaling certification rapidly. Technological & Market Integration Jaivik Kheti Portal: Online platform linking farmers → buyers → certifiers → consumers. Facilitates direct sale, traceability, and price transparency. Registered entities (as of Dec 2024): 6.23 lakh farmers 19,016 local groups 89 input suppliers 8,676 buyers Digital initiatives reduce intermediaries, promote fair pricing, and improve traceability. Benefits & Outcomes Economic: Reduction in input cost (up to 30–40%). Price premiums (20–25%) for organic produce. Increased income diversification via intercropping and value addition. Environmental: Soil health restoration and carbon sequestration. Enhanced biodiversity and pollinator population. Reduced groundwater contamination and chemical runoff. Social: Community-level cooperation and knowledge exchange. Empowerment of small/marginal farmers. Strengthening of local brands and cooperatives. North-East India Achievements Sikkim: 63,000 ha under organic farming via LAC. First fully organic state recognized globally. Received ₹1,849 crore under PKVY. Assam: 4,400 ha under organic farming; 9,740 farmers engaged. Received ₹3,013 crore. Other NE States (Arunachal, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya): Combined 4,140 ha covered. Received ₹2,337 crore collectively. Impact: NE region emerging as a bio-diverse organic hub, leveraging low chemical dependency and unique agro-climatic zones. Challenges Limited market linkages in non-metro regions. High certification costs and complex processes for small farmers. Need for post-harvest infrastructure and value addition facilities. Insufficient consumer awareness and domestic demand for organic products. Need for scientific validation of yield and nutrient equivalence. Way Forward Strengthen public-private partnerships for marketing and exports. Expand Jaivik Kheti 2.0 with blockchain-based traceability. Promote Organic Clusters near urban areas for direct supply chains. Integrate with Soil Health Card Scheme and PM-PRANAM for synergy. Institutionalize Organic Research & Training Centres under ICAR. Encourage agri-startups for organic input production and logistics. Broader Significance Aligns with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). Contributes to India’s Net Zero and soil carbon sequestration goals. Acts as a pillar of Atmanirbhar Krishi and Viksit Bharat 2047 vision through sustainable food systems. Ministry of Textiles celebrates ‘World Cotton Day’ 2025 Why in News Celebrated on 7 October 2025 in New Delhi by the Ministry of Textiles and Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI). Theme emphasized long-term sustainability and competitiveness in the cotton value chain. Focus on Kasturi Cotton Bharat as India’s flagship brand symbolizing purity, quality, and sustainability. Several MoUs signed between textile companies, farmer producer organizations, and research institutions to strengthen the brand and enhance cotton value addition. Relevance : GS III – Economy, Agriculture & Environment Illustrates farm-to-fashion value addition under India’s 5F Vision (Farm → Fibre → Factory → Fashion → Foreign). Addresses low cotton yield and introduces Mission for Cotton Productivity to close yield gaps. Promotes traceable, sustainable cotton (Kasturi Cotton Bharat) – integration of blockchain and AI-based farming. Enhances export competitiveness, carbon neutrality, and circular textile economy. Supports India’s climate-smart agriculture and sustainable industry goals. Objectives and Targets Develop India into a USD 350 billion textile economy by 2030, including USD 100 billion in exports. Achieve carbon neutrality in the textile sector by 2030. Launch of a Mission for Cotton Productivity to bridge India’s yield gap with global standards. Promote climate-smart, traceable, and high-value cotton through technology and certification systems. Importance of Cotton to India Cotton supports over 6 million farmers and provides employment to 45 million people across spinning, weaving, processing, and apparel sectors. India cultivates 40% of the world’s cotton area but yields only ~450 kg lint/ha, compared to ~2,000 kg/ha in advanced cotton-growing countries. Cotton remains vital for farm incomes, export earnings, and India’s textile competitiveness. Core Themes of World Cotton Day 2025 Technology: Modernization of ginning, digital traceability, and precision farming. Climate: Adaptation strategies for rain-fed cotton regions, water efficiency, and soil conservation. Competitiveness: Branding, certification, contamination control, and export-oriented quality assurance. Key Initiatives Highlighted Mission for Cotton Productivity: To increase yield through high-density planting systems (HDPS), better seed quality, and mechanized practices. Kasturi Cotton Bharat: India’s official premium cotton brand emphasizing purity, sustainability, and traceability. Aims to position Indian cotton alongside premium global varieties like Egyptian Giza and American Supima. Digital Transformation: Blockchain-based traceability systems for contamination-free cotton. Smart labelling for verified origin and sustainable practices. Diversification: Promotion of natural fibres such as milkweed, ramie, and flax to reduce dependence on conventional cotton. Supporting Schemes and Institutional Mechanisms ATUFS (Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme): Financial support for modernization of textile units. PM MITRA Parks Scheme: Creation of integrated textile and apparel manufacturing hubs. National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM): Development of new-age fibres and sustainable materials. Cotton Corporation of India (CCI): Procurement, digital marketing, and farmer support initiatives. CITI & TEXPROCIL: Industrial coordination for exports, quality enhancement, and global outreach. Technology and Sustainability Focus Promotion of precision agriculture, AI-based pest control, and sensor-based irrigation. Integration of renewable energy in cotton ginning and spinning operations. Encouragement of sustainability certifications (e.g., GOTS, OEKO-TEX) and eco-labelling. Expansion of data-driven extension services to train farmers in productivity and quality management. Quality, Certification, and Traceability Traceable supply chains from farm to fabric through Kasturi Cotton digital systems. Emphasis on contamination-free cotton, improved ginning standards, and quality labelling. Adoption of sustainability benchmarks to meet global trade requirements and boost consumer confidence. Key MoUs and Collaborations Commercial, Community, and Council MoUs signed under Kasturi Cotton Bharat with textile manufacturers, FPOs, certification agencies, and export clusters. Aim: Create a unified platform for quality assurance, branding, and international marketing of Indian cotton. Expected Outcomes Higher farmer income through yield improvement and price premium for branded organic cotton. Increased export competitiveness through standardized quality and traceable supply chains. Reduced carbon footprint via efficient water use, renewable energy, and sustainable production systems. Global recognition for India as a producer of trusted, traceable, and premium cotton. Broader Implications Contributes to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Strengthens India’s textile ecosystem under the 5F Vision — Farm → Fibre → Factory → Fashion → Foreign. Positions India as a global hub for sustainable and ethical textiles by 2030. Cotton in India – Important Points Largest Cotton Area Globally: India cultivates about 40% of the world’s cotton area (~120 lakh ha) but contributes only ~25% of global production due to low yield (~450 kg lint/ha vs. global ~800–1,000 kg/ha). Major Producing States: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh dominate; classified into three cotton zones — Northern, Central, and Southern (ICAR-CICR). Agro-Climatic Needs: Warm climate (21–30°C), 50–100 cm rainfall, and black regur soil are ideal. Cotton is mainly a Kharif crop, often rain-fed in Central India. Economic Importance: Employs ~45 million people, supports 6 million farmers, and contributes 10% of agricultural GDP and 12% of export earnings. Institutions & Missions: Key bodies include Cotton Corporation of India (CCI), ICAR–CICR, and schemes like Technology Mission on Cotton, PM MITRA, ATUFS, and the upcoming Mission for Cotton Productivity (2025). Kasturi Cotton Bharat: India’s premium national cotton brand symbolizing purity, quality, and sustainability — aims to rival Egyptian Giza and American Supima in global markets. Bt Cotton Dominance: Introduced in 2002, covers ~90% of cotton area. Improved pest resistance and yields but led to monocropping, pest resurgence (pink bollworm), and biodiversity concerns.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 October 2025

Content A path to progress that is paved with gold It’s time for Maoists to lay down arms A path to progress that is paved with gold Context and Why in News ? The editorial emphasizes Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) as a philosophy beyond economics, calling for financial self-reliance through domestic capital mobilization, especially gold monetisation. Context: Global FDI and project finance declined in 2024 (FDI -11%, project finance -27%). Rising global interest rates and deglobalisation increase vulnerability of external capital dependence. India holds $2.4 trillion worth of household gold (25,000 tonnes) — untapped domestic wealth. Relevance: GS2 (Governance & Economic Policy) Financial self-reliance, gold monetisation schemes, domestic resource mobilisation. GS3 (Economy & Macro-finance) Balance of Payments (gold imports vs domestic holdings). Impact on Current Account Deficit (CAD) and external borrowing. Practice Question: Discuss the paradox of India’s gold holdings and imports. How does it impact India’s macroeconomic stability?(250 Words) Meaning and Evolution of Atmanirbharta Etymology: “Atmanirbharta” = self-reliance; “Atma” (self) + “Nirbharta” (dependence). Philosophical meaning: Inner strength leading to global confidence. Economic meaning: Building domestic capacity to reduce external dependence and enhance resilience. Historical Phases of Indian Self-Reliance Phase Crisis Self-Reliance Response Outcome 1960s Food crisis Green Revolution Food self-sufficiency 1990s Tech transition IT & digital revolution Global digital hub 2020 COVID pandemic Indigenous vaccines & pharma Vaccine self-reliance 2020s Defence dependence Indigenisation under Make in India Towards strategic autonomy 2025 (current) Capital dependency Financial Atmanirbharta Mobilising domestic wealth Problem Statement: External Capital Dependence FDI inflows since 2000: > $1 trillion (gross). But: External capital is volatile and cyclical, influenced by global liquidity and geopolitics. India’s future growth (target: $5 trillion economy) cannot hinge on foreign savings alone. Hence, need to tap India’s own household and institutional wealth. India’s Gold Paradox 1. Scale of Wealth Gold holdings: ~25,000 tonnes (world’s largest private reserve). Value: ~$2.4 trillion = 55% of India’s GDP (FY26 est.). Comparison: Exceeds total bank credit outstanding in India. 