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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 August 2025

Content Trump raises U.S. tariffs on Indian imports to 50% More women than men deleted from Bihar’s electoral rolls What is the potential of biochar? What is the status of the ‘recall’ vote in Taiwan? Aadhaar face ID can ensure exam ‘transparency’: Centre Trump raises U.S. tariffs on Indian imports to 50% Basics of Tariffs & Trade Policy Tariff Definition: A tariff is a tax imposed by a country on the import of goods and services. It increases the cost of foreign goods, making domestic products more competitive. Ad valorem tariff: A percentage of the value of the good (e.g., 25% of the product’s value). Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Principle: WTO principle mandating non-discriminatory tariff treatment among member countries. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ), GS 3 (Indian Economy) Background: U.S.–India Trade Tensions Historical Tensions: Under Trump’s presidency (2017–2021), the U.S. removed India from the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in 2019. India’s tariffs on tech and agricultural imports were long criticized by the U.S. Current Trigger: India’s purchase of oil from Russia, seen by the U.S. as indirectly supporting Moscow amid sanctions. Executive Order 14066 (March 2022): Declared U.S. “national emergency” over Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, basis for this trade action. Key Details of the New Tariffs Initial Tariff: 25% ad valorem duty on Indian imports (effective immediately from Thursday). Additional Tariff: Another 25% (total 50%) to take effect 21 days later. Total Impact: 50% tariff on Indian goods entering U.S. markets — a significant trade barrier. Legal Justification Cited by U.S. Executive Order 14066 (2022): Enables tariff measures as national security/emergency actions due to Russian aggression. U.S. Argument: India’s continued oil imports from Russia undermine Western sanctions. Labelled India as a violator of “collective economic pressure” campaign on Russia. India’s Response MEA Statement: Tariffs termed as “unfair, unjustified, and unreasonable”. Cited hypocrisy: EU and U.S. continue trading with Russia in other sectors. Highlighted previous Western encouragement of Indian-Russian trade (including oil). Diplomatic Tone: Firm but non-retaliatory, focused on dialogue and defending sovereignty in trade. India’s Oil Trade with Russia – Key Data Pre-Feb 2022: India imported <2% of its oil from Russia. Post-Ukraine War: Imports surged to 30%+, making Russia India’s top crude supplier. Why?: Deep discounts offered by Russia amid Western sanctions. Global Context: EU and G7 imposed oil price cap and shipping bans. India not party to these sanctions, continued trade based on national interest. Implications for India Trade & Economy: Could affect key Indian exports to U.S. (pharmaceuticals, textiles, machinery). May reduce export competitiveness in U.S. markets. Uncertainty in bilateral trade negotiations (e.g., Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), India-U.S. TPF talks). Diplomacy: Further strains India-U.S. relations ahead of U.S. elections and India’s strategic balancing between Russia and the West. Could complicate Quad dynamics and broader Indo-Pacific cooperation. WTO Violation? India’s options at WTO limited as national security exceptions are hard to challenge post-Ukraine war. Tariff hikes bypass multilateral frameworks, using executive orders. Geopolitical Analysis Strategic Autonomy: India maintains independent foreign policy, refuses to join Western sanctions against Russia. U.S. Election Calculus: Trump may be using India as a soft target to project foreign policy strength. Double Standards: India points to ongoing U.S.–Russia trade in non-oil sectors as evidence of selective targeting. What Could India Do? Diplomatic Push: Use Track-I and Track-II diplomacy to reverse or mitigate tariff impact. Diversify Markets: Boost trade with EU, ASEAN, Africa to reduce U.S. dependence. Retaliatory Tariffs?: Possible under WTO norms but may escalate conflict. WTO Dispute Mechanism: File complaint, though national security-based tariffs are hard to reverse. Conclusion This move marks a critical moment in India-U.S. economic ties, with: Rising geopolitical pressures Weaponization of trade policies Strategic tests for India’s non-alignment and multipolar diplomacy India must balance its strategic autonomy, economic interests, and global alliances carefully. More women than men deleted from Bihar’s electoral rolls Context: Basics of Electoral Roll Revision Electoral Roll: A list of eligible voters in a constituency, maintained by the Election Commission of India (ECI). Special Intensive Revision (SIR): An exercise undertaken periodically to ensure accuracy in the electoral rolls — involves addition of new voters and deletion of ineligible ones (deaths, duplicate registrations, migration, etc.). Purpose: To ensure a clean, updated, and accurate database of electors for upcoming elections (possibly linked to Bihar Assembly polls or general elections). Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Electoral Reforms) Key Numbers from the August 2025 Draft Electoral Rolls Category Jan 2025 Roll Aug 2025 Roll Net Deletion % Decrease Male Electors 4.07 crore 3.82 crore ~25 lakh ~6.1% Female Electors 3.72 crore 3.41 crore ~31 lakh ~8.3% More women (by ~6 lakh) were deleted from the rolls compared to men. Female deletion rate (8.3%) exceeds male deletion rate (6.1%) District-Wise Gender Disparity In 37 out of 38 districts, more women were deleted than men. Example: Gopalganj district: Women: ↓ from 10 lakh to 8.21 lakh (−17.8%) Men: ↓ from 10.37 lakh to 9.23 lakh (−11%) Gender gap in deletion rate: 6.8 percentage points Largest disparity in the state Official Reasons for Deletion (per Election Commission) Deaths Duplicate registrations Permanent migration out of Bihar Untraceable or shifted addresses Evaluating Each Deletion Factor 1. Deaths Male and female death rates in Bihar have remained nearly equal over past 5 years (except COVID years). Hence, cannot explain a significantly higher deletion rate among women. 2. Out-Migration Men dominate long-distance migration from Bihar: For every 100 male migrants in India: 31.4 inter-state, 65.6 intra-state For every 100 female migrants: Only 7.2 inter-state, 92.6 intra-state Hence, more male deletions should have occurred, not female. 3. Duplicate/Untraceable Entries Expected to affect both genders equally and form a smaller share of deletions. Most Plausible Explanation: Gender Gap in Self-Enumeration SIR relies on households filling and submitting self-enumeration forms. Female literacy rate in Bihar (2019–21): 55% — lowest in India Male literacy: ~76% Low literacy among women may have: Led to incorrect or incomplete form submission Resulted in more involuntary deletions of female electors Administrative bias or procedural flaws in verifying women’s entries cannot be ruled out. Additional Observation from Voting Patterns In some districts where more women than men voted in Jan 2024, women still faced more deletions. Implies: Men had migrated out but retained their names on rolls (possibly due to better form-filling). Women were more present but were removed more, likely due to self-enumeration and literacy issues. Broader Implications 1. Electoral Disenfranchisement Risk Millions of eligible women may be disenfranchised due to procedural and literacy barriers. 2. Question on Electoral Equity Raises issues of systemic gender exclusion in electoral processes. 3. Need for Electoral Literacy Interventions Especially targeted toward low-literacy women in rural Bihar. ECI and civil society must collaborate to ensure fair access to registration and correction processes. Related Governance & Policy Linkages Article 326 of the Constitution: Ensures universal adult suffrage without discrimination. SDG 5 (Gender Equality) & SDG 16 (Peace, Justice & Strong Institutions): Ensure inclusive decision-making and participation. Election Commission’s SVEEP initiative (Systematic Voter’s Education & Electoral Participation): Needs strengthening in women-dominated, low-literacy regions. Digital Divide: Online self-enumeration may further alienate women with limited tech access. Way Forward Audit the SIR process: Independent review of deletion patterns and procedural compliance. Door-to-door verification, especially for vulnerable groups like women, elderly, disabled. Re-verification drive: To restore names wrongly deleted, especially in districts with high deletion disparity. Focused voter education campaigns: Leveraging ASHA workers, SHGs, Anganwadi workers. Simplify forms & provide support during form filling in regional languages. What is the potential of biochar? What is Biochar? Definition: Biochar is a carbon-rich, stable form of charcoal produced via pyrolysis (thermal decomposition in absence of oxygen) of organic material like agricultural waste and municipal solid waste. Nature: Porous, black solid, with high carbon content (up to 80–90%) and alkaline pH. Stability: Remains in soil for 100–1,000 years, making it a long-term