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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 September 2025

Content Over 800 killed, 2,800 injured as earthquake strikes Afghanistan 2 more die of ‘brain-eating amoeba’ infection in Kerala India-U.S. relationship: trust defines partnership, not tariffs What is CEREBO, the brain tool developed indigenously? Can an AI image-to-video feature put children at risk? SC refuses to entertain plea against roll-out of 20% ethanol-blended petrol nationwide Geographers uncover why some rivers stay single while others split Over 800 killed, 2,800 injured as earthquake strikes Afghanistan What is an Earthquake? An earthquake = sudden shaking of Earth’s surface due to release of stored energy (elastic strain) in rocks. Occurs when two tectonic blocks slip past one another → seismic waves radiate out. Key terms: Hypocenter: Point inside Earth where quake starts. Epicenter: Point directly above it on surface. Magnitude: Measures energy released (Richter/Mw scale). Depth: Shallow quakes (<70 km) more destructive than deep ones. Relevance : GS I (Geography – Earthquakes, Plate Tectonics) + GS III (Disaster Management – Preparedness, Response, Regional Cooperation) Why Do Earthquakes Occur?   Earth’s crust is divided into tectonic plates. Plates move (few cm/year), colliding, diverging, or sliding → stress builds → sudden slip → quake. Magnitude vs Impact: Each unit rise in magnitude ≈ 32x more energy. Magnitude 6 releases 32x more energy than magnitude 5. Why Afghanistan is So Vulnerable Tectonic Setting: Lies on collision zone between Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Collision rate: ~45 mm/year (among fastest in world). Creates complex fault systems (thrust + strike-slip faults). Seismicity: Hindu Kush region → one of most active globally. Recorded >7 major quakes (>7.0 magnitude) since 1900. Geography & Settlement Patterns: Mountainous terrain → landslides, blocked rescue. Many rural houses → made of mud-brick, stone → collapse easily. Dense family sleeping arrangements at night → high casualties. Socio-political Factors: Weak governance, poor infrastructure, limited disaster response. Conflict zones → difficult access for rescue and aid. Why Do Shallow Quakes Cause More Damage? Depth < 70 km = “shallow focus earthquake.” Energy is released close to surface → intense ground shaking. Example: 2023 Herat quakes killed ~1,300 people; 2025 Nangarhar quake killed 800+. Implications of Afghanistan’s Seismic Vulnerability Humanitarian: Mass deaths, injuries, displacement. Economic: Destruction of homes, livelihoods, agriculture. Regional Spillover: Tremors affect Pakistan, Iran, Central Asia. Geopolitical: International aid dependence; Taliban regime’s limited capacity. Way Forward – Reducing Risks Preparedness: Early warning systems; seismic monitoring networks. Community awareness & drills. Resilient Infrastructure: Earthquake-resistant construction codes (mud-brick retrofitting). Ban on unsafe hillside settlements. Disaster Response: Regional cooperation (SAARC, SCO) for disaster relief. Pre-positioned rescue supplies in quake-prone zones. Long-term Strategy: Integrate seismic risk into urban planning. International support for rebuilding with resilience. 2 more die of ‘brain-eating amoeba’ infection in Kerala Basics Disease: Amoebic meningoencephalitis = rare, fatal brain infection caused by free-living amoebae. Causative agent: Naegleria fowleri → causes Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM). Balamuthia mandrillaris / Acanthamoeba → cause Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE). Mortality rate: ~95% despite treatment. Relevance :  GS II (Health – Communicable Diseases, Public Health Policy) + GS III (Environment – Climate Change & Health; Science & Tech – Emerging Diseases) Transmission Amoeba enters the human body through the nose while swimming/bathing in contaminated water. Not transmitted person-to-person. Travels along olfactory nerves → brain → causes inflammation. Symptoms Incubation: 5–10 days after exposure. Early: fever, headache, nausea, vomiting. Later: stiff neck, confusion, seizures, hallucinations, coma → death. Variants PAM (Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis): acute, rapid, usually Naegleria fowleri. GAE (Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis): slower progression, linked to Acanthamoeba/Balamuthia. Kerala Outbreak (2024–25) Location: Kozhikode and Malappuram districts. Deaths: 3 confirmed (including an infant, a 9-year-old, and a 52-year-old). Cases: 42 suspected; 13 under treatment, 8 in ICU. Likely source: contaminated well water used domestically. Public health response: State-wide chlorination drive for waterbodies. Why Kerala is Seeing Cases Environmental factors: warm, stagnant freshwater bodies (ideal for amoeba growth). Behavioral factors: widespread use of untreated well water. Climatic factors: rising temperatures, erratic rainfall → increased microbial proliferation. Detection gap: under-reporting due to misdiagnosis as bacterial/viral meningitis. Public Health Implications Health burden: High fatality, affects children disproportionately. Surveillance challenge: Rare disease → delayed diagnosis, limited lab capacity. Water safety crisis: Highlights gaps in rural water management. Psychosocial impact: Fear of “brain-eating amoeba” could trigger panic and mistrust in public water systems. Policy & Governance Response Kerala Health Dept: Emergency surveillance and awareness campaigns. Chlorination of wells, ponds, water tanks. Gaps: Lack of early diagnostic infrastructure. Absence of national guidelines on amoebic infections. Weak enforcement of water quality standards in rural areas. Way Forward Water safety: Regular monitoring, chlorination, deep cleaning of wells. Early detection: Equip district hospitals with PCR tests for amoebae. Treatment protocols: Stock drugs like Amphotericin B, Miltefosine. Community awareness: Avoid swimming in stagnant waters, ensure boiled/filtered water for infants. Research need: National registry on rare infections; climate-disease link studies. Integrated action: Converge health, local govt, water supply boards. India-U.S. relationship: trust defines partnership, not tariffs Basics Tariff: A tax imposed by a government on imports (can be ad valorem, specific, or mixed). Purpose: Protect domestic industries, correct trade imbalances, or exert geopolitical leverage. Impact: Makes foreign goods costlier → reduces competitiveness → hits exporters. Relevance: GS II (International Relations – India–U.S. Relations, WTO) + GS III (Economy – Trade Policy, Protectionism vs Free Trade)   The 2025 U.S. Move Decision: U.S. doubled tariffs to 50% on a wide range of Indian exports. Scale: $87.3 billion worth of Indian exports to U.S. in 2024; $48–55 billion now directly at risk. Sectors hit hardest (labour-intensive, job-creating): Gems & jewellery: ~$10B (25% of exports go to U.S.). Textiles & apparel: ~$8B (70% destined to U.S.). Agriculture: ~$6B (rice, spices, seafood, niche agri-products). Leather & footwear: ~$3B. Exporters rushed to fulfill orders before tariffs took effect (July 2025: jewellery exports +16%, lab-grown diamonds +27.6%). Why This Matters Economic shock: Job-intensive sectors risk losing U.S. market share to cheaper suppliers (e.g., Bangladesh, Vietnam). Value chain disruption: India’s traditional export strengths undermined. Perception issue: Seen as a setback after decades of building a “strategic, multi-faceted” U.S.-India relationship. Areas Unaffected / Thriving Pharmaceuticals: $50B industry, $3.7B exports in H1 2025; exempt from tariffs. India supplies 40% of U.S. generics. Services & IT: $387.5B trade in FY 2024–25; $33.2B to U.S. → remains strong (IT, BFSI, consulting). Defence & Security: Joint exercises, co-production, technology transfers, intelligence sharing continue. Energy & Climate: LNG imports, renewable partnerships, green hydrogen cooperation unaffected. Space & Innovation: NASA–ISRO projects, digital innovation partnerships expanding. Aviation: Boeing orders, airport modernization projects remain robust. Strategic Dimension Beyond tariffs: Diaspora: 4.8M Indian-origin population; >150 Indian-origin CEOs in global corporations. Students: >200,000 Indians in U.S. universities, contributing to talent & innovation pipelines. Soft power: Indian festivals in U.S. politics & culture reinforce people-to-people trust. Resilience of ties: Survived Cold War suspicion, sanctions, past trade disputes → trust, not tariffs, defines partnership. India’s Possible Responses Short-term: Diversify markets (Africa, Latin America, Indo-Pacific). Speed up order completion to minimize immediate losses. Medium-term: Strengthen domestic resilience: move up value chain, invest in design & branding (esp. textiles & jewellery). Innovate supply chains to reduce U.S. dependence. Long-term: Persist in “hardware diplomacy” (defence, energy, tech) while tariffs dominate “trade headlines.” Leverage diaspora & people-to-people ties as the “software” of U.S.-India relations. Push for WTO-compatible dispute resolution if tariffs violate norms. Way Forward Balanced strategy: Protect vulnerable sectors (MSMEs in textiles, gems, leather). Proactive diplomacy: Use 2+2 dialogue & Quad to negotiate trade relief. Atmanirbhar Bharat push: Reduce vulnerability to sudden external shocks. People-first diplomacy: Use diaspora and education linkages as stabilizers. What is CEREBO, the brain tool developed indigenously? Basics of the Device Developer: Collaboration between ICMR, MDMS, AIIMS Bhopal, NIMHANS Bengaluru, and Bioscan Research. Nature: Hand-held, portable, non-invasive tool. Purpose: Early detection of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) → intracranial bleeding + edema. Technology: Uses near-infrared spectroscopy + machine learning. Output: Radiation-free, colour-coded results within 1 minute. Safety: Suitable for infants, pregnant women, unskilled/paramedic use. Relevance : GS II (Health – Healthcare Access, Affordable Technology) + GS III (Science & Tech – AI, Medical Innovation, Atmanirbhar Bharat/Make in India) Importance of CEREBO Accessibility: Designed for areas lacking CT/MRI (ambulances, rural clinics, trauma centres, disaster response units). Affordability: Cost-effective, avoids expensive imaging. Speed: Reduces time-to-diagnosis → critical in the “golden hour” for brain injuries. Triage support: Helps decide which patients need urgent CT/MRI. Global adoption: Potential use in military, disaster, and emergency healthcare systems. Clinical & Regulatory Validation Trials: Multi-centre clinical performance evaluation at leading trauma/neuro centres. Evidence: Confirmed diagnostic accuracy, decision-making speed, integration feasibility. Post-market surveillance: Positive feedback on adoption by frontline staff. Health Technology Assessment: Recommends use in tertiary care for: Faster CT scan access. Optimised triage. Reduced imaging costs. Understanding Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Definition: Brain dysfunction caused by sudden external trauma → mild (concussion) to severe. Common causes: Road traffic injuries: ~60%. Falls: 20–25%. Violence: ~10%. Epidemiology (India): 1.5–2 million injured annually. ~1 million deaths per year. Major cause of morbidity, mortality, disability, and socio-economic burden. Traditional diagnosis: Glasgow Coma Scale (subjective, error-prone). Imaging (costly, needs infrastructure, not always accessible). Complications: Permanent brain damage, cognitive impairments, emotional instability, higher neurodegenerative risk. Why CEREBO is a Game-Changer Bridges diagnostic gaps in rural & underserved areas. Decentralises brain injury care → frontline workers can screen before reaching tertiary centres. Reduces mortality by enabling early detection and timely intervention. Supports universal health coverage goals (affordable, accessible, scalable tech). Global relevance: Could be adopted by WHO emergency health kits, disaster relief operations, and military medical units. Challenges / Limitations Needs large-scale deployment funding. Requires training modules for paramedics & unskilled users. Potential risk of false positives/negatives in borderline cases. Must integrate seamlessly into existing trauma-care pathways. Way Forward Scale-up production with Make in India & MedTech Mission. Integrate with National Health Mission (NHM) & Ayushman Bharat emergency care. Promote PPP collaborations for faster adoption. Continuous post-market surveillance to refine accuracy. Explore export potential as a low-cost diagnostic tool for LMICs (low- and middle-income countries). Can an AI image-to-video feature put children at risk? Basics of the Incident Trigger: Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian used MidJourney to animate a childhood photo with his mother. Reaction: Many empathised with the emotional value of reliving a memory. Others criticised it as creating “false memories”, interfering with healthy grieving. Virality: Video gained 20M+ views on X, sparking global debate. Relevance : GS III (Science & Tech – AI & Deepfakes; Cybersecurity) + GS IV (Ethics – Technology & Society, Child Protection, Digital Ethics) Technology Behind It AI Photo-to-Video Tools: MidJourney, Google Photos “Create”, xAI’s Grok Imagine. Process: Still photo → AI predicts missing frames → generates motion (hair moving, hugs, eye blinks). Evolution: Earlier: AI upscaling (removing blur/pixelation). Now: Generative AI → morphing, object removal, filling gaps, creating lifelike but synthetic videos. Potential Benefits Memory preservation: Reviving old or damaged photos of loved ones. Cultural heritage: Restoring archival photos/videos for museums and education. Entertainment: Creative storytelling, personalisation in media. Accessibility: Helping visually impaired people experience photos in dynamic formats. Therapeutic potential: Comfort for grieving families, closure in some contexts. Risks & Concerns False memories: Risk of altering personal or collective memory. Emotional manipulation: Artificial comfort may hinder natural grieving. Consent & ethics: Photos of deceased or minors turned into videos without permission. Child safety: Cybercriminals misuse to create synthetic CSAM (Child Sexual Abuse Material). Example: U.S. teen’s suicide after extortion from AI-generated nudes. NCMEC reports 7,000+ cases (2022–24) involving AI-enabled exploitation. Privacy: Minors’ photos online can be weaponised into deepfakes. Cultural harm: Morphing celebrities or leaders → reputational damage, misinformation. Legal & Ethical Dimensions Copyright: Editing copyrighted images usually requires permission. EU (GDPR): Children (<16) cannot consent to use of personal data/images. AI-generated “synthetic media” in legal grey zones unless explicitly illegal. U.S.: NCMEC raises alarm on GenAI + child exploitation. Deepfake laws vary by state. India: IT Rules 2021: Platforms must remove morphed/AI deepfake content. MeitY advisories: Explicit takedown obligations for CSAM/deepfakes. Platforms like Meta, Google, X → mandated grievance officers in India. Ethics: Raises questions of consent, dignity, autonomy, especially for vulnerable groups (children, deceased). Platform Safeguards Google Photos: Limited prompts (“subtle movements”, “I’m feeling lucky”). Adds invisible digital watermark (SynthID) + visual watermark. Red teaming, content filters, user feedback loops. xAI (Musk): No clear safeguards disclosed yet. Industry gaps: Guardrails uneven, enforcement weak, AI firms aggressively promoting services. Governance & Policy Gaps Global gap: No comprehensive international framework for synthetic media misuse. Law lagging tech: Regulations designed for explicit content, not synthetic “realistic” but non-explicit media. Accountability challenge: Who is liable — creator, platform, or AI company? Detection limitations: Watermarks can be bypassed; filters not foolproof. Way Forward Stronger regulations: Global framework on AI content moderation (like GDPR but AI-specific). Child protection: Explicit ban on synthetic CSAM (like real CSAM). Technical safeguards: compulsory watermarking, detection standards. Consent & transparency: Mandatory disclosure when AI-modified content is used. Awareness & literacy: Digital literacy campaigns on risks of AI-generated deepfakes. Ethical AI: Encourage responsible use (e.g., memory preservation with explicit consent, educational uses). India-specific: Integrate with upcoming Digital India Act, focus on AI deepfake detection, strict liability on platforms. SC refuses to entertain plea against roll-out of 20% ethanol-blended petrol nationwide Basics of the Case Petition: Filed challenging nationwide roll-out of E20 fuel (20% ethanol-blended petrol). Claim: Violates rights of vehicle owners whose cars are incompatible with E20. No option left for ethanol-free petrol (older blends like E5, E10 phased out). Risks mechanical damage, insurance denial, and reduced efficiency. Petitioner’s Demand: Continue availability of ethanol-free petrol for vehicles manufactured before April 2023. Mandate clear ethanol labelling at all fuel stations. Conduct nationwide impact study on non-compatible vehicles. Relevance: GS III (Environment – Clean Energy Transition, Climate Mitigation) + GS III (Agriculture – Farmer Income, Biofuel Policy) + GS III (Economy – Energy Security, Consumer Rights) Supreme Court’s Decision Bench: CJI B.R. Gavai & Justice K. Vinod Chandran. Dismissed Petition: Refused to interfere in government’s clean fuel policy. Reasoning: Policy linked to farmers’ income, energy security, and forex savings. Court unwilling to obstruct India’s clean fuel transition. AG R. Venkataramani suggested