2. Paradox of Import Dependence 87% of demand met via imports. Gold imports = 8% of total import bill; contributed ~33% of trade deficit (2010–13). Thus, despite huge domestic reserves, India continues to import gold, worsening CAD. The Case for Gold Monetisation Why Monetisation Matters Unlock idle household gold → formal financial capital → domestic credit expansion. Reduces gold imports → improves current account balance. Creates a low-cost fund source (4.5–6.5%) compared to external borrowing costs (~8–9%). Aligns with financial inclusion, Make in India, and National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) funding goals. Challenges with Past Schemes Issue Description Trust deficit Fear of purity mismatch, bureaucratic scrutiny, and taxation deterred depositors. Infrastructure gaps Limited hallmarking and purity testing centres. Complex procedures Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS, 2015) suffered from low awareness and complicated documentation. Low institutional capacity Banks lacked expertise in physical gold logistics. Proposed Framework for a Reimagined Gold Monetisation Model 1. Infrastructure Expansion Scale hallmarking and purity testing centres under BIS. Network of collection & assaying centres nationwide. As of 2025, BIS-registered centres have doubled, but coverage remains urban-centric. 2. Logistics Framework Banks: Manage fund flows. Certified agencies: Handle gold movement, storage, and security transparently. Use of insured, digitally tracked channels. 3. Digitalisation & Transparency Each depositor should access metal balance digitally, akin to a savings account. Use of mobile apps, digital ledgers, and blockchain to track gold flow and prevent fraud. 4. Policy & Trust Enablers Remove GST/customs scrutiny for deposited gold. Simplify KYC: “No questions asked” assurance for household deposits. Assured returns and transparency in redemption value. Economic Impact Estimate Impact Area Mechanism Expected Outcome External sector Reduction in gold imports Improves CAD stability Banking sector Low-cost fund mobilisation Expands credit for infra & MSMEs Monetary policy Enhances domestic liquidity Reduces external vulnerability Investment cycle Domestic wealth recycling Boosts private capital formation Employment Growth in hallmarking, logistics, fintech Creates new skill-based jobs Philosophical and Civilisational Angle Gold monetisation isn’t just financial — it’s civilisational self-trust. Echoes India’s ethos of self-sufficiency through shared participation, not coercion. Reinforces the Atmanirbhar spirit: “Bharat can fund Bharat.” Way Forward Public awareness campaigns to build trust and participation. PPP model for hallmarking & logistics infrastructure. Digital gold exchange under SEBI for transparency. Integration with UPI & Jan Dhan to reach rural households. Financial literacy drive linking gold to productive savings. Periodic audit & publication of gold mobilisation data. Conclusion Atmanirbharta 2.0 = Financial Sovereignty. Mobilising India’s domestic gold wealth represents the next major self-reliance revolution — akin to the Green and Digital Revolutions. Success depends on trust, technology, and transparency — turning cultural assets into developmental capital. The goal: India financing India, ensuring sustainable, sovereign, and inclusive growth. It’s time for Maoists to lay down arms Why in News Union Home Minister ruled out talks with Maoists, urging them to surrender under the government’s rehabilitation policy. Government aims for complete Maoist eradication by next year (2026). Editorial argues that the CPI (Maoist) is at its weakest point in history, both militarily and ideologically. Relevance GS2 (Governance & Internal Security) Counter-insurgency policies: SAMADHAN doctrine, DRG, CoBRA deployment. GS3 (Internal Security & Defence) Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) as an internal security challenge. Practice Questions Analyse the factors leading to the decline of the Maoist movement in India. How can governance and development interventions consolidate this success? (250 Words) Understanding Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) Definition: A violent movement seeking to overthrow the democratic State through armed struggle, based on Maoist ideology. Main group:Communist Party of India (Maoist) — formed in 2004 through the merger of: CPI (Marxist–Leninist) People’s War Group (PWG) Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI) Core Ideology: Inspired by Mao Zedong’s “Protracted People’s War” — to capture rural areas, encircle cities, and seize state power. Peak Influence: Around 2009–2011, LWE affected over 200 districts across 20 states (“Red Corridor”). The Present Context — A Movement in Decline Organisational Weakness Year Central Committee Members Politburo Members Cadre Strength 2004 42 25 ~10,000 2025 13 7–8 <2,000   Most top leaders are over 60, ailing, and fatigued. The Central Committee has shrunk drastically; no fresh intellectual leadership has emerged. Internal divisions and leadership crisis following the death of General Secretary Nambala Keshava Rao (Basavaraju). Geographic Decline Once-dominant in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh. After police modernization in Andhra and Odisha, they were pushed into Chhattisgarh’s dense forests. Even their “Liberated Zone” in South Bastar (Sukma, Dantewada, Bijapur, Narayanpur) is now fragmented. Maoist influence in Jharkhand and Bihar also significantly reduced due to coordinated inter-State operations. Turning Point in Counter-Insurgency 1. Security Reforms Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) – specialized CRPF unit trained in jungle warfare. District Reserve Guard (DRG): Comprised of surrendered Maoists and ex-Salwa Judum members. Highly effective due to local terrain familiarity. Crucial in Operation Black Forest — destroyed Maoist HQ at Karregutta hills. 2. Operational Outcomes (2024–25) Maoists killed: ~430 (including 5 Central Committee members and 45 women cadres). Surrenders: ~1,450 Maoists. Arrests: ~1,460. Leadership elimination: 5 senior-most commanders, including General Secretary Basavaraju. Internal Crisis: Ideological and Social Faultlines 1. Leadership vs. Cadre Divide Leaders: Predominantly upper-caste, from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Cadres: Primarily tribal, especially Gonds of Chhattisgarh. Emerging identity friction between ideological leadership and ground-level fighters. 2. Shift in Motivation Tribal recruits joined not from ideology but due to cultural mobilisation — songs, plays, and propaganda by Maoist cultural wings. Ideological conviction diluted; tribal participation increasingly coerced or survival-driven. 3. Intellectual Decline In early decades, supported by urban intellectuals and students (e.g., post-Naxalbari 1967 phase). Today, no urban sympathy networks, weak political articulation, and loss of ideological legitimacy. Role of State Response 1. Effective Counter-Insurgency Model Multi-pronged: Security + Development + Governance. Enhanced coordination between State Police and Central Forces under SAMADHAN doctrine (Smart Leadership, Aggressive Strategy, Motivation, etc.). Improved Intelligence sharing and use of drones, GIS mapping, and satellite data for real-time tracking. Rehabilitation & Surrender Policy: Monetary incentives, housing, skill training, and employment opportunities for surrendered Maoists. 2. Development Push Aspirational District Programme, Road Connectivity (PMGSY), Eklavya Model Schools, and Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM) architecture reducing isolation of tribal regions. Integrated Tribal Development Projects addressing the socioeconomic roots of insurgency. Chhattisgarh – A Unique Case Study Unlike Andhra or Bengal, Maoism in Chhattisgarh was imported, not indigenous. Served as a strategic retreat zone after losses elsewhere. Salwa Judum (2005–07): State-sponsored militia movement — Initially aimed to counter Maoists but led to atrocities against tribals. Many displaced tribals later joined Maoists — backfiring effect. Now, DRG (District Reserve Guard) — formed from reformed Judum cadres — has reversed that narrative effectively. Causes of Maoist Decline Leadership vacuum after deaths/arrests of key figures. Technological edge of security forces. Erosion of urban-intellectual support. Improved tribal welfare schemes reducing alienation. Diminished ideological appeal in the era of democratic empowerment. Internal ethnic and caste divides. Rise of local governance institutions (PESA, Gram Sabhas) empowering tribals directly. Infiltration of surrendered cadres (DRG) into Maoist structures disrupting operational secrecy. Lessons and Way Forward 1. Security Consolidation Maintain high-intensity operations until complete dismantling of Maoist bases. Focus on border coordination among affected states. Deploy technology-driven policing (AI surveillance, drones, satellite tracking). 2. Governance Continuity Prevent re-emergence by filling the governance vacuum post-clearance. Prioritise land rights, forest livelihoods, and tribal inclusion. Implement PESA & FRA in spirit to empower Gram Sabhas. 3. Rehabilitation & Reintegration Strengthen surrender and rehabilitation schemes — skill training, psychological counselling, and employment. Showcase success stories of reformed cadres to build trust. 4. Preventing Ideological Resurgence Promote democratic activism and civil society participation for grievance redress. Encourage peaceful, rights-based movements like Niyamgiri and Sompeta, which achieved results without violence. Broader Message Violence-based movements are unsustainable in democratic societies. The Maoist decline shows the success of India’s democratic resilience, security modernisation, and developmental governance. True empowerment of tribal and backward areas must come from participatory governance, not armed rebellion. Conclusion The Maoist movement, once India’s gravest internal security threat, is now at its lowest ebb. Sustained reforms in security capacity, development outreach, and political inclusion have reversed the insurgency. The message is clear: “Where democratic development delivers, extremism declines.”   The final step is ensuring that post-conflict zones remain peace zones, through justice, inclusion, and dignity for tribal communities — the true meaning of mainstreaming.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 October 2025

