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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 September 2025

Content Trump slaps tariffs on drugs, trucks, furniture New farming technology holds potential to stop desertification Giving warriors a fighting chance MiG-21 jets fly into history after 6 decades of service Govt. survey on R&D in India gets weak response from private sector The India-EU Strategic Agenda Trump slaps tariffs on drugs, trucks, furniture What Happened ? Event: U.S. President Donald Trump announced new tariffs on imported goods on September 25. Details of Tariffs: 100% tariff on branded and patented pharmaceutical products. 25% tariff on heavy-duty trucks. 50% tariff on kitchen cabinets and bathroom vanities. 30% tariff on upholstered furniture. Effective Date: October 1. Relevance : GS II (IR): India-U.S. trade relations, protectionism, Section 232 investigations. GS III (Economy): Impact on Indian pharmaceutical exports, generics vs branded drugs, global supply chains, Make in India implications. Stated Reason Trump cited “large-scale flooding” of imported goods into the U.S. from foreign countries. Part of a broader protectionist trade policy, emphasizing U.S. manufacturing and domestic investment. Legal & Policy Context The tariffs are aimed at better-established legal authorities after risks associated with previous global tariffs under Supreme Court scrutiny. Exemptions proposed: Companies already investing in U.S. manufacturing plants. Investigations under Section 232 (national security) ongoing, primarily focused on metals; generics appear largely exempt. Indian Pharmaceutical Exports India’s Global Position: Largest supplier of generic drugs globally, covering ~40% of global generics demand. Supplies to the U.S. account for ~20% of Indian pharma exports, valued at approximately $5.7 billion in FY2024-25. Export Composition: Generics: ~80–85% of exports to the U.S. Branded / Patented Drugs: ~15–20% (smaller segment, mostly by multinational subsidiaries). Impact Assessment: The 100% tariff on branded drugs will not significantly affect Indian generics exports. Companies like Sun Pharma, Dr. Reddy’s, Cipla have U.S.-based manufacturing or re-packaging units, making them largely exempt from tariffs. Risk Mitigation: Indian industry advised to monitor policy shifts and Section 232 investigations. Indian Trade & Economic Linkages Bilateral Trade (FY2024-25): India-U.S. total trade: ~$161 billion Pharmaceutical exports: ~$10–11 billion India is a net exporter of pharma to the U.S. Indirect Advantage: Higher U.S. tariffs on branded drugs could shift demand to Indian generics, benefiting mid-sized and small pharma exporters in the short term. Strategic Implications for India Trade Diversification: Encourages Indian pharma to invest in U.S.-based manufacturing to bypass tariffs. Reinforces Make in India for exports, enhancing global supply chain reliability. Policy Awareness: Need for exporters to monitor Section 301 / Section 232 investigations and U.S. tariff notifications. Opportunity: U.S. tariffs could increase competitiveness of Indian generics, particularly in hospital and retail markets. New farming technology holds potential to stop desertification What’s Happening ? Innovation: Desert ‘soilification’ technology using an indigenous bioformulation. Objective: Convert arid desert sand into agriculturally productive soil, combating desertification in western Rajasthan. Location: Banseli village, Ajmer district, Rajasthan (edge of Thar desert). Timeline: Seeds sown in November 2024, harvested April 2025. Crop: Wheat variety Wheat-4079, indigenous. Yield Outcome: 13 kg seeds → 260 kg wheat per 1,000 sq. metres (ratio 1:20). Higher than normal wheat agriculture. Irrigation Efficiency: Only 3 cycles required instead of 5–6 in conventional wheat farming, showing high water retention. Relevance : GS III (Environment & Agriculture): Desertification, soil degradation, water-efficient biotech farming, dryland crop diversification. GS II (Governance): Role of CUoR, KVK, Rajasthan Horticulture Dept; policy relevance for Desert Development Programme. Why It’s in the News ? Environmental significance: Technology could stop the expansion of Thar desert towards the National Capital Region (NCR). Societal impact: Demonstrates applied science turning into productive agriculture in hostile conditions. Policy relevance: Supports sustainable agriculture, desert management, and water conservation, linked to GS III topics like Environment, Agriculture, and Disaster Management. Scientific Background Technology: Sand transformed into soil-like structure using polymers and bioformulations. Promotes cross-linking of sand particles and stimulates beneficial microbes. Enhances stress resistance of crops in arid conditions. Laboratory Trials: Crops tested: Bajra, guar gum, chickpea. Result: 54% higher yield in bioformulation-amended sand. Field Trials: Pilot wheat crop on 1,000 sq. metres of desert land. Success demonstrates scalability in real desert conditions. Institutional Support Lead Institution: Central University of Rajasthan (CUoR), Department of Microbiology. Collaborators: Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK): Layout planning and scaling of field trials. Rajasthan Horticulture Department: Field facilitation. Research Team: Led by Prof. Akhil Agrawal, executed by research scholar Diksha Kumari. Future Plans Crop Expansion: Plan to grow millet, green gram, and other dryland crops. Geographic Expansion: Extend technology across Rajasthan and other arid regions of India. Sustainability: Reduce water dependency in agriculture, address desertification and soil degradation. Broader Context Environmental Concern: Desertification in western Rajasthan, worsened by: Degradation of Aravali ranges. Unscientific plantation drives. Changes in rainfall patterns and sand dune spread. Agricultural Significance: Provides a solution to low productivity in arid lands. Demonstrates integration of biotechnology and sustainable farming. Global Relevance: Could be a model for desert agriculture in other arid regions worldwide. Strategic Implications Climate Adaptation: Shows potential for water-efficient farming under extreme climatic conditions. Technology Transfer: Can inform government schemes like Desert Development Programme and watershed management initiatives. Socioeconomic Impact: Promotes livelihood security in marginal lands, improves local food production, and may reduce migration from desert areas. Giving warriors a fighting chance What’s Happening ? Establishment: NCDE was set up in 2020 at the CRPF Group Centre, Hakimpet, Hyderabad. Purpose: Exclusive facility for CAPF personnel who become physically disabled in the line of duty. Achievements in 5 years: Trained 219 Divyang warriors (physically challenged personnel). Produced medal-winning para-athletes and skilled IT professionals. Target Group: Personnel injured in Left Wing Extremism (LWE) operations, counter-terrorism, insurgency, accidents, or road incidents during service. Relevance : GS III (Security): CAPF personnel welfare, rehabilitation, operational readiness. GS II (Governance): Skill development, inclusive policies for Divyang personnel, government schemes integration. Why It’s in the News ? Focus on rehabilitation: Highlights India’s efforts to integrate disabled CAPF personnel into productive roles rather than mere financial compensation. Human-interest angle: Stories of trauma, resilience, and medal-winning achievements bring attention to the physical and psychological challenges faced by personnel. Policy relevance: Demonstrates government initiatives for welfare, skill development, and sports promotion for Divyang personnel, relevant for GS III topics: Security, Defence, and Welfare Programs. Background  LWE operations: 38 districts affected in India; 15 in Chhattisgarh (2024). Operations reduced LWE districts from 126 (2013) to 18 (April 2025). Risk to personnel: Frequent IED explosions and ambushes. Since 2016, 46 CRPF personnel lost limbs in LWE operations. 2023: 10 personnel underwent amputations. Government directive: Injured personnel allowed to continue service until retirement with full benefits, supported with best medical care and prosthetics. NCDE Facilities & Rehabilitation Approach Campus: 180 barracks, 100+ wheelchair-friendly. Equipped with ramps, elevators, motorised buggies, and hospital for emergencies. Physical rehabilitation: Gym with specialized machines, physiotherapy rooms, gait training, and strength building. Artificial limbs: 106 fitted, 135 pending (as of July 2025). Mental health support: Counselling for PTSD, trauma care, and phantom limb syndrome. Meditation and mindfulness sessions. Skill & Career support: Sports training: Archery, discus, shot put, national/international competitions. IT training in collaboration with BITS Pilani. Desk/clerical jobs for personnel choosing non-sports paths. Policy & Institutional Significance Single-window system: Consolidates rehabilitation, medical care, prosthetics, counselling, and career planning. Government support: Financial: CAPF welfare fund, Bharat Ke Veer donations, CGHS coverage for prosthetics. Employment: Retention in service, reassignment, and sports promotion. Strategic importance: Enhances morale and operational readiness. Reduces psychological burden of injury among serving personnel. Strategic Implications Resilience & adaptation: Personnel demonstrate extraordinary willpower and adaptability—translating combat endurance into sports and professional excellence. Best practices for other forces: NCDE model can be replicated across CAPFs and armed forces for comprehensive injury rehabilitation. Policy integration: Highlights need for continuous welfare, mental health support, and skill development for personnel with service-related disabilities. MiG-21 jets fly into history after 6 decades of service What’s Happening ? Event: Indian Air Force (IAF) formally retired its last MiG-21 fighter jets on September 26, 2025, at Chandigarh Air Force Station. Squadrons retired: No. 23 Panthers No. 3 Cobras Together operated 36 aircraft. Significance: MiG-21 served the IAF for over six decades (1963–2025) and participated in major conflicts and operations. Relevance : GS III (Defence & Security): Fleet modernization, indigenous aircraft programs (LCA-Tejas, AMCA), operational capability. GS II (IR / Strategic Affairs): India-Russia defence cooperation, regional security implications (China, Pakistan). Why It’s in the News ? Historical moment: Marks the end of an era for India’s first-generation supersonic fighter fleet. Operational implications: IAF’s fighter squadron strength reduces to 29, below the sanctioned strength of 42, highlighting a gap in operational readiness. Emotional and symbolic: Ceremony attended by Defence Minister, IAF chiefs, veterans; includes aerial displays by Tejas, Jaguar, and Surya Kiran team. Historical Significance of MiG-21 Induction: 1963, frontline interceptor and multi-role fighter. Key Conflicts / Operations: 1971 Indo-Pak war Kargil conflict Balakot air strikes Operation Sindoor Attributes: Single-engine, single-seater, versatile, low-maintenance, and symbol of Indo-Russian defence collaboration. Upgrades over time: MiG-21 Bison and other variants sustained relevance until retirement. India-Russia Strategic Context MiG-21 legacy: Not just a fighter jet, but also a marker of India-Russia defence ties. Technology transfer: MiG-21 program enabled Indian engineers and pilots to gain expertise in fighter operations, maintenance, and upgrades. Strategic cooperation: Retirement highlights the transition from Soviet-era platforms to indigenous Indian aircraft (LCA-Tejas, AMCA). Current Operational Status Squadron strength: 29, lowest since the 1960s. Fleet gap: Retirement of MiG-21 reduces interceptor capability and frontline fighter coverage. Replacement plans: LCA-Tejas operational in several squadrons; additional orders signed. Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) in development. Emphasis on indigenization and modern multirole fighters. Lessons and Strategic Implications Legacy of MiG-21: Operational resilience and adaptability. Foundation for training, doctrine, and indigenous aircraft development. Current challenge: Fighter fleet is below sanctioned strength, stressing the need for fast induction of Tejas and other modern jets. Future focus: Strengthen indigenous aircraft programs (LCA-Tejas, AMCA). Maintain operational readiness during fleet transition. Enhance multi-role capabilities to replace aging Soviet-era aircraft. Broader Defence Context Modernization: Retirement underscores urgent fleet modernization in light of regional threats (China, Pakistan). Indigenization: Signals shift from dependency on Russian imports to domestic fighter programs. Capability gap: Reduction to 29 squadrons highlights need for strategic procurement, training, and force planning. Govt. survey on R&D in India gets weak response from private sector What’s Happening ? The Science and Technology Ministry conducts a biennial National Science and Technology Survey to assess the state of scientific research in India. The latest edition (launched December 2024) surveys ~8,000 R&D bodies (public & private). Purpose: Measure domestic R&D expenditure, GDP share, number of scientists, patents, and overall global standing. Issue: Publication of results is being postponed due to weak response from private sector R&D firms. Relevance : GS III (Science & Technology): R&D expenditure, innovation ecosystem, patents, STEM workforce. GS II / III (Governance & Policy): Public-private participation, policy planning, global competitiveness. Why It’s in the News ? Government & industry gap: While 73% of government R&D institutions responded, only 35% of Indian industry bodies and 9% of multinational companies submitted data by September 2025. Impact: Delays the release of critical data that informs policy-making, planning, and benchmarking India’s scientific capacity. Event Highlight: FICCI workshop held to encourage private sector participation. Survey Methodology Data collected via detailed questionnaires sent to institutions. Identities of firms are masked, but data provide trends for: Domestic R&D expenditure R&D’s share of GDP Scientist demographics, including gender ratio Patents and innovation output Comparative position of India globally Key Findings ? Government contribution dominates: ~75% of India’s R&D spending comes from public sector. Private sector contribution is limited, unlike advanced economies where private firms dominate R&D funding. Challenges cited by industry: Unclear definition of “R&D spending” in questionnaires. Comparison with advanced economies deemed premature given India’s GDP per capita. Administrative burden in filling detailed survey data. Policy Implications Need for private sector engagement: India’s R&D ecosystem is heavily public-funded, limiting innovation, global competitiveness, and industrial growth. Data-driven policy: Survey results inform policies on: Funding allocation Incentives for private R&D STEM workforce planning Patent & IP ecosystem strengthening International benchmarking: Weak private participation may skew India’s comparative R&D ranking globally. Contextual Analysis Global comparison: Advanced economies rely on private R&D (60–70% of total), e.g., US, Germany, Japan. India relies 75% public funding, indicating need for industrial innovation push. Economic relevance: Strong private R&D is essential for technology-intensive industries, startups, and exports. Government initiatives: Workshops with FICCI to mobilize private sector participation. Likely extension of deadline to Nov 30, 2025, to increase submissions. Challenges Data clarity: Ambiguity in defining R&D spending metrics. Compliance burden: Lengthy forms and reporting requirements. Perception gap: Private sector feels India’s R&D spending is already significant relative to GDP; reluctant to report. Global benchmarking pressure: Concerns that India may be unfairly compared with industrially advanced nations. Way Forward  Simplify reporting: Provide clearer guidelines and definitions for R&D expenditure. Incentivize participation: Link data submission to policy benefits or recognition. Enhance public-private partnerships (PPP): Encourage co-investment, joint research, and innovation clusters. Benchmarking & transparency: Use data for targeted policy interventions to strengthen India’s R&D ecosystem and global competitiveness. The India-EU Strategic Agenda Background and Context Timing: Ahead of the India-EU leaders’ summit scheduled for February next year, weekly preparatory meetings are planned. Reason: With the US under Trump showing unpredictability in global alliances, the EU positions itself as a predictable, all-weather partner for India. Official Document: EU issued a Strategic Agenda for India-EU ties based on five pillars: Economy & Trade Emerging Technologies Security & Defence Global Connectivity People-to-People Ties Relevance : GS II (IR): Strategic partnership, FTA, investment protection, migration, people-to-people ties. GS III (Economy & Tech): Trade flows, technology transfer, industrial competitiveness, supply chain resilience. GS II/III (Security): Indo-Pacific security, maritime & cyber cooperation, counterterrorism. Economy & Trade EU as a Partner: EU is India’s largest trading partner; India is the EU’s largest partner in the Global South. 2024 trade: Goods €124 billion, Services €90+ billion. EU exports €80 billion services to India. Investment & Employment: 6,000 European companies in India employ 3 million directly, millions indirectly. FDI: EUR 140 billion (2023), doubling in 5 years. Trade Imbalances: India accounts for <2.2% of EU trade in goods/services. Indian investment in EU: EUR 10 billion. Agreements in Progress: Free Trade Agreement (FTA): To reduce tariff & non-tariff barriers, target completion by end 2025. Investment Protection Agreement (IPA), Geographical Indications agreement, Comprehensive Air Transport Agreement, Macroeconomic & financial dialogue. Global Connectivity EU Global Gateway: Mobilises EUR 300 billion for energy, digital, and transport infrastructure globally. India Initiatives: MAHASAKTI and MHASG (Security & Growth). Goal: Strengthen physical and digital connectivity between EU and India, opening new commercial opportunities for businesses. Emerging Technologies EU Strengths: World-class research, digital infrastructure, regulation, green & digital tech expertise. India Strengths: Skilled workforce, large datasets, vibrant digital economy, strong startup ecosystem. Objective: Joint development and tech transfer, fostering innovation and industrial competitiveness. Security & Defence Strategic Dialogue: Launched in June 2022, addressing maritime security, cyber security, counterterrorism, non-proliferation. Agreements in Negotiation: EU-India Security & Defence Partnership Agreement Security of Information Agreement for classified info sharing Cooperation Areas: Counterterrorism, terror financing, online propaganda, drug trafficking Dual-use technology, supply chain security, innovation EU-India naval cooperation in the Western Indian Ocean Strategic Alignment: EU’s Indo-Pacific security agenda aligns with India as a regional stability pillar. Economic Security Link: Stronger customs and technological collaboration improves industrial competitiveness and supply chain resilience. People-to-People Ties Migration: 825,000 Indians in EU (largest group with Blue Cards & transfers). Focus on legal migration, tackling illegal flows. Education & Research: Enhance student, academic, and researcher exchanges. Attract top Indian talent amid US restrictions under Trump. Cultural & Social Exchange: Strengthen soft power and bilateral understanding. Strategic Takeaways Economic Diplomacy: FTA, IPA, and investment flow aim to deepen bilateral trade and industrial cooperation. Tech & Innovation: Collaboration on emerging and green technologies positions India as a key innovation partner. Security & Regional Stability: Shared interests in maritime security, cyber resilience, and Indo-Pacific stability. Soft Power & People Mobility: Strong focus on migration, education, and cultural ties, complementing strategic and economic objectives. EU Positioning: Offers predictable alternative to US; sees India as a core partner in Global South and Indo-Pacific.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 September 2025