petition reflected vested interests against blending. Government’s Stand Benefits of E20: Boosts sugarcane farmers’ income. Reduces oil imports (India imports ~85% of crude). Cuts carbon emissions. Ministry of Petroleum claimed: better acceleration, improved ride quality. Insurance Validity: Clarified that policies remain valid for vehicles using E20. Implementation: E20 being gradually rolled out since 2023, replacing E5/E10. Issues Raised by Petitioners Efficiency Loss: NITI Aayog’s 2021 report: E20 could cut fuel efficiency by 6–7% in 4-wheelers and 3–4% in 2-wheelers. Vehicle Damage: Non-compatible engines may suffer corrosion, deposit buildup, or faster wear. Consumer Rights: Lack of choice (no ethanol-free petrol). Breach of right to informed choice under Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (absence of proper labelling). Liability Gaps: Vehicle manufacturers & insurers won’t cover damage caused by E20 use in non-compatible vehicles. Broader Context India’s Ethanol Blending Policy: E20 target by 2025-26 (advanced from 2030). Part of National Biofuel Policy, 2018. Current status (2024-25): E20 rollout in progress; E10 nearly universal. Global Practices: U.S., Brazil widely use higher ethanol blends (E20–E85). Requires compatible flex-fuel vehicles. Economic Linkages: Supports sugar sector by diverting surplus cane to ethanol. Helps stabilise sugar prices and ensure rural incomes. Challenges & Risks Technical: Older vehicles not compatible → mechanical degradation. Mileage reduction → higher consumer costs. Agricultural: Over-reliance on sugarcane (water-intensive crop). Risk of food vs fuel debate if more land shifts to ethanol crops. Environmental: While ethanol cuts tailpipe emissions, cane cultivation strains water resources. Consumer Protection: Lack of awareness, limited choices at pumps. Analysis of SC Verdict Positive: Reinforces India’s clean energy & self-reliance transition. Judicial deference to policy choices on energy & climate. Concerns Ignored: Consumer choice & compensation for vehicle damage. Adequacy of public consultation & awareness campaigns. Balance between farmers’ welfare vs consumer rights. Way Forward Technical Solutions: Gradual phase-out of old vehicles, retrofit options for compatibility. Mandatory labelling of ethanol content at pumps. Policy Safeguards: Transitional period: Ensure parallel supply of ethanol-free petrol. Consumer compensation framework for engine damage. Agricultural Diversification: Encourage second-generation biofuels (crop residues, waste, maize, sorghum). Reduce sole dependence on sugarcane ethanol. Public Awareness: Campaigns on efficiency changes, safety, and insurance coverage. Geographers uncover why some rivers stay single while others split Basics of River Typology Single-thread rivers: Flow in one continuous channel. Typically meandering, with equilibrium between bank erosion and bar accretion. Width remains relatively stable. Multi-thread rivers (braided): Split into multiple channels separated by bars/islands. Arise when erosion exceeds deposition, widening the channel until it splits. Exhibit inherent instability and frequent lateral shifts. Relevance: GS I (Geography – Fluvial Geomorphology, River Systems) + GS III (Disaster Management – Floods, River Basin Management, Human Interference in Natural Systems) The UCSB Study (2023, Science) Dataset: 84 rivers across the globe. 36 years of Landsat satellite imagery (1985–2021). Method: Particle Image Velocimetry — tracked small changes in annual satellite images. Produced >4,00,000 measurements of erosion vs accretion. Key Finding: Single-thread rivers → balance between erosion and deposition. Multi-thread rivers → erosion dominates deposition → widening & splitting. Thus, erosion imbalance drives multi-threading. Supporting Stanford Study (2023) Focus: Role of vegetation in meandering rivers. Findings: Vegetated bends → move outward (increase sinuosity). Unvegetated bends → migrate downstream without much lateral shift. Vegetation causes levee formation, influencing bend migration & floodplain evolution. Human Interference in River Morphology Drivers of change: Damming, diking, sediment mining, agriculture, channelization. Many rivers have transitioned from multi-thread to single-thread due to artificial confinement. India example: Ganga and Brahmaputra sections artificially confined with embankments → altered natural dynamics. Case Studies: Indian Rivers Ganga (Patna, Farakka, Paksey): Exhibits both single-thread and braided stretches. Brahmaputra (Pasighat, Pandu, Bahadurabad): Classical braided river. Very high erosion rates, unstable channels. Sub-channels widen and split repeatedly → inherent instability. Implications for Flooding & River Management Multi-thread rivers: Higher flood and erosion risks. Rating curves (used to measure flow discharge) must be updated frequently. River restoration: Multi-channel rivers can return to natural state relatively quickly if allowed space. Nature-based solutions: Remove artificial embankments. Restore floodplains. Vegetated buffer zones. Reactivate abandoned channels. Wetland creation in braided stretches. Conceptual Shifts in River Geomorphology Old view: Rivers shaped by equilibrium of erosion and deposition. New view (UCSB study): Instability cycles drive multi-thread rivers — widening → splitting → widening again. Old view: Plants co-evolved with meandering rivers. New view (Stanford study): Vegetation changes migration dynamics, not just stability. Broader Significance Geomorphology: Advances theory of river channel formation. Ecology: Different river types → different habitats & ecosystem services. Climate Adaptation: As extreme rainfall increases, river instability becomes a key risk factor. Engineering: Models for flood prediction must move beyond fixed-width assumptions. Policy: Calls for integrated river basin management that respects natural morphodynamics.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 September 2025

Content Horticulture: Strengthening India’s Agri-Economy India’s GDP Surge: Driving the Growth Story Horticulture: Strengthening India’s Agri-Economy Introduction Horticulture covers fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, plantation crops, tubers, and medicinal plants. India: 2nd largest producer of fruits & vegetables globally (after China). Sector’s significance: Enhances nutritional security. Provides high-value income compared to cereals. Generates year-round employment. Promotes crop diversification and export potential. Case Studies: Kerala: Coconut-based mixed farming → ₹14–15 lakh/yr. Assam: Floriculture (Gladiolus, Tube Rose, Gerbera) → Income doubled vs cereals. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture , Indian Economy) Growth Trends (Data-Driven) Production growth: 2013–14 → 280.7 MT 2024–25 → 367.7 MT (+31%). Fruits: 2014–15 → 866 LMT 2023–24 → 1129.7 LMT (+30%). Productivity: 14.17 → 15.80 MT/ha. Vegetables: 2014–15 → 1694.7 LMT 2023–24 → 2072 LMT (+22%). Productivity: 17.76 → 18.40 MT/ha.   Strategic Role Doubling Farmers’ Income Committee (2016) → identified horticulture diversification as key. Shifts farmers from subsistence to commercial crops. Supports export earnings: India’s share in global spice, mango, banana, cashew exports significant. Encourages women and youth participation (labour-intensive sectors like floriculture & nurseries). Government Schemes & Institutional Mechanisms Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH, 2014–15 onwards) Umbrella scheme, includes NHM, HMNEH, NHB, CDB, CIH. Key interventions: Centres of Excellence (training, tech transfer). Cluster Development Programme (market-led growth). Clean Plant Programme (disease-free planting material). Post-Entry Quarantine Facilities (imported germplasm). Infrastructure support (polyhouses, packhouses, cold chain, ripening chambers). National Horticulture Mission (NHM, 2005–06) Cluster-based, state-driven. Focus: Planting material, productivity, modern tech, training, PHM. Horticulture Mission for North East & Himalayan States (HMNEH, 2001–02) Coverage: NE states + Himachal, J&K, Uttarakhand. Merged into MIDH after 2014–15. National Horticulture Board (1984) Promotes high-tech commercial horticulture, cluster hubs, cold chains. Coconut Development Board (1981) Focus: Productivity, value addition, by-product utilization. Central Institute of Horticulture, Nagaland (2006) Capacity building, training in NE states. Financial & Technical Support Nurseries, tissue culture units → quality planting material. Protected cultivation (polyhouses, greenhouses) → off-season crops. Organic farming & certification. Water management structures (ponds, drip irrigation). Beekeeping promotion → pollination services. Mechanisation → efficiency, labour reduction. Post-Harvest Management (PHM) → cold chain, processing, refrigerated transport. Research & Quality Improvement ICAR & SAUs: varietal development, stress-tolerant crops. NARS system: dissemination of improved horticultural technologies. Example: banana tissue culture, mango hybrid varieties, spice quality improvement. Challenges Post-harvest losses: 25–30% of fruits & vegetables wasted due to poor storage & logistics. Market volatility: prices fluctuate seasonally (e.g., onion, tomato). Small holdings: difficult to adopt high-tech horticulture. Climate vulnerability: fruits & vegetables sensitive to erratic rainfall & temperature. Input costs: high for polyhouses, tissue culture, cold storage. Export barriers: stringent SPS standards in EU/US markets. Way Forward Strengthen farm-to-fork value chains with robust cold chains. Promote horticulture clusters (similar to textile clusters). Encourage FPOs & cooperatives → collective bargaining, branding. Scale up GI tagging & branding (e.g., Nagpur Orange, Darjeeling Tea). Expand horticulture exports under APEDA support. Focus on nutri-horticulture to combat malnutrition (kitchen gardens, school mid-day meals). Public–Private Partnerships (PPP) in processing & logistics. Encourage climate-smart horticulture (drought-tolerant fruit varieties, micro-irrigation). Conclusion Horticulture is no longer a “supplementary activity” but a pillar of India’s agri-economy. It provides 4x–10x higher returns compared to cereals per hectare. With government support, R&D, market access, and export facilitation, India can become a global horticulture powerhouse. True potential: Linking productivity gains + post-harvest management + market reforms → sustained farmer prosperity. India’s GDP Surge: Driving the Growth Story Basics of GDP Definition: GDP = total monetary value of all final goods & services produced within a country’s borders in a given period. Types: Nominal GDP: measured at current market prices (includes inflation). Real GDP: adjusted for inflation, shows true growth. Per Capita GDP: GDP ÷ population, reflects average income. Other Metrics: GVA (Gross Value Added) = GDP – Net Indirect Taxes (better indicator of supply-side performance). IIP (Index of Industrial Production) = short-term indicator of industrial activity. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Current Growth Performance (Q1 FY 2025–26) Real GDP Growth: 7.8% (₹47.89 lakh cr) vs. 6.5% last year (₹44.42 lakh cr). Sectoral Contributions: Primary (Agri, mining, forestry, livestock) → 3.7% (vs. 1.5% last year). Secondary (Manufacturing, utilities, construction) → 7.6–7.7%. Tertiary (Services) → 9.3% (highest, vs. 6.8% last year). GVA Growth: 7.6% in April–June 2025 → indicates broad-based expansion. Demand Drivers: Strong private consumption, rural rebound, and rising investment.   Medium & Long-Term Outlook India’s Position: 4th largest economy now → projected 3rd largest by 2030 ($7.3 trillion GDP). Milestones: $5 trillion by 2027. Surpassing Germany by 2028. Drivers: Decisive reforms, demographic dividend, digitalisation, investment-led growth. Industrial Production (IIP, July 2025) IIP Growth: 3.5% (vs. 1.5% in June 2025). Key Contributors: Electrical equipment: +15.9%. Basic metals: +12.7%. Non-metallic mineral products: +9.5%. Significance: Revival of manufacturing signals stronger job creation + CAPEX-led expansion. Tax & Formalisation – GST Introduced: 2017 (subsume multiple indirect taxes). Structure: 4 slabs (5%, 12%, 18%, 28%). Status (2025): 1.52 crore active GST registrations. ~50% registrations from UP, Maharashtra, Gujarat, TN, Karnataka. Women-led participation: 20% taxpayers have a woman member; 14% fully women-owned. Impact: Formalisation, price convergence, interstate trade efficiency. Next-gen GST reforms (Oct 2025): Simplify MSME compliance, reduce tax on essentials, enhance transparency.   Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) 2024–25: ₹10.52 trillion CAPEX (higher than revised estimates). CAPEX to Revenue Exp. Ratio: >0.27 for 3 consecutive years (vs. pre-COVID avg. ~0.14). Impact: Long-term asset creation, productivity gains, job generation. Government Push: PM GatiShakti + infrastructure pipeline → logistics boost.   Consumption & Demand PFCE (Private Final Consumption Expenditure): +7% in Q1 FY26 (rural rebound key). GFCE (Govt. consumption): +9.7% vs. 4% last year → fiscal support aiding demand. Rural Demand: Strengthened by good harvest, food inflation easing, wage growth. Inflation Trends (CPI, July 2025) Headline CPI Inflation: 1.55% (lowest since June 2017). Food Inflation: –1.76% (deflation, lowest since Jan 2019). Core Inflation: ~3.9% (stable). RBI Target: 4% ± 2% → inflation well within band for 3 consecutive quarters. Drivers of Decline: Good monsoon, buffer food stocks, base effects, stable energy prices. Employment Dynamics Jobs Created: 17 crore in last decade. LFPR (15+ years): 49.8% (2017–18) → 60.1% (2023–24). Female LFPR: 23.3% → 41.7%. Unemployment Rate: 6% (2017–18) → 3.2% (2023–24). July 2025: 5.2% (rural 4.8%, urban 6.8%). Sectoral Shifts: Agriculture → 19% job growth. Services → 36% job growth. Manufacturing → 15% job growth (vs. 6% in 2004–14). Self-Employment: Dominant in rural areas (>55%). Schemes: PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (2025–27 target: 3.5 crore youth).   Investments & External Sector FDI: $81 billion (FY25). Target: $100 billion annual inflows. Cumulative (2000–2024): $1.05 trillion. Forex Reserves: $695.5 billion (July 2025). FIIs & DIIs: Both large net buyers (DIIs ₹44,269 cr; FIIs ₹33,336 cr, June–July 2025). Global Perception & Ratings IMF: 6.4% GDP growth forecast (2025 & 2026). UN: 6.3% (2025), 6.4% (2026). S&P (2025): Sovereign rating upgraded to BBB (from BBB-) after 18 years. Fitch: Retained BBB- (stable outlook). Implication: Improved investor confidence, lower borrowing costs. Schemes Driving the Growth PLI Scheme (2020): ₹1.97 lakh cr outlay; attracted ₹1.76 lakh cr investment across 14 sectors. Digital India: Internet users up from 25 cr (2014) → 97 cr (2024). Bharat 6G vision ongoing. PMJDY: 56 cr bank accounts; 55% women-led. Backbone of DBT. Make in India: Mobile manufacturing success (2 factories in 2014 → 300+ in 2024). Skill India & Rozgar Yojana: 6 cr trained; 3.5 cr jobs targeted (2025–27). GeM: ₹15 lakh cr in transparent govt procurement. National Logistics Policy & PM GatiShakti: Logistics cost reduction, connectivity boost. Challenges Uneven job quality: high self-employment, informal jobs. Rural–urban income divide persists. Private investment revival still cautious vs. public CAPEX. Global headwinds: energy shocks, geopolitical risks. Export competitiveness: supply-chain bottlenecks, FTAs pending. Conclusion India’s 7.8% GDP growth in Q1 FY26 confirms broad-based resilience. Drivers: Robust services, manufacturing momentum, inflation control, strong domestic demand, and reform-driven investment. Outlook: India poised to become 3rd largest economy by 2030 ($7.3 trillion GDP). Success depends on sustained reforms, inclusive job creation, export competitiveness, and climate-resilient growth under Viksit Bharat 2047 vision.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 September 2025

