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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 August 2025

Content IAF’s Unending Fighter Conundrum Why a Progressive Indian Policy on Myanmar is More Than Plausible Pollution Control Boards Have Power to Impose Restitutionary Damages: SC Largest Asian Tortoise Back in Nagaland Community Reserve Old Trees, Ageing Farmers Worsen Outlook for Palm Oil Exporters Attempt to Save Rhinos by Giving Them Radioactive Horns IAF’s unending fighter conundrum Historical Significance of MiG-21 in India’s Defence History Induction & Origins: Inducted post-1962 Sino-Indian War from the Soviet Union; first supersonic and non-Western jet in the IAF. Combat Legacy: Pivotal in 1965 and 1971 wars, Kargil 1999, and 2019 Balakot-Aerial Conflict (notably, Wing Commander Abhinandan’s engagement). Trainer Role: Used for Stage-III pilot training in absence of an AJT, despite being “sub-optimal.” Global Footprint: One of the world’s most prolific jets: 6,000+ MiG-21s across 35+ countries. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) Operational and Safety Concerns Accident-Prone: Over 450 accidents, earning the MiG-21 the nickname “Flying Coffin.” Aging Fleet: Only two squadrons (No. 23 ‘Panthers’ and No. 3 ‘Cobras’) remain, set to retire. Legacy Phasing Out: With MiG-21 retirement, MiG-29 and Su-30MKI are the only Russian-origin jets remaining. Current IAF Inventory & Transition Challenges Aging Assets: Early variants of Jaguars, Mirage-2000s, MiG-29s will retire by end of the decade. Dependence on Limited Platforms: Su-30MKI (~260 in service) and LCA Tejas variants to form the backbone. Capability Gaps: IAF needs to induct 35–40 jets annually to maintain squadron strength. LCA Mk1A: Cornerstone of the Modernisation Plan Contract Details: ₹48,000 crore contract with HAL for 83 LCA Mk1A jets (signed in 2021). Delivery Schedule: 16 jets/year from March 2024 — no deliveries yet. Causes of Delay: Engine delivery delay by GE Aerospace (F-404 engines ordered in 2021). First engine arrived only in April 2025, second in August 2025. HAL Response: Promised to scale up production to 24 jets/year. A follow-on order for 97 more jets worth₹67,000 crore in the pipeline. Sukhoi-30MKI: Backbone but Needing Upgrades Induction: 272 Sukhois procured from Russia; ~260 remain operational. Recent Contracts: ₹13,500 crore deal for 12 new Sukhois (to replace crash losses). Upgrade Plans: HAL will modernize 84 jets in Phase 1; earlier batches to retire by 2040s. Roadmap for the Future: IAF’s 600+ Jet Induction Plan Ambitious Target: Over 600 new fighters in next 20 years: 180 LCA Mk1A 120+ LCA Mk2 114 Medium Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA) 120 Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) Twin Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF) for Navy LCA Mk2 & AMCA: Strategic Capabilities in Pipeline LCA Mk2: Designed to replace Mirage-2000, MiG-29, Jaguars. First flight expected in 2026. AMCA (5th Generation): Two-phase plan: Mk1 with GE-414 engines Mk2 with 110kN engine (to be co-developed with foreign partner). Private sector participation invited; HAL must compete for contract. Timeline: 10 years to first prototype flight (expected post-2025 contract finalization). Medium Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA): The Lingering Question Status: RFI issued in 2019, but no forward movement due to cost, priorities, and delays in other projects. Current Prospects: Interim import of 5th gen fighters being explored (SU-57 or F-35). Sensitive negotiations underway; decision pending official stages (AoN, RFP). Engine Technology: A Core Bottleneck F414 for LCA Mk2: Licence manufacture by HAL — negotiations with GE ongoing. AMCA Engine: Mk1: GE414 Mk2: Jointly developed 110kN-class engine — foreign collaboration under discussion. Strategic and Defence Policy Implications for India Indigenisation Push: LCA, AMCA, TEDBF, and engine co-development critical to India’s strategic autonomy. Industrial Ecosystem: HAL and private firms must deliver on time, quality, and scale. Geopolitical Balance: Fifth-gen fighters crucial for parity with China (J-20) and Pakistan’s F-16s. Budgetary Realism: Competing demands (Army modernization, Navy submarines) necessitate prioritization and execution discipline. Critical Evaluation Strengths: Holistic roadmap to revive squadron strength. Serious push towards self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence). Embedded long-term vision via LCA → LCA Mk2 → AMCA. Concerns: Delays in execution risk capability gaps. Dependence on foreign engines and tech remains. Potential bureaucratic inertia and vendor inefficiencies. Ethical Considerations: Is heavy capital spending on air power justified amid socio-economic priorities? Can India achieve a balance between deterrence and diplomacy? Conclusion: India’s Jet Power in Transition India is at a critical juncture in redefining its airpower: phasing out legacy fighters like the MiG-21, embracing homegrown innovation (LCA, AMCA), and cautiously exploring high-stakes fifth-gen acquisitions. Timely execution, inter-agency coordination, and global strategic alignments will determine whether India can meet its aerial defence needs in the 21st century battlespace. Why a progressive Indian policy on Myanmar is more than plausible Context & Background Myanmar junta ended emergency rule in June 2024 and announced elections for December, amid an ongoing civil war. The 2021 military coup dismantled the elected civilian government, triggering: 5,000+ civilian deaths. 2.5 million+ internally displaced persons (IDPs). India’s current approach: Continued engagement with the junta while ignoring the pro-democracy resistance. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) India’s Current Posture: Flawed Assumptions Realpolitik Argument: India must protect its “interests” (security, connectivity, China containment) by engaging with whoever is in power — even the junta. Problem: Assumes that values (democracy, human rights) are separate from interests. Key Critique: India’s definition of “interests” is narrow, strategic, and short-sighted. The Civil War Landscape in Myanmar Resistance Forces: Led by the National Unity Government (NUG) — an alliance of: Pro-democracy activists. Ethnic armed groups. Civil society and trade unions. Their goal: Overthrow the 2008 military-drafted Constitution and establish a federal democratic union. India’s China Problem in Myanmar China’s Approach: Arms sales, strategic infrastructure (e.g. Kyaukphyu port), backchannel diplomacy. India’s Missed Opportunity: While both can sell weapons, only India can offer democratic federalism as a model — an edge China lacks. By staying neutral or silent, India risks: Losing goodwill among Myanmar’s future leadership. Ceding long-term influence to China. A Progressive Indian Myanmar Policy: Why It’s Plausible & Necessary Two Core Pivots: Democracy Human Security Policy Recommendations (4 Interlocking Steps) Support Myanmar’s Pro-Democracy Forces How? Engage with NUG and ethnic political entities. Launch capacity-building programs: Constitution-making, federalism, decentralization. Use India’s democratic experience as soft power leverage. Why? Builds long-term strategic alliances. Signals India’s moral and political leadership in Asia. Immediately Halt All Weapon Sales to the Junta Facts & Findings: Indian PSUs have reportedly sold navigation equipment and diesel to the Myanmar military post-coup (Justice For Myanmar; Frontier Myanmar). Why Stop? Junta is using all three military branches (army, navy, air force) to attack civilians. Weapons, even non-lethal, contribute to junta’s war infrastructure. Ethical Cost: Contradicts India’s global image as a democratic “Vishwabandhu”. Open Cross-Border Humanitarian Corridors Conflict Zones near India: Sagaing Region, Chin State, and Rakhine State – key hubs of displacement. Action Steps: Reinstate Free Movement Regime (FMR), revoked in Feb 2024. Partner with local NGOs and global humanitarian networks. Deliver aid through Mizoram – which has local asylum infrastructure. Learn from Thailand’s cross-border aid model. Safeguards: Aid delivery must bypass the junta. Use pre-vetting and strict border checks to avoid contraband leaks. Stop Deporting Myanmar Asylum Seekers Current Reality: 115 asylum seekers deported from Manipur (latest: June 2024). 27 Chin refugees detained in Assam Legal & Ethical Obligations: India has not ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention, but must abide by customary international law. Non-refoulement principle prohibits returning refugees to danger. Indian Constitution & human rights norms support humane refugee treatment. Broader Strategic and Ethical Insights India’s Core Strengths in Myanmar Democracy: Unique appeal to pro-democracy forces, unlike China. Federalism: A real-time model for Myanmar’s future constitution-making. People-to-People Ties: Especially in the Northeast (ethnic overlaps with Chin, Mizo populations). Regional Power Status: Enables India to shape the narrative of peace and reconstruction. Risks of Current Policy Loss of moral legitimacy. Alienation of future Myanmar leaders. Strengthening China’s grip on Myanmar’s military-industrial complex. Increased instability on India’s Northeast border (influx of refugees, militancy). Conclusion: Walking the Talk of “Vishwabandhu” India often claims to stand with the people of Myanmar. Now is the time to back that rhetoric with action — through a balanced approach that: Supports democratic transition, Respects humanitarian needs, Secures India’s strategic interests, and Elevates India’s regional leadership. Pollution Control Boards have power to impose restitutionary damages: SC Context of the Case Petitioner: Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) Issue: Delhi HC had ruled that DPCC cannot impose compensatory damages under Section 33A (Water Act) and Section 31A (Air Act). Appeal: Filed before the Supreme Court, which overruled the HC and upheld the power of Pollution Control Boards to levy such damages. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Legal Provisions Invoked Section 33A – Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Section 31A – Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Both allow Pollution Control Boards to issue directions in writing, including closure or regulation of industries causing pollution.   SC’s Key Observations and Rulings Restitutionary Powers Upheld: PCBs can impose fixed monetary penalties or require bank guarantees from polluters. These powers are not merely preventive, but also compensatory and restitutive. Focus on Ecosystem Restoration: Emphasized restoration to “original, pristine” condition — not just pollution control. Based on Polluter Pays Principle: polluting entities must repair the damage they cause, not just stop further harm. Need for Subordinate Legislation: Enforcement of restitutionary powers must follow framing of rules and procedural safeguards. Rules must include principles of natural justice (fair hearing, reasoned orders, appeal mechanism). Broad Statutory Mandate Recognized: PCBs have “expansive powers and enormous responsibilities” under environmental laws. Powers include: Shutting down polluting units Stopping electricity/water supply Directing change in industrial operations Issuing penalties and compliance orders Significance of the Judgment Legal Empowerment of PCBs Ends ambiguity around PCBs’ ability to impose damages. Restores institutional authority after multiple HC verdicts had limited their powers. Environmental Justice Strengthened Introduces a restoration-focused enforcement regime. Moves beyond temporary closures or symbolic penalties. Recognizes the intrinsic value of clean air and water, not just utility. Shift from ‘Pollution Control’ to ‘Ecological Restoration’ Moves beyond damage limitation to active ecosystem recovery. Mandates a return to pre-damage environmental baselines. Current Weaknesses Addressed Until now, PCBs often struggled with: Limited punitive capabilities Over-reliance on court orders Inability to recover cleanup costs This judgment provides a legal and financial enforcement toolkit. India-Specific Governance Relevance Institutional Strengthening Reinforces the quasi-judicial role of PCBs in enforcing environmental compliance. Will force industries and governments to rethink Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and compliance costs. Deterrence + Compensation Sets a precedent where restoration cost is internalised by the polluter. Aligns with global ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) standards. Policy Push Needed Ministries must now: Draft model rules for PCBs’ restitutionary procedures. Ensure trained environmental officers for evidence-based damage assessment. Develop scientific methods to quantify “pristine restoration”. Global Best Practices Alignment Brings India closer to: EU’s Environmental Liability Directive (ELD) USA’s Superfund system (CERCLA – Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) Promotes eco-centric governance rather than anthropocentric (human-use driven) development models. Ethical and Constitutional Dimensions Dimension Observation Ethics Promotes intergenerational equity and ecological responsibility. Fundamental Duties Reinforces Article 51A(g): duty to protect environment. Directive Principles Supports Article 48A: Protection and improvement of environment. Right to Life Interprets Article 21 to include clean air and water as enforceable entitlements. Conclusion This landmark judgment represents a major shift in India’s environmental governance — from passive regulation to proactive restoration. It empowers Pollution Control Boards with the legal authority to make polluters pay for ecological damage and prioritize complete restoration over token compliance. The judgment is a critical tool in India’s fight against environmental degradation, especially in the face of rising industrial pollution, urban waste discharge, and climate-linked ecosystem disruption. Largest Asian tortoise back in Nagaland community reserve Species Profile: Asian Giant Tortoise Scientific name: Manouria emys Status: Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List) Significance: Largest tortoise in mainland Asia Indicator species for tropical forest health Native Range: India (NE states), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and parts of Indonesia Threats: Poaching for meat and pet trade Habitat destruction (shifting cultivation, deforestation) Slow reproductive rate and long maturation period Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) What Happened: Key Highlights Location: Zeliang Community Reserve, Peren district, Nagaland Event: Release of 10 individuals of Asian giant tortoise Source: Bred and raised in Nagaland Zoological Park, Chümoukedima Date of Reintroduction: August 2025 (community-led event) Partners Involved: Nagaland Forest Department India Turtle Conservation Programme (ITCP) Local Zeliang community Scientific & Ecological Aspects Soft-Release Strategy: Tortoises were placed in a pre-constructed enclosure within the reserve Aim: Encourage site fidelity (the tendency to remain or return to the same site) Reduces post-release mortality and improves habitat acclimatization Habitat Restoration: Involves protecting forest undergrowth and controlling human intrusion Ensures microhabitats (leaf litter, moist soil) crucial for the species’ survival Background: Decline in Nagaland Once found widely across Nagaland, especially in community forests Over last 10–15 years, populations collapsed due to: Illegal hunting for meat (considered a delicacy) Habitat degradation (logging, land-use change) Lack of awareness about its ecological importance Role of Local Communities Community-Led Conservation: Zeliang tribe and local forest users involved in surveillance and protection Building community pride through cultural-symbolic value of the species Nagaland’s Model: ~90% forest is community-owned → Community reserves critical to conservation success Examples: Sendenyu, Khonoma, and Fakim wildlife models Institutional Support & National Significance India Turtle Conservation Programme (ITCP): Collaborative initiative by Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) & Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)-India Supports breeding, release, and habitat protection Forest Department of Nagaland: Active in mobilizing locals, policy backing for soft-release, long-term monitoring Zoological Parks as Ex-situ Breeding Grounds: Nagaland Zoo plays pivotal role in captive breeding & reintroduction Aligns with India’s National Wildlife Action Plan (2017–2031) Broader Conservation Relevance Aligns with SDGs: SDG 15 (Life on Land): Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems SDG 13 (Climate Action): Forest conservation as a climate buffer Restoring Keystone Species: Herbivorous tortoises regulate forest floor ecology, seed dispersal Promote ecological balance in Eastern Himalayan biodiversity hotspot Precedent for Rewilding: One of India’s first structured soft-releases for a critically endangered tortoise Builds replicable model for Indian Star Tortoise, Black Softshell Turtle, etc. Way Forward Long-Term Monitoring: Radio-tagging and periodic health assessments needed Community Incentives: Eco-tourism, forest-based livelihoods can ensure sustained local engagement Legal Support: Enforcing Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 in community-owned forests Scaling the Model: Replicate in Arunachal, Assam, Mizoram where habitats still exist Education & Awareness: Integrate with tribal schools and youth groups to reduce future poaching risk Old trees, ageing farmers worsen outlook for palm oil exporters Context and Background Primary Issue: Ageing palm oil trees, especially in smallholder plantations, are lowering yields, and replanting delays risk a significant supply crisis. Geographic Focus: Malaysia and Indonesia – account for 85% of global palm oil exports. Trigger: Farmers like Suratmen Mosman (Malaysia) reluctant to replant due to income gap during 3–5 year gestation of new palms and insufficient subsidies. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Supply Crisis – Causes and Dimensions  1. Ageing Trees and Declining Productivity Trees older than 20 years are past peak productivity. More than half of Malaysian smallholder plantations now exceed this age – much higher than official estimate (only 37%). In Indonesia, only 10% of the 2.5 million ha replanting target by 2025 has been met (as of Oct 2024). 2. Replanting Crisis Smallholders (40% of total plantations) lack financial capacity to replant. Subsidies have fallen, and there is no incentive to sacrifice income for 3–5 years during replanting. 3. Diversion to Biodiesel Indonesia is pushing higher biodiesel blending mandates (B30, B40), diverting palm oil to domestic energy use. Reduces exportable surplus and tightens global availability. 4. Data Underestimation Government data likely underestimates the extent of the ageing crisis. Field-level assessments by veterans (Dorab Mistry, M.R. Chandran) suggest real situation is worse. Impact on Global Palm Oil Supply Chain Estimated Decline: Combined exports from Indonesia and Malaysia could drop by up to 20% by 2030 over 2024 levels. Price Impact: Likely to raise global vegetable oil prices, affecting billions of consumers. Volatility: Markets may have priced in slowdown, but deep structural underestimates may cause unexpected supply shocks. India-Specific Relevance 1. India is the World’s Largest Palm Oil Importer India imports ~8–9 million tonnes/year, mostly from Indonesia (60%) and Malaysia (30%). Palm oil is essential for cooking oil, processed foods, cosmetics, and soaps in India. 2. Inflationary Pressures Any supply disruption → edible oil price inflation, impacting Indian households. Has direct bearing on WPI/CPI inflation, especially for food. 3. Push for Domestic Palm Oil India launched NMEO-OP (National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm) in 2021: ₹11,040 crore scheme to boost domestic cultivation. Target: 1 million ha under palm oil by 2026. But progress is slow due to: Land suitability concerns, Ecological worries (especially in NE India and Andaman), Farmer reluctance due to long gestation. Geopolitical and Environmental Dimensions 1. Geoeconomic Fragility Overdependence on 2 countries for a vital global commodity creates systemic risks. Mirrors OPEC-like concentration but in edible oils. 2. Sustainability and Deforestation Concerns Aggressive palm cultivation is linked to: Tropical deforestation Loss of orangutan and tiger habitats Carbon emissions from peatland clearance Balancing replanting with no new deforestation is a key sustainability demand. 3. Smallholder Livelihood Crisis Millions of farmers across SEA are trapped between rising costs, falling yields, and no support for transition. Without targeted intervention, smallholders may abandon plantations or resort to unsustainable practices. Critical Insights and Policy Imperatives This is a structural, not cyclical crisis – ageing trees, not just weather shocks. Underinvestment in replanting poses long-term supply risk. India must de-risk from palm oil concentration through: Diversifying edible oil sources (e.g., soy, sunflower from Argentina, Ukraine) Scaling up oilseed missions domestically (mustard, groundnut, safflower) India’s foreign policy must include strategic agri-commodity diplomacy with Indonesia-Malaysia. Conclusion The palm oil sector stands at a tipping point. Unless smallholders are supported to replant, and demand is better managed, the world could face a structural supply crunch in the next 5 years. For India, it’s a call to diversify sources, scale up domestic production, and shield consumers from edible oil shocks. Attempt to Save Rhinos by Giving Them Radioactive Horns Context: Rhisotope Project (South Africa) What? A novel anti-poaching initiative using radioactive isotopes injected into rhino horns. Where? Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, South Africa. Who? Led by the University of the Witwatersrand, supported by the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). Relevance: GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Objective and Purpose Curb Illegal Wildlife Trade: By making horns detectable, useless for poachers, and dangerous for illicit trade. Avoid Animal Harm: Procedure aims to retain the horn (unlike dehorning) while not harming the rhino. Leverage Nuclear Security Tools: Uses existing Radiation Portal Monitors (RPMs) at borders, ports, and airports to detect the isotope-tagged horns. How the Technology Works: Radioisotope Tagging Non-Invasive Technique: Low-dose radioactive isotopes are injected without surgery or structural changes. Mechanism: Isotopes emit low radiation, absorbed by keratin (horn material). This makes horns easily detectable using RPMs, even in containers. Mimics illegal nuclear material transport — already tracked globally. Safety Verified: Trials on 20 rhinos in June 2025. Cytological (cell-level) tests by Ghent University, Belgium. Compared 15 treated and 5 untreated rhinos — no biological damage found. Horn Becomes “Poisonous” to humans due to radioactive properties – deterrence through health risk. Project Details Name: Rhisotope Project Cost: ~$290,000 Timeframe: 6 years of development and testing International Collaboration: IAEA, Ghent University (Belgium), etc. Significance for Global Conservation Poaching Crisis: 500,000 rhinos at start of 20th century → ~27,000 today. Poaching driven by demand for rhino horn (traditional medicine, status symbol). Current Strategy Limitations: Dehorning: Stressful and invasive. Militarized anti-poaching units: Expensive and confrontational. Demand-side regulation: Slow and ineffective in the short term. Radioisotope Approach: Non-lethal deterrence for humans. No harm to rhinos. Uses existing international security infrastructure (nuclear material tracking). India-Specific Relevance & Ethical Dimensions Conservation Lessons for India India faces similar threats (e.g., tigers, elephants, pangolins). Kaziranga and Manas National Parks have suffered rhino poaching. Rhisotope-like strategies could complement: Project Tiger / Project Elephant / Project Rhino CITES enforcement, NTCA monitoring systems Ethical & Legal Considerations Is it ethical to use radioactive substances on animals? Supporters argue: If proven safe, it saves lives without harm. May require revision of domestic laws to allow such radioactive use on wildlife. Needs public acceptance, scientific transparency, and regulatory oversight.  International Cooperation & Technology Transfer Project shows successful model of science diplomacy in conservation. India could: Collaborate with South Africa for technical know-how. Propose similar tools for pangolin scale tracking (next big illegal wildlife trade). Seek IAEA, UNEP partnerships under South-South cooperation. Critical Insights & Policy Implications Technological innovation is emerging as a critical conservation tool. Nuclear tech repurposed for peacetime wildlife protection – new frontier. Emphasizes deterrence through traceability, not just physical barriers. Demonstrates the importance of interdisciplinary solutions — blending wildlife science, nuclear physics, ethics, and law. Conclusion The Rhisotope Project represents a groundbreaking shift in anti-poaching strategies — one that is non-violent, tech-driven, and globally integrated. While not a silver bullet, its ability to act as a deterrent with minimal animal harm makes it a compelling model for India and other biodiversity-rich nations facing similar threats.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 August 2025

Content India’s Semiconductor Revolution National Cooperation Policy 2025 India’s Semiconductor Revolution Semiconductors: The Strategic Core of Modern Electronics Semiconductors power everything: smartphones, satellites, electric vehicles, smart TVs, defence systems (e.g., Aakash-Teer). Function: Store, process, and transfer data using micro-scale transistors (millions to billions). Example: Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram Lander used Indian semiconductor tech & AI for autonomous landing. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) ,GS 2(Governance) Why Semiconductor Industry Matters Globally Geopolitical urgency: Global chip shortage post-COVID & Ukraine war crippled auto, telecom, and electronics industries. Concentration risk: Taiwan: 60% of global chip production; 90% of advanced chips. Strategic chokepoint → Geopolitical & economic vulnerability. Nations pushing self-reliant chip ecosystems: US, EU, Japan, South Korea, China. India’s Strategic Entry into the Chip Race India seeks to tap the $1 trillion global chip market by 2030. Focus: End-to-end capability across design → fabrication → testing/packaging. Indian Market Size Projection: 2023: $38 billion 2025: ~$50 billion 2030: $100–110 billion Key Initiatives Driving India’s Semiconductor Ambitions India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) Launched: Dec 2021 Outlay: ₹76,000 crore Objective: Position India as a global hub for electronics & chip design. Mission Pillars: Build fabs, packaging/testing units Enable design startups via EDA tools Create skilled engineers in VLSI, chip architecture Facilitate ToT & R&D hubs Secure supply chains: raw materials, gases, IP Major Schemes Under ISM Scheme Focus Area Support Offered Semiconductor Fabs Scheme 28nm & below wafers Up to 50% fiscal support Display Fabs Scheme AMOLED, LCD units Up to 50% project cost Compound Semiconductors & ATMP/OSAT Packaging, photonics, sensors Up to 50% capital support Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Chip design startups/MSMEs ₹1000 Cr outlay, ₹15 Cr/company ₹234 Cr already committed for 22 chip design projects (CCTV, mobiles, satellites, IoT, vehicles). Skill Development & Talent Pipeline Target: Train 85,000 chip design engineers. AICTE curriculum for VLSI & IC manufacturing. SMART Lab (NIELIT Calicut): Trained 44,000 engineers. 100 institutes → 45,000+ students enrolled in chip design programs. Collaborators: Lam Research, IBM, Purdue, Micron, IIT Roorkee, IISc. Major Investments in India’s Semiconductor Infrastructure Company Location Investment Output Micron Sanand, Gujarat ₹22,516 Cr ATMP Facility Tata Electronics + PSMC Dholera, Gujarat ₹91,000 Cr 50K wafers/month CG Power + Renesas Sanand, Gujarat ₹7,600 Cr 15M chips/day TSAT (Tata) Morigaon, Assam ₹27,000 Cr 48M chips/day Kaynes Semicon Sanand, Gujarat ₹3,307 Cr 6.33M chips/day HCL–Foxconn JV Jewar, UP ₹3,700 Cr 36M units/year May 2025: HCL–Foxconn approved to produce display driver chips (20K wafers/month capacity). India’s First Advanced Chip Design Centres (May 2025) Locations: Noida and Bengaluru Focus: 3-nanometer chip design Significance: Pushing beyond previous 5nm & 7nm designs. SEMICON India Programme Flagship platform to showcase India’s global chip ambitions. Editions: 2022: Bangalore 2023: Gandhinagar 2024: Greater Noida 2025: Sept 2–4, New Delhi (Yashobhoomi, IICC) ➤ Highlights of SEMICON India 2025 300+ exhibitors from 18 countries 4 International Pavilions: Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia 8 Country Roundtables for strategic collaboration Dedicated Workforce Development Pavilion – Target: 1 million new jobs by 2030 Design Startup Pavilion to support innovation Participation from 9 State Governments (up from 6) Recent Developments (2025 Highlights) First indigenous chip to enter production in 2025 (announced at Global Investors Summit). Netrasemi, a chip-design startup under DLI, raised ₹107 Cr VC funding. Madhya Pradesh launched its first IT hardware hub with ₹150 Cr investment, producing chips, drones, robotics hardware. Strategic Impact and Way Forward Strategic Leverage Reduces dependency on Chinese and Taiwanese chip ecosystem. Enhances India’s digital sovereignty, cyber-security, and economic competitiveness. Integral to programs like Digital India, defence modernization, and smart infrastructure. Economic and Industrial Gains Create 1M skilled jobs by 2030. Add significantly to $300 billion electronics manufacturing goal by 2026. Position India as a global trusted supplier in chip value chain. Challenges Ahead High capital intensity: Setting up a fab = ~$10B+ investment. Ensuring uninterrupted supply of ultrapure water, chemicals, rare earths. Global competition: Catching up with TSMC, Samsung, Intel in design/fab tech. Conclusion India’s semiconductor journey is transitioning from policy intent to production capability. With robust funding, strong partnerships, talent development, and strategic diplomacy, India is no longer just a consumer but a rising semiconductor power. From design to fabs, the India Semiconductor Mission is turning Bharat into the brain behind the chips. National Cooperation Policy 2025 Contextual Backdrop: Why NCP 2025 Was Needed Last Policy Update in 2002: Became outdated in light of digitization, globalization, climate imperatives, and youth aspirations. Creation of Ministry of Cooperation (2021): Signaled renewed political and administrative focus on cooperatives. Participatory Drafting: 48-member Suresh Prabhu-led committee held 17 consultations and 4 regional workshops; gathered 648 stakeholder inputs from federations, state depts, experts. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Cooperatives) India’s Cooperative Landscape (2025 Snapshot) 8.44 lakh cooperatives, of which: ~2 lakh credit cooperatives (PACS, UCBs) ~6 lakh non-credit cooperatives (dairy, fisheries, housing, etc.) 30+ crore members (largest cooperative membership globally). India accounts for >25% of the world’s cooperatives. Massive footprint in agriculture, rural finance, housing, and marketing. Vision & Mission Vision: Enable cooperatives to power India’s transformation into Viksit Bharat by 2047 through Sahkar-se-Samriddhi. Mission: Build legal, financial, and tech ecosystems to make cooperatives professional, transparent, inclusive, and market-ready. Six Strategic Pillars – Foundation of NCP 2025 Strengthening Foundations: Legal reform, digital records, governance, PACS revival. Promoting Vibrancy: Model cooperative villages, branding, cluster development. Future-Readiness: Cooperative stack, ONDC-GeM integration, tech incubators. Inclusive Growth: Gender, SC/ST, youth representation and model bye-laws. Sectoral Diversification: Cooperatives in health, clean energy, waste, logistics. Youth for Cooperatives: HEI curricula, digital literacy, employment exchange. Legal and Institutional Reforms Encourage states to align State Cooperative Societies Acts with NCP vision. Digital registries: Real-time cooperative tracking to reduce fraud, enhance governance. Institutional revival package for sick cooperatives. Financial Empowerment Strengthen 3-tier rural credit structure: PACS → DCCB → SCB. Push for umbrella organizations like National Urban Cooperative Finance Corp. Government business eligibility for cooperative banks: Pensions, DBTs, subsidies. Model Cooperative Village & Rural Cluster Strategy One model cooperative village per State/UT encouraged. Cooperative-led clusters in honey, spices, silk, dairy, tea, etc. Promotion of “Bharat Brand” for cooperative goods (national brand strategy). Digital Tech & Future-Readiness National Cooperative Stack: Seamless integration with AgriStack, ONDC, and GeM. Promote e-commerce platforms for cooperative products. Establish Cooperative Innovation Hubs and Centres of Excellence. Inclusivity Measures Model Bye-laws for SC/ST, women, and PwD inclusion in boards. Launch of awareness campaigns in schools and colleges. Gender quotas and capacity-building schemes for underrepresented groups. Sectoral Expansion into New-Age Areas NCP 2025 seeks to embed cooperatives into: Clean energy (solar, biogas, ethanol) Waste management (solid, liquid, e-waste) Health & Education (school, diagnostic cooperatives) Gig-economy aggregators (plumber, taxi, delivery services) Organic/Natural farming, food processing, e-logistics Youth-Oriented Cooperative Ecosystem University-level cooperative courses with UGC/AICTE integration. National Cooperative Employment Exchange (digital job portal). Recruit skilled trainers in finance, marketing, governance for cooperatives. Boost digital and financial literacy among rural youth. Implementation & Monitoring Architecture 3-tier governance for policy rollout: Implementation Cell (Ministry of Cooperation) – with PMU support. National Steering Committee – chaired by Union Minister. Policy Monitoring Committee – led by Cooperation Secretary. Action plan with timelines – awaited; states to be roped in through MoUs and convergence mechanisms. Why NCP 2025 Is Transformational Parameter Legacy Cooperative Model NCP 2025 Shift Governance Outdated, manually recorded Real-time, digital, transparent Focus Agriculture-centric Multi-sectoral & innovation-driven Inclusivity Limited representation Gender, youth, SC/ST focus with model laws Role in economy Rural support only Growth engine in Viksit Bharat strategy Tech Integration Minimal Stack-driven, ONDC + GeM + AI-led Critical Evaluation Strengths Holistic and future-ready: Legal + Digital + Social inclusion. Youth engagement and gender justice embedded. Serious effort to mainstream cooperatives into national economy. Challenges Centre–State friction: Cooperatives fall under Entry 32, State List. Capacity constraints in Tier-2/Tier-3 cooperatives. Need for robust data infrastructure and regulatory convergence. Sustained financing of tech upgrades and HR capacity. Conclusion The National Cooperation Policy 2025 is not merely an update; it is a reimagination of India’s cooperative sector — from marginal rural support to a pillar of Viksit Bharat 2047. By fusing democratic participation with digital innovation and economic competitiveness, it offers a blueprint for inclusive, bottom-up growth. If implemented with Centre-State synergy, it can transform cooperatives into India’s second engine of growth.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 August 2025

