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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 August 2025

Content India to be 3rd largest economy: PM, weeks after Trump’s swipe India–Japan Summit Outcomes Ice Age-era dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) in the Western Ghats China-India trade ties, US tariffs, and economic implications Cashless Bail in the US and India Daruma Doll, presented to PM Modi in Japan India to be 3rd largest economy: PM, weeks after Trump’s swipe Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Basics Event: PM Modi at the India-Japan Economic Forum in Tokyo declared that India will soon become the 3rd largest economy in the world. Japanese Commitment: ¥10 trillion (~$65 bn) private investment target in India over the next decade. Over $40 bn already invested; $13 bn in last two years alone. JBIC: India is the most “promising” destination. JETRO: 80% of Japanese companies want to expand in India; 75% already profitable. PM Modi’s Pitch: India is a springboard to the Global South. Trump’s Swipe (July 31, 2025): Criticised India for high tariffs and Russian crude imports. Imposed penalty tariffs (50%) on India. Called India’s economy “dead”. India termed the tariffs “unreasonable”. India–Japan Summit Outcomes 13 outcomes including: India-Japan AI Initiative (collaboration in emerging technologies). Economic Security Initiative (supply chain resilience in pharma, minerals, new tech). SME Forum launched (business cooperation at grassroots level). Joint Credit Mechanism for green energy projects. Security & mineral resource cooperation. People-to-people exchange: 5 lakh people in total (incl. 50k Indian skilled/semi-skilled workers to Japan in 5 years). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Economic Dimension India is currently the 5th largest economy; projections (IMF, World Bank) place it at 3rd by 2027–28 after U.S. and China. Japanese investment builds long-term capital inflow and signals global investor confidence. India as “springboard to Global South” highlights its role as a hub for accessing emerging markets. Counter-narrative to Trump’s criticism: India presents itself as dynamic, growing, and investor-friendly. Strategic & Geopolitical Dimension Japan–India convergence: Supply chain resilience to reduce overdependence on China. Energy security through joint financing in green energy & minerals. Security cooperation strengthens Indo-Pacific strategy. Balancing Act: India faces U.S. tariff friction while deepening ties with Japan – shows diversification of strategic/economic partners. People-to-people exchange → skill mobility enhances labour-market synergy and strengthens soft power. Global Economic Positioning By linking its growth to Global South markets, India positions itself as a bridge between developed and developing nations. Japanese investments align with India’s Make in India, Digital India, and Green Energy missions. The narrative of “capital multiplies in India” is designed to boost global investor sentiment. Challenges Ahead Tariff War with U.S. could hit exports and worsen trade deficit. Currency pressures (rupee volatility) may dampen some benefits of FDI. Maintaining ease of doing business and policy stability will be critical to sustain Japanese and other foreign investments. India must navigate triangular relations: U.S. (tariff disputes), Russia (oil imports), Japan (strategic partner). Ice Age-era dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) in the Western Ghats: Basics Species: Crocothemis erythraea (scarlet dragonfly). Genus in India: Only two known species – Crocothemis servilia → common in lowland regions. Crocothemis erythraea → found in high-altitude habitats (Europe, Asia, Himalayas, and now Western Ghats). Rediscovery: Confirmed in the southern Western Ghats (Kerala, Munnar high ranges). Confusion: Previously misidentified as C. servilia due to morphological similarities. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Background 2018: First photographic record of a suspected C. erythraea specimen in Munnar (Kerala). 2019–2023: Multiple expeditions conducted to verify presence. 2021: Initially included in Kerala’s odonata monograph but later removed due to skepticism. 2023–24: Detailed study published in the International Journal of Odonatology reconfirmed its presence. Scientific Significance Ice Age Colonisation: Species colonised southern India during the Pleistocene Ice Age. Cooler conditions allowed temperate fauna to extend southward into Western Ghats. Refugial Population: Western Ghats acted as a refuge for Ice Age species, preserving biodiversity. Biogeography Insight: Provides evidence of historical climatic shifts and species migration patterns. Ecological Insights C. servilia: Common in lowland ponds, wetlands, agricultural fields. C. erythraea: Prefers high-altitude ecosystems (Western Ghats, Himalayas, temperate Asia/Europe). Western Ghats = climatic island supporting both tropical and temperate species. Conservation Importance Western Ghats: UNESCO World Heritage Site, global biodiversity hotspot. Rediscovery highlights the importance of continuous faunal surveys. High-altitude species may be climate-sensitive → vulnerable to global warming. Monitoring needed to prevent habitat loss from plantations, tourism, and climate change. Research Contribution Led by Kalesh Sadasivan (study’s lead author). Published in International Journal of Odonatology. Confirms co-existence of both Crocothemis species in India for the first time. Comprehensive Takeaway Rediscovery corrects earlier misidentification and adds to India’s odonate diversity. Shows Western Ghats’ role as a climatic refuge since the Ice Age. Strengthens argument for climate-linked species distribution studies. Reinforces need for long-term monitoring and conservation of high-altitude ecosystems in India. China-India trade ties, US tariffs, and economic implications: Context: US doubled tariffs on Indian exports (up to 50%). India–China trade relations under scrutiny amid rising Chinese imports and India’s attempts to reduce dependence. PM Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping set to meet at the SCO summit. India’s Position: India pulled out of RCEP (2019), fearing Chinese dominance in trade. Banned Chinese apps, restricted FDI from China after border clashes (Galwan, 2020). Despite restrictions, imports from China continue to surge. US Factor: Trump’s tariff wars affected both India and China. US tariffs on Brazil and India (50% steel, 30% aluminum) prompted rethinking of alliances. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy) India’s Growing Dependence on Chinese Imports Data (Chart 1): 2014–15: Imports from China ~ $60 bn; Exports ~ $12 bn → trade deficit ~$48 bn. 2024–25: Imports from China ~ $113 bn; Exports ~ $14 bn → trade deficit ~$99 bn. Key Drivers: Machinery, electronics, pharma raw materials, solar equipment. India’s inability to build alternative supply chains. Problem: India’s exports to China remain stagnant while imports surged, worsening dependence. China’s Strength in Manufacturing (Chart 2, 3 & 4) China vs World: Manufactures ~31% of world’s output (highest globally). US ~16%, India only ~3%. Gross Production Share: China: 35% of global share; India: 3%. Value Added Share: China: 29% global share; India: 3%. Implication: China’s dominance in global manufacturing creates structural imbalance, making India vulnerable. India’s Sectoral Growth (Table) CAGR (2019–20 onwards): Agriculture: 4.7% Industry: 4.4% Manufacturing: 4.3% Services: 5.4% Observation: Services lead growth, but manufacturing lags, limiting India’s capacity to compete with China. Structural Weakness in India Exports: India lags in machinery, electronics, high-value manufacturing. Imports: Reliance on China for intermediate goods continues. Deficit: India’s trade deficit with China exceeds $100 bn annually. Outcome: Manufacturing bottlenecks prevent India from scaling globally competitive industries. China’s Strategy & Leverage Global Manufacturing Hub: Supplies low-cost products across sectors. Alternative to US/EU Markets: China using India and Global South as outlets during Western sanctions. Geo-strategic Pressure: Trade dependence overlaps with border tensions → dual vulnerability for India. India’s Alternatives Nearshoring & Friend-shoring: Attract Western companies seeking non-China supply chains (esp. post-COVID). Mexico, Vietnam, Indonesia emerging as alternatives; India struggles due to regulatory, infrastructure gaps. PLI Schemes (Production Linked Incentives): Attempt to boost domestic manufacturing in electronics, semiconductors, textiles, etc. Strengthening Domestic Market: Need to expand capacity in key industries (electronics, pharma, renewables). China vs India: Contrasting Roles China: Seen as systemic rival by US/EU; but retains dominance in global manufacturing. India: Positioned as alternative partner but lacks scale and competitiveness. Challenge: India risks being “overwhelmed” by Chinese imports unless structural reforms succeed. China is not India’s Natural Partner Political Mistrust: Border tensions (Galwan, Arunachal incursions). China–Pakistan Axis: CPEC, Pakistan military backing → security risk for India. Democracy vs Authoritarianism: Systemic divergence in governance, rules, transparency. Upshot: Partnership difficult beyond transactional trade. The Upshot Structural Challenge: India’s dependence on Chinese imports is deep and growing. Strategic Implication: India risks economic vulnerability + trade imbalance → potential national security issue. Way Forward: Strengthen manufacturing base. Diversify imports via Japan, Korea, EU, ASEAN. Deepen supply chain resilience with domestic reforms + foreign investment. Cashless Bail in the US and India: Basics Bail Concept: A legal provision ensuring an accused does not remain in custody during trial, provided they do not abscond or tamper with evidence. Types of Bail: Cash bail – Accused deposits money to secure release. Bond/Personal bond – Release on personal surety, promise, or recognisance without cash. Surety bond – Another person guarantees bail conditions. Primary Concern of Courts: Prevent flight risk, tampering with evidence, or influencing witnesses. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary – Bails) Cashless Bail in the US Trump’s Executive Order (2020): Targeted jurisdictions with cashless bail, citing it led to more crime and repeated offences. Reality: Cash bail often burdens poor people disproportionately. Minor offences can still lead to jail if unable to pay bail. Example: Kalief Browder, accused of stealing a backpack at 16, spent 3 years in jail (unable to pay $3000 bail); later committed suicide. Criticism of Cash Bail: Discriminatory towards economically weaker sections. Leads to over-crowding of jails. Creates inequality – rich offenders can easily pay, poor remain jailed. Bail in India Legal Framework: Chapter 35 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023; previously CrPC, 1973. Two Main Forms: Bond – Accused signs bond assuring court of appearance. Sureties may also guarantee. Bail Bond – Accused (or surety) deposits cash/property as security. Systemic Issues in India: Many undertrials remain in jail despite being granted bail, as they cannot furnish surety or pay small amounts. Example: Supreme Court highlighted cases where accused remained jailed for failing to pay bail as low as ₹5,000. Law Commission (268th Report, 2017): Cash bail system violates “constitutional ethos”. Problems with Current Bail System US: Perpetuates inequality between rich and poor. Doesn’t reduce crime significantly as claimed by proponents. India: Undertrial population extremely high (over 70% of prison inmates). Bail process delayed due to lack of legal awareness and resources. Bail conditions (surety, bond) often discriminatory against poor. Frequent non-compliance despite SC guidelines. Judicial Interventions in India Supreme Court (2023): Directed lower courts to avoid unnecessary pre-trial detentions due to inability to furnish surety. District Legal Services Authority (DLSA): Directed to provide legal aid, verify accused’s background, and ensure bail implementation. Legal Aid Services: Encouraged to assist accused unable to meet bail requirements. Need for Reform Shift from Monetary Bail: Move towards personal recognisance bonds and non-monetary conditions. Standardization: Bail assessment should be based on risk of flight, not wealth. Human Rights Approach: Prolonged detention without trial undermines Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty). Systemic Solutions: Simplify bail procedures. Introduce pre-trial assessment tools. Ensure legal aid for marginalized accused. Reform judicial attitudes that favour incarceration. Comparative Takeaway US: Problem lies in overuse of cash bail → reforms needed to reduce wealth-based incarceration. India: Problem lies in under-implementation of bail orders → accused remain in jail despite bail granted. Common Issue: Both systems disproportionately affect the poor, violating principles of equality and fair trial. Daruma Doll, presented to PM Modi in Japan: Basics Daruma Doll: A traditional Japanese wish doll, usually made of papier-mâché. Symbolizes perseverance, determination, and good luck. Typically painted in red; sizes vary from a few inches to several feet. Unique feature: round, hollow shape that allows it to return upright when tipped over → symbolizes resilience. Often features the word “luck” in Kanji. Customary Practice: One eye left blank; the owner colours one eye when setting a goal. The second eye is coloured upon achieving the goal. Embodies the Japanese proverb: “Fall seven times, stand up eight.” Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage) ,GS 2(International Relations) India Connection Origin: Modelled on Bodhidharma, a 5th-century Indian monk from Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu). Bodhidharma is regarded as the founder of Zen Buddhism and is known in Japan as Daruma Daishi. Historical Belief: Bodhidharma meditated for 9 years in a cave in China’s Henan province. His image (no limbs, eyes closed) influenced the design of the Daruma Doll. Cultural Link: Word ‘Daruma’ derived from Sanskrit ‘Dharma’, though it has no direct equivalent in Japanese/Chinese. Represents India-Japan civilizational ties through Buddhism. The Temple Shorinzan Daruma-ji Temple, Takasaki, Gunma Prefecture (built 1697). Considered the place of origin of Daruma Dolls. Associated with success and victory; frequented before elections and business ventures. Takasaki is the largest producer of Daruma dolls. Chief Priest Seishi Hirose: Belongs to the Obaku sect of Zen Buddhism. Graduate of Komazawa University. Has visited India 40 years ago, highlighting longstanding Indo-Japanese Buddhist links. Symbolism Spiritual Meaning: Perseverance in adversity (reflects Bodhidharma’s meditative endurance). Hope and success in personal/professional life. Practical Meaning: Used in goal-setting rituals in Japan. Popular among politicians, business leaders, and common people. Significance of Gift to Modi Reinforces civilizational ties between India and Japan through Buddhism. Symbolic gesture linking India’s Bodhidharma legacy with Japanese tradition. Highlights diplomatic soft power and cultural symbolism in international relations. Comprehensive Takeaway Daruma Doll = Resilience + Perseverance + Goal-fulfilment. Cultural Bridge: Represents shared Buddhist heritage of India & Japan. Soft Diplomacy: Gifting the doll to PM Modi was a symbolic act reinforcing historical, religious, and cultural bonds. Modern Relevance: Used in politics and business in Japan to inspire success, reflecting the continued importance of cultural traditions in contemporary society.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 August 2025