Content World Food India 2025 Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats World Food India 2025 Context & Background Event: World Food India (WFI) 2025 Organizer: Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) Scale: Participation from 90+ countries, 2,000+ exhibitors, largest edition so far Relevance : GS I (Geography): Agri-production strengths, food culture & diplomacy. GS II (Governance & IR): Schemes (PMKSY, PMFME, PLI), food security policies, trade partnerships. GS III (Economy, Agriculture, S&T): Food processing & GDP, FDI, infra (food parks, cold chains), climate-smart tech. India’s Position in Food & Processing Production strengths: Largest producer of milk, onions, pulses Second largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, tea, fruits & vegetables, eggs Exports: USD 49.4 billion agri & processed food exports (2024–25) Processed food share rose to 20.4% (from 13.7% in 2014–15) Employment: 2.23 million workers (registered units) 4.68 million (unregistered sector) Government Initiatives: Sectoral Push Infrastructure & Formalisation: Registered food operators: 25 lakh → 64 lakh 24 Mega Food Parks, 22 agro-processing clusters, 289 cold chain projects 305 preservation units, 10 Operation Greens projects Policy & Schemes: PLI for Food Processing (₹10,900 cr, 2021–27) PLI for Millet-based Products (RTE/RTC millet focus) PM Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY) → infrastructure + supply chains PMFME Scheme → support for micro-units (credit, training, seed capital) Investment Climate: 100% FDI permitted in food processing NABARD ₹2,000 cr fund for Food Parks Online ease-of-doing-business reforms WFI 2025: Objectives Showcase India as Global Food Hub Facilitate B2B, B2G, G2G collaborations Highlight innovations in food processing, packaging, cold chains, machinery, technology, retail Boost farm-to-fork integration, sustainability, and exports Key Features of WFI 2025 Knowledge Sessions: Policy, food-tech, nutrition, climate-smart farming Exhibitions: State, UT, ministry, and product pavilions; specialised zones (HoReCa, pet food, beverages, post-harvest machinery) Startup Grand Challenge: Innovation, mentorship, funding CEO Roundtables: Policy dialogue, taxation, trade, regulations Digital Showcase: Interactive, immersive tech zones, smart supply chains Culinary Events: Chef competitions, regional showcases, fusion food Parallel Global Events: 3rd Global Food Regulators Summit (FSSAI) 24th India International Seafood Show (SEAI) Partner & Focus Countries Partner Countries: New Zealand, Saudi Arabia Focus Countries: Japan, UAE, Vietnam, Russia Significance: Strengthening bilateral trade, technology exchange, investments Strategic Importance Anchored on 5 pillars: Sustainability Infrastructure Entrepreneurship Global Leadership Innovation Vision 2047 link: Food processing as a key driver of rural prosperity, job creation, farmer income, and global competitiveness Outcomes from WFI 2024 (for comparison) Participation: 1,557 exhibitors, 108 countries, 2,390 foreign delegates Institutional support: 9 ministries, 26 states Investments & Benefits: 67 food processing units inaugurated (₹5,135 cr) ₹2,351 cr support for micro projects (PMFME) ₹245 cr seed capital sanctioned to SHGs Overview Economic Dimension: Food processing contributes significantly to GDP, exports, and rural employment. Rising FDI inflows (USD 7.33 bn in last decade) demonstrate investor confidence. Social Dimension: Strengthens farmer incomes via better price realization and reduced wastage. Enhances nutrition through fortified, millet-based, and affordable food products. Technological Dimension: Push for climate-smart, digital, and sustainable technologies. R&D projects yielding patents & commercialized technologies. Global Dimension: Positions India as a stable food partner amid global disruptions. Enhances India’s leadership in food security, innovation, sustainability. Challenges Ahead: Ensuring small farmers & micro-units benefit equitably. Addressing climate risks, logistics bottlenecks, food safety compliance. Balancing export push with domestic food security concerns. Conclusion World Food India 2025 is not just an expo but a strategic investment and partnership platform. Reinforces India’s role as a global food powerhouse by integrating scale, sustainability, and innovation. Directly aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047, aiming to transform India’s agri-food sector into a global leader. Driving Digital Transformation in Gram Panchayats Context & Background Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) driving Digital Panchayats under Digital India & Atmanirbhar Bharat. Aim: Faster, transparent, inclusive grassroots governance. Tools: AI meeting summarisers, e-governance portals, mobile apps, geo-spatial mapping, digital accounting. Relevance : GS I (Society): Rural empowerment, bridging digital divide. GS II (Governance, Constitution): PRIs (73rd Amendment), e-governance tools (SVAMITVA, eGramSwaraj), transparency & accountability. GS III (Economy, ICT, Security): BharatNet backbone, AI/GIS in planning, digital finance, data security challenges. Key Takeaways (2025 Updates) SabhaSaar (AI Meeting Summariser) launched Aug 2025 → linked with Bhashini, supports 14 languages. SVAMITVA Scheme: 2.63 crore property cards prepared (1.73 lakh villages). Drone survey completed in 3.23 lakh villages (till July 2025). eGramSwaraj Portal (FY 2024–25): 2.54 lakh Panchayats uploaded GPDPs. 2.41 lakh Panchayats completed online transactions for 15th FC grants. Major Digital Governance Initiatives SabhaSaar (AI-powered tool) Records and auto-summarises Gram Sabha proceedings. Ensures real-time, unbiased documentation. Linked with Bhashini → 14 Indian languages → inclusive access. SVAMITVA Scheme (since 2020) Drone-based mapping → property cards as legal ownership proof. Benefits: Bank loans, dispute resolution, property tax, better resource planning. Approved cost: ₹566.23 cr (FY 2020–25), extended to FY 2025–26. Model for citizen-centric governance admired globally. BharatNet Backbone of rural internet (launched 2011, ongoing). As of June 2025: 6.26 lakh of 6.44 lakh villages connected via 3G/4G. 13 lakh+ FTTH connections under BharatNet. Enables e-education, e-health, e-farming, e-commerce, governance apps (e.g., PM Kisan, NPSS). eGramSwaraj (launched 2020 under e-Panchayat MMP) Comprehensive platform: planning, budgeting, accounting, monitoring, payments, asset management. Covers 2.7 lakh Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). Meri Panchayat App Citizen-facing app for transparency & participation. Features: Budgets, receipts, payments, GPDP projects. Elected representatives’ details. Social audit, grievance redressal, weather updates. Multilingual (12+ languages). Empowers 95 crore rural residents, 25 lakh elected reps. Panchayat NIRNAY Portal Monitors real-time Gram Sabha meetings. Automates notifications, agendas, and records decisions. Ensures participatory, transparent decision-making. Gram Manchitra (GIS Planning Tool) Geo-spatial app for Panchayat planning. Helps in project site selection, cost estimation, impact analysis. Integrates with GPDP for evidence-based planning. Recognition & Incentives National Awards for e-Governance 2025 → new category for Grassroots Service Delivery. Winners: Gold: Rohini Gram Panchayat (Maharashtra). Silver: West Majlishpur (Tripura). Jury Awards: Palsana (Gujarat), Suakati (Odisha). Cash rewards (₹10 lakh Gold, ₹5 lakh Silver) to strengthen local digital innovation. Strategic Importance of Digital Panchayats Governance: Transparency, accountability, real-time monitoring. Citizen Empowerment: Easy access to data, services, grievance redressal. Finance: Digital accounting of 15th Finance Commission grants → efficient fund use. Technology Inclusion: Language accessibility via Bhashini, geo-spatial planning, AI integration. Connectivity Backbone: BharatNet ensures digital delivery of education, health, and welfare schemes. Broader Relevance Democratic Deepening: Enhances participation in Gram Sabhas. Economic Impact: SVAMITVA boosts credit access & local revenues. Social Impact: Inclusive apps (Meri Panchayat) empower rural citizens. SDGs Alignment: Supports Goal 16 (institutions), Goal 9 (infrastructure), Goal 11 (sustainable communities). Global Dimension: SVAMITVA admired as a replicable citizen-centric model. Challenges Ahead Ensuring last-mile connectivity in remote & border villages. Bridging digital literacy gaps among rural citizens. Preventing digital exclusion of vulnerable groups (elderly, illiterate). Strengthening data security & privacy safeguards. Continuous capacity building for Panchayat officials. Conclusion Digital transformation of Panchayats = turning point in rural governance. Tools like SabhaSaar, SVAMITVA, eGramSwaraj, Meri Panchayat, Gram Manchitra create a transparent, participatory, tech-driven ecosystem. Brings villagers closer to governance, breaks barriers of distance, language, and information asymmetry. Anchors India’s Digital Bharat vision, ensuring that villages are equal stakeholders in India’s development journey toward Viksit Bharat 2047.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 September 2025

Content Follow the rains, not the calendar, to fight floods Just a pinch can reduce an Indian’s salt overload Follow the rains, not the calendar, to fight floods What is the issue? Urban flooding during monsoons is worsening despite annual preparations. Cities still follow outdated rainfall calendars, while climate change alters timing, intensity, and duration. Result: flooded roads, stranded commuters, property damage, and rising disaster losses. Relevance GS I (Geography): Climate variability, monsoon patterns, extreme weather events. GS II (Governance): Urban local bodies, inter-departmental coordination, disaster preparedness. GS III (Disaster Management & Environment): Urban flooding, infrastructure resilience, climate adaptation policies. Practice Questions Urban flooding in India is more a governance failure than a natural disaster. Critically examine in light of changing rainfall patterns. (250 Words) Current Context & Data Extreme events: Punjab floods (all 23 districts), Delhi & Gurugram inundation, Himalayan cloudbursts, Kolkata heavy rains. Early rains: Mumbai (135 mm & 161 mm in consecutive days), Delhi (81 mm in hours). CEEW data: 64% of Indian tehsils now face more heavy rainfall days. Economic cost: Average flood damage ~₹8,700 crore per event. Rainfall compression: Rain that used to fall in a day now falls in an hour. Core Problem Preparedness based on seasonal averages, not hourly extremes. Drain cleaning & waste management schedules outdated. Infrastructure designed for “old rainfall” patterns, not current realities. Analytical Dimensions Climatic Dimension: Changing IDF (Intensity-Duration-Frequency) curves → rainfall is shorter, sharper, more destructive. Urban Governance Dimension: Poor coordination between storm water management and waste disposal departments. Infrastructure Dimension: Old drainage networks cannot handle sudden downpours. Economic Dimension: Floods now the biggest cause of disaster losses in India. Social Dimension: Waterlogging disrupts mobility, health, livelihoods, and disproportionately affects urban poor. Proposed Solutions in Editorial Use sub-daily rainfall data → integrate high-intensity hourly rainfall trends into drainage design. Example: BMC widening drains to handle 120 mm/hour. Synchronise waste & drain cleaning calendars → joint sanitation + engineering teams, IMD-triggered alerts. Example: Vijayawada’s coordinated monsoon teams reduced waterlogging. Update IDF curves every 5–10 years → redesign storm water systems based on micro-catchment hydrology & topography. Ensure separate storm water & sewerage networks. Broader Implications Climate adaptation: Urban resilience requires rethinking monsoon as “not a season but an event”. Disaster management: Needs integration of IMD alerts, city planning, and inter-departmental coordination. Policy relevance: Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT 2.0, National Urban Flood Risk Mitigation Strategy. Global relevance: Lessons for other rapidly urbanising regions facing climate variability. Challenges Ahead Financing urban infrastructure upgrades. Capacity gaps in municipal bodies. Data availability & sharing (real-time rainfall, hydrology). Political will for long-term resilience vs. short-term fixes. Public participation in waste management & flood preparedness. Conclusion Indian cities are not losing to the rain, but to outdated assumptions about rain. Flood-proofing requires data-driven, coordinated, climate-adaptive planning. A shift from reactive desilting to proactive resilience-building is essential. Key takeaway: Instead of asking when will monsoon start, cities must ask are we prepared for the rain already falling? Just a pinch can reduce an Indian’s salt overload Context Rising Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in India: obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases. Policy focus so far: sugar and fats (oil boards, awareness campaigns). Neglected area: high salt consumption. Relevance GS II (Governance & Health): Role of public health policy, regulation of food industry, behavioural change campaigns. GS III (Science & Tech): Nutritional labelling, salt substitutes, health economics. Practice Questions Excess salt intake in India is a “silent killer” with major public health implications. Discuss the need for regulatory and behavioural interventions. (250 Words) Facts & Data Average daily salt intake in India: 8–11 g/day. WHO recommended intake: 5–6 g/day. 3/4th of salt intake in India: from home-made food (pickles, papad, chutneys, cooked meals). Eating out: 20% of adults eat outside food ~3 times/week; restaurants add more oils, butter, and salt. Packaged & processed foods: invisible salt in bread, cookies, ketchup, cakes, pastries. Health Implications Hypertension prevalence: 28.1% adults. Hypertension → leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Children at risk: salt should not be added in infants’ diets; early exposure builds addictive taste preference. Myths: Rock salt, black salt, Himalayan pink salt are “healthier” → all contain sodium; some not iodised → risk of iodine deficiency. Current Gaps Policy discourse dominated by sugar and fat, ignoring salt. Limited public health attention despite scientific evidence. Salt reduction not integrated effectively into food regulations, labelling, or NCD prevention programmes. Economic & Policy Justification WHO: Salt reduction is a “best buy” intervention. ROI: Every $1 invested → return of $12 in health savings and productivity. Recommended Strategies Regulatory & Structural Measures Move from sugar/oil boards to HFSS boards (high fat, sugar, salt). Front-of-pack labels: Warning signs for high-salt foods (Chile model). Salt ceilings for processed foods. Restrict marketing of unhealthy foods to children. Public Programmes Reform food procurement in schools, Anganwadis, hospitals. Train cooks, set salt standards in government meals. Integrate with National Multisectoral Action Plan (2017–22) and upcoming NCD plans. Behavioural Change Gradual salt reduction while cooking. Use herbs & spices as substitutes. Promote low-sodium salt substitutes (with caution for kidney patients). Community innovations: restaurants removing salt shakers, families doing weekly kitchen reviews. Early Prevention Focus on children’s diets (no added salt in infants). Shape taste preference early to prevent lifelong high-salt consumption. Global Best Practices Chile: Mandatory front-of-pack warning labels on high salt foods. Latin America: Salt ceilings and strong food labelling laws. Lessons: Regulation + awareness works better than awareness alone. Way Forward Salt reduction should be elevated as a public health priority equal to sugar and fat. Needs multi-sectoral strategy: health, food processing, consumer affairs, education, and community engagement. Combine regulation (mandatory labels, salt ceilings) with community behaviour change. Integrate salt reduction into national NCD prevention programmes. Adopt a life-cycle approach: start with children, institutional food programmes, and extend to packaged food industry regulation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 September 2025