Content: The ‘right to repair’ must include ‘right to remember’ Another slip up by India in the trade pact with the U.K. The ‘right to repair’ must include ‘right to remember’ Core Argument India’s steps toward a “Right to Repair”—via a proposed Repairability Index, e-waste incentives, and DPI policies—are welcome. However, these overlook the informal repair ecosystem, which holds vital tacit knowledge—non-codified, experience-driven expertise—critical for sustainability, economic resilience, and digital justice. The article argues for a broader rights framework that includes a “Right to Remember”—to preserve and support hands-on, culturally rooted repair knowledge. Relevance : GS 3( Environment , Employment ,Technology ) , GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : Discuss the role of informal repair ecosystems in India’s circular economy. How can AI and public policy frameworks be reoriented to preserve and integrate tacit repair knowledge? (250 words) India’s Current Policy Landscape on Repair Recent Positive Developments Repairability Index (May 2025): Will rank electronics based on ease of repair, spare part access, and software support. New E-waste Policies: Introduced minimum payments to encourage formal recycling. Right to Repair Portal (2023): Covers electronics, automobiles, farm equipment (launched by Dept. of Consumer Affairs). Mission LiFE & NSAI: Promote circular economy, sustainable tech, and AI innovation. Key Gaps & Blind Spots E-Waste Rules 2022: Focus on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) but mention repair only in passing. PMKVY Skilling Framework: Prioritises standardised, formal industrial roles, ignoring diagnostic improvisation and creative reuse. NEP 2020: Emphasises experiential learning but offers no real support for hands-on repair traditions. AI and DPI Policy: Largely ignore informal knowledge systems despite relying on their insights indirectly. The Importance of Tacit Knowledge What is Tacit Knowledge? Non-verbal, experiential knowledge passed down through observation, mentorship, and muscle memory. Examples: Diagnosing faults via smell, sound, or feel, reusing discarded parts, improvising tools. Real-World Examples Mobile fixers in Delhi’s Karol Bagh, technicians in Chennai’s Ritchie Street, and appliance repairers in Bhopal keep devices alive beyond planned obsolescence. Quote: “He never explained with words. He just showed me once, and expected me to try.” Challenge with AI & Tech Policy AI systems benefit from repair knowledge (e.g. data from breakdowns), yet contributors are unacknowledged. Risk: Rising tech efficiency while local repairers remain excluded and invisible. Global Context & Comparative Policy European Union: Introduced legal mandates for manufacturers to provide repair documentation and spare parts. UN SDG-12: Repair is explicitly part of responsible consumption and production. India is lagging in equitably integrating its informal repair sector into these frameworks. Data-Driven Insights Indicator Value India’s e-waste generation (2021-22) 1.6 million tonnes Global rank in e-waste production 3rd largest iFixit (2023) repairability score (Asia smartphones) Only 23% were easily repairable Informal sector share in repair economy Estimated 70–80% (various NITI Aayog/NSDC studies) Concept of “Unmaking” Unmaking = disassembly, repair, reuse as core design principles. Shifts focus from consumption to longevity. Encourages design feedback loops, highlights product design flaws, and opens up space for local innovation. AI-Enabled Pathways for Repair Justice Institutional Actions Needed Ministry/Agency Recommended Intervention MeitY Embed repairability criteria in AI procurement & standards Dept. of Consumer Affairs Expand Right to Repair to include community-based repair classification Ministry of Labour (e-Shram) Recognise informal repairers; provide access to social protection Ministry of Skill Development Develop non-linear, improvisation-oriented training modules Tech-Based Knowledge Preservation Use LLMs (e.g. ChatGPT, Bhashini) to codify, summarise, and translate tacit narratives. Build decision trees and repair path libraries without removing local context. Create community-generated repair repositories, like “Repair Wikis”. Economic & Environmental Significance Informal repairers help reduce: E-waste Carbon footprints Import dependency on electronics Enable cost-effective access to essential digital devices for low-income users. Promote self-reliance (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) in electronics servicing. Another slip up by India in the trade pact with the U.K. Core Issue Chapter 13 of CETA, titled “Intellectual Property”, includes Article 13.6 which states that the “preferable and optimal route” to ensure access to medicines is through voluntary licensing, not compulsory licensing. This represents a significant shift from India’s historical stance at the WTO and other multilateral platforms. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : In light of the India-UK CETA provisions on intellectual property, critically examine how free trade agreements may dilute domestic safeguards for public health and technology access in India. (250 words) Impact on Access to Medicines Dilution of Compulsory Licensing Regime Compulsory licensing (CL) is a key safeguard under India’s Patents Act (2005 amendment) in line with TRIPS flexibilities. Case Study (2012): India issued CL to Natco Pharma for sorafenib tosylate (anti-cancer drug): Bayer’s price: ₹2,80,428/month Natco’s price: < ₹8,800/month Result: 97% price reduction; improved accessibility. Current CETA Provision Risks Promotes voluntary licensing (VL) as the default mechanism, weakening India’s right to issue CLs. Erodes the Doha Declaration on TRIPS & Public Health (2001): Declared every WTO member has the freedom to determine CL grounds. India had led this coalition of developing countries at the time. Weakening of Patent “Working” Requirement Under Section 84 of the Patents Act, CL can be issued if the invention is not “worked” (i.e. not manufactured or used) in India. Patent Rules (pre-FTA): Annual disclosure required on whether patent is being “worked”. Dilution via FTAs: India-EFTA FTA (2024): Reduced frequency of working disclosures to once every 3 years. India-UK CETA (2025): Reinforces this dilution — less monitoring, fewer triggers for CL. Voluntary Licensing: Why It’s Problematic Weak Bargaining Power Domestic generic companies often have little leverage to negotiate fair terms with Big Pharma. Restrictive Terms Imposed by Patent Holders MSF Findings: Voluntary licences can: Limit supply of APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) Impose geographic restrictions on licensees Undermine affordability Real-World Evidence: Remdesivir Cipla’s production under VL from Gilead (2020): Indian price (Cipla): Higher (in PPP terms) than US price (Gilead) Contradicts assumptions that VL leads to affordability. Undermining Global Technology Transfer Demands Historical Context India’s long-standing call for “technology transfer on favourable terms” dates back to: UNGA Resolution on New International Economic Order (1974) Linked to industrialisation and environmental goals of developing countries. Implication of CETA Language The absence of assertive clauses on mandatory tech transfer weakens India’s: Climate negotiations leverage Industrial policy goals under initiatives like Make in India, Startup India Latest Government Report India’s 4th Biennial Update Report to UNFCCC (2024): “Barriers like slow international technology transfer and IPRs hinder rapid adoption of clean technologies.” Yet, CETA moves away from remedying these barriers. Legal and Parliamentary Concerns 2005 Patent Act Amendment: Passed unanimously by Indian Parliament after Joint Parliamentary Committee scrutiny. Carefully designed to preserve TRIPS flexibilities. CETA’s provisions compromise the spirit of this legislation without parliamentary debate. Broader Concerns India’s Global South Leadership Weakens: Erodes India’s moral high ground in WTO debates and G77+China negotiations. Public Health Vulnerability: Could delay or block the affordable production of lifesaving medicines, especially during health emergencies (e.g. pandemics). Climate Strategy Undermined: Loss of tech transfer leverage will affect India’s Net Zero 2070 roadmap and renewable R&D.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 August 2025

Content Bio-fortified potatoes to hit Indian market soon Farming under the shadow of guns How does the World Bank classify countries by income? How will railway to Sairang help in regional connectivity? Why is Hong Kong regulating and licensing stablecoins? ‘Anything that moves, NISAR will see with unprecedented fidelity’ ‘Bio-fortified potatoes to hit Indian market soon’ Context and Background Biofortification: Nutritional enhancement of crops through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology. Potato’s Role in India: India is the 2nd largest producer of potatoes globally (FAO, 2023). Key food crop for nutritional security and income in states like UP, WB, Bihar, and Punjab. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) What’s New? Bio-fortified Potato with Iron: First such variety released in Peru by the International Potato Center (CIP). Iron fortification aims to combat iron-deficiency anaemia – a major public health issue in India. Bio-fortified Sweet Potatoes with Vitamin A: Already introduced in Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal, and Odisha. These varieties are part of the orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) campaign against Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD). Institutional Ecosystem International Potato Center (CIP): Global CGIAR research body based in Peru. Focuses on genetic improvement and agronomic practices for tubers (potatoes, sweet potatoes). Now setting up its South Asia Regional Centre in Agra, India – a major institutional milestone. ICAR – Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla: Nodal Indian body for potato R&D. Currently evaluating germplasm for Indian agro-climatic suitability and biosafety. Health Relevance Iron Deficiency in India: NFHS-5 (2019–21): 67.1% of children, 57% of women (15–49) are anaemic. Fortified potatoes can become a household nutritional staple alongside rice and wheat. Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD): Major cause of preventable blindness and child mortality. WHO: Affects ~250 million preschool children worldwide. Biofortified sweet potatoes can be a game-changer in combating VAD in rural India. Agricultural and Economic Implications Seed Dissemination Plans: CIP plans to make iron- and vitamin A-rich potato seeds accessible to small and marginal farmers. Enhanced input-output ratio, especially in regions dependent on tuber crops for livelihood. Market Impact: Biofortified crops may increase consumer demand, opening new domestic and export markets. Aligns with India’s “Eat Right” and “POSHAN Abhiyaan” missions. Policy and Global Relevance Global Alignment: Supports UN SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Part of India’s commitments to food-based approaches to nutrition at global platforms (e.g., G20, World Food Programme). National Missions Linkage: National Bio-Energy Mission and National Nutrition Strategy emphasize innovation in crop productivity with nutritional outcomes. Complements Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)‘ outreach to farmers. Challenges Ahead Regulatory Clearance: Varieties must clear ICAR’s biosafety and field adaptability tests. Farmer Awareness and Adoption: Need for targeted extension programs and pricing incentives. Supply Chain Readiness: Cold storage, logistics, and market linkages need upgrading for perishable fortified crops. Farming under the  shadow of guns Contextual Background Conflict Trigger: Ethnic violence erupted on May 3, 2023, between the Meiteis (valley-based) and Kuki-Zo communities (hill-based), resulting in over 250 deaths. Key Geography: Khoirentak Khuman village, a Kom tribal area in the buffer zone, lies in Churachandpur district (Kuki-Zo area) but is administratively under Moirang sub-division, Bishnupur district (Meitei area). These overlapping jurisdictions reflect the administrative duality contributing to insecurity and governance issues. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Security Architecture in Buffer Zone Three-tier Security Layer: CRPF: Manned the central buffer midline. BSF: Positioned on both sides of the buffer zone, stationed along the ‘high canal’ and foothills; maintains movement registers. Army & Assam Rifles: Deeper into both valley and hills, manage overarching security 24×7. Incidents of Violence: A Meitei farmer was shot and injured on July 19, 2024, in Phubala while working under heavy security, showing that perceived security does not ensure safety. Impact on Agriculture Data on Losses: COCOMI Farmers’ Wing Findings: 2023: 9,720 hectares left uncultivated → 32,263.76 metric tonnes rice production loss. 2024: Area left fallow dropped to 7,084.586 hectares. May 2025 (Pre-Kharif): Non-cultivated area rose again to 7,290.406 hectares. 2023 Estimates by Loumee Shinmee Apunba Lup: Loss in crop area: 9,719 hectares on valley fringes. Income loss: ₹211.41 crore. Paddy’s Share: 93.36% of total agricultural and allied production. Government Compensation: Ministry of Home Affairs relief: ₹38.06 crore for 5,127.08 hectares. COCOMI says this is only a fraction of actual losses. District-wise Situation: Bishnupur: Worst affected: 5,288 hectares (54.4% of land) left uncultivated in 2023. Only 1,419.794 hectares reclaimed in 2024. Khoirentak Khuman & Thamnapokpi: Farmers allowed to cultivate only up to 100m from high canal, despite official order allowing up to 300m or more. Socio-Political Fallout Population Displacement: Total displaced: ~62,000 people. Majority: Kuki-Zo from Imphal Valley. ~8,000 Meiteis displaced from valley fringes due to hill raids. Allegations of Land Usurpation: Meitei leaders allege Kuki-Zo takeover of ~300 hectares of farmland in buffer zones. Indigenous Tribal Leaders’ Forum declined to comment. Sense of Injustice: Meitei farmers express helplessness at watching new settlers cultivate their land while they remain barred from entry. Emerging Trends & Administration’s Response Change in Tone Post President’s Rule (Feb 13, 2025): Administration claims improved coordination and mixed-farming resumption (Meiteis & Kukis farming “eyeball-to-eyeball”). Appeal for Peace: Ex-CS Prashant Kumar Singh urged civil society to not escalate minor incidents. Ground Reality Disconnect: Despite administrative orders, ground-level access remains restricted. Farmer confidence remains fragile, as highlighted by villagers and grassroots leaders like Muton. Policy Lens Governance Gap: Ethnic fault lines have exposed deep administrative ambiguities and challenges in maintaining territorial integrity and equitable access to land. Security vs. Livelihood: The militarised buffer zone intended for peacekeeping has become an agricultural dead zone, severely hurting food security and rural livelihoods. Relief Inequity: A mismatch between compensation disbursed and actual economic loss reflects a policy implementation failure. Fragile Reconciliation: Efforts to encourage joint farming are commendable but remain fragile and dependent on sustained security presence. Policy Suggestions Immediate: Expand area domination with civilian farming corridors. Neutral arbitration for land ownership disputes. Enhance psychosocial support and conflict resolution at village level. Medium-Term: Establish a Manipur Agrarian Rehabilitation Authority for: Transparent compensation. Buffer-zone re-cultivation schemes. Crop insurance for conflict-affected zones. Long-Term: Institutionalise ethnic reconciliation through joint farming cooperatives. Reimagine buffer zones as peace corridors with integrated rural development. How does the World Bank classify countries by income? Core Framework: World Bank Income Classification Purpose: Provides a standard method for comparing national incomes globally. Classification Groups: Low-income: ≤ $1,135 Lower-middle income: $1,136–$4,495 Upper-middle income: $4,496–$13,935 High-income: ≥ $13,936 Metric Used: Gross National Income (GNI) per capita → Includes domestic + income from abroad. Relevance : GS 3(Growth and Development ) , GS 2(International Relations) Methodology of Calculation Currency Conversion: GNI figures converted to USD using Atlas exchange rates. Annual Adjustment: Thresholds revised yearly based on global inflation (not relative economic performance). Absolute Nature: A country’s status is independent of others’ growth—purely based on whether it crosses a fixed threshold. Origin and Evolution of the System Initiated: Late 1980s. Initial Purpose: To guide lending decisions—e.g., eligibility for concessional loans like IDA. Over time: Decoupled from operational decisions; now mainly used for economic comparison and monitoring progress. Trends in Global Income Distribution (2004–2024) 2004: Low-income population: 37% of global total. Upper-middle income population: <10%. 2024: Low-income population: <10% — massive reduction in global poverty. Upper-middle income population: 35% — surge in economic advancement. Countries That Slid Down Examples of Downward Mobility: Syria and Yemen fell from lower-middle to low-income in 2017 due to conflict and collapse of GDP. Triggers: War, currency depreciation, population revisions, prolonged recession. Upward Mobility: General Trends Most countries show positive movement over 2–3 decades. Examples of Progress: India: 2004: Lower-middle income. 