Content India’s economic churn, the nectar of growth Giving wings to India’s youth India’s economic churn, the nectar of growth Civilisational Lens India has long believed trial precedes triumph (Samudra Manthan metaphor). History of renewal from crises: 1991 crisis → Liberalisation reforms. COVID-19 → Digital surge (UPI, DBT, digital adoption). 2025 doubters’ narrative (“dead economy”) → GDP surge & resilience. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy – Growth and Development , Economic Reforms) Practice Question : India’s economic journey has often transformed crises into opportunities. Discuss how India’s post-1991 and post-COVID reforms shaped its current growth trajectory. (Answer in 250 words) Latest Growth Data (Q1 FY 2025–26) Real GDP growth: 7.8% (five-quarter high). Nominal GDP growth: 8.8%. Broad-based GVA growth (7.6%): Manufacturing: 7.7%. Construction: 7.6%. Services: ~9.3%. Drivers: Rising consumption, strong investment, logistics reforms, steady public capex. Global Positioning World’s 4th largest economy, fastest-growing major economy. Outpacing US & China in growth rate. On trajectory to overtake Germany → 3rd largest economy (by end of decade). Global contribution: Currently → 15% of incremental world growth. PM’s target → 20%. Market Confidence & Ratings S&P Global upgrade (2025) → India’s 1st sovereign rating upgrade in 18 years. Reasons: robust growth, monetary stability, fiscal consolidation. Impact: Lower borrowing costs, wider investor base. Punctures “dead economy” narrative → independent validation of resilience. Inclusive Growth & Poverty Reduction 2013–14 to 2022–23: 24.82 crore people exited multidimensional poverty. Enablers: Universal basic services → Jan Dhan accounts, Ujjwala (LPG), Ayushman Bharat, Har Ghar Jal. Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) → empower poor with choices. India’s model: Built on democracy + federalism + consensus. Slower to announce, but faster to implement & more durable. Contrast: Authoritarian “sprints” vs. India’s “marathon” economy. Energy Security as Growth Backbone India’s energy profile: 3rd largest energy consumer. 4th largest refiner (5.2 mbpd capacity). 4th largest LNG importer. Roadmap: Refining capacity → 400 MTPA by 2030. Energy demand → will double by 2047, making up ¼ of global incremental demand. Exploration push: Acreage ↑ from 8% (2021) → 16% (2025), target 1 mn sq. km (2030). “No-Go” areas ↓ by 99%. OALP (Open Acreage Licensing Policy) → transparent bidding. Gas pricing reforms → incentives for deepwater/new wells. Energy Transition Ethanol blending: 1.5% (2014) → 20% (2025). Savings: ₹1.25 lakh cr forex + ₹1 lakh cr paid to farmers. Compressed Biogas (CBG): 300+ plants being rolled out. Target: 5% blending mandate by 2028. Green Hydrogen: Oil PSUs investing in projects. Balanced stance: Energy security + energy transition. Russia Oil Import Debate Fact check: Russian crude not sanctioned like Iran/Venezuela; only price-capped. India’s imports compliant with G-7/EU rules (shipping, insurance, audit). India has always been 4th largest petroleum exporter (pre-Ukraine war). Role of India: Stabilised markets → prevented $200/barrel oil shock. Exports kept global supply chains running (even Europe sourced refined fuels from India). Domestic shield: Oil PSUs absorbed losses (~₹10/litre diesel). Tax cuts, export rules to protect domestic supply. Ensured stable retail prices. Industrial & Digital Revolution PLI Schemes + Gati Shakti → boost in semiconductors, electronics, defence, chemicals. Semiconductors: 4 new fabs approved (2025). PM’s visit to Japan → Japanese investments in resilient supply chains. Digital economy: UPI → global leader in real-time payments. Startups → exporting services & solutions. Digital rails + hard infra = lower costs, higher formalisation, faster growth cycle. The Scoreboard of Success EY projection (2038): India → 2nd largest economy (PPP terms), GDP > $34 trillion. Historic parallels: Green Revolution → food self-sufficiency. IT Revolution → services hub. Now → Digital + Clean Energy + Manufacturing revolutions. Civilisational ethos: Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam → balancing growth, stability, inclusivity. Viksit Bharat 2047: Not just aspiration, but a “deliverable”. Growth → rapid, democratic, inclusive, sustainable. Giving wings to India’s youth Civilisational and Philosophical Basis Shram Shakti (labour power) = backbone of India’s development. Economic progress not just GDP-driven, but rooted in employment creation, social security, and dignity of labour. Employment = dignity + equality + national strength (aligns with Directive Principles of State Policy). Relevance : GS 3(Economic Development & Employment) Practice Question : Employment in India is not merely an economic indicator but a foundation of social stability. Analyse this statement in light of India’s demographic dividend. (250 words)  Economic Transformation (2014–2025) Global ranking: 2014 → 10th largest economy. 2025 → 4th largest economy. Human resource role: Critical in driving both consumption & production. Jobs data (RBI-KLEMS): 2004–14 → 2.9 crore jobs created. 2014–24 → 17 crore jobs created (≈6x increase). Formalisation trend: EPFO enrolments show surge in formal jobs. Higher labour force participation in organised sector. Social Security Revolution Coverage expansion (2015 → 2025): 2015 → 19% of population under at least one social protection scheme. 2025 → 64.3% coverage (94 crore beneficiaries). Today → 2nd largest social security system globally. Acknowledgment: International Labour Organization (ILO) calls it among the fastest expansions globally. Instruments: PM-SYM, PM-JAY, PMJJBY, APY, PM-KISAN, and E-Shram. Integration through DBT + JAM trinity ensures transparency, reduces leakages. Demographic Dividend & Challenges 65% of India’s population < 35 years → massive demographic dividend. Challenge: If not utilised, risk of demographic disaster. Global contrast: India → youthful workforce. West/China → ageing populations. Structural vulnerabilities: Automation, AI disruptions. Global supply-chain shifts. Gig/platform economy creating precarity. Employment as Nation-Building Employment is not just an economic indicator but a foundation of social stability. Requires: Youth employability (skills + training). Integration into formal economy. Financial literacy. Robust social security net. Aim → Convert Yuva Shakti into true national dividend. Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PMVBRY) Launched: Union Budget 2024–25, PM’s Independence Day 2025 speech. Outlay: ₹1 lakh crore (largest in India’s history). Target: Create 3.5 crore jobs in 2 years. Unique Architecture Dual focus: workers + employers. Part A (Workers): Direct incentive → up to ₹15,000 for first-time employees (2 instalments). Ensures new entrants are linked to social security from day one. Part B (Employers): Incentive → up to ₹3,000 per new hire per month. Reduces hiring risks & encourages formalisation. Structural Shifts From scheme-based support → ecosystem-building. Integrated with: PLI scheme. National Manufacturing Mission. Make in India. Digital India. Encourages competitiveness + inclusivity simultaneously. Wider Implications Formalisation push: New jobs directly tied to EPFO/ESIC → strengthens social security net. Equity impact: Even small enterprises & informal workers included. Competitiveness: Reduces cost for firms, boosts manufacturing. Atmanirbhar Bharat: Employment generation linked to self-reliance, especially in manufacturing hubs. Strategic Importance Employment policy as macroeconomic stabiliser: Raises consumption demand → multiplier effect. Social cohesion: Job dignity reduces inequality & unrest. Global competitiveness: Strong workforce base → strengthens India’s case as global manufacturing hub. Long-term transformation: Converts demographic dividend → Viksit Bharat 2047. Critiques & Challenges Execution risks: Past schemes (e.g., MGNREGA, NAPS) faced delays & leakages. Quality of jobs: Risk of low-wage, low-productivity employment unless skills match demand. Regional imbalance: Jobs may concentrate in industrial states, bypassing lagging regions. Automation & AI: Could limit manufacturing-led employment growth. Need for reskilling: Skill gap may limit scheme’s effectiveness.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 September 2025

Content Partners, not rivals’: India & China What are Blue Dragons, which caused beach closures in Spain? Fertiliser crisis Mini-cloudbursts’ are on the rise: IMD chief The importance of India’s federal design Inside the APK scam: how fake apps are used for financial fraud Why NRIs are choosing India for medical tourism Decoding cryptos ‘Partners, not rivals’: India & China Relevance : GS 2(International Relations -Bilateral relations with China) Context Event: PM Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping met on the sidelines of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit in Tianjin, China (August 31). Key Message: Both sides agreed to be “partners, not rivals”, emphasizing mutual trust and respect. Context: Meeting came after a five-year military standoff along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Eastern Ladakh. Objective: To gradually normalize bilateral ties strained by the border conflict. Readouts: India’s stance: Strategic autonomy, fair trade, repairing ties. China’s stance: Don’t let border issues define overall relations. Modi’s Visit: First trip to China in five years; also aimed at balancing global power shifts after turbulence in India–US ties (under Trump). Border Milestones: Oct 2024: Border patrol leaders met, discussed sensitive points. Aug 2025: 24th round of border talks held, easing tensions. Modi–Putin Meet: Same day, focus on tariffs after US levied 50% duty on Indian goods. Strategic Context India–China ties oscillate between cooperation and competition. SCO platform used by India to engage without appearing weak, while balancing against US/Japan strategic pressures. Post-2020 Galwan clash, this marks India’s calibrated re-engagement. Border Issue Management Border is core irritant; India insists peace at LAC is prerequisite for broader cooperation. China emphasizes compartmentalization – don’t let border disputes spill into trade/investment. Recent patrol-level and ministerial talks show slow but steady de-escalation. Economic & Trade Angle China remains India’s largest trading partner despite tensions (>$135 bn trade, 2024). India seeks fair trade, reduced deficit, and technology access. China wants continued export market in India amid Western decoupling. Diplomatic Rebalancing India leveraging ties with US, Japan, and Russia to avoid overdependence on China. Engagement with Xi signals India’s multi-alignment policy – strategic autonomy at core. “Partners, not rivals” line meant more for optics to stabilize ties ahead of SCO/BRICS agendas. Security & Geopolitical Dimensions Both nations are nuclear powers and neighbors, yet security dilemma persists. India wary of China–Pakistan axis and China’s influence in Indian Ocean (String of Pearls). Dialogue reduces immediate risk of escalation, but trust deficit remains. What are Blue Dragons, which caused beach closures in Spain? Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology- Marine Biodiversity) What are Blue Dragons? Scientific Name: Glaucus atlanticus. Category: Small sea slug (gastropod mollusk), belongs to the family Glaucidae. Appearance: Barely 4 cm long. Striking blue & silver coloration → camouflage in ocean (countershading strategy). Habitat: Float upside down on the ocean surface, drifting with currents. Found in warm tropical/subtropical waters (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Oceans). Feeding: Prey on venomous cnidarians like Portuguese man o’ war, bluebottles, jellyfish. Ingest venom & concentrate it in their finger-like appendages. Their sting can be more potent than their prey.   Why Dangerous? Venom Potency: Capable of delivering stings stronger than jellyfish they consume. Toxins can cause severe pain, nausea, vomiting, allergic reactions. In rare cases, may lead to death. Public Health Concern: Presence along tourist beaches → caused closure of several beaches in Spain. Global Distribution Recorded in: Australia, South Africa, India (rare sightings), USA (Texas), Portugal, Spain. Rare in the Mediterranean Sea, but recent sightings have increased. First record in Spain → 1839 (Canary Islands). Since 2016 → increasing frequency, linked to climate change & shifting ocean currents. Why Rising Now? Climate Change Factor: Mediterranean → among the fastest-warming seas (warming 20% faster than global oceans). Rising sea surface temperature → 4–5°C anomalies. Expanding habitats of tropical species into temperate zones. Ocean Currents & Wind Patterns: Stronger winds & altered currents carry them closer to coasts. Food Availability: Bloom in jellyfish populations → attracts blue dragons. Ecological Role Predator of Jellyfish: Helps regulate jellyfish populations. Indicator Species: Their movement indicates shifts in ocean temperature & biodiversity patterns. Conclusion Blue dragons are both a public health concern and an ecological indicator species, symbolizing how climate change-driven ocean warming and current shifts are altering marine biodiversity. Their rising presence in new habitats reflects broader climate challenges, requiring integrated responses in marine conservation, tourism safety, and coastal management policies. Fertiliser crisis Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture and Food Security -Fertiliser Production and Subsidies) Context Rainfall & Crop Sowing India had a very good southwest monsoon (June–August: 8.9% above normal rainfall). Farmers planted more kharif crops: paddy, pulses, coarse cereals, maize. As of Aug 22, rice acreage was 420.4 lakh hectares (vs 390.8 lakh last year). Fertiliser Consumption Surge With more sowing, fertiliser demand shot up. Major nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S). Fertiliser sales (Apr–Jul 2025 vs Apr–Jul 2024): Urea: 108.86 lt (+21.6%) DAP: 56.68 lt (+33.6%) NPKS: 50.03 lt (+15.5%) SSP: 45.06 lt (+8.6%) MOP: 12.42 lt (-43.6%) Imports & Supply Gaps India imports ~25–30% of fertiliser needs. Urea: imports down to 1.24 mt (Apr–Jun 2025) from 2.6 mt last year. DAP: imports down to 1.88 mt from 2.1 mt. Morocco & China are key suppliers. Global supply disruptions and China’s export restrictions worsened shortages. Shortages & Queues Farmers queued for urea/DAP at sowing time (July). Pre-stocking by farmers added stress. Shortage visible in rice-growing regions needing higher fertiliser doses. Policy Lessons Govt underestimated higher fertiliser demand due to increased paddy acreage. Future planning must account for fertiliser-intensive crops like rice/pulses. Imports need advance booking; rabi demand must be secured early. Why the Shortage Happened Domestic production lag: India still depends on imports for ~30% of fertilisers. High demand spike: Good monsoon encouraged extra planting, esp. rice. Global disruption: China restricted exports of urea/DAP. Morocco’s output limited. Prices of raw materials like phosphoric acid and ammonia surged. Inefficient planning: Govt procurement underestimated demand in kharif 2025. Economic Impact Farmers: Higher fertiliser prices in black markets, long queues at centres. Inflation risk: Fertiliser shortages can reduce yields → push up food inflation. Fiscal stress: Fertiliser subsidies already exceed ₹2 lakh crore annually; shortages may force more imports at higher costs. Agriculture & Food Security Rice & Pulses (nitrogen-demanding crops) most affected. Potential yield losses if farmers can’t access fertiliser on time. Could reduce India’s exportable rice surplus, impacting global food markets. Strategic Dependence India relies heavily on a few suppliers (China, Morocco, Oman, Russia). Import volatility = strategic vulnerability. Need for domestic revival of fertiliser manufacturing capacity. Policy Lessons & Reforms Advance contracts for imports before kharif season. Diversify sourcing (Africa, Gulf countries, new FTAs). Invest in domestic production via joint ventures & PLI-type incentives. Promote alternative inputs: nano-urea, biofertilisers, integrated nutrient management. Better demand forecasting using satellite data & crop sowing trends. ‘Mini-cloudbursts’ are on the rise: IMD chief Basics Cloudburst: Sudden, extreme rainfall in a localized area (≥100 mm/hr over a few sq. km). Common in hilly regions due to orographic lift and moisture-laden winds. Mini-cloudburst: Smaller in scale, but with intense rainfall (typically 50–100 mm/hr). Increasingly reported in recent years. Forecasting: IMD states that cloudbursts remain “impossible to forecast” due to their highly localized and short-lived nature. Mini-cloudbursts, though more frequent, are also hard to predict with current models. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management – Floods , Cloudbursts, Environment – Climate Change) Recent Rainfall Trends (2025 Monsoon till Aug 31) Overall Monsoon (June–Aug 2025): 6% above normal (76.2 cm vs usual 70 cm). Regional distribution: Northwest India: +26% above normal (Uttarakhand, UP, Punjab, Haryana, J&K, Rajasthan, Delhi). Central India: +8.6% above normal. Southern Peninsula: +9.3% above normal; August rainfall (25 cm) = 3rd highest since 2001. East & Northeast India: –17% deficit despite being the traditional rain-surplus zone. September Outlook: Expected above normal rainfall (+9% vs average 16.7 cm), continuing a trend noticed since 1980. Heavy Rainfall Episodes August 2025: 700+ instances of heavy rain (≥20 cm/day), 2nd highest since 2021 (behind 800+ in 2024). Northern India: August rainfall = 26.5 cm, highest since 2001. Drivers of extreme events: Interaction between Western Disturbances (from Mediterranean) and Bay of Bengal storms → convergence of moisture → intense rain bursts. Resulted in devastating floods and landslides in Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Uttarakhand. Key Analytical Insights Mini-cloudbursts on the rise: May be linked to climate change-driven shifts: warming atmosphere holds more moisture, increasing probability of intense short-duration rainfall. Urbanization + deforestation in hilly areas amplifies impacts (flash floods, landslides). Changing monsoon dynamics: September becoming wetter since 1980 (possibly due to delayed monsoon withdrawal + oceanic-atmospheric changes like Indian Ocean Dipole). Regional inequality: Surplus in NW & Central India, deficit in East & NE → disrupts agriculture, hydrology, disaster preparedness. Forecasting limitations: While seasonal/weekly monsoon forecasts improving, sub-hourly localized predictions like cloudbursts remain beyond current radar and model resolution. IMD using Doppler radars + AI-based nowcasting to reduce unpredictability. Policy & Preparedness Implications: Need for micro-level disaster management plans, especially in Himalayan states and urban flood-prone zones. Resilient infrastructure + improved early warning systems essential. The importance of India’s federal design Basics Context: SC hearing Zahoor Ahmed Bhat v. UT of J&K. Plea: non-restoration of statehood violates citizens’ rights + federalism (basic structure). SC stance: Separation of powers → some decisions belong to govt., not judiciary. But federal design of Constitution requires statehood restoration. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Constitution – Federalism, Statehood) Constitutional Provisions on State Creation Article 1: India = Union of States, not a federation of states. Processes of State creation: Admission: political unit joins India (e.g., J&K in 1947 through Instrument of Accession). Establishment: acquisition under international law (e.g., Goa 1961, Sikkim 1975). Formation (Art. 3): reorganisation of existing states → increase, decrease, alter boundaries/names. Limits of Art. 3: Parliament can diminish a state’s area but cannot convert it into a Union Territory permanently. Making J&K a UT is exceptional, not meant to be permanent. Federal Design of India Union vs Federation: Word Union chosen deliberately → strong Centre, inseparable unity. Yet federalism built into Basic Structure → equitable distribution of powers/resources. Balance of power: Unitary tilt → Centre strong enough to preserve unity & integrity. Federal features → state participation & representation (Rajya Sabha permanent under Art. 83(1)). Basic Structure Doctrine (Kesavananda Bharati, 1973): Federalism = unamendable feature of the Constitution. Arbitrary dilution (e.g., indefinite UT status for J&K) undermines basic structure. J&K Case Study 2019: J&K Reorganisation Act split J&K into UT of J&K + UT of Ladakh. Dec 2023 SC verdict: Upheld abrogation of Articles 370 & 35A. Directed restoration of statehood to J&K + assembly elections. Oct 2024: Elections to 90-member Assembly held, but statehood still withheld. Criticism: Without statehood, federal balance tilted in favour of Union. LG holds overriding power, reducing elected govt. authority → weakens democracy. Constitutional Context Why statehood matters: Ensures representation of people at Union level. Strengthens federal bargain: Centre strong but States empowered. Prevents constitutional inconsistency: a UT with an assembly ≠ true federal design. Implications of delay: Creates trust deficit between Union & people of J&K. Weakens cooperative federalism. Sets precedent for excessive centralisation. Constitutional principle: Restoring J&K’s statehood is not just political, but a constitutional necessity to uphold federalism. What Next? Union Government: obligated (per SC) to restore J&K’s statehood. Timeline: Centre may justify delay citing ground realities/security concerns, but indefinite postponement undermines federal design. Broader lesson: Federalism = cornerstone of Basic Structure. States cannot be downgraded permanently to UTs without damaging India’s constitutional identity. Inside the APK scam: how fake apps are used for financial fraud Basics APK files: Android Package Kit files, used to install apps on Android (like .exe files on Windows). Modus operandi: Victim gets a call/message claiming urgent action (blocked account, subsidy, electricity bill). Sent a link to download an app disguised as a govt./bank portal. App installs easily, mimics official branding. Once permissions are granted, the device is compromised → financial & personal data stolen. How the Fraud Works Permissions requested: access to SMS, contacts, call logs, notifications, location, microphone. Functions after install: Monitors real-time activity. Intercepts OTPs and passwords. Closes fixed deposits, siphons funds. Mirrors & transmits data to fraudster servers in encrypted form. Techniques: Apps appear dormant during install to bypass antivirus checks. Minor modifications to logo/name/URL allow reuse after blacklisting. Scale of the Problem Cybercrime surge: 900% rise between 2021–2025 (Parliament data). National Cyber Crime Portal (2025): 12,47,393 cases logged in 6 months. Telangana Cyber Security Bureau (Jan–Jul 2025): 2,188 APK fraud cases. ₹779.06 crore lost. 20–30 cases/day; daily loss = ₹10–15 lakh. High-value scams: up to ₹30–40 lakh each. Apps in circulation: Hundreds of cases linked to ~10 core APK files reused repeatedly. Who Operates These Apps? Local ecosystem: 60–70% developed in India (Delhi-NCR, Meerut, UP, Jamtara, Jharkhand). International linkages: 30–40% traced to U.S., U.K., China. Distribution channels: Telegram channels, dark web marketplaces, pre-built APK kits sold for a fee. Organised underground economy: coders, distributors, mule account handlers. How Victims Are Targeted Digital surveillance & data leaks: Fraudsters purchase leaked customer databases (from malls, hospitals, service portals). Data includes names, numbers, emails, addresses, income, profession. Target profile: High-earning professionals (doctors, bankers, teachers, real estate agents). Social engineering: Messages are customised, urgent, and exploit trust to force quick action. Investigations & Challenges Cyber forensics: Only 20–30% of APKs successfully decrypted. Often reveal just server addresses, rarely developer signatures. Financial trails: Stolen funds funneled into mule accounts, quickly converted into cryptocurrency. Local accomplices sometimes arrested, masterminds remain elusive (esp. offshore). Tech interventions: Google removed ~50 malicious apps recently. But platforms don’t pre-scan all hosted apps; fraudsters use fake identities for hosting/publishing. Comprehensive Analysis Structural Drivers: Widespread smartphone penetration + digital payments boom. Weak cyber hygiene & low awareness among users. Cheap dark web data sets fueling targeted scams. Systemic Gaps: Lack of strong pre-screening by app stores. Delays in forensic decryption and inter-agency coordination. International jurisdiction hurdles in catching masterminds. Economic & Social Impact: Daily financial hemorrhage of ₹10–15 lakh. Trust deficit in digital systems, affecting adoption of fintech/government platforms. Policy Imperatives: Stricter KYC norms for digital wallets and hosting accounts. Mandatory app vetting by intermediaries. Investment in cyber forensic capacity and cross-border cooperation. Public awareness campaigns on phishing & fake apps. Why NRIs are choosing India for medical tourism Basics Medical tourism: Traveling across borders to seek healthcare due to cost, quality, or accessibility reasons. NRI context: Rising healthcare costs abroad, distance from family, and affordability in India make it an attractive option. Key drivers: Cost savings (60–90% cheaper vs. U.S./Europe). Comparable or superior quality of care in many specialties. Growing adoption of health insurance policies tailored for NRIs. Digital ease in policy purchase and claim settlement. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues- Healthcare) Cost Advantage Heart bypass surgery: U.S.: $70,000–$1,50,000 India: $5,000–$8,000 Knee replacement: U.S.: up to $50,000 India: $4,000–$6,000 Complex surgeries: U.S.: > $1,00,000 India: $10,000–$20,000 Medicines: Up to 90% cheaper in India compared to global markets. Insurance premiums: 25–40 times cheaper in India vs. U.S./GCC. Adoption of Health Insurance by NRIs Growth trend: >150% rise in NRI adoption in 1 year. Young NRIs (<35 years): 148% growth. Women buyers: 125% growth. Coverage: Includes parents/elderly living in India. Recurring care: Helps cover long-term costs of cancer, respiratory, cardiac, and infectious diseases. Policy & Digital Push Government initiatives: Heal in India, promoting India as a healthcare hub. Digital platforms: NRIs can explore, compare, and buy insurance remotely. Cashless claims: Seamless access across Indian hospitals, bridging geographical distance. Tier-3 cities rising: ~50% of NRI claims now from smaller hubs (Thrissur, Kollam, Thane) besides metros (Hyderabad, Chennai, Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram). Healthcare Infrastructure & Quality Accredited hospitals: India has >40 JCI-accredited hospitals meeting global standards. Specialties in demand: Cardiology, oncology, organ transplants, orthopedics, dentistry. Doctor pool: Large number of English-speaking, globally trained doctors. Technology: Advanced robotic surgeries, telemedicine, and diagnostics. Financial Ripple Effect Direct impact: Savings on procedures free up funds for mortgages, education, retirement. Macro-level effect: India’s medical tourism market is expected to cross $13 billion soon. Insurance as a catalyst: Extends protection beyond surgery costs → covers recurring illnesses. Regional development: Smaller towns benefit as insurance claims and hospital infra expand beyond metros. Comprehensive Analysis Push factors abroad: Exploding healthcare costs in U.S. & GCC. Long wait times for elective surgeries in U.K./Canada. Limited insurance portability for NRIs abroad. Pull factors in India: Affordability without quality compromise. Comprehensive insurance offerings for NRIs and families. Emotional and cultural comfort of being treated near family. Challenges: Quality disparity between top-tier hospitals and smaller facilities. Need for transparent insurance claim processing. Risk of over-commercialization of care. Future outlook: With digital health ecosystems, expanded insurance, and govt. policy support, India is positioned as a global hub combining healthcare + financial protection. Decoding cryptos Basics Blockchain recap: A digital, decentralised ledger where transactions are recorded in blocks linked sequentially. Verification need: Every transaction must be validated before being added to the blockchain. Difference from banks: Banks → verified by officials in a centralised system. Cryptos → verified by miners/validators in a decentralised network. Consensus mechanism: The method by which blockchain participants agree on the validity of transactions. Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Digital Currencies , Technology – Block Chain Consensus Mechanisms Proof of Work (PoW): Miners solve complex puzzles using computing power. Winner adds block + earns rewards (coins + fees). Secure but energy-intensive, slow, costly. Example: Bitcoin. Proof of Stake (PoS): Validators chosen based on how much crypto they “stake.” Honest validators earn fees/rewards; dishonest ones lose staked coins. Faster, more energy-efficient. Example: Ethereum (post-Merge), Solana. Core purpose of both: Prevent fraud, ensure security, incentivize participation. Other Consensus Mechanisms (Emerging) Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS): Voting system where stakeholders elect validators (EOS, Tron). Proof of Authority (PoA): Validators selected based on reputation/identity. Hybrid models: Combining PoW + PoS for balance of security and scalability. Key Factors Before Investing in Cryptos Network security: Must have active, decentralised nodes that resist hacking. Transaction efficiency: Speed (TPS – transactions per second) + fees (affect usability). Market reputation: Coin’s history, community support, transparency of developers. Real-world utility: Adoption potential in payments, finance, supply chain, gaming, healthcare. Volatility: Prices swing dramatically; not suitable for risk-averse investors. Regulatory environment: Varies across countries; legal uncertainty remains a big risk. Types of Cryptocurrencies Bitcoin (BTC): First, most famous; store of value (“digital gold”). Altcoins: Ethereum: Smart contracts, DeFi, NFTs. Solana, Cardano, Polygon: Faster transactions, scalable dApps. Stablecoins: Pegged to assets (e.g., USDT, USDC); reduce volatility. Utility tokens: Access to services (Binance Coin, Chainlink). Governance tokens: Voting rights in decentralised organisations (UNI, AAVE). Meme coins: Community/hype driven (Dogecoin, Shiba Inu). Sector-specific coins: Gaming (Axie Infinity), supply chain (VeChain), finance (Ripple/XRP). Opportunities Wealth creation: Early adopters of BTC/ETH saw exponential gains. Financial inclusion: Provides access where banking infrastructure is weak. Innovation: Smart contracts, decentralised finance (DeFi), NFTs, tokenisation of assets. Portfolio diversification: Non-correlated asset, but very high risk. Risks & Challenges Extreme volatility: Gains/losses can exceed 30% in days. Regulatory crackdowns: Uncertain legal status in India, US, EU. Scams & rug pulls: Many coins are hype-based, without real value. Environmental impact: PoW energy consumption (e.g., Bitcoin mining). Custody risk: Losing private keys = permanent loss of funds. Liquidity traps: Small coins may lack active buyers/sellers. Takeaways Cryptos are more than speculation: They represent a new financial architecture (DeFi, Web3, tokenised economies). Long-term value likely lies in: Coins with real-world utility (payments, contracts, decentralised apps). Strong developer community + transparent governance. Short-term risk: High; better suited for informed, risk-tolerant investors. Cautionary stance: Research > Hype. Diversify. Don’t over-allocate. Global future: Cryptos may evolve into mainstream finance if regulation balances innovation + investor protection.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 August 2025

Content National Bamboo Mission Social Security Boost for India’s Gig Workers National Bamboo Mission Basics Launched: 2006–07 as a CSS; restructured in 2018 under CCEA. Scheme Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS). Coverage: Implemented in 24 States/UTs. India’s Status: 13.96 million ha bamboo area (highest in world). 136 species (125 indigenous, 11 exotic). 2nd richest in bamboo diversity (after China). Market Size: Bamboo & rattan industry worth ₹28,005 crore. Funding Pattern: 60:40 (Centre:State). 90:10 (NE & Hilly states). 100% (UTs, R&D institutes, BTSGs). Nodal Agency: Implemented via State Bamboo Missions/State Bamboo Development Agencies. Integration: Linked with MIDH (2014–16), now aligned with PMKSY, e-NAM, AIF, FPO schemes. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) , GS 2(Governance , Schemes) Objectives Promote holistic bamboo sector growth with regionally differentiated strategies. Enhance area under bamboo cultivation (non-forest & forest). Ensure end-to-end value chain: quality planting → processing → value addition → marketing. Reduce import dependence (esp. in agarbatti sector). Support farmers, MSMEs, SHGs, FPOs with financial aid, training, and market linkages. Position bamboo as a green substitute for wood, plastic, and steel. Achievements (till Dec 2024) 408 nurseries established (14 accredited). 60,000 ha non-forest bamboo plantation. 104 treatment/preservation units set up. 528 product development/processing units. 130 market infrastructure facilities created. Integration with MIS + geo-tagging (Bhuvan portal). Mission Strategy Regional Focus: NE states, MP, Maharashtra, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, TN, Gujarat, etc. Superior Planting Material: Promote genetically superior, high-yield, climate-resilient species. End-to-End Value Chain: Cluster-based model involving FPOs, SHGs, cooperatives. Institutional Synergy: Coordination across Ministries, NCDC, MSME, KVIC. Skill Development & R&D: Focus on design, new products, processing technology. Market Access: Infrastructure, e-platforms, exports. Policy Push: Mandating bamboo in govt construction (schools, railways, barracks). Incentives & Financial Support Subsidy Pattern: 50:10:40 (subsidy: own contribution: loan). Extra 10% subsidy for NE private sector units. AIF: Post-harvest & processing support. FPOs: Collective farming & marketing power. Key Issues Addressed in Restructured NBM Weak farmer–industry linkage (now strengthened via FPOs, MoUs). Limited value addition earlier; now push on product innovation. Lack of organized farmer collectives; now emphasis on SHGs/Cooperatives/JLGs. Import dependence in agarbatti sector tackled through tariff & policy support (2019 onwards). Environmental & Climate Role Carbon sequestration: Bamboo absorbs 12–14 tonnes CO₂/ha annually. Eco-friendly substitute: Reduces pressure on forests. Climate Resilience: Grows in degraded lands, drought-tolerant species promoted. Supports SDGs & Paris Agreement targets. Bamboo Species & Uses (Examples) Bambusa balcooa: Agarbatti, pulp, handicrafts. Dendrocalamus strictus: Furniture, construction, musical instruments. Melocanna baccifera: Pulp, weaving, edible shoots. Dendrocalamus asper: Edible shoots, pulp, poles. Ochlandra travancorica: Mat weaving, ply, basketry. Success Stories Madhya Pradesh (Vijay Patidar): Intercropping bamboo with chilli/ginger. Low input cost, pest resistance, manure from leaves. Earned ₹75,000 in 2 years from bamboo poles. Maharashtra (Gadchiroli Agarbatti Project): 1100+ beneficiaries, 90% women. Steady ₹5,000/month income, reduced migration. ₹10 crore wages disbursed; won PM’s Award. Assam (SBDA): 10 nurseries, 18 proposed FPOs. Artisans trained, exports enhanced. MoU with Cycle Pure Agarbatties for buy-back. Monitoring & Evaluation Two-tier system: EC at National level, SLEC at State level. Third-party evaluation: Independent studies on socio-economic impact. MIS-based monitoring: Production, marketing, agarbatti sector tracking. Geo-tagging: Bhuvan Portal for infrastructure tracking. Contribution to India’s Green Economy Reduces timber imports & promotes eco-friendly alternatives. Generates rural employment & women’s empowerment. Boosts export potential in furniture, handicrafts, textiles. Promotes waste-to-wealth via by-products & bioenergy. Strengthens Atmanirbhar Bharat vision in agro-industrial sector. Conclusion NBM has shifted bamboo from a “poor man’s timber” to a strategic green commodity. With holistic value chain development, farmer–industry linkages, and policy support, bamboo is emerging as a pillar of India’s circular economy. Its dual role in sustainable livelihoods + climate action makes it a cornerstone of India’s green growth strategy. Social Security Boost for India’s Gig Workers Basics Gig Worker: Earns income outside traditional employer–employee setup. Platform Worker: Subset of gig workers; dependent on online platforms/apps (e.g., Uber, Swiggy, Zomato). Workforce Size: 2024–25: ~1 crore gig workers. 