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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 April 2025

Content: World Health Day 2025 The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025: An overview of the Act vs Bill World Health Day 2025 Theme: “Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures” Date: 7th April 2025 Focus: Maternal and newborn health Relevance : GS 2(Health) Government Vision Reaffirmed commitment to quality and accessible healthcare. Focus on maternal & child health, digital health, wellness, disease elimination, and mental health. Key Achievements in Maternal & Child Health Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): ↓ from 130 (2014–16) to 97 (2018–20) ⇒ 83% reduction since 1990 (vs global 42%) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): ↓ from 39 (2014) to 28 (2020) Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR): ↓ from 26 (2014) to 20 (2020) Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR): ↓ from 45 (2014) to 32 (2020) Major Maternal & Child Health Interventions Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR):: Tracks maternal deaths & implements corrective action. Mother and Child Protection (MCP)  Card & Safe Motherhood Booklet: Info on pregnancy health & schemes. Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Portal: Digital tracking of pregnant women & newborns. Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB): Testing & prevention in pregnant women & teens. Birth Waiting Homes: In remote/tribal areas for safe deliveries. Village Health, Sanitation & Nutrition Day (VHSND) & Outreach Camps: Grassroots delivery of maternal services. Access to Quality Health Services Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs): 1.76 lakh centers; 107.1 cr BP & 94.5 cr diabetes screenings; 5.06 cr wellness sessions (incl. yoga). NQAS-Certified Facilities: 17,000+ public health institutions. Digital Health Initiatives Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission  (ABDM): Unified digital health ecosystem 76 cr Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts (ABHA) accounts 5.95 lakh+ verified professionals 3.86 lakh+ verified facilities 52 cr+ linked health records U-WIN: Digital platform that streamlines and tracks immunization for pregnant women and children (0–16 years) 7.90 cr beneficiaries 1.32 cr sessions, 29.22 cr doses eSanjeevani:(India’s National Telemedicine Service) 36 cr+ teleconsultations 130+ specialities, 17,051 hubs, 1.3 lakh spokes Disease Elimination & Control Malaria: ↓ 69% cases, ↓ 68% deaths (2017–2023) Exited WHO’s High Burden to High Impact  (HBHI) group in 2024 Trachoma: Eliminated in 2024 (WHO-certified) Measles-Rubella: 50 districts measles-free, 226 rubella-free (2024) TB (NTEP): ↓ from 237 to 195 cases/lakh (2015–2023) TB deaths ↓ from 28 to 22/lakh Missing cases ↓ 83% 2.5 lakh Ni-kshay Mitras supporting 15 lakh patients Kala-azar: Eliminated in Oct 2024 in all endemic blocks Affordable Healthcare AB-PMJAY: 55 cr beneficiaries ₹5 lakh/family insurance 40 cr Ayushman cards 8.5 cr+ hospital admissions 31,846 empanelled hospitals (17,434 govt, 14,412 pvt) ASHA/Anganwadi workers included 25 lakh+ Ayushman Vay Vandana Cards issued Mental Health: Tele-MANAS 53 cells across 36 States/UTs 20+ lakh calls handled ₹230+ cr allocated (last 3 years) 440+ Rehabilitation/Halfway Homes (as of Apr 2025) Conclusion India’s efforts in maternal health, disease elimination, digital health, and inclusive access reflect its push toward Universal Health Coverage and health equity — aligned with SDG 3 and the 2030 agenda. The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025: An overview of the Act vs Bill Introduction The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025 updates the Waqf Act, 1995 to improve efficiency, reduce disputes, and modernize waqf property management. The Mussalman Wakf (Repeal) Bill, 2025 seeks to repeal the outdated Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923 to eliminate redundancy and legal confusion. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution , Governance) Major Issues in Existing Framework Irrevocability of Waqf: The principle “once a waqf, always a waqf” has caused complex legal disputes (e.g., Bet Dwarka). Legal Disputes & Mismanagement: Illegal occupation of Waqf land. Delays in surveys and property registration. Poor governance and large-scale litigations. No Judicial Oversight: Tribunal decisions are final, with minimal judicial appeal. Reduces accountability and legal recourse. Incomplete Surveys: Surveys pending or not started in several states (e.g., Gujarat, UP, Uttarakhand). Poor coordination with Revenue Departments. Misuse of Section 40: Private properties wrongly declared as waqf. Only 8 out of 30 States/UTs provided data; 515 such properties identified. Constitutional Validity Questioned: Law applies only to Muslims, with no equivalent for other communities. PIL filed in Delhi HC questioning Article 14 violation. Key Provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025 Feature Waqf Act, 1995 Amendment (2025) Name of Act Waqf Act, 1995 Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency, and Development Act Formation of Waqf Via declaration, user, endowment Removes “user”, mandates ownership & practice by donor, protects women’s inheritance Government Property as Waqf No clarity Gov. property can’t be waqf; disputes handled by Collector Power to Determine Waqf Held by Waqf Boards Removed Survey Responsibility Survey Commissioners Empowered Collectors under revenue laws Central Waqf Council Composition All Muslim members Includes 2 non-Muslims, MPs, judges; 2 Muslim women mandatory Waqf Board Composition Elected Muslim members State can nominate non-Muslims; inclusion of Shia, Sunni, Bohra, Agakhani, BCs, 2 Muslim women Tribunal Composition Judge, Muslim law expert, state officer Removes Muslim law expert; adds joint secretary Appeals on Tribunal Orders Tribunal decisions final Appeals allowed in HC within 90 days Audit & Central Powers State audits only CAG/designated audit by Centre; rules on registration & publication Separate Boards for Sects Shia-Sunni only if >15% share Also includes Bohra & Agakhani sects Inclusivity Muslim-majority boards Mandates non-Muslim and women representation Impact of Mussalman Wakf (Repeal) Bill, 2025 Removes the outdated 1923 Act, streamlining legal framework. Eliminates duplication/confusion with the Waqf Act, 1995. Ensures one uniform law governing all waqf properties in India. Improves legal clarity, transparency, and administrative efficiency. Conclusion The 2025 reforms modernize waqf governance with better legal recourse, inclusivity, and government oversight. Enhances transparency by improving surveys, registration, and accountability. Introduces progressive provisions like women representation, non-Muslim inclusion, and removal of misuse-prone clauses. Marks a significant shift towards a balanced, secular, and efficient Waqf management system.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 April 2025

Content: Prescribe preventive medicine for a healthy India Health and sanitation as the pillars of a healthy India Prescribe preventive medicine for a healthy India Contextual Background India aims to become a $5 trillion economy and global powerhouse. However, Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are becoming a “silent epidemic” threatening this vision. NCDs account for ~two-thirds of all deaths in India. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Health) Practice Question :“With Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) emerging as a major public health and economic challenge, discuss the need for shifting from a curative to a preventive healthcare model in India. Suggest measures to institutionalise preventive health practices across individuals, communities, and governance structures.” (15 marks, 250 words) Understanding the Rise of NCDs Epidemiological Transition: Shift from infectious to chronic lifestyle-related diseases. Major NCDs: Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke, chronic lung disease. Premature affliction: Affecting individuals as young as 30-40 years, reducing India’s demographic dividend.  Economic Burden NCDs cause: Reduced productivity. Workforce dropout. Losses estimated at 5-10% of GDP. WEF-Harvard study: Projected ~$3.5–4 trillion loss to Indian economy (2012–2030). Prevention is thus an economic imperative, not just a health expense. Preventability of NCDs ~80% of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes are preventable through lifestyle change. Risk factors: Sedentary lifestyle. Unhealthy diet. Tobacco & alcohol use. Air pollution. Genetic predisposition. Lifestyle and Behavioural Interventions Combat obesity (22–23% adults overweight). Promote: Daily exercise (30 min moderate activity). Healthy diet (fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, reduced salt/sugar). Consider pollution control as preventive medicine, especially to combat COPD, lung cancer, etc. Role of Early Screening Regular health check-ups starting at 40 (or earlier if family history). Examples: Blood pressure screening → prevents stroke. HPV test / Mammography → early detection of cervical/breast cancer. Colonoscopy → detect/remove precancerous polyps. Technology & Digital Health: A Game Changer 750+ million smartphone users: leverage digital tools for health messaging and tracking. Wearables: Track vital signs, encourage healthy habits. AI & Predictive Modelling: Risk forecasting (e.g., 10-year cardiac risk). Early diagnostics using ML (e.g., spotting lung nodules, fatty liver in scans). But, technology must remain humane, ethical, and patient-centric. Fostering a Preventive Mindset Shift from “cure model” to “care model.” Emphasize: Personal accountability: Individuals must prioritize daily habits. Corporate role: Wellness programs, periodic health check-ups, in-house counselling. Healthcare providers: Focus on education, screening, early intervention. Government: National Programme for Prevention and Control of NCDs (NP-NCD). Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs) under Ayushman Bharat. Health-oriented policies: urban green spaces, school curricula on nutrition, food industry regulations. Conclusion: “Heal before there is a need to heal” Preventive medicine is not merely a service — it’s a philosophy of proactive well-being. A healthy population is a productive, economically valuable asset. Each Indian must act — and when scaled, this could redefine national health outcomes and economic trajectory. Health and sanitation as the pillars of a healthy India Interlinkage of Health and Sanitation Health and sanitation are fundamentally interconnected — clean water and safe sanitation prevent numerous diseases, especially in rural areas. WHO: Over 3 lakh diarrhoeal deaths averted (2014–2019) due to SBM. Nature (2024): ~70,000 child deaths prevented annually due to improved sanitation. Improved sanitation → Reduced incidence of waterborne diseases → Lower burden on healthcare system. Relevance : GS Paper 2 ( Health, Governance, Social Justice) Practice Question : “Health and sanitation are not separate pursuits but two sides of the same coin.” In the context of India’s recent initiatives like Swachh Bharat Mission and Jal Jeevan Mission, critically examine how access to sanitation and clean water is transforming public health and rural development in India.