2024: On the cusp of upper-middle income; GNI per capita around $2,700–$2,900 (as per recent estimates). China: Crossed into upper-middle income around 2010. Now approaching high-income threshold. Why These Classifications Matter for Policy Targeting Aid & Development Programs: Income groupings guide international aid, development priorities, and eligibility for concessional finance. Benchmark for National Policy: Helps assess progress under schemes like Atmanirbhar Bharat, Digital India, Skill India, etc. Investors & Analysts: Use income classification to assess country risk and market potential. Limitations & Criticisms GNI per capita masks inequality: Rising averages can hide internal disparities. Currency fluctuations: Reclassification can occur due to exchange rate volatility, not real income changes. Absolute thresholds can delay recognition of structural poverty improvements or declines. India’s Relevance in Global Context (2024) Status: Lower-middle income, close to threshold of $4,496. Policy Goals: Achieve upper-middle income status by early 2030s. Reduce dependency on external aid; shift to regional development leadership. Structural Enablers: Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): UPI, CoWIN, ONDC. Manufacturing push: PLI schemes. Welfare inclusion: DBT, Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM trinity). How will railway to Sairang help in regional connectivity? Project Overview: Bairabi–Sairang Railway Line Length: 51.38 km (gauge-converted from metre to broad gauge) Location: From Bairabi (on Assam-Mizoram border) to Sairang (18 km short of Aizawl) Sanction Year: 2000 (as part of gauge conversion) Construction Began: 2008-09 Commissioning: Received safety clearance in June 2025; inauguration awaited Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Engineering and Infrastructure Highlights Tunnels: 48 (Total length: 12.85 km) Bridges: 142 (One of them had India’s tallest railway pier) Casualties: 18 workers lost lives in August 2023 bridge collapse Cost: Over ₹5,020 crore Challenges: Highly landslide-prone, hilly terrain Inclement weather and logistics constraints Shortage of skilled manpower Strategic Importance for Mizoram Pre-existing Rail Connectivity: Only 1.5 km metre-gauge track (Bairabi to Assam’s Silchar) Travel Impact: Current road travel (Aizawl-Silchar): ~5 hours Train via Sairang: ~1.5 hours Economic Boost: Lower logistics costs Expansion of tourism and local trade Reduced truck dependency Connectivity Impact: The railhead serves as a key node linking Mizoram to the broader Indian rail network Geostrategic & Act East Policy Relevance Act East Policy (2014): Successor to 1991’s Look East Policy; aims to transform Northeast into India’s ASEAN gateway Sairang’s Role: Facilitates future transhipment from India-funded Sittwe Port (Myanmar) Potential future link to Kaladan Multimodal Transit Project (if completed) Enhances security logistics and economic diplomacy with ASEAN Rail & Road Corridors under Act East Policy: Dimapur–Zubza (Nagaland): 82.5 km project (on track) Imphal–Moreh (Manipur): Affected by ethnic unrest Asian Highway 1: Links Assam → Kohima → Imphal → Moreh (gateway to Myanmar) Barriers to Regional Integration Myanmar Crisis: Military coup (Feb 2021) led to civil war; halted India–Myanmar connectivity plans Bangladesh Instability: Fall of Sheikh Hasina govt (Aug 2024) has stalled critical cross-border projects Delayed Projects: Kaladan Project: Cost: ₹2,904 crore Aim: Reduce Aizawl–Kolkata distance by 1,000 km Current Status: Delayed Agartala–Akhaura Railway: Goal: Link Tripura to Kolkata via Chittagong Port Status: Stalled amid Bangladesh political turmoil Act East Policy: Infrastructure Progress (2014–2025) Parameter 2014–15 2024–25 Change Budget Allocation for NE ₹36,108 crore ₹1,00,000+ crore ↑ ~300% Railway Tracks Built – 800+ km New connectivity Highways Built – 10,000+ km Enhanced road linkages Airports Established – 8 new airports Improved air mobility Inland Waterways – Several initiated Intermodal transport growth Conclusion: Balancing Progress with Geopolitical Risk Domestic Achievement: The Sairang project marks a major step in domestic integration of Mizoram with India’s rail network. International Setbacks: Regional volatility in Myanmar and Bangladesh has significantly hindered India’s outward Act East ambitions. Way Forward: Stabilize and secure India’s northeastern border states Strengthen trilateral cooperation with ASEAN via Japan, BIMSTEC, or Quad frameworks Expedite critical infrastructure like Kaladan for seamless trade access Why is Hong Kong regulating and licensing stablecoins? Background: What are Stablecoins? Definition: Cryptocurrencies pegged to a stable asset (fiat currency, commodity, or algorithmic logic) to reduce volatility. Types: Fiat-backed: e.g., USDT (pegged to USD), issued by Tether. Crypto-backed: e.g., DAI, backed by Ethereum-based collateral. Algorithmic: e.g., UST (now defunct), regulated by code rather than reserves. Use Cases: Trading pair within crypto exchanges. Protection against local currency depreciation (e.g., Turkey, Argentina). Cross-border remittances (low cost, fast settlement). Daily transaction utility in cash-scarce economies. Relevance : GS 3( Economy ) Hong Kong’s Stablecoin Ordinance (Effective August 1, 2025) Prohibitions: Illegal to offer or market unlicensed fiat-referenced stablecoins (FRS) to retail investors in Hong Kong. Mandatory Licensing Requirements: Licence from HKMA (Hong Kong Monetary Authority). Reserve Management: Backed by fiat or other approved assets. Reserve transparency and redemption mechanisms mandatory. Compliance Protocols: Anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terror financing (CFT) safeguards. Independent audits and asset disclosures. Limited Licenses: Initial phase: only a “handful” of licences will be granted to maintain systemic trust. Why Regulation is Necessary: Data & Global Trends Metric Value Global stablecoin circulation (2025) $250+ billion USDT supply (as of July 2025) 163.75 billion USDT Stablecoin Rank USDT: 4th largest cryptocurrency by market cap Systemic Risk: Rapid issuer expansion can undermine trust if reserves are unverified. Historical Collapse: Terra-LUNA (May 2022) – stablecoin UST lost peg → wiped billions of dollars in market cap → global contagion. International Regulatory Landscape USA – GENIUS Act (2025): 100% Reserve Mandate: Stablecoins must be fully backed by USD or short-term Treasuries. Monthly Disclosures: Issuers must publish reserve composition. Marketing Rules: Protect consumers from deceptive promotion. Japan: Regulates stablecoins under Payment Services Act. Limits issuance to licensed banks and money transfer agents. Singapore: Licensing under Payment Services Act (PSA). MAS (Monetary Authority of Singapore) mandates capital and operational risk requirements. Volatility Despite Stability? Stablecoin Peg Notable Deviation USDT USD Dropped to $0.92 UST USD Collapsed to $0.01 Causes: Redemption pressures, loss of confidence, poor reserve transparency. Impact: Loss of investor wealth, liquidation crises on exchanges, regulatory crackdowns. India’s Relevance: What Can Be Learnt? Policy Lessons for India: India lacks a dedicated stablecoin law; oversight falls under broader crypto restrictions via RBI. Recommendations: Designate stablecoins as a separate class from volatile cryptocurrencies. Mandate reserve disclosure norms with regular audits. Implement licensing and KYC norms like Hong Kong to manage cross-border risk and illicit flows. Fintech & Digital Rupee Nexus: India’s CBDC (e₹) under RBI offers state-backed stability. But privately issued stablecoins could foster: Faster remittances (₹84 billion/month in inward remittances). Trade settlement in rupee-linked tokens. Regulatory sandbox may explore pilot cases, akin to Singapore’s innovation-driven model. Way Forward – Global Coordination Needed G20 FSB (Financial Stability Board) guidance needed to avoid: Regulatory arbitrage Cross-border misuse of unregulated stablecoins BIS Recommendations (2023): Stablecoins should be: Subject to banking-like regulation Held to “same risk, same regulation” principles Conclusion Hong Kong’s Stablecoins Ordinance marks a shift from crypto-libertarianism to centralised accountability. It balances innovation with risk mitigation, offering a regulatory template for jurisdictions like India. In the long run, global crypto financial systems may hinge on interoperable, transparent, and auditable stablecoin ecosystems. ‘Anything that moves, NISAR will see with unprecedented fidelity’ Mission Overview: Launch Date: July 31, 2025 Agencies: Jointly developed by NASA (USA) and ISRO (India) Launch Vehicle & Site: Launched aboard GSLV-F16 from Sriharikota Satellite Type: Earth Observation Satellite with dual-frequency SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) – a global first Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Technological Breakthroughs: Dual-frequency SAR: Uses L-band (NASA) and S-band (ISRO) radars First satellite globally to integrate two radar frequencies on a single platform High-resolution imaging: Detects surface movements <1 cm over areas as small as half a tennis court Massive Reflector: 12-meter (≈40 feet) deployable reflector Would require a 5-mile solid antenna to match resolution without SAR Core Capabilities: Surface Deformation Mapping: Detects subtle shifts in earth’s crust: useful for volcanoes, landslides, earthquakes Forest Monitoring: Tracks deforestation, biomass changes, and carbon stock Disaster Prediction & Response: Identifies land instability and wildfire risks (via dry fuel detection) Post-disaster Assessment: Monitors building shifts, infrastructure damage after earthquakes Agricultural Monitoring: Precision farming, crop monitoring, soil moisture mapping Strategic and Scientific Relevance: Climate Change Mitigation: Monitors glacial retreat, sea-level rise, ground subsidence Planetary Science Linkages: Data can improve models of planetary interiors (e.g., Mars tectonics) Data for Global Earth System Models: Enhances simulation accuracy for hydrological, geological, and atmospheric changes Calibration Challenges & Innovations: Cross-Band Calibration: L-band and S-band feeds are slightly offset; calibrated using corner reflectors Thermal Load Issues: Reflector had to be redesigned with heat-resistant coatings after thermal vacuum testing revealed overheating risks COVID-induced Delays: Remote collaboration, in-person testing disruption led to 11-year build time Early Adopters Program: 200+ Early Adopters Globally: Farmers, insurers, geologists, infrastructure firms, and climate modelers are preparing to use NISAR data Use-Cases: Earthquake early warning systems Infrastructure stress mapping (railways, dams) Risk models for insurance and disaster finance Monitoring crop yield patterns for food security Commercial & Industrial Demand: Widespread Commercial Utility: 75% of NASA’s Earth Observation users are from .com domains 75% of Fortune 100 companies already use EO data Sectors: Agriculture, Insurance, Finance, Transportation, Urban Planning Expected Applications from NISAR: Customized analytics for climate-resilient infrastructure Precision agriculture for yield optimization Urban risk zoning and planning International Collaboration & Diplomacy: NASA-ISRO Partnership: A landmark in Indo-US space diplomacy NISAR becomes a symbol of South-North tech collaboration in climate resilience and disaster management Technology Transfer: Expertise from JPL’s planetary radar missions now powering earth observation systems Cost & Engineering Complexity: Mission Duration: 11 years in making Engineering Feats: Coordination of dozens of subsystems, radar alignment precision Overcame pandemic disruptions, transcontinental assembly and testing Future Prospects: Open-Access Data Policy: ISRO is expected to follow a similar free and open access model Capacity Building in South Asia: Potential for data-driven capacity building for disaster response in Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Potential Legacy: Could catalyze a new generation of hybrid remote sensing satellites combining radar, optical, and hyperspectral instruments

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 02 August 2025

Content Relief for Households: Inflation Eases Infrastructure development for Judiciary Relief for Households: Inflation Eases After months of inflationary pressure, recent data shows a clear cooling of prices, easing household burdens and boosting consumption, especially in rural India. Simultaneously, India’s robust export growth and structural reforms are strengthening macroeconomic stability, positioning the country firmly on its path to becoming the world’s third-largest economy by 2030. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy- Inflation) GDP Growth: India’s real GDP grew at 6.5% in FY 2024–25 (MoSPI), expected to continue in FY 2025–26 (RBI). By 2030, India is projected to become the 3rd largest economy with GDP of $7.3 trillion. Growth Drivers: Strong domestic demand. Youth-dominated demographic dividend. Ongoing structural reforms (logistics, compliance, tax policies). Inflation Trends – Retail & Wholesale Wholesale Price Index (WPI): June 2025 WPI inflation: –0.13% YoY. Key contributors to decline: Food items, crude oil, mineral oils, basic metals. WPI Food Index: declined to –0.26% YoY. Consumer Price Index (CPI): June 2025 CPI inflation: 2.10% – lowest since Jan 2019. Within RBI’s target band of 2–6%. Food inflation (YoY): –1.06% (lowest in 6 years). Major contributors: Vegetables, pulses, cereals, milk, spices, meat. Implication: Indicates softening demand pressures and effective supply-side management. Purchasing power has increased for households. Reflects macroeconomic stability in both input and output prices. Rural Economy Dynamics Income & Consumption: NABARD’s RECSS (July 2025): 76.6% rural households: increase in consumption. 39.6% rural households: increase in income YoY. Rural CPI: Declined to 1.72% in June 2025 (–394 basis points YoY). Agricultural Output: Rice: 1490.74 LMT (↑ from 1378.25 LMT in 2023–24). Wheat: 1175.07 LMT (↑ by 42.15 LMT YoY). Better yields → lower food inflation, improved rural income. Government Measures: Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS-D): Released buffer stocks strategically. Stock limits to curb hoarding. Income tax exemption up to ₹12L for individuals: enhanced disposable income. Monetary Policy Intervention Repo rate: Raised to 6.5% earlier to tame inflation. Reduced to 5.5% in 2025 to balance growth and inflation. Transmission: High earlier rates helped contain demand-led inflation. Recent rate cut will promote investment and consumption recovery. External Sector: Export-Led Growth Q1 FY 2025–26 Export Performance: Merchandise exports: $210.31 billion (↑5.94% YoY). Services exports: $98.13 billion (↑10.93% YoY). Trade deficit: Reduced to $20.31 billion (↓9.4% YoY). Export Composition Growth: Rising exports: Electronics, cereals, tea, dairy, poultry. Declining imports: Pulses, newsprint, coal, transport equipment. Long-Term Trends: FY 2024–25: Total exports: $824.9 billion (↑6.01% YoY). Reflects: Better global integration. Strengthening of India’s high-value manufacturing and services base. Policy Interventions – Supply Side & Trade Trade & Export Promotion: FTP 2023: Export incentives, e-commerce boost, Amnesty Scheme. RoDTEP/RoSCTL: Tax reimbursement for export sectors. Districts as Export Hubs: Localized export strategy. TIES & MAI: Export infra & marketing assistance. Infrastructure & Manufacturing: PM GatiShakti & NLP: Cut logistics cost; multimodal connectivity. PLI Schemes (2025–26): Increased budget for: Electronics, Textiles, Auto, Defence. Ease of Doing Business: 42,000 compliances removed, 3700+ laws decriminalized. NSWS & Trade Connect: Digital single window and trade matchmaking. MSME Export Facilitation Centres: 65 centres linking MSMEs with credit, fintechs, and global markets. Multidimensional Impacts Dimension Positive Impact Households Rising incomes + lower inflation = better consumption & living standards Rural Economy Stable food prices + better MSP + employment = rural confidence Trade Sector Rising exports, especially services = better foreign exchange earnings Macro Stability Balanced growth-inflation matrix; fiscal + monetary synergy Manufacturing PLI + Make in India + FTA outreach = long-term structural capacity expansion Investment Climate Reduced compliance, digital platforms, and lower repo rate boost investor sentiment Challenges Ahead Global uncertainty: Fed rate cycle, oil price volatility, geopolitical tensions. Monsoon variability: Can impact agri-prices and rural incomes. Sustaining export momentum: Depends on global demand recovery. Manufacturing competitiveness: Requires continued reforms in logistics, energy, and skill gaps. Conclusion India’s recent macroeconomic indicators reflect a positive shift: Inflation under control (both CPI & WPI). Consumption rising, especially in rural areas. Exports strengthening, narrowing trade deficit. Structural reforms in manufacturing, compliance, and logistics are paying off. With well-calibrated policy coordination, strong export resilience, and household relief from inflation, India is navigating toward sustainable, inclusive growth — setting the stage for its transition to a $7.3 trillion economy by 2030. Infrastructure development for Judiciary Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ) , GS 3(Infrastructure) Physical Infrastructure Development (CSS since 1993-94) Objective Augment state resources in creating physical judicial infrastructure through a centrally sponsored scheme. Five major components: Court Halls Residential Quarters Lawyers’ Halls Digital Computer Rooms Toilet Complexes Financial Outlay Total Fund Released: ₹12,101.89 crore (1993–2025) Since 2014-15: ₹8,657.59 crore (71.54% of total) Reflects increased central prioritization of judicial infrastructure in the last decade Physical Assets Created (India-wide) Year Court Halls Residential Units 2014 15,818 10,211 2025 22,372 19,851 % Increase 41.43% 94.40% The growth in residential units nearly doubled, suggesting focus on improving living conditions for judges and staff—a major retention and deployment issue earlier. Maharashtra Focus Funds Released (1993–2025): ₹1,099.83 crore Since 2014-15: ₹700.17 crore (63.67%) Current Infrastructure (2025): Court Halls: 2,503 Residential Units: 2,202 Under Construction: 560 court halls, 144 residential units Maharashtra alone holds nearly 11% of the national court hall infrastructure, indicating its judicial caseload and scale. Digital Infrastructure – eCourts Mission Mode Project (Since 2007) Project Scope Part of National e-Governance Plan Integrated approach to digitize judiciary operations across all levels Now in Phase III (2023–2027) with an outlay of ₹7,210 crore Key Digital Deliverables under Phase III Component Details Funds Allocated Digitization & Digital Preservation High Court + District Court records ₹2,038.40 crore Pages Digitized till June 2025 High Courts: 213.29 cr District Courts: 307.89 cr — Paperless Courts Software Digital Courts 2.1 — Record Preservation Software Developed for High & District Courts — Over 520 crore judicial pages digitized — indicative of India’s massive legal archival workload and forward movement on e-governance. Stakeholder-Specific Digital Services Lawyers e-Filing 3.0: Submit case documents from anywhere e-Payment: Online transfer of court fees NSTEP: Digital tracking of summons & process service Litigants & Public Judgment Search Portal: Search judgments by Bench, Party, Case No., Year (free access) eSewa Kendras: 1,814 facilitation centers offering court services to the public Virtual Courts: 29 courts across 21 States/UTs for traffic violations Strong emphasis on citizen-centric justice delivery, with digitized backend and frontend both. Multi-dimensional Assessment Dimension Impact Governance Reduces pendency, increases transparency Inclusivity eSewa & eFiling improve rural/remote access Efficiency Reduces time & paperwork; improves file tracking Security Digital preservation enhances data integrity Sustainability Paperless courts align with green goals Challenges and Way Forward A. Challenges Digital divide: Rural lawyers/judges need more training & internet support Non-uniform adoption: Some states still lag in infra & digitization Cybersecurity concerns: Need robust data protection protocols Language barriers: Most digital tools still English-dominant B. Future Priorities Integrate AI/ML for legal research & cause-list generation Enable real-time video trials beyond virtual courts Ensure vernacular interface in all digital services Expand Phase III with feedback loops from stakeholders Conclusion The judiciary infrastructure drive—both physical and digital—shows a marked acceleration post-2014. The e-Courts project (especially Phase III) represents a transformative shift toward technology-enabled justice. However, last-mile connectivity, inclusivity, and digital literacy remain key areas for further reform to truly achieve Accessible, Affordable, Accountable Justice.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 02 August 2025