carbon sink. Relevance : GS 3(Energy Security , Science ) What are the byproducts of biochar production? Key Byproducts: Syngas (Synthesis Gas): Mixture of CO, H₂, CH₄ — energy-rich and combustible. Bio-oil: Liquid fuel with energy density similar to crude oil. Quantitative Estimates (India): Syngas: 20–30 million tonnes/year. Bio-oil: 24–40 million tonnes/year. Together, these can generate 8–13 TWh of electricity (~0.5–0.7% of India’s annual generation). Fossil Fuel Offsets: Coal: Replaces 0.4–0.7 million tonnes/year. Diesel/Kerosene: Offsets 12–19 million tonnes (~8% of production). Emission Reduction: Cuts >2% of fossil-fuel-based emissions. How can these byproducts generate electricity and fuels? Electricity: Syngas can be used in gas turbines or internal combustion engines to produce power at small or grid scale. Co-firing syngas with natural gas or coal is feasible in hybrid plants. Fuels: Bio-oil can be refined into transport fuels, used in industrial boilers, or blended with fossil fuels. Helps in reducing diesel/kerosene imports, aiding energy security. Circular Economy: Converts agricultural and organic waste into value-added energy products, reducing landfill burden. How can biochar help the construction sector? Applications in Construction: Added to cement and concrete to: Improve thermal insulation. Enhance durability and water retention. Reduce carbon footprint of concrete (~8% of global CO₂ emissions). Eco-bricks: Biochar can be used in compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) or fired bricks to lower embodied carbon. Carbon-negative Building Materials: Incorporating biochar creates materials that store more carbon than emitted during production. Why is biochar underrepresented in carbon credit systems? Lack of Recognition: Not formally recognised as a verifiable CO₂ removal technology in many carbon markets. Absence of standardised protocols for MRV (Monitoring, Reporting, Verification). Technical Complexity: Varying properties due to different feedstocks and pyrolysis conditions make quantification difficult. Fragmented Policy Landscape: No integrated policy framework connecting agriculture, waste management, energy, and climate sectors. Business Model Constraints: High upfront costs. Lack of viable producer–user linkages and private financing. Limited awareness among investors, farmers, and startups. How should large-scale adoption of biochar be enabled? Policy and Regulatory Measures: Recognise biochar in India’s carbon market (2026): Define biochar as a carbon removal pathway. Issue carbon credits for its application in agriculture, waste-to-energy, and construction. Integrate into existing schemes: National Bio-Energy Mission, Crop Residue Management Schemes, and State Climate Action Plans. Research & Innovation: Invest in R&D: Create region-specific feedstock standards. Develop low-cost pyrolysis units suitable for Indian villages. Standardise MRV frameworks for biochar lifecycle carbon capture. Rural Deployment & Job Creation: Village-scale biochar units: Potential to create 5.2 lakh rural jobs. Engage Panchayats, FPOs, and SHGs as production and distribution nodes. Market Development: Awareness campaigns for: Farmers (soil health and yield benefits). Startups and investors (carbon credits, fuel substitutes). Promote Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) and Carbon Finance Platforms. Agricultural Co-benefits: Increases soil fertility by enhancing water/nutrient retention. Reduces fertilizer need by 10–20%. Improves crop yield by 10–25%. Related News and Context Indian Carbon Market (ICM): Launch scheduled for 2026, with a focus on carbon removal credits alongside avoidance credits. National Bio-Energy Programme (2021-26): Incentivising biomass and waste-to-energy projects, under which biochar can be included. International Reference: IPCC AR6 (2022) lists biochar among “low-risk” carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options. EU Biochar Certification standards (EBC) adopted in 15+ countries. Mission LiFE and SDG 13 (Climate Action): Biochar aligns with India’s commitments under Paris Agreement and LiFE lifestyle campaigns. Conclusion: Why Biochar Matters Multisectoral Gains: Climate mitigation, waste management, soil regeneration, energy security, job creation, and construction innovation. Science-backed, scalable, inclusive: With right enablers, biochar can contribute to Net-Zero 2070 targets and decentralised green growth. What is the status of the ‘recall’ vote in Taiwan? India-Taiwan Relations: Current Status No formal diplomatic ties (India follows One-China policy). But