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Jun 17, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 June 2025

Content : India’s uneasy balancing act in the Bay of Bengal Serving justices, but not justice India’s uneasy balancing act in the Bay of Bengal Positive Developments in Bay of Bengal Maritime Trade Rising trade volumes at key eastern ports: Visakhapatnam, Paradip, and Haldia. BIMSTEC Maritime Transport Cooperation Agreement (2024) signed to ease regulatory friction and reduce port costs. Infrastructure boost under Sagarmala Programme, improving logistics and port capacity. Coastal cargo movement has doubled in a decade, aided by GST cuts on bunker fuel and shipping incentives. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) ,GS 3(Infrastructure) Practice Question : India’s strategic ambitions in the Bay of Bengal are undermined by its own policy inconsistencies. Critically examine in the context of recent developments involving Bangladesh and BIMSTEC.(250 Words) India’s Strategic Push for Regional Integration Emphasis on connectivity with Southeast Asia via eastern ports. India aims to be the regional integrator in Bay of Bengal through investments in port capacity and policy harmonization. BIMSTEC seen as key platform to counter China’s influence and deepen regional links. Controversial Decision: Withdrawal of Transshipment Facility to Bangladesh India withdrew a key facility that allowed Bangladesh to route third-country exports via Indian ports. Official reason: Terminal congestion, impacting Indian exporters. Perceived in Dhaka as a retaliatory move linked to Bangladesh’s growing ties with China and comments calling Indian NE states “landlocked”. Undermines India’s projection of the Northeast as a strategic connectivity hub. Diplomatic Fallout and Trade Tensions Bangladesh’s exports (especially garments) impacted due to reliance on Indian transshipment routes. Alternatives (e.g., via Sri Lanka) are costlier and slower. India later restricted imports of several Bangladeshi goods via land ports in Northeast, citing Dhaka’s earlier restrictions on Indian yarn. Dhaka perceives India’s actions as disproportionate and politically motivated. Implications for Regional Trust and BIMSTEC India’s actions introduce political conditionality in what was perceived as neutral trade infrastructure. Smaller BIMSTEC nations (Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar) watching closely; fear India’s trade policy may become transactional and unpredictable. Perception risk: If India uses economic leverage for political signalling, it could erode regional goodwill and stall BIMSTEC progress. Credibility vs. Capacity India has superior port infrastructure and maritime logistics in the Bay. However, leadership in the region needs credibility—trust in consistent, rules-based facilitation. Without that, countries may hedge their bets and increase alignment with China or ASEAN-centric mechanisms. The Larger Strategic Dilemma Bay of Bengal is at a crossroads: It could become a bridge between South and Southeast Asia or a new arena for geopolitical contest. India must clearly separate economic integration from political signalling. Suggestion: India should consider a rules-based reinstatement mechanism for trade decisions like transshipment, to rebuild trust. Conclusion India’s actions may undermine cooperative regionalism if trade becomes a tool for political messaging. To sustain leadership and integration goals, India must balance strategic interests with transparent, trust-building economic policies. So far, the signals India has sent to its neighbours are mixed and potentially counterproductive. Serving justices, but not justice Triggering Incident: Justice Varma Case March 14 fire at Justice Yashwant Varma’s official residence led to the discovery of half-burnt sacks of cash. Within 10 days, he was stripped of work and transferred; later faced impeachment proceedings. Supreme Court shared selective information (video, photos, redacted letters), but withheld crucial documents, including police and judicial reports. The alleged cash sacks are missing, reportedly removed by staff — a lapse in evidence security. Relevance : GS 2- Polity and Governance (Judiciary) , GS 4-Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude (Probity in Public Life) Practice Question : Judicial independence cannot be a cover for lack of accountability. Critically analyse the challenges posed by the ‘in-house procedure’ in ensuring transparency in judicial misconduct cases.(250 Words) Opaque ‘In-House Procedure’ of Judiciary Misconduct inquiries into higher judiciary handled by fellow judges only. Procedure is entirely confidential: complaints, inquiry status, and findings are not made public. No clear standards of evaluation or due process; findings aren’t appealable. Alleged lack of public accountability despite decisions affecting institutional integrity. Precedents Highlighting the Problem 2020: Andhra Pradesh CM’s allegations against Justice N.V. Ramana and Justice J.K. Maheshwari were dismissed summarily without transparent inquiry; no follow-up known. 2019: Sexual harassment allegations against CJI Ranjan Gogoi: Complainant denied legal assistance and access to the final report. Later reinstated with full back pay, despite earlier dismissal of her claims. SC instead investigated a non-existent “conspiracy” — a move seen as deflective. Justice Surya Kant (future CJI, Nov 2025): Faced corruption allegations regarding bail bribes and illegal assets. Justice A.K. Goel had raised red flags, yet there’s no evidence of inquiry before his elevation. Judiciary’s Credibility vs Independence Dilemma Judicial independence used as a reason for shielding internal inquiries from public view. However, secrecy undermines accountability, trust, and democratic values. Right to information, upheld by SC itself, contradicts the opacity in its own functioning. Call for Transparency & Reform Advocates for: Making in-house inquiry procedures, findings, and reports public. Ensuring external oversight or appellate mechanism to review findings. Transparency would: Deter misconduct, Enhance public trust, Support the judiciary’s own credibility. Conclusion The in-house procedure currently resembles secretive conclaves, lacking transparency and public scrutiny. Real judicial integrity requires accountability, not just independence. Without reform, public confidence in the judiciary will erode further — and rightly so. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for academic purposes