Content What has been missed is India’s digital sovereignty A Democracy grown at home What has been missed is India’s digital sovereignty Background: What is the India-U.K. FTA? Official Title: India-U.K. Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Objective: Deepen bilateral trade, investment, and services ties. Celebrated As: “Gold standard” trade deal by Union Minister Piyush Goyal. Negotiation Context: Ongoing since 2022; comes amid India’s broader push to ink FTAs with major economies (UAE, Australia, EU, etc.) Key Sectors Covered: Agriculture, manufacturing, services, pharmaceuticals, and digital trade. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy ) Practice Question :“India’s economic diplomacy must not come at the cost of its digital sovereignty.” In the context of the India-U.K. FTA, critically examine this statement. Also suggest a roadmap to safeguard India’s strategic autonomy in digital trade negotiations.(250 Words) What Is Digital Sovereignty? Definition: The ability of a nation-state to govern and regulate its own digital infrastructure, data flows, and digital economy without external dependence or coercion. Pillars: Data sovereignty (control over citizens’ data) Algorithmic and source-code transparency Cybersecurity and regulatory autonomy Local innovation and digital industrialisation What Has Been Missed: Concessions Affecting Digital Sovereignty Source Code Disclosure Prohibition Aspect Implication What India gave up The right to demand ex ante (pre-emptive) access to source code for foreign software/digital products Precedent India had resisted such prohibitions at WTO; U.S. itself rolled them back in 2023 due to domestic concerns CPTPP exception CPTPP excluded critical infrastructure and non-mass-market software UK-India FTA clause Prohibition applies to all software, with no exceptions for telecom, health, or AI-critical infrastructure Long-term risk Dismantles regulators’ ability to “look under the hood” for compliance, safety, national security Implication: India risks importing black-box software, including in sectors like AI, health, telecom, and national security, with no regulatory oversight. Open Government Data Access for UK Entities Aspect Implication Concession granted Equal, non-discriminatory access for U.K. firms to “Open Government Data” Problem The term originated in pre-AI era to promote transparency; today, government data = raw fuel for AI models Nature of clause Currently a best endeavour, non-binding commitment — but a precedent is set Global shift U.S. and EU are moving towards data protectionism for national AI competitiveness Strategic misstep Weakens India’s ability to harness public sector data for indigenous AI innovation Implication: Undermines India’s AI competitiveness, opens doors to data colonisation. Commitment to Future Data Flow Liberalisation Aspect Implication Clause India commits to “enter consultations to extend equivalent disciplines” if it offers concessions on free flow of data or data localisation to others Strategic danger Effectively ties India’s hands in future FTAs, reducing its diplomatic manoeuvrability Contradiction Contradicts India’s stand at G20, WTO on strategic localisation of data for national development Reversal of past position India had strongly pushed for data localisation in the Personal Data Protection Bill and in global forums Implication: A slippery slope toward ceding ground on cross-border data regulation, compromising strategic autonomy. Why This Matters: Digital Trade ≠ Commodity Trade Unlike tariffs (which can be reversed), digital trade rules are structural, long-term, and affect: National security Law enforcement access Digital taxation Domestic innovation ecosystems Once conceded, digital rule regimes are nearly irreversible — locking India into a Western-led architecture dominated by Big Tech. Comparative Global Context Country Position on Digital Sovereignty U.S. Withdrew source code & data localisation liberalisation clauses in 2023 due to backlash EU Enforces Digital Markets Act, Data Governance Act, strong digital sovereignty framework China Fully controls cross-border data flows, mandates source code access for key sectors India (Pre-FTA) Advocated for data localisation, regulatory access, and algorithmic transparency What’s Missing in Indian Approach No cohesive national digital sovereignty policy No cross-sectoral digital industrialisation roadmap Lack of high-level political awareness or institutional safeguards in trade negotiations Absence of digital sector representation at negotiation tables Overemphasis on traditional ‘sensitive sectors’ (agriculture, textiles) Historical Parallel: Digital Colonialism Like colonial-era concessions that robbed India of its industrial future, digital trade concessions risk: Losing control over national data wealth Turning into a digital colony that merely consumes Western digital services Ceding the AI frontier to global players Strategic Implications Area Impact AI ecosystem Loss of access to Indian training data → undermines competitiveness of Indian startups and AI labs Cybersecurity Lack of source code access = regulatory blind spots in critical systems Digital governance Weakens India’s ability to enforce sectoral compliance (e.g. fintech, healthtech) Innovation No level playing field for Indian firms; foreign firms gain edge using Indian data Geopolitics Erodes India’s leverage in future digital rule-making at WTO, G20, BRICS The Way Forward: India Must Act Now Immediate Steps Draft a National Digital Sovereignty & Industrialisation Strategy Ensure all future FTAs include Digital Impact Assessments and non-negotiable clauses for strategic sectors Involve multi-stakeholder experts (tech, law, industry, security) in trade teams Mandate security and algorithm audits for all critical imports Medium to Long Term Build digital public infrastructure (like ONDC, Aadhaar stack) with local control Invest in home-grown AI, cloud, and chip ecosystems Establish national data stewardship frameworks Launch Digital Bretton Woods 2.0 vision for alternative global digital architecture Conclusion The India-U.K. FTA may be a win on paper for traditional sectors, but the real cost may be hidden in digital trade clauses. By surrendering regulatory rights on source code, opening public data to foreign entities, and committing to softening positions on data localisation, India risks undermining its digital sovereignty at a formative moment. If uncorrected, this could jeopardise India’s ambition to be a digital and AI superpower, locking it into a system of digital dependence and diminished agency. A Democracy grown at home Historical Background Uthiramerur Inscription (c. 920 CE) Located in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, Uthiramerur inscriptions from the reign of Parantaka Chola I (907–955 CE) provide detailed constitutional guidelines for local self-governance. Epigraphic Source: Inscription No. 52 of 1891, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Sanskrit-Tamil mix. Codified rules for: Ward divisions Eligibility of candidates Election procedures (kudavolai or ‘ballot pot’ system) Removal mechanisms and disqualification criteria Accountability of committee members Kudavolai System – An Early Ballot Method Voters inscribed names on palm leaf slips and placed them inside ballot pots (kudavolai). Slips were drawn in public to ensure transparency and non-manipulation. Relevance: GS 1(Culture , Heritage) ,GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : “Democracy in India was not a colonial gift, but a civilisational inheritance.” Examine this assertion in light of the Uthiramerur inscriptions and discuss their relevance to modern democratic governance in India.(250 Words) Key Features Of Chola Era Democracy Feature Details Eligibility Age 35–70, landownership, residence in same village, good character, Vedic learning, passed moral ‘tests’ Disqualification Alcoholism, criminal record, debt default, moral transgressions, including family of the guilty Committee System Sabha (assembly) with smaller groups like garden committee, tank management, festival arrangements Removal Protocol Members removed for dereliction of duty or misconduct; enforced via strict code of conduct Documentation Rules carved in stone — legal permanence; akin to a written constitution Pre-Chola Democratic Evidence Vaishali (6th century BCE): Licchavi republics had elected representatives, deliberative councils. Buddhist Sanghas: Practiced consensus decision-making (Vinaya Pitaka details procedures). Kautilya’s Arthashastra (3rd century BCE): Notes Samghas and Gana-sanghas with autonomous rule. Conclusion: Participatory governance was not alien — it was woven into ancient India’s socio-political fabric. Global Comparison Parameter Magna Carta (1215, England) Uthiramerur (c. 920 CE, India) Purpose Limiting King’s arbitrary powers Decentralised self-governance Nature Charter of rights Constitutional rulebook Format Negotiated by nobles Popularly mandated system Inclusiveness Restricted to barons Based on ethical, civic, and economic criteria Inference: Uthiramerur’s system was more participatory and codified for local contexts long before European constitutionalism. Relevance to modern India Why PM Modi’s Speech Matters Symbolic Reclamation: Counters narrative that democracy is a colonial transplant. Cultural Legitimacy: Affirms the indigenous origins of democratic values like equity, accountability, and ethics. Federal Ethos: Highlights South India’s historic contributions to democratic governance — beyond Delhi-centric narratives. Lessons for Today Ethics in Public Life: Moral disqualification was integral — echoes today’s concerns over criminalization of politics. Transparency in Elections: Public draw of lots resembles today’s push for voter-verifiable paper audit trails (VVPAT). Grassroots Governance: Strong parallel with the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments enabling Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies. Challenges in contemporary democracy Challenge Chola Model Reflection Money Power Wealth alone wasn’t enough; moral stature was key Criminalization Disqualification for even indirect criminal associations Centralization Chola governance was radically local Digital Manipulation Ancient systems used public oversight and oral verification Electoral institutions: Bridging the ancient & modern Aspect Chola-era Sabha Election Commission of India Autonomy Sabha selected by people; functioned independently Constitutional body with operational independence Eligibility Code Inscribed rules and punishments Model Code of Conduct, criminal disqualification clauses Documentation Stone inscriptions Electoral rolls, EVM-VVPAT audit trails Way forward: Drawing from our roots Ethical Vetting of Candidates — revisit disqualification norms based on morality. Deeper Panchayati Empowerment — revive functionally active sabhas. Public Participation Models — experiment with lot-based systems for local committees. Civic Education — include Uthiramerur model in textbooks for democratic literacy. South India’s Role in Democratic Heritage — counter the northern bias in historical democratic discourse. Conclusion PM Modi’s reference at Gangaikondacholapuram is a strategic invocation of a forgotten legacy — one that reclaims India’s indigenous, millennia-old democratic tradition as not just a cultural curiosity, but a living foundation for today’s constitutionalism. It reminds us that democracy is not an imported ornament, but a homegrown institution, rooted in our history — codified in granite and palm leaves, just as it is today in legislation and electronic voting machines.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 02 August 2025

Content The Business of Selling Babies Tamil Nadu’s Engine of Progress: Education for All ISRO’s PSLV-C61 Failure and Upcoming BlueBird Launch Himachal on the Brink: Supreme Court Flags Ecological Collapse Tariffs, Trump & Tensions: Navigating India’s Trade and Strategic Balancing Act The business of selling babies Introduction and Background India was once a major hub for commercial surrogacy due to medical tourism and regulatory loopholes. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 and the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021 banned commercial surrogacy and sought to regulate ART practices. A 2024 incident involving a Secunderabad-based fertility clinic exposed a baby-selling racket under the guise of surrogacy and IVF, prompting legal and ethical scrutiny. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice), GS 3(Internal Security-Organised Crimes) Key Facts and Case Highlights A Rajasthan couple was charged ₹30 lakh and handed over a baby unrelated to their own gametes; DNA tests revealed the fraud. Police raids at Universal Srushti Fertility Centre uncovered a network of egg and sperm donors, surrogate mothers, and forged medical records. The clinic operated without a valid license and violated both the Surrogacy Act and ART Act. Multiple women, including surrogates from poor states, were exploited, unpaid, and even abandoned post-delivery. A woman from Odisha died while escaping sexual assault, highlighting physical and sexual abuse risks. Brokers and clinics were found to be operating across multiple states in a coordinated network. Governance and Social Justice Dimensions Failure in enforcement of Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 and ART (Regulation) Act, 2021. Weak monitoring by State Appropriate Authorities allowed unlicensed clinics to function. Reflects poor coordination between medical councils, local police, and regulatory bodies. Ethical concerns regarding the treatment of poor women as surrogacy supply sources. Violation of reproductive rights, right to dignity, and child protection norms. Science and Technology, Internal Security Dimensions ART and IVF technologies were misused due to the absence of real-time gamete tracking and verification. Lack of tech tools like RI Witness allowed sample swapping and fake parentage. The scam shows how reproductive technology without ethical safeguards leads to child trafficking. Highlights emerging threats in the form of tech-enabled organized crime in the healthcare sector. Society Dimensions The case underscores how medical tourism and commodification of childbirth impact societal norms and vulnerable populations. Surrogacy, which can be empowering, turned exploitative due to lack of informed consent and economic coercion. Shows the intersection of gender, class, and regional inequalities in reproductive health access. Ethics and Integrity Dimensions The doctor in charge had a history of malpractice but resumed work due to absence of long-term accountability. Gross violation of medical ethics, informed consent, and the principle of non-maleficence. Local complicity by lodges and brokers shows the erosion of ethical values in both private and public domains. Treating children as saleable commodities challenges the basic tenets of human dignity and integrity in healthcare. Legal and Policy Dimensions The clinic violated sections of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 — specifically sections banning commercial surrogacy. Also violated the ART Act, 2021, which mandates licensed clinics, donor regulation, and traceability. Criminal charges under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Sections 61, 316, 335, 336, 340) for conspiracy, fraud, and trafficking. Recommendations and Way Forward Create a real-time, Aadhaar-linked national registry for IVF and surrogacy clinics to track licenses and patient records. Mandate digital gamete tracking systems like RI Witness in all ART facilities. Strengthen the enforcement capacity of State Appropriate Authorities through audits and inter-state intelligence sharing. Establish fast-track courts for surrogacy and ART-related violations to ensure timely justice. Develop a victim compensation framework for abandoned surrogate mothers and defrauded parents. Introduce whistleblower protection and community-based reporting systems in medical zones. Conclusion The Telangana surrogacy scam reveals the gap between law and practice in India’s reproductive healthcare sector. Despite a robust legal framework, the absence of technological safeguards, ethical accountability, and administrative vigilance has turned reproductive services into a front for human trafficking. A multidimensional approach — combining legal reform, digital oversight, institutional strengthening, and ethical enforcement — is essential to safeguard reproductive rights and public trust. Tamil Nadu’s engine of progress: education for all Introduction / Background The article reflects on Tamil Nadu’s sustained efforts to use education as a tool for social inclusion, particularly for students from historically disadvantaged communities. It is contextualised around a recent development: 135 students from Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Schools in Tamil Nadu have secured admission into some of India’s most prestigious higher education institutions. The article credits these achievements to systemic policy design, administrative consistency, and a long-standing commitment to social justice through education. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Governance) Historical Context and Legacy Early 20th Century: Tamil Nadu (then Madras Presidency) pioneered education-led welfare with: 1920: Launch of India’s first mid-day meal in a school at Thousand Lights, Chennai. 1921: Introduction of a Communal Government Order (GO) ensuring representation in education and public employment. These policies, originally influenced by the Justice Party’s emphasis on equity, later evolved under successive governments into institutional frameworks promoting access to education. Key Policy Instruments and Schemes Policy / Scheme Purpose Mid-Day Meal (Expanded) Encourage school attendance and improve child nutrition. Free Breakfast Scheme (2022) Further reduce classroom hunger; especially for children in rural and poor households. Pudhumai Penn Thittam Monthly ₹1,000 stipend to promote girls’ higher education from government schools. Illam Thedi Kalvi Community-based tutoring to address learning loss post-COVID. Hostel and Scholarship Support Financial aid, free accommodation, and travel relief for students from remote regions. Recent Outcomes (2025 Highlights) 135 students from marginalized communities admitted to elite institutions such as: IITs, NITs, NLUs, NIFTs, Miranda House, and other top universities. All 6 ST-reserved seats at Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University were secured by Tamil Nadu students. Students were felicitated with laptops and appreciation certificates, recognizing both their merit and the policy ecosystem that supported them. Administrative Interventions Supporting These Outcomes Entrance Exam Preparation: Special training and mentorship to help students compete nationally. Financial Incentives: Full or partial fee waivers, scholarships, and support for entrance exam fees. Basic Learning Tools: Free textbooks, uniforms, and digital learning kits for school students. Nutrition & Welfare: In-school meals and residential hostels for those from remote areas. Skilling & Career Support: Vocational programs to bridge education and employability. Educational Indicators and Performance Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education: Tamil Nadu: 47% National Average: 28.4% GER for Women: Tamil Nadu: 47.3% National Average: 28.5% These numbers reflect not just enrolment, but also inclusive participation in higher education, across gender and caste lines. Systemic Approach over Isolated Successes The article stresses that these are not isolated instances of success, but outcomes of structured interventions implemented over decades. By starting early (school-level) and sustaining support till higher education, Tamil Nadu has built a continuum of care and opportunity for students. Broader Governance Philosophy (As Interpreted in the Article) The model of governance aligns with: Equity-driven service delivery rather than exclusive focus on test-based merit. Balancing access, quality, and social inclusion in educational outcomes. While rooted in regional history, these efforts are described as replicable for other Indian states seeking inclusive development. Critical Evaluation and Outlook Strengths: Data-backed outcomes in GER and elite institution access. Holistic integration of health, nutrition, gender equity, and education policy. Clear alignment between policy design and social goals. Challenges (noted briefly or implicitly): Ensuring long-term support through college and into employment or research pathways. Tackling infrastructure and digital divides in rural or tribal belts. Maintaining political and fiscal sustainability of welfare-heavy education schemes. Conclusion Tamil Nadu’s recent achievements in educational inclusion reflect the maturity of a century-long effort combining policy, politics, and administrative innovation. The success of students from Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Schools is both an individual and systemic win, suggesting that with adequate state support, social mobility through education is achievable. The approach illustrates how education policy can become a lever for inclusive growth, especially when backed by historical commitment and consistent governance. ISRO’s PSLV-C61 Failure and Upcoming BlueBird Launch Background & Context PSLV-C61/EOS-09 Mission: Launched: May 18, 2025 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Objective: Place the EOS-09 Earth Observation Satellite in a Sun-synchronous polar orbit. Platform: Launched aboard the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C61), ISRO’s most reliable launch vehicle with over 95% success rate. Outcome: Mission failed due to a snag in Stage 3 of the rocket. Significance of PSLV: Often referred to as ISRO’s “trusted workhorse” with 59 previous successful missions before C61. Used for launching a wide range of satellites, including remote sensing, navigation, and commercial payloads. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Failure Analysis of PSLV-C61/EOS-09 Failure Details: PSLV-C61 had a perfect lift-off and functioned normally till Stage 2. A technical snag in Stage 3 caused mission failure, preventing orbital insertion of EOS-09. Investigation Committee: A Failure Analysis Committee (FAC) was constituted by ISRO. The issue is described by ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan as a “small” problem. Detailed report finalized; to be submitted to Prime Minister Narendra Modi shortly. Details to be disclosed post submission. Implications: This marks a rare setback for PSLV’s otherwise robust record. Critical for ISRO to restore global confidence in PSLV ahead of upcoming satellite launches. Upcoming Indo-U.S. Collaboration: BlueBird Satellite Launch About BlueBird Satellite: Developed by AST SpaceMobile, a U.S.-based firm. Purpose: Communications satellite, enhancing global mobile broadband connectivity via satellite-to-smartphone services. Mass: Approx. 6,500 kg — significantly heavier than average PSLV payloads. Launch Details: Launch Timeline: Within 3–4 months (Expected by late 2025). Vehicle: Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), ISRO’s most powerful launcher (formerly GSLV Mk-III). Launch Site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Satellite arrival in India scheduled for September 2025. Strategic Relevance: Continues trend of Indo-U.S. cooperation in space after the NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) mission. Builds India’s reputation as a trusted commercial launch partner. Boosts ISRO’s entry into high-throughput communication satellite launches — a new niche beyond Earth observation. Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight Programme: Parallel Developments Mission Overview: India’s first human spaceflight mission. Scheduled uncrewed test missions: First in December 2025, followed by two more in 2026. Manned launch targeted for first quarter of 2027. Progress Update: Human-rating of the launch vehicle is completed. Orbital module development is in an advanced stage. Crew escape system nearing finalization. Relevance: Technological readiness crucial post-PSLV-C61 setback. Demonstrates India’s advancing capabilities in safe, human-rated space systems. Key Takeaways & Strategic Significance ISRO’s transparent failure audit and timely corrective measures maintain global trust. The BlueBird mission will test India’s capacity to handle heavy foreign commercial payloads. LVM3’s increasing role post-Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan highlights India’s next-gen launcher maturity. Indo-U.S. space ties continue to strengthen via commercial, scientific, and strategic cooperation. Setback in PSLV-C61 underscores the importance of redundancy, stage-wise validation, and telemetry upgrades in future missions. Himachal on the Brink: Supreme Court Flags Ecological Collapse Introduction The Supreme Court of India has raised a grave environmental alarm over the deteriorating ecological health of Himachal Pradesh, a Himalayan state frequently battered by floods and landslides. A two-judge bench comprising Justices J.B. Pardiwala and R. Mahadevan warned that “the day is not far when the entire state of Himachal Pradesh may vanish“. The remarks came while hearing a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging a Himachal Pradesh High Court order restricting constructions in green zones. Himachal Pradesh has become a case study in ecological degradation owing to rapid urbanisation, unchecked tourism, and poorly regulated infrastructure expansion in a geologically fragile zone. Relevance : GS 3( Environment and Ecology) Current Disaster Impact and Data (2025 Monsoon Season) Monsoon onset: June 20, 2025. Losses (as of August 1): ₹1,539 crore (as per State Emergency Operation Centre). Human casualties: Deaths: 94 Missing: 36 Houses damaged: 1,352 fully/partially Frequent landslides, flash floods, and road blockages across Bilaspur, Kullu, Mandi, and Shimla. Supreme Court’s Key Environmental Concerns 1. Climate Change The Court emphasized the visible and alarming impacts of climate change in the region. Increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events (cloudbursts, glacial melt, erratic rainfall) are cited as direct consequences. 2. Deforestation Unregulated tree felling for hydropower, roads, and construction has weakened slope stability and disturbed natural drainage. Forest degradation is reducing natural carbon sinks and biodiversity. 3. Hydropower Projects Linked to water scarcity, aquifer depletion, and landslides. Violations of minimum environmental flow norms cited — e.g., Sutlej River now resembles a “rivulet.” Structural damage reported by communities living near these projects. 4. Unplanned and Excessive Construction Multi-storey buildings, four-lane highways, and tunnels are being constructed even in ecologically sensitive zones. Lack of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and compliance checks. 5. Unchecked Tourism Massive influx of tourists during peak season strains local resources (water, waste management, traffic). Increase in solid waste, vehicular pollution, and illegal construction in scenic areas. Policy and Governance Issues Himachal Pradesh’s Town and Country Planning Department issued construction restrictions in green zones — but implementation is weak. Delay in proactive ecological zoning and land-use regulations. Ineffectiveness of environmental clearance systems and post-clearance monitoring. Broader Implications For Himalayan States: The Himachal case reflects a pattern across the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) — including parts of Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. For National Disaster Resilience: Highlights the failure to align infrastructure development with ecological carrying capacity. For Legal and Constitutional Accountability: Article 21: Right to life includes right to a clean and safe environment. Directive Principles (Article 48A) and Fundamental Duties (Article 51A(g)) reinforce environmental protection. Way Forward Enforce green zone protections through legal and executive action. Review and audit all hydropower projects for environmental compliance and local impact. Moratorium on large-scale constructions in ecologically fragile belts until cumulative impact assessments are conducted. Limit tourism footfall using smart regulation (e.g., e-permits, eco-tourism norms). Strengthen disaster early warning systems and slope stabilization efforts. Promote sustainable livelihoods for local communities to reduce dependency on tourism and construction sectors. Central-state coordination on Himalayan ecological policy needed under a National Himalayan Mission framework. Tariffs, Trump & Tensions: Navigating India’s Trade and Strategic Balancing Act Background & Context US-India Relations: The India–US strategic partnership has expanded in defence, tech, energy, and trade, especially after the 2005 nuclear deal. Bilateral trade reached $191 billion in 2023–24, making the US India’s largest trading partner. India enjoys GSP (Generalized System of Preferences)-style benefits for some sectors, though the formal GSP was revoked in 2019. Recent Trigger: On August 1, 2025, former US President Donald Trump announced sweeping 25% tariffs on Indian goods, labelling India a “dead economy”. This marks the harshest tariff regime for India among over 50 countries targeted by the US, with countries like Bangladesh, Vietnam, and China spared harsher duties. Pakistan Angle: Trump also claimed Pakistan had “massive oil reserves”, suggesting future oil exports to India — seen as a strategic jibe aimed at both countries. These remarks drew criticism for lacking geoeconomic credibility, given Pakistan’s limited hydrocarbon exploration capacity. Key Developments  Trump’s Tariff Offensive on India Tariff Hike: 25% tariff imposed on a broad range of Indian exports, particularly textiles, garments, auto parts, and electronics. The hike is higher than that for 50+ other countries — indicating a strategic rebuke. Sectoral Impact: Apparel Exporters (like AEPC) warn of: Loss of price competitiveness vs. Vietnam, Bangladesh. Potential mass layoffs and below-cost exports to survive. Demand for government support (interest subsidies, RoDTEP, alternate market access). Indian Textile Exports to US: Worth over $8 billion annually. Account for 28% of India’s apparel exports. Already under stress due to higher labour and compliance costs. India’s Diplomatic Response MEA Statement: Reiterated commitment to “substantive agenda” with the US. Emphasized that India-US ties have weathered transitions and shocks. Stressed that India’s “time-tested friendship” with Russia will not hinder its global partnerships. Tone of Response: Measured, strategic, and forward-looking, avoiding confrontation. Reflects New Delhi’s focus on: De-risking foreign policy via multipolar partnerships. Preserving long-term ties amid short-term political turbulence. Trump’s ‘Massive Oil Reserves in Pakistan’ Claim Reality Check: Pakistan imports ~85% of its oil and gas needs. Past exploration (e.g., Indus Basin, Balochistan) yielded limited results. No major global oil firm is actively investing in Pakistani oil fields. Strategic Reading: The claim is viewed as a geopolitical distraction or provocation: Aimed to poke India with economic insecurity. Attempt to boost Pakistan’s relevance in US foreign policy discourse. Expert View: Analysts call it “hot air, not hydrocarbons” — symbolic, not substantial. Reflects Trump’s style of populist diplomacy rather than grounded strategic direction. Broader Implications India’s Economic Exposure India’s dependence on exports to the US means such tariffs can severely hurt labour-intensive sectors (textiles, gems, leather). Tariffs coincide with India’s manufacturing push under Make in India + PLI, making trade disruptions even more critical. Geopolitical Balancing India remains committed to: A non-aligned, multi-vector foreign policy. Maintaining strategic ties with Russia (defence, energy) while strengthening the QUAD alliance with the US. Need for Domestic Support Exporters’ Ask: Immediate support via interest subvention, RoDTEP enhancements, and diversification into EU and African markets. Long-term: Focus on quality, brand, and technology upgradation to withstand tariff shocks. Conclusion This episode underlines the volatile nature of India’s external economic environment, where political rhetoric, tariffs, and geopolitical posturing can disrupt sectoral growth. India must: Deepen trade resilience by expanding FTAs (e.g., EU, EFTA). Maintain diplomatic maturity amid provocations. Invest in domestic capacity and export competitiveness to withstand global headwinds.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 August 2025