2029–30 (projection): 2.35 crore. Legislation: Code on Social Security (2020) – first law to legally recognise gig & platform workers. Database: e-Shram Portal (launched Aug 2021) – over 30.98 crore workers registered, incl. 3.37 lakh platform workers (as of Aug 2025). Top States in Registration: UP (8.39 cr), Bihar (3 cr), WB (2.64 cr). Female Participation: High – UP (4.41 cr), Bihar (1.72 cr), WB (1.44 cr). Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Governance) Significance of Gig Workforce for India Demographic Edge: Young labour force + rising digital penetration. Economic Contribution: Expanding opportunities in ridesharing, logistics, delivery, professional services. Low entry barriers → alternative livelihood for migrants, women, youth. Flexibility: Offers supplementary income and self-employment. Urbanisation & Digitalisation: Smartphones + UPI + digital platforms fueling growth. Social Security Challenges Lack of traditional employer–employee benefits (PF, ESI, gratuity). Income volatility, lack of job security. High accident risks for delivery/ridesharing workers. Absence of maternity cover, health insurance, and retirement protection. Dependence on informal agreements with platforms; weak bargaining power. Code on Social Security, 2020 – Key Features Consolidation: Merges 9 labour laws (e.g., EPF Act 1952, ESI Act 1948, Maternity Benefit Act 1961, etc.). Coverage Expanded: Includes organised, unorganised, self-employed, gig & platform workers. Social Security Schemes: Provident Fund, Pension. ESI: health, disability, accident cover. Gratuity, maternity benefit. Old-age protection, crèche, life cover. Provisions for Gig/Platform Workers: Recognised as a distinct category. Eligible for govt- & aggregator-funded schemes. Creation of Social Security Fund. National Social Security Board – to recommend welfare measures for gig workers. Government Initiatives for Gig Workers e-Shram Portal (2021): Comprehensive database, UAN-based identity. Self-declaration model. Union Budget 2025–26: Mandatory registration of platform workers on e-Shram. Identity cards for workers. Healthcare coverage under AB-PMJAY (₹5 lakh/family/year) for platform workers (yet to be rolled out). Awareness Drives: Camps, outreach via State Labour Departments. Role of e-Shram in Gig Worker Security Registration Gateway: Essential to access welfare schemes. Data-Driven Policy: Helps govt identify unorganised workforce clusters. Gender Inclusion: High female registration shows women’s reliance on gig/unorganised jobs. Inter-State Comparisons: Reveals migration patterns & concentration of vulnerable workers. Expected Benefits of Social Security Extension Financial Safety Net: Life, accident, and health insurance reduce vulnerability. Healthcare Access: AB-PMJAY inclusion will provide institutional healthcare cover. Maternity Support: Improves female participation & reduces dropouts. Retirement & Old-Age Security: Pension & PF-like benefits possible under new schemes. Bargaining Power: Collective recognition boosts negotiating ability with platforms. Policy & Implementation Challenges Compliance: Ensuring all platforms register workers and contribute. Awareness: Many gig workers unaware of entitlements. Portability: Gig jobs often cross states → benefits must be transferable. Platform Resistance: Aggregators may resist financial contributions. Data Accuracy: Self-declaration on e-Shram may inflate/under-report workers. Sustainability: Financing social security fund sustainably without burdening small platforms. Comparative Global Perspective EU: Proposed directive (2022) to give gig workers employee rights (minimum wage, leave). California, USA (AB5 Law): Gig workers classified as employees for benefits (debated heavily). China: Platforms mandated to pay social insurance for delivery workers. India: Hybrid model – gig workers recognised as separate class, not employees, but extended benefits via schemes. Way Forward Effective Rollout of AB-PMJAY for Gig Workers. Aggregator Contribution: Mandatory contributions from large platforms to Social Security Fund. Skill Development Integration: Upskilling gig workers for better opportunities. Digital Benefit Delivery: DBT-linked benefits tied to e-Shram UAN. Awareness Campaigns: Mass outreach to informal and rural gig workers. Tripartite Governance: Govt + platforms + worker unions for smooth execution. Conclusion Gig and platform work is reshaping India’s labour market. Code on Social Security (2020) and e-Shram portal are landmark steps to recognise & protect gig workers. Success will depend on implementation, aggregator accountability, and awareness generation. With rising numbers (2.35 cr by 2030), integrating gig workers into formal social security systems is vital for inclusive growth and worker dignity.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 August 2025

Content In an unstable world, energy sovereignty is the new oil Breaking the Chain In an unstable world, energy sovereignty is the new oil Basics India’s Energy Dependence Imports 85% of crude oil and 50%+ of natural gas. Energy imports = national risk factor due to global geopolitical volatility. FY2023-24: Crude oil + natural gas imports = $170 billion (~25% of total imports). Russia Factor Pre-Ukraine war (till 2021): Russia supplied ~2% of India’s crude. Post-2022: Russia is India’s largest supplier (35–40% in 2024-25). Discounted oil lowered costs but increased overdependence on one source. Risk Landscape Middle East tensions (Israel–Iran, June 2025) nearly threatened 20 mbpd global oil flow. Global oil market remains fragile, supply-sensitive. Heavy reliance = economic vulnerability + strategic liability. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Energy Security) Practice Question : “India’s growing reliance on discounted Russian crude offers short-term relief but poses long-term strategic vulnerabilities.” Critically examine in the context of India’s energy security.(250  Words) Flashpoints that Reshaped Global Energy Thinking 1973 Arab Oil Embargo – prices quadrupled; led to strategic reserves, diversification. 2011 Fukushima Disaster – collapse of confidence in nuclear → fossil use surge → emissions rise. 2021 Texas Freeze – gas lines froze, wind turbines stalled; lesson: resilience > cost efficiency. 2022 Russia-Ukraine War – Europe’s overdependence on Russian gas exposed; LNG spike, coal revival. 2025 Iberian Peninsula Blackout – over-reliance on renewables without backup → grid collapse. Lesson: Every global shock reshapes policy. India must pivot by foresight, not crisis. Global Energy Reality Fossil fuels still dominate: >80% of global primary energy. Transport runs on hydrocarbons: >90%. Solar & wind share: <10% of global energy mix. Supply–demand mismatch: Exploration investments ↓ while demand ↑ → tight markets. Conclusion: Transition is gradual pathway, not overnight switch. Energy Realism for India Energy security = survival strategy, not just climate policy. Sovereignty = domestic capacity + diversified tech + resilient systems. Five Foundational Pillars for India’s Energy Sovereignty Coal Gasification & Carbon Capture Leverage 150+ bn tonnes of reserves. Produce syngas, methanol, hydrogen, fertilizers. Technology must overcome high-ash coal barrier. Biofuels (Ethanol, CBG) Ethanol blending programme → ₹92,000 crore transferred to farmers; forex savings. E20 target to boost rural income. CBG plants (SATAT scheme) produce clean fuel + bio-manure (20–25% organic carbon). Restores degraded soils & enhances water/fertilizer retention. Nuclear Energy Current capacity stagnant at 8.8 GW. Must revive thorium roadmap, secure uranium supply, develop Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). Provides zero-carbon baseload to balance renewables. Green Hydrogen Target: 5 MMT by 2030. Focus on local electrolyser manufacturing, catalyst tech, storage infra. Goal = “Sovereign Hydrogen” (secure supply chain, tech independence). Pumped Hydro Storage Provides grid inertia missing in renewables. Durable, proven, essential for balancing intermittent solar/wind. India’s topography favorable → untapped potential. India’s Shifting Import Strategy Earlier: >60% crude from West Asia. Now: <45% (2025, S&P Global) due to diversification. Russia filled part of the gap but diversification remains incomplete. Strategic Takeaways Import Dependency = Strategic Vulnerability (energy should feature in National Risk Register). Discounted Russian oil = tactical relief, not strategic solution. Diversification is true sovereignty → avoid overdependence on any single supplier or fuel. Energy Sovereignty = Security + Affordability + Sustainability. Conclusion The Israel–Iran near-crisis is a wake-up call: India cannot rely on external stability. The 21st century energy race will not be about discovering oil but about securing uninterrupted, indigenous energy. India’s five pillars (coal gasification, biofuels, nuclear, green hydrogen, pumped hydro) must form the sovereign spine of its energy transition. Ambition must meet realism → resilient systems, diversified sources, domestic innovation. Tomorrow’s most precious resource = “Uninterrupted, affordable, indigenous energy”, not oil. Breaking the Chain Basics Disease Focus: Tuberculosis (TB) – major infectious disease, airborne, curable but still deadly. India’s Burden: India accounts for ~27% of global TB cases (highest in the world). TB = India’s leading infectious disease burden. Recent Progress (since 2015): 17% drop in reported TB cases. 20% drop in TB deaths. 85%+ treatment success rate among those detected. Challenge: Drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB, XDR-TB) spreading. New Initiative: ICMR updated National List of Essential Diagnostics (NLED) → molecular TB tests made available at sub-health centres (SHCs) & PHCs. Relevance : GS 2(Health,Social Issues) Practice Question : Despite being curable, TB continues to be India’s leading infectious disease burden. Discuss the socio-economic and structural reasons for this paradox.(250 Words) Key Highlights of ICMR’s Move Expansion of Diagnostics List: Includes rapid diagnostics for sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, Hepatitis B, syphilis, etc. Focus on molecular TB testing at lower health levels. Accessibility: Tests available at SHCs and PHCs (closer to community). Earlier: mostly at district hospitals/labs → delays in detection. Early Detection: Detects asymptomatic TB infections (latent cases). Helps identify active TB faster → prevents spread. Breaking the Transmission Chain: Early detection → early treatment → lower community transmission. Critical since many TB cases remain undiagnosed or untreated. Significance of the Policy Health Impact: Faster detection of TB → reduced delays in treatment. Limits emergence/spread of drug-resistant TB strains. Equity: Brings diagnostic services closer to rural & underserved areas. Reduces dependency on higher centres, saves time/cost. Public Health Strengthening: Empowers SHCs/PHCs as first line of defence. Builds trust in primary health system. Challenges Highlighted Diagnostic Gaps: Many TB patients still remain undiagnosed (esp. latent TB). MDR-TB patients often slip through system due to weak detection. Implementation Burden: Need for trained manpower at SHCs/PHCs. Infrastructure & supply chain for testing kits. Financial Barriers: Poor patients face hurdles in travel, nutrition, follow-up. Even if tests are free, treatment adherence needs support. India’s TB Elimination Target: Govt aims to eliminate TB by 2025 (5 years ahead of SDG 2030 target). Current progress indicates India is unlikely to meet 2025 deadline. Global & Indian Context Global: TB is world’s second leading infectious killer (after COVID at peak). India: Largest TB burden globally. Govt initiatives: Nikshay Poshan Yojana (nutrition support), Nikshay Portal (digital case monitoring), now expanded diagnostics. International Benchmarks: WHO recommends universal access to molecular diagnostics as standard TB test. Way Forward Universal Screening: Scale up molecular tests to reach every PHC/CHC. Integration: Combine TB detection with other health services (HIV, diabetes). Community Engagement: Awareness drives, stigma reduction, private sector collaboration. Nutritional Support: Strengthen Nikshay Poshan Yojana for treatment adherence. Digital Tools: Expand Nikshay App for real-time monitoring. Innovation: Use AI, mobile vans, point-of-care diagnostics for remote areas. Conclusion ICMR’s molecular TB testing expansion = gamechanger for early detection & community-level prevention. Helps in breaking transmission chain and reducing India’s TB burden. But without strong implementation, financial support, and awareness, India may miss its 2025 TB elimination goal. Requires a multi-pronged approach – diagnostics + treatment + nutrition + awareness + community participation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 August 2025

Content India to be 3rd largest economy: PM, weeks after Trump’s swipe India–Japan Summit Outcomes Ice Age-era dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) in the Western Ghats China-India trade ties, US tariffs, and economic implications Cashless Bail in the US and India Daruma Doll, presented to PM Modi in Japan India to be 3rd largest economy: PM, weeks after Trump’s swipe Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Basics Event: PM Modi at the India-Japan Economic Forum in Tokyo declared that India will soon become the 3rd largest economy in the world. Japanese Commitment: ¥10 trillion (~$65 bn) private investment target in India over the next decade. Over $40 bn already invested; $13 bn in last two years alone. JBIC: India is the most “promising” destination. JETRO: 80% of Japanese companies want to expand in India; 75% already profitable. PM Modi’s Pitch: India is a springboard to the Global South. Trump’s Swipe (July 31, 2025): Criticised India for high tariffs and Russian crude imports. Imposed penalty tariffs (50%) on India. Called India’s economy “dead”. India termed the tariffs “unreasonable”. India–Japan Summit Outcomes 13 outcomes including: India-Japan AI Initiative (collaboration in emerging technologies). Economic Security Initiative (supply chain resilience in pharma, minerals, new tech). SME Forum launched (business cooperation at grassroots level). Joint Credit Mechanism for green energy projects. Security & mineral resource cooperation. People-to-people exchange: 5 lakh people in total (incl. 50k Indian skilled/semi-skilled workers to Japan in 5 years). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Economic Dimension India is currently the 5th largest economy; projections (IMF, World Bank) place it at 3rd by 2027–28 after U.S. and China. Japanese investment builds long-term capital inflow and signals global investor confidence. India as “springboard to Global South” highlights its role as a hub for accessing emerging markets. Counter-narrative to Trump’s criticism: India presents itself as dynamic, growing, and investor-friendly. Strategic & Geopolitical Dimension Japan–India convergence: Supply chain resilience to reduce overdependence on China. Energy security through joint financing in green energy & minerals. Security cooperation strengthens Indo-Pacific strategy. Balancing Act: India faces U.S. tariff friction while deepening ties with Japan – shows diversification of strategic/economic partners. People-to-people exchange → skill mobility enhances labour-market synergy and strengthens soft power. Global Economic Positioning By linking its growth to Global South markets, India positions itself as a bridge between developed and developing nations. Japanese investments align with India’s Make in India, Digital India, and Green Energy missions. The narrative of “capital multiplies in India” is designed to boost global investor sentiment. Challenges Ahead Tariff War with U.S. could hit exports and worsen trade deficit. Currency pressures (rupee volatility) may dampen some benefits of FDI. Maintaining ease of doing business and policy stability will be critical to sustain Japanese and other foreign investments. India must navigate triangular relations: U.S. (tariff disputes), Russia (oil imports), Japan (strategic partner). Ice Age-era dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) in the Western Ghats: Basics Species: Crocothemis erythraea (scarlet dragonfly). Genus in India: Only two known species – Crocothemis servilia → common in lowland regions. Crocothemis erythraea → found in high-altitude habitats (Europe, Asia, Himalayas, and now Western Ghats). Rediscovery: Confirmed in the southern Western Ghats (Kerala, Munnar high ranges). Confusion: Previously misidentified as C. servilia due to morphological similarities. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Background 2018: First photographic record of a suspected C. erythraea specimen in Munnar (Kerala). 2019–2023: Multiple expeditions conducted to verify presence. 2021: Initially included in Kerala’s odonata monograph but later removed due to skepticism. 