Jun 17, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 June 2025

Content : FATF condemns Pahalgam attack, to release report on ‘state-sponsored terror’ for first time New flowering plant species discovered in Aravali hills near Jaipur Analysing Internet access and digital skills in India What is the significance of the Shipki La pass? What are the ambiguities in India’s nuclear liability law? Registrar-General of India issues 2027 Census notification Ax-4 mission: ISRO, Axiom Space coordinate on crucial experiments before launch Forbidding Arabian desert once had a lush and bountiful chapter FATF condemns Pahalgam attack, to release report on ‘state-sponsored terror’ for first time Significance of Condemnation FATF officially condemned the Pahalgam terrorist attack (22 April 2025). It noted that such attacks “could not occur without money and means to transfer funds“—directly linking terror to financing channels. This is only the third condemnation of a terror attack by FATF in the last 10 years, highlighting the exceptional severity of this case. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) ,GS 2(International Relations) International Concern The international community reportedly exerted pressure, showing global consensus on the seriousness of the attack. Signals growing fatigue with Pakistan’s role in cross-border terror financing. Upcoming FATF Report FATF to release a report within a month that will: For the first time, officially include “state-sponsored terrorism” as a distinct source of terror financing. Mark a policy shift, aligning FATF’s global framework with India’s long-standing position on Pakistan. India’s National Risk Assessment is currently the only one acknowledging Pakistan’s state-sponsored terror as a financing risk. New FATF Tools FATF has developed a Terror Financing Risk & Context Toolkit for assessors. Aim: To prevent countries like Pakistan from misleading FATF using incomplete or false data. Enhances transparency and consistency in assessing terror financing threats. Public-Private Engagement FATF to host a webinar to sensitize public and private sector players on: Risks of terror financing. New and emerging threats. Importance of compliance and vigilance. India’s Dossier India reportedly sent a detailed dossier to FATF urging renewed scrutiny of Pakistan, possibly to push for re-greylisting. Aimed at exposing continued violations by Pakistan despite previous warnings. Broader Implications Policy shift at FATF adds global legitimacy to India’s narrative on Pakistan’s role in terrorism. May pave way for stricter sanctions, greylisting, or blacklisting, especially if Pakistan’s role is directly cited. Enhances international pressure on state sponsors of terrorism. FATF – Key Facts Established: 1989 at the G7 Summit in Paris. Headquarters: Paris, France. Members: 39 (including India). Secretariat: Hosted by the OECD. Main Objectives Combat money laundering, terror financing, and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Set global standards through 40 Recommendations. Key Tools Maintains “Grey List” (Jurisdictions under increased monitoring). Maintains “Black List” (High-risk jurisdictions with serious strategic deficiencies). Conducts Mutual Evaluations and follow-ups to assess compliance. India & FATF India became a member in 2010. Actively supports inclusion of Pakistan in the grey list for state-sponsored terror financing. Recent Developments FATF is now recognizing state-sponsored terrorism as a key source of terror financing. New flowering plant species discovered in Aravali hills near Jaipur About the Discovery A new flowering plant species named Portulaca bharat has been discovered near Galtaji Temple in the Aravalli Hills, Jaipur. Found growing in rock crevices of dry, rocky slopes in a semi-arid landscape. Discovered by Nishant Chauhan, member of the Satpura Biodiversity Conservation Society. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Botanical Significance Belongs to the Portulaca genus, known for: Succulent characteristics Water-storing tissues Adaptation to arid environments Portulaca bharat shows distinct morphological features, confirming it as a new species after scientific comparison and cultivation. Described in the international journal Phytotaxa. Ecological & Conservation Importance Classified as “Data Deficient” by IUCN Red List due to limited known population. Displays narrow endemism, found only at one location—Galtaji hills. Highly vulnerable to habitat degradation and climate change. Highlights the hidden biodiversity of the Aravalli range. Scientific & Institutional Collaboration Research supported by: Amber Srivastava (BSI) Sudhanshu Shekhar Dash & Sushil Kumar Singh (BSI, Kolkata & Dehradun) Cultivated and studied in Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh) and Lucknow under controlled conditions. India’s Portulaca Diversity The genus has ~153 species globally, mainly in tropical/subtropical zones. India hosts 11 species, including 4 endemics. Most Indian species are adapted to dry, semi-arid habitats. Analysing Internet access and digital skills in India Survey Context First major dataset from CAMS (2022–2023) by NSSO, covering 3.02 lakh households and 12.99 lakh people. Aims to track progress on SDG 4.4 – digital skills for youth and adults. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Internet Access – National Picture 76.3% households have broadband Internet access across India. Urban areas: 86.5% Rural areas: 71.2% Shows deep Internet penetration, but with regional and social disparities. Regional Disparities High broadband access (>90%): Delhi, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Sikkim, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh. Low broadband access (<70%): West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh. Social Group Disparities General category households: 84.1% have broadband. OBCs: 77.5%, SCs: 69.1%, STs: 64.8%. Indicates a digital caste divide, with marginalized groups lagging. Income-Based Digital Divide Poorest decile (bottom 10%): 71.6% households lack broadband. Richest decile (top 10%): Only 1.9% lack broadband. Even second lowest decile shows 56.2% connectivity → shows improvement across income bands. Economic status = key driver of digital access. Mobile Phone Access Mobile/telephone access: 94.2% rural, 97.1% urban households. Mobile usage (age 15+): 83.9% rural, 92.4% urban. However, exclusive mobile use is low among women and lower castes, especially in rural areas: Rural general category women: only 25.3% use mobile exclusively. Urban women: 51.2%. Even worse for SCs, STs, OBCs. Technology Level in Use Only 50% rural and 70% urban users use 4G. 40.4% of Indians still use older mobile technologies (2G/3G). 5G adoption: negligible. Digital Skills Gaps Internet usage (15+ age group): 53.6% rural, 74% urban. Email use: 20% rural, 40% urban. Copy-paste skills: 40% rural, 60% urban. Spreadsheet arithmetic skills: very low. Online banking skills: only 37.8% of population 15+ can perform. Policy Implications Clear digital divide across regions, caste groups, genders, and income levels. Digital skills lag behind access, especially in rural areas and among marginalized groups. Government should: Subsidize broadband for the poor (as done for water/electricity). Focus on basic digital literacy training at the grassroots. Ensure equity in access to support goals under SDG 4. What is the significance of the Shipki La pass? Historical Importance Located in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh at an altitude of 3,930 m. A historic Indo-Tibetan trade route — operational since at least the 15th century, likely earlier. Folklore-based trade oath symbolized enduring cross-border trust and peace. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage ,Geography) ,GS 3(Infrastructure ,Trade) Why Trade Stopped Disrupted after the Sino-India War of 1962. Further breakdown due to Doklam standoff (2017) and COVID-19 pandemic. Commercial trade remains suspended, though local aspirations remain high. Recent Developments Himachal Pradesh CM reopened the pass for Indian tourists (no permit now needed; Aadhaar card sufficient). Move has revived hopes for trade and religious tourism among locals. Trade: Nature of Goods Exchanged Imports from Tibet: wool, yaks, goatskins, thangkas, prayer items, turquoise, gold. Exports from India: grains, spices, dried fruits, copper utensils, iron tools, tobacco. Trade supported local crafts and jewelry industries (e.g. Kinnauri ornaments). Why Reopening Matters Despite Low Trade Volume Can shorten the Delhi–Mansarovar pilgrimage by 14 days — big religious tourism boost. Generates employment, revives hospitality sector, and encourages infrastructure growth. Serves as a community-led diplomatic model — fostering peace through cultural-economic ties. Cultural & Spiritual Links People on both sides share pastoral lifestyles, similar surnames (e.g. Namgyal). Dominant religion: Buddhism — shared monastic traditions, festivals, and spiritual practices. Reflects civilisational continuity, unlike more fractured India–Pakistan cross-border ties. Policy & Strategic Implications Reopening can act as a “soft corridor” for India-China people-to-people engagement. Advocated by Kinnaur Indo-China Trade Association; State Government plans to push MEA for trade revival. Could become a model for heritage-based diplomacy and inclusive border development. What are the ambiguities in India’s nuclear liability law? Basic Provisions of CLNDA Enacted in 2010 to provide compensation for nuclear damage and ensure a mechanism for speedy claims. Strict and no-fault liability on the operator (NPCIL in India’s case). Operator’s liability is capped at ₹1,500 crore; Government steps in beyond that up to ~₹2,100–₹2,300 crore. India acceded to the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) in 2016. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) CLNDA’s Unique Supplier Liability Clause Unlike CSC, India’s law allows operator to seek recourse from the supplier under three conditions: Section 17(a): If expressly mentioned in the contract. Section 17(b): If damage was caused by defective equipment/services (even if not in contract). Section 17(c): If damage was caused by intentional misconduct. Key Ambiguities Section 17(b): Goes beyond international norms, creating automatic liability for suppliers if equipment is defective. Section 46: States CLNDA does not prevent other legal proceedings under other laws (e.g. tort law), potentially exposing suppliers to unlimited civil and criminal liability. No clear definition of “nuclear damage” under CLNDA → increases legal uncertainty. Concerns of Foreign & Domestic Suppliers Fear of uncapped liability, especially due to Section 46, discouraging investment. Absence of clarity on insurance requirements and coverage for suppliers. Potential for class-action lawsuits or civil suits, despite CSC’s intention to limit claims to operator alone. Impact on Projects Major foreign-backed projects like: Jaitapur (France), Kovvada (USA) remain stalled. Only Kudankulam (Russia) has progressed — initiated before CLNDA, operates under a separate framework. Government’s Stand Claims CLNDA is in line with CSC and Section 17(b) is permissive, not mandatory. However, legal experts assert each subsection (17a, 17b, 17c) is independent — supplier can be sued even if contract doesn’t mention it. Government stance on Parliament debates holds little weight in court; statutory language prevails in legal trials. Broader Implications Suppliers demand amendment or legal clarification for protection. Law intended to protect victims and promote accountability post-Bhopal tragedy, but ends up deterring foreign investment. Without reform, India risks missing out on clean nuclear energy expansion critical for energy security and climate goals. Registrar-General of India issues 2027 Census notification Timeline and Reference Dates Census Year: 2027 Reference Date: March 1, 2027: For most parts of India October 1, 2026: For snow-bound and non-synchronous areas of: Ladakh Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Freezing of Administrative Boundaries With the Gazette notification issued under Section 3 of the Census Act, 1948, freezing of administrative boundaries comes into effect. States cannot alter boundaries of districts, tehsils, police stations, etc., until the Census process concludes. This is crucial for maintaining consistency in enumeration blocks. Digital Census Features The 2027 Census will be digitally driven: Use of mobile applications by enumerators Option for self-enumeration by the public First-time use of end-to-end digital data collection in India’s census history. Data Security Measures Emphasis on stringent data protection: Secure collection Secure transmission Secure storage Aims to ensure data privacy and public trust. Manpower & Preparation Deployment of: 34 lakh enumerators and supervisors 1.3 lakh Census functionaries Two-phase Census: House Listing Operations Population Enumeration Pre-test exercises to test: Mobile app effectiveness Enumerator familiarity and process readiness Administrative Oversight Notification issued by the Registrar-General of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Union Home Minister Amit Shah has already reviewed Census preparations. Upcoming notifications will detail: Pre-test schedule First-phase operations Significance The 2027 Census will be India’s first digital census — a major technological and logistical shift. Comes after repeated delays of the 2021 Census, affected by the pandemic and other factors. Freezing administrative boundaries ensures consistency and comparability in demographic data over time. Ax-4 mission: ISRO, Axiom Space coordinate on crucial experiments before launch Mission Timeline & Context Launch Date: Scheduled for June 19, 2025. Astronaut: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla of the Indian Air Force. Duration: 14-day stay aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Mission Partner: Axiom Space, a U.S.-based private space firm. Launch rescheduled four times due to technical/logistical issues. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) ISRO’s Role & Coordination ISRO is actively coordinating with Axiom Space to: Refresh and prepare time-sensitive experimental samples. Ensure proper experimental setup in microgravity conditions. Close collaboration with Indian Principal Investigators (PIs) from national R&D labs and academic institutions. 7 ISRO-Backed Microgravity Experiments Proposed by Indian scientists for ISS research: Microalgae in Space: Study of microgravity and radiation impact on edible microalgae growth. Sprouting Salad Seeds: Germination and viability of salad seeds in zero gravity. Tardigrades Study: Observing survival, revival, reproduction, and gene expression of tardigrades (microscopic extremophiles). Muscle Regeneration: Effects of metabolic supplements on muscle repair under microgravity. Human–Machine Interaction: Studying human interaction with electronic displays in microgravity environments. Cyanobacteria Proteomics: Growth and protein response comparison of cyanobacteria fed on urea vs. nitrate. Food Crop Seeds: Effects of microgravity on growth and yield parameters of key crop seeds. Human Research Collaboration with NASA ISRO and NASA will jointly conduct five additional experiments: Primarily focused on human physiology and biomedical research. Part of NASA’s human research programme aboard the ISS. Scientific & Strategic Significance First time Indian researchers will conduct indigenous experiments aboard the ISS. Strengthens India’s profile in: Human spaceflight readiness Space biosciences International scientific collaboration Aligns with ISRO’s goals for Gaganyaan and future space station participation. Forbidding Arabian desert once had a lush and bountiful chapter Geographical Context Arabian Peninsula lies in the world’s driest desert belt — from the Sahara to the Thar Desert. It has long served as a major biogeographical barrier, limiting migration of humans and animals between Africa and Eurasia. Arid conditions believed to have persisted for at least 11 million years. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) New Scientific Findings Recent research published in Nature suggests periodic wet/humid phases in the past 8 million years. These phases transformed Arabia into grasslands with rivers and lakes, enabling migration of animals and humans. Speleothems (cave mineral formations) found in 7 cave systems in central Saudi Arabia serve as key evidence. Humidity Cycles & Dating 22 speleothem samples dated using Uranium-Thorium/Lead radiometric methods. Earliest wet period: 7.44 – 6.25 million years ago. Latest wet periods: 530,000 – 60,000 years ago. Wet phases became shorter and less intense over time due to: Weakening of monsoonal influence. Growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets in the Pleistocene. Ecological & Archaeological Evidence Fossils of hippos, crocodiles, horses show wetland ecosystems existed ~74,000 years ago. Discovery of 10,000+ ancient lakes and archaeological sites like Jubbah Oasis with tools dating back 500,000 years. Indicates early human and animal migration corridors through Arabia during humid periods. Human Evolution & Migration Earlier assumption: Arabia was uninhabitable until domestication of camels/goats a few thousand years ago. New evidence supports ‘Green Arabia Hypothesis’ — Arabia as a critical route in Out of Africa migration. Shows that Homo sapiens and other hominins used Arabia as a transit zone during humid phases. Scientific Significance Reshapes theories of early human migration and biogeographic exchanges. Highlights role of climate variability in shaping migration, survival, and extinction. Shows how environmental corridors opened and closed over millennia due to climate shifts. Lessons for the Present Historical patterns show that humans flourished in wet climates, and migrated or declined during arid ones. Raises a cautionary note: Could climate change today trigger new human migrations? Modern dependence on technology (e.g., air conditioning) may delay, but not prevent, migration due to heat and water scarcity.