Content Rising Rural Incomes and Upbeat Sentiments Major Government Initiatives for the Development of North Eastern Region (NER) Rising Rural Incomes and Upbeat Sentiments Introduction: Signals of Rural Economic Revival The July 2025 RECSS reflects a sharp revival in rural India’s economy. 76.6% of rural households reported increased consumption — the highest figure across all six rounds of RECSS. RECSS provides micro-level insights into income, credit, savings, and perception patterns in rural households. It also evaluates the impact of government welfare schemes on real economic activity. Relevance : GS 3(Rural Income) Rural Incomes and Consumption: Signs of Grassroots Growth Income Trends 39.6% of households reported higher income — the highest ever recorded in RECSS. Suggests stronger agriculture performance, wage growth, and rural enterprise activity. Consumption Growth 76.6% households noted an increase in consumption over the past year. Only 3.2% reported a decline — lowest since the survey’s inception. Households now spend 65.57% of income on consumption, up from 60.87% (Sep 2024) → indicates rising purchasing power. Implication: Rising income is translating into actual demand, reinforcing consumption-led rural growth and boosting the broader economy. Government Support: Key Driver of Resilience Fiscal Transfers Welfare transfers (food, gas, electricity, education, health, pension) account for ~10% of monthly income. These schemes cushion low-income households from inflation and income volatility. Infrastructure Upgrades Rural development boosted by visible improvements in roads, water, electricity, education, and healthcare. Only 2.6% reported deterioration in basic infrastructure. Top-Ranked Improvements (Perceived by Households): Road Connectivity Educational Institutions Drinking Water Facilities Financial Health: Stronger Savings and Formal Credit Penetration Savings Behaviour 20.6% of households reported increased savings. 13.18% of income now directed to savings; 11.85% allocated to loan repayments. Formalization of Credit 52.6% sourced loans only from formal institutions (banks, NBFCs, MFIs, cooperatives). 26.9% used both formal and informal channels. Shows shift away from exploitative lenders, improving borrower protection. Decline in Informal Interest Rates Mean informal interest rates fell to 17.53% (30 bps decline). 30% of informal loans carried zero interest, mostly borrowed from friends/relatives. Optimism in the Countryside: Sentiments at Record High Short-Term Outlook (Next Quarter) 56.4% expect income to improve. 56.2% anticipate better job opportunities. Long-Term Outlook (Next 1 Year) 74.7% expect income to increase — highest ever. Reflects confidence from favourable monsoon, policy support, and local development. Inflation and Expenditure Patterns: Signs of Stability Falling Inflation Perceptions Rural CPI dropped from 3.25% (March) → 2.92% (April) → 2.59% (May). Households perceived mean inflation at 4.28% in July. 78.4% of rural households believe inflation is ≤5%. Inflation expectation (next quarter): 4.29% | Next year: 5.51%. Stable Food Budgets Despite rising incomes, the share of food in monthly consumption held steady at 50% (median). Indicates diversification of expenditure toward non-food goods/services. Key Comparisons with Round 1 (Sep 2024) Indicator Sep 2024 Jul 2025 Households with ↑ Income 29.8% 39.6% Households with ↑ Consumption 67.2% 76.6% Monthly Income Spent on Consumption 60.87% 65.57% Formal Loan Sourcing Only 47.5% 52.6% Households Saving More 14.3% 20.6% Optimism (Income ↑ Next Year) 68.9% 74.7% Perceived Inflation ≤ 5% 72.5% 78.4% Policy Implications and Future Outlook What’s Working: Targeted fiscal transfers improving household resilience. Infrastructure-led growth feeding optimism. Continued formalization of credit reducing rural indebtedness. Price stability aiding real income gains. Way Forward: Enhance productivity through skilling, rural enterprise, and digital infrastructure. Deepen credit access for women and marginal farmers. Focus on value-added agri-processing, local job creation, and climate-resilient infrastructure. Monitor inflation-sensitive inputs like fuel and fertilizers for maintaining price stability. Conclusion The July 2025 RECSS underscores a clear inflection point in rural India’s economic trajectory. With rising incomes, expanded consumption, growing savings, formal credit access, and record optimism, rural India is showing strong macro and micro resilience. Government policies—both fiscal and infrastructural—have played a decisive role in this transformation. Going forward, sustaining this momentum through skilling, deeper financial access, and diversified livelihoods will be critical for inclusive, bottom-up growth. Major Government Initiatives for the Development of North Eastern Region (NER) The Government of India has undertaken a multi-sectoral approach for the holistic development of the North Eastern Region (NER), focusing on connectivity, infrastructure, digital inclusion, and tourism. These initiatives aim to bridge regional disparities and integrate NER with the national growth trajectory. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure , Development)   Road Infrastructure Development National Highways (MoRT&H) Total Constructed: 16,207 km of National Highways across the NER. Rural Roads (PMGSY) Sanctioned: 17,637 road works covering 89,436 km 2,398 bridges Completed (as of March 2025): 16,469 road works (80,933 km) 2,108 bridges Rail Connectivity Expansion (Ministry of Railways) Projects Sanctioned: 12 (08 New Line + 04 Doubling) Length Covered: 777 km Total Cost: ₹69,342 crore Progress: 278 km commissioned ₹41,676 crore spent till March 2025 Digital & Mobile Connectivity Broadband (BharatNet via DBN) 6,355 Gram Panchayats made service-ready Mobile Connectivity 3,297 mobile towers commissioned across NER Funded via Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) Air Connectivity (UDAN – Regional Connectivity Scheme) 90 routes operationalized 12 airports/heliports connected across NE states Objective: Affordable air travel + enhanced regional integration Key Central Sector Schemes for NER (via MDoNER) a) NESIDS (North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme) Two Components: NESIDS (Roads) – Road infrastructure NESIDS (OTRI) – Other than Roads Infrastructure (e.g. water supply, education, health) b) PM-DevINE (Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region) Launched: Union Budget 2022–23 Approved: 12 October 2022 Outlay: ₹6,600 crore over 2022–26 (100% Central funding) Objectives: Infrastructure aligned with PM GatiShakti Social development projects based on local needs Youth & women livelihoods Plug development gaps in critical sectors c) Schemes of the North Eastern Council (NEC) Funding for regional planning, infrastructure, skill & livelihood promotion d) Special Development Packages (SDPs) Targeted interventions for border and underdeveloped areas Tourism Infrastructure Support Ministry of Tourism Initiatives (covering NE states): Swadesh Darshan & Swadesh Darshan 2.0 PRASHAD Scheme – Pilgrimage & heritage site development CBDD – Challenge Based Destination Development (sub-scheme of SD) SASCI – Special Assistance to States for Capital Investment These schemes complement State Government efforts by offering financial assistance. MDoNER’s Tourism Support Additional funding to NE States under Central Sector Schemes for tourism-specific infrastructure and services. Summary Snapshot Sector Key Progress National Highways 16,207 km constructed PMGSY Roads 80,933 km completed out of 89,436 km sanctioned PMGSY Bridges 2,108 completed out of 2,398 sanctioned Railway Projects 278 km commissioned (12 projects; 777 km total; ₹69,342 cr sanctioned) Rail Capex Utilized ₹41,676 crore BharatNet 6,355 Gram Panchayats connected Mobile Towers 3,297 installed UDAN Routes 90 routes across 12 airports/heliports operationalized PM-DevINE Outlay ₹6,600 crore (FY 2022–23 to 2025–26) Strategic Importance Boosts Act East Policy through integrated connectivity to Southeast Asia Bridges development deficit in remote & border districts Empowers youth, women, and rural communities via livelihood & digital access Supports tourism & culture for sustainable economic growth Enables multi-modal infrastructure through convergence (e.g., PM GatiShakti)

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 August 2025

Content Transforming early childhood care and education New phase Transforming early childhood care and education Contextual Background: The Equity Gap in ECCE Pre-NEP Scenario: Private schools had long offered preschool/nursery education. Government schools historically admitted children only from Class 1. Public preschool was limited to Anganwadis, focused more on health and nutrition than structured education. Result: Inequity began before formal schooling, disadvantaging children relying on government systems. Relevance : GS 2( Governance, Social Justice, Welfare Schemes ) Practice Question : The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has brought a paradigm shift in India’s Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) framework. Discuss the structural changes introduced by NEP 2020 in ECCE and analyse their multi-dimensional implications and implementation challenges.(250 Words) Three Structural Shifts in ECCE under NEP 2020 Structural Shift 1: Expansion of ECCE Infrastructure Nature of the Shift: NEP recommends universalisation of ECCE by 2030. Mandates integration of 3 years of preschool education (Balvatika 1, 2, 3) in government schools. Moves beyond 14 lakh Anganwadi centres, which formed the backbone of ECCE so far. Key Implications: Massive scaling up of ECCE in public education. Need for: Recruitment and training of preschool educators. Curriculum development for Balvatika classes. Infrastructure investments in classrooms, toys, child-friendly toilets, etc. Policy Instruments: Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan includes dedicated ECCE budget provisions. Varying state response: Some states have initiated Balvatikas. Others are under-utilising funds or limiting reforms to training/materials. Challenges: Uneven implementation. Capacity gaps in managing this expansion efficiently. Need for a monitoring mechanism to track fund utilisation and rollout. Structural Shift 2: Migration from Anganwadis to Government Schools Nature of the Shift: Increasing emphasis on education over nutrition/health in ECCE. Preschool classes in schools perceived as superior, leading to a shift of 3–6-year-olds from Anganwadis to schools. Case Study: Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu Introduced preschool classes in all primary schools. Observed substantial migration of 4–6-year-olds to schools. Consequences: Anganwadis may be left underutilised or relegated to nutrition-only roles. Parental preferences reinforcing the educational orientation of ECCE. Risk of “schoolification”: Overemphasis on reading/writing. Erosion of play-based learning, which is essential at this stage. Corrective Measures: Schools must ensure: Play remains central. Learning covers social-emotional, cognitive, motor skills, not just literacy. Anganwadis must integrate structured educational components. The “Poshan bhi Padhai bhi” initiative is a timely intervention. Its effectiveness depends on ground-level implementation and outcome monitoring. Structural Shift 3: Reorientation of Anganwadis towards 0–3 Age Group and Home-Based Care Nature of the Shift: With 3–6-year-olds moving to schools, Anganwadis can focus on 0–3-year-olds. Emphasis on home visits and early stimulation activities for infants and toddlers. Rationale: Scientific consensus: First 1,000 days critical for brain development. Research Evidence: Perry Preschool Study (US): Long-term impact of early interventions. Yale-Pratham Study (Odisha): Home visits lead to better child development outcomes. Operational Challenges: Anganwadi workers overburdened with multiple responsibilities. Lack of time and capacity to conduct regular, quality home visits. ICDS framework still largely centre-based and service-heavy. Potential Transformations: Shift Anganwadi focus to: 0–3-year-olds. Pregnant/lactating mothers. Intensive home visits as a core delivery model. Align with POSHAN Abhiyaan goals on maternal and infant care. Requires: Clear job redefinition. Performance metrics (e.g., # of quality home visits). Dedicated funding and training for this new role. Multi-Dimensional Implications of ECCE Reforms under NEP  Social Equity Addresses long-standing class gap between private-school and government-school children. Makes quality preschool education accessible to the most vulnerable children.  Administrative Reallocation of roles between Education Ministry (3–6) and WCD Ministry (0–3). Need for inter-ministerial convergence and new accountability structures.  Economic ECCE expansion requires large-scale public investment in: Educator workforce. Infrastructure. Monitoring and evaluation systems. Long-term economic gains through improved learning outcomes, productivity, and social mobility.  Pedagogical Reinforces importance of play-based, experiential learning. Shift in training and mindset of preschool teachers required. Integration of mother tongue instruction and developmentally appropriate practices as per NEP.  Gender ECCE reforms can ease childcare burdens on mothers, enabling workforce participation. Anganwadi reforms affect over 13 lakh female workers, needing support and reskilling. Way Forward Track state-level implementation and fund utilisation under Samagra Shiksha. Design holistic ECCE curriculum frameworks for Balvatika. Establish monitoring indicators for both school and Anganwadi ECCE quality. Institutionalise home visits for 0–3-year-olds with clear training, support, and incentives. Maintain play-centric education ethos to avoid early academic pressure. New phase Mission Overview Launch Date & Vehicle: NISAR launched aboard GSLV-F16 from Sriharikota on July 30, 2025. Orbit: Placed into Sun-synchronous orbit, ensuring consistent lighting for repeat observations. Weight & Design: A 2.8-tonne Earth observation satellite with dual-frequency SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) — NASA’s L-band and ISRO’s S-band, a global first. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Practice Question : “The NISAR satellite mission reflects a new era of strategic and scientific collaboration between India and the United States.”Examine how this collaboration advances India’s capabilities in Earth observation, disaster risk reduction, and space diplomacy.(250 words) Bilateral Collaboration: NASA–ISRO Synergy Decade-long effort: Joint development began around 2014, marking a landmark in U.S.-India space cooperation. Technology integration: NASA contributions: L-band radar, 12-metre deployable reflector, Ka-band downlink, software stack, and led most design reviews. ISRO contributions: S-band radar, satellite bus, GSLV Mk II launch. Strategic trust signal: U.S. entrusted India with high-value payload, showcasing growing strategic space confidence. Technical Capabilities Dual SAR system: Provides unprecedented resolution and penetration: Detects minute surface changes (cm-level) even through clouds or dense forests. Covers both slow geological processes (e.g. plate motion) and dynamic events (e.g. landslides, floods). Revisit cycle: 12-day repeat cycle under consistent lighting due to dawn-dusk orbit; critical for time-series analysis. High duty cycle (>50%) in L-band enables frequent observations of a given location. Scientific Agenda & Use Cases Climate & Environment: Track glacier flow, polar ice shelf calving, sea ice dynamics. Map mangrove extent, forest biomass, wetlands — critical for climate modeling and REDD+. Agriculture & Soil: Monitor crop-soil interactions, land use change, and agricultural expansion. Urbanization & Geohazards: Detect urban subsidence, fault line shifts, volcanic inflation, landslides. Disaster Risk Reduction: Supports Sendai Framework goals by offering near-real-time data for early warning, response, and recovery. IPCC Alignment: Feeds into climate models, carbon stock assessment, and hazard vulnerability mapping. Significance for ISRO Showcase for GSLV Mk II: GSLV-F16 success bolsters confidence in a rocket that once had reliability issues (“naughty boy”). Technology leap: S-band radar development pushed ISRO into higher precision RF electronics, thermal management, and data throughput. Flight-readiness: Validated ISRO’s capacity to meet stringent integration timelines and hardware quality benchmarks. Geopolitical & Strategic Relevance Global partnership credentials: Signals India’s readiness for high-tech joint missions. Strengthens India’s space diplomacy with the US amid rising geopolitical tech competition. Technology transfer enabler: Collaboration may have catalyzed access to advanced materials, avionics, and communication systems. Challenges Ahead Ground segment capacity: ISRO must scale its Ka-band ground stations to handle the satellite’s high data downlink rate. Data processing & accessibility: Needs automated cloud-based platforms to deliver analysis-ready data within hours for practical use. Data policy concerns: Balance open data access for private analytics vs. protection of sensitive national imagery. Continuity & Sustainability: Must plan successor SAR missions before 2030 to ensure long-term data series. Investment needed in deep-space communication, onboard processing, and systems integration. Way Forward Domestic capability expansion: More funding in advanced materials, software stacks, signal processing, and payload miniaturization. Scientific agenda co-leadership: Future missions must feature early Indian participation in framing scientific goals — to ensure equitable partnerships. Private sector involvement: Enabling startups and private firms to use NISAR data for geoanalytics, agritech, infrastructure monitoring, etc.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 August 2025