Content From Grassroots to Glory 11 Years of PM Jan Dhan Yojana: Banking the Unbanked From Grassroots to Glory Background: Sports as a Nation-Building Tool Sports in India historically underplayed compared to education, politics, and economy. Shift since 2014: sports as governance priority → youth empowerment, health, and national pride. India’s demographic advantage: 65% population under 35 years – sports policy aligned with demographic dividend. Budget allocation surge: ₹1,643 crore (2014–15) → ₹3,794 crore (2025–26) (↑130.9%). Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Schemes) Policy Vision: Sports in Viksit Bharat 2047 Youth-centric approach: Sports as a pillar of Naya Bharat. Integration with education (NEP 2020) and lifestyle (Fit India → Jan Andolan). Goal: Olympics 2036 → India as host nation. Top-10 sporting nation by 2036. Top-5 sporting nation by 2047. Key Government Schemes & Initiatives Sports Authority of India (SAI) Apex body for sports excellence & grassroots promotion. Functions: Talent scouting & nurturing. Scientific training & international exposure. Infrastructure development (stadia, shooting range, academies). Support to flagship schemes – Khelo India, TOPS, Fit India. Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 (new) Paradigm shift – sports as career + national movement. Integrates NEP 2020 with sports education. Focus: Early talent ID via KIRTI. Grassroots + elite infrastructure. National aspiration: Olympic bid 2036. Khelo India Programme (2016–17) Mass participation + excellence focus. Key outcomes: 328 infra projects worth ₹3,151 crore. 1,045 Khelo India Centres (KICs). 34 State Centres of Excellence (KISCEs). 306 accredited academies. 2,845 athletes supported (₹10,000/month stipend, coaching, medical care). KIRTI (Khelo India Rising Talent Identification) Talent ID for ages 9–18. Uses AI, data analytics, standardized protocols for fair selection. 174 Talent Assessment Centres (TACs) operational. Long-term aim: sustainable athlete pipeline for Olympic-level success. Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS) Elite athlete funding (customized training, exposure). Monthly support: Core athletes → ₹50,000. Development athletes → ₹25,000. Beneficiaries: 174 individual athletes + 2 hockey teams (Men & Women). Proven success: India’s medals in Tokyo 2020 (7) & Paris 2024 (6). Fit India Movement (2019) Mass fitness → lifestyle change. “Ek Ghanta Roz” campaign (NSD 2025 theme). Family-centric sessions, expert-led awareness. Other Schemes Assistance to NSFs: strengthens national federations (training, hosting events, hiring coaches). National Sports University (2018, Manipur): hub for sports sciences, tech, management, coaching. National Sports Awards: Recognition & motivation (Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna → Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna). Pension & Welfare Schemes: ₹12k–₹20k monthly pension, up to ₹10 lakh financial support for retired/hardship athletes. National Sports Development Fund (NSDF): CSR, NRI, philanthropy contributions. NCSSR (2017): Sports science & medicine, budget ₹260 crore till 2025–26. Landmark Reform: National Sports Governance Act 2025 Introduced Aug 18, 2025. Objectives: Transparency, accountability, athlete welfare. Key features: Athlete representation & gender inclusion mandatory. Safe Sports Policy – protects women, minors, vulnerable athletes. Code of Ethics (aligned with IOC/IPC norms). Internal grievance redressal mechanism in all sports bodies. Age & tenure limits for office bearers (70–75 yrs conditional relaxation). RTI applicability – sports bodies treated as public authorities. Professional sports administrators (not just retired judges) to resolve crises.   India’s Sporting Journey (Olympics Performance) Rio 2016: 117 athletes → 2 medals. Tokyo 2020: 124 athletes → 7 medals. Paris 2024: 117 athletes → 6 medals. Icons: Neeraj Chopra (1st Olympic athletics gold), Mirabai Chanu (multiple medals). Trend: Growing medal tally, diversified disciplines, improved global presence. Social & Cultural Dimension Major Dhyan Chand: Hockey legend, National Sports Day inspiration. Olympic & Paralympic values: Excellence, Respect, Equality, Courage. Sports → youth discipline, fitness, national integration, soft power. “From pastime → profession → diplomacy tool”. Challenges & Way Forward Grassroots penetration: ensuring rural & tier-2/3 cities get infra & coaching. Gender disparity: bridging participation gaps, ensuring safety. Sustainability of funding: private sector partnerships via NSDF critical. Scientific ecosystem: expand NCSSR model nationwide. Olympic 2036 ambition: requires global-scale infra, governance credibility, and mass athlete pipeline. Cultural shift: Sports must become “mainstream career” comparable to education/professions. Conclusion India’s sports ecosystem is undergoing systemic, athlete-centric transformation. From Khelo India → Khelo Bharat Niti 2025 → Governance Act 2025, reforms integrate grassroots to elite. With a demographic dividend, scientific support, and transparent governance, India is positioned for a leap from sporadic success to sustained global excellence. By 2036 (Olympic bid) and 2047 (Viksit Bharat), India envisions itself as a sporting superpower—where sports are not just medals, but also nation-building, youth empowerment, and global leadership. 11 Years of PM Jan Dhan Yojana: Banking the Unbanked Background: Why Financial Inclusion was Needed Pre-2014 scenario: 40%+ Indians unbanked, esp. in rural/semi-urban areas. Dependence on informal moneylenders → high interest debt traps. Lack of access to credit, insurance, pensions, DBT, digital payments. Policy Push (2014 onwards): PMJDY launched (28 Aug 2014) as National Mission for Financial Inclusion. Motto: Banking the Unbanked, Securing the Unsecured, Funding the Unfunded, Serving the Unserved & Underserved. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Schemes) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Core Tenets of PMJDY Banking the Unbanked: Basic Savings Bank Deposit Accounts (BSBDA) with zero balance, minimal KYC, e-KYC, account opening in camps. Securing the Unsecured: Free RuPay debit cards with accident insurance (₹2 lakh after Aug 2018; earlier ₹1 lakh). Funding the Unfunded: Overdraft facility (up to ₹10,000). Access to micro-credit, micro-insurance, micro-pensions. Financial Integration: Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT), linking to other schemes – PMJJBY, PMSBY, APY, MUDRA. Key Features of Accounts BSBDA (Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account): No minimum balance, 4 withdrawals/month, via bank/ATM/BCs. Small Accounts / Chota Khata: For citizens without valid KYC; valid for 12 months + 12-month extension with proof of applied documents. RuPay Debit Card: 38.68 crore issued till 2025. Enabled digital payments, accident cover, cashless transactions. Overdraft Facility: Contingency support up to ₹10,000 (esp. for women). Business Correspondents (BCs)/Bank Mitras: Last-mile banking agents in villages → deposits, withdrawals, mini-statements.   Achievements in 11 Years (2014 → 2025) Account Growth: 14.72 crore (2015) → 56.16 crore (Aug 2025). ~67% rural/semi-urban, 33% urban/metro. Women Empowerment: 56% accounts held by women (nearly 30 crore women beneficiaries). Deposits Growth: ₹15,670 crore (Mar 2015) → ₹2.67 lakh crore (Aug 2025). RuPay Cards: 38.68 crore issued, pivotal in digital payment adoption. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Linked with 327 schemes → leakage reduction, subsidy efficiency. Financial Literacy & Camps (2025 Saturation Drive): 99,753 camps held (July 2025). 6.6 lakh new PMJDY accounts, 22.65 lakh new enrollments in PMJJBY/PMSBY/APY. 4.73 lakh inactive accounts reactivated.   PMJDY’s Transformative Impact Financial Ecosystem Backbone: DBT pipeline for LPG subsidy (PAHAL), MGNREGA, PM-KISAN, pensions, scholarships. Gender Empowerment: Women get control over savings, pensions, and insurance. Reduced dependence on moneylenders. Digital Economy Boost: RuPay cards + UPI adoption → India leads in global real-time payments (40%+ of world’s volume). Social Equity: Access for marginalized groups (migrant workers, rural poor, unorganised sector). Trust in Formal Banking: Deposits growth shows behavioural shift → poor saving in banks, not cash-at-home.   Global Recognition Guinness World Record (2014): 18,096,130 bank accounts opened in one week → world record. World Bank & IMF: Recognize PMJDY as largest financial inclusion drive globally. Challenges & Gaps Dormant/Inactive Accounts: Still ~15–20% accounts inactive. Overdraft Utilisation Low: Fear of repayment, lack of awareness. Financial Literacy Deficit: Many account holders don’t fully use facilities (credit/insurance). Digital Divide: Rural women, elderly, less-educated find digital transactions difficult. Banking Correspondent Sustainability: Low remuneration → high attrition. Way Forward (2025 → 2047) Deepening Financial Services: Move beyond accounts → ensure access to credit, insurance, pensions. Women-Centric Financial Products: Special micro-savings, insurance for women SHGs. Digital + AI Empowerment: Fintech innovations to expand reach in remote areas. Strengthening BC Model: Better incentives, tech support for Bank Mitras. Financial Literacy Revolution: Village-level awareness + school curriculum integration. Universal Coverage by 2047: Every Indian with a bank account + digital footprint + financial product access.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 August 2025

Content India’s demographic dividend as a time bomb Building health for 1.4 billion Indians India’s demographic dividend as a time bomb Basics / Background Rabindranath Tagore’s Quote: Children must not be restricted to past learning; they are born for the future. Present context: India’s education system remains outdated, exam-centric, and degree-driven. The future of work is being shaped by AI and emerging technologies. Demographic Dividend: India has 800+ million people under 35. This can be an asset or a liability depending on education–employability alignment. Relevance : GS 1(Society ),GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : India’s demographic dividend risks turning into a demographic disaster unless education and employability are aligned. Critically examine.(250 Words) Why the Crisis Exists Curriculum lag: Update cycle in schools/colleges = 3 years, whereas job requirements evolve faster. Outdated pedagogy: Focus on rote learning, not problem-solving or practical application. Career unawareness: 93% students (class 8–12) know only 7 career options (doctor, engineer, lawyer, etc.). Economy actually offers 20,000+ career paths. Skills gap in graduates: Only 43% graduates job-ready (Graduate Skills Index 2025). 40–50% engineering graduates remain unplaced. Even STEM students lack industry-required skills. Impact of AI & Automation McKinsey estimate: By 2030, 70% of Indian jobs at risk from automation. World Economic Forum: AI may create 170 million jobs by 2030, but 92 million will be displaced → Net gain possible only with reskilling. Nature of change: 30% of tasks in existing jobs → automated. New opportunities in AI development, data science, robotics, cyber-security, green jobs. Government Efforts Skill India Mission (2015): Target 400 million by 2022 → fell short due to poor monitoring, fragmented implementation. Other schemes: PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) PM Kaushal Kendras (PMKK) Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) PM Yuva Yojana (PMYY) SANKALP, PM Internship Scheme Problem: “Acronym soup” of schemes, poor integration, low awareness, weak industry linkages. Challenges in the Current Education System High school problem: Lack of career counselling (only 7% get formal guidance). Curricula exam-driven, not skill-driven. Higher education disconnect: Degrees ≠ employability. Employers face skill shortage despite mass graduation. Digital divide: Smartphones common, but teaching mindset remains analog. EdTech limitations: Focus on test prep, not skill development → certificates commoditized. Risks if Unaddressed Demographic time bomb: Educated but unemployable youth → unrest & instability. Historical parallel: 1990 Mandal Commission student protests → violent unrest. Lant Pritchett’s “Where Has All the Education Gone?”: Education without employability leads to wasted human capital. Social contract under threat: Youth disenchantment can escalate into economic, political, and social crises. Way Forward Curriculum Reform: Integrate AI, data science, coding, green economy, critical thinking at school level. Update cycle must be continuous, not once in 3 years. Career Guidance: National framework for career exploration in schools. Awareness of 20,000+ modern career paths. Industry–Academia Linkage: Courses co-designed with industry (apprenticeships, internships). National Skill Universities with strong private sector partnerships. Skilling Ecosystem Reform: Merge fragmented schemes into one National Skill Grid. Outcome-based measurement (placement %, not training numbers). Digital Integration: AI-driven personalized learning platforms. Expand access to rural areas through PM e-Vidya, SWAYAM, DIKSHA. Public–Private Collaboration: EdTech + Government + Industry partnerships for real-time skill delivery. Youth Empowerment Policy: Embed reskilling, upskilling, cross-skilling in National Education Policy (NEP). Building health for 1.4 billion Indians Background Health-care paradox in India: Rising demand for affordable & accessible care. Growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (diabetes, hypertension, cancer). Uneven distribution of services (urban vs tier-2/3 cities). Demographic reality: Large, young population → increasing health needs. Aging population by 2047 will further stress the system. Core challenge: Dual task of expanding access and ensuring affordability. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues) Practice Question : Insurance, prevention, and digital innovation are the three pillars for building a resilient healthcare system in India. Discuss.(250 Words) State of Insurance & Affordability Insurance as foundation: Pooling risk → shields families from catastrophic health expenses. Even modest premiums (₹5k–20k individual, ₹10k–50k family) = several lakhs coverage. Current status: Only 15–18% insured. Insurance premium-to-GDP ratio 3.7% (India) vs 7% (global average). Potential: $15 billion gross written premiums in 2024 → projected 20%+ CAGR till 2030. Problem: Insurance mostly crisis-driven; not integrated with everyday care, outpatient needs, prevention. Efficiency & Scale India’s unique model: Extraordinary efficiency in healthcare delivery at scale. Example: MRI machines → 7–8 scans/day in West vs many times more in India. Rooted in: doctor-patient ratios, workflow innovation, infrastructure utilisation. Next leap: Extend this efficiency to tier-2 and tier-3 cities (currently underserved). If successful → India sets a global benchmark for affordable scale healthcare. Role of Government Schemes Ayushman Bharat – PM Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): Covers 500 million people. Provides ₹5 lakh/family/year for advanced care. Enabled millions of cashless treatments. Example: Cancer treatments for beneficiaries ↑ nearly 90%. Need: Expand private hospital participation with fair reimbursements + transparent processes. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): Aims at universal health records → continuity of care across public + private providers. Prevention as the Cost-Saver Rising burden of NCDs: Major share of OOP (out-of-pocket) expenditure. Punjab study: Even insured families → catastrophic spending on diabetes, hypertension, etc. Solution: Insurance redesign → cover outpatient & diagnostics. Nationwide prevention push → lifestyle, diet, screening. Public participation → schools, employers, communities promoting preventive health. Logic: Every ₹1 spent on prevention saves multiples in future treatment costs. Digital Transformation in Health Telemedicine & AI adoption: Remote consultations (bridging urban specialists with rural patients). AI tools → detect sepsis early, triage reports, optimise workflows. Impact: Democratise access → reach rural & underserved. Increase doctor productivity. Enable universal digital health records (under ABDM). Regulation & Trust Challenge: Rising costs due to environmental & lifestyle factors. Eg: Insurers considering 10–15% premium hike due to pollution-linked respiratory illness. Importance of regulation: IRDAI urged to strengthen claims settlement, grievance redress. Trust is key → without confidence, households won’t buy insurance. Balance required: fair pricing + transparent processes. Investment & Inclusion Private investment: $5.5 billion (2023) in health (digital, pharmacy, hospitals). Problem: Concentrated in metros. Way forward: Redirect capital to tier-2/3 cities, primary networks, training specialists. Outcome: Growth → inclusion, not just elite urban healthcare. Risks if Challenges Persist Low penetration → continued catastrophic out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure (~55% of health spending). NCD tsunami → overwhelming public + private health system. Urban-rural divide widens → inequity, social unrest. Trust deficit → poor adoption of insurance, loss of financial protection. Way Forward Insurance: Expand beyond inpatient → outpatient, diagnostics, preventive care. Incentivise preventive behaviour (premium discounts for healthy lifestyle). Primary Healthcare Strengthening: More Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs). Focus on NCD screening. Digital push: Scale telemedicine, AI diagnostics, ABDM adoption. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Private hospitals in PM-JAY with fair reimbursements. Joint investments in tier-2/3 healthcare infrastructure. Workforce training: More doctors, nurses, allied health professionals, especially in rural India. Regulation: Stronger IRDAI framework for claims settlement & pricing transparency. Equity focus: Direct PE/VC flows to underserved geographies.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 August 2025