Jun 16, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 June 2025

Content: Wind Energy is at the centre of India’s strategy for the renewable energy sector : Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi Wind Energy is at the Centre of India’s strategy for the renewable energy sector : Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi Event Context Occasion: Global Wind Day, observed on 15th June every year. Location: Bengaluru. Organized by: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Relevance : GS 3(Renewable Energy ) India’s Wind Energy Vision Wind energy is central to India’s renewable energy policy. India targets: 50% power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030 Net-zero emissions by 2070 Wind is the heart of Atmanirbhar Bharat in energy. Prime Minister’s Vision Highlighted Renewable energy for manufacturing, conventional energy for households. Supports India’s emergence as a global manufacturing hub powered by green energy. India’s Global Standing 4th largest wind power installed capacity globally. 3rd largest renewable energy producer. India now manufactures wind turbines from 225 kW to 5.2 MW, via 14 companies and 33 models – also competitive in global markets. Key Challenges Identified Integration: Need to combine wind + solar + battery storage (BESS) for 24/7 green power. Tariff reduction: Current cost ₹3.90/unit is high — calls for tariff rationalization. Manufacturing efficiency: To meet domestic targets and enhance exports. Five National Priorities in Wind Energy Expand into new states: Targeting Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha. Offshore wind: 4 GW leasing areas identified in Gujarat & Tamil Nadu. Firm green power strategies: Storage-linked models to ensure reliability. Modern grid: Investment in AI-based forecasting to manage intermittency. Boost domestic manufacturing: Full value chain focus — turbines, blades, components. Policy and Financial Support 53% increase in the renewable energy budget: ₹26,549 crore. Major portion directed to wind sector. Emphasis on land acquisition and grid transmission as bottlenecks to overcome. Reports Released Wind Energy Roadmap Wind Manufacturing Roadmap These serve as strategic frameworks for the sector’s future. State Performers in Wind Capacity Addition (2024-25) Karnataka – 1331.48 MW (Rank 1) Tamil Nadu – 1136.37 MW (Rank 2) Gujarat – 954.76 MW (Rank 3) Significance of Global Wind Day Celebrates global progress in wind energy. Brings together DISCOMs, CPSUs, manufacturers, academia, and think tanks. Organized with support from: WIPPA, IWTMA, IWPA. Takeaway India is actively positioning wind energy as a pillar of its green industrial revolution. The focus is on affordable tariffs, manufacturing efficiency, and hybrid storage solutions. With strong government backing, wind energy is crucial to achieving India’s climate goals, energy security, and economic leadership.

Jun 16, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 June 2025

Content : Fire on waters Mind the gap More ‘mind space’ for India in America’s imagination India needs a sincere aircraft accident investigation Fire on waters Context: The MV Wan Hai 503 Fire Incident Date & Location: June 9, 2025; 44 nautical miles off Azhikkal coast, Kannur, Kerala. Cause: Multiple explosions onboard, leading to a dangerous fire. Cargo Risk: 140 out of 1,754 containers contained hazardous materials. Environmental & Safety Threat: Fire posed a severe threat to coastlines, life, and marine environment. Relevance : GS 3 ( Disaster Management & Maritime Security ) Practice Question : India’s growing maritime footprint necessitates a robust response framework for onboard fires, salvage operations, and oil spills. Examine the challenges and suggest measures to enhance India’s maritime disaster preparedness.(250 Words) Response & Rescue Efforts Initial Challenge: Rough monsoon seas and the vessel drifting towards the coast. Firefighting Coordination: Indian Coast Guard initiated firefighting but tow rope initially snapped. Indian Navy helicopter air-dropped a salvage team and passed a steel wire rope. Ship towed 45 nautical miles away to deeper waters (~1 km depth). Current Status: Fire largely controlled; hot spots remain. Ship owner responsible for final salvage. India’s Maritime Firefighting Capabilities Coast Guard Readiness: Patrol vessels now routinely equipped with firefighting systems. Firefighting has become a core mandate of the Coast Guard. Case Studies Demonstrating Capability: VLCC New Diamond (2020): Carried 2.7 lakh tonnes of crude oil; massive fire off Colombo successfully extinguished by Indian Navy & Coast Guard. Ships remained structurally intact even after week-long infernos, showing both operational and engineering resilience. Persistent Risks in Maritime Zones Three Key Maritime Hazards: Ship sinking: Loss of cargo, traffic disruption, environmental harm. Onboard fires: Risk to human life and property, severe environmental implications. Oil spills: Long-term marine pollution. High-Risk Vessels: Gas carriers: Pose the highest explosion risk, especially at global choke points (e.g., Suez Canal, Strait of Malacca). Way Forward Strengthen Salvage & Spill Response: India needs to develop faster and more coordinated multi-agency frameworks for: Salvaging sunken vessels. Responding to oil spill emergencies. Training & Simulation: Simulated response drills should be expanded to improve preparedness. International Collaboration: Critical given global supply chain dependencies. Conclusion The successful response to recent fires (Wan Hai 503, New Diamond) illustrates growing Indian capabilities in maritime firefighting. However, enhancing capacity for oil spills, salvage, and multi-agency coordination is essential to secure India’s 7,500 km coastline and protect maritime trade routes. Mind the gap India’s Ranking in the Global Gender Gap Index (2025) India ranks 131 out of 148 countries, down by two places from the previous year. Overall gender parity score: 64.1% — among the lowest in South Asia. The Index evaluates four dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Relevance : GS 1 ( Indian Society ) , GS 2 (Governance, Social Justice ) Practice Question : India’s rank in the Global Gender Gap Index reveals that political empowerment remains the weakest link in gender parity. Discuss the factors contributing to this gap and measures needed to address it.(250 Words) Category-Wise Performance Economic Participation and Opportunity +0.9% improvement in score. Estimated earned income parity rose from 28.6% to 29.9%. Labour force participation rate remains at 45.9% — India’s best till date. Educational Attainment & Health and Survival Marginal positive shifts improved scores. Indicates better access to education and health outcomes for women. Political Empowerment (Major Weakness) Drop in female representation: Parliament: From 14.7% (2024) to 13.8% (2025). Ministerial roles: From 6.5% to 5.6%. Consecutive yearly decline, pulling down India’s overall ranking. Women’s Reservation Bill (2023) Passed after 27 years since its first introduction in 1996. One-third reservation for women in Parliament and State Assemblies. Implementation delayed till 2029 — pending Census and delimitation. Symbolic legislative win, but actual representation postponed. Core Issues Highlighted Political parties can voluntarily nominate more women candidates even before the law is enforced. Symbolic gestures not enough — genuine political will needed to correct gender imbalance. Women’s under-representation reflects structural and cultural inertia, not lack of competence or interest. Way Forward Consolidate gains in education, health, and employment. Accelerate action on political empowerment through: Timely implementation of reservation. Party-level reforms and quotas. Leadership training and electoral support for women. Treat gender parity as a national development goal, not just an index to improve. Enable inclusive policymaking by ensuring more women in decision-making roles. Conclusion India’s drop in the Gender Gap Index is a reminder that political empowerment is the weakest link. Bridging this gap demands urgent institutional reforms, political courage, and grassroots participation of women, well before 2029. More ‘mind space’ for India in America’s imagination Core Argument India remains underrepresented in elite American academic, intellectual, and philanthropic imagination — not due to lack of merit, but due to persistent perceptual and narrative gaps. There is no flagship academic fellowship (like Schwarzman Scholars for China) for India — a symbolic and structural omission. Relevance : GS 2 ( International Relations ) , GS 1 (Culture ) , Essay Paper Practice Question : Despite being a strategic partner of the U.S., India remains underrepresented in Western academic and intellectual discourse. Analyze the causes and suggest ways India can project its global narrative effectively.(250 Words) Schwarzman Scholars vs. India Schwarzman Scholars (est. 2016) at Tsinghua University was modelled on the Rhodes Scholarship to create China-aware global leaders. India lacks a similar platform to immerse international youth in its democratic, strategic, and civilizational context. The imbalance reflects decades of intellectual privileging of China over India. Historical Context: ‘Scratches on the Mind’ Harold R. Isaacs’ 1958 study revealed deep-rooted biases in American views: China: revolutionary, seductive, dangerous, promising. India: filtered through colonial lenses — mystical, chaotic, marginal. These stereotypes persist in academic and policymaking circles, leading to India’s underrepresentation in syllabi and fellowships, despite increasing global relevance. Strategic Narrative Gap During the Cold War: China: ideological battleground and later economic partner. India: non-aligned, democratic but strategically ambiguous, didn’t fit into Western geopolitical templates. China actively marketed its rise, while India remained modest, bureaucratic, and reactive in narrative-building. Institutional Deficit China’s rise was supported by state-funded soft power investments (e.g., Confucius Institutes, think tanks). India lacks an equivalent: its premier institutions (IITs, IIMs, Ashoka, Krea) have not yet developed the global strategic pull and policy linkage required. Absence of a Schwarzman-style fellowship is both a symptom and cause of India’s limited intellectual visibility in the West. India-Focused Research in the U.S. China Studies is well-funded and institutionalised. India Studies is fragmented, often reduced to South Asian/Postcolonial Studies — with a focus on religion, anthropology, or classics, not on contemporary strategic and policy relevance. Consequences of Absence American students and leaders are not being trained to understand modern India — leading to diplomatic gaffes (e.g., Trump’s mediation talk). India still appears as “India-Pakistan” rather than as a strategic entity in its own right. The Way Forward Establish a flagship global fellowship (India Scholars Programme?) that: Has state and private backing. Combines academic excellence, international prestige, and strategic training. Attracts both Indian and foreign youth. India must develop institutions with global connectivity, autonomy, and vision — beyond IITs/IIMs. Reclaiming the Narrative India must project its story confidently and strategically. Merely exporting yoga and cuisine is not enough to shape perception or policy. Global leadership in the 21st century requires compelling storytelling, intellectual presence, and cultural engagement. Strategic silence breeds invisibility; the narrative must be assertive and coherent. Conclusion To shift from being a “studied-at-a-distance” country to a thought leader, India must claim space in Western intellectual ecosystems. A Schwarzman-style programme in India would signal that India seeks to be known and understood on its own terms, not just as a counterbalance to China. The “scratches on the mind” can be healed — but only with vision, voice, and strategic presence in the arenas where future leaders are formed. India needs a sincere aircraft accident investigation Core Argument Despite having the statutory Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), India lacks independent, credible, and transparent aircraft accident investigations. The system protects institutions over people, and pilot error is often used as a scapegoat for broader systemic failures. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ), GS 3 (Internal Security) , GS 4 ( Ethics in Governance) Practice Question : India’s civil aviation accident investigation suffers from structural conflict of interest and lack of institutional transparency. Critically analyze and suggest reforms to ensure credible accident investigations.(250 Words) Structural Conflict of Interest The AAIB is not truly independent; it functions under the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), which: Regulates aviation via DGCA, Oversees airlines, Appoints heads of DGCA and AAIB. This creates a conflict of interest: those responsible for oversight are also investigating failures. In contrast, railway accidents are probed independently (e.g., by Commissioner of Railway Safety or judicial authorities). Recent Safety Lapses The June 12, 2025 Ahmedabad accident, recent helicopter crashes, flying school incidents, and weather-related emergencies signal a broader safety crisis. India’s aviation growth is outpacing its safety framework. Ground-handling failures (e.g., Çelebi permit cancellation) point to regulatory and operational vulnerabilities. Superficial Investigations and Buried Truths The 1997 Air Marshal J.K. Seth Committee exposed systemic flaws but was sidelined due to its inconvenient truths. Accident reports often contain internal contradictions or omissions: E.g., weather discrepancies (2001), overloading (IC491, 1993), and data denial (IX611, 2018). There’s a pattern of obscuring the truth rather than reforming the system. Misuse of AAIB Reports Per Aircraft (Investigation of Accidents and Incidents) Rules, 2017: Reports are for learning and prevention, not blame. But law enforcement and courts misuse AAIB reports as evidence for prosecution. Leads to legal distortions and pilots being unfairly blamed. Convenient Blame on Pilots Pilot error is often the default conclusion because: It simplifies legal processes, Aids in quick insurance payouts, Protects airlines, maintenance crews, and ATC from scrutiny. Dead pilots become scapegoats, shielding deeper system failures. Institutional Protection over Accountability MoCA retains absolute control over: Policy, Regulation, Investigation, and Appointments. This centralisation suppresses transparency and erodes public trust. Kozhikode air crash (2020) killed 21 people; investigation recommendations remain unimplemented — no accountability, only silence. Key Reforms Proposed Make AAIB and DGCA fully independent, accountable to Parliament. Ban parallel committees that dilute AAIB’s role. Prohibit legal use of AAIB reports unless independently validated. Amend Aircraft Rule 19(3) to protect pilots from punitive action unless gross negligence is proven. Appoint an independent aviation ombudsman to audit past investigations. Final Message India has the talent and tools, but not the institutional courage to pursue truth in aviation accident probes. Without truth, transparency, and systemic reform, India’s aviation leadership claims ring hollow. A sincere, independent investigation mechanism must be India’s tribute to lives lost — both in crashes and in the silence that follows. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Jun 16, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 June 2025