Content Trio wins Physics Nobel for building device showing ‘quantum tunnelling’ Why Indian capital needs to invest domestically Pharmaceutical Oversight Gaps and Public Health Risks: MP Cough Syrup Case By reusing old genes, bats became the only mammals able to fly What is a supermoon? India-UK ties: much to build on Trio wins Physics Nobel for building device showing ‘quantum tunnelling’ Basics Event: 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis. Field: Quantum mechanics — study of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic scale. Objective: To gain greater insight into quantum phenomena by designing novel experiments that manipulate single particles. Relevance GS3: Science & Technology Quantum computing, superconductors, and Josephson junctions. Emerging technologies shaping India’s digital and defence capabilities. Core Concepts Quantum Mechanics Governs behaviour of particles at ultra-small scales (electrons, photons, atoms). Deviates from classical physics; particles can exist in superpositions, tunnel through barriers, or be entangled. Quantum Tunnelling Phenomenon where particles pass through energy barriers they shouldn’t classically cross. Analogy: Cricket ball hitting a wall → normally bounces back, but quantum ball sometimes passes through. Basis for many modern technologies (e.g., tunnel diodes, scanning tunnelling microscopes). Superconductors Materials with zero electrical resistance at low temperatures. Enable current to flow indefinitely without energy loss. Josephson Junction Structure of two superconductors separated by a thin insulating layer. Exhibits quantum tunnelling of Cooper pairs (pairs of electrons bound together in superconductors). Crucial for quantum circuits and experimental control of quantum states. Contribution of Clarke, Devoret, and Martinis Experiment Design Created electrical circuits capable of manipulating single quantum particles. Enabled observation and control of quantum tunnelling in a macroscopically measurable system. Significance Transforms abstract quantum phenomena into engineered, controllable devices. Lays the foundation for quantum computing and quantum information processing. Applications Quantum Computers: Using superconducting qubits, capable of parallel computation beyond classical limits. Quantum Sensors: Ultra-sensitive measurements of magnetic fields, gravity, or time. Advanced Electronics: Next-generation transistors, precision circuits, and superconducting electronics. Historical Context Quantum Mechanics → Technology Pathway 1950s: Quantum principles led to transistors and silicon chips, enabling the modern electronics revolution. Now: Controlled quantum systems → quantum computing era. Experimental Milestone First time coherent control of single quantum systems in superconducting circuits achieved. Bridges the gap between theory (quantum weirdness) and practical engineering. Broader Implications Science & Technology Opens avenues for high-performance computing, secure communication (quantum cryptography), and simulation of complex systems. Quantum circuits may revolutionize drug discovery, materials science, and artificial intelligence. Societal & Economic Quantum computing could lead to breakthroughs in cybersecurity, finance, logistics, and climate modelling. Potential to position countries at the forefront of next-gen technology race. Philosophical/Conceptual Demonstrates human ability to manipulate the fundamental laws of nature. Illustrates the shift from understanding quantum behaviour passively to actively engineering quantum systems. Why Indian capital needs to invest domestically Basics Context: India faces a policy dilemma between: Long-term benefits of global trade and liberalisation. Short-term harms to large sections of the population (low wages, unemployment). Issue Highlighted: Current macroeconomic frameworks often prioritize supply and private profits, ignoring the domestic demand needs of the larger population. Key Idea: Domestic capital (Indian businesses) must align with public interest to ensure inclusive growth and mitigate external shocks. Relevance GS3: Indian Economy Domestic capital, private investment, macroeconomic demand-supply balance, wage policies, R&D investment. Trade vs domestic demand in a globalized economy. GS2: Governance & Policy Role of government-business coordination for national interest. Policy interventions to boost domestic consumption and inclusive growth. Historical Evolution of Capital Pre-liberalisation India Indian businesses grew under protectionist policies. Benefited from inward-looking policies and supernormal profits in domestic markets. Post-liberalisation Indian firms leveraged accumulated wealth to expand globally. Some Indian conglomerates became major players in international markets, though such depth is limited to a few giants. Current Scenario Global uncertainties: tariffs, distortions, and shrinking external demand threaten Indian exports and aggregate demand. Domestic capital needs reorientation toward internal markets and public-aligned strategies. Key Economic Concepts Mass Markets & Demand Creation Three drivers historically: Creation of wage-labour class. Industrial mass production enhancing productivity. Growth in personal incomes altering demand composition. Modern challenge: Policies often assume demand passively responds to supply; neglecting active stimulation of domestic demand. Domestic vs. External Demand Early industrialisation: focus on domestic consumption. Later phases: global markets emphasized. Current turbulence: external demand weak, highlighting the need for domestic consumption-driven growth. Role of Domestic Capital Enhancing Private Investments Private sector profits high post-COVID, but investment lags behind. Public investment has surged: ₹3.4 lakh crore (FY20) → ₹10.2 lakh crore (FY25), CAGR 25%. Indian capital shows higher inclination toward foreign FDI (CAGR 12.6%) than domestic investment. Need: Reverse trend by incentivizing domestic capital deployment. Moderate Wage Growth Corporate profits at 15-year high; wages stagnating. Contractualisation reduces collective bargaining → slower real wage growth. Real wages projected to decline (FY26: 6.5% vs FY25: 7%). Importance: Higher wages → higher domestic demand → inclusive growth. Research & Development (R&D) India’s gross R&D spending: 0.64% of GDP (low vs global standards). Private sector contributes ~36% of R&D (much lower than US, China, Japan, Korea where >70%). Sector focus: Pharmaceuticals, IT, transport, defence, biotech. Need: Increase long-term innovation investment across diverse sectors. Challenges Highlighted Domestic capital prioritizes profit over national interest. Global uncertainties (tariffs, supply chain disruptions) threaten exports and aggregate demand. Wage stagnation and low R&D impede inclusive and innovation-driven growth. Private sector investments in domestic infrastructure remain subdued despite government incentives. Policy and Strategic Recommendations Unified Approach: Government and domestic capital must cooperate for macroeconomic stability. Active Private Investments: Deploy record-high profits into domestic infrastructure, industry, and public-interest projects. Inclusive Wage Policies: Ensure wage growth keeps pace with profits to boost consumption. Strengthen R&D: Encourage private sector to invest in long-term fundamental research. Domestic Demand Focus: Shift attention from purely global export orientation to internal market development. Broader Implications Economic: Domestic capital mobilisation can buffer India against global shocks. Stimulates aggregate demand and strengthens GDP growth. Social: Higher wages and employment stability reduce income inequality. Inclusive growth fosters social cohesion. Strategic: Self-reliant domestic production reduces dependence on volatile global supply chains. Aligns with “Atmanirbhar Bharat” philosophy in economic policy. Pharmaceutical Oversight Gaps and Public Health Risks: MP Cough Syrup Case Context Incident: Adulterated cough syrup Coldrif caused 20 child deaths in Madhya Pradesh, mainly in Chhindwara (17), Betul (2), and Pandhurna (1). Five children remain under treatment for kidney failure. Culprit: Sresan Pharmaceuticals (Tamil Nadu) — syrup contaminated with over 45% diethylene glycol, a toxic chemical. Timeline: Recent deaths: 2 children died on Tuesday, 1 on Monday, 17 prior deaths. States affected: Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Relevance GS2 – Governance & Public Policy Regulatory governance of pharmaceuticals (CDSCO, Schedule M, CAPA, ONDLS). Accountability and legal frameworks for public health. Role of judiciary in ensuring public safety. GS3 – Health & Human Development Child health, toxicology, pharmaceutical quality management. Public health policy, preventive measures, emergency response systems. Importance of research and quality standards in MSME pharma. Key Issues Highlighted Drug Safety and Regulatory Compliance Schedule M (Revised): Central govt’s pharmaceutical manufacturing regulations include: Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA): Quality management methodology to investigate and resolve manufacturing issues. Online National Drugs Licensing System (ONDLS): Digital, single-window licensing system for uniform approval processes across states. Current Status: 18 state drug authorities have adopted ONDLS. No state fully compliant with CAPA guidelines, crucial for proactive quality maintenance. 3,838 of 5,308 MSME pharma companies comply with revised Schedule M GMP. Regulatory Failures Manufacturer allegedly blacklisted earlier but still supplied syrup. Gaps in inspection and monitoring allowed toxic syrup to reach children. Legal & Ethical Dimensions Arrest of Dr. Praveen Soni (paediatrician) for prescribing the syrup triggered a doctors’ strike, highlighting: Debate over liability: prescribing vs. manufacturing. Doctors demand action against manufacturers, not individual prescribers. Special Investigation Team (SIT) formed to probe the case. Political & Social Response Congress demands judicial probe and compensation to victims’ families. State government committing to cover treatment costs. Public outrage over preventable child deaths. Underlying Causes Toxic Contaminant: Diethylene glycol — causes acute kidney failure, liver damage, death. Weak Regulatory Enforcement: Poor CAPA implementation. Incomplete adoption of ONDLS & Schedule M compliance checks. Systemic Issues in Pharma Oversight: Small and medium pharma units often inadequately monitored. Lack of real-time auditing and accountability mechanisms. Policy and Governance Dimensions Strengthen Drug Regulation Ensure full CAPA compliance across all states. Strict enforcement of GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices), inspections, and penalties. Continuous monitoring via ONDLS and digital tracking of pharmaceutical products. Liability Clarity Distinguish prescriber vs manufacturer responsibility in legal and policy frameworks. Create guidelines to protect healthcare providers from undue criminalisation when prescribing approved drugs. Public Health Measures Immediate