Content Industrial growth jumps to four-month high of 3.5% Lost villages and other costs of coalfields Should States be compensated for revenue loss from GST reforms? Which sectors are worst hit by tariffs? School enrolment in 3-11 age group down by 25 lakh: UDISE+ Centering elderly women: caring for the quiet majority Industrial growth jumps to four-month high of 3.5% Understanding the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) Definition: IIP measures the volume of production of different industry groups (manufacturing, mining, electricity). Base year: 2011–12. Weightage: Manufacturing: ~77% Mining: ~14% Electricity: ~8% Importance: Monthly indicator of industrial health. Proxy for economic activity and GDP (particularly industry sector). Guides policy interventions in demand, supply, and infrastructure. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy)   Key Data: July 2025 Overall industrial growth: 3.5% (July 2025) – four-month high. Lower than 5% (July 2024) → deceleration YoY. Sectoral performance: Manufacturing: +5.4% (six-month high), up from 4.7% in July 2024. Electricity: +0.6% (weak growth vs double-digit levels last year). Mining: -7.2% (fourth straight month of contraction). Use-based classification: Capital goods: +5% → investment revival. Consumer durables: +7.7% (seven-month high). Consumer non-durables: +0.5% (eight-month high, but very low absolute growth). Basic metals, fabricated metals, electrical machinery: strong double-digit growth. Non-metallic minerals: +9.5% → infra and construction push. Why Growth Picked Up in July 2025 Manufacturing rebound: Recovery after two months of contraction. Driven by investment demand (metals, machinery). Consumer durables revival shows festive/pre-festive demand pickup. Electricity slowdown: Monsoon impact → lower power demand from irrigation. High base effect (double-digit growth in 2024). Mining contraction: Seasonal monsoon disruption in coal, iron ore, limestone. Subdued global commodity demand, especially in China. Regulatory and environmental bottlenecks. Consumer goods mixed trend: Durables (+7.7%) → white goods, electronics, appliances supported by urban demand and credit growth. Non-durables (+0.5%) → rural demand still sluggish due to erratic monsoon, food inflation pressures. Structural Takeaways Investment revival signals: Capital goods + basic/intermediate goods expansion → infra + capex cycle strengthening. Rural–urban divergence: Strong urban discretionary demand, weak rural essentials. Policy sensitivity: RBI likely to watch rural weakness + commodity volatility for growth–inflation trade-off. Mining as a drag: Persistent contraction risks supply-side constraints for core industries (steel, cement, power). Base effect reality: Lower growth vs July 2024 highlights statistical distortion – economy grew on a high base last year. Implications For GDP growth (Q2 FY26): Industrial sector contribution may be moderate due to mining weakness + slower electricity. Manufacturing strength prevents sharp slowdown. For government policy: Need for rural demand stimulus (via MSP, rural jobs, credit). Mining reforms (ease clearances, monsoon-resilient infra). Support electricity diversification (RE integration, industrial demand). For markets & industry: Metals, machinery, and consumer durables show strong prospects. FMCG (non-durables) growth remains tepid, rural stress may weigh on stock performance. Lost villages and other costs of coalfields Coal Mining and Displacement in India Coal in India: India has 389.42 billion tonnes of estimated reserves (2024). Odisha is the largest coal reserve holder: 99.2 billion tonnes (25.5% of India). Coal still supplies ~45.65% of India’s electricity capacity (June 2025). Talcher Coalfields (Angul, Odisha): Largest in India. Angul spans 6.3 lakh hectares, with 32% cultivable land, 43% forests, and 12.26% coal-bearing areas. 66 coal blocks identified; 12 operational, 2 about to start. If all blocks become active → 348 villages to be displaced. Displacement in Odisha: 5,923 families displaced in past 5 years (2019–24), mainly from Angul. Angul accounts for 48% of Odisha’s coal production (269.71 MT in 2024). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Human Cost of Displacement Loss of community & cultural identity: Example: Antaryami Pradhan had to travel 10 km for his brother’s cremation as new village denied him land. Villagers scattered → weakened social cohesion. Disruption of livelihoods: Farmers, cattle rearers, milkmen lose land & traditional professions. Rehabilitation colonies often lack open space for farming. Psychological & social alienation: New villagers don’t accept displaced families socially. Migrants often feel like outsiders even in new houses. Gendered impacts: Pregnant/lactating women lose access to health workers and schemes post-relocation. Women bear additional burden of household and social adjustment. Compensation & Rehabilitation Issues Compensation discrepancies: Example: SCCL (Telangana) offers ₹70 lakh/acre. Gopiballavpur villagers offered only ₹11 lakh/acre. Within Angul, land valuation varies drastically between adjacent villages (e.g., ₹35 lakh vs ₹17 lakh per acre). R&R (Rehabilitation & Resettlement) packages: Options include: ₹35 lakh (cash in lieu of employment + self-relocation). ₹31 lakh + land at R&R colony. Issues: R&R colonies often delayed or on disputed land (e.g., forest land challenged at NGT). Many forced to rent or return to old villages. Failure in implementation: Law requires resettlement colonies before displacement → often violated. Welfare schemes (health, nutrition, education) do not transfer automatically post-relocation. Larger Structural Concerns Fragmented governance: No centralised displacement database in Angul. Land acquisition handled piecemeal → policies differ across projects. Legal & policy shifts: 2014: SC cancelled 204 coal block allocations (including 8 in Angul). 2015: Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act allowed auctions. 2020: Commercial coal mining introduced → private & foreign players entered. Outcome → increased pace of land acquisition & displacement. Energy paradox: India pushes renewables but still heavily dependent on coal. Angul remains at the epicenter of India’s coal–development trade-off. Socio-Economic & Environmental Impact Economic paradox: Some families receive life-changing sums but cannot buy equivalent land in towns. Compensation often erodes quickly without sustainable livelihood alternatives. Environmental stress: Villages, forests, agricultural lands consumed by expanding open-cast mines. Ecological degradation (loss of forest cover, dust pollution, groundwater depletion). Education disruption: Schools demolished → children’s education interrupted. Families caught in limbo delay investments in education due to uncertain future. Rural–urban shift stress: Villagers struggle to adapt to urban costs & lifestyles. Loss of access to affordable vegetables, community services, and collective rural economy. Implications For displaced communities: Identity erosion, livelihood collapse, weak social absorption → long-term vulnerability. Inter-generational impact as children lose educational continuity and cultural roots. For governance & policy: Need for uniform, transparent, and inflation-adjusted compensation. Collective relocation models (keeping villages intact) rather than atomised dispersal. Transfer of welfare entitlements (PDS, Anganwadi, health services) to new sites. Centralised displacement tracking & accountability mechanism. For India’s energy policy: Rising dependence on Odisha coalfields → concentrated risk. Balancing energy security vs social justice vs environmental sustainability will be a defining challenge. Transition to renewables must consider a “just transition” framework for coal-dependent regions. Should States be compensated for revenue loss from GST reforms? Basics of GST GST launched: July 1, 2017, as a destination-based, indirect tax subsuming central (excise, service tax, CST) and state taxes (VAT, entry tax, octroi). Current structure: Multiple slabs (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%) + special rates (gold, precious stones) + cess (luxury/sin goods). Revenue sharing: GST collected is split between Centre and States (CGST + SGST; IGST for inter-state). Compensation principle (2017–2022): Centre guaranteed States 14% annual revenue growth, bridging losses via Compensation Cess on luxury/sin goods (cars, tobacco, aerated drinks). Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Taxation) Proposed Reform Move from 4–5 slab system → 2-tier (5% & 18%), with essentials exempt or 0% rated. Higher tax (40%) to continue on luxury/sin goods. Target average GST rate: reduce from ~11.5% (current) to ~10%. Objective: Simplification → compliance ease. Lower rates → boost consumption, formalisation, investment. At par with developed economies (average GST/VAT 10–12%). Likely Revenue Impact Short-term dip inevitable: Estimated ₹60,000–1,00,000 crore/year loss (~0.2–0.3% of GDP). FY2025–26: ~₹45,000 crore hit (partial year implementation). Medium/long term gains: Wider tax base: More consumption under formal economy. Leakage reduction: Simplified slabs reduce classification disputes. Demand boost: Lower rates on consumer durables/essentials → higher sales volume → more GST. Luxury/sin cess: Higher rates (40%) to partly offset revenue fall. Impact on States Unequal effect across States: Manufacturing/urban States (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu): Larger revenue hit as bulk of GST collections come from industrial goods and services. Agrarian/consumption-heavy States (Bihar, UP, NE States): Smaller impact since their GST base is narrower and skewed towards essentials (already exempt/low slab). Past experience: July 2018 GST cuts → Maharashtra/Karnataka collections dipped 3–4%, but NE states unaffected. Revenue distribution remains unequal: Richer States lose more; poorer States less affected. Compensation Question Legal status: 5-year compensation period (2017–2022) ended; technically Centre has no liability now. Arguments against further compensation: Perpetual transfers unsustainable. States should expand their tax base, plug leakages, attract investment. Alternative: allocate funds for infrastructure or contingency, not continuous GST gap-filling. Arguments for compensation: Asymmetry in GST revenue distribution → small states structurally disadvantaged. Global precedent: Countries like Australia/Canada initially provided both GST-linked compensation + consolidated fund support. Equity demands special packages for less industrialised states. Possible middle ground: Create Contingency/Equalisation Fund from part of GST or Consolidated Fund of India. Use mechanism like Kerala Flood Cess for State-specific needs. Time-bound compensation, not indefinite. Political & Institutional Dimensions GST Council: Consensus-based so far (except ~2 votes). Likely to approve reform since announced by PM. Potential friction: Product classification disputes (whether certain goods fall in 5% or 18%), timing of implementation, and transitional compensation. Consensus outlook: Strong — reforms likely passed in next Council meeting (may require vote, but government has majority). Macro Implications Average GST rate falls to ~10% → competitive with OECD economies. Ease of doing business improves: Simple two-rate GST system boosts investor confidence. Formalisation accelerates: lower rates + better compliance → more firms enter GST net. Revenue trajectory: Dip in Year 1–2, stabilisation by Year 3, higher buoyancy thereafter. State fiscal independence: Pushes states to strengthen own tax (property tax, excise, stamp duty) rather than rely on GST transfers. Summary Judgment: Reform = Simplification + Ease of doing business + Long-term revenue buoyancy. Short-term revenue dip of ₹45,000–1,00,000 crore inevitable, disproportionately hitting industrialised states. Compensation debate: Centre unlikely to extend blanket GST compensation; instead, targeted equalisation fund or special packages may balance inequities. Net effect = Moderate tax regime (~10% avg), stronger compliance, higher consumption, improved investor sentiment. Which sectors are worst hit by tariffs? Basics of the Tariffs Effective date: August 27, 2025. Tariff level: Flat 50% additional tariff on imports from India (over existing tariffs). Coverage: Broad, covering labour-intensive and manufacturing sectors where U.S. is a major export destination. Earlier tariff structure: Most sectors faced 0–10% tariffs; now in many cases, effective duties are 50–60%. Metrics of severity (impact analysis): Export value to U.S. (absolute terms). Share of U.S. in India’s total exports of that product. Final tariff rate post-hike. Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Tariff) Sectors Facing Severe Impact (a) Shrimp Exports to U.S.: $2.4 billion (2024–25). Share: 32.4% of India’s total shrimp exports. Tariff jump: 10% → 60%. Immediate impact: Sharp fall in demand from U.S. buyers. Reports of exporters in Andhra Pradesh lowering purchase prices. Cancelled contracts and shipment delays. High risk for aquaculture farmers and coastal labour. (b) Textiles & Apparel (Tiruppur cluster etc.) Exports to U.S.: $2.7 billion. Share: 13.2% of India’s total textile exports. Tariff jump: 4% → 54%. Immediate impact: Exporters rushing existing shipments before duties bite. U.S. buyers cancelling fresh orders. Threat to jobs in Tiruppur, Surat, Panipat (labour-intensive hubs). (c) Jewellery, Diamonds & Carpets U.S. a top market for India’s gems & jewellery (~$10–12 billion annually, though not all under 50% tariff). Impact: High-value exports like cut diamonds and studded jewellery hit severely. Surat, Jaipur clusters face job & liquidity pressures. Reports of production cuts and downsizing. Sectors Facing Moderate Impact (a) Metals (Steel, Aluminium, Copper) Exports to U.S.: $4.7 billion (17% of total Indian metal exports). Impact: U.S. not largest global market, but vital for SMEs in Delhi-NCR engineering belt and eastern foundry hubs. Stainless steel, aluminium casting, and copper semi-finished goods face job disruptions. (b) Machinery & Mechanical Appliances Exports to U.S.: $6.7 billion (20% of India’s total in this category). Impact: Demand drop expected, but diversified global buyers soften the blow. Still critical for SMEs dependent on U.S. orders. (c) Organic Chemicals Medium exposure to U.S. Tariff impact is cushioned by wider markets in EU, Japan, ASEAN. Industry body CHEMEXCIL has sought government intervention. Immediate Economic Impact Severe demand shock: shrimp, textiles, jewellery already seeing cancellations. Price crash: Shrimp prices falling in Andhra Pradesh procurement markets. Employment risk: Labour-intensive sectors (textiles, gems, aquaculture) at risk of layoffs. Exporters’ reaction: Pre-shipment rush, appeals to government, lobbying through industry bodies. Government Response (Short-term) “Swadeshi” & “Vocal for Local” narrative: Reduce export dependency; boost domestic demand. Multi-ministry plan under consideration (Commerce, Finance, External Affairs, MSME): Possible interest subvention / credit support for exporters. Export incentive packages for worst-hit sectors. Marketing support to explore alternative destinations. RBI readiness: Governor stated RBI will provide liquidity or credit easing to impacted sectors. Medium to Long-term Strategy Diversification of export markets: Leverage FTAs (UAE, Australia, EU in progress). Push into Africa, ASEAN, Latin America. Strengthening domestic value chains: Reduce reliance on U.S. orders. Special packages/funds: For sectors with high labour absorption (textiles, gems, marine exports). Negotiation channels: Possible WTO consultations or bilateral trade talks with U.S. International Parallels Similar protective tariffs by U.S. in past (e.g., Trump-era steel tariffs, China tariffs) caused: Short-term export pain. Trade diversion to alternate markets. Other countries responded with compensation packages for farmers/exporters or by negotiating bilateral deals. Summary High-impact sectors: Shrimp, textiles, jewellery/carpets (tariffs up to 60%, immediate order cancellations, production/job cuts). Moderate-impact sectors: Metals, machinery, organic chemicals (tariffs 50%, but diversified export base reduces damage). Government response: Short-term relief plan + credit support + long-term diversification strategy. Outlook: Immediate pain in labour-heavy sectors, with medium-term adjustment possible if markets diversify and domestic demand strengthens. School enrolment in 3-11 age group down by 25 lakh: UDISE+ Basics: What is UDISE+? Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+): Annual survey by the Ministry of Education. Covers pre-primary to Class 12 in govt., aided, private, and other schools. Provides data on enrolment, dropouts, Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), infrastructure, teachers, etc. Latest data: 2024-25, compared to 2023-24. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Social Issues)   Key Findings of UDISE+ 2024-25 Sharp fall in young student enrolment (ages 3–11; Anganwadi, pre-school, Classes 1–5): 2023-24: 12.09 crore 2024-25: 11.84 crore Decline: 24.93 lakh students Overall enrolment (Classes 1–12): 2023-24: 24.8 crore 2024-25: 24.69 crore Drop: 11 lakh students → lowest since 2018-19. Historical trend: 2012-13: 26.3 crore 2021-22: ~26 crore 2022-23: 25.18 crore 2023-24: 24.8 crore 2024-25: 24.69 crore Net fall in a decade: ~1.6 crore students (~6%). Causes of Decline in Enrolment Demographic transition: Falling birth rates → shrinking school-age population. India’s TFR = 1.91 (2021) < replacement level (2.1). Except UP, Bihar, Meghalaya, all states below replacement fertility. Shift to standalone pre-primary private institutions → some children outside UDISE+ school count. Methodological changes in 2022-23 and 2023-24 → not fully comparable to older datasets. Urbanization & migration: Possible undercounting of mobile/migrant children. Positive Indicators Amid Decline Rising GER (Gross Enrolment Ratio): Middle level: 89.5% → 90.3% (2023-24 to 2024-25). Secondary level: 66.5% → 68.5%. Suggests higher share of eligible children are actually enrolled, even if population base shrinks. Dropout rates improving: Preparatory stage: 3.7% → 2.3%. Middle school: 5.2% → 3.5%. Secondary: 10.9% → 8.2%. Indicates better retention, fewer children leaving school midway. Higher enrolment in upper classes: Classes 6–8: +6 lakh students (6.31 → 6.36 crore). Classes 9–12: +8 lakh students (6.39 → 6.48 crore). Suggests progress in transition from primary to secondary education. Implications of the Decline Demographic dividend challenge: Shrinking base of young students → smaller workforce in future. Education system planning: Govt. must align teacher recruitment, infrastructure, and budgets with falling school-age population. Policy focus shift: From universal access → to quality of learning outcomes. With fewer children, per-child investment can be higher. Regional disparities: States like UP & Bihar (still high fertility) may see continued high demand for schools, while southern & western states face declining enrolment. Long-term social impact: Lower child population → ageing society sooner, with implications for pensions, health care, and dependency ratios. Way Forward Use of upcoming 2026 Census: To update school-age population base and refine GER/dropout estimates. Policy realignment: Rationalizing school infrastructure in low-population areas. Investing more in teacher training, digital learning, foundational literacy. Focus on early childhood education: Integrate Anganwadis and standalone pre-schools into formal system (NEP 2020 mandate). Address regional imbalance: Northern states → focus on access (school availability). Southern states → focus on retention & higher-order skills. Centering elderly women: caring for the quiet majority India’s Ageing Context Demographic transition: India is moving from a young to ageing society due to falling fertility & rising life expectancy. India Ageing Report 2023 (IIPS + UNFPA): By 2050, 20%+ of India’s population will be aged 60+. This equals ~347 million elderly, compared to ~149 million in 2022. Gendered longevity: Women live 2.7 years longer than men on average. Results in a feminisation of ageing (more elderly women than men). Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Health & Longevity Gap Between Men and Women McKinsey Health Institute: Women spend 25% more years in poor health than men. Much of this burden falls in later years of life. Elderly women’s health paradox: Longer life expectancy ≠ better quality of life. Higher prevalence of chronic conditions, cancers, and cognitive decline. Social Determinants of Elderly Women’s Health Cultural & social conditioning: Women prioritise family health > own health. Gatekeeping of care decisions by husband/adult children. Economic dependency: 60% of elderly women have no personal income (UNFPA 2011). <20% women can pay their own medical bills (vs. 44% men). Very few elderly women have health insurance. Digital divide: Limited access to digital health platforms & insurance enrolment. Reduces access to information & tele-health solutions. Education gap: Education strongly linked to better health-seeking behaviour. Uneducated women face poor awareness about preventive screenings & therapies. Disease Burden Among Elderly Women Cancer risks: Breast cancer: Elderly women often get less aggressive treatment, lowering survival despite effectiveness of surgery/chemo. Cervical cancer: Vaccination awareness growing in younger women, but elderly women lack access to pap smear screening. Ovarian cancer: Most lethal gynaecological cancer; 5-year survival only 17% if diagnosed late. Neurodegenerative diseases: Higher vulnerability to Alzheimer’s, dementias (due to oestrogen decline, widowhood, isolation). LASI: Women 70+ report higher cognitive impairment, but are under-diagnosed & under-treated. Mental health: Depression highly under-reported. HelpAge India: Only 1 in 10 elderly women with depressive symptoms seek help. Barriers: stigma, lack of geriatric psychiatry services, family neglect. Positive Protective Factors Social embeddedness: Elderly women deeply connected to family & community networks. Protective against loneliness & cognitive decline. Active lifestyles: Walking groups, yoga, hobbies (painting, music) improve physical & mental well-being. Education advantage: Educated women are more likely to seek outpatient care, both public & private. Policy & Systemic Gaps Healthcare spending bias: Across age groups, health expenditure on men > women. Gender-insensitive care: Few healthcare facilities tailor care to elderly women’s needs (e.g., cancer screening, mental health). Elderly treated as dependents: Public discourse ignores elderly women’s agency; sees them only as caregivers or passive dependents. Insurance gap: Limited geriatric coverage; most elderly women lack health protection schemes. Way Forward – Recommendations Policy realignment: Build gender-sensitive geriatric health systems. NEP for ageing: integrate elderly women’s health into Ayushman Bharat & state health missions. Preventive care expansion: Free screening programs for cancers (cervical, breast, ovarian) & cognitive decline. Financial inclusion: Pensions, micro-insurance, and social security nets for widows & single elderly women. Mental health integration: Geriatric psychiatry, community counselling, elderly support helplines. Digital & health literacy: Train elderly women in basic digital health platforms. Expand awareness on vaccinations, screening, and treatment options. Community-driven solutions: Promote elderly women’s groups, SHGs, walking clubs, skill-based learning for social & mental health benefits.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 August 2025

Content MGNREGA: Building Rural Resilience Wheels of Change: India’s Electric Leap for Green Mobility MGNREGA: Building Rural Resilience Basics of MGNREGA Full Name: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005. Nature: Rights-based, demand-driven wage employment programme. Guarantee: At least 100 days of unskilled manual work per rural household in a financial year. Coverage: All districts of India (except those with 100% urban population). Legal Basis: Act of Parliament, making employment a legal entitlement. Primary Goals: Employment generation Creation of durable rural assets Strengthening rural livelihoods Promoting social inclusion (SCs, STs, women, landless labourers) Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Schemes) Objectives Provide 100 days of unskilled manual work as per demand. Strengthen livelihood resource base of rural poor. Ensure social inclusion of marginalized groups. Empower Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in planning and implementation. Promote sustainable rural development (water conservation, afforestation, soil health, rural infrastructure). Budgetary and Employment Data FY 2013–14: ₹33,000 crore allocation. FY 2025–26 (BE): ₹86,000 crore – highest since inception. Funds released (till July 2025): ₹45,783 crore (₹37,912 crore for wages). Employment Generation: FY 2024–25: 290.60 crore person-days. Households provided work: 15.99 crore. Women Participation: 2013–14: 48% 2024–25: 58.15% (440.7 lakh women) Social Inclusion & Women Empowerment Consistent >50% participation of women for last 5 years. Scheme supports SCs, STs, women-headed households, landless labourers. Women’s higher participation indicates shift towards economic inclusion & empowerment in rural areas. Technological & Governance Reforms Aadhaar Seeding & APBS: 13.45 crore workers Aadhaar-seeded (2025). 13.05 crore linked to Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS). eFMS (e-Payments): Wage payments through banks increased from 37% (2013–14) → 99.94% (2025). Geo-tagging: 6.36 crore assets geo-tagged for transparency. Digital Platforms: NMMS App: Real-time attendance with geotagged photos. GeoMGNREGA: Asset tracking. Yuktdhara Portal (with ISRO): Geospatial planning. JALDOOT App: Groundwater monitoring. JANMANREGA App: Citizen information & feedback. SECURE software: Estimation of rural works cost. Asset Creation and Sustainability Individual Assets: Grew from 17.6% (2013–14) → 57.05% (2025). Agri & Allied Activities: 44.14% of expenditure by 2025, strengthening agriculture. Mission AmritSarovar (2022): Target 50,000 water bodies → achieved 68,000+. 86.98 lakh assets created (by March 2025): water harvesting, irrigation canals, soil conservation, plantations, rural infrastructure. Skill Development Project UNNATI (2019): Skilling of MGNREGA workers. Target: 2 lakh workers. Achieved: 90,894 workers trained by March 2025. Goal: Transition workers from partial employment to self/wage employment. Transparency, Accountability & Monitoring Social Audit: Mandatory twice a year in Gram Panchayats. Fake Job Card Cancellation: FY 2024–25: 58,826 deleted (fake, duplicate, migrated, or expired). On-time Fund Transfer Orders (FTOs): 97.81% by March 2025. Citizen Information Boards: Display works, costs, beneficiaries for community monitoring. Convergence & Rural Development Convergence with 13 ministries: Border Roads Organisation (BRO) – rural connectivity. Women & Child Development – Anganwadi centres. Panchayati Raj – GP buildings. Strengthens rural infrastructure while ensuring job creation. Strengths Legal entitlement, not a welfare dole. Demand-driven nature prevents underemployment. Strong women’s participation – gender inclusive. Environmental focus – afforestation, water bodies, soil conservation. Technology-driven reforms – minimizes leakages, boosts accountability. PRIs empowerment – bottom-up planning through Gram Sabhas. Challenges Delayed wage payments despite high digital integration in some states. Corruption and ghost job cards (though Aadhaar reduced it). Asset quality varies across states; sometimes non-durable. Under-utilization of skilled labour (scheme restricted to unskilled manual work, except under convergence projects). Urban poor excluded – rural-centric only. Recent Developments (2025) Record allocation of ₹86,000 crore. Nearly 99.8% demand for work met in 2025–26 – strong responsiveness. 6.36 crore assets geo-tagged ensuring public monitoring. Convergence push: Anganwadi centres, GP buildings, border roads. Focus on agriculture-linked works (irrigation, soil health, water harvesting). Way Forward Ensure timely wage disbursal across all states. Expand Project UNNATI for large-scale skilling & rural entrepreneurship. Stronger social audits to reduce leakages. Greater urban employment guarantee linkage for migrant workers (debated idea). Focus on asset quality & durability to ensure long-term rural development impact. Enhanced climate resilience projects: water recharge, agroforestry, renewable energy-based assets. Conclusion MGNREGA has evolved into India’s largest social security and rural livelihood programme. It acts as a safety net, empowerment tool for women, and infrastructure builder for villages. With high allocations, strong tech integration, and convergence with rural development programmes, it is central to resilient, inclusive, and sustainable rural growth. Wheels of Change: India’s Electric Leap for Green Mobility Background and Context Transport sector share in emissions: Globally contributes ~23% of CO₂ emissions. In India, transport accounts for ~13.5% of total energy-related CO₂ emissions. Dependence on fossil fuels: 85% of crude oil demand is imported → creates energy insecurity and trade imbalance. Urbanisation pressure: Rising vehicle ownership (390 million registered vehicles in India, 2025) → worsens congestion, pollution, and oil demand. Solution pathway: Shift towards Electric Vehicles (EVs), supported by renewable power integration, aligns with India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement, COP26, and Net Zero 2070 goal. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure , Environment) India’s EV Journey – Timeline of Policy Push 2013: National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) launched. 2015–2019: FAME-I implemented → ₹895 crore sanctioned. 2019 onwards: FAME-II (₹11,500 crore) focusing on mass adoption, e-buses, and charging infra. 2021: PLI-Auto & ACC Battery Storage PLI announced. 2023: PM e-Bus Sewa launched (10,000 buses). 2024: PM E-Drive & SPMEPCI launched → targeted push for e-trucks and e-cars. 2025: India becomes Suzuki’s global EV hub with e-VITARA exports to 100+ countries. Current Status (as of Feb 2025) EV stock: 56.75 lakh registered EVs (~1.5% of total vehicles). Sales growth: E-2Ws (FY 2024-25): 11.49 lakh sales (+21% YoY). Strong uptake of e-3Ws and e-buses in urban mobility. Charging infra: 8,885 public charging stations (PCS) installed, out of 9,332 sanctioned. Domestic battery ecosystem: Localisation of >80% of hybrid battery electrodes. 40 GWh battery capacity awarded under ACC-PLI (out of 50 GWh target). Key Government Schemes Driving EV Transition A. FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles) FAME-I (2015-19): Supported 2.55 lakh EVs, 425 e-buses, and ~520 charging stations. FAME-II (2019–2025): ₹11,500 crore outlay. Supported 16.29 lakh EVs till June 2025, including 14.35 lakh e-2Ws, 5,165 e-buses. Charging infra: 9,332 sanctioned → 8,885 installed. B. PLI Schemes PLI-Auto (₹25,938 crore): Attracted ₹29,576 crore investments; created ~45,000 jobs. PLI-ACC (₹18,100 crore): 40 GWh awarded capacity; minimum 25% localisation in 2 years, 60% by year 5. C. PM E-Drive (2024–28) ₹10,900 crore scheme. Subsidies given for 24.79 lakh e-2Ws, 3.15 lakh e-3Ws, 14,028 e-buses, and 5,643 e-trucks. ₹2,000 crore for charging infra on highways and cities. D. PM e-Bus Sewa (2023) ₹20,000 crore scheme → 10,000 buses under PPP. 7,293 buses approved in 14 states and 4 UTs. ₹1,062 crore sanctioned for depots and charging infra. E. SPMEPCI (2024) To attract global automakers → allows import of e-cars at 15% duty (vs 70–100% normally). Mandatory 25% localisation in 3 years, 50% in 5 years. Supporting Initiatives India Electric Mobility Index (IEMI, 2025) → first framework ranking states on EV adoption. Delhi, Maharashtra, Chandigarh = “frontrunners”. EV testing infra: ₹780 crore allocated for quality and safety improvements. Oil companies’ role: IOCL, BPCL, HPCL sanctioned ₹800 crore for 7,432 charging stations. Export push: Suzuki’s e-VITARA BEV plant makes India global EV export hub. Advantages of EV Transition Environmental: Lower GHG emissions, reduced PM2.5 & NOx levels. Economic: Cuts oil import bill, generates jobs in EV & battery manufacturing. Social: Cleaner air in cities, reduced health burden due to pollution. Strategic: Enhances energy security, aligns with “Aatmanirbhar Bharat”. Challenges High upfront cost of EVs vs ICE vehicles. Charging infra gaps → only ~9,000 public chargers for 56+ lakh EVs. Battery supply chain dependence on lithium, cobalt, nickel (mostly imported). Grid integration → renewable share must rise for EVs to be truly green. Disposal & recycling of used batteries → environmental hazard if unchecked. Future Targets & Vision EV penetration goal: 30% of total vehicles by 2030 (aligned with EV30@30 initiative). Emission reduction: Cut carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030. Reduce carbon intensity by 45% (relative to 2005 levels). Net-zero by 2070. Battery localisation: Target 50 GWh domestic manufacturing capacity. Urban mobility: Full electrification of public bus fleet in Tier-1 and Tier-2 cities by 2030. Conclusion India’s EV transformation is no longer aspirational but structurally embedded in policy, industry, and public life. With rising adoption (56.7 lakh EVs), localisation of battery production, and export-oriented manufacturing (e-VITARA), India is set to be a global EV hub. The success hinges on: Faster charging infra rollout. Securing mineral supply chains. Recycling ecosystem for batteries. Convergence of EV adoption with renewable energy expansion. India is not just riding the “EV wave” but driving it globally by blending climate responsibility, industrial growth, and technological innovation.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 August 2025