ties have improved unofficially in areas like: Trade (over $8 billion bilateral trade in 2024) Semiconductors (MoUs on supply chain collaboration) Education and skilled manpower exchange Strategic cooperation in Indo-Pacific forums (without directly naming China) Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Why India Should Watch This Closely Taiwan’s internal democratic assertion is a counter-narrative to China’s authoritarian model. The Bluebird Movement’s emphasis on constitutionalism and civil protests resonates with India’s democratic ethos. Taiwan is a potential partner in: Semiconductor self-reliance (India’s ₹76,000 crore chip mission) Critical technology partnerships (under Quad, India-Japan-Taiwan synergies) Countering Chinese aggression in Indo-Pacific India-Taiwan: Strategic Sensitivities Recall movement accused KMT of pro-China leanings → underscores Taiwan’s vulnerability to Beijing’s influence. India faces similar subversion risks in border regions and digital disinformation → lessons in safeguarding democracy from internal manipulation. India must navigate Taiwan ties cautiously, balancing: Its strategic autonomy Relations with USA-Japan bloc Managing China’s retaliation (e.g., border tensions, economic coercion) Democracy, Recall, and India: Institutional Comparison Feature Taiwan India Recall Law Citizens can recall legislators via direct vote (under 3-tier process) No recall provision at Centre/State; only anti-defection law and party whip mechanism Legislative Gridlock Yes, due to divided govt (Executive ≠ Legislature) Rare, as Indian Parliament usually follows majoritarian model Popular Protest Movements Bluebird Movement (2024–25), Sunflower (2014) Anna Hazare’s Lokpal protest (2011), CAA-NRC protests (2019), Farmer Protests (2020–21) Voter Engagement Direct recall voting at constituency level Representative model; no provision for mid-term citizen-triggered removal Judicial Independence Under Threat KMT laws undermined judiciary Similar concerns raised in India (e.g., Ordinance on Judicial Appointments, use of ordinances bypassing Parliament) Key Lessons for India Need for balanced checks and balances: Taiwan’s crisis shows what happens when legislature is misused; India must protect parliamentary deliberative integrity. Citizen-driven accountability vs Political manipulation: India lacks a recall option, but can explore local governance-level reforms (e.g., reintroducing recall at panchayat level). Civil society’s role: Taiwan’s Bluebird shows how mass protest can protect constitutional values — akin to India’s history of public-led reform movements. China Angle: Strategic Parallels KMT seen as Beijing’s proxy → similar concerns in India’s context over: Chinese funding of Indian startups and digital apps Cross-border propaganda campaigns Security breaches via telecom, drones, and ports India should study Taiwan’s model of: Legislative oversight of foreign influence Tech-based surveillance laws Civil society pushback against authoritarian infiltration Political Polarisation: Indian Comparison Taiwan’s recall vote intensified party polarisation (DPP vs KMT). In India: Polarisation often deepened by electoral tools (e.g., defections, Governor’s role in hung assemblies). But no direct electoral mechanism exists for citizens to remove sitting MPs/MLAs mid-term. Opportunities for India’s Foreign Policy India can: Quietly support Taiwan’s democratic resilience under its Act East Policy. Expand economic engagement (esp. semiconductors, electronics, green energy). Promote people-to-people ties: academic, tech exchanges, spiritual tourism. Showcase India as a democratic counterweight in Indo-Pacific architecture. Risks if India Overplays Taiwan Card China may retaliate through: LAC military pressure (as seen in Galwan 2020) Trade curbs on pharma, electronics Cyberattacks and espionage Hence, India must adopt a “strategic ambiguity + silent support” approach for now. Conclusion: Why Taiwan’s Recall Vote Matters to India Shows strength of democratic institutions under pressure Warns against legislative overreach and institutional imbalance Illustrates citizen power in constitutional enforcement Provides India with a strategic example to: Deepen democratic norms Engage smartly in Taiwan-China affairs Strengthen its own internal checks against authoritarian drifts Aadhaar face ID can ensure exam ‘transparency’: Centre Aadhaar Authentication: A process wherein a resident’s Aadhaar number, along with biometric (fingerprint/iris/face) or demographic data, is submitted to UIDAI for verification. Returns a “Yes/No” response to confirm identity. Aadhaar Face Authentication: Uses facial recognition by matching the user’s live face image with their photograph in the UIDAI database. Involves a “liveness” check to prevent spoofing using photos/videos. Useful where fingerprints/iris fail (e.g. aged, manual laborers). SWIK Rules (2020 & 2025 Amendment): SWIK = Social Welfare, Innovation, Knowledge. Under these rules, government/private organisations can apply for permission to use Aadhaar-based authentication for “good governance” purposes. 