Content How Are Courts Protecting Personality Rights? EC Launches e-Sign Feature for Voter Roll Management Will AI Fix India’s Energy Demand or Exacerbate It? Obesity in India: A Silent Family Emergency Time Poverty and Gender Inequality: Women’s Unpaid Care Work Ladakh Agitation: Youth Unrest, Statehood, and Sixth Schedule Aspirations How are courts protecting personality rights? What is the issue? Delhi High Court recently protected Bollywood celebrities (Aishwarya Rai, Abhishek Bachchan, Karan Johar, Jackie Shroff, Arijit Singh) from unauthorised AI-generated use of their image, voice, likeness. Growing misuse of deepfakes, AI cloning, and unlicensed merchandise. Wider push for recognition of personality rights in India’s digital age. Relevance GS II (Polity & Governance): Article 21 (privacy & dignity), Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of expression), judicial protection of individual rights. GS III (Science & Technology): AI, deepfakes, digital law, regulation of emerging technologies. Concept of Personality Rights Protects an individual’s name, likeness, image, voice, signature, catchphrases, and persona from unauthorised commercial exploitation. Rooted in: Article 21 (right to privacy & dignity). Common law doctrines: privacy, defamation, publicity rights. IP laws: Copyright Act, 1957 (Sections 38A & 38B → performers’ rights & moral rights). Trade Marks Act, 1999 (names/signatures can be registered). Tort of passing off (Section 27, TM Act). Judicial Evolution R. Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu (1994): Right to control identity linked to privacy; prior restraint discouraged. Rajinikanth case (Madras HC, 2015): Unauthorised commercial use of name/style restrained. Anil Kapoor case (Delhi HC, 2023): Catchphrase “jhakaas” protected; parody allowed but not commercial exploitation. Jackie Shroff case (Delhi HC, 2024): E-commerce & AI chatbots barred from misusing persona. Arijit Singh case (Bombay HC, 2024): Voice cloning via AI recognised as infringement. DM Entertainment v. Baby Gift House (2010): Daler Mehndi’s rights upheld; but satire/parody exempted. Digital Collectibles v. Galactus (2023): Reaffirmed that free speech (satire, art, news) cannot be curtailed. Conflict with Free Expression Article 19(1)(a): Protects criticism, parody, satire, scholarship. Courts: Balance needed → protection valid against commercial exploitation, not genuine creative expression. Risk: Overbroad personality rights may chill free speech, censor creativity. Contemporary Concerns AI & Deepfakes: New threats like voice cloning, AI-generated videos, fake endorsements. Fragmented legal protection: No single codified law; courts act case-by-case. Women & ordinary citizens: Increasing victims of deepfakes, revenge porn, impersonation. Enforcement challenge: Blocking URLs/reactive takedowns insufficient. Expert Views Need for comprehensive legislative framework beyond piecemeal judgments. Clear exceptions must be defined (satire, art, parody) to avoid misuse as censorship. Protection not just for celebrities → extends to ordinary citizens’ privacy and dignity. Broader Implications Digital Economy: Celebrities’ brand value linked to endorsements → misuse dilutes goodwill. Technology & Law: AI advances outpacing legal safeguards. Global Context: U.S. & EU have clearer publicity rights frameworks; India lags. Social Justice: Women more vulnerable to identity misuse in online spaces. Way Forward Enact a dedicated Personality Rights & AI Misuse law. Mandate platform accountability (intermediary liability for deepfake/impersonation content). Introduce fast-track remedies: takedown within 24–48 hrs. Awareness & digital literacy to help individuals detect & report misuse. Balance: Protect dignity & commercial interests while preserving free speech. Conclusion Personality rights in India are evolving through judicial precedents, but lack a codified framework. AI and digital manipulation have amplified risks of identity theft and misuse. A balanced legal architecture is essential — protecting individuals’ dignity and autonomy under Article 21, while ensuring freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a). Without legislative clarity, India risks sliding into fragmented, ad hoc enforcement. EC launches e-sign feature for addition, deletion, and correction of voter names Why in News The Election Commission (EC) launched a new e-sign feature on its ECINet portal and app for voter registration, deletion, and correction forms (Forms 6, 7, 8). Purpose: To curb fraudulent additions and deletions in electoral rolls, highlighted by recent reports of manipulated voter lists in Karnataka (Aland constituency) and Maharashtra (Rajura constituency). Feature rolled out in second week of September 2025; ECINet itself went live in June 2025 during bye-elections in Kerala, Gujarat, Punjab, West Bengal. Relevance GS II (Polity & Governance): Electoral reforms, Representation of the People Act, voter rights, transparency. GS III (Governance & Technology): Digital governance, e-authentication, cybersecurity, service delivery. Context ECINet: A one-stop digital platform integrating 40+ EC mobile and web applications. Target users: Individuals seeking: Registration as new voters (Form 6) Deletion from electoral rolls (Form 7) Corrections in voter details (Form 8) Old process: Submission possible after linking phone with EPIC number without Aadhaar verification. New process: Applicant fills form → redirected to CDAC-hosted portal. Enter Aadhaar number → OTP sent to Aadhaar-linked phone. Consent for Aadhaar-based authentication. Only after verification, redirected back to ECINet to complete form submission. Why the Feature Was Needed Allegations of fraudulent deletion/addition of names in voter lists: Karnataka: 5,994 names allegedly removed ahead of elections. Aland (Kalaburagi): Forged Form 7 submissions reported. Rajura (Maharashtra): Fraudulent additions cited by Opposition. Ensures authenticity of applicant identity, linking EPIC and Aadhaar via OTP. Prevents unauthorised manipulation of electoral rolls and strengthens electoral integrity. Technical & Administrative Details Hosted by CDAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing). Integrates with Aadhaar authentication system → secure e-sign for voter forms. Applicable to addition, deletion, and correction of voter data. Provides digital audit trail for applications → reduces disputes in elections. Broader Implications Electoral Integrity: Reduces scope of tampering, ensures free and fair elections. Digital Governance: Shows EC’s shift towards technology-driven citizen services. Citizen Convenience: Applicants can complete verification remotely via OTP. Legal & Policy Alignment: Supports EC’s mandate under Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1950 & 1951. Political Relevance: Opposition cites past fraudulent cases to highlight need; ruling parties can point to tech adoption as reform measure. Challenges & Considerations Digital Divide: Not all voters may have Aadhaar-linked phones; rural/elderly population may face difficulties. Data Privacy: Linking voter rolls with Aadhaar raises concerns on personal data security. Implementation: Requires smooth integration across states and robust grievance redressal. Exclusions: Voters without Aadhaar may need alternative verification mechanisms. Will AI fix India’s energy demand or will its own needs snowball? Why in News A surge in AI adoption globally and in India is creating significant new energy demands, particularly from data centres. Reports from IEA (2024) and McKinsey project data centre power demand could more than double by 2030, with AI as the primary driver. Raises the dilemma: Will AI improve energy efficiency or exacerbate energy stress? Relevance GS III (Energy): Data centre electricity demand, renewable integration, energy efficiency. GS III (Science & Technology): AI applications, smart grids, green infrastructure. GS III (Environment & Sustainability): Carbon footprint, resource use, sustainable development. Context AI systems and data centres require massive computational power → high electricity consumption. Global context: Data centres currently use ~1–2% of global electricity, expected to rise to 3–4% by 2030. Annual data centre capacity demand may increase 19–22% from 2023 to 2030 (from 60 GW to 171–219 GW). India context: Data centre demand: 1.2 GW in 2024 → 4.5 GW by 2030 (driven by AI and digital adoption). Additional projected electricity consumption: 40–50 TWh annually by 2030. Major hubs: Mumbai (41%), Chennai (23%), NCR (14%). Cooling requirements: Increased demand for freshwater for server cooling. Potential Benefits of AI for Energy Smarter energy management: AI optimises grid operations, renewable integration, and load forecasting. Renewable energy utilisation: AI predicts and manages solar, wind, and hybrid plants, ensuring 24/7 access. Energy efficiency in real estate: AI-driven solutions (smart lighting, predictive HVAC, automated controls) can reduce energy consumption up to 25%. Green infrastructure: Nearly 25% of India’s data centre capacity is green-certified. ~67% of Grade A office stock in top cities is green-certified. Policy alignment: AI aids Energy Conservation Building Code, Roadmap of Sustainable and Holistic Approach to National Energy Efficiency, and smart grid missions. Challenges & Risks Rising energy demand: Data centres’ increasing electricity consumption may strain India’s energy systems, adding to demand from coal, oil, and gas. Carbon emissions: AI expansion could increase emissions despite efficiency gains. Resource intensity: High freshwater use for cooling; reliance on imported critical minerals for AI infrastructure. Cybersecurity risks: AI could intensify energy security strains, e.g., sophisticated cyberattacks on utilities. AI Mitigation Potential Optimisation: AI can forecast load, detect faults, and “heal” grid sections (e.g., BESCOM in Karnataka). Renewables integration: AI enables solar-wind-battery hybrid systems, predictive energy management. Sustainable AI development: Using recycled water, improving power efficiency in AI operations. Digital energy grid approach: Unified, interoperable power infrastructure can amplify AI benefits. Quantitative Insights Global TWh demand (IEA): 945 TWh for data centres by 2030; AI-optimised centres → 4× increase. India’s electricity impact: Additional 40–50 TWh/year for AI-driven data centres. Capacity growth: India must expand data centre capacity ~3.75× by 2030 to meet AI and digital demands. Policy & Strategic Implications Energy transition: AI can accelerate adoption of renewables and energy-efficient technologies. Investment planning: Critical for energy infrastructure, green data centres, and smart grids. Sustainability focus: Balancing AI growth with emissions reduction and water use efficiency. Regulatory support: Governments may need to “nudge” AI adoption toward sustainable practices. Obesity is India’s Silent Family Emergency Why in News India is facing a rapid rise in obesity, especially childhood obesity, posing a “silent family emergency.” Obesity is linked to diabetes, hypertension, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers, highlighting a growing public health crisis. Early screening and intervention are emphasized to prevent long-term complications. Relevance GS II (Health & Governance): Non-communicable diseases, public health policy, preventive healthcare. GS III (Science & Technology): Nutrition, lifestyle management, health interventions. Context Obesity: Chronic condition caused by excess body fat, not just poor willpower or lifestyle choice. Causes: Genetic and hormonal factors. High-calorie diets and sedentary lifestyles. Environmental and societal influences. Impacted population: Adults struggling with overweight/obesity. Rising childhood obesity, leading to early onset of metabolic and cardiovascular issues. Key Insights Misconceptions: Obesity is often wrongly seen as lack of self-control or laziness. Crash diets or extreme lifestyle changes rarely succeed long-term. Medical perspective: Obesity is a chronic medical condition, similar to hypertension or diabetes. Requires supportive, structured, and sustained care rather than just willpower. Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. Health risks: Early diabetes, fatty liver, heart problems. Preventive measures: Parents should protect children’s sleep, diet, and activity. Early interventions can reduce long-term health risks. Treatment & Management Goal: Focus on health, not appearance. Steps for adults: Screen and treat overweight/obesity early. Maintain healthy BMI and waist-to-height ratio (waist < half your height). Follow structured plans including diet, activity, behavioral support, and medical supervision if needed. Steps for children: Encourage physical activity, proper sleep, balanced diet. Avoid weight stigma; focus on healthy habits. Lifestyle & Behavioural Recommendations Diet: Balanced meals, avoid extreme restrictions. Activity: Daily physical exercise, reduce sedentary time. Sleep: Ensure adequate sleep, as it affects metabolism and appetite. Behavioral Support: Counseling or structured programs for weight management. Key Statistics & Observations Families often underestimate the complexity of obesity care. Obesity recovery is more difficult and slower than commonly assumed. Waist circumference: A simple measure of health—waist < half height indicates healthy fat distribution. Policy & Public Health Implications Obesity is a growing non-communicable disease (NCD) concern in India. Early screening, awareness campaigns, and structured intervention programs are critical. Reducing stigma and normalizing treatment can improve public adherence and health outcomes. Clinician Advice Do not wait for extreme BMI or complications before seeking help. Consult doctors for evidence-based, comprehensive treatment plans. Focus on sustainable lifestyle modifications rather than quick fixes. Time Poverty and Gender Inequality: Spotlight on Women’s Unpaid Care Work in India Why It’s in the News Experts have urged the Indian government to undertake a dedicated survey on women’s unpaid care work. The call came at a consultative meeting hosted by MoSPI and the UN Time-Use Survey committee on September 24, 2025. Aim: Measure women’s economic contribution through unpaid caregiving and domestic work, which remains largely invisible in official statistics. Relevance GS I (Social Issues): Gender inequality, time poverty, social empowerment. GS II (Governance & Policy): Labour surveys, gender-responsive policymaking, economic planning. GS III (Economy & Labour): Female workforce participation, economic contribution of unpaid work. Understanding Unpaid Care Work Definition: Activities performed without pay, including: Childcare and instruction. Elderly care and care for dependent adults. Household chores: cooking, fetching water, gathering firewood. Help to non-dependents, travel related to care, and other household services. Key problem: Unpaid care work contributes to “time poverty”, limiting women’s access to paid employment, skill development, and economic independence. Data & Statistics (2024) Time Spent on Unpaid Care Daily: Women: 299 minutes (≈5 hours) Men: 75 minutes (≈1 hour 15 minutes) Difference: 224 minutes daily Labour Force Participation (PLFS 2023): Women aged 15+ : 32% Men aged 15+ : 77% Women aged 15–29: 21.4% Men aged 15–29: 53% Trends: Women’s time on unpaid work increased over five years: 299 minutes vs 164 minutes for men in 2024. Male unpaid work increased only marginally (from 154 minutes in 2019 to 164 minutes in 2024). Overall, almost 84% of women engaged in unpaid work in 2024, vs 45% of men. Key Observations from Experts Time poverty trap: Women spend long hours on unpaid tasks → fewer skills, less paid work access. Economic cost: Low female workforce participation affects not just women but wider economic growth. Cross-country evidence: A 2-hour increase in unpaid work reduces women’s paid work participation by 33% for ages 15+ compared to 77% for males. Policy & Research Suggestions New Survey on Unpaid Work: Collect data between households on unpaid labour and caregiving, distinguishing shared vs exclusive patterns. Capture time use patterns titled “Changing Patterns of Time Use, 2024–25”. Build on prior exercises: NSSO 1998–99, studies from JNU, Ashoka University, and Thiruvananthapuram Development Studies. Integration with Gender Policy: Recognize unpaid care work in GDP contribution and economic planning. Target interventions to reduce women’s time poverty and increase workforce participation. Significance Social: Highlights gender inequality in division of labor and domestic responsibilities. Economic: Improving female participation in paid work can boost India’s economic output. Policy Relevance: Supports data-driven policymaking on caregiving, gender budgets, and labour laws. Global Context: Aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goals on gender equality and decent work. Key Takeaways Women disproportionately bear unpaid care work (~84% vs 45% of men). Daily time burden: ~5 hours for women vs ~1 hour for men. Time poverty restricts skills, employment opportunities, and economic empowerment. Expert recommendation: Dedicated, nationwide survey to guide policies for equitable distribution of care work. Ladakh Agitation: Youth Unrest, Statehood, and Sixth Schedule Aspirations Why It’s in the News Protests in Leh, Ladakh, have turned violent during demonstrations demanding: Full statehood for Ladakh. Inclusion under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. Protests coincided with climate activist Sonam Wangchuk’s 35-day fast pressing for these demands. Violence has spilled over into a fourth day, with property damage, including a police vehicle set on fire. The issue has drawn national attention due to its political, constitutional, and developmental implications. Relevance GS II (Polity & Governance): Sixth Schedule, Union Territory administration, autonomy, land and job rights. GS I (Geography & Society): Regional identity, demographic composition, cultural diversity. Background of the Issue Ladakh’s administrative status: Became a Union Territory in 2019 after bifurcation of Jammu & Kashmir. Comprises two districts: Leh (majority Buddhist) and Kargil (majority Muslim). Sixth Schedule of the Constitution: Provides autonomous district councils with legislative, judicial, and administrative powers. Currently applicable only to Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. Current demands: Inclusion of Ladakh under the Sixth Schedule to safeguard land, jobs, and local culture. Full statehood to increase administrative and fiscal autonomy. Key People & Stakeholders Sonam Wangchuk: Climate activist, fasting to press for Ladakh’s demands; excluded from official delegation. Leh Apex Body: Local coordinating body supporting Wangchuk. Thupstan Chhewang: Former MP (last elected 2004), appointed delegation chair as compromise. Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA): Supporting protests, highlighting Union Territory model failures. Union Home Ministry: Engaged in talks since May 2025; examining constitutional safeguards. Recent Developments Delegation talks: Scheduled for October, postponed to align with Wangchuk’s fast. Land allotment dispute: 1,000 kanals of land for Wangchuk’s Himalayan Institute of Alternatives stayed by administration, citing irregularities; viewed by Wangchuk as retribution for opposing corporate land allotments. Protest escalation: Youth unemployment and lack of regional protections cited as triggers. Calls for peaceful resolution, though violence occurred. Solidarity bandh planned in Kargil. Underlying Causes Administrative grievances: Perceived failure of Union Territory governance to address local issues. Economic concerns: High youth unemployment, lack of job reservation and local protections. Cultural & land rights: Fear of land alienation and erosion of traditional rights. Political representation: Exclusion of key activist (Wangchuk) reflects tensions in negotiation processes. Constitutional & Policy Dimensions Sixth Schedule inclusion: Would provide autonomous legislative and administrative powers over land, culture, and local resources. Ensures domicile-based job reservations and protection of local languages. Statehood demand: Would give Ladakh full representation in Parliament and greater fiscal autonomy. Centre’s position: Examining demands cautiously due to constitutional complexities. Balancing local aspirations with national governance frameworks. Significance Political: Test case for UT governance vs statehood aspirations. Social: Highlights regional identity concerns, ethnic and religious diversity (Leh vs Kargil). Economic: Youth unemployment and land issues underline developmental neglect. Constitutional: Raises questions about expansion of Sixth Schedule protections beyond North-East states. Key Takeaways Violence in Leh underscores tensions between local demands and administrative processes. Sixth Schedule inclusion is central to land, jobs, and cultural protections for Ladakhis. Statehood would provide greater political and fiscal autonomy, strengthening regional governance. Ongoing dialogue between Centre and local bodies is critical to prevent escalation. The protests reflect broader debates on autonomy, identity, and development in newly formed Union Territories.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 September 2025

Content Satellite Internet in India PMAY-G: Empowering Rural India through Housing for All Satellite Internet in India What is Satellite Internet? Definition: Internet connectivity delivered through satellites in orbit (Geostationary, Medium Earth, Low Earth). Why needed in India? Over 1 billion internet users, but rural penetration only ~46/100 people. Remote, hilly, border, and island regions remain underserved. Terrestrial solutions (fiber, towers) are costly/unviable in such areas. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance): Digital inclusion, service delivery in remote regions, role of DoT, TRAI, IN-SPACe, and Telecom Act 2023. GS 3 (Science & Technology): Satellite communication technology, LEO/MEO transition, orbital debris, cybersecurity. GS 3 (Economy): Broadband penetration, MSMEs, startups, e-commerce, rural economy growth. Institutional & Policy Ecosystem Space Sector Reforms (2020): Opened private participation. Indian Space Policy 2023: Enabled NGEs to participate across the space value chain. DoT: Grants Unified Licence authorisations; empowered by Telecom Act 2023 for spectrum/security. TRAI (2025 recommendations): Satellite spectrum allocation for 5 years (extendable by 2 years). IN-SPACe: Promotes, authorises, supervises private satellite internet activities; bridge between ISRO & private sector. NSIL: ISRO’s commercial arm, operating 15 communication satellites, demand-driven missions (GSAT-24, GSAT-20, GSAT-N3 upcoming). Technological Transition Traditional: Dependence on ISRO’s GSAT (GEO-based). Shift: LEO (400–2000 km) → low latency, high bandwidth; MEO (8,000–20,000 km) → wider coverage, moderate latency. Spectrum Bands: S, C, Extended C, Ku, Ka. High-Throughput Satellites (HTS): GSAT-19, GSAT-29, GSAT-11, GSAT-N2 → use spot-beam tech for faster speeds and high capacity. Industry Developments Private Entry: Starlink licensed in June 2025. Jio Satellite & OneWeb licensed earlier. 10 satellite operators applied for authorisation.   FDI Liberalisation: Up to 100% FDI permitted, automatic/government routes. Market Potential: Rising demand for affordable broadband in rural/remote India + enterprise solutions (aviation, shipping, defence). Government Initiatives to Expand Connectivity Digital Bharat Nidhi (ex-USOF): Funds rural connectivity projects (4G saturation). Comprehensive Telecom Development Plan (CTDP): Islands: BSNL satellite augmentation (Andaman: 2 → 4 Gbps; Lakshadweep: 318 Mbps → 1.71 Gbps). North-East: 2,485 towers, 3,389 villages covered (till June 2025). National Broadband Mission (NBM 2.0): Extend broadband to 1.7 lakh villages. BharatNet: 2.14 lakh Gram Panchayats connected (Phase II includes satellite component via BBNL & BSNL). PM-WANI: 3.73 lakh public Wi-Fi hotspots installed (as of Sept 2025). MoES GIS-DSS: Uses internet for impact-based weather warnings and disaster risk mitigation. Applications of Satellite Internet Social: Rural education, telemedicine, digital payments, online governance. Economic: MSMEs, startups, e-commerce penetration in rural India. Strategic: Defence networks, secure communications in border regions, disaster recovery. Technological: Aviation, shipping, autonomous vehicles, IoT, remote sensing synergy. Challenges & Concerns Regulatory: Spectrum pricing, licensing clarity, security risks. Cost: User affordability vs. high equipment cost (antennas, receivers). Competition: Balancing private foreign operators (Starlink) with indigenous capacity. Cybersecurity: Data interception risks in satellite links. Space Traffic Management: Rising LEO constellations → orbital debris, collision risk. Strategic & Geoeconomic Significance Digital Inclusion: Bridges rural-urban digital divide. Viksit Bharat 2047 Vision: Equitable access to high-speed internet as a driver of development. Global Positioning: India emerges as both a market hub and technology provider. Self-reliance: ISRO-NSIL + private sector synergy reduces dependence on foreign constellations. Strategic Autonomy: Secure satcom strengthens defence and disaster preparedness. Way Forward Short-term (till 2030): Expand LEO/MEO networks in partnership with private players. Integrate satellite internet into BharatNet/PM-WANI. Medium-term (2030–2040): Build indigenous LEO constellations (to compete with Starlink/OneWeb). Enhance cybersecurity & orbital debris management protocols. Long-term (towards 2047): Global leadership in affordable satellite broadband. Export capacity to Global South (Africa, ASEAN). Position India as a digital infrastructure power complementing its space leadership. PMAY-G: Empowering Rural India through Housing for All Background Launch: 1st April 2016, successor to Indira Awaas Yojana. Objective: “Housing for All” in rural areas by providing pucca houses with basic facilities. Minimum unit size: 25 sq. m including hygienic cooking space. Assistance amount: ₹1.20 lakh (plains) and ₹1.30 lakh (hilly/NE/Himalayan states). Funding pattern: 60:40 (Centre: State) in plains. 90:10 in NE & Himalayan states. 100% central funding in UTs without legislature. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance): Welfare delivery, DBT, Aadhaar integration, transparency (AwaasSoft, geo-tagging, social audits). GS 3 (Economy): Employment generation, rural construction sector multiplier, skill development (rural masons). GS 1 (Society): Social empowerment, dignity, women ownership, equity for SC/ST and PwD. GS 2 (Social Justice): Inclusive development, convergence with SBM, MGNREGS, LPG, electricity. Scale and Progress Cumulative target: 4.95 crore houses (2016–29). Allocation (till Aug 2025): 4.12 crore houses. Sanctioned: 3.85 crore houses. Completed: 2.82 crore houses (68% completion rate). FY 2024–25 performance: 84.37 lakh target → 64.7 lakh sanctioned. Employment impact: 568 crore person-days generated (2016–25). Beneficiary Identification & Inclusion Primary data base: SECC 2011 housing deprivation indicators. Verification: Gram Sabha scrutiny + appellate mechanism. Inclusion of left-out households: Awaas+ survey (2018–19) and Awaas+ 2024 app-based survey. Equity norms: 60% SC/ST households. Priority for landless. 5% for Persons with Disabilities (as per RPwD Act 2016). Beyond Housing – Convergence & Socio-economic Linkages Livelihoods: 90–95 person-days of MGNREGS work per house (≈₹27,000). Skill development: 2.97 lakh trained rural masons (some employed abroad). Sanitation: Toilet construction (₹12,000 under SBM-G). Amenities: Access to piped drinking water, LPG, electricity via convergence. Local economy multiplier: Boost to construction material supply chains and transport. Technology-Driven Implementation Digital backbone: AwaasSoft MIS + AwaasApp for monitoring progress. Transparency tools: Geo-tagged & time-stamped photographs of construction stages. Aadhaar-based DBT via PFMS (100% ABPS compliance). AI/ML fraud detection, e-KYC, face authentication, liveness detection. Accountability: Social audit in every Gram Panchayat (annual). Multi-level grievance redressal (CPGRAMS, e-ticketing, district appellate). Innovations for Inclusivity & Quality House design typologies: Region-specific, disaster-resilient, culturally appropriate, available in 3D via app. Landless module: Tracking land allotment for beneficiaries. Employment multiplier: ~201 person-days (skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled) generated per house. Institutional & Administrative Mechanisms Ministry of Rural Development: Nodal body for PMAY-G. State governments & Gram Sabhas: Execution and beneficiary verification. Monitoring: Central dashboards, micro-level reviews, real-time analytic dashboards. Acceleration strategies: Priority to incomplete houses, fund release linked to progress, regular reviews at ministerial level. Broader Impacts Social: Provides dignity, security, and women empowerment (houses often in women’s names). Economic: Stimulates rural economy, employment, skilling. Health: Safe housing reduces vulnerability to diseases, natural disasters. Environment: Push towards disaster-resilient designs, convergence with clean energy. Governance: Transparent, tech-enabled model as a benchmark for other welfare schemes. Challenges Ahead Land availability for landless beneficiaries. Ensuring timely fund release & construction completion. Maintaining quality across states with diverse geo-climatic conditions. Continuous updating of beneficiary lists beyond SECC 2011. Digital literacy & accessibility for beneficiaries in remote areas. Comprehensive Significance Poverty Alleviation: Moves households from kutcha to pucca housing, breaking poverty cycles. Rural Prosperity Catalyst: Housing → dignity → sanitation → jobs → social inclusion. Model for Welfare Delivery: Combines DBT, convergence, technology, and accountability. Viksit Bharat 2047 Vision: Strengthening rural foundations by ensuring every household has secure housing by 2029.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 September 2025

Content Lessons from India’s vaccination drive Penalty in proportion Socialism in India: Context and Significance Lessons from India’s vaccination drive What & Why? Vaccination: Among the most effective, affordable public health measures; prevents millions of deaths annually. India’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP): World’s largest programme. Covers ~2.6 crore infants + 2.9 crore pregnant women every year. Responsible for major decline in under-5 mortality (45 → 31 per 1,000 live births, 2014–21). Coverage: 12 diseases (11 nationwide, 1 endemic). Relevance: GS 2 (Governance): Public health policy, Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP), Mission Indradhanush, technology-enabled governance (Co-WIN, U-WIN). GS 3 (Health & Infrastructure): Immunisation, disease elimination (polio, measles-rubella, yaws), pandemic preparedness, vaccine R&D and manufacturing, logistics & cold chain management. Practice Questions: Evaluate India’s vaccination strategy in achieving public health equity and its lessons for governance.(250 Words) Policy Expansion (2010s–2020s) New vaccines added in the last decade: Tdap (Tetanus & Adult Diphtheria), IPV, Measles-Rubella, Rotavirus, Pneumococcal Conjugate, Japanese Encephalitis. Mission Indradhanush (2014): Target 90% full immunisation (from 62% in 2014, NFHS-4). Intensified MI (2017): Focused on low-coverage and missed populations. By 2023: 12 phases completed. Reached 5.46 crore children and 1.32 crore pregnant women. Integrated into Gram Swaraj Abhiyan campaigns. Achievements & Milestones Polio: India polio-free since 2011. Maternal & Neonatal Tetanus elimination: 2015. Yaws elimination: 2016. Measles-Rubella catch-up campaign (2017–19): 34.8 crore children vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccination (2021–23): 220+ crore doses delivered. Coverage: 97% (one dose), 90% (two doses). Showcase of domestic vaccine R&D & manufacturing. Vaccine Maitri: Supported LMICs → global goodwill, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam in action. Recognition: India received Measles & Rubella Champion Award (2024). Challenges Coverage Gaps: Remote, migratory, vaccine-hesitant populations. COVID-19 Disruption: Routine immunisation setback → measles outbreaks (2022–24). Vaccine hesitancy & misinformation: Clusters of unimmunised children remain. Logistics: Reaching last-mile in hilly, border, and tribal regions. New Initiatives (2023–25) IMI 5.0 (2023): Nationwide under-5 immunisation drive. Zero Measles-Rubella Elimination campaign (2025): Aims for >95% coverage, herd immunity. Zero-dose strategy: Targeting children who received no vaccines. Technology Integration Digital backbone: U-WIN platform: End-to-end vaccination tracking (pregnant women + children till 16 yrs). Builds on Co-WIN success. Nationwide, anytime-anywhere vaccination access. Complementary tech: eVIN (Vaccine stock monitoring). NCCMIS (Cold chain tracking). SAFE-VAC (Vaccine safety monitoring). Cold chain & infra: Strengthened under PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infra Mission. Global & Strategic Dimensions Vaccine Hub: India = world’s largest vaccine manufacturer. Make in India: Self-reliance in vaccine R&D + production. Strategic Soft Power: Vaccine Maitri enhanced India’s role as a responsible global actor. Export Potential: India can shape future vaccine markets in Global South. One-Health Approach (Future Direction) Need for integrated disease surveillance: Human + Animal + Environment. Pandemic preparedness: Immunisation + sensitive disease tracking must go hand in hand. Monitoring anti-vaccine narratives: Key for social trust in health systems. Strengthening linkages between immunisation, surveillance, and health infrastructure. Comprehensive Significance Public Health: Reduced child mortality, eliminated multiple diseases, built herd immunity. Social Equity: Free vaccines → accessible to poor, women, children in underserved areas. Economic Impact: Prevents disease burden, reduces healthcare costs, boosts productivity. Governance: Digital platforms (Co-WIN → U-WIN) showcase India’s model for scale + transparency. Global Leadership: India emerges as a vaccine powerhouse with soft power leverage. Penalty in proportion What & Why? Defamation: The act of harming a person’s reputation through false or damaging statements. Types: Civil defamation: Remedies include monetary compensation, injunctions, and retractions. Criminal defamation (India): Section 499 & 500 IPC → imprisonment or fine for defamatory statements. Supreme Court Ruling (Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India, 2016): Upheld criminal defamation, reasoning that reputation is part of Right to Life (Article 21). Relevance: GS 2 (Polity & Governance): Right to freedom of speech and expression (Article 19(1)(a)), Article 21 (Right to Life and Reputation), judicial interpretation (Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India, 2016). GS 2 (Rule of Law & Legal Reform): Criminal defamation vs civil remedies, proportionality in legal penalties, misuse by political actors. GS 2 (Media & Governance): Press freedom, self-censorship, democratic debate, transparency and accountability. Practice Questions: Critically examine the challenges posed by criminal defamation in India and suggest reforms to balance free speech and reputation protection.