2023–24: Detailed study published in the International Journal of Odonatology reconfirmed its presence. Scientific Significance Ice Age Colonisation: Species colonised southern India during the Pleistocene Ice Age. Cooler conditions allowed temperate fauna to extend southward into Western Ghats. Refugial Population: Western Ghats acted as a refuge for Ice Age species, preserving biodiversity. Biogeography Insight: Provides evidence of historical climatic shifts and species migration patterns. Ecological Insights C. servilia: Common in lowland ponds, wetlands, agricultural fields. C. erythraea: Prefers high-altitude ecosystems (Western Ghats, Himalayas, temperate Asia/Europe). Western Ghats = climatic island supporting both tropical and temperate species. Conservation Importance Western Ghats: UNESCO World Heritage Site, global biodiversity hotspot. Rediscovery highlights the importance of continuous faunal surveys. High-altitude species may be climate-sensitive → vulnerable to global warming. Monitoring needed to prevent habitat loss from plantations, tourism, and climate change. Research Contribution Led by Kalesh Sadasivan (study’s lead author). Published in International Journal of Odonatology. Confirms co-existence of both Crocothemis species in India for the first time. Comprehensive Takeaway Rediscovery corrects earlier misidentification and adds to India’s odonate diversity. Shows Western Ghats’ role as a climatic refuge since the Ice Age. Strengthens argument for climate-linked species distribution studies. Reinforces need for long-term monitoring and conservation of high-altitude ecosystems in India. China-India trade ties, US tariffs, and economic implications: Context: US doubled tariffs on Indian exports (up to 50%). India–China trade relations under scrutiny amid rising Chinese imports and India’s attempts to reduce dependence. PM Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping set to meet at the SCO summit. India’s Position: India pulled out of RCEP (2019), fearing Chinese dominance in trade. Banned Chinese apps, restricted FDI from China after border clashes (Galwan, 2020). Despite restrictions, imports from China continue to surge. US Factor: Trump’s tariff wars affected both India and China. US tariffs on Brazil and India (50% steel, 30% aluminum) prompted rethinking of alliances. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy) India’s Growing Dependence on Chinese Imports Data (Chart 1): 2014–15: Imports from China ~ $60 bn; Exports ~ $12 bn → trade deficit ~$48 bn. 2024–25: Imports from China ~ $113 bn; Exports ~ $14 bn → trade deficit ~$99 bn. Key Drivers: Machinery, electronics, pharma raw materials, solar equipment. India’s inability to build alternative supply chains. Problem: India’s exports to China remain stagnant while imports surged, worsening dependence. China’s Strength in Manufacturing (Chart 2, 3 & 4) China vs World: Manufactures ~31% of world’s output (highest globally). US ~16%, India only ~3%. Gross Production Share: China: 35% of global share; India: 3%. Value Added Share: China: 29% global share; India: 3%. Implication: China’s dominance in global manufacturing creates structural imbalance, making India vulnerable. India’s Sectoral Growth (Table) CAGR (2019–20 onwards): Agriculture: 4.7% Industry: 4.4% Manufacturing: 4.3% Services: 5.4% Observation: Services lead growth, but manufacturing lags, limiting India’s capacity to compete with China. Structural Weakness in India Exports: India lags in machinery, electronics, high-value manufacturing. Imports: Reliance on China for intermediate goods continues. Deficit: India’s trade deficit with China exceeds $100 bn annually. Outcome: Manufacturing bottlenecks prevent India from scaling globally competitive industries. China’s Strategy & Leverage Global Manufacturing Hub: Supplies low-cost products across sectors. Alternative to US/EU Markets: China using India and Global South as outlets during Western sanctions. Geo-strategic Pressure: Trade dependence overlaps with border tensions → dual vulnerability for India. India’s Alternatives Nearshoring & Friend-shoring: Attract Western companies seeking non-China supply chains (esp. post-COVID). Mexico, Vietnam, Indonesia emerging as alternatives; India struggles due to regulatory, infrastructure gaps. PLI Schemes (Production Linked Incentives): Attempt to boost domestic manufacturing in electronics, semiconductors, textiles, etc. Strengthening Domestic Market: Need to expand capacity in key industries (electronics, pharma, renewables). China vs India: Contrasting Roles China: Seen as systemic rival by US/EU; but retains dominance in global manufacturing. India: Positioned as alternative partner but lacks scale and competitiveness. Challenge: India risks being “overwhelmed” by Chinese imports unless structural reforms succeed. China is not India’s Natural Partner Political Mistrust: Border tensions (Galwan, Arunachal incursions). China–Pakistan Axis: CPEC, Pakistan military backing → security risk for India. Democracy vs Authoritarianism: Systemic divergence in governance, rules, transparency. Upshot: Partnership difficult beyond transactional trade. The Upshot Structural Challenge: India’s dependence on Chinese imports is deep and growing. Strategic Implication: India risks economic vulnerability + trade imbalance → potential national security issue. Way Forward: Strengthen manufacturing base. Diversify imports via Japan, Korea, EU, ASEAN. Deepen supply chain resilience with domestic reforms + foreign investment. Cashless Bail in the US and India: Basics Bail Concept: A legal provision ensuring an accused does not remain in custody during trial, provided they do not abscond or tamper with evidence. Types of Bail: Cash bail – Accused deposits money to secure release. Bond/Personal bond – Release on personal surety, promise, or recognisance without cash. Surety bond – Another person guarantees bail conditions. Primary Concern of Courts: Prevent flight risk, tampering with evidence, or influencing witnesses. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary – Bails) Cashless Bail in the US Trump’s Executive Order (2020): Targeted jurisdictions with cashless bail, citing it led to more crime and repeated offences. Reality: Cash bail often burdens poor people disproportionately. Minor offences can still lead to jail if unable to pay bail. Example: Kalief Browder, accused of stealing a backpack at 16, spent 3 years in jail (unable to pay $3000 bail); later committed suicide. Criticism of Cash Bail: Discriminatory towards economically weaker sections. Leads to over-crowding of jails. Creates inequality – rich offenders can easily pay, poor remain jailed. Bail in India Legal Framework: Chapter 35 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023; previously CrPC, 1973. Two Main Forms: Bond – Accused signs bond assuring court of appearance. Sureties may also guarantee. Bail Bond – Accused (or surety) deposits cash/property as security. Systemic Issues in India: Many undertrials remain in jail despite being granted bail, as they cannot furnish surety or pay small amounts. Example: Supreme Court highlighted cases where accused remained jailed for failing to pay bail as low as ₹5,000. Law Commission (268th Report, 2017): Cash bail system violates “constitutional ethos”. Problems with Current Bail System US: Perpetuates inequality between rich and poor. Doesn’t reduce crime significantly as claimed by proponents. India: Undertrial population extremely high (over 70% of prison inmates). Bail process delayed due to lack of legal awareness and resources. Bail conditions (surety, bond) often discriminatory against poor. Frequent non-compliance despite SC guidelines. Judicial Interventions in India Supreme Court (2023): Directed lower courts to avoid unnecessary pre-trial detentions due to inability to furnish surety. District Legal Services Authority (DLSA): Directed to provide legal aid, verify accused’s background, and ensure bail implementation. Legal Aid Services: Encouraged to assist accused unable to meet bail requirements. Need for Reform Shift from Monetary Bail: Move towards personal recognisance bonds and non-monetary conditions. Standardization: Bail assessment should be based on risk of flight, not wealth. Human Rights Approach: Prolonged detention without trial undermines Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty). Systemic Solutions: Simplify bail procedures. Introduce pre-trial assessment tools. Ensure legal aid for marginalized accused. Reform judicial attitudes that favour incarceration. Comparative Takeaway US: Problem lies in overuse of cash bail → reforms needed to reduce wealth-based incarceration. India: Problem lies in under-implementation of bail orders → accused remain in jail despite bail granted. Common Issue: Both systems disproportionately affect the poor, violating principles of equality and fair trial. Daruma Doll, presented to PM Modi in Japan: Basics Daruma Doll: A traditional Japanese wish doll, usually made of papier-mâché. Symbolizes perseverance, determination, and good luck. Typically painted in red; sizes vary from a few inches to several feet. Unique feature: round, hollow shape that allows it to return upright when tipped over → symbolizes resilience. Often features the word “luck” in Kanji. Customary Practice: One eye left blank; the owner colours one eye when setting a goal. The second eye is coloured upon achieving the goal. Embodies the Japanese proverb: “Fall seven times, stand up eight.” Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage) ,GS 2(International Relations) India Connection Origin: Modelled on Bodhidharma, a 5th-century Indian monk from Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu). Bodhidharma is regarded as the founder of Zen Buddhism and is known in Japan as Daruma Daishi. Historical Belief: Bodhidharma meditated for 9 years in a cave in China’s Henan province. His image (no limbs, eyes closed) influenced the design of the Daruma Doll. Cultural Link: Word ‘Daruma’ derived from Sanskrit ‘Dharma’, though it has no direct equivalent in Japanese/Chinese. Represents India-Japan civilizational ties through Buddhism. The Temple Shorinzan Daruma-ji Temple, Takasaki, Gunma Prefecture (built 1697). Considered the place of origin of Daruma Dolls. Associated with success and victory; frequented before elections and business ventures. Takasaki is the largest producer of Daruma dolls. Chief Priest Seishi Hirose: Belongs to the Obaku sect of Zen Buddhism. Graduate of Komazawa University. Has visited India 40 years ago, highlighting longstanding Indo-Japanese Buddhist links. Symbolism Spiritual Meaning: Perseverance in adversity (reflects Bodhidharma’s meditative endurance). Hope and success in personal/professional life. Practical Meaning: Used in goal-setting rituals in Japan. Popular among politicians, business leaders, and common people. Significance of Gift to Modi Reinforces civilizational ties between India and Japan through Buddhism. Symbolic gesture linking India’s Bodhidharma legacy with Japanese tradition. Highlights diplomatic soft power and cultural symbolism in international relations. Comprehensive Takeaway Daruma Doll = Resilience + Perseverance + Goal-fulfilment. Cultural Bridge: Represents shared Buddhist heritage of India & Japan. Soft Diplomacy: Gifting the doll to PM Modi was a symbolic act reinforcing historical, religious, and cultural bonds. Modern Relevance: Used in politics and business in Japan to inspire success, reflecting the continued importance of cultural traditions in contemporary society.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 August 2025

Content From Grassroots to Glory 11 Years of PM Jan Dhan Yojana: Banking the Unbanked From Grassroots to Glory Background: Sports as a Nation-Building Tool Sports in India historically underplayed compared to education, politics, and economy. Shift since 2014: sports as governance priority → youth empowerment, health, and national pride. India’s demographic advantage: 65% population under 35 years – sports policy aligned with demographic dividend. Budget allocation surge: ₹1,643 crore (2014–15) → ₹3,794 crore (2025–26) (↑130.9%). Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Schemes) Policy Vision: Sports in Viksit Bharat 2047 Youth-centric approach: Sports as a pillar of Naya Bharat. Integration with education (NEP 2020) and lifestyle (Fit India → Jan Andolan). Goal: Olympics 2036 → India as host nation. Top-10 sporting nation by 2036. Top-5 sporting nation by 2047. Key Government Schemes & Initiatives Sports Authority of India (SAI) Apex body for sports excellence & grassroots promotion. Functions: Talent scouting & nurturing. Scientific training & international exposure. Infrastructure development (stadia, shooting range, academies). Support to flagship schemes – Khelo India, TOPS, Fit India. Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 (new) Paradigm shift – sports as career + national movement. Integrates NEP 2020 with sports education. Focus: Early talent ID via KIRTI. Grassroots + elite infrastructure. National aspiration: Olympic bid 2036. Khelo India Programme (2016–17) Mass participation + excellence focus. Key outcomes: 328 infra projects worth ₹3,151 crore. 1,045 Khelo India Centres (KICs). 34 State Centres of Excellence (KISCEs). 306 accredited academies. 2,845 athletes supported (₹10,000/month stipend, coaching, medical care). KIRTI (Khelo India Rising Talent Identification) Talent ID for ages 9–18. Uses AI, data analytics, standardized protocols for fair selection. 174 Talent Assessment Centres (TACs) operational. Long-term aim: sustainable athlete pipeline for Olympic-level success. Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS) Elite athlete funding (customized training, exposure). Monthly support: Core athletes → ₹50,000. Development athletes → ₹25,000. Beneficiaries: 174 individual athletes + 2 hockey teams (Men & Women). Proven success: India’s medals in Tokyo 2020 (7) & Paris 2024 (6). Fit India Movement (2019) Mass fitness → lifestyle change. “Ek Ghanta Roz” campaign (NSD 2025 theme). Family-centric sessions, expert-led awareness. Other Schemes Assistance to NSFs: strengthens national federations (training, hosting events, hiring coaches). National Sports University (2018, Manipur): hub for sports sciences, tech, management, coaching. National Sports Awards: Recognition & motivation (Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna → Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna). Pension & Welfare Schemes: ₹12k–₹20k monthly pension, up to ₹10 lakh financial support for retired/hardship athletes. National Sports Development Fund (NSDF): CSR, NRI, philanthropy contributions. NCSSR (2017): Sports science & medicine, budget ₹260 crore till 2025–26. Landmark Reform: National Sports Governance Act 2025 Introduced Aug 18, 2025. Objectives: Transparency, accountability, athlete welfare. Key features: Athlete representation & gender inclusion mandatory. Safe Sports Policy – protects women, minors, vulnerable athletes. Code of Ethics (aligned with IOC/IPC norms). Internal grievance redressal mechanism in all sports bodies. Age & tenure limits for office bearers (70–75 yrs conditional relaxation). RTI applicability – sports bodies treated as public authorities. Professional sports administrators (not just retired judges) to resolve crises.   India’s Sporting Journey (Olympics Performance) Rio 2016: 117 athletes → 2 medals. Tokyo 2020: 124 athletes → 7 medals. Paris 2024: 117 athletes → 6 medals. Icons: Neeraj Chopra (1st Olympic athletics gold), Mirabai Chanu (multiple medals). Trend: Growing medal tally, diversified disciplines, improved global presence. Social & Cultural Dimension Major Dhyan Chand: Hockey legend, National Sports Day inspiration. Olympic & Paralympic values: Excellence, Respect, Equality, Courage. Sports → youth discipline, fitness, national integration, soft power. “From pastime → profession → diplomacy tool”. Challenges & Way Forward Grassroots penetration: ensuring rural & tier-2/3 cities get infra & coaching. Gender disparity: bridging participation gaps, ensuring safety. Sustainability of funding: private sector partnerships via NSDF critical. Scientific ecosystem: expand NCSSR model nationwide. Olympic 2036 ambition: requires global-scale infra, governance credibility, and mass athlete pipeline. Cultural shift: Sports must become “mainstream career” comparable to education/professions. Conclusion India’s sports ecosystem is undergoing systemic, athlete-centric transformation. From Khelo India → Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 → Governance Act 2025, reforms integrate grassroots to elite. With a demographic dividend, scientific support, and transparent governance, India is positioned for a leap from sporadic success to sustained global excellence. By 2036 (Olympic bid) and 2047 (Viksit Bharat), India envisions itself as a sporting superpower—where sports are not just medals, but also nation-building, youth empowerment, and global leadership. 11 Years of PM Jan Dhan Yojana: Banking the Unbanked Background: Why Financial Inclusion was Needed Pre-2014 scenario: 40%+ Indians unbanked, esp. in rural/semi-urban areas. Dependence on informal moneylenders → high interest debt traps. Lack of access to credit, insurance, pensions, DBT, digital payments. Policy Push (2014 onwards): PMJDY launched (28 Aug 2014) as National Mission for Financial Inclusion. Motto: Banking the Unbanked, Securing the Unsecured, Funding the Unfunded, Serving the Unserved & Underserved. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Schemes) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Core Tenets of PMJDY Banking the Unbanked: Basic Savings Bank Deposit Accounts (BSBDA) with zero balance, minimal KYC, e-KYC, account opening in camps. Securing the Unsecured: Free RuPay debit cards with accident insurance (₹2 lakh after Aug 2018; earlier ₹1 lakh). Funding the Unfunded: Overdraft facility (up to ₹10,000). Access to micro-credit, micro-insurance, micro-pensions. Financial Integration: Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT), linking to other schemes – PMJJBY, PMSBY, APY, MUDRA. Key Features of Accounts BSBDA (Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account): No minimum balance, 4 withdrawals/month, via bank/ATM/BCs. Small Accounts / Chota Khata: For citizens without valid KYC; valid for 12 months + 12-month extension with proof of applied documents. RuPay Debit Card: 38.68 crore issued till 2025. Enabled digital payments, accident cover, cashless transactions. Overdraft Facility: Contingency support up to ₹10,000 (esp. for women). Business Correspondents (BCs)/Bank Mitras: Last-mile banking agents in villages → deposits, withdrawals, mini-statements.   