(15 marks, 250 words) Sanitation as a Public Health Revolution – SBM (Grameen) Launched in 2014 as a Jan Andolan (People’s Movement) aimed at ending open defecation. By 2019, India declared itself Open Defecation Free (ODF) — 11 years ahead of SDG target (2030). Behavioural change, intergenerational equity, and dignity were key drivers. UNICEF (2017): ₹50,000 annual health savings per ODF household; 93% women felt safer. Environmental impact: Groundwater in ODF villages 12.7 times less likely to be contaminated. Jal Jeevan Mission – Water as Preventive Health Tool Launched in 2019 to provide tap water to every rural household. As of 2024, 80% rural households have tap water connections. Nobel Laureate Michael Kremer: Universal tap coverage → Prevents 1.36 lakh under-5 deaths. WHO: JJM could avert 4 lakh diarrhoeal deaths. Time saved (5.5 crore hours daily) → Enhanced productivity & women’s empowerment. Gender Empowerment and Community Participation Women as agents of change: 2.48 million women trained to test water quality. Women-led SHGs managing recycling units, sanitary napkin production, and sanitation assets. This empowerment fosters ownership, sustains outcomes, and builds community resilience. Sujal and Swachh Gaon – Holistic Village-Level Integration Integrates WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) parameters at grassroots. Over 5.07 lakh villages have solid waste management; 5.23 lakh have liquid waste systems. Swachh Sujal Gaon certification = marker of comprehensive rural transformation. Reduced Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) Shift from curative to preventive healthcare → Reduces health-related financial burdens. Clean water & sanitation reduce disease prevalence → Lower healthcare expenses → More economic stability. India’s Model – A Global Blueprint Technological integration: Real-time dashboards GOBARdhan biogas plants Plastic waste management units Model offers scalable, community-led innovations suitable for the Global South. Convergence: Health is Not One Ministry’s Job Health outcomes depend on coordination among: Ministry of Jal Shakti (Water) Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of Women and Child Development SDG 6 (WASH), SDG 3 (Health), and SDG 5 (Gender Equality) all intersect. Vision of Viksit Bharat (Developed India) No child missing school due to poor hygiene. No woman walking miles for water. No family losing lives to preventable diseases. Emphasis on equity, dignity, opportunity, and sustainability.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 April 2025

Content: New Pamban bridge an engineering wonder: PM Only 12% of judges in High Courts have declared assets: data Bridging gaps, building resilience Three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet CAPTCHA: a digital border between humans and bots New Pamban bridge an engineering wonder: PM The New Pamban Bridge, inaugurated in April 2025, is India’s first vertical lift sea bridge connecting Rameswaram island with the mainland, marking a major leap in coastal infrastructure and engineering excellence Relevance : GS Paper 3 (Infrastructure,Technology ) Type: India’s first vertical lift sea bridge. Length: 2.08 km over the Palk Strait. Vertical Lift Span: 72.5 metres, can be raised to 17 metres for ship movement. Material Features: Uses stainless steel reinforcement and high-grade protective paint to withstand corrosive marine environment. Elevation: The bridge is 3 metres higher than the old structure, improving clearance. Cost and Construction Total Cost: ₹531 crore. Constructed by: Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. (RVNL). Replaces the 126-year-old British–era Pamban Bridge (opened in 1914), which had a manual Scherzer rolling lift span. Connectivity and Economic Impact Enhanced Rail Connectivity: Links Rameswaram island with Ramanathapuram on the mainland. Ease of Travel and Business: Expected to boost tourism, pilgrimage (notably to Rameswaram), and local trade. New Train Flag-off: Rameswaram to Tambaram, Chennai. Broader Infrastructure Push Part of a multi-modal infrastructure push in southern India. PM also laid foundation for NH-40 four-laning (Walajahpet to Andhra Pradesh border). Dedicated three four-lane national highways — promoting better road-rail integration.  Prime Minister’s Remarks Called the bridge an “engineering wonder” blending technology and tradition. Said it fulfills a long-pending demand of the local population. Emphasized positive impact on lives of lakhs of people, especially in Tamil Nadu. Strategic and Regional Relevance Palk Strait significance: A challenging marine environment; enhanced shipping and coastal security. Symbol of Modernisation: Part of broader effort to modernize India’s infrastructure. Only 12% of judges in High Courts have declared assets: data Context : Out of 769 judges across 25 High Courts, only 95 judges (12.35%) have disclosed their assets.Highlights a significant lack of transparency in the higher judiciary. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ), GS 4(Ethics in Public Life) Highs and Lows Among High Courts Kerala High Court: Leads with 93.18% (41/44 judges) having declared assets. Himachal Pradesh High Court: 91.66% (11/12 judges) compliance. Chhattisgarh High Court: Only 1 out of 16 judges disclosed assets. Madras High Court: Only 5 out of 65 judges declared. Delhi High Court: Disclosure fell from 29/35 judges in 2018 to just 7/38 judges now. Triggering Incident The recovery of partially burnt currency notes at the residence of Justice Yashwant Varma (Delhi HC) has reignited the debate over judicial transparency and ethics. Supreme Court’s Proactive Step In response, all 33 serving Supreme Court judges unanimously agreed (Full Court Meeting, April 1) to publish their asset declarations on the apex court website — setting a positive precedent. Concerns Raised Sharp decline in voluntary disclosure over the years despite public expectations. Lack of a uniform, mandatory mechanism for periodic asset disclosure. Potential erosion of public trust in judicial integrity. Legal and Ethical Context Asset disclosure by judges is not legally mandatory, but encouraged as a voluntary ethical practice. Originally inspired by a 2009 SC resolution post-CJI K.G. Balakrishnan era, urging voluntary disclosures. Non-disclosure undermines the principle of accountability in public institutions. Way Forward Need for a uniform national policy or law mandating periodic asset disclosure by judges. Could be anchored under Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill (pending for years). Transparency could enhance public confidence, ensure judicial propriety, and deter unethical conduct. Bridging gaps, building resilience Context & Theme World Health Day 2025 theme: “Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures”, focusing on maternal and newborn health. Aims to highlight equitable, accessible, and quality healthcare as a global and national priority. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) India’s Health Progress & Challenges Ayushman Bharat & PM-JAY: Provides financial protection to over 500 million people. Health & Wellness Centres (HWCs): Strengthen primary healthcare, but face shortages in staff, diagnostics, and medicine. Despite 70% rural population, only 35–40% of healthcare infrastructure is rural — reflects urban–rural disparity. Investment needed in Tier-2/Tier-3 cities and incentives for medical professionals in underserved areas.  Disease Burden & Socioeconomic Factors Dual burden: Infectious diseases + rising non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (65% of deaths). Lifestyle issues: Sedentary habits, poor diets, tobacco use → diabetes, heart disease, cancer. 101 million Indians have diabetes (IDF 2024). 1.6 million deaths due to air pollution (The Lancet, 2019). NFHS-5 data: 35% of under-5 children stunted. 57% women (15–49) anemic. Reflects issues of poverty, sanitation, education, gender inequality. Policy Responses to Malnutrition Poshan Abhiyaan & ICDS aim at child nutrition but need: Strong data tracking. Community-level engagement. Multi-sectoral coordination. Healthcare Funding & Economic Stress Health Ministry’s allocation in 2025–26 Budget: ₹99,858.56 crore (1.97% of total). High out-of-pocket expenditure pushes ~55 million Indians into poverty annually. Emphasis must shift to preventive care: screenings, health education, school-based health programs. Digital Health: Promise & Pitfalls Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission & eSanjeevani: Over 10 crore teleconsultations. Challenges: Only 37% rural internet penetration. Low digital literacy among patients and providers. Concerns over cybersecurity and data privacy. Needs: Rural internet infrastructure. Training for healthcare workers. Strong data protection laws. Future-Ready Innovations AI diagnostics, wearables, remote monitoring — promise early detection and personalized care. Must be inclusive, accessible, and equitable across regions and social groups. Resilience & Global Health Alignment India aligns with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Leverages strengths: young population, pharma industry, digital ecosystem. G20 presidency (2023): Showcased health diplomacy and digital health leadership. Need to align with International Health Regulations & Global Health Security Agenda. Mental Health & Climate Resilience Tele-MANAS and NAP on Climate Change and Human Health are key initiatives. 14% of Indians suffer mental disorders (NIMHANS 2023) — requires more investment and destigmatisation. Conclusion & Way Forward India must view health as strategic investment, not just a social service. Requires a cohesive, inclusive, well-funded system focused on: Innovation Equity Resilience Whole-of-society approach: Collaboration between government, civil society, and private sector essential for achieving Health for All. Three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet Global Context of Nutrition Affordability A healthy, nutritious diet is 4x more expensive than a basic calorie-sufficient one. 3 billion people globally cannot afford a healthy diet — even if they spent most of their income on food. 1.1 billion people (14% of the global population) cannot even afford the most basic energy-sufficient diet (rice/maize only). Relevance : GS 2(Health , Hunger , Poverty) Hidden Hunger and Micronutrient Deficiency Billions suffer from “hidden hunger” – deficiencies in iron, calcium, Vitamin A, iodine, etc. A calorie-sufficient diet (mostly cereals and starches) lacks proteins, essential fats, and micronutrients vital for health. Economic & Structural Drivers The cost of a healthy diet globally averages $3.67/day, unaffordable for low-income populations. Subsistence farmers are also counted among the undernourished — if they cannot produce or afford calorie/nutrient-sufficient diets. Diet affordability is based on total income minus non–food essential expenditures like housing and transport. Regional Disparities In Sub-Saharan Africa, over 80% of the population cannot afford a healthy diet. In India, a healthy diet costs nearly as much as the median income, leaving no room for other expenses. In contrast, people in France or Denmark spend just 5–6% of their income on food — showcasing stark inequality. Food Guidelines vs Reality Most countries have Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) recommending a diverse intake from all food groups. But these guidelines are economically inaccessible to the poor in many regions. Researchers used regionally representative guidelines — not imposing Western models universally. Policy Implications A calorie-sufficient diet might help survival, but fails to ensure health or human potential. Economic inequality, food price volatility, and low incomes must be tackled together. A sustainable solution must go beyond calorie sufficiency — focusing on nutrition security. Key Takeaways Affordability of food is not just about price, but income and essential non-food needs. Three billion people lack the means to eat for long-term health — a global public health crisis. Addressing this gap is essential for achieving SDG 2: Zero Hunger and SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being. India’s Government Initiatives : 1. Public Distribution System (PDS) Provides subsidized grains to around 800 million people. Fulfills calorie needs but lacks nutritional diversity. 2. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) Initially launched during COVID-19 for free ration distribution. Now a permanent scheme under NFSA providing free foodgrains to PDS beneficiaries. 3. PM POSHAN (formerly Mid-Day Meal Scheme) Offers nutritious meals to school children. Some states include eggs, milk, or fruits. 4. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Through Anganwadi centres, offers supplementary nutrition, health check-ups, and pre-school education for children (0–6 years) and pregnant/lactating women. 5. National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 Provides legal entitlement to 5 kg of foodgrains per person/month for priority households. Covers 75% of rural and 50% of urban population. 6. POSHAN Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission) Aims to reduce stunting, undernutrition, anaemia, and low birth weight. Uses technology integration and real-time Poshan Tracker. 7. Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) Focuses on reducing anaemia in children, adolescents, and women through IFA supplementation, deworming, and fortified foods. 8. Fortification Initiatives Staples like rice, wheat, oil, milk, and salt fortified with iron, folic acid, Vitamin A & D. Fortified rice being distributed through PDS, PM POSHAN, and ICDS. CAPTCHA: a digital border between humans and bots What is CAPTCHA? CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart. A security mechanism to differentiate human users from bots using puzzles/challenges. Inspired by the Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing in the 1950s. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Purpose and Origin Introduced in the early 2000s to combat automated bots creating fake accounts, spamming, and stealing data. First patent filed in 2003 by Luis von Ahn and others. Early CAPTCHA involved reading distorted text that bots couldn’t easily decipher. How It Works Presents tasks (e.g., reading distorted text, selecting objects in images) that humans can do but bots find difficult. Leverages human cognitive abilities (pattern recognition, context interpretation) which machines lack. Evolution of CAPTCHA 2000s: Distorted alphanumeric CAPTCHA. 2009 (reCAPTCHA): Used scanned book words—helped digitise texts while blocking bots. 2014 (Invisible reCAPTCHA): Google introduced mouse-movement tracking for less intrusive verification. Modern CAPTCHAs now include image and logic-based puzzles, motion tracking, and behavioral analysis.  Benefits of CAPTCHA Protects websites from: Spam submissions Fake account creation Credential stuffing Fraudulent transactions Used in: Login/registration pages Online polls and surveys E-commerce checkouts Account recovery processes Limitations and Concerns Accessibility issues: Difficult for visually or hearing-impaired users. User experience: Can be frustrating, especially on mobile. Advanced bots: Machine learning is making bots capable of solving some CAPTCHA challenges. Bypass risk: CAPTCHA is no longer foolproof and may need to be paired with other security layers. Future Challenges Must balance: Security: Evolving to outsmart smarter bots. Usability: Becoming easier and more inclusive for real users. Likely to be integrated with AI, biometric, and behavioral-based security systems in future.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 April 2025

Context: Promotion of New Technologies in Agriculture India’s Coal Boom Promotion of New Technologies in Agriculture The Government of India is actively promoting the integration of advanced technologies in agriculture to boost productivity, sustainability, and farmer incomes. Key initiatives include mechanization support, drone deployment, digital agriculture, precision farming, and soil health management. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) ,GS 3(Agriculture) Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) Centrally Sponsored under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY); implemented by State Governments. Objectives: Promote mechanization and reduce drudgery in agriculture. Enable timely and efficient farming operations. Key Components: Financial Assistance for purchase of machines including post-harvest and processing tech on individual basis. Support for Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) and Farm Machinery Banks (FMBs) — rental services for machines. Promotion of Kisan Drones: Demonstration on farmer fields. Purchase support for individuals. CHCs for drone services. NAMO Drone Didi Scheme (2023–2026) Central Sector Scheme to empower Women SHGs via drone-based services. Goal: Distribute 15,000 drones to SHGs over 3 years. Progress so far (as of 2023-24): 1,094 drones distributed, 500 under the actual scheme. Remaining 14,500 drones targeted by 2025-26. Impact: Promotes rural entrepreneurship and digital literacy. Facilitates climate-smart agriculture and precision input application. Digital Agriculture Mission (Launched Sept 2024) Outlay: ₹2,817 Crore. Aim: Build a digital public infrastructure for precision and data-driven agriculture. Key Components: AgriStack: Central database for farmer-centric services. Krishi Decision Support System: Real-time analytics for farm advisories. Soil Fertility Mapping, and integration of state/central IT initiatives. Kisan e-Mitra: AI-powered chatbot for farmer queries (e.g., PM-KISAN). ICAR Research & Technological Innovations Focus on AI, drones, robotics, automation and precision agriculture. Key Innovations: Drone Spraying Systems: For effective pesticide/fertilizer delivery. AI Mobile Devices: Identify abiotic stress for crop management. Smart Implements: Smart sprayers, robotic transplanters/harvesters. Image-based disease detection (soybean). Variable-rate nitrogen applicator. Automated poultry feed dispenser. Thermal imaging for water stress detection. Autonomous weeders and multipurpose track vehicles. Soil Health & Fertility Scheme (Since 2014-15) Aimed at promoting judicious use of fertilizers through scientific soil analysis. Soil Health Cards (SHCs) issued to farmers with crop-specific recommendations. Parameters Tested: pH, EC, Organic Carbon, N, P, K, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, B. Progress (till March 2025): 24.90 Crore SHCs issued. Infrastructure Developed: 1068 Static, 163 Mobile, 6376 Mini, 665 Village-level soil labs. Capacity Building: 7 Lakh demonstrations. 93,781 training programs. 7,425 farmer’s melas. 70,002 Krishi Sakhis trained for SHC dissemination. Relevance and Implications Technology Integration: Directly aids precision farming, resource efficiency, and climate resilience. Women Empowerment: Drone Didi scheme links gender and agri-tech innovation. Sustainability: SHC and AI applications promote ecological agriculture. Livelihood Support: Rental models, SHGs, and digital services create rural employment. India’s Coal Boom Context : Historic Production Milestone India crossed 1 billion tonnes (BT) of coal production in FY 2024-25 on 20 March 2025, 11 days earlier than the previous fiscal year. Growth of 4.99% in production: from 997.83 MT (FY 2023-24) to 1047.57 MT (Provisional, FY 2024-25). The milestone reflects robust contributions from Coal PSUs, private players, and around 5 lakh coal mine workers across 350+ mines. Relevance : GS 3(Mines , Minerals) Coal Dispatch and Commercial Mining Growth Total dispatch reached 1024.99 MT, a 5.34% increase from FY 2023-24 (973.01 MT). Commercial & Captive mining saw a remarkable 28.11% growth in production (197.5 MT), and 31.39% growth in dispatch (196.83 MT). These figures indicate greater private sector participation and supply-side reforms in the coal sector. Reduced Coal Imports and Forex Savings Coal imports declined by 8.4%, saving around $5.43 billion (₹42,315.7 crore) in foreign exchange. Notable reduction in: Non-regulated sector imports: down by 12.01%. Blending coal for thermal plants: down 29.8%, despite a rise in power generation. Government initiatives like Commercial Coal Mining and Mission Coking Coal bolstered domestic output.    Energy Security and Strategic Importance Coal powers over 74% of India’s electricity. Despite push for renewables, coal’s share in energy mix expected to be: 55% by 2030. 27% by 2047, reflecting a long-term but gradual transition. Coal continues to support critical industries like steel and cement, making it a backbone of industrial energy needs. Economic Contributions of the Coal Sector Railways: Coal forms 49% of freight, contributing ₹82,275 Crore in FY 2022-23 (~33% of total railway earnings). Government Revenue: Over ₹70,000 Crore annually through royalties, GST, and other levies. Royalty collections alone: ₹23,184.86 Crore in FY 2022-23. Employment: Direct jobs to 239,000 workers in CIL. Additional employment via contractors and coal transporters. Capex Growth: Annual capital investments averaging ₹18,255 Crore in last 5 years for mechanisation and infrastructure expansion. Coal Gasification Push for Sustainability Approved ₹8,500 crore incentive for coal/lignite gasification (January 2024). Coal India Ltd (CIL) partnering with BHEL and GAIL for syngas projects. Auction benefits: 50% revenue share rebate for using coal in gasification (if >10% of coal used this way). Syngas to be used for: Methanol, ammonium nitrate, Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG), and fertilisers. Aligns with Viksit Bharat@2047 vision of self-reliance and cleaner energy. Safety and Modernisation Initiatives National Coal Mine Safety Report Portal launched (Dec 2024) for audit transparency. Safety Health Management System mandates annual audits. Updated regulations: Coal Mines Regulations 2017 replace 1957 rules, incorporating mechanisation, evacuation, and emergency protocols. Advanced Mining Techniques: Continuous Miner, PSLW, Surface Miner, Hybrid High Wall mining. ETMS and Gas Chromatographs for air quality monitoring. Universal Drilling Machine, QUAD bolters for roof safety. Dust suppression using Fog Canons and mist sprays. Digitalisation & Monitoring Use of: 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Total Stations, and Slope Stability Radars. GPS-based Truck Dispatch Systems (OITDS) and Geo-fencing in large OC mines. These ensure improved tracking, slope safety, and operational efficiency. Environmental & Worker Welfare Measures EIA studies and real-time environmental monitoring prior to approvals. Worker Benefits: Mines Rules, 1955 mandate health checks, first aid, shelters, welfare officers. Additional welfare: housing, clean water, scholarships, medical aid, compassionate employment. Skill Development: Simulator-based and VR training for HEMM operators. Specialised training in fire safety, blasting, and drilling for enhanced safety awareness. Conclusion: Strategic Backbone for Viksit Bharat India’s coal sector has demonstrated resilience, innovation, and self-reliance. The 1 BT milestone reflects policy success, efficient workforce, and infrastructure improvement. With coal gasification, modernised mining, and safety + sustainability focus, the sector is poised to play a pivotal role in India’s transition to a developed economy by 2047.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 April 2025