(250 Words) Emerging Concerns & Misuse Judicial unease: Supreme Court judges (e.g., Justice M.M. Sundresh) have noted misuse by political actors and private individuals. Disproportionate remedy: Imprisonment is excessive for reputational harm, unlike physical harm; civil remedies are sufficient. Political misuse: Cases against public figures (Rahul Gandhi, Shashi Tharoor, Sonia Gandhi) used to intimidate or delay criticism. Media intimidation: Journalists face harassment and self-censorship due to criminal defamation suits from local politicians or businesses. Systemic & Procedural Problems Lower judiciary: Summons often issued without assessing whether speech crosses the threshold of defamation. Opportunistic litigation: Statements taken out of context or distorted. Laws weaponized to entangle rivals in prolonged legal battles (e.g., Subramanian Swamy v. Sonia Gandhi/Gandhi; Gadkari/Jaitley v. Kejriwal/AAP). Impact on governance: Litigation can hinder the functioning of public officials (e.g., Delhi government). Alternatives & Best Practices Civil remedies: Monetary damages. Injunctions to prevent further dissemination. Retractions/apologies. Benefits over criminal defamation: Avoids threat of imprisonment. Reduces misuse by powerful actors. Maintains free speech while protecting reputation. Global Perspective Many democratic countries (e.g., UK) have abolished criminal defamation, recognizing it as incompatible with free democratic debate. India’s continuation of criminal defamation is increasingly seen as anti-democratic and chilling for journalism and political discourse. Broader Implications Free speech & democracy: Criminal defamation can suppress dissent, critique, and investigative journalism. Media freedom: Self-censorship undermines transparency and accountability. Rule of law: Overuse of criminal law for civil matters weakens faith in justice. Legal reform: Growing consensus for decriminalisation to align with democratic norms and proportionality principles. Comprehensive Significance Democracy & Governance: Ensures citizens, media, and opposition can criticize without fear of imprisonment. Judicial efficiency: Civil remedies provide timely resolution without clogging criminal courts. Societal trust: Encourages balanced protection of reputation without empowering the powerful to silence criticism. India’s global image: Aligns with international best practices on free speech and democratic debate. Key takeaway: Criminal defamation in India is increasingly misused, disproportionate, and incompatible with democratic debate; civil remedies and legal reform are essential to protect free expression while safeguarding reputations. Socialism in India: Context and Significance Context & Concept Topic: Indian socialism, its evolution, uniqueness, and relevance today. Indian socialism: A political, social, and economic ideology aiming at social justice, equity, and reduction of inequalities, adapted to India’s historical, cultural, and demographic context. Contrast with global socialism: European socialism traditionally emphasized class struggle, reduction of economic inequalities through electoral democracy and state control. Indian socialism combines socio-economic equality with attention to caste, community, and local diversity. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance & Policy): Affirmative action, social welfare schemes, decentralization, inclusive governance, policy models. GS 1/2 (History & Polity): Independence-era socialist movements, Emergency influence, leaders like Lohia, Joshi, Achyut Patwardhan. Practice Questions: Examine the evolution of Indian socialism and its impact on social justice and democratic governance.(250 Words) Historical Background Key historical movements: Samajwadi/leftist movements in India over 90 years, including involvement of intellectuals, activists, and leaders like Ram Manohar Lohia, Acharya Narendra Deva, etc. Independence-era socialists: Advocated for egalitarian policies alongside democratic participation, not violent revolution. Influence of Emergency (1975–77): Deepened commitment to democracy, shaping socialist thought around protecting rights and resisting authoritarianism. Prominent Indian Socialists: Lohia, Joshi, Raj Narain, Mulayam Singh Yadav, Achyut Patwardhan, Anil Kumar, and others emphasized justice for backward castes, marginalized communities, and democratic governance. Ideological Foundations Core principles: Reduction of inequalities (economic, social, caste-based). Democratic participation and decentralization of power. Social justice and affirmative action for marginalized groups (SC/ST/OBC, women). Emphasis on Indian cultural, linguistic, and social diversity. Distinctive features of Indian socialism: Non-Marxist in rigid economic terms, combining ethical, cultural, and political egalitarianism. Flexible approach: integrates local realities (rural-urban, caste, community) with global socialist ideals. Rejects European revolutionary and centralised models; adopts democratic, reformist approach. Contemporary Relevance Current challenges addressed: Persistent social and economic inequalities, especially caste and gender-based disparities. Need for inclusive governance balancing equity and democracy. Addressing under-representation of marginalized communities in politics and policy-making. Policy & governance implications: Affirmative action, reservations in education and employment. Social welfare schemes aimed at reducing structural inequalities. Promotion of decentralized political and social decision-making. Critiques & Observations Ideological fragmentation: Some historical and modern leaders had divergent interpretations; sometimes personal or political conflicts overshadowed collective vision. Misunderstanding by popular perception: Indian socialism often misrepresented as “leftist extremism,” ignoring its unique context-sensitive adaptation. Implementation challenges: Political and bureaucratic resistance. Need to continuously balance redistribution with economic growth. Global and Strategic Significance Distinctive Indian contribution: Indian socialism adapted universal principles of equality to local realities (caste, gender, culture). Expanded the notion of social justice globally, influencing debates on inclusive democracy and human rights. Contrast with other socialist traditions: Less doctrinaire, avoids violent class struggle; more ethical, humanistic, and context-sensitive. Combines political democracy with social equity, unlike some European models that prioritize economic equality alone. Comprehensive Significance Democracy & Governance: Strengthens participatory politics, decentralization, and protection of civil rights. Social Justice: Focuses on historically disadvantaged communities and equitable access to resources. Policy Model: Serves as a blueprint for inclusive social and economic policy in multi-ethnic, multi-religious societies. Long-term Vision: Seeks to balance equity with economic development, cultural pluralism, and democratic norms. Key takeaway: Indian socialism is a unique, context-driven ideology that prioritizes social justice, equality across caste, gender, and community lines, and democratic participation, offering a model distinct from global socialist traditions while remaining relevant for India’s contemporary governance and social equity challenges.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 September 2025

Content UNESCO recognition for Kerala’s Varkala Cliff sparks celebration — and unease India to hold mega drone drill ‘Cold Start’ next month The mapping of the India-China border How Trump’s H-1B fee threatens India’s IT firms and Big Tech business models SC links sense of ‘stagnation’ in lower judiciary to long litigation India to submit updated carbon-reduction targets by the beginning of COP30 on Nov. 10 L-1 visa vis-à-vis the H-1B UNESCO recognition for Kerala’s Varkala Cliff sparks celebration — and unease Why is it in the news UNESCO recognition: Kerala’s Varkala Cliff added to UNESCO’s tentative World Heritage list. Significance: Acknowledges its geological, ecological, and cultural value, drawing national and international attention. Sparks debate over tourism, climate risks, and governance for fragile heritage sites. Relevance: GS I (Geography & Culture): Coastal geomorphology, laterite cliffs, sacred landscapes, human-environment interaction. GS III (Environment & Disaster Management): Coastal ecosystem conservation, climate change impacts, sustainable tourism. GS II (Governance & Policy): Heritage management, regulatory frameworks, stakeholder participation, eco-tourism policy. Understanding Varkala Cliff Location: Varkala, Kerala, along the Arabian Sea coast. Geological significance: Only place in Kerala where cliffs rise directly against the sea. Formed during the Mio-Pliocene age; millions of years old. Composed of laterite and sedimentary layers; contains fossils and paleo-climatic evidence. Vulnerable to erosion, landslides, and human disturbances. Cultural significance: Janardana Swamy Temple (over 2000 years old) and Sivagiri Mutt (Sree Narayana Guru) anchor the cliff’s spiritual identity. Serves as a site for pilgrimages and sacred rituals. Economic significance: Tourism hub: guesthouses, cafés, yoga centres, employment opportunities. Supports local livelihoods including fisherfolk. Current Concerns Environmental risks: Erosion, landslides, and cracks accelerated by monsoons and climate change. Sea-level rise and stronger storms threaten stability. Tourism pressures: Waste accumulation, septic leakage, unregulated construction. Narrow paths congested; risk of irreversible geological damage. Local community impact: Fisherfolk fear displacement and loss of livelihood. Economic benefits of tourism may conflict with environmental and cultural preservation. Governance issues: Weak regulatory oversight, flouted building codes, poor coordination between agencies. Proposed geo-park or heritage zone initiatives delayed. Opportunities from UNESCO recognition Global visibility: Enhances research, conservation, and responsible tourism. Funding & technical support: Access to UNESCO advisory, heritage management frameworks. Education & awareness: Schools and NGOs can promote geological, ecological, and cultural knowledge. Policy impetus: Encourages Kerala to develop a comprehensive management plan including carrying capacity studies and climate adaptation strategies. Strategic Implications Environmental governance: Recognition can act as a catalyst for stricter enforcement of building codes and waste management. Encourages science-based climate adaptation and erosion control. Tourism policy: Necessitates sustainable tourism models, zoning, and controlled visitor flows. Balancing economic benefits with preservation is crucial. Social equity: Fisherfolk and local communities must be actively involved in conservation decisions. Avoid displacement and preserve cultural identity. Conclusion UNESCO recognition is a double-edged sword: Celebrates geological, cultural, and economic value. Exposes risks from unregulated tourism, climate change, and governance failures. Way forward: Define carrying capacity, regulate construction, involve locals, and implement climate adaptation to ensure long-term sustainability. India to hold mega drone drill ‘Cold Start’ next month What is happening Exercise Name: Cold Start Timing: First week of October 2025 Location: Likely Madhya Pradesh Participants: Indian Army, Navy, Air Force; includes industry partners, R&D agencies, academia, and other stakeholders Focus: Testing drones and counter-drone systems, evaluating air defence capabilities and operational readiness Relevance: GS III (Internal Security & Defence): Modern warfare preparedness, drone and counter-drone technology, integrated tri-service exercises. GS III (Science & Technology): UAV systems, GPS-jamming, autonomous aerial platforms, R&D in defence technologies. Background and Context Post-Operation Sindoor: Largest joint drill since Operation Sindoor; previous exercise validated counter-drone and GPS jamming systems. Evolving aerial threats: Includes drones, UAV swarms, and GPS-jamming threats from potential adversaries. Reference to Pakistan: Exercise aims to stay ahead of adversary capabilities, acknowledging that adversaries also learn from India’s operational experiences. Strategic Importance Operational Readiness: Ensures the integrated response of Army, Navy, and Air Force to aerial threats. Force Multipliers: Counter-drone systems, GPS-jamming technologies, and advanced surveillance increase defensive and offensive capabilities. Inter-service synergy: Joint exercises enhance coordination, intelligence sharing, and rapid response across services. Technological and R&D Dimensions Focus on innovation: Inclusion of industry, academia, and R&D agencies ensures testing of state-of-the-art technologies. Drone and counter-drone systems: Likely tests detection, interception, neutralization, and electronic warfare capabilities. Future warfare preparation: Exercise aligns with modern warfare trends emphasizing unmanned systems and autonomous aerial platforms. Implications for National Security Airspace dominance: Enhances India’s defensive posture against UAV and drone threats, especially near sensitive borders. Deterrence signal: Demonstrates capability to neutralize aerial threats, sending a message to adversaries. Learning and adaptation: Feedback from the exercise will inform procurement, strategy, and capability development, ensuring readiness against emerging threats. The mapping of the India-China border Historical Background: The Basis of the Border Manchu Rule (1644–1911): Two major maps drawn with European Jesuit assistance: Kang-hsi Map (1721): Tibet-Assam segment; Tibet considered only up to the Himalayas; Tawang (south of Himalayas) not Tibetan. Ch’ien-lung Map (1761): Eastern Turkestan-Kashmir segment; Eastern Turkestan not conceived as trans-Kunlun; southern desolate region not claimed. 1913–14 Simla Conference: RoC delegate accepted non-Tibetan tribal belt (present Arunachal Pradesh) was not Tibetan. India included it in Assam; outcome consistent with Kang-hsi’s map. Implication: Traditional Chinese claims were limited; historical maps did not support trans-Himalayan claims in Arunachal Pradesh or Aksai Chin. Relevance: GS II (International Relations & Security): India-China boundary disputes, historical treaties, diplomatic negotiations. GS I (Geography & History): Geopolitical importance of Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin, historical mapping. GS III (Security): Strategic implications of border management, principle-based negotiation, territorial sovereignty. Evolution of Chinese Claims 1943: RoC sets aside Manchu maps; claims large Indian territories during WWII. Justification: map described as “unprecise draft.” December 1947: Similar map used amid India-Pakistan conflict. Pattern: China inherited and expanded claim-making from predecessor regimes rather than based on historical precedent. Post-Independence Diplomacy 1960 Talks (Jawaharlal Nehru & Chou En-lai): Chou questioned India’s historical evidence, using semantic and rhetorical tactics. Proposed resolving the boundary not solely on maps, but via principles: equitable, reasonable, dignity-preserving “package deal.” Key Insight (Vijay Gokhale, The Long Game): Chou avoided suggesting territorial swap (Aksai Chin ↔ Arunachal Pradesh). Both sides aimed for comprehensive resolution, integrating boundary, geopolitical, and trade matters. Specific Boundary Alignments 1914 Alignment: Indo-Tibetan boundary in line with Kang-hsi map; acknowledged by both parties at the time. 1899 Alignment: Kashmir-Sinkiang boundary line; based on watershed principle; related to Aksai Chin. Core Principles for Resolution Equity & Respect: No defeat to either side; preserve dignity and self-respect. Historical Evidence: Manchu-era maps provide strongest evidence for India’s claims. Geopolitical Package Approach: Consider boundary settlement along with trade and security issues; possibility of territorial swap remains contingent on mutual security needs. Key Takeaways Historical maps favor India: Manchu-era records clearly delineate Tibet’s southern boundary and Aksai Chin claims. China’s modern claims: Largely political opportunism during moments of Indian vulnerability; not supported by historical documentation. Diplomatic complexity: Both sides acknowledge need for principles beyond maps to achieve a sustainable, dignified settlement. Strategic perspective: India must maintain historical evidence, assert sovereignty, and engage in principle-based negotiations while safeguarding national security. How Trump’s H-1B fee threatens India’s IT firms and Big Tech business models Why is it in the news Trump administration imposes $100,000 annual fee per H-1B visa to curb labour arbitrage and favour domestic