recall of toxic batches. Emergency treatment protocols for affected children. Awareness campaigns on risks of unverified or adulterated medicines. Judicial Oversight Demand for judicial probe to investigate negligence in production, approval, and distribution. Compensation mechanisms for victims and families. Long-Term Measures Strengthen pharmaceutical quality audits and lab testing infrastructure. Mandatory digital tracking of drug batches. Training and accountability for drug inspectors and regulators. By reusing old genes, bats became the only mammals able to fly Basics Mammalian limb structure: All mammals share a common five-digit limb blueprint (pentadactyl limb). Bats’ uniqueness: Only mammals capable of true powered flight, achieved via wings. Wing formation: Forelimbs elongate digits 2–5; thin skin sheet called chiropatagium stretches between them. Relevance : GS3 – Science & Technology / Biotechnology Evolutionary biology, genetics, regulatory evolution. Developmental biology insights applicable to medicine (congenital limb disorders, syndactyly). Comparative genomics and single-cell analysis techniques. Scientific Question How do bats develop wings while sharing the same genes as other mammals? Early embryos of bats, mice, dolphins, etc., look almost identical. Key concept: Regulatory evolution — altering when, where, and how genes are activated, rather than changing gene sequences. Chiropatagium Mystery Traditionally, mammals lose skin between fingers via apoptosis (programmed cell death). Hypothesis: Bats suppressed interdigital apoptosis → wing formation. New study challenges this: apoptosis still occurs in bat wing tissue; something else must sustain the chiropatagium. Study Approach Species used: Bats (Carollia perspicillata) and mice. Methodology: Single-cell RNA sequencing of >180,000 embryonic limb cells. Created an interspecies limb atlas for developmental comparison. Computational modelling to identify cell types and gene activity. Key Findings Cell-level similarity: Bat and mouse limbs have almost identical cell types; no novel cell type was invented. Specialized fibroblasts: A population of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) is repositioned between digits in bats. These fibroblasts express transcription factors MEIS2 and TBX3, switched off in other mammals at this stage. Evolutionary co-option: Existing gene programs redeployed in a new context → new structures without new genes. Functional validation in mice: Transgenic mice expressing bat MEIS2 and TBX3 in distal limbs → fused, webbed digits resembling early bat wings. Shows regulatory changes alone can drive structural innovation. Mechanistic Insights Regulatory shifts: Key to bat wing evolution; small changes in gene timing/location produce dramatic morphological differences. Apoptosis still occurs: Wing webbing persists due to specialized fibroblasts, not apoptosis suppression. Transcription factors as “genetic dials”: MEIS2 and TBX3 are sufficient to partially activate wing-building programs. Broader Implications Evolutionary biology: Supports the concept that diverse limb morphologies (bat wings, bird wings, whale flippers, fish fins) arise from modifying universal developmental blueprints. Developmental biology & medicine: May inform understanding of syndactyly (fused digits in humans). Insights into gene regulation during limb formation could aid diagnosis and treatment of congenital limb disorders. Research tools: Single-cell RNA sequencing and cross-species analysis enable mapping of regulatory changes driving evolution. Takeaways Bat wings evolved through regulatory evolution, not new genes. Existing cell types were repurposed and strategically deployed. Small genetic shifts can yield major morphological innovations. Study demonstrates the power of transcription factors in shaping limbs across species. Highlights the potential of comparative genomics and single-cell analysis in unraveling evolutionary mechanisms. What is a supermoon? Basics Definition: A supermoon occurs when a full moon or new moon coincides with the moon’s closest approach to Earth (perigee) in its elliptical orbit. Perigee distance variation: The moon’s orbit is not a perfect circle; distance from Earth varies by ~50,000 km. Visual effect: Full moon at perigee appears ~14% larger and ~30% brighter than at apogee (farthest point). Relevance : GS3 – Science & Technology / Space Astronomy: Moon’s orbit, perigee/apogee, tidal effects. Scientific observation opportunities, satellite impact, tidal studies. GS1 – Geography (Physical) Earth-moon interactions affecting tides, coastal flooding, and oceanography. Recent Occurrences Supermoon visible on October 7, 2025. Two more supermoons expected in November and December 2025. Origin and Popularisation Term “supermoon” popularised by astrologer Richard Nolle in the 1970s. Widely adopted by astronomers and media to describe visually striking lunar events. Astronomical Significance Brightness perception: Subtle size difference may not be easily noticed with the naked eye; brightness and low-horizon view make it appear vivid. Tidal impact: Causes perigean spring tides — tides slightly higher/lower than usual. Results from moon’s stronger gravitational pull aligning with the sun. Can exacerbate coastal flooding if coinciding with storm surges. Cultural and Scientific Relevance Cultural impact: Supermoons have inspired folklore, mythology, and spiritual observances across civilizations. Scientific opportunities: Enables astronomers to observe lunar surface details more clearly. Facilitates study of tidal effects and oceanographic impacts. Offers photography opportunities due to enhanced brightness and apparent size. Key Takeaways Supermoon = astronomical + cultural phenomenon. Visual impact is enhanced near horizon; effect on tides is modest but not negligible. Highlights the interaction between celestial mechanics (moon’s orbit) and Earth phenomena (tides). Serves as a reminder of how orbital dynamics influence everyday life and culture. Pediatric Drug Safety Concerns: Coldrif Cough Syrup Contamination Incident Basics Issue: At least five states in India banned the sale, distribution, and use of Coldrif cough syrup following deaths in Madhya Pradesh linked to contaminated syrup. Cause of concern: Some samples of Coldrif were found adulterated with Diethylene Glycol (DEG, 48.6%), a toxic substance that can cause kidney injury and death. Regulatory context: The Government Analyst at the Drug Testing Laboratory, Chennai, flagged the product as potentially injurious to health. Relevance: GS2 – Governance & Public Policy Regulatory oversight of pharmaceuticals: CDSCO, Schedule M, CAPA, ONDLS. Accountability and legal frameworks for manufacturers and prescribers. GS3 – Health & Human Development Child health and safety, toxicology, adverse drug reactions. Public health policy: preventive measures, emergency treatment protocols. Types of Cough Syrups Cough suppressants: Treat dry coughs, which are distressing but non-productive. Active ingredient example: Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide. Decongestants: Treat nasal congestion, runny nose, or cough triggered by nasal drip. Can include ingredients like phenylephrine, chlorpheniramine, or dexamethasone in some cases. Safety Concerns Dangers for children: Children under 6 years are particularly at risk if syrup is contaminated. Over-the-counter syrups may not be safe without strict medical supervision. In India, unlike the US, OTC cough syrups are widely available; parents often self-administer. Adverse effects: Overdose can cause sedation, drowsiness, heart rate issues, nausea, or addiction (in adolescents). DEG contamination can lead to kidney failure. Dosage guidance: Administer only under a pediatrician’s prescription. Dosage usually calculated in mg/kg body weight, not household teaspoons. Special caution for children under 4 years. Regulatory & Manufacturing Issues Past bans: Several states banned syrups containing dextromethorphan after deaths of children. Manufacturer responsibility: Contamination often arises from using cheap, industrial-grade chemicals (e.g., DEG as solvent). Companies should ensure safe, pharmaceutical-grade solvents and packaging. Doctor’s role: Only prescribe when medically necessary; do not self-medicate children. Improper use by parents can lead to serious harm. Alternatives for Cough Relief Dexamethasone: Anti-inflammatory; used under medical supervision. Phenylephrine & Chlorpheniramine: Second-line antihistamines; suitable for children over 2 years. Non-medicinal: Saline nasal drops, humidified air, adequate hydration. Systemic & Public Health Lessons Digital drug licensing: Adoption of Online National Drugs Licensing System (ONDLS) exists, but compliance with Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA) guidelines is incomplete. Policy gap: States must ensure strict adherence to drug safety norms, especially for pediatric formulations. Parental awareness: Critical to avoid self-administration and check expiry, packaging, and manufacturer legitimacy. Key Takeaways Pediatric cough syrup can be dangerous if contaminated or misused. Proper prescription, dosage, and manufacturer quality are crucial. Regulatory oversight (CAPA & ONDLS) must be strengthened to prevent tragedies. Safer alternatives and parental education are essential for child health protection. India-UK ties: much to build on Context British PM Keir Starmer visiting India (Oct 2025) for two days; first visit since assuming office in July 2024. Visit is reciprocal: follows PM Modi’s UK visit in July 2025. During Modi’s UK visit, India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was signed. The FTA has bipartisan support in the UK, reflecting continuity in India-UK relations despite domestic political changes. Boris Johnson initiated FTA negotiations in 2022; Starmer pursued early conclusion after Labour’s election win. Relevance : GS2 – International Relations Bilateral trade and diplomatic ties; strategic partnership with the UK. GS3 – Economy & Science & Technology FTA, trade volumes, investment, innovation hubs, joint R&D in AI/quantum. Defence tech collaboration, emerging technologies, and industrial growth. Strategic & Political Significance India-UK ties offer stability and predictability in an uncertain global environment (e.g., US policy unpredictability). Starmer prioritizes India as a key bilateral partner, signaling long-term strategic interest. The Vision 2035 document provides a roadmap for comprehensive bilateral cooperation. Vision 2035: Key Pillars Economic Growth & Trade – mutual prosperity goals. Education & Skills Partnership – joint programs, talent mobility. Tourism & Culture – expanding soft power engagement. Science & Technology Cooperation – joint research, innovation, AI, quantum technology. Defence & Security – co-development of advanced technologies. Climate & Critical Economic Cooperation – joint initiatives on sustainable development and tech transfer. Economic Cooperation Bilateral trade (goods + services) ~£38 billion by 2023-end; aim to double in 10 years. UK investments in India increased by 120% since 2016. Indian exports to the UK valued at ~£15 billion. Early FTA “harvest deals” resolved issues like Indian whisky exports. FTA expected to enhance market access, reduce tariffs, and facilitate investment flows. Research & Innovation India-UK Science and Innovation Council (SIC) oversees bilateral R&D collaboration biennially. UK = India’s second largest research & innovation partner; 400+ collaborative projects; £300–400 million joint programmes. May 2024: 20 AI and quantum grants announced, reinforcing focus on emerging tech. UK-India Innovation Hub at University of Surrey; AI Innovation branch campus at GIFT IFSC, Gujarat. Defence Cooperation Defence Industrial Roadmap launched July 2024: joint research and co-development of future defence systems. Focus areas: jet engines, maritime power, cybersecurity, complex weapons. Participation by major UK companies: Rolls-Royce, BAE Systems. Framework planned for SMEs, startups, and defence manufacturers. Education & Skills Mobility 140,000 Indian students in the UK.   