Content Countering the tariff Addiction, Not Play Countering the tariff Context The US imposed a “secondary tariff” of 25% on Indian products (from Aug 25). This was in retaliation to India’s earlier tariff increases (reciprocal measure). Tariff exclusions: pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, mobile phones, lumber, some chemicals. Broader backdrop: India-US negotiations to elevate bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : Discuss India’s options in dealing with rising US protectionism while safeguarding its export sectors and strategic interests.(150 Words) Trigger Event Trump administration’s aggressive protectionist stance. Pressures on India to: Reduce tariff barriers. Open markets wider to US products. Address bilateral trade deficit (India’s surplus, US deficit). India’s Trade Landscape India had imposed retaliatory tariffs on bourbon, motorcycles, apples, almonds, etc. after US withdrew GSP (Generalised System of Preferences) benefits. US objections: High import duties, non-tariff barriers. Price controls in pharma & medical devices. Agricultural restrictions (GMO crops not allowed). US Expectations from India Buy more energy (oil, LNG, coal) from the US. Reduce tariffs on agriculture, medical devices, ICT products. Bilateral FTA (Free Trade Agreement) discussions. Align more closely with US on trade policy rather than China/Russia. Why India is Vulnerable 55% of India’s exports to the US are high-skill manufactured goods: Pharmaceuticals Engineering goods Textiles Auto components Any tariff hikes hurt India’s high-value sectors. India’s major export competitors (Vietnam, Bangladesh, ASEAN countries) enjoy lower tariffs with US. US Focus Areas Shift away from agriculture/GMOs. More emphasis on energy exports (oil, gas, coal). India pressured to reduce Russian energy imports and switch to US suppliers. US wants currency/trade alignment, not rupee-based bilateral trade with others. India’s Counter-Options Diversify exports & markets: ASEAN, EU, Japan, Africa, Latin America. Reduce overdependence on US market. Leverage WTO: Appeal against unilateral tariffs as violation of WTO commitments. Highlight US hypocrisy (tariffs without legal sanction). Strategic balancing: Negotiate concessions without over-dependence. Avoid being forced into binary US vs China/Russia choices. Risks for US Tariffs could: Increase input costs for US industries (pharma, auto, textiles). Lead to supply chain disruptions. Push India closer to China or EU for trade alignment. May result in job losses in US and reduce competitiveness. Structural Issues US insists on WTO-plus trade terms (outside WTO framework). Rising trend of bilateral & regional FTAs (instead of multilateral rules). WTO dispute settlement system itself weakened since US blocked new judges in Appellate Body. Key Takeaways US tariffs on India violate WTO norms and are unilateral. India’s challenge: Protect its export sectors. Avoid excessive reliance on US. Strategically diversify export basket and destinations. Larger trend: US protectionism rising under Trump. Global trade moving away from WTO-led multilateralism. India must strengthen competitiveness and negotiate smartly in future trade pacts. Addiction, Not Play Context The article debates ban on online real-money gaming. Trigger: Concerns around economic, legal, psychological, and regulatory implications. Key argument: Ban is not merely about regulation but about mental health protection of youth, especially adolescents. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues, Governance) Practice Question : “Online real-money gaming is not merely an issue of regulation but a growing public health challenge.” Discuss in the context of youth mental health in India.(250 Words) Nature of Online Real-Money Gaming Involves: Psychological principles (operant conditioning, reward-based mechanisms). Immediate gratification via points, rewards, payments. When introduced early to children/adolescents → leads to dependency, addiction, and harmful behavioral patterns. Often transitions from leisure activity → compulsive addiction. Why it’s a Serious Issue Parents & educators already see impact: Decline in academic performance. Mental health breakdowns in adolescents. Adolescents: More vulnerable to addiction. Lack maturity to control impulses. Leads to financial ruin: draining family bank accounts, debts, impulsive spending. Psychological Mechanisms Games use behavioral psychology tools (reward loops, variable reinforcement). Creates a compulsion loop → brain seeks repeated small rewards → risk of dependency. Similar to gambling addiction (lottery, slot machines). Results in: Losing track of time. Depression, anxiety. Isolation and poor social interaction. In extreme cases → suicidal ideation/self-harm. Social Consequences Rising household financial distress (bankruptcy, debts). Disruption of family relationships. Strain on parent-child trust. Broader public health concern: impacts millions of families, increasing cases of psychological crisis. Why Ban Is Justified Reframing online gaming as: Mental health issue, not just legal/financial. Addiction disorder requiring state intervention. Ban helps: Provide immediate relief to families facing crisis. Prevent normalisation of addictive behaviour. Sends a strong public policy signal on prioritising youth well-being. Counter-View Industry often argues: Gaming generates revenue, jobs, economic activity. Banning may push users to illegal platforms. However, article stresses public health > profits. Long-Term Solutions Beyond Ban Ban is necessary but not sufficient. Requires: Thoughtful regulation. Counselling services for affected adolescents. Awareness programs in schools & communities. Recognising gaming disorder as public health challenge (like tobacco/alcohol). Global Parallels Countries like China, South Korea, EU states have already moved towards strict regulation of gaming hours and spending limits for youth. India needs a similar framework, considering its massive young population. Key Takeaways Online real-money gaming = addiction risk → should be treated as mental health epidemic. Adolescents most vulnerable → early intervention critical. Ban = necessary first step to prevent long-term harm. Must combine ban + regulation + awareness + counselling to create a safe digital ecosystem.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 August 2025

Content India May Become 2nd-Largest Economy by 2038 (PPP terms) Finance Ministry’s July 2025 Economic Review – US Tariff Impact E-commerce Exports Policy Debate India–US Tariff & Diplomatic Tensions ISRO’s Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) & Gaganyaan Roadmap India May Become 2nd-Largest Economy by 2038 (PPP terms) Understanding PPP & GDP GDP (Nominal): Measured at market exchange rates; useful for global financial flows. GDP (PPP): Purchasing Power Parity adjusts for price level differences → reflects real purchasing power, living standards. India’s position today (2024-25): Nominal GDP ~ $4.1 trillion (5th largest). PPP GDP ~ $15.4 trillion (3rd largest, after China & US). Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) EY Report (Aug 2025) – Key Projections 2030: India’s GDP at $20.7 trillion (PPP). 2038: India at $34.2 trillion (PPP) → 2nd largest economy, overtaking the US. US in comparison: Debt >120% of GDP, slower growth (~2.1%). China: Still No.1 but faces aging & debt issues. Growth Drivers for India Demographics Median age: 28.8 years (2025) vs China (39), US (38). Large working-age population → “demographic dividend”. Savings & Investment Among the highest savings rates globally → fuels capital formation. Infra spending + private investments rising under PLI (Production Linked Incentives). Structural Reforms GST → unified tax regime. IBC → improved insolvency resolution. UPI → digital payments revolution. PLI schemes → boost manufacturing, exports. Fiscal Position Govt. debt-to-GDP projected to decline: 81.3% (2024) → 75.8% (2030). Relatively sustainable compared to US (120%+) or Japan (250%+). Technology & Green Growth Adoption of AI, renewables, EVs, green hydrogen. Digital infra (UPI, Aadhaar, ONDC) = global benchmark. Risks & Challenges External shocks: US Tariffs (Aug 2025): 50% tariffs on Indian goods → potential 0.9% GDP impact. With countermeasures, hit reduced to just 0.1% (10 bps). Internal hurdles: Job creation lagging vs working-age population. Regional disparities (North-South divide). Skill development gap in AI, advanced manufacturing. Global Comparisons: China: Growth slowing (aging, high debt). US: Political polarization, debt >120% GDP. Germany/Japan: Aging population + dependence on trade. → India seen as most dynamic among top 5 economies. Global Implications Geo-economics: India as growth engine of Global South. Alternative to overdependence on China for global supply chains. Geo-politics: Larger role in G20, BRICS, WTO reform. Strengthens case for UNSC permanent membership. Viksit Bharat 2047 Vision: Second-largest economy by 2038 → aligns with India’s plan to become a developed nation by 2047. Key Takeaways India’s trajectory to $34.2 trillion GDP (PPP) by 2038 makes it No.2 globally. Drivers: demographics, reforms, savings, infra, digital, green energy. Risks: tariffs, global slowdowns, domestic unemployment. Strategy Needed: Diversify trade partners. Invest in education & skills. Push domestic demand + manufacturing. Sustainable fiscal & energy policies. Finance Ministry’s July 2025 Economic Review – US Tariff Impact Tariffs & Trade Tariff: Tax imposed on imports/exports → makes goods costlier, reduces competitiveness. Direct effect: Higher tariffs → costlier Indian exports in US → lower demand. Indirect/Secondary effect: Supply chain disruptions, reduced investment, job losses in export sectors. Tertiary effect: Slower growth in allied sectors (logistics, finance, services linked to exports). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Immediate Context US action: Extra 15–20% tariff, potential 50% tariff on some Indian exports (Aug 2025). Sectors exempted: Pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, consumer electronics → soften the blow. India’s exports to US: ~2% of GDP. Exposure subject to tariffs: ~12% of India’s GDP (after exemptions). Finance Ministry’s Key Observations Immediate impact limited, but: Secondary & tertiary effects could hurt exports, capital formation, investor confidence. Diversification Strategy: Recent FTAs: UK, EU. Ongoing negotiations: US, EU, New Zealand, Chile, Peru. Will take time to yield results. Government’s Approach: “Government & private sector acting in tandem” can minimise disruption. Tariffs seen as a temporary setback → opportunity to strengthen resilience. Global Credit Outlook: S&P upgraded India’s rating BB+ → BBB. Suggests India’s fundamentals are strong enough to absorb tariff shocks. Risks Identified Short-term risks: Export slowdown in high-value sectors (engineering goods, textiles, auto components). Reduced capital formation (investment hesitancy due to uncertainty). Medium-term risks: Supply chain disruptions. Loss of competitiveness vis-à-vis Vietnam, Bangladesh, ASEAN (who enjoy lower US tariffs). Long-term risks: Overdependence on US market (India’s largest trading partner). Risk of being caught in US–China geopolitical rivalry. Opportunities in Crisis Export Diversification: Shift to EU, UK, ASEAN, Africa, Latin America. Domestic Demand Push: Boosting “Make in India” for local consumption. Resilience-building: Policies to handle global shocks better (PLI, infra, digital push). Strategic Negotiation: Use tariff threat as leverage in India-US trade deal. Global & Domestic Context Global backdrop: Rising protectionism (US, EU), weakening WTO dispute settlement. India’s positioning: Dynamic among top 5 economies (growth ~6–6.5%). Strengthened fiscal & external fundamentals → buffer against shocks. Key Takeaways Direct hit limited: Only ~2% of GDP exposed directly. Secondary/tertiary risks matter: exports, investment, supply chains could slow. Mitigation: Diversification, policy agility, public-private cooperation. Big picture: India can turn tariff pressure into opportunity to push reforms, diversify trade, and accelerate domestic capacity-building. E-commerce Exports Policy Debate E-commerce Export Models Marketplace model (current dominant in India) Platform acts as an intermediary (Amazon, Flipkart, Meesho). Sellers own goods; platform facilitates sale. Suits MSMEs selling handicrafts, books, garments, jewellery (avg. value $25–$1,000). Inventory-led model (debated) Platform owns inventory → sells directly to consumers. Allows efficiency, scale, compliance ease. China’s success: $300 bn exports via inventory-led e-commerce. India currently restricts FDI in inventory-led B2C (to protect local traders & prevent monopolies). Relevance : GS 3(Export-Import) Current Context India’s e-commerce exports (2025): ~$5 billion only. Potential (GIRI think-tank): $350 billion by 2030 if reforms + ECEHs succeed. ECEHs (E-commerce Export Hubs): Announced in Union Budget → clusters for logistics, warehousing, packaging, customs clearances, MSME support. Stakeholder Positions MSMEs’ demand: Allow FDI in inventory-led model. Reduces compliance burden (taxes, customs, paperwork). Ensures better logistics, global competitiveness. Opposition groups (domestic traders, policy hawks): Fear of market concentration by giants (Amazon, Walmart, Alibaba). Threat to kirana shops & small sellers. Risk of predatory pricing, job losses in traditional retail. Government stance (so far): Exploring options but cautious due to political sensitivity (trader community = large voting bloc). Consultations ongoing with US firms, American-Indian retailers, MSME groups. Opportunities for India China model replication: From <$10 bn in early 2000s → $300 bn exports today. MSME integration into global value chains via digital platforms. Boost to “Vocal for Local” + “Atmanirbhar Bharat” → reach foreign markets. Potential growth driver: E-commerce exports could rival IT exports boom of early 2000s. Foreign investment inflow: Efficient inventory-led supply chains attract FDI. Risks & Challenges Market distortion: Few large platforms dominating → MSMEs may become dependent. Policy contradictions: Atma Nirbhar Bharat vs. heavy FDI inflows. Trader associations (CAIT) resistance. Infrastructure gaps: Customs, logistics, warehousing not yet fully digitized. Data concerns: Inventory-led models → control of consumer data by foreign giants. Political economy: Trader lobby’s clout may block reforms despite economic logic. Global Context China: Inventory-led e-commerce + logistics backbone → dominant in cross-border trade. US/EU: Hybrid models (marketplace + inventory). India lagging: Despite digital revolution (UPI, ONDC, GST), exports via e-commerce <1% of total merchandise exports. Way Forward Short-term: Operationalize ECEHs with single-window clearances, warehousing, packaging, payment solutions. Provide export credit + insurance to MSMEs selling online. Medium-term: Gradual opening to FDI in inventory-led model with safeguards (caps, domestic sourcing norms). Integrate MSMEs with ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce) for cross-border trade. Long-term: Build China-style logistics backbone (ports, bonded warehouses, digital customs). Target $350 bn e-commerce exports by 2030, aligning with “Viksit Bharat 2047” goals. Key Takeaways India’s e-commerce exports = $5 bn (2025) vs China’s $300 bn. Potential = $350 bn by 2030 if reforms + FDI allowed in inventory-led model. MSMEs demand easing compliance via inventory-led FDI, but strong opposition exists. Policy balance needed between boosting exports and protecting small domestic traders. India–US Tariff & Diplomatic Tensions Trade Relationship India–US trade (2024–25): Goods trade: ~$200 bn (US is India’s largest trading partner). Services trade: ~$65–70 bn (IT, consulting, digital services major contributors). India exports to US: ~2% of India’s GDP; exposure to tariffs (after exemptions) ≈ 12% of GDP exports. New tariffs (Aug 27, 2025): US imposed 50% tariffs on Indian goods (some exemptions → pharma, consumer electronics). Immediate effect limited, but secondary + tertiary effects (supply chains, investor sentiment, FDI flows) more worrying. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations), GS 3(Indian Economy) Diplomatic Context US Treasury Secretary Bessent: Called India–US relationship “complicated”. Stressed that Trump & Modi enjoy strong personal rapport. Assured that “end of the day, both countries will come together”. Donald Trump’s stance: Reiterated claims of brokering India–Pakistan ceasefire (May 2025), even suggesting he “prevented a nuclear conflict”. Threatened India with “tariffs so high your head will spin” if hostilities resumed. Highlights Trump’s transactional style → linking security issues (India–Pakistan) with trade deals. Indian Govt response: Commerce Ministry: “Communication lines open” with US; also engaging industry to soften tariff impact. Ongoing India–US FTA talks, but progress slow due to divergences (agriculture, digital trade, tariffs). Geopolitical Layer India–Pakistan angle: Trump claims → pressure diplomacy (“stop war or face tariffs”). India rejects external mediation, but acknowledges US influence in crisis de-escalation. Energy & Russia factor: US pushing India on Russian oil imports. India balancing → cheap Russian crude vs. avoiding sanctions. Visas & People-to-People ties: Parallel US debates: H-1B visas (DeSantis calling them a “scam”), green card reforms. Impacts ~1 million Indian professionals in US → politically sensitive. Domestic Implications for India Economic: Immediate tariff impact small (0.1% GDP hit). Risk of export diversification pressure → India needs FTAs with EU, UK, others. MSMEs & textile/handicraft exporters most affected. Political: Modi–Trump personal rapport may cushion fallout. But Trump’s rhetoric (“your head will spin”) plays into domestic political optics. Strategic: India cannot allow trade tensions to spill over into defense cooperation (Quad, Indo-Pacific strategy, defense tech transfers). Opportunities for India Negotiating leverage: India can offer tariff reductions on US agri/energy imports in exchange for easing tariffs. Diversification: Boosting trade with EU, UK (FTAs signed), ASEAN, Africa to reduce overdependence on US. Reforms push: Tariff shock can accelerate domestic reforms (logistics, ease of doing business, MSME digitization). Risks & Challenges Transactional Trump: Uses tariffs as foreign policy tool → creates uncertainty. Domestic US politics: H-1B crackdown, election year rhetoric can harden stance on India. Geopolitical linkage: US tying India–Pakistan conflict to trade concessions complicates India’s diplomatic space. Investor sentiment: Long-term US tariffs could discourage US FDI in Indian manufacturing. Big Picture India–US ties = multi-dimensional (trade, defense, people-to-people, Indo-Pacific security). Current tensions underline the need for: Redrawing India’s trade “red lines” (per Editorial note). Accelerating domestic reforms (infrastructure, MSMEs, e-commerce exports). Strategic hedging: Balancing US pressure with alternative markets (EU, ASEAN, BRICS). Key Takeaways India–US trade conflict (2025) = economic + political + geopolitical mix. Tariff impact modest on GDP, but secondary effects → riskier (exports, FDI, supply chains). Trump’s rhetoric links security (India–Pak conflict) with trade concessions, complicating matters. India must use this pressure as an opportunity to diversify trade & accelerate reforms, while safeguarding strategic ties with the US. ISRO’s Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) & Gaganyaan Roadmap What is IADT? Definition: An experimental test to validate the parachute-based deceleration system that slows down and safely lands the Gaganyaan crew module after atmospheric reentry. How conducted (Aug 24, 2025): 4.8–5 tonne dummy crew capsules dropped from 3 km altitude using an Indian Air Force Chinook helicopter. Parachutes deployed in sequence (pilot chute → drogue chute → three main chutes of 25 m each). Aim: Ensure safe splashdown in sea conditions within 8 m tolerance. Purpose: Replicate the last and most critical stage of a human spaceflight — safe recovery of astronauts. Relevance : GS 3(Space ) Agencies Involved ISRO: Lead agency, developing human-rated systems. IAF (Indian Air Force): Provided Chinook helicopter. DRDO labs: DMRL: Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory → heat-shield & structural materials. LRDE: Electronics & avionics for parachute and health monitoring. Navy & Coast Guard: Recovery readiness in case of failures or emergencies. Why Multiple Tests are Needed Human spaceflight demands 99.9%+ reliability (vs ~90–95% for robotic missions). Tests ensure redundancy & safety under all possible failures: Crew Escape System (CES) – abort during launch. Air-drop tests – safe parachute deployment. Pad abort & in-flight abort tests – already demonstrated in 2018 & 2023. Uncrewed Gaganyaan missions (G1, G2) before actual astronauts. Hundreds of subsystem tests (ECLS, IVHMS, escape motors, composites) → certification before human flight. Preparations for Gaganyaan Mission goal: Send 3 astronauts to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for 3 days (~400 km altitude). Launcher: Human-rated LVM3 (GSLV Mk-III) rocket. Milestones: TV-D1 (Oct 2023) → CES pad abort success. TV-D2 (Dec 2023) → helicopter abort test. TV-D3 (2024) → multiple abort scenarios. G1 (Apr 2024) → first uncrewed orbital flight with Vyommitra humanoid robot. Crewed H1 mission → post-2025 after full validation. India’s Long-Term Spaceflight Roadmap Not just Gaganyaan → foundation for broader human space program. Key milestones announced: Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) in Low Earth Orbit by 2035. Crewed lunar landing by 2040. Technologies needed: Reusable launch vehicles. Advanced life-support & environmental systems. Deep-space propulsion & radiation protection. Habitability modules for orbital stations. Strategic & Economic Significance Prestige: India joins elite club (US, Russia, China) in human spaceflight. Technology spin-offs: Materials science, robotics, AI, avionics, composites, life-support tech. Geopolitical leverage: Space diplomacy → collaborations with NASA, ESA, JAXA, Roscosmos. Economic multiplier: Indigenous tech fosters aerospace, defense, MSME ecosystem. Challenges Cost: Gaganyaan budget ~₹9,000–10,000 crore (excluding BAS & lunar mission). Safety: Astronaut life-risk → zero margin of error. Delays: Pandemic, supply chain disruptions, and technology development slowed timelines (original crewed flight target: 2022, now ~2025–26). Capability gap: Human-rating rockets, radiation shielding, long-duration life support still under development. Big Picture IADT success = critical milestone → validates safe astronaut recovery. Gaganyaan = stepping stone → India’s roadmap is about sustained human presence in space, not just one-off missions. Aligns with “Viksit Bharat @2047” vision: tech leadership, self-reliance, and space power status.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 August 2025

Content Nari Shakti se Viksit Bharat: Women Leading India’s Economic Transformation Story GeM Surpasses ₹15 Lakh Crore in Cumulative GMV Since Inception Nari Shakti se Viksit Bharat: Women Leading India’s Economic Transformation Story Why Women’s Economic Empowerment Matters Demographic Dividend: India’s large young population requires full utilization of both male and female workforce potential. Multiplier Effect: Higher female labor force participation (FLFP) boosts household income, reduces poverty, and raises GDP. UN SDGs Linkage: Women empowerment is central to SDG 5 (Gender Equality), but also accelerates SDGs on poverty, health, education, and economic growth. Global Context: World Bank estimates that closing gender gaps in labor markets could increase global GDP by $5–6 trillion. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice , Governance)   Current Progress: Data from PLFS, EPFO, and Other Sources Workforce Participation Rate (WPR): 2017-18 → 22% 2023-24 → 40.3% Nearly doubled in 6 years. Female Unemployment Rate (UR): 2017-18 → 5.6% 2023-24 → 3.2% Shows stronger job absorption. Rural vs Urban Trends: Rural: 96% rise in female employment. Urban: 43% growth. Education & Employability: Employability of female graduates → 42% (2013) to 47.5% (2024). Postgraduate women WPR → 34.5% (2017-18) to 40% (2023-24). Formal Workforce Expansion: 1.56 crore women added to formal jobs (EPFO payroll). 16.69 crore women registered on e-Shram (unorganized workers).   Women-Led Development: Policy & Institutional Push From Welfare to Entrepreneurship: Shift from “women development” to “women-led development” under Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. Gender Budgeting: 2013-14 → ₹0.85 lakh crore 2025-26 → ₹4.49 lakh crore (↑ 429%). Schemes Supporting Women: 70 Central schemes, 400+ State-level schemes. Examples: NRLM, Startup India, Mudra Yojana, SVANidhi, Drone Didi, Lakhpati Didi. Women in Entrepreneurship & Business Startups: Nearly 50% DPIIT-registered startups (74,410/1.54 lakh) have a woman director. Mudra Yojana: Women received 68% of total loans (35.38 crore loans worth ₹14.72 lakh crore). PM SVANidhi: 44% beneficiaries are women vendors. MSMEs: Women-owned proprietary establishments → 17.4% (2010-11) to 26.2% (2023-24). Number of women-led MSMEs doubled → 1 crore (2010-11) to 1.92 crore (2023-24). Generated 89 lakh jobs for women (FY21–FY23). Structural Drivers of Change Education & Skill Development: Better female literacy (77% in 2022-23) and access to higher education. Digital & Financial Inclusion: Jan Dhan accounts: 56% women account holders. UPI adoption by women entrepreneurs. Social Norms & Aspirations: Cultural acceptance of women in business and non-traditional roles is rising. Political Support: Women-centric electoral promises, enhanced reservation in local bodies, and policy emphasis on Nari Shakti. Challenges & Gaps Regional Disparities: Female LFPR remains low in certain states (e.g., Bihar, UP). Quality of Jobs: Much of the rise is in agriculture and informal services; wage parity remains an issue. Workplace Barriers: Safety concerns, lack of childcare, and gender stereotypes limit participation. STEM & Leadership Gaps: Women underrepresented in tech, higher management, and policymaking roles. Unpaid Care Work: Women continue to bear disproportionate household responsibilities. Global Benchmarking India’s FLFP (2023-24): ~40% (sharp rise, but still below global avg. of ~47%). OECD Countries: Often above 55-60%. China & Bangladesh: Higher female participation historically, but India catching up post-2018 reforms. Future Outlook: Towards Viksit Bharat 2047 Target: 70% female workforce participation by 2047. Pillars for Next Stage: Expanding formal sector absorption. Deepening women’s role in startups, tech, and green jobs. Removing wage & leadership gaps. Scaling financial inclusion beyond micro-credit. Stronger care economy support (childcare, maternity benefits). Significance for India’s Transformation Economic Impact: McKinsey estimates adding $770 billion to India’s GDP by 2025 with gender parity in labor force. Social Impact: Reduces poverty, improves nutrition, education, and intergenerational mobility. Strategic Impact: Women-led growth strengthens India’s global image as an inclusive democracy. GeM Surpasses ₹15 Lakh Crore in Cumulative GMV Since Inception What is GeM? Launched: August 9, 2016, by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry. Purpose: Unified online marketplace for government procurement of goods and services. Nature: Paperless, cashless, contactless platform using technology to remove intermediaries. Scale (2025): 70,000+ buyer organizations. Over 65 lakh sellers/service providers. 11,000+ product categories and 320+ service categories. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Importance of Public Procurement in India Public procurement = 20–25% of India’s GDP (World Bank). Traditionally faced issues: corruption, cartelization, delays, lack of vendor diversity. GeM solves this via: Real-time price discovery & reverse e-auctioning. Direct govt-to-vendor contracts (removes middlemen). Integrated payment systems with PFMS (Public Financial Management System). Milestone Achievement – ₹15 Lakh Crore GMV (2025) Gross Merchandise Value (GMV): Cumulative value of goods/services sold. Achievement: ₹15 lakh crore in 9 years (2016–2025). Annual GMV acceleration: ₹1 lakh crore in 2019–20. ₹2.5 lakh crore in 2021–22. ₹4 lakh crore in 2022–23. ₹6.2 lakh crore in 2023–24. Key Features Driving Success Inclusivity: ~57% of registered sellers are MSEs. Over 12 lakh women entrepreneurs registered. 1.5 lakh+ SC/ST entrepreneurs onboarded. Ease of Doing Business: End-to-end online registration, e-bidding, 100% digital payments. Transparency: Price comparison, contract history, no human discretion in bidding. Innovation: AI-driven analytics for demand forecasting; pilots with blockchain for contract security. Integration: Linked with Aadhaar, Udyam, GSTN, PAN databases for vendor validation. Socio-Economic Impact Savings for Government: Estimated 9–10% cost reduction vs traditional procurement (CAG reports). Support for MSEs: Over 50% of total order value goes to MSEs. Women & Marginalized Vendors: 12% of procurement earmarked for women-led & SC/ST enterprises. SHGs in states like UP, Bihar, and MP sell handicrafts, textiles, agri-products. Employment & Innovation: Strengthened rural entrepreneurship by connecting SHGs. Startups gain direct market access (Startup India–GeM integration). Policy & Governance Significance Digital India Alignment: End-to-end online procurement supports e-Governance. Atmanirbhar Bharat Push: Preference to Make in India suppliers; over 75% of orders are domestic. Fiscal Accountability: Integrated with PFMS → reduces payment delays & leakages. Viksit Bharat Vision (2047): Move towards a fully digital, transparent, inclusive procurement ecosystem. Challenges Ahead Regional disparities: Seller concentration in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka; weaker presence in NE states & rural belts. Digital Divide: Limited internet access & literacy among SHGs/rural MSEs. Quality Control: Ensuring inclusivity while maintaining quality standards. Cybersecurity Risks: Fraud, phishing, fake vendors. Training Gap: Many local bodies, Gram Panchayats, and small vendors lack digital procurement training. Way Forward Expand Onboarding: Focus on SHGs, women, rural entrepreneurs. Deepen Tech Use: AI for fraud detection, predictive procurement; Blockchain for contract integrity. Green Procurement: Prioritize eco-friendly goods/services (Net Zero 2070 goal). Global Outreach: Position GeM as a DPI model for developing nations (like UPI). Capacity Building: Training programs for govt officials & rural vendors. Strategic Significance Economic: Streamlines procurement worth ₹15 lakh crore+, freeing fiscal space for welfare schemes. Social: Empowers women, SHGs, SC/ST enterprises by integrating them into govt business. Governance: Reduces corruption & leakages, enhances trust in state systems. Global Image: Along with UPI, CoWIN, Aadhaar → GeM strengthens India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) profile.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 August 2025