employment. Target: Indian IT firms (TCS, Infosys, Wipro) and global tech companies using cheaper foreign labour. Impacts new visa applications only; aims to reshape the IT outsourcing and talent ecosystem in the U.S. Raises concerns over innovation exodus, competitiveness, and global talent attraction. Relevance: GS III (Economy & Industry): Labour mobility, global IT outsourcing, impact on Indian IT firms, STEM talent flows. GS II (International Relations): India-US economic ties, trade, and visa policy implications. Basics of H-1B visa and context H-1B visa purpose: Allows U.S. companies to hire skilled foreign professionals for specialized roles, particularly in IT and STEM. Trend: H-1B workers now account for 65% of the U.S. IT workforce (up from 32% in 2003). Current issue: Rising H-1B hires coincide with mass layoffs of U.S. graduates in IT-related fields, triggering political and economic scrutiny. Existing filing cost: Previously a few thousand dollars per visa; minimal barrier led to “lottery-style” mass applications. Key drivers behind the policy Labour arbitrage: Indian IT firms leverage cheaper foreign engineers for onshore roles, impacting domestic wages. Domestic unemployment: 6.1% CS graduates and 7.5% computer engineering graduates remain jobless despite high H-1B usage. Political angle: Focus on protecting American workers and curbing displacement by foreign talent. Implications for Indian IT & Big Tech High fee impact: $100K per visa makes hiring foreign engineers onshore economically unviable. Strategic choices for IT firms: Raise client prices drastically. Shift operations offshore, reducing onshore employment opportunities. Big Tech: Need for selective hiring; only exceptional candidates will be considered, restoring the original purpose of H-1B. Collateral damage: May accelerate operational relocation overseas, potentially hurting U.S. employment instead of helping. Implications for U.S. innovation & economy STEM talent loss: International students contribute $40B+ annually; high fees discourage post-graduation retention. Global competition: Canada, Australia, UK actively attract STEM graduates; China’s tech growth increases geopolitical stakes. Innovation risk: U.S. risks losing intellectual capital needed for future technological breakthroughs. Disproportionate impact: Startups and mid-sized firms face higher barriers than tech giants (Google, Microsoft), potentially consolidating talent among large incumbents. Policy design critique Blunt instrument: Flat fee disregards skill levels, salaries, or elite university background. Better alternatives: Tiered fees based on salary, field of research, or U.S. university graduation could target arbitrage without losing top talent. Broader implication: Risk of undermining U.S.’s historical role as a global hub for science and technology talent. Strategic & geopolitical angle Global talent mobility: Countries with lower barriers can capture world-class talent. U.S. competitiveness: Policy may inadvertently strengthen China, EU, and Commonwealth nations in tech innovation. Trade-offs: Short-term labour protection vs. long-term strategic innovation disadvantage. SC links sense of ‘stagnation’ in lower judiciary to long litigation What is happening Event: Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court headed by CJI B.R. Gavai discussed judicial stagnation. Issue Highlighted: Weary feeling and stagnation among subordinate judicial officers due to prolonged litigation and career bottlenecks. Context of Reference: Whether judicial officers with 7 years’ legal experience can avail Bar quota for District Judge appointments. Data on Pendency: Total district court cases: 4.69 crore Criminal: 3.69 crore, Civil: 1.09 crore (National Judicial Data Grid) Relevance: GS II (Polity & Governance): Judicial structure, career progression in judiciary, access to justice, Articles 32, 226. GS II (Law & Ethics): Judicial independence, efficiency, pendency, systemic reforms. Key Observations by the Bench Justice M.M. Sundresh: Stagnation undermines the vitality of district judiciary, which is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. Example: Bright law clerks hesitant to join judicial service due to uncertain career progression. Weak base in district judiciary → multiplication of litigation. Lawyers can accomplish in 5 years what judges do in 1 year on the Bench, indicating overburden and inefficiency. CJI B.R. Gavai: Difficulty attracting talent due to perceived long stagnation before promotion. Many capable officers do not become principal district judges even after 15–16 years. Underlying Issues Career Stagnation: Lack of timely promotion in subordinate judiciary reduces professional motivation. High Pendency: Over 4.69 crore pending cases strain the judiciary, particularly district courts, affecting public access to justice. Impact on Talent: Talented law graduates and clerks hesitant to join judicial service. Systemic Bottlenecks: Delay in appointments, promotions, and streamlined career progression. Constitutional and Institutional Relevance District Judiciary: Vital for a healthy justice system; considered part of basic structure. Access to Justice: Weak base → delayed justice, undermining Article 21 (Right to Life & Liberty) and public trust in judiciary. Judicial Independence & Efficiency: Stagnation risks demoralizing officers, reducing effectiveness and independence. Broader Implications Quality of Judicial Service: Stagnation impacts the professional standards and effectiveness of judges. Litigation Multiplication: Weak lower judiciary leads to case pile-up in higher courts, aggravating pendency. Policy Gap: Need for career planning, promotion reforms, and Bar quota clarity to maintain judicial motivation. Talent Retention: Ensuring attractive career trajectory crucial to draw best talent into public service. India to submit updated carbon-reduction targets by the beginning of COP30 on Nov. 10 Why is it in the news India will submit its updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) at COP30 in Brazil on November 10, 2025. Expected to include increased energy efficiency targets and reinforce climate commitments. COP30 presidency (Brazil) emphasizes assessment of gaps in NDC achievement globally. Submission is timely as only 30 out of 190+ countries have submitted updated NDCs so far. Relevance: GS III (Environment & Climate Change): NDCs, Paris Agreement, emissions intensity, renewable energy targets. GS II (International Relations & Governance): Climate diplomacy, COP negotiations, global climate commitments. GS III (Economy & Energy): Carbon markets, energy transition, policy interventions in 13 major sectors. Understanding India’s NDCs NDC Definition: Nationally Determined Contributions are country-specific climate action commitments under the Paris Agreement. India’s 2022 NDCs: Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% (2005 levels). Source 50% of electric power capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2030. Create a carbon sink of at least 2 billion tonnes by 2030. Key Terminology: Emissions intensity of GDP: Carbon emissions per unit of GDP; does not equal absolute emission reduction. Non-fossil fuel capacity: Renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro, nuclear). Current Status (2023): 33% reduction in GDP emissions intensity (2005–2019). 50% of installed power capacity from non-fossil sources. Significance of Updated NDCs (NDC 3.0) Operational timeline: Likely to indicate targets for 2035. Carbon Market: India aims to operationalize the India Carbon Market by 2026 for 13 major sectors, enabling emission trading via reduction certificates. Global assessment: Updated NDCs feed into the UN ‘synthesis report’ to evaluate whether collective efforts are sufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals (well below 3°C warming). Global Context EU: No formal 2035 target yet; indicative reduction 66.25%–72.5% (1990 levels). Long-term goal: net zero by 2050. Australia: Updated NDC aims to cut emissions by 62%–70% of 2005 levels by 2035. Global gap: Even if all NDCs are perfectly met, world is projected to heat by 3°C, missing Paris target of well below 2°C. Strategic and Policy Implications Energy Transition: Higher energy efficiency and non-fossil power targets reinforce India’s climate leadership. Market Mechanism: Carbon market encourages corporate participation, incentivizes emissions reduction, and integrates economic tools with climate goals. International Diplomacy: Timely and ambitious NDC submission strengthens India’s position in global climate negotiations. Domestic Implementation: Targets will require policy interventions across 13 sectors, technology upgrades, and regulatory enforcement. Challenges Achieving absolute emission reduction while sustaining economic growth. Sectoral compliance: Ensuring carbon market operations are effective across industries. Global comparison: Need to match or exceed peers’ commitments to maintain credibility in climate diplomacy. Monitoring and Reporting: Accurate data collection and progress reporting to UNFCCC is critical. L-1 visa vis-à-vis the H-1B Why is it in the news The US administration imposed a $100,000 fee on fresh H-1B applications, prompting companies and workers to explore alternative work visas. The L-1 visa is being discussed as a potential alternative for certain employees of multinational companies. Policy relevance: Could affect Indian IT firms, Big Tech, and global talent mobility. Relevance: GS II (International Relations & Policy): US visa policies, bilateral labour mobility implications. GS III (Economy & Industry): Global talent mobility, Indian IT and Big Tech staffing strategies, international labour arbitrage. Understanding the L-1 visa Definition: L-1 is a non-immigrant intra-company transfer visa for executives, managers (L-1A), or employees with specialized knowledge (L-1B). Eligibility: Must have worked abroad for the same multinational firm for at least 1 continuous year in the past 3 years. Only the employer can petition; individuals cannot apply independently. Duration: L-1A: 7 years max (executives/managers) L-1B: 5 years max (specialized knowledge employees) Advantages: No lottery or quota; can apply year-round. “Blanket petitions” allow faster processing for large firms. L-1 holders can pursue a green card without jeopardizing status. Limitations: Tied to a single company; cannot switch employers freely. Not available to F-1 students (lack of prior international work experience). Cannot extend simply while awaiting a green card beyond allowed period. L-1 vs H-1B: Key Comparisons Feature L-1 H-1B Purpose Intra-company transfers Specialty occupation workers Eligibility 1 year abroad in same firm Bachelor’s degree or higher in relevant field Cap / Quota No cap 85,000/year (65k regular + 20k advanced degree) Lottery No Yes Prevailing wage Not required Required Duration L-1A: 7 yrs, L-1B: 5 yrs Initial 3 yrs, max 6 yrs Employer flexibility Tied to same company Can switch employers with new petition Green card Allowed, does not jeopardize status Allowed, but may require extensions for pending GC Student eligibility F-1 ineligible Optional through H-1B post-F-1 OPT   Conclusion: L-1 is not a blanket substitute for H-1B; it is specialized for multinational transfers, advantageous for eligible employees but limited in scope. Current Data L-1 issuance (US State Dept): FY2019: 76,982 FY2021 (pandemic low): 24,863 FY2023: 76,571 Refusal rates increased from ~7% to 12% in 2023. Strategic & Policy Implications For Indian IT and Big Tech firms: May rely more on L-1 transfers for eligible employees to mitigate the $100,000 H-1B fee. Encourages offshore staffing models for employees ineligible for L-1. Talent mobility: L-1 ensures retention of highly skilled employees within multinational structures. US perspective: Maintains focus on protecting domestic labor while still allowing multinational firms to bring experienced talent. Global competition: Other countries (Canada, Australia, UK) may attract H-1B-eligible workers unable to use L-1.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 September 2025

Content Ayurveda Day High energy pushes atomic brotherhood making way for next generation quantum devices Ayurveda Day What is Ayurveda? Meaning: “Ayur” = Life, “Veda” = Knowledge → Science of Life. Principle: Harmony between body, mind, spirit, and environment. Pillars: Preventive care, lifestyle management, diet, and natural therapies. Philosophy: Seeks balance between humans and nature, linking health to ecological well-being. Relevance : GS1 – Indian Heritage & Culture: Ayurveda, ancient holistic health system; harmony of body, mind, spirit, environment. GS2 – Governance / International Relations: Ministry of AYUSH initiatives; ICD-11 recognition; ISO/BIS standards; MoUs with WHO, Germany, Japan, Mauritius, Nepal. GS3 – Science & Technology / Environment: Digital portals (DRAVYA, APTA), Ran-Bhaji Utsav; preventive healthcare, sustainability, medical tourism. Ayurveda Day: Background First celebrated: 2016, focused on “Diabetes Prevention & Control”. Earlier Date: Dhanteras (Lord Dhanvantari’s birthday, divine physician). Fixed Date (since 2025): September 23 (Gazette Notification, March 2025). Purpose: Institutionalize Ayurveda as a global calendar event. Evolution of Themes: 2022: Ayurveda @ 2047 (vision under Amrit Mahotsav). 2023: Ayurveda for One Health (human-animal-plant-environment interlinkage). 2024: “Vaishvik Swasthya Ke Liye” (Global Health through Ayurveda). 2025: “Ayurveda for People & Planet” (health + sustainability). Ayurveda Day 2025 Highlights 10th edition, celebrated at All India Institute of Ayurveda (AIIA), Goa. Massive Outreach: Across India + 150+ countries via Indian Missions, universities, wellness orgs, diaspora. Key Launches: Desh ka Swasthya Parikshan: Nationwide health check campaign (CCRAS). DRAVYA Portal: Largest database on Ayurvedic herbs/products (classical + modern data). APTA Portal: Documenting lives & contributions of Ayurveda luminaries. Integrated Oncology Unit: Jointly by AIIA, Goa Govt., Tata Memorial Centre. Ran-Bhaji Utsav: Celebrating local edible plants for health & biodiversity. New Hospital Infrastructure: Sterile supply, linen care, blood supply at AIIA Goa. Recognition: National Dhanwantari Ayurveda Awards to promote excellence in practice, teaching, research, and policy. Institutional & Policy Framework Ministry of AYUSH (2014): Dedicated ministry for Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy. National AYUSH Mission (2014): Strengthening AYUSH hospitals & dispensaries. Co-location of AYUSH in PHCs, CHCs, DHs. Establishment of integrated hospitals. Global Integration Efforts: WHO: Inclusion of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani in ICD-11 (TM-2). ISO (2023): Dedicated standards for Ayurveda for global credibility. BIS: 91 standards (herbs, Panchakarma equipment, Yoga terminology). WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine: Gujarat. MoUs with countries: Germany, Mauritius, Japan, Nepal. AYUSH Chairs in foreign universities: e.g., Western Sydney University. AYUSH Cells in 30+ countries. Economic & Societal Relevance Billion-dollar industry: Growing demand in preventive healthcare & wellness sector. Medical Tourism: Ayurveda centers attracting international patients. Innovation: Digital Ayurveda tools, start-up incubation, integration with modern healthcare. Employment: Expanding sector generates opportunities in pharma, research, wellness, and tourism. Arguments in Favor Holistic Healthcare: Preventive and lifestyle-based approach suits modern health challenges (obesity, diabetes, stress). Global Recognition: WHO, ISO, BIS standardization increases credibility. Sustainability Link: “People & Planet” aligns Ayurveda with environmental ethics and SDGs (climate-health nexus). Cultural Soft Power: Enhances India’s global leadership in traditional knowledge. Challenges Scientific Validation: Need for more robust clinical trials and peer-reviewed research. Integration Issues: Coordination with allopathic medicine still limited. Commercialization Risks: Over-commercial use may dilute authenticity and sustainability of medicinal plants. Access & Equity: Benefits of Ayurveda must reach rural & marginalized communities, not just urban elites or foreign markets. Holistic Perspective People Dimension: Preventive healthcare, lifestyle balance, mental health, affordable wellness. Planet Dimension: Sustainable use of medicinal plants, biodiversity protection, local edible greens (Ran-Bhaji Utsav), climate-adaptive health practices. Global Dimension: Bridging traditional knowledge with modern healthcare systems, enhancing India’s soft power, promoting “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (One Earth, One Family, One Future). Conclusion Ayurveda Day 2025 marks a milestone in positioning Ayurveda as a science of both human and planetary health. By combining ancient wisdom with modern validation, and local roots with global outreach, Ayurveda is being rebranded as not just India’s heritage, but a global public good. Its future lies in scientific rigor, sustainable practices, equitable access, and global collaboration, ensuring Ayurveda’s role as a cornerstone of the 21st century wellness movement. High energy pushes atomic brotherhood making way for next generation quantum devices Atoms & Rydberg States Atom: Smallest unit of matter with electrons orbiting around the nucleus. Rydberg Atom: Atom with one electron excited to a very high energy level → atom “balloons” in size. Special Properties: Hypersensitive to external fields (electric, magnetic, light). Strong inter-atomic interactions. Ideal for exploring quantum entanglement and simulations. Relevance : GS3 – Science & Technology: Collective behavior in Rydberg atoms; next-gen quantum computers, sensors, communication devices. GS2 – Governance / Strategic