Migration and Mobility Pathway (July 2025) facilitates: Transition from studies to graduate jobs. Easier entry for dependents and family reunification. Young Professionals Scheme: ~3,000 Indian professionals migrate annually to the UK. Connectivity & Cultural Exchange Aviation links: direct Mumbai–Manchester flights; restored and streamlined services (March 2024). Fast-track public services: visa, health services enhanced (March 2024). Film Co-Production Framework: updated July 2024; simplifies procedures and incentives for joint India-UK film projects. Comprehensive Overview Economic: FTA expected to deepen trade, diversify investment, and strengthen supply chains, especially in goods, services, and whisky exports. Technological: Collaboration in AI, quantum, and innovation hubs positions both nations for future competitiveness. Defence & Security: Joint R&D roadmap enhances strategic autonomy and interoperability. Education & Talent: Mobility pathways and professional schemes support human capital flow. Soft Power & Culture: Film and tourism partnerships enhance mutual cultural influence. Strategic Implication: In a multipolar, uncertain world, India-UK relations offer a stable, predictable partnership, potentially serving as a model for other bilateral ties.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 October 2025

Content Leprosy in India: The Road to a Disease-Free Future ICG conducts 10th NATPOLREX-X & 27th NOSDCP off Chennai Coast Leprosy in India: The Road to a Disease-Free Future Why in News ? As of March 2025, India has sustained leprosy elimination status nationally with 31 States and 638 districts achieving prevalence rate <1/10,000 population. Leprosy prevalence dropped from 57.2 (1981) to 0.57 (2025) per 10,000 population — a 99% reduction. Child cases reduced from 9.04% (2014–15) to 4.68% (2024–25) — key indicator of interrupted transmission. India’s National Strategic Plan (NSP) and Roadmap for Leprosy 2023–27 aims for zero indigenous cases by 2030. Relevance GS-2 (Health & Social Justice): NLEP, NHM integration, anti-discrimination, digital trackin (Nikusth 2.0), WHO alignment. GS-3 (Science & Tech): Vaccine research, AMR surveillance, ICT-based monitoring. GS-1 (Society): Stigma reduction, social inclusion, awareness campaigns. What is Leprosy ? Causative agent: Mycobacterium leprae (chronic bacterial infection). Transmission: Respiratory droplets during prolonged contact with untreated patients. Organs affected: Skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, upper respiratory tract. Types: Paucibacillary (PB): Few bacilli, mild infection. Multibacillary (MB): High bacilli density, severe infection. Symptoms: Discoloured skin patches, loss of sensation, non-healing ulcers, deformities in limbs and face. Treatment: Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) introduced in 1983: Rifampicin, Clofazimine, and Dapsone — provided free by WHO. Prevents disability if diagnosed early. Evolution of India’s Leprosy Programme Phase I: Control (1955–1982) National Leprosy Control Programme (NLCP, 1955): Focus on Survey, Education, and Treatment (SET). Relied on dapsone monotherapy, provided through domiciliary care. 1970s: Became a centrally sponsored scheme during Fourth FYP. Strengthened NGO participation; house-to-house surveys and community education initiated. Prevalence in 1951: 38.1/10,000 (13.74 lakh cases). Phase II: Eradication (1983–2004) National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP, 1983): Integration of MDT (endorsed by WHO, 1982). Shift from control to eradication approach. Impact: Prevalence reduced from 57.2 (1981) → 2.4 (2004) per 10,000. Grade II deformities declined from 20% (1981) → 1.5% (2004). World Bank projects (1993–2004): Funded community participation and IEC innovations. Focus on women, tribals, urban poor. 2005: India achieved elimination as a public health problem nationally (<1/10,000 prevalence). Phase III: Sustaining Elimination (2005–Present) Core Strategies under NLEP Free diagnosis and MDT for all cases. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Single dose rifampicin (SDR) for contacts of leprosy patients. Early Case Detection Campaigns (ECDC): Leprosy Case Detection Campaign (LCDC) – Door-to-door surveys. Focused Leprosy Campaigns – Targeted surveillance in affected clusters. ABSULS – ASHA-Based Surveillance for Leprosy Suspects (grassroots detection). Disability Prevention and Medical Rehabilitation (DPMR): Distribution of MCR footwear, Self-care kits, aids and appliances, ₹12,000 compensation for reconstructive surgery-related wage loss. Community Awareness: Sparsh Leprosy Awareness Campaign on Anti-Leprosy Day. Digitalization: Nikusth 2.0 (2023): ICT-based portal for patient tracking and drug logistics. Anti-Discrimination Drive: States encouraged to repeal discriminatory laws against leprosy. Institutional and Legal Strengthening Integration with NHM: Centrally sponsored scheme under National Health Mission. Inclusion in national health platforms: Screening integrated with Ayushman Bharat (30+ years), RBSK, and RKSK. AMR Surveillance: National Anti-Microbial Resistance Surveillance for Leprosy launched in 2023. Mental Health Integration: National Framework for Integration of Mental Health Services for Leprosy Patients (2023). Revised Treatment Regimen (2025): Triple-drug therapy standardized for both PB & MB cases. Focus on PVTGs: Nikusth 2.0 tagging for PVTGs across 17 States under PM-JANMAN. Quantitative Outcomes (As of 2025) Indicator 2014–15 2024–25 % Change Prevalence rate (per 10,000) 0.69 0.57 ↓17% New case detection rate (per 100,000) 9.73 7.0 ↓28% Child cases among new detections 9.04% 4.68% ↓48% Grade II disability rate (per million) 4.68 1.88 ↓60% PEP coverage 71% (2019–20) 92% (2024–25) ↑21% LCDC cases detected (FY 2024–25) — 27,428 —   Top endemic states: Chhattisgarh (1.80), Jharkhand (1.46), Odisha (1.37), Maharashtra (1.12). Lowest prevalence: Meghalaya (0.03), Manipur (0.05), J&K (0.07). National Strategic Plan & Roadmap (2023–2027) Aligned with: WHO Global Leprosy Strategy 2021–2030 & WHO NTD Roadmap 2021–2030. Goal: Interrupt transmission by 2027 and achieve zero indigenous cases by 2030. Strategic Pillars: Accelerated case detection (targeted approach). Intensified surveillance and digitalization (Nikusth 2.0). Chemoprophylaxis for all contacts. Vaccine introduction (under evaluation). Anti-microbial resistance & adverse drug monitoring. Post-treatment surveillance & integrated rehabilitation. Behavioural change communication (BCC) to eliminate stigma. Repeal discriminatory laws. Multi-disease service integration and retention of leprosy expertise. International Cooperation WHO: Free MDT drug supply, technical guidance, evaluation, and training. Supported MLECs, COMBI (Bihar), and surveillance. World Bank: Funded community-oriented projects (1993–2004). ILEP, GPZL, Sasakawa Health Foundation, ALERT India, Schieffelin Institute, Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh: Strengthened IEC, rehabilitation, and advocacy against stigma. Global Recognition: WHO dropped India (2006) from the list of non-eliminated countries. India featured in The Global Appeal annually since 2006. Key Challenges Residual endemic pockets in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Odisha. Persistent social stigma and legal discrimination in some states. Post-COVID disruption to active case detection and surveillance. Need for new diagnostics and vaccine development. Underreporting due to stigma and private sector data gaps. Way Forward Whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach integrating NHM, AYUSH, and social justice mechanisms. Sustain early detection through ASHA and digital surveillance tools. Enhance rehab and mental health support for affected persons. Focus on zero child cases for five consecutive years as proof of interrupted transmission. Policy integration: NLEP to merge with broader Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) platform. Continued international partnerships for research and innovation. Conclusion India’s leprosy control is a global public health success, reflecting: 99% drop in prevalence (1981–2025). 98% decline in patients under treatment. From stigma to integration: India’s journey aligns medical success with social justice. However, elimination ≠ eradication — vigilance must continue. With political will, digital innovation (Nikusth 2.0), community participation, and global collaboration, India is poised to achieve zero transmission by 2030, marking a historic humanitarian milestone in global disease elimination. ICG conducts 10th NATPOLREX-X & 27th NOSDCP off Chennai Coast Why in News Indian Coast Guard (ICG) conducted 10th National Level Pollution Response Exercise (NATPOLREX-X) and 27th National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOSDCP) meeting off Chennai coast on October 5–6, 2025. 