Content : An FIR and an angry High Court What are flue gas desulphurisation units? Why have special economic zones rules been relaxed? How do black boxes work? Cash Plus model pushes up early breastfeeding rate, dietary diversity among Rajasthan women AI and biomanufacturing: can the policies match our ambitions? An FIR and an angry High Court Background of the Case On May 14, the Madhya Pradesh High Court directed the State Police to register an FIR against Cabinet Minister Vijay Shah. Allegation: He made inflammatory remarks against Colonel Sofiya Qureshi, an Army officer. The FIR invoked Sections 152, 196(1)(b), and 197(1)(c) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), which relate to: Acts endangering national unity, Promoting enmity between groups. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ,Governance) Court’s Concerns Though an FIR was registered the same day, the High Court criticized it for being deficient in material particulars. Concern: FIR lacked specific details of the alleged actions that would constitute each offence. The Court feared that such an FIR could be quashed later due to vagueness. Judicial Response The Court: Directed that the entire court order of May 14 be treated as part of the FIR. Stated its intent to monitor the investigation to ensure fairness and impartiality. Essentials of FIR Writing As per Section 171(1) of BNS, any information on a cognisable offence must be written and recorded properly. Best practice: Include the elements of the offence in the FIR to: Justify the legal sections applied. Allow the accused to seek bail or other remedies. Often, the original written complaint is copied into the FIR in entirety, especially after a preliminary inquiry. Examples of FIR Quashing Vinod Dua v. Union of India (2021): SC quashed FIR as no offence was made out. Arnab Goswami v. State of Maharashtra (2020): Bail granted; SC held FIR lacked prima facie ingredients for abetment of suicide. Principles for Quashing FIR (Bhajan Lal Guidelines, 1992) FIR can be quashed if: Allegations do not prima facie constitute any offence. Allegations do not disclose a cognisable offence under Section 156(1) (investigation without magistrate’s permission). FIR is absurd, improbable, or has mala fide intentions. Application to Current Case FIR includes the High Court’s full order, which details the speech and context. If challenged, this order becomes part of the FIR, bolstering its legal standing. The police should have included excerpts from the minister’s speech, but omission isn’t fatal. Author’s Critique Though FIR drafting could’ve been better, police acted within legal norms. High Court’s harsh remarks against the police were unwarranted and premature. Monitoring the investigation is welcome, but overreaching criticism undermines procedural fairness. Conclusion The case underscores the importance of: Proper FIR drafting, Judicial restraint, Adherence to procedural justice, And the balancing of free speech vs public order. What are flue gas desulphurisation units? Introduction: FGDs are pollution control devices used in coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs) to remove sulphur dioxide (SO₂) from flue gas. SO₂ is produced during the combustion of sulphur-rich fossil fuels like coal. FGD units neutralise acidic SO₂ using basic compounds like limestone. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Common Types of FGD Technologies Dry Sorbent Injection: Uses powdered limestone or other sorbents. Reacts with SO₂ in flue gas and is filtered out using fabric filters or electrostatic precipitators. Wet Limestone Scrubbing (most common): Uses limestone slurry to absorb SO₂, forming gypsum as a byproduct. High efficiency; gypsum has commercial uses. Seawater FGD: Used in coastal plants. SO₂ is absorbed by seawater, which is then treated before being discharged. Why are SO₂ Emissions Harmful? Greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. Causes respiratory illnesses and worsens air quality. Converts into secondary PM2.5, a major pollutant. ~15% of India’s ambient PM2.5 is from coal combustion. Of that, 80% is from SO₂-derived secondary particles. Status of FGD Compliance in India 2015: Government mandated FGDs in all 537 coal-fired TPPs. Deadlines were repeatedly postponed (2018 → 2027–29). As of April 2025, only 39 out of 537 plants had installed FGDs. December 2024: Deadline further extended by three years. April 2025: Committee led by PSA Ajay Sood recommended rollback of the FGD mandate. Why is FGD Implementation Contentious? High capital cost: ₹1.2 crore/MW → ₹97,000 crore for planned 97,000 MW addition. Potential tariff hike of ₹0.72 per kWh (mostly fixed costs). Government concerns: balancing health, affordability, and energy expansion. Expert Opinions on FGD Rollback Critics warn that skipping FGD: Compromises clean air goals. Undermines public health. FGDs are essential for reducing SO₂ and indirectly PM2.5. Tariff impact is manageable and largely predictable. Is There Any Alternative to FGDs? No effective alternative exists for SO₂ removal from flue gases. Dr. Ganesan: FGDs are urgent and unavoidable for compliance. Conclusion FGDs are technically essential but financially challenging. India must weigh short-term costs against long-term health and environmental gains. Delay in FGD installation risks worsening air pollution, especially from coal-based power generation. Why have special economic zones rules been relaxed? Why Are Semiconductors Important? Semiconductors are essential components in all modern electronic devices — smartphones, laptops, TVs, cars, etc. They power AI, machine learning, digitisation, and automation. Global supply chain disruption (esp. due to COVID-19) exposed overdependence on countries like China (which produced ~35% of semiconductors in 2021). Strategic significance: Semiconductor self-reliance is now critical for national security, economic resilience, and technological leadership. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) Why Were SEZ Rules Relaxed? To boost domestic manufacturing of semiconductors and electronic components. Part of broader efforts under the Semicon India programme (₹76,000 crore outlay). Key Relaxations in SEZ Rules (June 2024) Reduction in Minimum Land Area (Rule 5): From 50 hectares to 10 hectares for SEZs exclusively for semiconductor/electronics. Enables smaller-scale investments with full SEZ benefits. Relaxation of “Encumbrance-Free” Land Requirement (Rule 7): Earlier requirement: land had to be free of legal disputes or liens. Relaxed now due to India’s complex land records and slow legal systems. Will accelerate SEZ setup by allowing flexibility in land acquisition. Permission for Domestic Sales (Rule 18): SEZ units can now sell in the domestic market (after paying duties). Earlier: SEZs were export-only. Shields investors from global trade disruptions, supports domestic tech ecosystem. Impact So Far Too early to assess long-term impact, but signs of positive momentum: Micron Semiconductor Technology India: ₹13,000 crore investment. 37.64-hectare SEZ in Sanand, Gujarat. Hubballi Durable Goods Cluster (Aequs Group):₹100 crore investment.11.55-hectare SEZ in Dharwad, Karnataka. Total new SEZ-linked investment: ₹13,100 crore. Strategic Significance for India Enhances domestic capacity in a sector central to the digital economy. Reduces import dependence, especially from geopolitically sensitive nations. Supports Make in India, Aatmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to be a global electronics hub. Conclusion The relaxation of SEZ rules is a targeted regulatory reform to promote investment in semiconductors. It aligns with India’s strategic and economic priorities, especially in a post-COVID, tech-driven world. Initial investments signal positive industry response, but sustained momentum will depend on policy consistency, infrastructure support, and ease of doing business. How do black boxes work? What Are Black Boxes? Despite the name, black boxes are painted bright orange for high visibility at crash sites. Modern aircraft black boxes include: Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) – captures crew conversations, alarms, and ambient cockpit sounds. Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR) – records technical flight data such as altitude, speed, engine performance, etc. In many aircraft, CVR and DFDR are integrated into a single unit. Relevance : GS 3(Technology, Disaster Management) How Do They Work? Black boxes record data continuously during flight. Use solid-state memory chips for high durability and long recording duration. Are shock-resistant, fire-resistant, and often waterproof. Equipped with underwater locator beacons that emit signals to help locate them after a crash. Positioned typically at the rear of the aircraft, where survival chances are higher during a crash. Technical Features Coated in bright orange with reflective materials. Designed to withstand extreme conditions: Temperatures up to 1,100°C for 1 hour Water pressure at depths up to 20,000 feet High-impact crashes (forces of 3,400 Gs or more) CVRs usually record last 2 hours of cockpit audio. DFDRs record data on hundreds of parameters for 25 hours or more. Historical Timeline 1950s: Flight recorders used metal foils. 1953: First commercial sale by General Mills; device used spherical shell. 1954: Invented by David Warren (Australia) while investigating the de Havilland Comet crash. 1960: FDRs and CVRs made mandatory in aircraft. 1965: Regulation to paint them orange or yellow for visibility. 1990: Magnetic tapes replaced by solid-state memory. Use in Accident Investigation Investigated by agencies like India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB). AAIB has a dedicated flight recorders lab (established in New Delhi). Flight data + cockpit voice insights help reconstruct: Pre-crash aircraft behaviour Crew reactions, errors, or communication failures External interference like radio disruptions Helps refine safety protocols, pilot training, and aircraft design. Recent Context Used in ongoing probe into Air India Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner crash near Ahmedabad. Remains a critical tool in global civil aviation safety infrastructure. Cash Plus model pushes up early breastfeeding rate, dietary diversity among Rajasthan women What is the Cash Plus Model? India’s first State-led pilot combining: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) for pregnant and lactating women. Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC), including: Home-based counselling Group sessions on nutrition and health Community engagement Use of digital media for outreach Augments the national PMMVY scheme, which provides cash support for the first child. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Governance ,Social Justice) Key Outcomes (2021–2024 study findings) Early initiation of breastfeeding rose by 49%, now reaching 90% of newborns. 49% improvement in dietary diversity among pregnant women. 54% of women reported using cash benefits specifically for nutrition. 44% more women became receptive to counselling and home visits. 80% of women cited improved affordability and access to nutritious food. Implementation Timeline Launched in 2020 as a pilot in 5 districts: Udaipur, Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Baran. Scaled statewide in 2022 with a budget of ₹210 crore. Target: ~3.5 lakh second-time pregnant women per year. Total beneficiaries to date: Over 3.3 million women. Unique Features Includes second-time mothers, unlike PMMVY. Uses anganwadi network for registration, checkups, anemia detection, and counselling. Digital and social media outreach targets male members and youth for wider behavioural change. Reported Benefits (Case Example) Early detection and treatment of anemia. Timely vaccinations and institutional delivery. Healthier birth outcomes — e.g., baby weight > 3 kg. Challenges Data gaps in maternal mortality reporting. Disparities in service access across rural and tribal areas. Persistent poverty and low education hinder full behaviour change. Need for better monitoring and digital record-keeping. Significance Sets a national precedent for integrating financial aid with behavioural interventions. Demonstrates a holistic approach to maternal and child health — not just money, but awareness and community support. Model may be replicable in other states to strengthen India’s nutrition and maternal health outcomes. AI and biomanufacturing: can the policies match our ambitions? India’s Biomanufacturing Context India is already a global leader in generic drugs and vaccines. The next leap: combining AI with biotechnology for biomanufacturing, drug discovery, and healthcare delivery. Modern Indian biomanufacturing uses robots, biosensors, and AI to improve precision and efficiency. Relevance : GS 3 (Science and Technology) AI in Biomanufacturing: Transformative Potential Biocon: Using AI for fermentation optimisation, drug screening, and cost-effective biologics. Strand Life Sciences: Employs AI for genomics and personalised medicine. Wipro & TCS: Developing AI tools for drug discovery, clinical trials, and treatment outcome prediction. AI-driven tools enable: Predictive monitoring (e.g., pH, temperature shifts) Reduced batch failures and waste Digital twins for simulating and improving manufacturing processes Faster, more efficient drug development pipelines Policy Push: India’s Bold Initiatives BioE3 Policy (2024): Envisions state-of-the-art biofoundries, AI-biotech hubs, and manufacturing infrastructure. Significant funding support for startups and companies. IndiaAI Mission: Focuses on ethical, explainable, and responsible AI. Encourages standards for bias reduction, algorithm transparency, and AI safety in biotech applications. Regulatory and Safety Challenges Current Indian drug/manufacturing laws are outdated and not tailored for AI systems. No clear process to ensure: Data representativeness for India’s diverse conditions AI model reliability under real-world disruptions Example risk: AI trained in urban labs may fail in rural setups due to infrastructure or environmental variability. Global Best Practices EU AI Act (2024): Classifies AI tools into four risk categories, strict audits for high-risk tools. US FDA (2025): Seven-step AI credibility framework Allows predetermined model updates for evolving healthcare tech India currently lacks: Risk-based evaluation Context-aware regulation Dynamic oversight mechanisms Emerging Legal and Ethical Issues Data governance: Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023) is insufficient for biotech-specific data needs. Bias and dataset quality: Clean, diverse, and unbiased datasets are essential — yet not mandated. Intellectual property: Ambiguity over AI-invented molecules and processes Risk of legal conflicts and stifled innovation Path Ahead: Recommendations Regulatory reform: Introduce risk-based, adaptive laws for AI in biomanufacturing. Define AI tool context and validation norms. Nationwide investment: Infrastructure and talent development beyond metro cities. Collaborative ecosystem: Involve industry, regulators, academia, and international partners. Promote innovation over imitation: Transition from “copying generics” to AI-driven creation of novel drugs and processes