Achievements in 11 Years (2014 → 2025) Account Growth: 14.72 crore (2015) → 56.16 crore (Aug 2025). ~67% rural/semi-urban, 33% urban/metro. Women Empowerment: 56% accounts held by women (nearly 30 crore women beneficiaries). Deposits Growth: ₹15,670 crore (Mar 2015) → ₹2.67 lakh crore (Aug 2025). RuPay Cards: 38.68 crore issued, pivotal in digital payment adoption. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Linked with 327 schemes → leakage reduction, subsidy efficiency. Financial Literacy & Camps (2025 Saturation Drive): 99,753 camps held (July 2025). 6.6 lakh new PMJDY accounts, 22.65 lakh new enrollments in PMJJBY/PMSBY/APY. 4.73 lakh inactive accounts reactivated.   PMJDY’s Transformative Impact Financial Ecosystem Backbone: DBT pipeline for LPG subsidy (PAHAL), MGNREGA, PM-KISAN, pensions, scholarships. Gender Empowerment: Women get control over savings, pensions, and insurance. Reduced dependence on moneylenders. Digital Economy Boost: RuPay cards + UPI adoption → India leads in global real-time payments (40%+ of world’s volume). Social Equity: Access for marginalized groups (migrant workers, rural poor, unorganised sector). Trust in Formal Banking: Deposits growth shows behavioural shift → poor saving in banks, not cash-at-home.   Global Recognition Guinness World Record (2014): 18,096,130 bank accounts opened in one week → world record. World Bank & IMF: Recognize PMJDY as largest financial inclusion drive globally. Challenges & Gaps Dormant/Inactive Accounts: Still ~15–20% accounts inactive. Overdraft Utilisation Low: Fear of repayment, lack of awareness. Financial Literacy Deficit: Many account holders don’t fully use facilities (credit/insurance). Digital Divide: Rural women, elderly, less-educated find digital transactions difficult. Banking Correspondent Sustainability: Low remuneration → high attrition. Way Forward (2025 → 2047) Deepening Financial Services: Move beyond accounts → ensure access to credit, insurance, pensions. Women-Centric Financial Products: Special micro-savings, insurance for women SHGs. Digital + AI Empowerment: Fintech innovations to expand reach in remote areas. Strengthening BC Model: Better incentives, tech support for Bank Mitras. Financial Literacy Revolution: Village-level awareness + school curriculum integration. Universal Coverage by 2047: Every Indian with a bank account + digital footprint + financial product access.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 August 2025

Content India’s demographic dividend as a time bomb Building health for 1.4 billion Indians India’s demographic dividend as a time bomb Basics / Background Rabindranath Tagore’s Quote: Children must not be restricted to past learning; they are born for the future. Present context: India’s education system remains outdated, exam-centric, and degree-driven. The future of work is being shaped by AI and emerging technologies. Demographic Dividend: India has 800+ million people under 35. This can be an asset or a liability depending on education–employability alignment. Relevance : GS 1(Society ),GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : India’s demographic dividend risks turning into a demographic disaster unless education and employability are aligned. Critically examine.(250 Words) Why the Crisis Exists Curriculum lag: Update cycle in schools/colleges = 3 years, whereas job requirements evolve faster. Outdated pedagogy: Focus on rote learning, not problem-solving or practical application. Career unawareness: 93% students (class 8–12) know only 7 career options (doctor, engineer, lawyer, etc.). Economy actually offers 20,000+ career paths. Skills gap in graduates: Only 43% graduates job-ready (Graduate Skills Index 2025). 40–50% engineering graduates remain unplaced. Even STEM students lack industry-required skills. Impact of AI & Automation McKinsey estimate: By 2030, 70% of Indian jobs at risk from automation. World Economic Forum: AI may create 170 million jobs by 2030, but 92 million will be displaced → Net gain possible only with reskilling. Nature of change: 30% of tasks in existing jobs → automated. New opportunities in AI development, data science, robotics, cyber-security, green jobs. Government Efforts Skill India Mission (2015): Target 400 million by 2022 → fell short due to poor monitoring, fragmented implementation. Other schemes: PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) PM Kaushal Kendras (PMKK) Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) PM Yuva Yojana (PMYY) SANKALP, PM Internship Scheme Problem: “Acronym soup” of schemes, poor integration, low awareness, weak industry linkages. Challenges in the Current Education System High school problem: Lack of career counselling (only 7% get formal guidance). Curricula exam-driven, not skill-driven. Higher education disconnect: Degrees ≠ employability. Employers face skill shortage despite mass graduation. Digital divide: Smartphones common, but teaching mindset remains analog. EdTech limitations: Focus on test prep, not skill development → certificates commoditized. Risks if Unaddressed Demographic time bomb: Educated but unemployable youth → unrest & instability. Historical parallel: 1990 Mandal Commission student protests → violent unrest. Lant Pritchett’s “Where Has All the Education Gone?”: Education without employability leads to wasted human capital. Social contract under threat: Youth disenchantment can escalate into economic, political, and social crises. Way Forward Curriculum Reform: Integrate AI, data science, coding, green economy, critical thinking at school level. Update cycle must be continuous, not once in 3 years. Career Guidance: National framework for career exploration in schools. Awareness of 20,000+ modern career paths. Industry–Academia Linkage: Courses co-designed with industry (apprenticeships, internships). National Skill Universities with strong private sector partnerships. Skilling Ecosystem Reform: Merge fragmented schemes into one National Skill Grid. Outcome-based measurement (placement %, not training numbers). Digital Integration: AI-driven personalized learning platforms. Expand access to rural areas through PM e-Vidya, SWAYAM, DIKSHA. Public–Private Collaboration: EdTech + Government + Industry partnerships for real-time skill delivery. Youth Empowerment Policy: Embed reskilling, upskilling, cross-skilling in National Education Policy (NEP). Building health for 1.4 billion Indians Background Health-care paradox in India: Rising demand for affordable & accessible care. Growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (diabetes, hypertension, cancer). Uneven distribution of services (urban vs tier-2/3 cities). Demographic reality: Large, young population → increasing health needs. Aging population by 2047 will further stress the system. Core challenge: Dual task of expanding access and ensuring affordability. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues) Practice Question : Insurance, prevention, and digital innovation are the three pillars for building a resilient healthcare system in India. Discuss.(250 Words) State of Insurance & Affordability Insurance as foundation: Pooling risk → shields families from catastrophic health expenses. Even modest premiums (₹5k–20k individual, ₹10k–50k family) = several lakhs coverage. Current status: Only 15–18% insured. Insurance premium-to-GDP ratio 3.7% (India) vs 7% (global average). Potential: $15 billion gross written premiums in 2024 → projected 20%+ CAGR till 2030. Problem: Insurance mostly crisis-driven; not integrated with everyday care, outpatient needs, prevention. Efficiency & Scale India’s unique model: Extraordinary efficiency in healthcare delivery at scale. Example: MRI machines → 7–8 scans/day in West vs many times more in India. Rooted in: doctor-patient ratios, workflow innovation, infrastructure utilisation. Next leap: Extend this efficiency to tier-2 and tier-3 cities (currently underserved). If successful → India sets a global benchmark for affordable scale healthcare. Role of Government Schemes Ayushman Bharat – PM Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): Covers 500 million people. Provides ₹5 lakh/family/year for advanced care. Enabled millions of cashless treatments. Example: Cancer treatments for beneficiaries ↑ nearly 90%. Need: Expand private hospital participation with fair reimbursements + transparent processes. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): Aims at universal health records → continuity of care across public + private providers. Prevention as the Cost-Saver Rising burden of NCDs: Major share of OOP (out-of-pocket) expenditure. Punjab study: Even insured families → catastrophic spending on diabetes, hypertension, etc. Solution: Insurance redesign → cover outpatient & diagnostics. Nationwide prevention push → lifestyle, diet, screening. Public participation → schools, employers, communities promoting preventive health. Logic: Every ₹1 spent on prevention saves multiples in future treatment costs. Digital Transformation in Health Telemedicine & AI adoption: Remote consultations (bridging urban specialists with rural patients). AI tools → detect sepsis early, triage reports, optimise workflows. Impact: Democratise access → reach rural & underserved. Increase doctor productivity. Enable universal digital health records (under ABDM). Regulation & Trust Challenge: Rising costs due to environmental & lifestyle factors. Eg: Insurers considering 10–15% premium hike due to pollution-linked respiratory illness. Importance of regulation: IRDAI urged to strengthen claims settlement, grievance redress. Trust is key → without confidence, households won’t buy insurance. Balance required: fair pricing + transparent processes. Investment & Inclusion Private investment: $5.5 billion (2023) in health (digital, pharmacy, hospitals). Problem: Concentrated in metros. Way forward: Redirect capital to tier-2/3 cities, primary networks, training specialists. Outcome: Growth → inclusion, not just elite urban healthcare. Risks if Challenges Persist Low penetration → continued catastrophic out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure (~55% of health spending). NCD tsunami → overwhelming public + private health system. Urban-rural divide widens → inequity, social unrest. Trust deficit → poor adoption of insurance, loss of financial protection. Way Forward Insurance: Expand beyond inpatient → outpatient, diagnostics, preventive care. Incentivise preventive behaviour (premium discounts for healthy lifestyle). Primary Healthcare Strengthening: More Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs). Focus on NCD screening. Digital push: Scale telemedicine, AI diagnostics, ABDM adoption. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Private hospitals in PM-JAY with fair reimbursements. Joint investments in tier-2/3 healthcare infrastructure. Workforce training: More doctors, nurses, allied health professionals, especially in rural India. Regulation: Stronger IRDAI framework for claims settlement & pricing transparency. Equity focus: Direct PE/VC flows to underserved geographies.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 August 2025

Content Industrial growth jumps to four-month high of 3.5% Lost villages and other costs of coalfields Should States be compensated for revenue loss from GST reforms? Which sectors are worst hit by tariffs? School enrolment in 3-11 age group down by 25 lakh: UDISE+ Centering elderly women: caring for the quiet majority Industrial growth jumps to four-month high of 3.5% Understanding the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Definition: IIP measures the volume of production of different industry groups (manufacturing, mining, electricity). Base year: 2011–12. Weightage: Manufacturing: ~77% Mining: ~14% Electricity: ~8% Importance: Monthly indicator of industrial health. Proxy for economic activity and GDP (particularly industry sector). Guides policy interventions in demand, supply, and infrastructure. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy)   Key Data: July 2025 Overall industrial growth: 3.5% (July 2025) – four-month high. Lower than 5% (July 2024) → deceleration YoY. Sectoral performance: Manufacturing: +5.4% (six-month high), up from 4.7% in July 2024. Electricity: +0.6% (weak growth vs double-digit levels last year). Mining: -7.2% (fourth straight month of contraction). Use-based classification: Capital goods: +5% → investment revival. Consumer durables: +7.7% (seven-month high). Consumer non-durables: +0.5% (eight-month high, but very low absolute growth). Basic metals, fabricated metals, electrical machinery: strong double-digit growth. Non-metallic minerals: +9.5% → infra and construction push. Why Growth Picked Up in July 2025 Manufacturing rebound: Recovery after two months of contraction. Driven by investment demand (metals, machinery). Consumer durables revival shows festive/pre-festive demand pickup. Electricity slowdown: Monsoon impact → lower power demand from irrigation. High base effect (double-digit growth in 2024). Mining contraction: Seasonal monsoon disruption in coal, iron ore, limestone. Subdued global commodity demand, especially in China. Regulatory and environmental bottlenecks. Consumer goods mixed trend: Durables (+7.7%) → white goods, electronics, appliances supported by urban demand and credit growth. Non-durables (+0.5%) → rural demand still sluggish due to erratic monsoon, food inflation pressures. Structural Takeaways Investment revival signals: Capital goods + basic/intermediate goods expansion → infra + capex cycle strengthening. Rural–urban divergence: Strong urban discretionary demand, weak rural essentials. Policy sensitivity: RBI likely to watch rural weakness + commodity volatility for growth–inflation trade-off. Mining as a drag: Persistent contraction risks supply-side constraints for core industries (steel, cement, power). Base effect reality: Lower growth vs July 2024 highlights statistical distortion – economy grew on a high base last year. Implications For GDP growth (Q2 FY26): Industrial sector contribution may be moderate due to mining weakness + slower electricity. Manufacturing strength prevents sharp slowdown. For government policy: Need for rural demand stimulus (via MSP, rural jobs, credit). Mining reforms (ease clearances, monsoon-resilient infra). Support electricity diversification (RE integration, industrial demand). For markets & industry: Metals, machinery, and consumer durables show strong prospects. FMCG (non-durables) growth remains tepid, rural stress may weigh on stock performance. Lost villages and other costs of coalfields Coal Mining and Displacement in India Coal in India: India has 389.42 billion tonnes of estimated reserves (2024). Odisha is the largest coal reserve holder: 99.2 billion tonnes (25.5% of India). Coal still supplies ~45.65% of India’s electricity capacity (June 2025). Talcher Coalfields (Angul, Odisha): Largest in India. Angul spans 6.3 lakh hectares, with 32% cultivable land, 43% forests, and 12.26% coal-bearing areas. 66 coal blocks identified; 12 operational, 2 about to start. If all blocks become active → 348 villages to be displaced. Displacement in Odisha: 5,923 families displaced in past 5 years (2019–24), mainly from Angul. Angul accounts for 48% of Odisha’s coal production (269.71 MT in 2024). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Human Cost of Displacement Loss of community & cultural identity: Example: Antaryami Pradhan had to travel 10 km for his brother’s cremation as new village denied him land. Villagers scattered → weakened social cohesion. Disruption of livelihoods: Farmers, cattle rearers, milkmen lose land & traditional professions. Rehabilitation colonies often lack open space for farming. Psychological & social alienation: New villagers don’t accept displaced families socially. Migrants often feel like outsiders even in new houses. Gendered impacts: Pregnant/lactating women lose access to health workers and schemes post-relocation. Women bear additional burden of household and social adjustment. Compensation & Rehabilitation Issues Compensation discrepancies: Example: SCCL (Telangana) offers ₹70 lakh/acre. Gopiballavpur villagers offered only ₹11 lakh/acre. Within Angul, land valuation varies drastically between adjacent villages (e.g., ₹35 lakh vs ₹17 lakh per acre). R&R (Rehabilitation & Resettlement) packages: Options include: ₹35 lakh (cash in lieu of employment + self-relocation). ₹31 lakh + land at R&R colony. Issues: R&R colonies often delayed or on disputed land (e.g., forest land challenged at NGT). Many forced to rent or return to old villages. Failure in implementation: Law requires resettlement colonies before displacement → often violated. Welfare schemes (health, nutrition, education) do not transfer automatically post-relocation. Larger Structural Concerns Fragmented governance: No centralised displacement database in Angul. Land acquisition handled piecemeal → policies differ across projects. Legal & policy shifts: 2014: SC cancelled 204 coal block allocations (including 8 in Angul). 2015: Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act allowed auctions. 