Content: Taken to task A case for the Global South in securing Ukraine peace A people still waiting to move out of the margins Taken to task Core Issue: Defections and Speaker Inaction Frequent misuse of defection loopholes has become a political strategy, particularly by ruling parties to gain legislative strength. Speakers, often from ruling parties, have delayed or sat indefinitely on disqualification petitions, rendering the anti-defection law ineffective. Example: In Telangana, BRS’s petitions to disqualify 10 MLAs were filed in March-April 2024, but notified only in January 2025. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution) Practice Question : The anti-defection law has failed to curb opportunistic political defections primarily due to the partisan role of the Speaker. In light of recent judicial interventions, critically examine the need for reforms in the adjudicatory mechanism under the Tenth Schedule. (250 words) Modus Operandi of Misuse Legislators defect post-elections, joining ruling parties en masse. Speakers delay adjudication on disqualification, enabling defectors to even become ministers in the meantime. Instances in Manipur (late 2010s) and Maharashtra (2022 crisis) show the pattern of systematic delays. Judicial Intervention and Stand The Supreme Court has stepped in to nudge Speakers to act within “a reasonable period”. Justice B.R. Gavai clarified: Courts cannot dictate the decision’s content but can enforce timely decision-making. In October 2023, SC set a deadline for the Maharashtra Speaker, establishing precedent for judicial timelines. Constitutional Bench and Its Expectation (May 2023) A five-judge Bench upheld the Speaker’s authority, trusting in their impartiality. But stressed the importance of reasonable time frames for disposing defection cases. This expectation has often failed in practice due to political bias of Speakers. Call for Reform: Independent Tribunal In 2020, the Supreme Court suggested: Amending the Constitution to remove Speaker’s sole authority in defection cases. Establishing an independent tribunal for unbiased, faster adjudication. Parliament has not acted on this recommendation, letting the issue persist. Broader Democratic Impact Unaddressed defections mock democratic mandates and erode public faith in electoral outcomes. The lack of punitive consequences for defectors from voters enables this recurring malaise. Judiciary, though active, can only go so far without legislative reform and public accountability. Conclusion: Way Forward Judicial pressure on Speakers (e.g., in Telangana) is a temporary remedy. Long-term solutions lie in: Constitutional amendments to establish an independent adjudicatory mechanism. Voter awareness and backlash against opportunistic defections. Promoting Speaker neutrality and institutional mechanisms for accountability. A case for the Global South in securing Ukraine peace Contextual Background The Russia-Ukraine war, now entering its 4th year, is showing signs of fatigue from both parties. Recent diplomatic breakthroughs (e.g. maritime and energy truces in Riyadh) indicate the possibility of a fragile ceasefire. Western proposals for a NATO or European-led peacekeeping mission are facing political, strategic, and operational challenges. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “The road to peace in Ukraine runs through the Global South.” In this context, critically examine the potential and challenges of a Global South-led UN peacekeeping mission in Ukraine. Also discuss India’s role and responsibilities in such an initiative.(250 words) Why European-led Peacekeeping Is Problematic Perception of Bias: Russia perceives any European or NATO-led force as a strategic threat and expansionist move. Casus Belli Risk: The presence of NATO troops could provoke further escalation rather than peace. Public Opinion: European citizens are largely opposed to sending troops (e.g. Macron’s troop proposal was widely unpopular in France). Logistical Dependence: Europe may not be able to sustain such a mission without U.S. support, which is uncertain under Trump-era leadership.   The Case for the Global South Neutral Credibility Countries in the Global South (Africa, Asia, Latin America) have largely avoided taking sides in the Ukraine conflict. India’s diplomacy — engaging both Putin and Zelenskyy — illustrates this principled neutrality. Avoiding Escalation The absence of NATO affiliation reduces chances of confrontation with Russia. A non-NATO peacekeeping force is more likely to be accepted by both parties. UN Peacekeeping Experience Africa: African Union (AU) has led missions in Somalia, Sudan, Central African Republic — known for operating in fragile states. BRICS Nations: Brazil, India, South Africa, Indonesia — all have strong peacekeeping records under UN missions. Smaller States: Nations like Chile bring specialized expertise like demining, crucial for post-conflict reconstruction in Ukraine. India’s Strategic Role Legacy: Over 2,90,000 Indian peacekeepers have served in 50+ UN missions. Current Deployment: More than 5,000 peacekeepers deployed in 9 of 11 active missions. Gender Inclusion: India deployed the first all-women UN police unit in Liberia (2007) — enhances legitimacy and trust. Past Leadership: Led UN peacekeeping in Yugoslavia (1992) under Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s request. Positioning: India is well-placed due to its balanced relations with Russia, Ukraine, and the West. Key Requirements for a Successful Global South-led Mission UN Authorization: Must be a Security Council-backed operation. Clear Ceasefire Agreement: Without a strong and enforceable ceasefire, peacekeeping is unviable. Frontline Demarcation: Requires detailed and neutral negotiation to avoid friction. Western Financial Support: While leadership comes from the Global South, logistical aid from EU is essential. Exclusion of NATO: Ensures neutrality and avoids provoking Russian resistance. Inclusion of Women: Proven to increase effectiveness and community engagement in conflict zones. China vs India: Peacemaker Dynamics China’s Proactive Diplomacy: Appointed special envoy for Ukraine; maintaining visibility as potential mediator. India’s Hesitation: Despite potential, India hasn’t taken comparable diplomatic leadership. Wider Implications for the Global South Rebalancing Global Power: Peacekeeping in Ukraine allows Global South to shift from passive recipients of global order to active shapers. UN Reinvigoration: Offers a chance to reinforce the UN’s role in global peace and security. India’s Diplomatic Growth: Leading such a mission would enhance India’s stature as a responsible global power. Conclusion A NATO/European-led peace mission risks escalation due to perceived bias and lack of legitimacy. In contrast, a Global South-led UN mission—credible, neutral, and inclusive—can foster real peace, with India poised to lead and shape a more multipolar global order. A people still waiting to move out of the margins Theme & Context The article, published around International Transgender Day of Visibility (March 31), focuses on the continued marginalisation of transgender individuals in India. Despite legal advancements, transgender persons face exclusion from economic, social, and healthcare systems, highlighting the gap between policy and reality. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Justice) Practice Question :Despite legal recognition and policy interventions, transgender persons in India continue to face exclusion from social, economic, and healthcare systems. Critically examine the limitations in the implementation of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Suggest a comprehensive roadmap to ensure real empowerment and inclusion of transgender individuals.(250 words) Legal Framework vs Ground Reality Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019: Intended to ensure equality, prohibit discrimination, and facilitate welfare. Implementation failure is stark — e.g., only 15,800 of 24,115 ID card applicants received certificates by Dec 2023. Certification delays contradict global self-identification norms. Act does not address police harassment, family rejection, or mechanisms for social reintegration. Delhi Case Study: With a transgender population of ~4,200 (2011 Census), only 23 ID cards issued by April 2022 — suggests bureaucratic apathy. Economic Marginalisation Employment and Entrepreneurship: 92% excluded from economic activities (NHRC 2018), with many pushed into sex work. Transgender unemployment rate at 48% (2022) — far higher than the national average of 7-8%. Hiringstagediscriminationprevalent; employed individuals face: Workplace hostility Lack of gender-neutral facilities Peer resistance Progressive Examples: Tata Steel hired 100+ transgender employees — an isolated case, not industry-wide. Financial Exclusion: 2024: Finance Ministry’s clarification allowed joint bank accounts & nomination rights for LGBTQ+ individuals. However, broader issues remain: limited credit access, inadequate financial literacy, lack of targeted schemes. Required measures: Diversity hiring Targeted financial inclusion Government-backed credit schemes Educational Challenges Transgender Literacy Rate: 56.1% (2011 Census) vs national average of 74.04%. Dropouts & Hostility: In Kerala, 58% dropped out due to bullying and lack of supportive environments. Progressive Interventions: Maharashtra: Transgender cells in colleges. University of Kerala: Reserved seats, hostel facilities. Needed Reforms: Inclusive, gender-sensitive curricula Financial aid, scholarships, vocational training Teacher sensitisation to reduce stigma Healthcare Disparities Limited Access & Discrimination: 27% denied care based on gender identity (NALSA survey). Existing public health schemes fail to reach or accommodate transgender needs. Gender-affirming Treatment: High cost (₹2–5 lakh), low insurance coverage. ‘Ayushman Bharat TG Plus’ aims for ₹5 lakh coverage, but faces implementation delays. Mental Health: Grossly under-addressed. Lack of trained professionals in trans-specific counselling. Policy Suggestions: Transgender clinics Compulsory medical training in trans health Broader mental health outreach Insurance inclusion of gender-affirming procedures Social Inclusion & Representation Stereotyped Media Portrayals: Despite increased visibility, mainstream narratives still reinforce harmful stereotypes. Cultural Interventions: Campaigns like ‘I Am Also Human’ by Humsafar Trust play a positive role. Festivals like Koovagam (Tamil Nadu) showcase visibility and cultural participation. Recommendations: Gender sensitisation in schools, colleges, workplaces. Diverse representation in cinema, TV, literature. Positive role models in public life.  Conclusion: Way Forward Mere visibility without structural support is symbolic. India must shift from tokenism to transformation: Anti-discrimination enforcement Inclusive hiring policies Entrepreneurial support Accessible education & healthcare Awareness and sensitisation at all levels A whole-of-society approach involving governments, businesses, civil society, and media is essential to truly empower the transgender community and move them out of the margins.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 April 2025