40 foreign observers from 32 countries and 105 national delegates participated. Aimed to test and strengthen national preparedness and inter-agency coordination for marine oil spill response. Relevance GS-3 (Environment & Disaster Management): Marine pollution control, NOSDCP framework, coastal resilience, SDG-14, Blue Economy. GS-2 (Governance & IR): Inter-agency coordination, institutional roles (ICG, ministries), international maritime cooperation. Background & Institutional Context Indian Coast Guard (ICG) is the Central Coordinating Authority for oil spill response since March 1986. NOSDCP (National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan): Drafted by ICG and approved in 1993. Provides a national framework for preparedness and response to oil spills. Supported by four Pollution Response (PR) Centres: Mumbai, Chennai, Port Blair, Vadinar (Gujarat). NATPOLREX is a biennial flagship exercise under NOSDCP. Tests operational readiness, equipment efficacy, and joint coordination among agencies. Objectives of NATPOLREX-X Assess national capability to detect, contain, and clean up oil spills. Evaluate coordination between ICG, central ministries, coastal states, and ports. Validate communication, logistics, and decision-making protocols. Strengthen international collaboration and knowledge sharing in marine environmental protection. Key Highlights of NATPOLREX-X (2025 Edition) First-ever shoreline clean-up drill at Marina Beach, Chennai. Conducted by Greater Chennai Corporation, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, State Disaster Management Authority, Police, and other state agencies. ICG Asset Deployment: Pollution Control Vessels (PCVs) Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs) Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs) Chetak helicopters and Dornier aircraft for aerial surveillance and dispersant spraying. Supervision: Exercise overseen by DG Paramesh Sivamani, Director General, ICG & Chairperson, NOSDCP. Reviewed response coordination, operational efficiency, and inter-agency synergy. Technical Sessions – Contemporary Focus Areas Nurdle Spills and their Environmental Impact: Microplastic pollution from plastic pellets. Case Studies on Hazardous & Noxious Substances (HNS). Post-Spill Monitoring & Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). Shoreline Cleanup Lessons from MV MSC ELSA 3 Incident. Provided a platform for scientists, policymakers, and experts to exchange best practices and recovery strategies. National and International Participation Attended by: Central ministries, Coastal State Governments, Major Ports, Oil Handling Agencies, Maritime Organizations, and Foreign Observers. 32 countries represented — enhancing global cooperation in marine spill management. Reinforced India’s regional leadership role in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) for maritime environmental protection. Strategic and Policy Significance India imports over 75% of its crude oil by sea → oil spill preparedness is strategically critical. Exercise enhances energy security resilience and environmental safety. Aligns with PM Modi’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat vision: Showcased indigenous pollution response technology and Make in India maritime assets. Encouraged self-reliance in environmental response systems. Broader Environmental and Governance Linkages Supports Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 – Life Below Water. Integrates with Blue Economy framework through marine pollution control. Promotes inter-agency collaboration among: ICG, MoEFCC, MoPNG, Shipping Ministry, and Coastal States. Enhances marine biodiversity protection and resilience of coastal ecosystems. Outcome and Way Forward Validated the multi-layered pollution response mechanism of the ICG. Improved response coordination protocols across agencies and ports. Strengthened international engagement for capacity building in the Indian Ocean Region. Will feed into updating the NOSDCP 2026–2030 roadmap, incorporating: New technologies (AI-based surveillance, satellite mapping). Local community participation in shoreline response. Conclusion NATPOLREX-X (2025) marks a milestone in India’s marine environmental governance. Reinforces India’s commitment to clean oceans, climate resilience, and maritime sustainability. Positions ICG as a regional hub for pollution response expertise under the broader Indo-Pacific cooperation framework.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 October 2025

Content Calling out the criticism of the Indian judiciary Ensure compliance Calling out the criticism of the Indian judiciary Why in News Sanjeev Sanyal, member of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council, recently claimed that India’s judicial system is the single biggest hurdle to achieving Viksit Bharat within 25 years. This sparked debate on whether judicial inefficiency or governmental failures actually impede India’s development. Relevance: GS 2: Polity & GovernanceStructure, Organization, and Functioning of the JudiciarySeparation of Powers between various organs Practice Question : Judicial delay is often a symptom of deeper governance and legislative inefficiencies rather than a cause. Critically examine this statement in light of recent debates over the judiciary’s role in India’s development. (250 words) Core Issue A growing narrative is blaming courts for slowing economic progress. Such oversimplified criticism ignores deeper governance and legislative failures. Problems with the Claim Misinformed criticism: Courts are portrayed as lazy and over-vacationed — misleading and factually incorrect. False attribution: Delays stem from systemic weaknesses, not solely judicial inefficiency. Judiciary mirrors governance failure: Courts reflect the broader administrative and legislative shortcomings of the State. Structural Realities of the Judiciary Workload: Judges handle 50–100 cases daily; preparation, drafting, and research continue beyond court hours. Vacations: Used to write reserved judgments; vacation benches function throughout. Vacancies: Severe shortage of judges compounds case pendency — among the highest in the world. Legislative and Executive Failures Feeding Delays Poorly drafted laws:Vague, inconsistent, and optics-driven legislation creates confusion and litigation. Example: Section 12A, Commercial Courts Act (2015) — mandatory pre-suit mediation, a parliamentary, not judicial creation. Excessive government litigation: Government = India’s largest litigant. Ministries and tax authorities appeal routine orders up to the Supreme Court. Public servants and pensioners forced to litigate for basic entitlements. The “99-to-1 Problem”: Laws overdesigned to prevent misuse by a few — a legislative flaw, not a judicial one. Illustrations of Flawed Lawmaking Criminal Law Reforms 2023: Cosmetic renaming of IPC/CrPC/Evidence Act to Sanhitas without true structural reform. New Income-Tax Act (2025): Claimed “simplification” adds greater complexity; replacing ‘notwithstanding’ with ‘irrespective’ increases ambiguity — old problems in new form. The Lower Judiciary Crisis Real delays and inefficiencies occur in district and subordinate courts, where most citizens interact with justice. Infrastructure outdated, vacancies high, digital systems uneven — chronic bottlenecks persist. Broader Constitutional Context Courts’ role: Serve as checks on executive and legislative excess, not mere instruments of “speedy governance.” Democracy vs. Development: Judicial independence and due process are essential pillars of real development. Way Forward Judicial reform must focus on: Filling vacancies swiftly. Modernising court infrastructure and digital systems. Curbing government litigation through pre-screening and accountability. Improving legislative drafting for clarity and precision. Shift from blame narrative to systemic accountability and institutional reform. Takeaway India’s judiciary is imperfect but indispensable. The true hurdles to Viksit Bharat lie in bad lawmaking, bureaucratic inertia, and unrestrained government litigation, not the courts. Real reform begins with governance, not judicial scapegoating. Data and Facts Case Pendency and Workload Supreme Court: 80,963 cases pending as of March 2025; reached 88,047 in August 2025, showing a net increase. High Courts: 62,46,095 cases pending. District & Subordinate Courts: 4,67,69,935 cases pending. District/Subordinate Courts Output: Over 32 crore orders/judgments issued; 4.6 crore cases still pending nationwide (mid-2025). Judges and Vacancies Total Judges: About 21,000 (≈15 judges per million population). Law Commission Recommendation: 50 judges per million. Vacancies: High Courts: 33% District Courts: 21% Workload and Diversity High Caseload per Judge: Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Kerala district courts report 4,000+ cases per judge. Women in Judiciary: District Courts: 38% judges are women. Police Force: 8% of officers are women, but 78% of police stations have Women Help Desks. Judicial Infrastructure Court Halls: Increased to 22,062 (2025) from 15,818 (2014). Residential Units: Expanded substantially for judicial officers. Indicates significant investment in infrastructure under e-Courts and modernization initiatives. Speed and Efficiency Supreme Court: Disposal rate fluctuates with working days and case priorities. Fast Track Courts: 725 operational, including 392 exclusive POCSO courts. 3.34 lakh+ cases disposed of (2025). Focus on vulnerable groups and gender-based crimes. Ensure compliance Context and Background Aatmanirbhar Bharat aims to make India self-reliant across key sectors, including pharmaceutical manufacturing, a global strength for India. However, recurring incidents of substandard drug quality, especially cough syrups, threaten India’s credibility as the “pharmacy of the world.” Relevance: GS 2: Governance, Health, and Policy Implementation GS 3: Science & Technology, Economy, and Public HealthHealth Sector ReformsRegulatory Mechanisms in Pharmaceutical Sector Practice Question : “Aatmanirbhar Bharat cannot be achieved by manufacturing alone; it demands uncompromising quality assurance.” Discuss with reference to India’s pharmaceutical sector. (250 words) Recent Trigger Union Health Ministry has sought strict compliance with revised Schedule M norms under the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules. This came after the Tamil Nadu Drugs Control Department found Diethylene Glycol (DEG) above permissible limits in Coldrif cough syrup. The syrup was linked to the deaths of at least 14 children in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Investigation Findings DEG detected in one batch by Tamil Nadu authorities despite the Health Ministry initially ruling it out in other samples. The manufacturing facility violated several Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). The contamination occurred due to use of non-pharmacopoeial grade propylene glycol, leading to DEG and ethylene glycol contamination — both nephrotoxic (kidney-damaging) substances. CDSCO recommended cancellation of the company’s manufacturing licence. A doctor who prescribed the syrup to many deceased children was arrested. Larger Structural Concerns India’s drug regulation and quality control systems remain reactive, not preventive. Lax enforcement, weak inter-State coordination, and infrequent inspections enable recurring quality lapses. Regulatory authorities often act only after fatalities occur, not when early warning signs emerge. Existing Frameworks India already has a Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) framework. Schedule M (revised) sets stringent production, hygiene, and record-keeping norms for all pharmaceutical manufacturers. However, implementation and enforcement remain inconsistent across States. Editorial’s Core Argument India must adopt a zero-tolerance policy for substandard drugs. “Hawk-like monitoring” and regular surprise inspections of manufacturing facilities are essential. Enforcement should be strict and continuous, not incident-driven. Every violation, irrespective of scale, must attract swift punitive action to create deterrence. Broader Implications Incidents of poor-quality drugs tarnish India’s global image as a trusted pharma exporter. Such lapses threaten public health, international trade credibility, and domestic confidence in healthcare systems. A robust quality control and regulatory mechanism is integral to achieving Aatmanirbhar Bharat and export competitiveness. Way Forward Institutional reforms: Strengthen the CDSCO and State-level drug regulators through manpower, training, and funding. Transparent inspections: Mandate real-time publication of inspection and test results. Strict penal action: Revoke licences, prosecute offenders, and ensure criminal liability for negligent manufacturers. Technology-enabled monitoring: Implement digital traceability systems for raw materials and drug batches. Public accountability: Ensure citizen reporting mechanisms for adverse drug reactions or suspected poor-quality drugs. Key Takeaway Self-reliance without safety undermines credibility. To truly achieve Aatmanirbhar Bharat, India must match manufacturing capacity with uncompromising quality control. Preventive vigilance, not post-crisis action, must define India’s pharmaceutical regulatory ethos.