Technology: Supports National Quantum Mission; strengthens Atmanirbhar Bharat in high-tech strategic sectors. The Experiment (India-led) Institutes: Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru (experimental), IISER Pune (theoretical). Atoms Used: Rubidium atoms cooled to near absolute zero → trapped with lasers + magnetic fields. Process: Excited atoms with light into Rydberg states. Observed Autler–Townes splitting (clean signal pattern of excited atoms). Pushed beyond 100th energy level → signals distorted (blurred). Significance: Distortion is not noise/error but evidence of atoms interacting collectively, not behaving independently. Discovery & Its Meaning First Global Demonstration: Interaction-driven distortions at such high Rydberg states. Threshold Identified: The line between isolated precision atoms and entangled atomic communities. Implication: Knowing when atoms “talk” to each other is crucial for building quantum devices. Why It Matters for Quantum Tech Quantum Computers: Collective behavior of atoms can be harnessed for faster and more secure processing. Quantum Sensors: Ultra-precise detection of signals (magnetic fields, gravity waves, etc.). Quantum Communication: Secure, entanglement-based data transfer. Simulation of Complex Systems: Understanding biological, chemical, or astrophysical systems by mimicking them with interacting atoms. Technological & Scientific Contributions Detection Breakthrough: Custom detection system at RRI → capable of catching signals from even a few photons. Enabled study of very high Rydberg states (n > 100) where signals are weak. Collaboration: Experimental (RRI) + theoretical (IISER Pune) integration → strong India-led innovation. Scientific Advance: Validates models of how matter transitions from single-particle physics to collective quantum systems. India’s Position in Global Quantum Race Global Visibility: First to show such distortions at high Rydberg states → places India on the frontline of quantum research. Strategic Value: Supports India’s National Quantum Mission (2023–2031). Strengthens India’s role in emerging tech geopolitics (US, EU, China also racing in quantum). Talent Development: Young researchers (PhD students) at the heart of discovery → builds next-gen scientific ecosystem. Broader Implications Fundamental Physics: New insights into matter’s behavior at extreme scales. Technology Development: Helps design reliable, scalable quantum devices. Innovation Ecosystem: Bridges lab-scale physics with real-world engineering of sensors/computers. National Impact: Boosts Atmanirbhar Bharat in high-tech frontiers, reducing dependence on Western quantum ecosystems. Strengths: Pioneering experiment, globally significant. Demonstrates India’s ability to engineer sensitive detection setups. Strong collaboration between experimental and theoretical physics. Challenges: Translating lab-scale physics into commercially viable devices is a long process. Needs large-scale funding and industry partnerships to compete with US/China quantum investments. Requires integration with global supply chains for quantum hardware (lasers, cryogenics, semiconductors). Conclusion This breakthrough marks a turning point in India’s quantum journey. By proving how atoms shift from independent to collective behavior under extreme energy, Indian scientists have opened a new roadmap for quantum computers, sensors, and communication systems. The discovery strengthens India’s scientific prestige, technological capabilities, and strategic positioning in the global quantum revolution.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 September 2025

Content PHC doctors — a case where the caregivers need care The growing relevance of traditional medicine Basic structure PHC doctors — a case where the caregivers need care Context Primary Health Centres (PHCs): Backbone of India’s public health system; first point of contact in rural and semi-urban areas. Population coverage: ~30,000 per PHC; 20,000 in hilly/tribal regions; 50,000 in urban areas. Role of PHC doctors: Beyond clinical care—planners, coordinators, program implementers, health educators, and community leaders. PHC core functions: Preventive care, maternal and child health, immunization, disease surveillance, vector control, school health programs. Relevance GS2 – Governance / Health Policy: Public health delivery, primary healthcare system, Universal Health Coverage (SDG 3.8). Role of PHC doctors in implementation of national programs (RBSK, immunization, disease surveillance). Workforce management, health administration, digital health systems (IHIP, HMIS). GS1 – Society / Social Issues: Access to healthcare in rural and tribal areas. Community-centered health delivery and participatory governance (gram sabhas, ASHA/ANM engagement). Practice Questions : Critically examine the challenges faced by PHC doctors in India and suggest systemic reforms to strengthen primary health care delivery.(250 Words) Expanded Responsibilities Clinical load: ~100 OPD patients/day; includes high-risk pregnant women, chronic illnesses, and emergencies. Multi-specialty expertise: Doctors must handle newborn care, geriatrics, infectious diseases, mental health, trauma, chronic diseases, and emergencies. Community engagement: Mentoring ASHAs/ANMs, visiting sub-centres/Anganwadis, organizing health education, participating in gram sabhas. Program execution: Key drivers of national health programs like RBSK, immunization campaigns, and outbreak response. Administrative Burden Paperwork overload: 100+ physical registers for patient records, drugs, MCH, NCDs, sanitation, etc. Digital systems: IHIP, PHR, Ayushman Bharat, IDSP, HMIS, UWIN → often duplicate physical registers. Result: Long hours, administrative fatigue, reduced time for clinical care and research. Burnout & Workforce Well-being PHC doctor stress: Clinical, administrative, and programmatic pressures → emotional exhaustion, detachment, and inefficiency. Global recognition: WHO ICD-11 recognizes physician burnout as occupational phenomenon; meta-analyses show 1/3 of primary care doctors in LMICs report exhaustion. India context: Even in progressive states like Tamil Nadu, systemic pressures remain despite NQAS certification. Systemic Challenges Mismatch of expectations and support: High patient load, program targets, data reporting vs. inadequate staffing and recognition. Redundant processes: Manual + digital documentation; lack of meaningful automation. Limited capacity for innovation: PHC doctors have little time for reflection, research, or skill development. Way Forward Administrative reform: Reduce redundant registers, meaningful digitization, delegate non-clinical tasks. Global best practices: Adopt initiatives like 25 by 5 to reduce documentation time by 75%. Supportive systems: Shift from compliance culture to facilitation; ensure physical, mental, and emotional well-being of doctors. Community-centered approach: Reinforce preventive care, local engagement, and holistic health delivery. Strategic Importance PHCs & UHC: Gateway to Universal Health Coverage (SDG 3.8) → essential for access, quality, and financial protection. Investment priority: PHC doctors are the foundation of a resilient health system; their welfare directly impacts public health outcomes. Policy Implication: Strengthening primary care is not just infrastructure expansion but systemic redesign with empathy and efficiency. The growing relevance of traditional medicine Context Traditional Medicine (TM) globally: Practised in 88% of WHO member states (170/194 countries). Significance: Primary healthcare for billions in low- and middle-income countries due to accessibility, affordability, and cultural familiarity. Beyond healthcare: Supports biodiversity conservation, nutrition security, sustainable livelihoods. Relevance GS1 – Society / Social Issues: Traditional knowledge systems, healthcare equity, wellness culture. Lifestyle diseases, preventive healthcare, community wellness. GS2 – Governance / Health Policy: Ministry of AYUSH initiatives, international cooperation, WHO partnerships, standards and recognition. Integration of traditional medicine in national/global health architecture. Practice Questions : Evaluate the role of traditional medicine in India’s public health system and its potential contribution to global healthcare.(250 Words) Global Market Overview Market growth: Global TM market projected to reach $583 billion by 2025 (10–20% annual growth). Key national sectors: China ($122.4B), Australia ($3.97B), India’s AYUSH ($43.4B). Trend: Shift from reactive treatment to preventive, wellness-oriented approaches addressing root causes. India’s AYUSH Transformation Industry expansion: 92,000+ MSMEs; manufacturing revenue ↑ from ₹21,697 crore (2014–15) to ₹1.37 lakh crore; services revenue ₹1.67 lakh crore. Exports: $1.54 billion to 150+ countries; Ayurveda gaining formal recognition internationally. Public awareness: NSSO 2022–23 → 95% rural, 96% urban aware; over 50% used AYUSH in preceding year. Usage pattern: Ayurveda preferred for rejuvenation and preventive care. Scientific Validation & Research Institutions: All India Institute of Ayurveda, Institute of Teaching & Research in Ayurveda, National Institute of Ayurveda, CCRAS. Focus areas: Clinical validation, drug standardization, integrative care models combining traditional and modern medicine. Technological integration: AI, digital health, big-data analytics to strengthen clinical validation and predictive care. Global Outreach International partnerships: 25 bilateral agreements, 52 institutional collaborations. Global presence: 43 AYUSH Information Cells in 39 countries; 15 academic chairs in foreign universities. WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre: Located in India; aims to integrate traditional medicine with modern science and technology. Philosophy & Contemporary Relevance Core principles: Balance of body–mind, humans–nature, consumption–conservation. Holistic approach: Encompasses human, veterinary, and plant health → aligns with “One Health” concept. Relevance 2025: Ayurveda Day theme “Ayurveda for People & Planet” emphasizes sustainable, preventive, and inclusive healthcare. Policy & Strategic Implications Economic: AYUSH sector as billion-dollar industry and global export driver. Soft power: Promotes India’s cultural heritage and traditional knowledge internationally. Public health: Supports preventive care, lifestyle disease mitigation, affordable access. Sustainability: Integrates health with environmental conservation, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Conclusion India’s AYUSH sector is a convergence of traditional knowledge, modern science, and technology, serving preventive, inclusive, and sustainable healthcare. Global positioning: Enhances India’s soft power, economic footprint, and leadership in integrating traditional medicine with global health strategies. Future outlook: Traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda can provide solutions for lifestyle disorders, climate-related health challenges, and holistic wellness, making them integral to planetary and human health. Basic structure Context Event: Mysuru Dasara festival, state-sponsored cultural celebration at Chamundeshwari Temple, Karnataka. Incident: Banu Mushtaq, a Muslim Booker Prize-winning writer, invited to inaugurate the festival. Petition: Claimed her participation violated Articles 25 & 26 (freedom of religion). Relevance GS1 – Society / Social Issues: Secularism, religious pluralism, cultural integration. Role of festivals in social cohesion. GS2 – Governance / Constitution: Articles 25, 26, and the Preamble; basic structure doctrine. Judicial review as a check against communalisation of public events. Practice Question : “Secularism is the cornerstone of India’s constitutional identity.” Discuss in light of recent Supreme Court rulings on public events.(250 Words) Supreme Court Intervention Bench: Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta. Ruling: Petition dismissed; clarified Dasara is a public/state cultural event, not a private religious ceremony. Principle reaffirmed: Secularism is part of the basic structure of the Constitution. Key observation: The State cannot discriminate based on religion in public events; participation in cultural events cannot be restricted by religious identity. Constitutional & Legal Dimensions Articles cited: Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion. Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs. Interpretation reinforced: Right to practise one’s religion does not confer the right to restrict others from participating. Public events organised by the State must respect pluralism and secularism. High Court support: Karnataka High Court previously upheld participation as constitutional. Social & Cultural Significance Festivals historically transcend social and religious barriers, promoting unity. Shared participation in cultural events strengthens social cohesion and pluralism. Editorial warns against political opportunists exploiting communal sensitivities to create rifts in society. Ethical & Governance Implications Ethical stance: Excluding participants based on religion is indefensible in a diverse society. Governance message: State events must reflect constitutional values — secularism, equality, and inclusivity. Accountability: Individuals or groups attempting to communalise public spaces must be held responsible legally and socially. Broader Lessons Secularism is not just a legal principle; it is cultural and political praxis in India. Public celebrations can serve as platforms to reinforce national unity and pluralistic ethos. Courts play a crucial role in upholding constitutional values against opportunistic communal interventions. Conclusion The Supreme Court reaffirmed that public events cannot discriminate on religious grounds, strengthening secularism as a core constitutional value. Key takeaway: In a pluralistic society, cultural celebrations must embrace diversity and reinforce the ethos of coexistence, resisting communal exploitation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 September 2025

Content H-1B’s New $100k Entry Cost: Why Young Indian Women Are Most at Risk Why is India Not Importing Corn from the U.S.? Supreme Court Judge Says It’s High Time Defamation Was Decriminalised Number of Polluted River Sites Showing Slight Reduction: CPCB Report Too Loud to Ignore: Why Indians Should Care About Noise Pollution in Cities Seed Treaty Reforms and Farmers’ Rights H-1B’s new $100k entry cost: why young Indian women are most at risk What Happened? U.S. government raised H-1B visa application fee to $100,000 (from a few thousand dollars earlier). Applies to new applicants, not renewals. Expected to disproportionately impact young Indian women. Relevance GS 1(Society): Gender empowerment, social equity. GS 2(International Relations): India–U.S. relations, diaspora policies, global migration. GS 3(Economy): Skilled workforce, IT services, economic self-reliance, innovation ecosystem.   Contextual Background H-1B visa: U.S. non-immigrant work visa for skilled professionals in tech, engineering, medicine, etc. India = largest beneficiary (over 70% of approvals). Historically, male-dominated pool, but women’s share in new applications is rising (37%). Fee hike follows U.S. debates on immigration, protectionism, and election-year politics. Institutional Angle U.S. domestic law: Immigration & Nationality Act governs H-1B. For India: India–U.S. migration policies, diaspora ties, protection of skilled workers. IT sector, services exports, employment generation. WTO relevance: Fee may be challenged as non-tariff trade barrier. Data & Reports Gender Gap: FY24 – 74% men vs 26% women in renewals; 63% men vs 37% women in fresh approvals. Salary Gap (Initial Employment): Women bottom 25%: $71k vs Men: $80k. Women median: $91k vs Men: $99k. Women top 25%: $125k vs Men: $131k. Age Profile: 75% of women <35 yrs (vs 65% men). Education: 44% women had Master’s (higher than men at 39%). Nationality Skew: Gender gap sharp for Indians, not Chinese. Multi-Dimensional Overview Political: U.S. signalling protectionism to appeal to domestic voters. Diplomatic strain possible in India–U.S. relations. Economic: Indian IT exports ($150B+ annually) may face talent bottlenecks. Small firms/startups hit harder than tech giants. Social: Women disproportionately affected despite higher qualifications. Entry barriers may reduce gender diversity in tech workforce. Geopolitical: U.S. risks losing talent to Canada, UK, Australia. India may push harder for skilled migration pacts (e.g., mobility partnership). Ethical: Raises fairness concerns: fee burden not aligned with wages, discriminatory impact on young women. Arguments & Counter-Arguments Arguments for fee: Curtails over-dependence on foreign workers. Generates revenue for U.S. immigration services. Protects local employment opportunities. Counter-arguments: Discriminatory impact on women and young professionals. May reduce U.S. competitiveness in tech and R&D. Violates spirit of equal opportunity and open markets. Way Forward For India: Diversify skilled migration partnerships (Canada, EU, Japan). Strengthen domestic digital ecosystem under Atmanirbhar Bharat. Push for mobility chapters in FTAs (UK, EU). For U.S.: Balance domestic labour concerns with global talent competitiveness. Way forward: Collaborative mobility frameworks that ensure affordability + inclusivity, preventing disproportionate impact on women. Why is India not importing corn from the U.S.? What Happened? U.S. Commerce Secretary demanded India import U.S. corn. India has been self-sufficient in maize, producing ~50 MT in 2024–25, with 10–12 MT diverted to ethanol. India imports ~1 MT maize (2024–25), mainly from Myanmar & Ukraine — but not from the U.S. U.S. maize is largely GM-based, which India resists. U.S. push is linked to agribusiness