Content: China hits back with 34% tariff on all U.S. products SC directs CEC to survey forests in Agasthyamalai for encroachments CSIR-NAL signs technology transfer deal with firm to make HANSA trainer-planes U.S. tariffs may pare India’s FY26 real GDP growth by up to 0.3%’ Week after massive earthquake, focus shifts to humanitarian crisis in Myanmar China hits back with 34% tariff on all U.S. products Context : China imposes a 34% tariff on all U.S. imports effective April 10, mirroring the U.S. 34% tariff on Chinese goods. This move is a direct retaliation to President Trump’s ‘Liberation Day’ tariff hike, aimed at asserting “reciprocity.” Relevance : GS 2(International Relations )  , GS 3(International Trade)  Escalation of Trade War U.S. tariffs under Trump target Chinese exports, citing unfair trade practices. China’s retaliatory tariffs reflect a tit-for-tat escalation, intensifying the U.S.–China trade war.  Rare Earth Export Controls China’s Commerce Ministry announced exportrestrictions on rare earth elements, critical for: High-tech products (e.g., computer chips, EV batteries) Defense & Aerospace (e.g., samarium) Healthcare (e.g., gadolinium for MRI machines) These controls are likely to disrupt global tech supply chains, especially in the U.S. defense and electronics sectors.  Food Safety Actions China suspended chickenimports from certain U.S. suppliers due to: Detection of furazolidone, a banned drug. Salmonella in poultry. High mold content in sorghum shipments from C&D Inc. These actions may be seen as non-tariff barriers, adding pressure on U.S. agribusiness.  Trump’s Response Trump’s social media post blames China for reacting emotionally: “They panicked — the one thing they cannot afford to do!” Geopolitical & Economic Implications The confrontation may impact: Global trade stability Stock markets and investor confidence Supply chains involving rare earths and agricultural commodities China is leveraging its strategic monopoly on rare earths as a geopolitical weapon. The trade war’s impact will be felt beyond U.S. and China, affecting global economic growth and multilateral trading systems. SC directs CEC to survey forests in Agasthyamalai for encroachments Context : Supreme Court’s Directive SC Bench of Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta ordered an extensive forest survey in the Agasthyamalai region. The Central Empowered Committee (CEC) is tasked with identifying non-forestry activities and encroachments. Described as an interim step to restore pristine forests and protect tiger habitats and wildlife sanctuaries. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Ecological Significance Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve: Spans 3,500 km² across Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Recognized by UNESCO as a global ecological hotspot. Tropical forest landscape includes: Periyar Tiger Reserve Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Meghamalai & Thirunelveli Wildlife Sanctuaries Survey Objectives Provide comparative data: past vs current forest cover. Assess extent of forest degradation and depletion. Support restoration efforts for critical biodiversity zones. Broader Concerns Highlighted Climate change linkage: Depletion of forest cover fuels global climate issues. Primary causes: Rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, and long-term encroachments. Historical exploitation: Over a century of plantation activity and encroachments have damaged the landscape.  Legal and Human Context Based on submissions by amicus curiae K. Parmeshwar. Part of a larger petition on: Protection of reserved forests and tiger reserves in Tamil Nadu. Rehabilitation of displaced workers from the Bombay Burma Trading Corporation tea estate after the land was declared a protected area. CSIR-NAL signs technology transfer deal with firm to make HANSA trainer-planes Context & Background CSIR-NAL (National Aerospace Laboratories) is a premier aerospace R&D organization under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). HANSA aircraft series: Originally developed in the 1990s, HANSA is India’s first all-composite light aircraft, mainly used for pilot training and research. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Key Development Technology Transfer Agreement (ToT): CSIR-NAL has signed a ToT deal with Pioneer Clean AMPS Pvt Ltd, marking the first private manufacturing partnership for trainer aircraft designed indigenously. This is the first time a fully indigenous civil aircraft technology will be manufactured at scale by a private firm in India. About HANSA-3 NG Type: Two-seater Next Generation (NG) trainer aircraft. Engine: Equipped with a Rotax Digital Control Engine. Features: Lightweight composite airframe Glass cockpit Electrically operated flaps Bubble canopy for wide panoramic visibility Use Case: Ideal for flight training, surveillance, and light utility roles. Significance Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat: Boosts self–reliance in civil aviation. Demonstrates India’s capacity to design and manufacture civil aircraft. Aerospace Ecosystem Development: Encourages private sector participation in aviation manufacturing. Can catalyze growth of Tier-2/Tier-3 aerospace supply chains. Training & Skill Development: Helps bridge the demand-supply gap for trainer aircraft in India. Supports aviation academies and civil flying clubs. Challenges & Way Ahead Scalability: Ensuring production at economic scale with consistent quality. Certification & Compliance: Must meet DGCA norms and global aviation standards. Market Acceptance: Competing with foreign trainer aircraft in domestic and global markets. R&D Continuity: Ongoing tech upgrades needed to stay relevant. Conclusion The ToT agreement between CSIR-NAL and Pioneer Clean AMPS is a strategic leap in India’s civil aviation sector. It reflects the synergy between public R&D and private enterprise, laying a foundation for indigenous aircraft manufacturing ecosystem with global aspirations. ‘U.S. tariffs may pare India’s FY26 real GDP growth by up to 0.3%’ The U.S. under President Trump has announced new tariffs on select Indian exports. This move is expected to reduce India’s FY26 GDP growth by up to 0.4%, primarily through export losses and currency depreciation. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Impact on GDP Growth Bank of Baroda(BoB) Estimate: Real GDP growth revised down to 6.6% from the Budget’s 6.8%. Barclays Estimate: Even more conservative, 6.5% growth projected. Monetary effect: Budget expectation: ₹200.7 lakh crore GDP. BoB revision: ₹200.3 lakh crore (₹40,000 crore loss). Barclays revision: ₹200.1 lakh crore (₹60,000 crore loss). Export Sector Disruption Affected exports: 9–11% of India’s exports to the U.S. Sectors hit: Electronics, gems & jewellery, machinery, garments. These are MSME-heavy sectors, making them highly vulnerable to demand shocks. Value at risk: FY24 exports to the U.S.:₹6.4 lakh crore. 10% impact =₹64,000 crore in potential export losses. Already a 2.4% decline in exports till Jan 2025 before tariff effect. Exchange Rate Volatility & Inflation Expected depreciation of INR → raises import costs, especially for crude oil and electronics. BoB model: 10% depreciation → WPI inflation rises by 0.12–0.16% short term, 0.38–0.49% long term. Why WPI? Because it tracks wholesale and tradable goods, unlike CPI which includes more services and rural consumption. Monetary Policy Outlook Rate cut expected: Elara Securities predicts 50 bps rate cut by RBI in FY26 to offset slowdown. RBI dilemma: Growth needs stimulus via lower rates. But depreciation-led inflation may limit space for aggressive cuts. Corporate Earnings & Bank Exposure Tariffs may force exporters to cut prices to stay competitive. This can erode profit margins and trigger layoffs or reduced production. Banks at risk: Sectors hit are MSME-heavy—a segment with already higher NPA concerns. Government & Diplomatic Response Ministry of Commerce: Negotiations with the U.S. are underway. Way Forward : Exploring bilateral trade deal provisions. Diversifying export destinations to reduce U.S. dependency. Targeted sectoral relief for MSMEs. Week after massive earthquake, focus shifts to humanitarian crisis in Myanmar Context : Immediate Impact of the Earthquake Magnitude: 7.7 on the Richter scale; epicenter near Mandalay. Casualties: Over 3,145 people dead, 4,589 injured, and 221 missing. Widespread destruction: Infrastructure damage in Mandalay, Naypyitaw; tremors felt in Thailand (Bangkok), causing additional casualties. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) ,GS 3(Disaster Management ) Humanitarian Crisis Intensifies Pre-existing crisis: Myanmar already had 20 million people in need of aid and 3 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) due to civil conflict. Post-quake escalation: Destruction of homes and facilities has worsened displacement, food insecurity, and shelter shortages. Monsoon threat: The oncoming monsoon season could exacerbate the suffering, hinder relief operations, and increase risks of disease outbreaks. International Humanitarian Response UN action: UN Emergency Relief Coordinator Tom Fletcher visiting to mobilize aid; Antonio Guterres has called for unimpeded humanitarian access and urgent funding. World Food Programme: Has reached 24,000 people. Plans to assist 8.5 lakh survivors with food and cash aid for one month. Foreign aid: UK: $13 million initial aid + $6.5 million additional commitment. USA: $2 million pledged despite foreign aid cuts; a three-member team dispatched. ASEAN + regional players: Medical and search teams from China, Thailand, India, Japan, Russia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia, Nepal, Malaysia, and others. Civil War Complicates Relief Military coup (2021): Junta took power from Aung San Suu Kyi’s government, triggering ongoing civil war. Ceasefires declared: Both the military and key armed resistance groups declared temporary ceasefires post-quake. Violations reported: UN Human Rights Office: Over 60 attacks after the quake, including 16 post-ceasefire declaration. Resistance groups and military remain distrustful; ceasefires are conditional. Challenges to Aid Delivery Access restrictions: Military control, continued fighting, and logistics hinder equitable aid distribution. Political distrust: Military warned of action if ceasefire is “misused” by resistance groups; rebels reserve right to self-defense. Call for neutrality: UN High Commissioner Volker Turk urged halt to military actions and prioritization of aid. Regional Impact: Thailand Bangkok tremors: Collapse of an under-construction high-rise. Casualties in Bangkok: 22 dead, 35 injured; most at the construction site. Key Takeaways Compound crisis: Earthquake has deepened a multi-dimensional humanitarian and political crisis. International urgency: Aid is trickling in but far below required levels. Access and neutrality are critical challenges, as political instability blocks equitable aid flow. Turning point? Global actors hope this tragedy can trigger dialogue and de-escalation in Myanmar.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 April 2025

Content: Seaweed: A Nutritional Powerhouse From The Ocean WASTE TO ENERGY PROJECTS Seaweed: A Nutritional Powerhouse From The Ocean Seaweed is a Marine macroalgae rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids—used in food, pharma, cosmetics, fertilizers.Used since 4th century Japan, 6th century China. Long ignored in India despite a 7,500 km coastline. Relevance : GS Paper 3 – Economy, Environment, Agriculture, Science & Tech Nutritional & Medicinal Value Natural superfood: Seaweed is rich in essential amino acids, vitamins (A, B12, C, E), omega-3 fatty acids, and 54 trace elements including iodine, calcium, magnesium, and iron. Health benefits: Helps combat chronic illnesses like: Cancer & diabetes (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties). Cardiovascular diseases (lowers cholesterol and blood pressure). Arthritis (anti-inflammatory agents). Traditional use: Historically consumed in China (6th century) and Japan (4th century)—example of ancient nutrition wisdom now entering mainstream diets.  Sustainability & Climate Resilience Low resource input: Grows in seawater—no need for: Land (helps reduce agri-pressure). Freshwater (vital amid water scarcity). Pesticides or fertilizers (eco-friendly). Carbon sink: Absorbs CO₂, mitigating climate change—aligns with India’s climate goals Improves marine ecosystems: Provides habitats, enhances biodiversity, and filters pollutants.  Agricultural Applications Biostimulants are natural substances or microorganisms that enhance plant growth, nutrient uptake, and stress tolerance, without being fertilizers or pesticides. Seaweed-derived inputs enhance: Soil fertility. Crop resilience to droughts/diseases. Nutrient uptake efficiency. Organic farming boost: Supported under schemes like: Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY). MOVCD-NER—particularly impactful in NE India. Economic & Livelihood Dimensions High-income potential: Kappaphycus alvarezii farming yields ₹13,28,000/ha/year. Income diversification for small fishers. Empowerment model: Women-led initiatives in Tamil Nadu created jobs & community entrepreneurship. Financial inclusion through SHGs and cooperatives (e.g., TAFCOFED). Post-harvest industrial value chains: Production of alginate, agar, carrageenan (used in food, pharma, cosmetics). Integration with cosmetics, biofuel, nutraceuticals, fertilizers—high-value verticals.  