Jun 14, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 June 2025

Content : Collaborative Push for PMMSY at Inland Fisheries Meet 2025 National Conference on Agri Stack: Turning Data into Delivery Collaborative Push for PMMSY at Inland Fisheries Meet 2025 Context : India’s inland fisheries sector has emerged as a vital driver of rural livelihoods, food security, and export potential. The Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Meet 2025 aimed to catalyze innovation, investment, and coordinated action to unlock its full growth potential. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Fisheries) Importance of the Fisheries Sector The sector is growing at an impressive 9% annual rate, the highest among all agri-allied sectors. Supports ~3 crore livelihoods, especially among rural and coastal communities. India has become the second-largest fish producer globally, with inland fish production increasing by 142% since 2013–14. Government Interventions & Funding Major schemes include PMMSY, FIDF, PM-MKSSY, and Blue Revolution. ₹38,572 crore invested towards modernization, infrastructure, credit access (KCC), and inclusive growth. These efforts aim to promote sustainable development, self-reliance, and export readiness. Focus Areas Identified in the Meet Expanding culture area from 55 to 70 lakh hectares. Doubling productivity from 5 to 10 tonnes/ha through technology and quality inputs. Promoting coldwater fisheries, saline aquaculture, ornamental fishery, and value addition. Boosting export potential of shrimp, trout, and processed fish products. Technology and Innovation Promotion of RAS (Recirculatory Aquaculture System) and Biofloc for sustainable, high-yield aquaculture. Drone-based monitoring, use of digital tools, and data-driven decision-making encouraged. Highlighted the role of 300+ start-ups in tech innovation, processing, and post-harvest value chains. Institutional and Policy Reforms Emphasis on brood banks and quality seed availability in collaboration with ICAR. Call for reforms in leasing and licensing policies for reservoirs, wetlands, and riverine fisheries. Adoption of a cluster-based approach to cover the entire value chain: from seed to market. State-Level Coordination and Federal Synergy Participation from 15+ inland states and UTs. Encouraged alignment of state action plans with national objectives. Need for customized implementation, based on local aquatic resources and priorities. Infrastructure and Market Connectivity Strengthening of cold storage, transport chains, and market linkages emphasized. Focus on balancing supply-demand, especially in high-value species like Rohu and Catla. Potential use of Amrit Sarovar reservoirs for inland aquaculture. Social and Economic Impacts Inland fisheries seen as a lever for: Nutritional security (especially protein for the poor). Doubling farmer incomes. Rural entrepreneurship and economic diversification. Encouragement for integrating traditional knowledge with scientific innovation. Challenges Highlighted Underutilization of central funding mechanisms. Gaps in cold chain infrastructure and export pathways. Need for better coordination between research bodies and implementing agencies. Skilling and capacity-building for traditional fishers still limited in many states. Broader Takeaways Inland fisheries represent a promising model of sustainable, technology-driven, inclusive development. Reflects strong Centre-State cooperation, local participation, and integration of innovation with traditional livelihoods. Key to achieving goals of employment generation, rural resilience, and national food security. National Conference on Agri Stack: Turning Data into Delivery Context & Objectives Organized by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare to assess the progress and challenges of Agri Stack under the Digital Agriculture Mission. Aimed at promoting farmer-centric, transparent, and data-driven governance by integrating digital infrastructure with agricultural schemes. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture),GS 2(Governance) Key Highlights Secretary (Agriculture) emphasized: Urgent need for States to link Farmer Registries with updated Records of Rights (RoR). Use of digital datasets for personalized scheme delivery. Secretary (DoLR) stressed: Aadhaar seeding and digital land records as critical for accurate farmer identification. Rural issues like declining land value and income demand better targeting of schemes. Digital Infrastructure Push Integration of Farmer ID with PM-KISAN, PMFBY, KCC, etc. Launch of: Digitally Verifiable Credentials (DVCs) or Kisan Pehchan Patra for authenticated land/crop verification. Farmer Authorization Systems for secure data sharing. Unified grievance redressal portal (with OTP, multilingual, audio features). Major Announcements MoUs signed with Maharashtra, Kerala, Bihar, and Odisha to boost State-level adoption. ₹6,000 crore SCA package: ₹4,000 crore for Farmer Registry & legal heir systems. ₹2,000 crore for Digital Crop Survey (DCS), disbursed on a first-come-first-served basis. State Innovations Showcased Maharashtra: AI sandbox (Mahavistaar AI), Farmer Registry-DPE integration, MahaDBT enrolment. Uttar Pradesh: Integration of Agri Stack with MSP e-procurement, DCS implementation insights. Karnataka: Use of FRUITS with banks, disaster relief support, soil health-linked advisories. Technology & AI Integration Use of remote sensing, AI/ML tools, and automated data validation to enhance accuracy. Launch of AI chatbot using Agri Stack and Google Gemini, supporting multilingual farmer interaction. AI for crop ID, facial authentication of surveyors, and backend optimization. Challenges Identified Outdated tribal land records and RoR data gaps. Errors in crop survey geotagging/photos. Non-compliance with Digital Crop Survey (DCS) standards. Long-Term Vision Build a Unified Farmer Service Interface (UFSI) to streamline service delivery. Enhance digital access to credit, crop insurance, subsidies, and advisory services. Ensure inclusive participation, especially for small & marginal farmers, through digital empowerment. Broader Significance Agri Stack marks a shift toward evidence-based, precision agriculture governance. Facilitates faster, more transparent, and better-targeted interventions in rural and farm economies. Strengthens Centre-State digital federalism in agricultural reform implementation.

Jun 14, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 June 2025

Content: Rogue Nation The Rot Starts at the Top of the Aviation Ladder Endgame of a 2,611-Year-Old Jewish-Persian Enmity Rogue nation Context Israel launched strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities, including the Natanz nuclear plant, missile factories, and homes of nuclear scientists. The attacks occurred during ongoing U.S.–Iran dialogue, undermining diplomatic efforts. Iran retaliated with drone attacks; further escalation is anticipated. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations) Practice Question : “Israel’s recent unilateral strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities poses grave risks to international law, regional peace, and global economic stability.” Critically examine in the context of current West Asian geopolitics. (250 words) Key Issues Highlighted Violation of International Norms: Israel’s unilateral military action is labeled illegal, reckless, and dangerous. Undermines the diplomatic space for resolving Iran’s nuclear issue. U.S. Complicity or Powerlessness: Despite warnings, Trump failed to stop Israel. Suggests either U.S. weakness or silent endorsement of Israeli aggression. Risk of Escalation: Iran’s harsh response likely, possibly using ballistic missiles. Israel may retaliate, creating a cycle of prolonged conflict. Iran’s Nuclear Programme – Nuances Iran has enriched uranium to 60% purity, beyond civilian need. IAEA confirms highly enriched uranium presence, but no definitive evidence of weaponization. Iran previously agreed to suspend its nuclear program under the 2015 JCPOA, later abandoned by the U.S. under Trump. Israel’s Recent Pattern of Militarism Post October 7 Hamas attack, Israel faces genocide allegations due to massive destruction in Gaza. Continues strikes in Lebanon (despite ceasefire) and territorial gains in Syria. The Iran strike fits a larger pattern of unchecked aggression. Broader Geopolitical Implications Destabilization of West Asia: Risk of a wider regional war involving Lebanon, Syria, Iran, and the Gulf. Heightened sectarian and geopolitical tensions. Global Economic Risk: Escalation could disrupt Gulf trade routes and oil supplies. Particularly dangerous for India, with large expatriate population and heavy economic interests in the region. Call to Action Urgent need for a coordinated global diplomatic intervention. The international community must rein in Israel and revive negotiations to prevent a regional catastrophe. The rot starts at the top of the aviation ladder Context The Air India Flight AI171 crash in Ahmedabad (June 2025) is analyzed as a result of systemic failures, not just pilot error. It highlights deep-rooted issues in India’s aviation safety ecosystem, regulatory framework, and accountability culture. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : “Air safety in India is not just a technical concern but a reflection of deeper governance and regulatory failures.” Discuss in light of the Air India AI171 crash. (250 words) Systemic Failures and Regulatory Complacency Pattern of negligence: Past accidents (e.g., Mangaluru 2010, Kozhikode 2020) did not lead to systemic reform. No accountability beyond pilots: Top officials, MoCA, DGCA, AAI, and airlines consistently evade responsibility. Politicization and corruption in aviation governance weaken safety oversight. Complacency post-crashes: Safety lapses are repeated, and investigation integrity is compromised. Deficiencies in Oversight and Professionalism Unqualified leadership: Key posts at DGCA and AAI often held by bureaucrats, not domain experts. Violation of ICAO norms: DGCA naming pilots publicly breaches international safety protocols. Judicial indifference: Supreme Court passing PILs back to MoCA instead of judicial review reflects institutional apathy. Technical and Operational Red Flags in AI171 Crash Suspected bird ingestion due to grass overgrowth — pointing to airport management lapses. Possible compressor stall or foreign object damage during takeoff led to partial thrust loss. Landing gear remained extended throughout — possibly due to startle effect, missed procedure, or training issues. Questions over training status of flight — was it a regular flight or one involving a co-pilot under training? Infrastructure and Obstacle Concerns The aircraft crashed into a multi-storey building near the take-off funnel. Raises concerns about No Objection Certificates (NOCs) being granted under political or commercial pressure, compromising airspace safety. Implications for Aviation Safety Governance India’s aviation safety suffers from institutional rot at the top — not merely operational flaws. Urgent need for: Professional regulatory leadership Accountable safety investigations Independent judicial oversight Strict adherence to ICAO norms Conclusion / Call to Action The crash is a grave wake-up call: Without systemic overhaul in safety governance, training, and accountability, Future tragedies are likely. Learning from such incidents is essential for public trust, global credibility, and passenger safety. Endgame of a 2,611-year-old Jewish-Persian enmity Historical & Symbolic Context Date of significance: June 13, 2025 — Israel launched “Operation Rising Lion” targeting Iran’s nuclear and missile assets. Historical arc: The conflict is framed as the culmination of a 2,611-year-old antagonism, dating back to 586 BCE (destruction of the Jewish temple by Babylon). Leaders’ rhetoric: Netanyahu and Khamenei both framed the operation in epochal, existential terms — signaling irreversible confrontation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “The Israeli offensive against Iran in 2025 marks a significant inflection point in the Jewish-Persian conflict, but the long-term regional consequences remain deeply uncertain.” Analyze. (250 words) Israeli Military Offensive Scale and scope: Over 200 Israeli jets attacked 100+ targets in Iran. Targets included nuclear infrastructure, missile factories, and key military and scientific leadership. Strategic aims: Decapitation of Iran’s nuclear and command infrastructure in a short, high-tech blitzkrieg. Preparedness: Israel had upgraded its air defences and acquired bunker-busting capability. Systematic neutralization of Iranian proxies since Hamas’s October 2023 attack. Precursor Events & Global Alignments Iran geopolitically cornered: Fall of pro-Iran Assad regime in Syria cut Iran’s first defence line. Assassinations and provocations escalated tensions. Western role: IAEA passed a resolution condemning Iran (possibly to give Israel legal cover). U.S. pressured Saudi to increase oil supply — weakening Iran’s oil revenues. Renewed U.S. engagement with Pakistan possibly aimed at strategic containment of Iran. U.S. airstrikes on Houthis disrupted Iran’s regional leverage. Arab World’s Apprehensions Sunni Arab states distrust both Israel and Iran. Primary concerns: Strait of Hormuz disruption (affecting global oil supply). Retaliatory attacks on Gulf infrastructure. Shia unrest in Sunni-majority nations. Terror resurgence via non-state actors like ISIS and al-Qaeda. Global and Regional Fallout Unforeseen risks: Israel aims for a quick, surgical strike. But Iran may survive and regroup — undercutting Israeli objectives. Risk of Iranian public rallying behind regime, due to external threat perception. Potential consequences: Radiological fallout if nuclear facilities leak. Escalation into wider war involving U.S., affecting Third World solidarity. Disruption in oil markets → global inflation, recession, and supply chain stress. Strategic Ironies Trump’s inconsistency: Claimed to end “endless wars,” yet set the stage for escalation by killing the 2015 nuclear deal. Cost of nuclear ambition: Iran’s nuclear quest may have cost $100 billion — but may now jeopardize its very security. Diplomatic isolation of Israel: Unilateral strike may alienate Global South and fuel anti-Israel sentiment. Scenarios Ahead Short surgical strike: Iran’s strategic depth is neutralized; regime is weakened like post-Gulf War Iraq. Protracted retaliation: Iran expands conflict, targets pro-West allies, drags U.S. into direct combat. Wider redraw of geopolitics: Iran may retaliate unconventionally — proxy warfare, cyberattacks, and destabilizing neighbours. Could lead to forced regime change or escalation into a regional war. Conclusion While Israel’s operations aim to decapitate Iran’s strategic threat, the long-term implications are deeply uncertain. The legacy of this operation may be shaped not by initial success, but by how Iran responds — and how the region and world absorb the shock.