interests and Midwest political stakes (corn belt). Relevance GS 2(International Relations): India–U.S. relations, WTO, trade diplomacy. GS 3(Agriculture): Agriculture, food security, ethanol blending, energy security. Contextual Background India’s maize yield: <4 t/ha vs. world avg. 6 t/ha; U.S. yield: ~12 t/ha. Ethanol blending (20% by 2025) creates new maize demand. U.S. agriculture → export-oriented, capital-intensive, seeks overseas markets. WTO rules have curtailed subsidies, forcing U.S. agribusiness to push exports. Policy Angle India’s GM policy: Only GM cotton approved; GM food crops under moratorium. Ethanol blending policy (E20 target): Part of India’s renewable & energy security strategy. Trade law: Anti-dumping concerns if U.S. maize is imported at 70% of Indian cost. Political economy: Farmers’ protection, rural employment, and electoral stakes (e.g., Bihar maize farmers). Data & Reports India’s maize output: ~50 MT (2024–25). Imports: ~1 MT (2024–25), 60% Myanmar, rest Ukraine. U.S. maize: ~350 MT annually, 45 MT exported. Ethanol substitution potential: 20% blending can save ~$10B forex annually. Multi-Dimensional Overview Political: U.S. push tied to Republican corn-belt voters & Iowa primaries. India resists due to farmer distress risks and upcoming state elections. Economic: U.S. maize is cheaper → threat of dumping. India risks harming its domestic ethanol-maize ecosystem. Forex savings from domestic ethanol could be eroded. Social: GM safety concerns (toxicology, food chain risks). Lessons from Mexico: NAFTA imports displaced 1M+ farmers. Environmental: Ethanol programme reduces oil imports and emissions. Importing feedstock dilutes green & self-reliance goals. Technological: U.S. mechanisation vs. India’s labour-intensive agriculture. India’s scope: R&D in higher yield, non-GM maize hybrids. Ethical: Balancing farmer livelihoods vs. global trade obligations. Corporate agribusiness vs. smallholder protections. Arguments & Counter-Arguments For imports: Cheaper corn, bridging ethanol demand-supply gap, better yield efficiency. Against imports: Farmer distress, risk of GM contamination, undermining ethanol programme, political backlash. Conclusion Prioritise self-reliance in ethanol feedstock via better maize yields & diversified crops. Invest in research on non-GM hybrids & biofuels. Use trade diplomacy to resist U.S. pressure while leveraging other areas (tech, services) for negotiation. Safeguard farmer livelihoods & rural employment while balancing climate and energy goals. Maize (Corn) – Value Addition Agro-Climatic Requirements Climate: Warm, humid climate; grown in both tropical & subtropical regions. Temperature: 21–27°C (optimum); frost-sensitive. Rainfall: 50–100 cm; drought-sensitive, but also waterlogging intolerant. Soil: Fertile, well-drained alluvial or red loamy soils; pH 5.5–7.5. Season: Kharif (major), also Rabi & Spring (due to short duration hybrids). Leading Producers in India Top States (2023–24): Karnataka (~16–17% of national output) Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Telangana Bihar Together, these five states contribute ~65–70% of India’s maize output. India’s Global Standing Production (2024 est.): ~35–50 million tonnes (varies by source). Share in world production: ~3% (U.S. ~30%). Rank: 4th–6th globally (after U.S., China, Brazil, Argentina). Yield: ~3.5–4 t/ha (vs. world avg. ~6 t/ha, U.S. ~12 t/ha). Uses of Maize in India Food grain: Direct consumption (cornmeal, makki roti, snacks). Feed: Poultry, cattle, aquaculture (major share). Industry: Starch, sweeteners (glucose, HFCS), plastics, cosmetics. Alcohol and beverages. Biofuel: Ethanol blending (10–12 MT maize diverted in 2024–25). Policy & Programmes National Food Security Mission (NFSM) – Maize: productivity enhancement. Ethanol Blending Policy: 20% target by 2025–26 → maize as feedstock. ICAR – Indian Institute of Maize Research (Ludhiana): R&D on hybrids. Price support: MSP for maize in Kharif MSP schedule (2024–25 MSP: ₹2,225/qtl). Challenges Low productivity compared to global peers. Vulnerability to pests (Fall Armyworm outbreak since 2018). Price volatility due to poultry & ethanol demand. Resistance to GM maize (policy + socio-political concerns). Climate stress: rainfall variability affects yields. Supreme Court judge says it’s high time defamation was decriminalised What Happened? Justice M.M. Sundresh (SC) suggested time has come to decriminalise defamation. This comes despite the 2016 Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India case, where SC upheld criminal defamation as a reasonable restriction on free speech under Article 19(2). Multiple cases (Rahul Gandhi, Shashi Tharoor, The Wire) highlight how criminal defamation is used for political and personal vendettas. Relevance GS2 (Polity & Governance): Fundamental Rights (Art. 19, 21), Reasonable restrictions, Judiciary. GS2 (Governance): Media freedom, political accountability. Context & Background Defamation in India: Civil defamation → monetary compensation. Criminal defamation → IPC Sections 499–500; up to 2 years imprisonment. 2016 SC ruling: Reputation is part of Article 21 (Right to Life) → justified criminal defamation as protecting “social interest.” Current debate: misuse by political actors and private individuals → clogs judiciary, chills free speech. Constitutional / Legal Angle Article 19(1)(a): Freedom of speech & expression. Article 19(2): Allows reasonable restrictions (defamation included). Article 21: Reputation as part of life and dignity. Conflict: Balancing free speech vs right to reputation. Data & Reports Law Commission (267th Report, 2017): Recommended retaining criminal defamation but ensuring safeguards. Global practice: Many democracies (UK, USA) have abolished or rarely use criminal defamation; rely on civil remedies. India: NCRB data → thousands of pending defamation cases clogging trial courts. Multi-Dimensional Analysis Political: Criminal defamation often used by ruling/ opposition parties to harass opponents. Social: Journalists, activists, comedians face silencing effect (“chilling effect”). Legal: Re-examination needed—SC itself staying summons in many cases shows inconsistency. International: UNHRC & international bodies recommend decriminalisation to protect free speech. Arguments & Counter-Arguments For decriminalisation: Misused as a political weapon. Freedom of press & democracy require robust protection. Civil law sufficient for protecting reputation. Against decriminalisation: Reputation is fundamental right (Article 21). Civil defamation remedies (monetary) insufficient, especially for marginalized individuals. Fear of misuse of free speech without deterrence. Way Forward Balanced approach: Retain defamation as civil liability. Decriminalise or narrow criminal defamation (only for national security/communal harmony). Ensure faster disposal of defamation cases to protect reputation without stifling dissent. Way forward: Law Commission re-examination, Parliamentary debate, harmonisation with global democratic practices. Defamation in India – Value Addition Definition Defamation = Injury to a person’s reputation through words (spoken/written), signs, or representations. Types in India: Civil Defamation → tort (private wrong). Criminal Defamation → offence under IPC. Civil Defamation Nature: Private wrong → individual remedies. Legal Basis: No codified statute; governed by common law principles of tort. Standard: Plaintiff must prove → false statement + publication + harm to reputation. Remedies: Monetary damages (compensation). Injunctions (to stop further publication). Burden of Proof: On plaintiff (balance of probabilities). Criminal Defamation Nature: Public wrong → affects society at large. Legal Basis: IPC Sections 499–500. Section 499 IPC: Defines criminal defamation (with 10 exceptions). Section 500 IPC: Punishment → up to 2 years imprisonment or fine or both. Burden of Proof: Higher → “beyond reasonable doubt”. Examples of Exceptions (Sec. 499): Truth for public good. Fair comment on public conduct of public servants. Reporting of court proceedings. Literary/artistic criticism. Judicial Stand Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India (2016): SC upheld criminal defamation → reputation = part of Article 21. Criminal defamation = reasonable restriction under Article 19(2). Recent SC Observations (2025): Growing misuse → suggested decriminalisation. Imran Pratapgarhi case (2025): “Defamation must be judged from standards of reasonable, strong-minded men, not touchy individuals.” Global Perspective Abolished/Decriminalised: UK (2009), USA (only civil), Ghana, Sri Lanka (partially). India: Among few democracies retaining criminal defamation. Number of polluted river sites are showing a slight reduction: CPCB What Happened? CPCB released updated data (2023) on river water quality. Key metric: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). 3 mg/l → unfit for bathing. 30 mg/l → Priority 1 (most polluted). Findings: Locations unfit for bathing: 807 (2023) vs 815 (2022). Polluted river stretches (PRS): 296 (2023) in 271 rivers vs 311 (2022) in 279 rivers. Priority 1 stretches reduced to 37 (2023) from 45 (2022). Relevance GS1 (Geography): River systems, water resources. GS2 (Governance): Inter-agency coordination, role of CPCB. GS3 (Environment): Pollution control, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation). Context CPCB monitors 4,736 locations: rivers, lakes, drains, canals. A river is classified as PRS if two continuous locations exceed BOD criteria. CPCB reports prepared in two-year phases → data is crucial for water policy, NGT orders, Jal Jeevan Mission, Namami Gange. State-Wise Findings (2023) Highest PRS/locations: Maharashtra (54), Kerala (31), MP (18), Manipur (18), Karnataka (14). Priority 1 stretches: Rajasthan (5 highest in 2023). Earlier (2022): Maharashtra had 55 polluted stretches, followed by MP (19), Bihar (18), Kerala (18), Karnataka (17), UP (17). Why BOD Matters? Definition: Amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic matter. High BOD = oxygen depletion → aquatic life stress → unsafe for human use. Proxy for sewage discharge, industrial effluents, agricultural run-off. Systemic Issues Urbanisation & Sewage: 70–80% untreated sewage flows into rivers. Industrial Waste: Effluents without treatment plants. Monitoring Gaps: Rural stretches less covered. Governance: Multiple overlapping agencies (CPCB, SPCBs, Jal Shakti Ministry). Positive Signs Incremental reduction in polluted stretches (311 → 296). Decline in Priority 1 stretches (45 → 37). Indicates some improvement from river cleaning initiatives (e.g., Namami Gange, AMRUT 2.0). Concerns Still 807 locations unfit for bathing → unsafe for communities depending on rivers. Maharashtra continues to dominate polluted stretches list. Priority 1 stretches remain high, showing severe hotspots. Way Forward Expand Sewage Treatment: Universal STPs for cities and towns. Industrial Accountability: Strict zero-discharge norms for polluting units. Strengthen Monitoring: Real-time water quality sensors across rivers. Decentralised Solutions: Phyto-remediation, wetlands, bio-digesters for rural sewage. Community Engagement: River monitoring by local communities, citizen science initiatives. Policy Integration: Link CPCB data with Namami Gange and Atal Bhujal Yojana for holistic water management. Too Loud to Ignore: Why Indians Should Care About Noise Pollution in Cities What Happened? Noise pollution is a recognized air pollutant under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. Despite its health risks (hypertension, stress, sleep disorders, cognitive decline), it is neglected in policy and enforcement. WHO recommends ≤55 dB(A) by day, ≤45 dB(A) by night. Indian rules: 55 dB (day), 45 dB (night) for residential areas. Reality: Indian traffic often exceeds 70 dB(A) regularly. Relevance GS1 (Society & Urbanisation): Impact of urban noise on quality of life. GS2 (Governance, Policy): Role of Pollution Control Boards, fragmented governance. GS3 (Environment): Noise as a pollutant under Air Act, link with SDGs (Goal 3: Good Health, Goal 11: Sustainable Cities). Context Noise is not just a nuisance but a serious health hazard: cardiovascular diseases, mental stress, premature mortality. Unlike air pollution, systematic monitoring is minimal. Governance is fragmented across multiple authorities, leading to poor enforcement. Systemic Failures (as Article highlights) Inadequate Monitoring Few real-time noise sensors. Limited, sporadic, incomplete measurement. Structural & Cultural Barriers Honking, loudspeakers, festivals normalized. Lack of recognition that noise is as harmful as smoke. Fragmented Governance Pollution boards, municipalities, police work in silos. Weak incentives, limited resources. Health, Social & Economic Impact Health: Hypertension, sleep disturbance, poor cognitive performance, hearing loss. Social: Disproportionate burden on street vendors, traffic police, urban poor living in congested corridors. Economic: Productivity loss due to stress and poor sleep; rising healthcare costs. Comparative Perspective Air pollution received attention only after public health crises & civil society activism. Same neglect is being repeated with noise pollution. In advanced economies: real-time monitoring, strict zoning, green buffers are common. Policy Path Ahead (Article’s Suggestions) Expand real-time noise monitoring; machine learning to map sources (traffic, construction, industry). Urban planning: Green buffers (parks, trees, sound barriers). Zoning laws to separate high-intensity noise areas from residences. Governance reforms: Noise regulations must be backed by transparent data. Cross-sector collaboration: transport, power, urban development. Community engagement: awareness campaigns, religious & cultural stakeholders. Equity focus: protect the most exposed groups (workers, urban poor, traffic personnel). Right to Quiet should be treated as a basic public health right. Arguments & Counter-Arguments For stricter regulation: Protects health, aligns with WHO norms, equity for vulnerable groups. Against (practical challenge): Enforcement difficult in culturally diverse, noisy societies; resistance from religious/cultural groups; resource constraints. Way Forward Recognize Noise as a major environmental hazard like air pollution. National Noise Control Policy with real-time monitoring, stricter penalties, urban design changes. Citizen awareness campaigns + school education on noise sensitivity. Integrate Right to Quiet into public health framework → basic dignity and wellness. Seed Treaty reforms and farmers’ rights The Treaty International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA / Plant Treaty) – under FAO (2004). Objective: Facilitates exchange of seeds/genetic resources for food security and ensures equitable benefit-sharing. Current system: Multilateral System (MLS) covering 64 crops (rice, wheat, maize etc.), accessible to researchers, companies, and institutions. Benefit-sharing mechanism: Expected when commercial crops are developed from shared resources. Relevance GS 2(International Relations): International treaties, governance of commons, India’s role in global negotiations, rights of farmers/peasants. GS 3(Environment and Ecology): Biodiversity, food security, climate resilience, biotechnology, IPR issues. Key Proposals Under Negotiation (2025 Reforms) Expansion of MLS: From 64 crops → all plant genetic resources (including wild, uncultivated, non-edible plants). Dual-access system: Subscription model: Fixed fee for broad access. Single-access model: Pay only when commercialising. Digital Sequence Information (DSI): Allows use of genetic data online without physical seeds → risk of digital biopiracy. Concerns Raised by Farmers & Civil Society Seed Sovereignty at Risk: Expansion without strong safeguards → unrestricted corporate access to India’s seed diversity. Weak Benefit Sharing: Millions of seed samples shared, but little/no benefit returned to source countries or farmers. Biopiracy: Companies patenting varieties developed from traditional seeds, selling them back to farmers. Digital Loophole: Genetic data (DSI) exploited without benefit-sharing. Exclusion of Farmers: Treaty reforms shaped by corporate lobbying, with limited farmer consultation. Contradiction with National/International Laws: Risks undermining India’s Biodiversity Act (2002), PPV&FR Act (2001), CBD, Nagoya Protocol, and UN Declaration on Rights of Peasants. India-Specific Implications India is mega-biodiverse → vast genetic resources at stake. Farmers’ Rights (under Article 9 of Treaty & PPV&FR Act): to save, use, exchange, sell seeds. Could be eroded. Seed Sovereignty: Expansion could transfer control of India’s gene banks to multinational corporations. Public Health Risk: Seeds used for pharma/biotech → medicines developed and sold back at high costs. Strategic Position: India co-chairs current negotiations → outcome directly affects domestic sovereignty. Broader Global Dimensions North-South Divide: Developing countries (Asia, Africa, Latin America) fear loss of genetic sovereignty; developed countries & corporations push for open access. Food Security Challenge: Monocropping & corporate dominance vs. resilience of indigenous seed systems. Climate Change Angle: Traditional landraces crucial for adaptation and nutritional security. Way Forward Strengthen Benefit Sharing: Mandatory upfront payments, fair royalty models, and data governance for DSI. Transparency: Public disclosure of who accesses seeds and how they are used. Recognition of Farmers’ Rights: Stronger safeguards in line with Article 9 of Plant Treaty. National Sovereignty: Ensure treaty reforms align with India’s Biodiversity Act and PPV&FR Act. Inclusive Process: Consult farmers, seed savers, and state governments before adopting reforms.

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