Global Market Potential US$ 5.6 billion global industry, projected to double by 2030 (US$ 11.8 billion). Export potential: India’s untapped coastline can position it as a major player—aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat and Blue Economy vision. Technology transfer opportunity: Collaboration with leading seaweed countries (Japan, South Korea) to scale production and processing.  Science, R&D, and Innovation CSIR-CSMCRI tissue culture for high-yielding Kappaphycus: Ensures disease-free planting material. Increases productivity by 20-30%. Seed banks & Seaweed Park: Tamil Nadu Seaweed Park: First of its kind for integrated seaweed value chain development. Brood Bank in Daman & Diu: Ensures quality seed supply. Policy Push & Institutional Support PMMSY: ₹640 crore allocated for seaweed sector (2020–25). Targets: 1.12 million tonnes seaweed production. Support infrastructure: 46,095 rafts, 65,330 tube nets approved. Fertilizer (Control) Order, 1985 amended to regulate seaweed-based biostimulants.  Challenges Climate risk & cyclones affecting marine farms. Lack of cold chain/logistics & processing units near coastal belts. Poor market access & price fluctuations—need for MSP-like mechanisms or cooperatives. R&D-Industry disconnect—technology innovations not always reaching farmers. Way Forward Cluster-based seaweed farming models for economies of scale. Skill development & training for women/youth in coastal areas. Digital traceability for quality assurance in exports. PPP models for investment in processing infrastructure. Integration into food security & nutrition policies (e.g., Mid-day meals, ICDS). WASTE TO ENERGY PROJECTS Context & Evolution : Historical Neglect: Prior to 2016, India lacked a robust and enforceable national framework for decentralized waste segregation, processing, and scientific disposal. SC Intervention (Almitra Patel Case): Supreme Court observations on solid waste (since 1996) paved the way for stricter rules in 2016. Technological Lag: Pre-2016, most municipalities relied on open dumping and unscientific landfilling due to lack of incentives for adopting technologies like biomethanation or composting. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) – Urban 1.0: Laid the groundwork for infrastructure and public awareness, which SBM 2.0 builds upon with more scientific focus. CPCB Reports & Data Gaps: Lack of real-time monitoring and project tracking; this led to initiatives like the https://swachhurban.org dashboard. Relevance :GS Paper 3 – Environment, Infrastructure, and Governance Core Provisions of SWM Rules, 2016 Zero Landfill Principle: Only non-recyclable, non-reactive, and inert waste permitted in landfills. Mandatory Processing: All ULBs and panchayats must prioritize recycling, reuse, and waste-to-energy. Legacy Waste Management: Bio-mining and bio-remediation mandated. Legacy sites to be analysed scientifically before action. Decentralized Processing: Encourages technologies like: Bio-methanation Vermi-/microbial composting Anaerobic digestion Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Infrastructure Mandate: ULBs must construct processing units; MoHUA provides model procurement documents. Technological Neutrality: Adoption of suitable technologies per local waste profile, guided by CPCB norms. Implementation Ecosystem 1. Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 2.0 Launch: October 1, 2021 – aims for scientific waste processing and legacy waste clearance. Targets: 100% source segregation, zero landfill, and sustainable waste management systems. Progress: Waste processing up from 16% (2014) to 80.49% (2023). Legacy waste clearance prioritized for first time on national scale. Tools: City Solid Waste Action Plans (CSWAP) Central Financial Assistance (CFA) via project-based funding. Dashboard tracking for transparency and real-time monitoring. 2. GOBARdhan Initiative Waste-to-Wealth Vision: 500 new plants (200 CBG incl. 75 urban). Community Biogas: ₹50 lakh/district under SBM-Grameen Phase II. Current Status: 895 functional community plants across 20 states (e.g., Chhattisgarh – 281, MP – 115). 3. Waste to Energy Program – MNRE New Guidelines (2022) for biogas, bio-CNG, and biopower plants. Excludes MSW-to-Power Projects (focuses on agri/industrial/urban organic waste). Performance (2018–2025): 50 projects. 53.80 MWeq capacity. ₹146.34 Cr CFA. Leading states: Gujarat, Maharashtra, UP. Impact & Policy Futures Circular Economy Push: Resource recovery via RDF, compost, and CBG. Alignment with India’s SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities) & SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption). Carbon Neutrality & Climate Commitments: Reduction in methane emissions via biomethanation. Avoided emissions through landfill minimization. Waste-to-Energy Sector Growth: Integration with India’s Bio-Energy Roadmap. Opportunity for private investment under PPP models. Livelihood Generation: Informal waste picker integration. Skill development in composting, MRF operation, and CBG plant maintenance. Urban Governance Reforms: Greater decentralization. Financial autonomy via revenue from compost sales, RDF, electricity, and CBG. Data-Driven Planning: Real-time monitoring to plug leakages in collection, transportation, and processing. GIS mapping of dumpsites and processing plants.  Challenges & Way Forward Challenges: Segregation at source still inconsistent. Financial constraints in small ULBs. Technical skills for O&M of biogas and WtE plants. Land availability for decentralized plants. Way Forward: Incentivize household-level segregation. Up-skill urban workers and ragpickers. Enforce Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic and e-waste. Encourage climate financing (e.g., Green Bonds) for WtE projects. Promote inter-state collaboration for bulk waste transport and shared infrastructure.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 April 2025

Content: Instant injustice Data and federalism Instant Injustice The increasing trend of extra-legal demolitions by state authorities reflects a dangerous shift toward mob-like justice, undermining the constitutional rule of law in India. Relevance : GS Paper 2 – Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice Practice Question : “The growing trend of state-sponsored punitive demolitions without due process reflects the erosion of the rule of law in India.”Critically examine this statement in the light of recent Supreme Court observations and suggest measures to restore constitutional governance.(250 Words) Evolution of the Issue Colonial legacy of coercive policing: India inherited a police system designed for control rather than citizen service (Police Act, 1861). Lack of significant structural reforms post-independence has perpetuated arbitrary state action. Past SC interventions on extrajudicial actions: DK Basu vs State of West Bengal (1997) laid down guidelines against custodial violence. Olga Tellis vs BMC (1985) recognized the Right to Shelter under Article 21. Tehseen Poonawalla vs Union of India (2018) condemned mob lynchings and asked states to prevent vigilantism. Trend of bulldozer justice: Gained prominence post-2020, where demolitions were used as ‘punitive’ action even before conviction. Initially seen in UP, now replicated in MP, Gujarat, Delhi, and even in states like Punjab. Core Issues Highlighted Violation of fundamental rights: Right to due process, presumption of innocence, and shelter under Article 21 blatantly ignored. Demolitions without notice violate principles of natural justice. Breakdown of rule of law: Punishment without trial undermines criminal justice system. Shifts state behaviour from protector to perpetrator of injustice. Judicial conscience and redressal: SC described the Prayagraj demolition as shocking, ordered ₹10 lakh compensation per victim. Reiterated “no punishment without trial” and condemned guilt by association. Normalization of executive excess: Multiple states adoption reflects the erosion of democratic accountability. Popular support for such actions indicates a societal shift towards retributive justice. Implications & Recommendations Governance and democratic backsliding: Erodes public trust in democratic institutions. Encourages a parallel ‘mob-like’ executive mindset in governance. Threat to federal integrity: Selective use of demolition raises fears of political vendetta. Weakens cooperative federalism and promotes centralised, authoritarian approaches. Judicial follow-through and consistency: Courts must monitor compliance with their orders, not just offer episodic relief. High Courts must proactively check such practices in their jurisdictions. Police and administrative reforms: Revive calls for implementing SC’s Prakash Singh guidelines (2006) on police reforms. Need for independent civil services boards to check arbitrary actions by civic bodies. Need for public legal literacy: Promote awareness of rights under Articles 14, 19, 21 to counter mob-mentality. Encourage civic action and public interest litigations (PILs) against arbitrary demolitions. Conclusion: Without systemic safeguards, the line between state power and mob vengeance blurs, leading to democratic decay. It’s imperative that constitutional courts go beyond words, to ensure uniform application of the rule of law and uphold citizens’ dignity. Data and federalism Reliable and transparent data is the bedrock of effective federal governance. In a diverse and asymmetric federation like India, data can bridge trust gaps and enable cooperative decision-making between the Centre and States. Relevance :GS Paper 2 – Polity & Governance Practice Question: “Reliable and comparative data can act as a catalyst for equitable federalism in India.” Critically examine the role of data platforms like the NITI–NCAER States Economic Forum in improving Centre-State relations.(250 words) Historical & Institutional Context Fiscal Federalism as a Constitutional Mandate India’s federal structure, enshrined in the Constitution (Articles 268–293), outlines Centre-State financial relations. Historically, tensions have arisen over tax devolution, grants-in-aid, and centrally sponsored schemes (CSS). Legacy of Data Deficits Persistent concerns over outdated or poor-quality data: e.g., delayed Census 2021, inconsistent GDP estimates, PLFS criticism. Absence of real-time, disaggregated data often led to opaque policymaking and trust deficit between levels of government. Institutional Framework Finance Commissions (esp. 14th & 15th) and Inter-State Council are key instruments to address fiscal disparities. NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015 to foster cooperative federalism but lacked data democratization till now. Significance of the NITI–NCAER States Economic Forum Structured, Comparative Data Portal Aggregates and presents data on state-wise macroeconomics, tax/non-tax revenues, human development, fund devolution etc. Makes use of PLFS, Census 2011, RBI State Finances, etc., in a user-friendly comparative format. Enhancing Informed Dialogue Facilitates data-backed negotiation on contentious issues like: GST revenue compensation delays Allocation of Union taxes (vertical & horizontal devolution) Upcoming parliamentary delimitation post-2026 — high stakes for southern states. Counters narrative-based politics with empirics — key for fostering trust. Bridging the Trust Deficit Portal enables transparency, encourages States to present realities, and revives the spirit of collaborative governance. Future Implications & Policy Potential Towards Equitable Federalism Allows the Sixteenth Finance Commission to base recommendations on granular, comparable, and accessible data. Could support new fiscal instruments: performance-based grants, decentralised budgeting models. Evidence-based Governance Models Enables Centre and States to co-create policies on: Education (dropout rate analysis) Employment (state-level labour market trends) Health, Nutrition, Urban Development etc. Delimitation & Representation Informs fair political representation through updated demographic/economic profiles, avoiding over-centralised diktats. May help assuage southern States’ concerns over being “penalised for better performance”. Institutional Deepening Promotes a data-led culture within federal institutions like Inter-State Council, Zonal Councils, State Planning Boards. Regional Empowerment without Parochialism Empowers states to present their own data-backed case without resorting to emotional or linguistic nationalism. Counters the binary of central dominance vs. regional parochialism. Challenges Data Quality Issues Persist Portal uses secondary data — not real-time or fully verifiable at local levels. Need for regular updates and state-level capacity-building in data collection. Risk of Data Misuse or Political Spin Even structured data can be misinterpreted or cherry-picked. Requires data literacy among political actors and bureaucrats. Beyond Data – Political Will Matters Transparent data is only a tool; the outcome depends on genuine political commitment to cooperative federalism. Conclusion The NITI–NCAER platform is a strategic step toward transforming India’s data-deficit federalism into a data-driven dialogue-based federalism. For it to catalyse real change, it must be institutionalised, frequently updated, and integrated into finance, policy, and governance debates. Reliable, comparable data can become the new common language for the Centre and States — fostering unity without uniformity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 April 2025