Jun 14, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 June 2025

Content : Black box recovered from roof of hostel; Modi visits crash site India abstains from UNGA resolution for Gaza ceasefire In a first, Centre sanctions over 300 FRA cells to ‘facilitate’ implementation of Forest Rights Act across 18 States, UTs Israel-Iran conflict may impact oil supply to India, spike export costs Why Israel attacked Iran’s nuclear facilities Black box recovered from roof of hostel; Modi visits crash site Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Background: Flight Details: Air India Flight AI-171 was operating on an international route when it crashed during descent near Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad. Aircraft Type: The flight was operated using a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, a long-haul wide-body aircraft. Crash Timing: The crash occurred shortly before landing, with early reports suggesting a possible technical failure or structural malfunction. Mayday Signal: Reports indicate the crew issued a Mayday distress call, hinting at a rapid emergency or system failure. First Major Crash Involving 787 in India: This incident marks the first fatal crash involving a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner in Indian aviation history. High Casualty Event: With over 240 onboard fatalities, it ranks among the deadliest air crashes in Indian civil aviation in recent years. Survivor: Only one onboard survivor, Vishwas Kumar Ramesh, has been confirmed so far, currently undergoing treatment. Crash & Investigation Status Crash Incident: Air India flight AI-171 crashed in Ahmedabad, killing at least 241 people on board. Ground Casualties: No confirmed data yet on casualties on the ground. Black Box Recovered: Found on the roof of a hostel; will aid in determining the cause of the crash. AAIB Action: Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau has launched a formal probe. Police FIR: Ahmedabad police registered a case of accidental death. Political & Administrative Response PM Modi’s Visit: Visited the crash site and chaired a review meeting at Ahmedabad airport. Public Statement: Expressed grief, calling the devastation “saddening”. Interaction with Victims: PM spoke to Vishwas Kumar Ramesh, the only onboard survivor, and met other injured individuals. UK-India Coordination: British High Commissioner Lindy Cameron met PM; both countries collaborating to establish crash facts. Casualty Management Bodies Retrieved: 265 bodies sent to Ahmedabad Civil Hospital. Identifications Made: Only 6 bodies identified so far and handed over to families. DNA Profiling Underway: Due to severe charring, DNA matching is being used. Process expected to take 72 hours. Remaining bodies will be released post-confirmation. Security & Surveillance Central Agency Involvement: NIA and other central agencies visited the crash site, indicating deeper investigation angles (security/sabotage not ruled out). India abstains from UNGA resolution for Gaza ceasefire India’s UNGA Abstention: Context & Implications India abstained from a UNGA resolution calling for a ceasefire in Gaza on June 13, 2025 — 4th abstention in 3 years. Marks a shift from India’s earlier vote in favour of ceasefire (December 2024), indicating a changing diplomatic posture. India cited consistency with past votes (Dec 2022, Oct 2023, early 2024) where it abstained on resolutions critical of Israel. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Diplomatic Significance India was the only abstaining country among BRICS, SCO, and South Asia, isolating it from its traditional groupings. Abstention came while EAM Jaishankar was in Paris; France and Saudi Arabia are hosting a conference on the two-state solution (June 17–20). Uncertainty over India’s participation in this upcoming conference; MEA has not yet confirmed delegation. UNGA Vote Details Resolution title: “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”. Introduced by Spain, passed with 149 in favour, 11 against, and 19 abstentions. India abstained along with countries like Albania, Malawi, Kiribati, Ecuador, and Dominica. The US and Israel opposed the resolution, citing lack of criticism toward Hamas. India’s Stated Reason India’s UN envoy Parvathaneni Harish stated that India remains “deeply concerned” about Gaza but abstained to promote dialogue and diplomacy. Maintained that only peaceful negotiations can resolve the conflict. Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza Death toll in Gaza stands at ~55,000, with half the population facing catastrophic hunger and health crises. WHO and other UN bodies report dozens of child deaths from malnutrition since the ceasefire collapse. Resolution called for: Immediate and permanent humanitarian aid access. Return of hostages. Compliance with international humanitarian law by both Israel and Hamas. Global Responses US criticism: Resolution doesn’t condemn Hamas directly. Russia’s stance: Ceasefire is essential; Israel’s blockade is leading to mass starvation and death. Broader international consensus coalescing around need for humanitarian ceasefire and revival of peace talks. In a first, Centre sanctions over 300 FRA cells to ‘facilitate’ implementation of Forest Rights Act across 18 States, UTs Background Context Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006: Recognizes rights of Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs) over forest land and resources. Responsibility till now: Implementation has been the responsibility of State and UT governments. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Development First-ever Central Structural Support: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has sanctioned 324 district-level FRA cells and 17 State-level cells in 18 States/UTs. Under DAJGUA Scheme: The initiative is part of the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan, launched in October 2024, aimed at tribal welfare. Purpose and Role of FRA Cells Supportive Role Only: Assist Gram Sabhas and claimants in paperwork for FRA claims. Help in data management and documentation. Aid in “quick disposal” of pending claims, especially post-DLC approval. No decision-making power: Cells will not interfere with decisions of Gram Sabhas, SDLCs, DLCs, or State departments. Concerns Raised Activists’ Criticism: Fears of a “parallel mechanism” being created outside the statutory framework of FRA. Risk of undermining community-based structures like Gram Sabhas. Governance Conflict: Cells are framed under DAJGUA rules, not under FRA 2006, raising questions about legal sanctity and overlap. Funding and Structure Funding by Centre: Through Grants-in-aid General. ₹8.67 lakh per district FRA cell. ₹25.85 lakh per State-level cell. Operational Control: FRA cells are expected to function within State government systems. Current Status of FRA Claims Total claims filed: ~51.11 lakh across 21 States/UTs (as of March 2025). Claims disposed: ~43 lakh. Rejected claims: Over 42%. Pending claims: 14.45% overall. High pendency in Assam (60%+) and Telangana (~50.27%). State-wise FRA Cell Sanctions (Top States) State District FRA Cells Madhya Pradesh 55 Chhattisgarh 30 Telangana 29 Maharashtra 26 Assam 25 Jharkhand 24 Significance Policy Shift: Marks a departure from earlier Union stance of passive encouragement to States. Potential Impact: Could improve speed and quality of claim processing. May help tackle persistent pendency and high rejection rates. Caution Required: Must not bypass or dilute democratic community institutions enshrined under FRA. Israel-Iran conflict may impact oil supply to India, spike export costs Macro-Economic Risks for India Oil Dependency: India imports ~80% of its crude oil needs. A global oil price spike (~8% in a single day) due to the Israel-Iran conflict poses inflationary risks. Even though India does not directly import much from Iran, supply chain disruptions can raise overall crude import costs. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Trade Route at Risk: Strait of Hormuz: ~20% of global oil trade passes through it. Disruption could affect supply from Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE — all major suppliers to India. Suez Canal & Red Sea:Conflict escalation could restrict access.Exports may be forced to reroute via the Cape of Good Hope, increasing travel time by 15–20 days and cost by $500–$1,000 per container.Leads to 40–50% rise in export shipping costs. Sectoral Impacts Fuel & Inflation: Higher crude costs = Higher fuel prices, transport costs, and CPI inflation. Impacts household budgets and may affect RBI’s monetary stance. Export Sector: Engineering exports and others could suffer due to delayed timelines and higher freight costs. India’s competitiveness in global markets may reduce. Precious Metals: Gold prices surged past ₹1 lakh/10 grams amid uncertainty. Reflects its role as a safe-haven asset in geopolitical crises. Central bank gold accumulation and inflation concerns further driving demand. Expert Insights Amit Kumar (Grant Thornton): Even indirect effects from the Strait of Hormuz could impact India’s oil imports due to interlinked global supply chains. Pankaj Chadha (EEPC India): Closure of Suez Canal = serious blow to export sector, especially time-sensitive or heavy goods. Norbert Rücker (Julius Baer): Views oil price surge as temporary; expects prices to stabilize, following past patterns of conflict. Amit Jain (Ashika Global): Rise in gold demand part of a long-term structural trend, not merely a reactionary spike. Overall Implications for India Short-term risks: Inflation, rising current account deficit (CAD), and fiscal pressure on oil subsidies. Medium-term: Export sector may lose margins. Potential need to reassess strategic oil reserves and diversify energy sources. Geopolitical dimension: Underscores India’s strategic vulnerability due to heavy oil dependence and trade route reliance. Why Israel attacked Iran’s nuclear facilities Nature and Scale of the Attack June 13, 2025: Israel carried out massive airstrikes targeting: Iranian nuclear facilities (e.g., Natanz). Ballistic missile sites. Residences of top Generals. Over two dozen nuclear scientists. Heaviest military strike on Iran since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Seen as culmination of years of clandestine operations, including the 2020 assassination of nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh and the 2014 bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations)’ Strategic Shifts Enabling the Attack Long-standing Israeli objective: Neutralize Iran’s nuclear programme, deemed an “existential threat.” Earlier, U.S. administrations vetoed direct strikes due to fear of escalation. However, the regional and global strategic context has changed: Collapse of Iran’s regional deterrent post-October 7, 2023 (Hamas attack on Israel). Fall of Assad’s regime in Syria (Dec 2024): Broke Iran–Hezbollah–Syria connectivity, weakening Iran’s regional “axis of resistance.” Israel exploited this vacuum to increase pressure on Iran. Israel’s Escalatory Trajectory Launched a “mini regional war” targeting: Hamas in Gaza. Hezbollah in Lebanon. Syrian regime positions. Follow-up attacks in October 2024 targeted Iran’s missile defense systems, exposing nuclear sites to future strikes. Role of the U.S. & Trump’s Diplomacy Donald Trump, now President, initially signaled interest in diplomacy, stalling an Israeli strike in May 2025. Trump’s diplomacy was coercive: Pressuring Iran to completely dismantle its nuclear programme (beyond the 2015 deal). After failed talks, Trump appeared to greenlight Israeli strikes as pressure tactics. Trump’s Truth Social posts suggested: More attacks are “already planned”. Iran must accept the deal or face destruction. Talks could still resume in Muscat, implying diplomacy under duress. Iran’s Strategic Dilemma Three stark choices before Tehran: Escalate militarily: Risks full-scale war and possible U.S. intervention. Accept U.S. deal under pressure: Politically humiliating; undermines sovereignty and strategic leverage. Continue limited engagement/deterrence: May not deter future Israeli strikes; could be perceived as weak. Implications for the Region and the World Risk of wider war: Any misstep could drag the U.S., Gulf states, and global powers into direct confrontation. Global economic fallout: Especially through oil supply disruptions (via Strait of Hormuz). Possible surge in commodity prices and increased geopolitical uncertainty. Diplomatic vacuum: Absence of effective international mediation risks prolonged conflict and regional instability. Conclusion The Israel-Iran clash has moved from proxy battles to direct confrontation. The collapse of Iran’s regional alliances, U.S. backing under Trump, and internal Iranian vulnerabilities have emboldened Israel. Iran’s response will define the course of West Asian geopolitics — whether through diplomacy, deterrence, or escalation.