2020: Commercial coal mining introduced → private & foreign players entered. Outcome → increased pace of land acquisition & displacement. Energy paradox: India pushes renewables but still heavily dependent on coal. Angul remains at the epicenter of India’s coal–development trade-off. Socio-Economic & Environmental Impact Economic paradox: Some families receive life-changing sums but cannot buy equivalent land in towns. Compensation often erodes quickly without sustainable livelihood alternatives. Environmental stress: Villages, forests, agricultural lands consumed by expanding open-cast mines. Ecological degradation (loss of forest cover, dust pollution, groundwater depletion). Education disruption: Schools demolished → children’s education interrupted. Families caught in limbo delay investments in education due to uncertain future. Rural–urban shift stress: Villagers struggle to adapt to urban costs & lifestyles. Loss of access to affordable vegetables, community services, and collective rural economy. Implications For displaced communities: Identity erosion, livelihood collapse, weak social absorption → long-term vulnerability. Inter-generational impact as children lose educational continuity and cultural roots. For governance & policy: Need for uniform, transparent, and inflation-adjusted compensation. Collective relocation models (keeping villages intact) rather than atomised dispersal. Transfer of welfare entitlements (PDS, Anganwadi, health services) to new sites. Centralised displacement tracking & accountability mechanism. For India’s energy policy: Rising dependence on Odisha coalfields → concentrated risk. Balancing energy security vs social justice vs environmental sustainability will be a defining challenge. Transition to renewables must consider a “just transition” framework for coal-dependent regions. Should States be compensated for revenue loss from GST reforms? Basics of GST GST launched: July 1, 2017, as a destination-based, indirect tax subsuming central (excise, service tax, CST) and state taxes (VAT, entry tax, octroi). Current structure: Multiple slabs (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) + special rates (gold, precious stones) + cess (luxury/sin goods). Revenue sharing: GST collected is split between Centre and States (CGST + SGST; IGST for inter-state). Compensation principle (2017–2022): Centre guaranteed States 14% annual revenue growth, bridging losses via Compensation Cess on luxury/sin goods (cars, tobacco, aerated drinks). Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Taxation) Proposed Reform Move from 4–5 slab system → 2-tier (5% & 18%), with essentials exempt or 0% rated. Higher tax (40%) to continue on luxury/sin goods. Target average GST rate: reduce from ~11.5% (current) to ~10%. Objective: Simplification → compliance ease. Lower rates → boost consumption, formalisation, investment. At par with developed economies (average GST/VAT 10–12%). Likely Revenue Impact Short-term dip inevitable: Estimated ₹60,000–1,00,000 crore/year loss (~0.2–0.3% of GDP). FY2025–26: ~₹45,000 crore hit (partial year implementation). Medium/long term gains: Wider tax base: More consumption under formal economy. Leakage reduction: Simplified slabs reduce classification disputes. Demand boost: Lower rates on consumer durables/essentials → higher sales volume → more GST. Luxury/sin cess: Higher rates (40%) to partly offset revenue fall. Impact on States Unequal effect across States: Manufacturing/urban States (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu): Larger revenue hit as bulk of GST collections come from industrial goods and services. Agrarian/consumption-heavy States (Bihar, UP, NE States): Smaller impact since their GST base is narrower and skewed towards essentials (already exempt/low slab). Past experience: July 2018 GST cuts → Maharashtra/Karnataka collections dipped 3–4%, but NE states unaffected. Revenue distribution remains unequal: Richer States lose more; poorer States less affected. Compensation Question Legal status: 5-year compensation period (2017–2022) ended; technically Centre has no liability now. Arguments against further compensation: Perpetual transfers unsustainable. States should expand their tax base, plug leakages, attract investment. Alternative: allocate funds for infrastructure or contingency, not continuous GST gap-filling. Arguments for compensation: Asymmetry in GST revenue distribution → small states structurally disadvantaged. Global precedent: Countries like Australia/Canada initially provided both GST-linked compensation + consolidated fund support. Equity demands special packages for less industrialised states. Possible middle ground: Create Contingency/Equalisation Fund from part of GST or Consolidated Fund of India. Use mechanism like Kerala Flood Cess for State-specific needs. Time-bound compensation, not indefinite. Political & Institutional Dimensions GST Council: Consensus-based so far (except ~2 votes). Likely to approve reform since announced by PM. Potential friction: Product classification disputes (whether certain goods fall in 5% or 18%), timing of implementation, and transitional compensation. Consensus outlook: Strong — reforms likely passed in next Council meeting (may require vote, but government has majority). Macro Implications Average GST rate falls to ~10% → competitive with OECD economies. Ease of doing business improves: Simple two-rate GST system boosts investor confidence. Formalisation accelerates: lower rates + better compliance → more firms enter GST net. Revenue trajectory: Dip in Year 1–2, stabilisation by Year 3, higher buoyancy thereafter. State fiscal independence: Pushes states to strengthen own tax (property tax, excise, stamp duty) rather than rely on GST transfers. Summary Judgment: Reform = Simplification + Ease of doing business + Long-term revenue buoyancy. Short-term revenue dip of ₹45,000–1,00,000 crore inevitable, disproportionately hitting industrialised states. Compensation debate: Centre unlikely to extend blanket GST compensation; instead, targeted equalisation fund or special packages may balance inequities. Net effect = Moderate tax regime (~10% avg), stronger compliance, higher consumption, improved investor sentiment. Which sectors are worst hit by tariffs? Basics of the Tariffs Effective date: August 27, 2025. Tariff level: Flat 50% additional tariff on imports from India (over existing tariffs). Coverage: Broad, covering labour-intensive and manufacturing sectors where U.S. is a major export destination. Earlier tariff structure: Most sectors faced 0–10% tariffs; now in many cases, effective duties are 50–60%. Metrics of severity (impact analysis): Export value to U.S. (absolute terms). Share of U.S. in India’s total exports of that product. Final tariff rate post-hike. Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Tariff) Sectors Facing Severe Impact (a) Shrimp Exports to U.S.: $2.4 billion (2024–25). Share: 32.4% of India’s total shrimp exports. Tariff jump: 10% → 60%. Immediate impact: Sharp fall in demand from U.S. buyers. Reports of exporters in Andhra Pradesh lowering purchase prices. Cancelled contracts and shipment delays. High risk for aquaculture farmers and coastal labour. (b) Textiles & Apparel (Tiruppur cluster etc.) Exports to U.S.: $2.7 billion. Share: 13.2% of India’s total textile exports. Tariff jump: 4% → 54%. Immediate impact: Exporters rushing existing shipments before duties bite. U.S. buyers cancelling fresh orders. Threat to jobs in Tiruppur, Surat, Panipat (labour-intensive hubs). (c) Jewellery, Diamonds & Carpets U.S. a top market for India’s gems & jewellery (~$10–12 billion annually, though not all under 50% tariff). Impact: High-value exports like cut diamonds and studded jewellery hit severely. Surat, Jaipur clusters face job & liquidity pressures. Reports of production cuts and downsizing. Sectors Facing Moderate Impact (a) Metals (Steel, Aluminium, Copper) Exports to U.S.: $4.7 billion (17% of total Indian metal exports). Impact: U.S. not largest global market, but vital for SMEs in Delhi-NCR engineering belt and eastern foundry hubs. Stainless steel, aluminium casting, and copper semi-finished goods face job disruptions. (b) Machinery & Mechanical Appliances Exports to U.S.: $6.7 billion (20% of India’s total in this category). Impact: Demand drop expected, but diversified global buyers soften the blow. Still critical for SMEs dependent on U.S. orders. (c) Organic Chemicals Medium exposure to U.S. Tariff impact is cushioned by wider markets in EU, Japan, ASEAN. Industry body CHEMEXCIL has sought government intervention. Immediate Economic Impact Severe demand shock: shrimp, textiles, jewellery already seeing cancellations. Price crash: Shrimp prices falling in Andhra Pradesh procurement markets. Employment risk: Labour-intensive sectors (textiles, gems, aquaculture) at risk of layoffs. Exporters’ reaction: Pre-shipment rush, appeals to government, lobbying through industry bodies. Government Response (Short-term) “Swadeshi” & “Vocal for Local” narrative: Reduce export dependency; boost domestic demand. Multi-ministry plan under consideration (Commerce, Finance, External Affairs, MSME): Possible interest subvention / credit support for exporters. Export incentive packages for worst-hit sectors. Marketing support to explore alternative destinations. RBI readiness: Governor stated RBI will provide liquidity or credit easing to impacted sectors. Medium to Long-term Strategy Diversification of export markets: Leverage FTAs (UAE, Australia, EU in progress). Push into Africa, ASEAN, Latin America. Strengthening domestic value chains: Reduce reliance on U.S. orders. Special packages/funds: For sectors with high labour absorption (textiles, gems, marine exports). Negotiation channels: Possible WTO consultations or bilateral trade talks with U.S. International Parallels Similar protective tariffs by U.S. in past (e.g., Trump-era steel tariffs, China tariffs) caused: Short-term export pain. Trade diversion to alternate markets. Other countries responded with compensation packages for farmers/exporters or by negotiating bilateral deals. Summary High-impact sectors: Shrimp, textiles, jewellery/carpets (tariffs up to 60%, immediate order cancellations, production/job cuts). Moderate-impact sectors: Metals, machinery, organic chemicals (tariffs 50%, but diversified export base reduces damage). Government response: Short-term relief plan + credit support + long-term diversification strategy. Outlook: Immediate pain in labour-heavy sectors, with medium-term adjustment possible if markets diversify and domestic demand strengthens. School enrolment in 3-11 age group down by 25 lakh: UDISE+ Basics: What is UDISE+? Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+): Annual survey by the Ministry of Education. Covers pre-primary to Class 12 in govt., aided, private, and other schools. Provides data on enrolment, dropouts, Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), infrastructure, teachers, etc. Latest data: 2024-25, compared to 2023-24. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Social Issues)   Key Findings of UDISE+ 2024-25 Sharp fall in young student enrolment (ages 3–11; Anganwadi, pre-school, Classes 1–5): 2023-24: 12.09 crore 2024-25: 11.84 crore Decline: 24.93 lakh students Overall enrolment (Classes 1–12): 2023-24: 24.8 crore 2024-25: 24.69 crore Drop: 11 lakh students → lowest since 2018-19. Historical trend: 2012-13: 26.3 crore 2021-22: ~26 crore 2022-23: 25.18 crore 2023-24: 24.8 crore 2024-25: 24.69 crore Net fall in a decade: ~1.6 crore students (~6%). Causes of Decline in Enrolment Demographic transition: Falling birth rates → shrinking school-age population. India’s TFR = 1.91 (2021) < replacement level (2.1). Except UP, Bihar, Meghalaya, all states below replacement fertility. Shift to standalone pre-primary private institutions → some children outside UDISE+ school count. Methodological changes in 2022-23 and 2023-24 → not fully comparable to older datasets. Urbanization & migration: Possible undercounting of mobile/migrant children. Positive Indicators Amid Decline Rising GER (Gross Enrolment Ratio): Middle level: 89.5% → 90.3% (2023-24 to 2024-25). Secondary level: 66.5% → 68.5%. Suggests higher share of eligible children are actually enrolled, even if population base shrinks. Dropout rates improving: Preparatory stage: 3.7% → 2.3%. Middle school: 5.2% → 3.5%. Secondary: 10.9% → 8.2%. Indicates better retention, fewer children leaving school midway. Higher enrolment in upper classes: Classes 6–8: +6 lakh students (6.31 → 6.36 crore). Classes 9–12: +8 lakh students (6.39 → 6.48 crore). Suggests progress in transition from primary to secondary education. Implications of the Decline Demographic dividend challenge: Shrinking base of young students → smaller workforce in future. Education system planning: Govt. must align teacher recruitment, infrastructure, and budgets with falling school-age population. Policy focus shift: From universal access → to quality of learning outcomes. With fewer children, per-child investment can be higher. Regional disparities: States like UP & Bihar (still high fertility) may see continued high demand for schools, while southern & western states face declining enrolment. Long-term social impact: Lower child population → ageing society sooner, with implications for pensions, health care, and dependency ratios. Way Forward Use of upcoming 2026 Census: To update school-age population base and refine GER/dropout estimates. Policy realignment: Rationalizing school infrastructure in low-population areas. Investing more in teacher training, digital learning, foundational literacy. Focus on early childhood education: Integrate Anganwadis and standalone pre-schools into formal system (NEP 2020 mandate). Address regional imbalance: Northern states → focus on access (school availability). Southern states → focus on retention & higher-order skills. Centering elderly women: caring for the quiet majority India’s Ageing Context Demographic transition: India is moving from a young to ageing society due to falling fertility & rising life expectancy. India Ageing Report 2023 (IIPS + UNFPA): By 2050, 20%+ of India’s population will be aged 60+. This equals ~347 million elderly, compared to ~149 million in 2022. Gendered longevity: Women live 2.7 years longer than men on average. Results in a feminisation of ageing (more elderly women than men). Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Health & Longevity Gap Between Men and Women McKinsey Health Institute: Women spend 25% more years in poor health than men. Much of this burden falls in later years of life. Elderly women’s health paradox: Longer life expectancy ≠ better quality of life. Higher prevalence of chronic conditions, cancers, and cognitive decline. Social Determinants of Elderly Women’s Health Cultural & social conditioning: Women prioritise family health > own health. Gatekeeping of care decisions by husband/adult children. Economic dependency: 60% of elderly women have no personal income (UNFPA 2011). <20% women can pay their own medical bills (vs. 44% men). Very few elderly women have health insurance. Digital divide: Limited access to digital health platforms & insurance enrolment. Reduces access to information & tele-health solutions. Education gap: Education strongly linked to better health-seeking behaviour. Uneducated women face poor awareness about preventive screenings & therapies. Disease Burden Among Elderly Women Cancer risks: Breast cancer: Elderly women often get less aggressive treatment, lowering survival despite effectiveness of surgery/chemo. Cervical cancer: Vaccination awareness growing in younger women, but elderly women lack access to pap smear screening. Ovarian cancer: Most lethal gynaecological cancer; 5-year survival only 17% if diagnosed late. Neurodegenerative diseases: Higher vulnerability to Alzheimer’s, dementias (due to oestrogen decline, widowhood, isolation). LASI: Women 70+ report higher cognitive impairment, but are under-diagnosed & under-treated. Mental health: Depression highly under-reported. HelpAge India: Only 1 in 10 elderly women with depressive symptoms seek help. Barriers: stigma, lack of geriatric psychiatry services, family neglect. Positive Protective Factors Social embeddedness: Elderly women deeply connected to family & community networks. Protective against loneliness & cognitive decline. Active lifestyles: Walking groups, yoga, hobbies (painting, music) improve physical & mental well-being. Education advantage: Educated women are more likely to seek outpatient care, both public & private. Policy & Systemic Gaps Healthcare spending bias: Across age groups, health expenditure on men > women. Gender-insensitive care: Few healthcare facilities tailor care to elderly women’s needs (e.g., cancer screening, mental health). Elderly treated as dependents: Public discourse ignores elderly women’s agency; sees them only as caregivers or passive dependents. Insurance gap: Limited geriatric coverage; most elderly women lack health protection schemes. Way Forward – Recommendations Policy realignment: Build gender-sensitive geriatric health systems. NEP for ageing: integrate elderly women’s health into Ayushman Bharat & state health missions. Preventive care expansion: Free screening programs for cancers (cervical, breast, ovarian) & cognitive decline. Financial inclusion: Pensions, micro-insurance, and social security nets for widows & single elderly women. Mental health integration: Geriatric psychiatry, community counselling, elderly support helplines. Digital & health literacy: Train elderly women in basic digital health platforms. Expand awareness on vaccinations, screening, and treatment options. Community-driven solutions: Promote elderly women’s groups, SHGs, walking clubs, skill-based learning for social & mental health benefits.

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