Content: India holds fire as Trump slaps tariffs Should India reduce tariffs given the U.S.’s moves? Why are undersea cables important? Compassion in primary healthcare: here’s what it looks like in India Live or leave? Delhi’s contaminated air, food squeeze out a hefty price from migrants India holds fire as Trump slaps tariffs Overview of the U.S. Tariff Move President Trump imposed reciprocal tariffs ranging from 10% to 49% on imports from various trading partners. India-specific tariff: A 27% tariff has been levied on Indian exports to the U.S., despite ongoing bilateral trade negotiations. The tariffs take effect in two phases: 10% baseline tariff on all countries from April 5. Higher reciprocal tariffs (like India’s 27%) from April 9. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Economy)  Legal Justification and Intent Trump invoked the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), 1977. He termed the persistent U.S. trade deficit a “national emergency”. Called April 2 “Liberation Day” for U.S. trade.  Impact on Global Markets Global shockwaves: Japan’s Nikkei: fell 4% European markets: fell >2% India’s Sensex: down >300 points Nifty: also declined U.S. Dow Jones: fell 3% in the first hour Nasdaq: plunged 4% India’s Reaction: Muted and Measured India’s Commerce Ministry: Said it is “examining the implications” of U.S. tariffs. Is engaging with stakeholders, exporters, and industry. Studying potential opportunities arising from global trade realignments. Reaffirmed India’s commitment to a Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership with the U.S. Emphasized the ongoing effort to raise bilateral trade to $500 billion by 2030. India vs Other Affected Nations India’s reaction: Subdued, focused on diplomacy and impact analysis. Other countries reacted more strongly: EU, China, Canada: Warned of countermeasures. Japan, South Korea: Termed the move “regrettable”. India appears to be preserving space for negotiations, likely avoiding escalation. India-U.S. Trade Context Trump alleged India imposes up to 52% duties on U.S. goods. Despite talks on a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), India still faced tariff imposition. India is seeking to deepen trade ties with the U.S., possibly explaining the non-retaliatory stance.  Geopolitical and Economic Implications The tariff war could reshape global trade alignments. Possibility of India capitalizing on shifting supply chains. May provide India an opening in markets vacated by retaliatory actions against the U.S. Should India reduce tariffs given the U.S.’s moves? Context: The U.S., under President Trump, has imposed reciprocal tariffs on multiple countries, including India. India has responded by reducing tariffs on select U.S. goods and exploring a bilateral trade agreement. The debate centers on whether India should further reduce tariffs in response to U.S. pressure. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ), GS 3(Economy) Economic Consensus on Tariffs: Lower tariffs are generally seen as beneficial for economic growth and efficiency. Tariffs distort resource allocation and reduce global competitiveness. Uniform and low tariff structures help improve production and consumption efficiency. Consumers vs. Producers: High tariffs protect inefficient producers but penalize consumers through higher prices. Efficient production should be prioritized — if a domestic firm can’t compete globally, resources should shift to sectors where India has a comparative advantage. High tariffs contradict the spirit of economic efficiency and global integration. U.S. Strategy – Bargaining or Protectionism? U.S. tariff hikes appear to be a bargaining tool to lower global trade barriers. However, country-specific rules and non-uniform tariff negotiations can destabilize global trade structures. While such pressure may have short-term gains, it also introduces uncertainty and disrupts global supply chains. WTO and Global Trade Governance: The WTO is increasingly seen as dysfunctional, limiting its role in enforcing global trade norms. The U.S. bypassing multilateral institutions reflects frustration with global trade deadlocks. India has also often resisted global trade liberalization at WTO platforms. Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): NTBs are more pervasive and opaque than tariffs — including quality standards, regulatory hurdles, and procedural delays. These barriers exist both in India and globally, affecting importers and exporters alike. NTBs can sometimes be disguised protectionism and are harder to negotiate or quantify. What Should India Do? Yes, reduce tariffs — but gradually and predictably to allow industry adjustment. Follow a transparent timeline for tariff reduction to improve investor confidence. Complement tariff reduction with trade agreements with the U.S., EU, UK, Japan, etc. Move toward comprehensive trade liberalisation to boost competitiveness and attract investment. Conclusion: While U.S. tariff aggression raises global uncertainties, India should not react defensively. A strategic and phased reduction of tariffs, along with simplification of NTBs and trade diversification, can transform India’s trade architecture. India should focus on long-term economic efficiency, not short-term protectionism. Why are undersea cables important? What are Undersea Cables? Definition: Fiber optic cables laid on the seabed to transmit internet and telecom data across continents. Composition: A few inches thick, armored for underwater durability, containing high-capacity fiber strands. Usage: Carry ~90% of global internet data, ~80% of world trade, and enable $10 trillion in financial transactions. Landing Points: Terminate at coastal manholes and extend inland to connect to telecom networks. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure, Science & Tech, Cybersecurity) Global Connectivity via Undersea Cables Global Web: Around 600 undersea cables interconnect the internet worldwide (Goldman Sachs). Trade & Strategy: Routes often mirror historical trade routes for ease of cable-laying logistics. Bandwidth Boom: New systems like 2Africa Pearls (Meta-backed) are adding terabit-scale capacities globally. India’s Subsea Cable Ecosystem International Cable Systems: 17 cables land in India (mostly in Mumbai and Chennai). 95% of traffic lands in a 6-km stretch in Versova, Mumbai. Domestic Systems: CANI (Chennai-Andaman-Nicobar Islands) Kochi-Lakshadweep project New Arrivals: SEA-ME-WE 6 2Africa Pearls (adds 100 Tbps capacity) Challenges & Vulnerabilities Underdeveloped Network: India has only 1–3% of global cable landings. Fewer cables than Singapore, increasing risk of disruption. Red Sea Disruptions: Houthi rebel attacks in Bab-el-Mandeb strait have damaged cables. Disruption risk: ~25% of India’s internet traffic could be affected. Domestic Threats: Fishing trawlers frequently damage cables near coasts. No domestic cable repair ships or storage depots. Dependence on foreign repair vessels slows response time. Regulatory Bottlenecks: ~51 separate clearances needed from multiple agencies to lay cables. Delays in project execution and increase in capital costs. Steps to Strengthen Infrastructure Regulatory Reforms: Single-window clearance mechanism to ease cable landing permissions. Diversify Landing Sites: Reduce over–reliance on Mumbai and Chennai. Develop new hubs along the east and west coasts. Build Domestic Capacity: Invest in Indian repair ships and cable storage facilities. Set up dedicated maintenance bases. International Partnerships: Collaborate with global tech firms (Meta, Google, etc.) for new cable systems and route diversity. Key Takeaways Undersea cables are critical digital infrastructure, essential for economic, communication, and strategic resilience. India’s limited capacity and geographic concentration make it highly vulnerable to disruptions. Urgent need for policy simplification, redundancy creation, and domestic capability enhancement to secure India’s digital future. Compassion in primary healthcare: here’s what it looks like in India Context and Significance WHO’s January 2024 report highlighted compassion as a transformative force in primary healthcare (PHC). Compassion includes awareness, empathy, and action, and is key to quality care and system transformation. In India’s vast but often overstretched PHC system, incorporating compassion can significantly improve patient outcomes and trust. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Health) India’s Primary Healthcare Structure Sub-Centres (SCs): Serve 3,000–5,000 people. Primary Health Centres (PHCs): Serve 20,000–30,000 people. Community Health Centres (CHCs): Serve 80,000–120,000 people. Total: ~1.6 lakh SCs, 26,636 PHCs, 6,155 CHCs (National Health Mission). Case Study 1: Clinical Courage in Rural Rajasthan (Amrit Clinics, BHS) Dr. Vidith Panchal treated a 22-year-old TB patient, Tukaram, in a remote tribal PHC. Tukaram had failed treatment across 3 states; weighed only 23kg and had relapsed twice. Instead of referral, Dr. Panchal chose palliative, community-based care, reducing physical and financial burden. Termed “clinical courage” — prioritising patient dignity over system defaults. Barriers to compassionate care: Overloaded PHC doctors managing 40+ national programs. Outcome: Amrit Clinics saw footfall increase from 40,000 (2021) to 51,930 (2024). BHS Model: Emphasises staff dignity → better morale → more respectful patient care. Case Study 2: Addressing Violence in Gujarat through ASHAs Praveena Ben, an ASHA in Gujarat, trained by SWATI NGO to support violence survivors. Used her routine visits to discreetly identify domestic violence cases and refer survivors. Referral system: From ASHA → Sub-centre counselling → Direct referral to district hospitals (bypassing PHCs). Protects survivor identity (PHCs are community-staffed, risking exposure). Culturally sensitive, trust-based approach improved survivor outreach. Since 2012, SWATI has worked with 400+ ASHAs and counsellors. Recommendation: Embed gender-sensitive, trauma-informed care into PHC protocols. Case Study 3: Disaster Preparedness in Tamil Nadu Compared with Odisha/West Bengal, TN’s PHC system is better integrated in disaster response. Annual epidemic training equips health workers for sanitation, outbreak control, and coordination. Example: 2004 Tsunami response — swift corpse disposal, sanitation in shelters, food safety. Tamil Nadu’s governance model: Defined roles via Chennai Municipal Corporation Act. Annual district-level planning meetings. Strong coordination among technical staff, line departments, and elected bodies. In contrast, other states show fragmented responsibility and poor inter-departmental collaboration. Key Takeaways and Lessons Compassion strengthens system responsiveness, especially in crises or vulnerable settings. Trust-based human relationships are foundational for quality care. Compassionate care includes: Home visits Respecting patient context Minimising stigma (e.g., in abuse or TB) Supporting overburdened staff (ASHAs, ANMs) Structural support + empathetic delivery = resilient primary healthcare system. Policy Implications and Recommendations Invest in training for compassion and trauma-informed care. Recognise and reward compassionate health workers (like ASHAs, PHC doctors). Formalise inter-agency coordination (Tamil Nadu model) for public health disaster preparedness. Address workforce dignity as a system-level priority for sustained motivation and care quality. Scale community-based models like BHS, SWATI for wider reach. Live or leave? Delhi’s contaminated air, food squeeze out a hefty price from migrants Core Issue Delhi’s air, water, and food pollution is triggering a health crisis—especially allergies—among migrants, students, and lower-income groups. The cost of detection and treatment for these pollution-induced illnesses is financially crippling, making survival in the city a dilemma: Live or Leave? Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Welfare Policies, and Vulnerable Sections) Health Impact Air Quality Index (AQI): Constantly fluctuates between very poor to severe, due to: Vehicular emissions Construction and industrial activities Common health issues reported: Skin conditions: eczema, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis Eye allergies: up by 35% as per Dr. Titiyal Respiratory allergies, sneezing, rashes Irritation from water use (washing, bathing) due to phosphates and chemical-laden Yamuna water Economic Burden Allergy detection tests: ₹4,000 to ₹15,000 in private labs Government hospitals offer free tests but involve: Long queues Loss of daily wages for unskilled/semi-skilled workers Treatment: No permanent cure; requires long-term medication Migrants already spend heavily on: Rent, food, transport, books Adding health costs worsens financial strain Student Impact Health issues are interrupting education, especially for students from economically weaker backgrounds. Worker Impact Domestic help, informal workers: Miss workdays for hospital visits or fall sick frequently. Loss of productivity/income: Trapped between unaffordable private care and overburdened public facilities. Social Dilemma Urban migration driven by hope for: Better education Livelihood opportunities Quality of life In reality: Delhi’s pollution imposes a high health and economic cost Raises ethical/policy questions: Should individuals bear this burden? Where does state accountability lie? Food and Water Contamination Packaged food: Contains preservatives and chemicals Fruits/vegetables: Treated with harmful food colouring Water: Contaminated with phosphates, detergents, chemicals—aggravates skin issues Broader Implications Environmental degradation → Health crisis → Economic loss Migrants and poor urban dwellers are disproportionately affected Reflects urban governance failure and public health system strain Key Takeaway Delhi, while offering better opportunities, imposes an invisible cost—health damage and financial hardship—forcing many to question whether it’s worth staying.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 April 2025

Content: Promotion of tribal art and culture in Madhya Pradesh DISPOSAL RATE OF GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM Promotion of tribal art and culture in Madhya Pradesh The Government of India, through the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED, is actively promoting tribal art, culture, and handicrafts in Madhya Pradesh. Various initiatives like tribal festivals, digital documentation, language preservation, and market linkages aim to preserve indigenous heritage and uplift tribal communities. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) ,GS 2(Governance) Institutional Support for Tribal Culture Preservation The Ministry of Tribal Affairs extends financial assistance to 29 Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs), including the Tribal Research Institute (TRI), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Funding is provided under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme – “Support to Tribal Research Institutes”, based on Annual Action Plans submitted by States/UTs and approved by the Apex Committee. TRIs function under State Government/UT Administration, supporting research, documentation, capacity building, and awareness programs for preserving tribal cultural heritage. Key Initiatives for Tribal Art and Cultural Promotion Tribal Festivals and Art Exhibitions: Organization of National Tribal Craft Mela, National/State Tribal Dance Festivals, Art Competitions, and Workshops on tribal paintings. Tribal poets’ and writers’ meet to promote indigenous literature. Documentation and Research: Research studies, publications, and audiovisual documentaries for the preservation of tribal cultural heritage. Recording of Indigenous knowledge related to tribal healing, agriculture, dance, and painting traditions. Documentation of folklore, folk tales, oral literature (songs, riddles, ballads) to safeguard tribal traditions. Publication of bilingual dictionaries, primers, and trilingual proficiency modules for primary school students under the Multi-Lingual Education (MLE) Initiative in alignment with the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Digital Repository for Tribal Knowledge: Development of “Tribal Digital Document Repository” for storing and sharing research papers, books, reports, folk songs, and videos. The repository is accessible at https://repository.tribal.gov.in. Recognition and Celebration of Tribal Heritage Janjatiya Gaurav Divas (15th November): Declared to honor tribal freedom fighters and acknowledge their contributions to India’s independence and cultural legacy. Celebrations involve government bodies, central ministries, and state governments since 2021. Freedom Fighters Museums in Madhya Pradesh: Raja Shankar Shah Kunwar Raghunath Shah Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum (Jabalpur) and Shri Badal Bhoi Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum (Chhindwara). Inaugurated on 15th November 2024 to showcase tribal contributions to the freedom struggle and cultural heritage. Tribal Language Preservation and Promotion TRI Madhya Pradesh has documented Bhili, Baigani, Korku, Mawasi, and Gondi languages through folk tales and folklore collection. Development of bilingual primers and vernacular storybooks to aid language preservation and education. Organized Tribal Festival “Adirang” in Balaghat, Chhindwara, Shahdol, and Betul, featuring craft melas, photo exhibitions, tribal food stalls, and dance performances. Video documentation of nine Gond forts to preserve architectural heritage. Socio-Economic Upliftment through Tribal Handicrafts Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PMJVM) implemented through TRIFED to support tribal artisans and promote handicrafts. Aadi Mahotsav (Delhi) – Annual event to showcase tribal products at the national level. TRIBES India Outlets & E-Commerce Platforms facilitate retail marketing of tribal products. “Aadi Bazaar” and “Aadi Chitra” Exhibitions organized across India to promote tribal handicrafts and paintings. Empanelment of Tribal Artisans and procurement of tribal products to enhance livelihood opportunities. Conclusion The Government of India, through TRIFED and TRIs, plays a crucial role in preserving, promoting, and commercializing tribal art, culture, and languages in Madhya Pradesh. Financial support, research initiatives, cultural events, digital documentation, and market linkage programs collectively contribute to the holistic development of tribal communities while ensuring the safeguarding of their rich cultural heritage. DISPOSAL RATE OF GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM Overview of CPGRAMS Performance (2020-2024) Total Grievances Redressed (2020-24): 1,15,52,503 grievances resolved. Highest Annual Disposal: 26,45,869 grievances resolved in 2024 (all-time high). Pendency Reduction: 59,946 grievances pending as of Feb 28, 2025, due to systemic reforms. Improved Redressal Timeline: 2019: 28 days average resolution time. 2025 (Feb): Reduced to 15 days (46.4% improvement). Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Year-wise Disposal Performance Year Brought Forward New Grievances Total Cases Disposed 2020 10,71,603 22,71,270 33,42,873 23,19,569 2021 10,23,304 20,00,590 30,23,894 21,35,923 2022 8,87,971 19,18,238 28,06,209 21,43,468 2023 6,62,741 19,53,057 26,15,798 23,07,674 2024 3,08,124 26,15,321 29,23,445 26,45,869 Key Reforms Enhancing Grievance Redressal A. 10-Step CPGRAMS Reforms Objective: Timeliness, accessibility, and effectiveness. Key Features: Mapping of 1,03,183 Grievance Officers for better accountability. Digital workflow to minimize delays and improve resolution quality. B. Comprehensive Guidelines (Issued August 23, 2024) Integration of grievance platforms for seamless tracking. Creation of dedicated grievance cells in Ministries/Departments. Appointment of experienced nodal officers to handle grievances efficiently. Root cause analysis & feedback mechanism to prevent recurring issues. Strengthened escalation process by appointing appellate authorities. Resolution time reduced from 30 days to 21 days. C. Special Campaign 2024 (Oct 2-31, 2024) Focus: Institutionalizing Swachhata and reducing pendency. Outcome: 5.55 lakh public grievances and appeals disposed. State-Wise Grievance Disposal Analysis (2020-2024) Highest Grievance Disposal: Uttar Pradesh: 12,73,452 disposed out of 12,85,726 received. Maharashtra: 3,13,470 disposed out of 3,32,230 received. Madhya Pradesh: 2,79,288 disposed out of 2,82,881 received. States with High Pending Cases: West Bengal: 39,914 pending out of 1,23,316 received. Odisha: 18,375 pending out of 98,615 received. Maharashtra: 18,760 pending despite high disposal. Challenges in Grievance Redressal Uneven Performance Among States: Some states like Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan exhibit high efficiency, while states like West Bengal and Odisha have backlogs. Need for Strengthening Local Mechanisms: Some states (e.g., Nagaland, Mizoram) show high pendency despite lower grievance volume. Ensuring Quality Resolution: Reducing the resolution time is crucial, but ensuring meaningful redressal remains a challenge. Future Roadmap for Improvement AI-Based Predictive Analytics: To analyze patterns and automate grievance categorization for faster resolution. Public Awareness & Training: Citizens and officers need more awareness about escalation and feedback mechanisms. More Dedicated Grievance Officers: Address states with high pendency through additional trained personnel. Better Coordination Between Departments: Strengthening inter-departmental collaboration to resolve systemic issues. Conclusion The reforms in CPGRAMS have significantly reduced grievance redressal timelines and increased efficiency, with an all-time high disposal rate in 2024. However, regional disparities and backlog issues need further targeted interventions to make the mechanism more effective and accessible nationwide.

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