Jun 13, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 June 2025

BRINGING POSITIVE TRANSFORMATION IN PEOPLE’S LIVES SHOULD BE THE GUIDING SPIRIT FOR CIVIL SERVANTS: LOK SABHA SPEAKER Core Message Guiding principle for civil servants: Bring positive transformation in people’s lives. Officers should act with compassion, fairness, and a strong sense of duty. Emphasis on innovation and transparency as tools of effective governance. Relevance : GS 4(Ethics , Aptitude , Integrity) Role of Civil Servants Public looks to civil servants, especially marginalised communities, with hope. Officers must be empathetic change-makers, not just implementers of policies. Every grievance addressed adds meaning to service; “no work is too small.” Duty extends beyond administration—officers should uplift communities during crises. Democracy and Administration India has built a robust democratic and administrative system through collective participation and cooperation. Among three pillars of democracy, the executive (bureaucracy) plays a crucial role in implementation. Officers are “karmayogis” expected to uphold democratic ideals with humility and commitment. LBSNAA’s Significance LBSNAA is a symbol of simplicity, integrity, and democratic values. The Academy’s training widens perspectives and inspires innovative governance approaches. Sharing experiences with peers during training encourages adaptive learning. Ethics and Leadership True leadership lies in: Sincerity Impartiality Consistent public service Officers working with integrity build deep public trust, remembered even post-transfers. Real happiness and fulfilment in civil service come from solving people’s problems, not personal gains. Evolving Governance Context Officers must adapt to: Technological advancements Changing societal expectations Global shifts Continuous learning and self-reflection are essential for modern governance. Concluding Vision Administrative success means people don’t need to run to elected representatives. Officers should own citizen problems as personal responsibility. Civil servants are agents of social transformation, expected to deliver justice, compassion, and inclusion.

Jun 13, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 June 2025

Content : Trump’s Tariffs and a U.S.-India Trade Agreement Urbanisation and the Challenge of Ideal Transit Solutions Trump’s tariffs and a U.S.-India trade agreement Context : Trump’s Tariffs implications Imposed sweeping tariffs (10%-135%) on over 100 countries, including uninhabited regions like Heard and McDonald Islands, highlighting their indiscriminate nature. Justified as addressing a “national emergency” due to U.S. trade deficits, but ignored U.S. service exports, e.g., the U.S. has a $35B-$40B surplus with India when services are included. Violated trade agreement tariff bindings, undermining predictability for businesses and global trade rules. Relevance : GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question : Discuss the implications of unilateral tariff measures such as those imposed by the U.S. under the Trump administration on India’s trade policy and strategic autonomy.(15 marks, 250 words) Legal and Constitutional Challenges: Five U.S. small businesses (wines, plastics, bicycles, musical circuits, fishing equipment) challenged tariffs at the U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT) for harming their operations. CIT ruled on May 28, 2025, that tariffs exceeded legal authority, criticizing the misuse of “national emergency” powers as unconstitutional. Ruling stayed by an appeals court, leaving tariffs in place and highlighting unchecked executive power in the U.S. Impact on U.S.-India Trade: U.S. increased tariffs on Indian steel (25% to 50%) and aluminum (10% to 50%), despite a 2023 “mutually agreed solution” to avoid escalation. India withdrew its WTO dispute against U.S. tariffs but now faces new punitive measures, limiting retaliation options. U.S.-China tariff truce and threats against Apple manufacturing in India reduce India’s strategic leverage in U.S.-China trade dynamics. Proposed U.S.-India Trade Agreement: Negotiations aim for conclusion before a U.S.-imposed July 8 deadline, but face challenges due to U.S. tariff escalation. India must secure removal of additional tariffs, protect against retaliatory measures on U.S. investments (e.g., Apple), and exempt Indian remittances from the proposed 3.5% tax under Trump’s One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB). Key Indian priorities: safeguarding digital services taxes, addressing H-1B visa restrictions, and ensuring smooth cross-border service trade, including data flow regulations. Strategic Considerations for India: Align any agreement with WTO commitments to maintain multilateral trade safeguards, especially given U.S. disregard for WTO rules. Avoid sub-optimal deals, as Trump’s tariffs face domestic legal challenges and may have a limited lifespan. No guarantee of U.S. support in India-China military tensions, given Trump’s transactional approach. Broader Implications: Trump’s tariffs and OBBB threaten separation of powers, risking further executive overreach in U.S. policy. WTO rulings (e.g., by Switzerland, Norway, China, Türkiye) against U.S. tariffs reinforce their illegality, but enforcement remains weak. India should strengthen multilateral institutions like the WTO to counter unilateral U.S. actions, as pledged during its G-20 presidency. Conclusion: India must negotiate cautiously, prioritizing its economic and strategic interests while resisting pressure for a rushed, unfavorable deal. Domestic U.S. challenges to Trump’s tariffs may limit their longevity, supporting India’s option to hold firm. Urbanisation and the challenge of ideal transit solutions Urbanisation as a Growth Engine India’s path to becoming Viksit Bharat by 2047 hinges on urbanisation. By the 2060s, 60%+ of India’s population will migrate to urban areas seeking higher productivity. This urban shift places immense pressure on intra-city mobility and transit systems. Relevance : GS 1 ( Urbanization),GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : Urban mobility in India is at a crossroads between smart, sustainable planning and reactive expansion. Examine this statement in the context of current transport policies and their long-term viability.(15 marks, 250 words) Challenges with Smart Cities vs. Tier-I Expansion While India aspires to build smart cities to reduce commute needs, progress is slow. In contrast, existing Tier-I cities are expanding rapidly, exacerbating congestion and urban transport stress. Public Transport Push: Recent Measures Budget Initiatives: PM e-Bus Sewa and PM e-Drive schemes aim to boost electric vehicle deployment: 14,000 e-buses 1,10,000 e-rickshaws, e-trucks, e-ambulances Gap remains wide: Only 35,000 urban buses are operational versus the required 2,00,000. Metro network expansion is being funded heavily but remains limited in reach and cost recovery. Public Transport Access and Utilisation Only 37% of urban Indians have easy access to public transport (Economic Survey, 2024). Comparatively, China and Brazil offer over 50% access to urban mass transit. Metro systems in India are underperforming: Actual ridership is often lower than projected. Highly fare-sensitive users avoid metros when prices rise. Last-mile connectivity gaps reduce metro usage effectiveness. Subsidy Limitations India lacks the fiscal capacity to sustain large transport subsidies like in developed countries. Reliance on fare revenue makes it harder for metros to remain financially viable. Rethinking Road-Based Transit Budget allocations for urban bus systems have increased to improve last-mile solutions. Private sector participation remains weak due to uncertain returns and high costs (especially for e-buses). India is investing in electric, CNG, hydrogen, biofuel buses, but lacks focus on alternatives like: Trams Trolleybuses Cost-Benefit Insights: E-Buses vs. Trams Life Cycle Profitability: Trams: 45% profit over 70 years E-buses: 82% net loss due to high replacement & operational costs Trolleybuses: Marginal loss, but better than e-buses Trams outperform in terms of sustainability, scalability, and financial return. Future Outlook and Policy Considerations India must question whether it is chasing trend-driven tech (e-buses) or long-term, viable modes (trams). Planned tram revival in Kochi could be a turning point for sustainable transit. A return to trams is not nostalgia but a strategic move aligned with climate and fiscal goals. Conclusion: Strategic Rethink Needed Urban planners must re-evaluate current investments and prioritise scalable, cost-effective solutions. A comprehensive P&L-based approach is needed for future transit policy. India must choose wisely today to avoid costly course corrections in the future urban mobility landscape.

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