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 October 2025

Content Crimes against Children Surge in Assam, Rajasthan, and Kerala Securities Transaction Tax (STT) Challenge: Analysis Medicine Nobel for Scientists Who Demystified the Immune System MGNREGA Norms Tweaked for Water Projects Scientific Research in Resource-Constrained Settings: Challenges and Adaptations Why the Immune System Doesn’t Attack the Body Crimes against children surge in Assam, Rajasthan, and Kerala Why in News The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2023 data shows a sharp rise in crimes against children in Assam, Rajasthan, and Kerala. The increase is significant compared to the national average rise of 25%, prompting policy, media, and governance attention. The trends highlight issues in child protection, legal enforcement, and reporting mechanisms. Relevance : GS-2 (Governance & Social Justice): Child protection policies and mechanisms Legal reforms like POCSO Act, Prohibition of Child Marriage Act Role of state machinery in prevention, rescue, and rehabilitation GS-3 (Social Issues & Internal Security): Trends in crimes against children Reporting mechanisms and classification of offences Targeted interventions for vulnerable groups Overall National Trend National increase in crimes against children (2018–2023): 25%. Focus States: Assam, Kerala, Rajasthan — all exceeding the national average. State Average Cases (2018–2022) Cases in 2023 % Increase Assam 5,100 10,000 ~100% Kerala 2,800 5,900 106% Rajasthan 6,200 10,500 70% State-wise Drivers of the Rise Assam Main Cause: Crackdown on child marriage. Data: Cases under the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006: 2020–2022: ~150 cases/year 2023: 5,267 cases Share of child marriage cases in total crimes against children: 52% (2023) vs 3–4% previously. Insight: Rise reflects active enforcement, not necessarily a spike in incidence. Rajasthan Drivers: Reclassification under POCSO Act, 2012 Shifted from IPC Section 376 (rape) to POCSO provisions. Cases under Sections 4 & 6 of POCSO read with IPC Section 376: 3 → 3,500+ cases (2022–2023). Indicates more accurate classification, alongside a real increase in offences. Kidnapping and abduction: Cases under child kidnapping/abduction provisions rose sharply. Share in total crimes against children: >54% (2023). Kerala Drivers: POCSO cases surge due to improved classification and reporting. Increase reflects both better detection and possibly a genuine rise in offences. Broader Observations Reporting vs Incidence: Higher numbers may partly reflect improved reporting and classification rather than purely higher crime rates. POCSO Act 2012 Impact: Enhanced legal focus on child sexual offences. Uniform classification helps in policy formulation and tracking. Policy Implication: States need better child protection mechanisms, rapid response teams, and awareness programs. NCRB data aids in targeted interventions and resource allocation. Key Takeaways Assam, Kerala, and Rajasthan are high-alert states for child protection interventions. Legal reforms like POCSO Act implementation improve classification, monitoring, and enforcement. Policy focus should balance prevention, rescue, rehabilitation, and reporting mechanisms. Data-driven approach is crucial to distinguish between reporting artefacts and real increase in crimes. Securities Transaction Tax (STT) Challenge Why in News The Supreme Court of India has issued notices on a plea challenging the constitutional validity of the Securities Transaction Tax (STT). The petitioner claims STT violates fundamental rights, particularly: Article 14: Right to equality Article 19(1)(g): Right to trade or profession Article 21: Right to live with dignity The case has drawn attention because it could impact stock market regulation, direct taxation, and financial market participants. Relevance GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Constitutional rights: Article 14, 19(1)(g), 21 Role of judiciary in reviewing legislative competence GS-3 (Economy & Finance): Taxation policy and financial market regulation Double taxation, equity and efficiency in taxation Basics of STT Introduction: STT was introduced in 2004 under the Finance Act. Purpose: To curb tax evasion in securities markets. Applied on transactions on listed stock exchanges. Nature of Tax: Levied on all securities transactions, including buying and selling shares, derivatives, and equity mutual funds. Charged irrespective of profit or loss, unlike income tax which is applied on net profit. Key Claims in the Petition Double Taxation: STT is levied even when capital gains tax is paid on the profit from the same transaction. Example: If a trader earns ₹1 lakh profit: Capital Gains Tax (CGT) applies STT is additionally charged, increasing the effective tax burden. Punitive Nature: Tax is applied even on loss-making trades, unlike most Indian taxes which are profit-linked. Viewed as deterrent to free trade. Violation of Fundamental Rights: The petitioner argues STT infringes the right to earn a livelihood and equal treatment under law. No refund or adjustment mechanism like TDS in salaried income exists for STT. Legal Context Current Framework: STT is mandated under Finance Act, 2004, applied to: Equity shares Derivatives Equity-oriented mutual funds Collected at the time of transaction, automatically deducted by brokers. Comparative Mechanism: TDS (Tax Deducted at Source) for salaried individuals can be adjusted/refunded annually. STT has no such provision, making it unique and potentially punitive. Broader Implications Financial Market Impact: If SC strikes down or modifies STT, it could reduce compliance burden for traders. Potentially increase trading volume and liquidity in stock markets. Government Revenue: STT revenue in FY 2023-24: ~₹9,500 crore (approximate, from Union Budget data). Challenging STT could affect direct tax revenue from securities transactions. Policy Debate: Balances tax collection efficiency vs fundamental rights. Raises questions on design of financial market taxation in India. Medicine Nobel for scientists who demystified the immune system Why in News The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan), Mary Brunkow, and Fred Ramsdell (USA). Recognition is for discoveries related to the human immune system, particularly regulatory T cells (Tregs) and peripheral immune tolerance. Significance: Findings have paved the way for novel therapies in cancer, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplantation. Relevance GS-3 (Science & Technology): Advances in immunology and biotechnology Implications for healthcare, personalized medicine, and public health GS-2/3 (Ethics & Innovation): Research ethics, translational research, and equitable access to advanced therapies Human Immune System Components: B cells: Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. T cells: Mediate cellular immunity; can kill infected cells or regulate immune response. Neutrophils & Macrophages: Innate immune cells; engulf pathogens. Function: Identify and eliminate foreign antigens while maintaining tolerance to self-cells. Tolerance: Prevents immune system from attacking body’s own tissues. Two types: Central tolerance: Elimination of self-reactive T cells in thymus. Peripheral tolerance: Mechanisms outside the thymus, ensuring immune cells do not attack self-cells in circulation. Key Discoveries by the Laureates Shimon Sakaguchi (1995): Identified a previously unknown class of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice. Showed these cells suppress autoimmunity by controlling other T cells. Introduced the concept of peripheral immune tolerance beyond central tolerance. Mary Brunkow & Fred Ramsdell (2001): Discovered that mutations in the Foxp3 gene cause severe autoimmune disease (IPEX syndrome) in humans. Demonstrated the mechanistic link between Foxp3 and Tregs, establishing Tregs as the immune system’s “security guards.” Mechanism of Peripheral Immune Tolerance Regulatory T Cells (Tregs): Express Foxp3 gene. Monitor and regulate other immune cells to prevent self-reactivity. Deficiency or mutation leads to autoimmune disorders, where the body attacks its own tissues. Impact on Disease: Cancer: Manipulating Tregs can boost anti-tumor immunity. Autoimmune Diseases: Treg-targeted therapies reduce abnormal immune attacks (e.g., Type 1 diabetes, IPEX). Transplantation: Enhances graft acceptance by controlling immune rejection. Clinical & Research Significance Peripheral Tolerance: Launched a new field of research. Medical Applications: Novel immunotherapies for cancer (checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T). Treatments for autoimmune diseases (immune modulation via Tregs). Organ transplantation: Reduces rejection risk. Ongoing Research: Several therapies targeting Tregs are in clinical trials. Broader Scientific Context Previously, immune tolerance was thought to occur only through central tolerance (elimination in thymus). Discoveries reveal multi-layered immune regulation, highlighting: Complexity of immune system Need for balance between immunity against pathogens and self-tolerance Showcases how basic research can translate into therapeutic breakthroughs. Numbers & Facts Foxp3 mutations: Cause IPEX syndrome, a rare but life-threatening autoimmune disorder. Treg discovery timeline: 1995: Sakaguchi identifies