Content Can the ICJ ruling force rich nations to pay for historical emissions? How not to identify an illegal immigrant Why the world needs better green technologies Malaria’s new frontlines: vaccines, innovation, and the Indian endgame Mystery of African Mahogany G20 sapling solved Language & division of states Can the ICJ ruling force rich nations to pay for historical emissions? Core of the ICJ Ruling Advisory nature: The ruling is not legally binding, but offers a legal interpretation of existing international obligations under climate law. Key reaffirmations: Countries are legally obligated to reduce GHG emissions. Developed nations must support vulnerable states facing disproportionate climate impacts. Reiterates the 1.5°C target from the Paris Agreement as a climate safeguard. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Legal & Scientific Challenges Causality problem: Attribution of specific climate damages to specific countries’ emissions remains scientifically difficult. Most extreme weather events are exacerbated, not uniquely created, by climate change, making legal claims tenuous. Proof thresholds: Courts require clear evidence that a country’s inaction led to measurable harm. As warming remains around 1–1.5°C, anthropogenic signals are not always dominant in many weather events. Geopolitical and Enforcement Constraints Sovereignty prevails: Nations like the U.S., China, and India are unlikely to alter energy systems due to a non-binding ruling. The ICJ has no enforcement arm; any binding action would require UN Security Council backing, which is highly political. Selective compliance: U.S. has withdrawn from the Paris Agreement and continues fossil fuel subsidies. Western nations historically dodge accountability, while developing nations are overregulated by the same legal frameworks. Implications for Climate Reparations Reparations unrealistic: History shows little delivery on promised climate finance or reparations; most are repackaged development aid. Ted Nordhaus argues reliance on reparations is a “poor trade-off” that hinders energy access in developing nations Loss and Damage Fund: Though symbolically important, funding remains limited. Both Nordhaus and Grover are sceptical it will yield substantial compensation for vulnerable nations. Domestic Leverage Potential Legal value at home: Ruling offers activists and courts in treaty-ratifying countries a legal foundation to challenge their own governments. Likely to be used more in domestic courts than in international litigation. Vulnerable nations: Small Island Developing States (SIDS) may use this to bolster local climate litigation and international diplomatic leverage. Shift in Global Technological Dynamics Tech flow no longer unidirectional: China now leads clean tech exports, including to the West; India may follow. This undercuts the 1990s assumption of one-way tech transfer from rich to poor countries. Modernising frameworks: The ICJ ruling operates within the outdated “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CBDR) model. There’s a call for a new global climate framework reflecting multi-polar tech development. Equity vs Pragmatism Ecomodernist critique (Nordhaus): Efforts to “co-opt Western legal mechanisms” for equity (e.g., Loss and Damage Fund, ICJ rulings) have failed. Advocates domestic development-first strategies using all available resources. Climate justice perspective (Grover): Acknowledges double standards in global legal norms. Urges developing nations to act for their own sake, citing examples like Delhi’s air pollution and corporate capture of energy policy. Future Outlook ICJ ruling ≠ Global shift: Unlikely to trigger a wave of international litigation, despite some political claims (e.g., U.K. Shadow Energy Secretary). Tool, not a solution: Best viewed as a strategic instrument for domestic action — not a global accountability game-changer. Political reality check: Courts alone can’t force decarbonisation; global politics, power asymmetries, and economic interests dominate. How not to identify an illegal immigrant Context & Administrative Trigger Timeframe: Winter 2024, during Delhi’s cold wave. Trigger: Order from Delhi Lt. Governor Vinai Kumar Saxena directing the police to identify “illegal” foreign nationals, especially post-regime change in Bangladesh. Result: Surge in detentions of Bengali-speaking residents across urban slums in Delhi. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Operational Pattern of Crackdown Primary Targets: Bengali-speaking residents, particularly in jhuggi settlements. Indicators Used for Profiling: Language spoken (Bangla dialects). Anonymous community tips on dialect and origin. Clothing (e.g., lungi), and remittance patterns. Key Concern: Reliance on linguistic and cultural profiling rather than legal documentation or due process. Linguistic Bias & Stereotyping Systemic Issue: A narrow perception of Indian Bengali identity, dominated by urban Kolkata dialects and pop culture. Misconceptions: Treating non-Kolkata dialects or rural Bangla as “foreign”. Misreading commonly used words like “paani” as non-Indian — despite their historical presence in early Bengali texts like Charyapada (8th century). Result: Cultural markers wrongly used as nationality tests. Legal & Structural Shortcomings Neglect of Contextual Realities: No consideration of 2015 India-Bangladesh land swap, where residents could opt for Indian citizenship. No nuance in assessing mixed-status families or cross-border remittances. Example: Indian citizen detained solely for sending money to elderly parents in Bangladesh. Ethnic & Cultural Profiling Cultural identifiers used as suspicion markers: Lungi as an alleged “foreign” garment. Remittances equated with cross-border illegality. Cultural pushback: Protest songs and local resistance narratives question this overreach — “Just because I wear a lungi… doesn’t mean I was born in Bangladesh.” Class, Caste & Identity Intersections Initially impacted: Bengali Muslims. Now widened to: Lower-caste Hindu Bengalis. Emerging Trend: A complex overlap of ethnicity, caste, class, and dialect defines vulnerability — not legal status. Public Discourse & Elite Silence Noted Absence: Limited response from Bengali public intellectuals in media, literature, or academia. Key Questions: Is there a class detachment within Bengali society? Are elite Bengalis silent due to discomfort with working-class dialects and attire? Broader Implications Xenophobic Normalization: Language and attire increasingly seen as proxies for illegality. Institutional Fragility: Weak documentation processes. Absence of legal aid for suspected individuals. Lack of linguistic and cultural training for enforcement agencies. Risk: Deepening intra-ethnic, class, and religious fault lines. Key Takeaways Legal due process must override cultural inference in determining immigration status. Language, class, and dress cannot serve as lawful indicators of citizenship. A balanced approach requires institutional training, community engagement, and safeguards against arbitrary profiling. Why the world needs better green technologies Context & Key Question Backdrop: Global climate targets and energy independence goals are driving a massive push for renewable energy. Core Issue: Are silicon photovoltaics (Si-PV) still the best option, or should we invest in next-gen solar technologies with higher efficiency and lower environmental impact? Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Silicon Photovoltaics (Si-PV): Overview Invented: 1954, Bell Labs (USA). Efficiency: Lab efficiency: 18–21%. Real-world (in-field) efficiency: 15–18%. Global Production: 80% of supply from China. India: Domestic capacity at ~6 GW, expected to rise. Efficiency vs. Land Constraints Efficiency matters: Doubling efficiency → halves land requirement. Land crunch: Rapid urbanization. Environmental concerns limiting greenfield solar expansion. Implication: Silicon PV’s lower efficiency makes it less viable in space-constrained or high-demand areas. Alternative Photovoltaic Technologies Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Thin-Film: Up to 47% efficiency. Commercial-readiness: Many next-gen PVs are lab-tested, demonstration-ready, and awaiting commercial deployment. Energy & Climate Dynamics Renewable Energy Installed (India): 4.45 TWh (by end-2024). Atmospheric CO₂: Increased from 350 ppm (1990) to ~425 ppm (2025). Implication: Renewable expansion isn’t keeping pace with energy demand. Green Hydrogen: Promise vs. Reality Production method: Electrolysis using renewable power. Challenges: Electrolysis is energy-intensive. Storage & transport of hydrogen is difficult (leaky, low-density). Energy cascade losses: From Si-PV → electrolysis → storage → reconversion = compounding inefficiencies. Proposed Alternatives Molecular Carriers: Convert H₂ to green ammonia (NH₃) or green methanol (CH₃OH) for transport. But reverse conversion still demands high energy. Artificial Photosynthesis (APS): Directly produce fuels from H₂O, CO₂/N₂, and sunlight. Still in lab-stage, but promising for future. CO₂ Recycling: Turn CO₂ into useful fuels = climate mitigation + energy solution. Europe’s Lead: RFNBO Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin (RFNBO): Fuels made using renewables but not from biomass. Includes green hydrogen, methanol, ammonia from sunlight and air. Policy push: India urged to follow suit to reduce 85% energy import dependence. India’s Strategic Needs Current import dependence: 85% of energy (oil, coal, gas). Geopolitical vulnerability: Global conflicts + price shocks. Recommendation: Ramp up R&D spending, foster public-private innovation. Conclusion & Takeaways Green hydrogen & Si-PV are helpful but not enough. Efficiency and energy economics need urgent innovation. India must diversify energy strategies to: Improve energy density. Optimize land use. Enable cleaner, scalable fuels. Proactive R&D investment today is more cost-effective than reactive damage control tomorrow. Malaria’s new frontlines: vaccines, innovation, and the Indian endgame Malaria control in India has entered a decisive phase, powered by vaccine breakthroughs and innovation. Yet, persistent tribal hotspots and policy gaps challenge the 2030 elimination goal. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) India’s Progress & Persistent Challenges Achievements: >80% reduction in malaria burden between 2015–2023. National ambition: Elimination of malaria by 2030. Persisting Hotspots: Tribal districts still highly affected: Lawngtlai (Mizoram): 56+ cases/1000 people. Narayanpur (Chhattisgarh): 22+ cases/1000 people. Mixed infections: In Jharkhand, 20% of cases involve both P. falciparum & P. vivax. Asymptomatic carriers: Silent transmission even in low-incidence zones.  Malaria Parasites in India P. falciparum (Africa-dominant): More lethal. P. vivax (Asia-dominant): Dormant liver stage → late relapses. P. cynomolgi (monkey malaria): Crucial research model for P. vivax, but underutilized in India. First-Generation Vaccines 1. RTS,S (Mosquirix) Approved in 2021. Protection: ~55% initially, wanes in 18 months. Requires 4 doses. 2. R21/Matrix-M (Oxford–Serum Institute) WHO-approved in 2023. Up to 77% efficacy in Phase 3. Low-cost, fewer doses, room-temperature stable → ideal for India. Limitations of Current Vaccines Target only one life stage (pre-erythrocytic). Vulnerable to reinfection and continued transmission. Need for multi-stage or whole-parasite strategies. Next-Gen Vaccine Approaches A. Whole-Parasite Vaccines PfSPZ (Sanaria): Uses radiation-weakened sporozoites. 96% antibody response, up to 79% protection after 3 doses. PfSPZ-LARC2: Modified version with potential for single-dose use. Targeted use in outbreaks/migrant populations. B. Blood-Stage Vaccines PfRH5: Blocks red blood cell invasion. Strain-transcending protection. Promising Phase 1a/2b trials in UK, Gambia, Burkina Faso. C. Transmission-Blocking Vaccines (TBVs) Pfs230D1 (Mali): Blocks fertilization in mosquito gut. 78% reduction in transmission (Phase 2). India’s TBV candidate – AdFalciVax: Combines PfCSP + Pfs230/Pfs48/45. Completed preclinical testing in 2025. Mice: >90% protection with long immune memory (4+ months). Room temp stable (9 months) → ideal for rural India. P. vivax TBV (Pvs230D1M): First human trial in Thailand: up to 96% transmission reduction. Immune Boosting & Novel Platforms Protein-Based Innovations Ferritin nanoparticle + CpG adjuvant: Cut liver-stage parasite burden by 95% in mice. PfCSP–MIP3α fusion: Enhances antibody + T-cell response. Reduced infection by 88% in mice. mRNA-Based Platforms Pfs25-mRNA (CureVac + NIH): Complete transmission block in mice. Antibodies lasted 6+ months after 2 doses. BNT165e (BioNTech): Blood-stage mRNA candidate. Trial paused by FDA in 2025. Parasite Evasion & Immune Engineering RIFIN proteins bind to LILRB1 receptors, silencing immune cells. Antibody D1D2.v-IgG (India): Binds RIFIN 110x stronger than natural receptor. Restores immune response in lab tests. Vector Control Innovations CRISPR Gene Drives Fertility-suppressing drives: Eliminated entire Anopheles gambiae colonies in lab within a year. FREP1 gene edit: Blocks parasite growth inside mosquito. Spread to 90% of lab mosquitoes in 10 generations. Smart Mosquito Designs Engineered to die early if infected → self-limiting transmission. Prevents ecological disruption by preserving uninfected mosquito populations. Institutional & Policy Gaps Key Challenges: Lack of: Trained doctors, Surveillance for resistance, and Robust vector control systems. India’s P. vivax research underutilised due to: Restricted monkey access, outdated priorities. Steps Ahead: ICMR Expression of Interest (2025): For industrial partners to co-develop AdFalciVax. Critical needs: GMP-grade production, immune biomarkers, and efficacy benchmarking vs RTS,S & R21. Takeaways Category Key Insight Burden >80% reduction, but pockets like Mizoram & Chhattisgarh remain high Parasites India fights both P. falciparum & P. vivax (harder to eliminate) Vaccines RTS,S, R21, PfSPZ, PfRH5, TBVs like AdFalciVax under rapid development Tech mRNA, nanoparticle, CRISPR gene drives, immune-modulating antibodies Goal Malaria elimination by 2030 Need Vaccine innovation + ecosystem of diagnostics, training, and policy support Mystery of African Mahogany G20 sapling solved Background: G20 Plantation at Nehru Park Occasion: India’s G20 Presidency (2023). Event: Ceremonial plantation of saplings by G20 member countries and invited international organisations. Location: Designated plantation area in Nehru Park, New Delhi. Objective: Symbolic diplomacy using ecologically significant trees representing each country. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) The Mystery Issue Raised: A citizen-led platform (X, formerly Twitter) flagged that the sapling labelled “African Mahogany” didn’t resemble the actual species. Trigger: Viral post with over 28 lakh views, prompting questions on whether species verification had occurred. Official Clarification: The currently standing sapling is a substitute, not the original African Mahogany gifted by Nigeria. The original sapling died after being planted due to non-acclimatisation. Scientific & Bureaucratic Process Plant Quarantine: Imported plants underwent a required quarantine at ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi. Pre-plantation Vetting: Involved expert species identification to maximize survival in Delhi’s climate. Sources Confirmed: Substitutes like Jamun (Indian species) were temporarily planted to maintain visual and aesthetic consistency. Country-wise Sapling Details South Korea & South Africa: Their original saplings failed to survive post-plantation. Embassies confirmed it was within expected parameters. South Korea has already replaced its original species. Nigeria’s African Mahogany: Has now been sourced again and will be planted after the monsoon, as per ideal conditions. Broader G20 Tree Representation A total of 17 tree species were planted by G20 countries and international organisations. Symbolism & Environmental Relevance: Turkey, Spain, Italy: Olive trees. South Korea: Silver tree. Egypt, Saudi Arabia: Date Palm. Indonesia: Frangipani. China: Camphor Laurel. African Union: Sausage Tree, Red Frangipani. Coordination & Logistics Nodal Agency: New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). Coordination: Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). Challenges Faced: Survival in new climate. Visual aesthetics of the ceremonial area. Ensuring embassy-level approval before using substitutes. Key Takeaways Plant survival in alien climates is a known challenge; substitution is a standard protocol. Visual consistency maintained via indigenous look-alike species (like Jamun). Embassies remained involved in the replacement process, ensuring diplomatic sensitivity. The episode reflects eco-diplomacy, biosecurity procedures, and public accountability. Language & division of states Background Context Triggering Event: TN Governor R. N. Ravi criticized the linguistic basis of state formation, arguing it led to second-class citizenship for some populations. Core Debate: Whether the linguistic reorganisation of states in 1956 was a divisive or unifying force for India. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ) India Before First Reorganisation (1956) Dual System of Administration: British India: Directly administered provinces. Princely States: Indirect rule through native rulers. Constitutional Classification (1950): Part A: Former British provinces, governed by elected legislatures. Part B: Former princely states, governed by Rajpramukhs. Part C: Commissioners’ provinces + some princely states. Part D: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (governed by the Centre). Total States/UTs on 26 January 1950: 28 states + 6 Union Territories. Linguistic Reorganisation of States (1956) Key Trigger: Demands for states based on linguistic and cultural identity surged post-Independence. Major Catalyst: Potti Sriramulu’s death (1952) during a fast for a Telugu-speaking state (Andhra) sparked widespread protests → creation of Andhra State. Political Response: Fazl Ali Commission (SRC) formed in 1953. Submitted report: 30 September 1955. Recommended reorganisation of India into 16 states & 3 UTs based on administrative efficiency + linguistic affinity. Data Highlights: After 1956 Reorganisation States created based on dominant languages: Andhra Pradesh (Telugu) Kerala (Malayalam) Karnataka (Kannada) Tamil Nadu (Tamil) Maharashtra (Marathi) Gujarat (Gujrati) States that were reorganised or merged: Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Bombay, Madras, etc. Part A, B, C, D classifications abolished. New structure: Unified system with elected legislatures and clearer administrative boundaries. Key Arguments For Linguistic Reorganisation Unity Through Identity: Linguistic states ensured that diverse language groups felt included, preventing alienation. Nehru’s Pragmatic Approach: Despite early caution, Nehru eventually supported linguistic states to manage unrest and enhance governance. Democratic Accommodation: Recognised linguistic identities as part of a plural democratic ethos. Successful Model: Scholar Ramachandra Guha and others note that linguistic reorganisation helped unify rather than divide India. Governor R. N. Ravi’s Criticism (2025) Core Concern: Linguistic division has made many feel like second-class citizens. Quote: “In my own state Tamil Nadu… people live together but once it became a linguistic state, one-third became second-class.” Implication: Suggests that linguistic politics led to exclusion, particularly for linguistic minorities in each state. Counterpoints to Governor’s View SRC’s Balanced Approach: Rejected rigid linguistic determinism; argued for unity & cultural balance. Historical Complexity: Bombay and Punjab saw violent protests during their linguistic splits (e.g. Bombay’s bilingual state demand). State Unity Beyond Language: Example: Maharashtra and Gujarat, despite being split, remained stable politically and economically. Broader Implications for Indian Federalism Language as a Unifying Principle: While controversial, it has remained core to India’s identity management. Limits of Linguistic Logic: Not applied uniformly — e.g., Punjab-Haryana division also involved religious and regional considerations. Ongoing Challenges: Demands for new states (e.g., Gorkhaland, Vidarbha) still persist. Need to address intra-state linguistic minorities’ rights. Conclusion: A Mixed Legacy Reorganisation of 1956 was a pragmatic response to post-Independence challenges. Despite criticisms, it largely succeeded in: Reducing secessionist tendencies. Ensuring regional representation. Preserving national unity amidst cultural diversity. However, interior exclusions and new grievances require renewed attention within federal policy frameworks.

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