Content The dangerous wiring together of a ‘conspiracy’ India–Japan ties — Old Partners, New Priorities The dangerous wiring together of a ‘conspiracy’ Context of the Case Trigger: FIR filed (May 9, 2025, Guwahati) against journalists Karan Thapar and Siddharth Varadarajan for allegedly undermining national security through interviews/articles published in The Wire. Legal Provision Invoked: Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, which criminalises acts endangering the “sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.” Judicial Intervention: Supreme Court ordered no coercive action (August 2025) but investigation continues. Significance: Seen as a re-emergence of sedition in a new form despite its formal repeal. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Fundamental Rights) Practice Question : The repeal of sedition law was hailed as a progressive step, yet Section 152 of the BNS risks reintroducing it in another form. Discuss with reference to constitutional morality, rule of law, and democratic accountability.(250 Words) Legal and Constitutional Framework Freedom of Press: Rooted in Article 19(1)(a) – freedom of speech & expression. Recognised explicitly in Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras (1950, SC Constitution Bench). Restrictions: Article 19(2) – reasonable restrictions on grounds like sovereignty, integrity, public order, security of the State. Sedition Law History: IPC Section 124A (colonial sedition law) struck down in 2022–23 review process; not included in BNS. Section 152 BNS introduced instead – broader wording, covering “subversive activities” & “encouraging separatist feelings.” Judicial Standards: In Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar (1962), SC held only speech inciting violence or armed rebellion qualifies as sedition. By analogy, mere dissent or criticism should not fall under Section 152 BNS. Key Issues Raised by Justice Lokur (a) Nature of Section 152 – “Sedition in Sheep’s Clothing” Though sedition is gone, Section 152 has similar scope with vaguer language. Punishment includes life imprisonment → high potential for misuse. “Endangering sovereignty/integrity” can be misinterpreted to target dissent, unlike earlier sedition’s defined threshold. (b) Chilling / Freezing Effect on Free Speech Journalists may self-censor to avoid FIRs. Even TV panelists or critics risk charges if their speech is misinterpreted as undermining sovereignty. National security becomes a catch-all excuse to silence criticism. (c) Process as Punishment Summons in distant states (e.g., Guwahati) impose: Financial costs (travel, lawyers, stay). Time burden with repeated hearings. Harassment without accountability of police officers. Alternative like video-conferencing questioning exists, but not adopted. (d) Police Arbitrariness & Impunity Violation of SC’s Youth Bar Association of India (2016) ruling → accused must get FIR copy. Journalists tried to obtain FIR but were denied; Magistrate too had no copy. Raises questions of rule of law, state accountability, and judicial oversight. Wider Implications For Democracy & Press Freedom: Creates a “freezing effect” worse than the chilling effect of sedition. Undermines watchdog role of media, core to constitutional democracy. For Federalism & Policing: Journalists in Delhi summoned to Assam → raises forum shopping concerns. State police can harass individuals across India without safeguards. For Rule of Law & Accountability: Police act without following SC-mandated safeguards. Lack of accountability jurisprudence → innocents spend years in jail (as in Mumbai wrongful incarceration example). For Separation of Powers: Judiciary’s cautious interim relief (no coercive action) helps, but systemic misuse continues until a Constitution Bench reviews Section 152. Comparative Perspective UK & USA: Sedition laws repealed decades ago; only actual incitement to violence punishable. India: Repeal of sedition hailed as progressive, but Section 152 risks becoming “new sedition” with broader misuse potential. Challenges Identified Vague and broad wording of Section 152 → scope for arbitrary application. Over-criminalisation of dissent under the garb of national security. Lack of police accountability → harassment via summons. Inaccessibility of justice → high litigation costs discourage ordinary citizens. Way Forward (Justice Lokur’s Implied Suggestions) Legal Review: Constitution Bench must test constitutionality of Section 152. Safeguards: Clear guidelines limiting application to actual secessionist/violent acts. Procedural Reform: Ensure FIR copies provided immediately. Mandate video-conferencing for questioning. Accountability: State should bear costs of summoning accused across states. Democratic Culture: Protect critical journalism as part of democratic checks & balances. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. India–Japan ties — Old Partners, New Priorities Historical Background of India–Japan Relations Cultural ties: Buddhism was the earliest link (6th century onwards). Diplomatic relations: Established in 1952 after the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Japan’s role post-1991 reforms: Became one of the first major investors when India liberalised its economy. 2000s onwards: 2000 – “Global Partnership” announced. 2006 – Elevated to “Strategic and Global Partnership”. 2008 – “Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation” (only 2nd country after Australia). 2014 – Modi & Abe elevated ties to “Special Strategic and Global Partnership”. Common outlook: Both democracies, maritime nations, wary of China’s rise. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Evaluate the significance of Japan’s long-term investment and strategic commitments to India in shaping the Indo-Pacific order. How does this balance India’s relations with China and the United States?(250 Words) Current Economic Engagement Japan’s Investment Pledge (2025): ¥10 trillion (~$68 billion) over 10 years → One of the largest Japanese overseas commitments. Focus: Infrastructure, clean energy, manufacturing, semiconductors, and digital technologies. Ongoing Projects: Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train: Shinkansen E10 technology; Japan funding ~80% via soft loans. Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) and other industrial zones. Trade: Bilateral trade 2023–24: ~$22 billion (India exports $6.4B; imports $15.6B). Japan = India’s 5th largest source of FDI (~$38B cumulative till 2024). Technology: Expanding cooperation in AI, startups, green hydrogen, and digital innovation. Security & Strategic Cooperation Defence Cooperation: 2008 security pact being updated to address new realities. Regular 2+2 dialogues (Defence + Foreign Ministers). Joint exercises: JIMEX (naval), Dharma Guardian (army), and participation in Malabar (Quad naval exercise). Economic Security Initiative (2025): Cooperation in semiconductors, critical minerals, pharma supply chains, clean energy. Aimed at reducing dependence on China-dominated supply chains. Indo-Pacific Vision: Both advocate Free, Open, Rules-based Indo-Pacific (FOIP). Maritime cooperation in South China Sea, Indian Ocean, and under Quad. Geopolitical Context of 2025 Visit China Factor: India–China ties still tense post-Galwan (2020), but limited thaw (trade facilitation, resumed flights, visas). Modi’s parallel visit to China (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) shows strategic balancing. U.S. Factor (Trump 2.0): U.S. reliability questioned due to erratic foreign policy, weakening of Quad commitment. India seeks strategic autonomy — deepening Japan ties cushions against U.S. unpredictability. Quad’s Uncertainty: Japan, India, Australia want continuity; U.S. disengagement threatens Quad’s operational credibility. Political & Diplomatic Messaging Japan as Anchor Partner: Unlike U.S. (unpredictable) and China (competitive, mistrust), Japan offers consistency, resources, and shared democratic values. India’s Flexibility: Engaging China for stability, Japan for strategic depth, U.S. despite unpredictability. Shows “multi-alignment” strategy without compromising on Indo-Pacific clarity. Signal to Region: India is deepening ties with like-minded democracies (Japan, Australia) while keeping open dialogue with rivals. Enhances India’s image as an independent pole in multipolar Asia. Challenges in the Relationship Implementation delays: Bullet Train project faces land acquisition hurdles. Trade imbalance: India imports 2.5x more from Japan than it exports. Japan’s domestic constraints: Ageing population, slow growth may limit overseas commitments. Geopolitical risks: China’s pushback against Indo-Pacific cooperation and Quad. Future Prospects Economic: Strengthening supply chains (semiconductors, EVs, green hydrogen, digital infra). Strategic: Closer defence-industrial cooperation; more joint exercises. Regional Role: Co-lead Indo-Pacific initiatives in Southeast Asia and Indian Ocean. Support for capacity building in Africa (third-country cooperation). Global Governance: Japan’s support for India’s UNSC permanent seat bid. Collaboration in G20, Quad, and climate forums. Strategic Significance For India: Reliable economic and security partner amidst U.S. unpredictability and Chinese rivalry. Key to Make in India, Digital India, and Atmanirbhar Bharat. For Japan: India as growth market + counterweight to China in Asia. Partner for securing critical supply chains. For Indo-Pacific: India–Japan axis forms the most stable leg of the Quad. Reinforces democratic values, maritime security, and rule of law.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 August 2025

Content SC asks Union govt. to draw up rules on social media conduct India, Fiji call for open Indo-Pacific region, agree to deepen defence ties Stealth frigates Udaygiri, Himgiri to join Navy today Like other relics, India’s fossils are at high risk of being sold abroad About 30% of MPs and MLAs face serious criminal cases What does the new online gaming Act outline? Videshi in One’s Own Country: India’s Internal Diasporas SC asks Union govt. to draw up rules on social media conduct   Basics Free Speech (Article 19(1)(a), Constitution of India): Fundamental right but not absolute. Reasonable Restrictions (Article 19(2)): Speech can be regulated in the interest of decency, morality, public order, defamation, etc. Case Context: Comedians faced complaints for insensitive jokes about persons with disabilities. Petition filed by an NGO (SMA Cure Foundation). Question before SC: How to balance freedom of expression with dignity of vulnerable groups in a diverse society. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Constitution ) Supreme Court Observations Commercialisation of Free Speech: Social media influencers use speech for profit; such speech can amplify harm. Impact on Communities: Speech must respect dignity of persons with disabilities, women, children, senior citizens, and minorities. On Humour: Recognised humour’s value, but cautioned that levity should not cross into hurtful stereotyping. Main Concern: Insensitive jokes undermine the constitutional goal of inclusion for disabled persons. On Guidelines: Need clear rules with specific and proportionate consequences for violations. Guidelines must draw a line between free speech vs. prohibited/hurtful speech. Consequences must not be “empty formalities.” Government’s Position (Attorney-General R. Venkataramani) Objective: Focus on sensitisation of social media users, not censorship. Accountability: Violators must take responsibility. Observation: Many online blogs/podcasts “feed egos” rather than serve public good. Legal Classification of Speech (as noted by SC) Free Speech – protected expression. Commercial Speech – profit-oriented, subject to regulation. Prohibited Speech – unlawful (hate speech, obscenity, etc.). Overlap Concern: Online comedy shows and influencer content often blend commercial and potentially prohibited speech. Wider Issues Highlighted Influence of Social Media: What influencers say shapes attitudes of an entire generation. Dignity vs. Expression: Vulnerable groups risk mockery, reinforcing exclusion. Precedent Risk: Today disability, tomorrow jokes on women/children/elders → slippery slope of insensitivity. Directions by Court Comedians asked to tender unconditional apology through their shows. Centre asked to frame social media guidelines in consultation with stakeholders (National Broadcasters and Digital Association). Case listed again in November 2024. Comprehensive Analysis Constitutional Balance: Court is not curtailing free speech but seeking a balance with Article 21 (Right to Life with Dignity). Evolving Jurisprudence: Expands interpretation of restrictions on speech in digital age. Treats influencers as responsible public figures, not private speakers. Policy Implications: Rules may cover podcasts, comedy shows, reels, stand-ups with commercial intent. Likely to emphasise sensitisation, grievance redressal, proportionate penalties. Global Parallels: EU’s Digital Services Act (2022): accountability of online platforms for harmful content. U.S.: Free speech absolute but limited by hate speech jurisprudence in practice. India is moving towards a hybrid model: protect speech but curb offensive, discriminatory content. Way Forward Guideline Formation: Involve civil society, disability rights groups, digital platforms. Sensitisation Campaigns: Make influencers ambassadors of inclusion. Stronger Grievance Redressal: Quick complaint resolution on platforms. Graduated Penalties: Apology → Fines → De-platforming for repeated violations. Judicial Oversight: SC ensures rules don’t become tools for censorship. India, Fiji call for open Indo-Pacific region, agree to deepen defence ties   Basics Indo-Pacific Region: Geopolitical concept spanning the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Central to global trade, maritime security, and strategic competition (notably India–China–US dynamics). Fiji’s Position: An island nation in the South Pacific. Strategically located within the “Blue Pacific Continent,” often seen as a gateway to Pacific island states. India–Fiji Relations: Historical ties through Indian diaspora in Fiji (approx. 40% of Fiji’s population). Enhanced defence ties since 2017 Defence Cooperation MoU. Member of the Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Announcements during Rabuka’s Visit (2024) Defence Cooperation: Training & equipment support for Fiji’s maritime security. Capacity building for Fijian armed forces. Cooperation on UN peacekeeping, military medicine, and White Shipping Information Exchange. Planned Indian naval ship port call to Fiji for enhanced interoperability. Two ambulances gifted to Fiji’s military; Defence Wing to open at India’s High Commission in Suva. Strategic Statements: Both countries reaffirmed support for a “free, open, inclusive, secure, and prosperous Indo-Pacific”. India sees Fiji as a hub in its Pacific outreach. Implicit balancing of China’s growing influence in Pacific islands (notably naval base concerns). Other MoUs Signed: Super-specialty hospital in Fiji. Migration & mobility agreement. Cybersecurity cooperation, including a new training cell in Fiji. Strengthening counter-terrorism cooperation. Strategic Significance For India: Expands India’s strategic footprint in the Pacific islands. Strengthens FIPIC and Act East + Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). Counters China’s attempts to gain military bases and leverage over Pacific states. Enhances India’s image as a development partner and security provider. For Fiji: Gains military, maritime, and cyber capacity-building support. Protects its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and maritime resources. Diversifies security partnerships beyond China. Benefits from Indian aid in health, mobility, and counter-terrorism cooperation. For Indo-Pacific: Strengthens the principle of open seas, freedom of navigation, and rules-based order. Reinforces coalition-building among like-minded states (India, Fiji, Japan, Australia, US). Highlights role of smaller island nations as pivotal players in regional security. Underlying Geopolitics Fiji’s PM Sitiveni Rabuka has earlier opposed China’s naval base plans in the Pacific islands. Joint India–Fiji statement subtly signals alignment with Quad principles. India balances soft power (diaspora, hospital, training) with hard power (naval visits, defence cooperation). Fiji leverages partnerships to avoid strategic overdependence on China. Stealth frigates Udaygiri, Himgiri to join Navy today Basics What are frigates? Medium-sized warships, versatile for escort, patrol, anti-submarine, and surface warfare roles. Crucial for maintaining maritime security and projecting naval power. Project 17A: Follow-on of the Project 17 (Shivalik-class) stealth frigates. Envisages 7 stealth frigates, designed by the Warship Design Bureau (WDB). Key focus: stealth features, modular construction, advanced sensors and weapons, and high indigenous content. Shipbuilders involved: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. (MDL), Mumbai – builder of Udaygiri. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata – builder of Himgiri. Relevance : GS 3(Defence , Internal Security) Key Highlights of Commissioning First-ever simultaneous commissioning of two frontline warships built at different shipyards. Udaygiri is the 100th vessel designed by WDB, marking 50 years of indigenous design capability. Udaygiri was delivered faster due to modular construction techniques. Names Udaygiri and Himgiri revive the legacy of earlier Indian Navy warships. Both join the Eastern Fleet, enhancing presence in the Indian Ocean. Technical Features Stealth Capabilities: Reduced radar, infrared, acoustic, and magnetic signatures. Propulsion: Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) system. Combat Systems: Advanced weaponry and modern sensor suite for anti-air, anti-surface, and anti-submarine warfare. Automation: Integrated Platform Management System for efficient operations. Indigenisation: ~75% indigenous content, including Indian-made weapons and sensors, supported by MSMEs. Strategic Significance Blue-Water Navy Expansion: Capable of sustained operations in distant waters, bolstering India’s regional and global maritime role. Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Strengthens India’s indigenous defence manufacturing ecosystem. Inter-Yard Collaboration: Demonstrates coordination between MDL and GRSE, a milestone in India’s shipbuilding sector. Force Multiplier: Enhances India’s ability to safeguard Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) and counter maritime threats in the Indian Ocean. Symbolic Continuity: Heritage revival through warship names reflects India’s naval traditions. Like other relics, India’s fossils are at high risk of being sold abroad What are Fossils? Definition: Preserved remains, impressions, or traces of ancient life forms (plants, animals, microorganisms). Age criteria: Must be at least 10,000 years old to be considered a fossil. Types: Body fossils (bones, shells), trace fossils (footprints, burrows), plant fossils. Scientific importance: Reconstruct Earth’s history. Help study evolution, paleo-climate, geology. Provide evidence of extinct species. Relevance : GS 1(Heritage) , GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Science) Fossil Richness in India Geological context: India split from Gondwanaland (~150 million years ago). Isolated for ~90 million years → unique biodiversity. Collision with Asia (~50–60 million years ago) → emergence of new species (ancestral horses, whales). Important fossil records: Dinosaurs (Jabalpur, Balasinor, Kutch). Earliest plant fossils. Human ancestors’ skulls. Whale ancestor Indohyus (M.P.). Recently discovered Vasuki indicus (giant snake, ~47 million years old, ~15m length). Global Context & Commercialisation Fossil trade abroad: Ammonites sold in Paris shops. Dinosaur fossils sold in auctions. July 2024: Sotheby’s sold a Stegosaurus fossil for $44.6 million (record). Private collectors: 71 important T. rex fossils in private hands vs. 61 in public institutions (U.S. data, 2024). Celebrities (Nicolas Cage, Leonardo DiCaprio) and billionaires actively purchase fossils. Heritage risk: Fossils becoming luxury commodities rather than scientific specimens. India’s Situation Challenges: No dedicated national fossil repository (a draft plan exists but stalled). No clear legal framework to regulate extraction, trade, or preservation. Risk of theft, vandalism, or sale in black markets. Examples: Buddhist relics (1898, UP) nearly auctioned abroad in 2025 → Govt intervention stopped sale. Fossils like dinosaur eggs stolen from Mandav museum (M.P.). Private collections (e.g., Ranga Rao–Obergfell Trust) contain unsorted and unstudied fossils, some kept in homes and gardens. Custodianship & Individual Efforts Palaeontologists: Sunil Bajpai (IIT-Roorkee) → discovered Vasuki indicus. Ashok Sahni → veteran palaeontologist highlighting theft issues. Amateurs & enthusiasts: Vishal Verma (schoolteacher, M.P.) rescues fossils from riverbeds and hills. Deposited some finds in govt museums but faced theft and poor protection. Issue: Individual efforts cannot substitute institutional frameworks. Risks of Fossil Loss Scientific loss: Once fossils are destroyed or sold abroad, they are lost to science. Weakens India’s contribution to global evolutionary studies. Cultural loss: Fossils are part of natural heritage, akin to monuments. Economic loss: Fossils could enrich geotourism and museums. Their illegal trade denies India potential cultural economy benefits. Policy & Legal Gaps India: Archaeological Survey of India protects monuments but fossils are largely outside its ambit. No comprehensive legislation for fossil protection (unlike antiquities, monuments, or wildlife). Abroad: U.S., China, and Europe → stricter fossil export laws + public repositories. India’s Draft Plan: Proposal for a National Fossil Repository (still not implemented). Way Forward Legal framework: Enact a National Fossil Protection Act to regulate excavation, storage, and trade. Classify fossils as national heritage objects, akin to antiquities. Institutional measures: Establish a National Fossil Repository & Museum Network. Fast-track cataloguing of existing private collections (e.g., Ranga Rao collection). Capacity building: Strengthen training in palaeontology at universities. Fund fossil excavation and preservation projects. Public participation: Encourage citizen science (schoolteachers, local communities) with safeguards. Awareness campaigns on fossil importance. Security measures: Prevent thefts via digital cataloguing, museum security, legal export bans. About 30% of MPs and MLAs face serious criminal cases What are “Serious Criminal Charges”? Definition: Offences punishable with 5 years or more imprisonment, OR Non-bailable offences. Examples: Murder, rape, kidnapping, corruption, extortion, rioting, etc. Declared in self-sworn affidavits filed by candidates to the Election Commission (mandatory since Supreme Court ruling in ADR vs Union of India, 2002). Relevance : GS 2(Democracy , Constitution ,Polity) National Trends Lok Sabha (2009–2024): 2009 → 14% MPs with serious criminal cases. 2024 → 31% MPs with serious criminal cases (more than doubled). State Assemblies (2024): 29% MLAs face serious criminal charges (~1,200 MLAs). Indicates a rising criminalisation of politics. State-Wise Analysis MPs (2024): Telangana → Highest share (71%). Bihar → 48%. Uttar Pradesh → Highest absolute number (34 MPs). MLAs (2024): Andhra Pradesh → Highest share (56%). Telangana → 50%. Uttar Pradesh → Highest absolute number (154 MLAs, 38% of total). Why does this happen? Electoral factors: Candidates with muscle and money power have higher winnability. Voters sometimes prefer such candidates for “protection” or local influence. Legal loopholes: Conviction (not charges) leads to disqualification (Representation of People Act, 1951). Cases drag for years; candidates contest despite multiple charges. Party incentives: Parties prioritise “winnability” over criminal record. Criminals often fund their own campaigns. Weak enforcement: Poor police/judicial capacity → cases pending for decades. Consequences Democratic credibility: Declining public faith in institutions. Governance impact: Policy-making influenced by vested interests. Rule of law weakened: Lawmakers themselves accused of serious offences. Institutional capture: Politicians influence police, bureaucracy, and judiciary to delay/derail cases. Social fabric: Criminalisation linked with rise in violence, caste/communal politics. Judicial & Institutional Responses Supreme Court directives: 2013 Lily Thomas case: Convicted legislators disqualified immediately. 2014 SC: Ordered EC to collect affidavits on criminal, financial, educational background. 2020 SC: Ordered parties to publish reasons for giving tickets to candidates with criminal cases (not just winnability). Election Commission efforts: Voter awareness campaigns (NOTA, background disclosures). But limited powers to reject nominations. Parliamentary inaction: No comprehensive law passed to debar charge-sheeted candidates (Law Commission 244th Report, 2014 had recommended this). Way Forward Legal reforms: Amend RPA, 1951 to bar candidates with serious charges (framed by court, not just FIRs). Fast-track courts for speedy disposal of cases against politicians. Electoral reforms: State funding of elections to reduce dependence on money-criminal nexus. Stricter scrutiny of party candidate selection. Judicial reforms: De-clog criminal justice system → quick trial and conviction/acquittal. Political will: Parties must self-regulate by denying tickets to tainted candidates. Public pressure: Civil society + media vigilance. Voter awareness campaigns against criminal candidates. What does the new online gaming Act outline? What is Online Gaming? Definition: Any game played on an electronic/digital device, operated via internet-based software. Three Segments (as per the Act): E-sports → Competitive skill-based games, recognised under National Sports Governance Act, 2025 (e.g., Call of Duty, Grand Theft Auto). Social Gaming → Recreational/educational games with no financial stakes. Govt can promote these under Section 4. Real Money Games (RMGs) → Games played with payment/fee, with expectation of monetary reward or convertible stakes (tokens, coins, credits). Examples: Rummy, Poker, Fantasy Cricket, Ludo variants. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance) Why was the Bill introduced? User protection: Govt data → Indians losing ~₹15,000 crore annually on RMGs. WHO findings: RMGs linked to compulsive behaviour, psychological distress, financial hardship, family disruption. Social harms: 32 suicide cases (Karnataka, 31 months) linked to gaming addiction. Financial crimes & frauds: ₹2,000 crore tax evasion (Financial Intelligence Report, 2022). ₹30,000 crore GST evasion (Govt reports). ED case → Chinese app FIEWIN defrauded Indians of ₹400 crore. Parliamentary Panel (2023) → Gaming portals linked to terror funding. Opaque business models: Manipulative algorithms, use of bots, offshore operations bypassing domestic laws. Key Provisions of the Act Ban on RMGs & their advertisements. Penalties: Offering RMGs / fund transactions → Up to 3 years’ imprisonment, fine up to ₹1 crore, or both. Unlawful advertisements → Up to 2 years’ imprisonment, fine up to ₹50 lakh, or both. Offences under BNSS, 2023 → Cognisable & non-bailable. CERT-IN role: Empowered to block/disable apps; Interpol may be roped in for offshore violators. No penal action against players (only operators targeted). Budget allocation: From Consolidated Fund of India for promoting social gaming. Regulatory Authority: Central Govt to set up a body for recognition, categorisation, and registration of online games. Regulation vs Federal Structure Constitutional context: Entry 34 & 62, State List (Seventh Schedule) → States have jurisdiction over betting and gambling regulation/taxation. Past state-level actions: Telangana (2017) → Ban on all online gaming. Andhra Pradesh (2020) → Ban on online gambling. Tamil Nadu (2022) → Ban on Poker, Rummy. Centre’s intervention: Uniform regulation across India, citing financial fraud, money laundering, and digital security. Economic & Industry Concerns Industry estimate: Ban may affect 2 lakh jobs across 400+ companies. GST issues: 2023 → 28% GST imposed on full deposit/entry fee (not just platform commission). Gaming firms → Claim retrospective taxation unfair, as their platforms are “skill-based”. Supreme Court stay (2024–25) → On notices issued for GST dues; verdict pending. Judicial Standpoints Skill vs chance debate: SC earlier → Games like Rummy and Fantasy Sports involve substantial skill, not gambling. Current Act → Treats all RMGs alike (no distinction skill/chance). Possible constitutional challenge: Critics argue blanket ban may violate Article 19(1)(g) (Right to Trade & Occupation). SC may examine proportionality, state vs centre jurisdiction, and whether “games of skill” deserve exemption. Broader Implications Social: May reduce gambling addiction, debt traps, and associated suicides. But risks pushing users to illegal or offshore apps via VPNs. Economic: Potential job losses, slowdown in India’s gaming/start-up ecosystem. Reduced tax revenues if companies relocate abroad. Federalism: Could trigger state-centre tussles over jurisdiction. Governance & Digital Regulation: Strengthens role of CERT-IN. Adds to India’s growing digital regulatory framework (IT Rules, DPDP Act, etc.). Way Forward Balanced regulation: Instead of blanket bans, consider age limits, spending caps, parental controls. Clear distinction: Between skill-based games (Fantasy Sports, Rummy) vs chance-based gambling. Consumer awareness: Education campaigns on risks of addiction & fraud. Transparency mandates: Algorithms, fairness audits, disclosure of odds. Tax clarity: Rational GST framework to avoid litigation. International cooperation: Tackle offshore firms via treaties and cyber-security collaboration. Videshi in One’s Own Country: India’s Internal Diasporas What is Diaspora? Conventional definition: Diaspora refers to people migrating and settling outside their homeland (international migration). Internal diaspora: People who migrate within the same country across linguistic, cultural, or regional boundaries. Example: A Tamilian worker in Surat, a Punjabi trader in Bengaluru. They may sometimes feel like “videshi” (foreigner) due to cultural and linguistic differences, despite being in India. Relevance : GS 1(Society) Size & Scale of India’s Internal Diaspora Overseas diaspora: High-Level Committee Report on Indian Diaspora (2001) → 20 million Indians abroad. Today → over 30 million overseas Indians. Internal diaspora: Much larger — estimated at 100+ million people (10%+ of India’s population). Linguistic groups with highest internal diasporas (2010 data, Census & academic estimates): Punjabi: 4.3 million Malayalam: 4.6 million Tamil: 7.9 million Telugu: 6.9 million Gujarati: 4.9 million Hindi (incl. Bhojpuri, Marwari): 39.1 million Marathi: 5.5 million Kannada: 2.9 million Bengali: 3.6 million Most dispersed: Punjabi, Malayalam, Tamil. Least dispersed: Marathi, Kannada, Bengali. Drivers of Internal Diaspora Economic migration: Movement for jobs, construction, industries, IT hubs. Business & trade: Gujarati, Marwari, Sindhi, Telugu traders established across regions. Education & urbanisation: Movement towards metro cities and educational hubs. Historical patterns: “Old” diasporas → e.g., Gujarati traders in Tamil Nadu (centuries-old). “New” diasporas → e.g., IT professionals in Bengaluru/Hyderabad since 1990s. Socio-Cultural Dynamics Language & identity: Migrants may face difficulties in communication and integration. Community associations: Migrants preserve culture through organisations (e.g., Gujarati Samaj, Telugu Sangham). Festivals & religion: Adaptation of regional festivals (Durga Puja in Mumbai, Onam in Delhi). Generational differences: 1st generation → Strong attachment to native culture, limited assimilation. 2nd generation → Greater integration, bilingual/multicultural identity. Issues & Challenges Cultural alienation: Some migrants feel treated as “outsiders”. Language barriers: Can affect access to services, education, employment. Urban tensions: High inflows into cities → housing shortages, social frictions. Balancing identities: Preserving cultural roots vs. integrating into local society. Comparative Lens Similarities with international diaspora: Preservation of culture. Creation of associations. Challenges in assimilation. Differences: Internal diaspora less studied than NRI/PIOs. Internal migration does not involve legal/visa restrictions. Global parallel: Telugu diaspora in the U.S. resembles internal Telugu migration (e.g., Andhra → Karnataka). Implications for India Democracy & diversity: Internal diasporas highlight India’s pluralism and cultural coexistence. Federalism: Necessitates accommodative policies for inter-state migrants. Urbanisation: Migrant inflows reshape demographics of metros (Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru). National identity: Internal migration fosters both regional pride and pan-Indian identity. Way Forward Policy recognition: Acknowledge and study internal diasporas alongside international diaspora. Inclusive governance: Ensure equitable access to housing, healthcare, education, and language support. Inter-state cooperation: Create mechanisms for better management of migrant populations. Cultural sensitisation: Encourage mutual respect between locals and migrants. Research & academia: Expand diaspora studies to include internal migration for informed policymaking.

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