Tregs in mice 2001: Brunkow & Ramsdell link Foxp3 mutations to autoimmune disease Clinical trials: Multiple Treg-based therapies underway globally for autoimmunity, cancer, and transplantation. MGNREGA Norms Tweaked for Water Projects Why in News The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) revised the Schedule-I norms of MGNREGA to increase allocation and spending on water conservation, water harvesting, and water-related rural works. Objective: Address groundwater depletion and promote productive assets, aligning MGNREGA with climate resilience and agriculture sustainability. Relevance GS-3 (Economy & Rural Development): MGNREGA implementation, rural employment, and resource allocation. Water conservation and sustainable agriculture linkages. GS-3 (Environment & Ecology): Groundwater depletion, water security, and climate-resilient infrastructure. GS-2 (Governance): Policy reforms, targeted fund allocation, and state-level planning under a central scheme. What is MGNREGA? Full form: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005. Purpose: Provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment per rural household annually. Scope: Rural works under employment guarantee are funded by the Central Government. Work types: infrastructure creation, water conservation, land development, afforestation, etc. Key provision: Minimum wage payment for 100 days per household, with priority to the poorest and most vulnerable. What Changed in the Norms? Previous rules: Funds could be spent flexibly across sectors; water-related works had a maximum 30–35% allocation. New rules: Minimum 60% of MGNREGA funds at the district/block level must go to water conservation, water harvesting, and water-related works. Other works (productive assets, agriculture-related, and livelihood-focused) will compete for the remaining allocation. Reason for change: To create productive assets that directly support agriculture and rural income. Responds to Prime Minister’s directive emphasizing water security. Classification of Blocks Blocks categorized based on groundwater extraction: Semi-critical: groundwater depletion moderate; some intervention needed. Critical: severe depletion; urgent intervention needed. Over-exploited: excessive extraction; recharge and conservation critical. Funding priority: Blocks with over-exploited or critical status get the majority of MGNREGA allocations. Objective: replenish groundwater and improve agricultural productivity. Financial Implications Allocation: About ₹35,000 crore earmarked for water-related works under MGNREGA. State-wise impact: Priority to states with over-exploited or critical blocks. Example: Rajasthan (214 blocks), Punjab (115), Tamil Nadu (106), Haryana (88), Uttar Pradesh (59). Rationale Behind the Move Groundwater depletion: Over 70% of blocks in over-exploited or critical zones face declining water tables. Agriculture support: Water conservation critical for irrigation, crop resilience, and rural livelihoods. Climate resilience: Addresses rainfall variability and drought-prone areas. Prime Minister’s push: Aligns MGNREGA with productive asset creation, beyond mere wage employment. Strategic and Policy Implications MGNREGA as a multi-purpose tool: Provides employment Builds climate-resilient infrastructure Supports water security and agriculture productivity Monitoring and implementation: Focus on district/block-level planning Ensures targeted interventions in critical areas Expected outcome: Improve groundwater recharge Ensure sustainable agriculture and livelihoods Reduce rural migration due to water scarcity Scientific Research in Resource-Constrained Settings: Challenges and Adaptations Why in News Highlighted at the Student Conference on Conservation Science (Bengaluru, September 2025) by Dr. Sammy Wambua, conservation genomics scientist from Pwani University, Kenya. Focus: How researchers in the Global South, including India and Kenya, navigate bureaucratic, financial, and technological obstacles. Relevance: Highlights systemic issues in Indian scientific research and points toward South-South collaboration and innovative solutions. Relevance GS-3 (Science & Technology): Challenges in scientific research infrastructure, technology adoption, and funding. Role of innovation and collaboration in overcoming systemic barriers. GS-2/3 (Governance & Policy): Regulatory bottlenecks and procurement rules in government-funded research institutions. Importance of policy reform and accountability. Context of Scientific Research in the Global South Scientific research in developing countries faces structural barriers: Bureaucratic red tape Limited funding Expensive and rapidly evolving equipment Yet, researchers continue work through innovation, improvisation, and collaborations. Indian and African scientists face similar challenges, making comparative learning relevant. Bureaucratic Challenges Multiple overlapping policies and opaque approval processes stall research. Oral directives can override written rules; official communication often silent or delayed. Example: Wildlife permits in India: delays of up to 8 months, even when legally allowed. DNA sequencing procurement in public universities: cycles often exceed six months, leading to obsolete equipment. Dr. Wambua advocates that government offices should function like service counters: transparent, clear, and proactive. Funding Constraints Postgraduate scholarships and project funding often delayed or denied. Indian context: Fellowships disbursed months late, forcing students into teaching or personal loans. Workarounds: Partner with NGOs or conservation organizations to link research outcomes with capacity building. Ensure research budgets cover student fees and stipends. Technological Limitations Equipment such as DNA sequencers are expensive (tens of lakhs INR) and quickly become outdated. Workarounds: Ship samples to labs abroad for processing using state-of-the-art facilities. Leverage international collaborations to access cutting-edge technology. Collaborative Solutions Frameworks of Collaboration: Provisional agreements allow work to start while formal MoUs are processed. International collaborations: Essential to bridge funding and technology gaps. Facilitate knowledge transfer and capacity building. South-South collaboration emphasis: Pooling resources among African and Asian countries can align research priorities and avoid isolated, ineffective efforts. Indian Context and Jugaad Procurement rules: “Lowest price” norms create challenges for specialized reagents. Recent reforms: direct purchase limit increased from ₹1 lakh → ₹2 lakh; VCs can approve tenders up to ₹200 crore. Jugaad culture: Scientists develop quick fixes to overcome bureaucratic hurdles, e.g., sitting in offices, improvising timelines. Publication metrics: 2014–2023: Indian agricultural scientists coauthored ~2,100 papers with US institutions → 33,000+ citations. Shows international collaboration boosts visibility and impact. Lessons and Recommendations Transparency and responsiveness: Governments should provide real-time updates on permits, approvals, and funding. Flexible procurement: Simplify processes for specialized equipment and reagents. Collaborative networks: Encourage cross-border research frameworks (South-South and North-South). Pool resources and share facilities to mitigate technology and funding constraints. Innovation and resilience: Researchers can sustain work using creative problem-solving, persistence, and networking. Broader Implications Ensures equitable science by enabling researchers from resource-constrained settings to contribute globally. Addresses systemic gaps in Indian scientific ecosystem: bureaucracy, funding delays, and outdated rules. Highlights need for policy reforms in research funding, procurement, and international collaboration. Why the Immune System Doesn’t Attack the Body Basics of the Immune System The immune system defends the body against pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and harmful molecules. Key players: T cells, a type of white blood cell, coordinate immune responses and destroy infected cells. Problem: How does the immune system avoid attacking the body’s own healthy cells? This is called immune tolerance. Relevance GS-3 (Science & Technology): Advances in immunology and biotechnology Implications for healthcare, personalized medicine, and public health GS-2/3 (Ethics & Innovation): Research ethics, translational research, and equitable access to advanced therapies The Discovery By the 1980s, scientists hypothesized the existence of a special type of T cell that prevents the immune system from attacking itself. These were later identified as regulatory T cells (Tregs), also known as “police” T cells. Function of Tregs: Suppress overactive immune responses. Maintain tolerance to self-antigens. Prevent autoimmune diseases (conditions where the body attacks itself). Key Experiments Shimon Sakaguchi’s study (1995): Surgically removed the thymus (T cell maturation site) in newborn mice. Result: Mice developed autoimmune conditions unless Tregs were present. Conclusion: Thymus is crucial for producing regulatory T cells; without them, self-attack occurs. Later experiments identified FOXP3 gene as essential for Treg development. Mutations in FOXP3 → autoimmune conditions like IPEX syndrome in humans and Scurfy mice in animals. Contributions of Researchers Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan): Discovered Tregs and their role in immune tolerance. Coined the term “police T cells.” Mary F. Brunkow & Frederick J. Ramsdell (USA): Identified the FOXP3 gene controlling Treg development. Linked genetic mutations to autoimmune diseases in humans. Significance of Regulatory T Cells Autoimmunity: Prevents the immune system from attacking organs and tissues. Cancer therapy: Some therapies target Tregs to enhance immune attacks on tumors. Understanding Tregs helps balance immune activation and suppression. Drug development: Potential to create therapies for autoimmune diseases by modulating Treg activity. Gene therapy: FOXP3 gene research enables interventions in rare immune disorders. Why This Is in the News 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Sakaguchi, Brunkow, and Ramsdell. Recognises the decades-long work in immune tolerance and regulatory T cell biology. Implications for: Understanding autoimmune diseases. Development of immunotherapies for cancer. Potential future therapies to balance immune overactivity. Highlights the integration of genetics, immunology, and therapeutic innovation. Bottom Line Regulatory T cells are the body’s internal “police”, ensuring that immune responses target invaders but not healthy cells. Discovery of these cells and their genetic control mechanisms has transformed: Basic immunology. Clinical management of autoimmune conditions. Precision medicine approaches in cancer therapy.

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