2025 amendment clarified procedural vetting through UIDAI and portal-based application via the SWIK Portal. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Education) KEY OBJECTIVES Combat Impersonation in competitive exams (e.g. SSC, RRB). Reduce fraud in welfare delivery (e.g. DBT schemes). Improve accuracy in identity verification (e.g. attendance, recruitment). Strengthen accountability of authorities via transparent processes. Enable access to digital services for those with worn-out biometrics. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS (As of August 2025) Ministry of Electronics and IT to Parliament: Facial authentication to boost transparency in competitive exams. Aims to build aspirant trust and enhance administrative accountability. Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) & Staff Selection Commission (SSC): Already authorized to use Aadhaar face authentication for exam candidates. Sports Authority of India (SAI) – August 2025: Approved to use face authentication for: Verifying athletes, coaches, staff under schemes like Khelo India, TOPS, and NCOEs. Processes include registration, attendance, and DBT payments. EPFO Circular (July 2025): Aadhaar Face Authentication now mandatory to generate Universal Account Numbers (UANs). India Post Payments Bank (July 2025): Adopted face authentication for its services. Framed as supporting Digital India and Financial Inclusion. UIDAI’s push: Promoting face and iris authentication to support: Elderly and laborers with damaged fingerprints. Inclusion of underserved sections. SWIK Portal Performance: Around 1–6 proposals approved per month. Cumulative: 312 Union and State organisations approved since 2020. GOVERNANCE & POLICY IMPLICATIONS Transparency & Accountability: Real-time face verification discourages impersonation, especially in exams and recruitment. Greater public trust in examination processes and welfare systems. Inclusion: Ensures access for elderly, disabled, and workers who suffer biometric degradation. Supports DBT, digital identity, and service delivery. Privacy Concerns: Use of facial recognition raises questions on data security, consent, and surveillance. Requires robust data protection frameworks and UIDAI compliance. Legal Framework: Use of Aadhaar (especially biometric) tied to Section 4 and 8 of Aadhaar Act, 2016, amended via Aadhaar & Other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019. Voluntary use stressed post Puttaswamy (2018) privacy judgment. CHALLENGES & CRITICAL ISSUES Authentication Failures: Though facial authentication helps, it still faces tech limitations (lighting, quality, camera resolution). Infrastructure gaps in rural/low-income areas. Consent & Voluntariness: Concerns that authentication might be de facto mandatory, violating privacy norms. Surveillance Risk: Potential for misuse or overreach of facial recognition tech if not regulated properly. Need for Oversight: UIDAI vetting helps but independent audits and citizen grievance redress mechanisms are essential.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 August 2025

Content Central Vista Project A Joyous Homecoming: India’s Sacred Buddhist Relics Return After 127 Years Central Vista Project Context & Background Launched: 2020 Location: New Delhi (spanning India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhavan) Executing Agency: Central Public Works Department (CPWD) Architect: HCP Design Planning & Management Pvt. Ltd. (led by Bimal Patel) Supervising Ministry: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Estimated Cost: Approx. ₹13,500 crore (as per public statements) Relevance : GS 2 ( Polity & Governance ), GS Paper 3 (Infrastructure & Environment) Constitutional & Governance Significance Democratic Symbolism: New Parliament building represents the “temple of democracy”. From Rajpath (symbol of colonial authority) to Kartavya Path (citizen-centric governance).   Governance Rationality: Integration of 51 Ministries into 10 Common Central Secretariat (CCS) buildings. Elimination of dispersed office spaces rented across Delhi → improves inter-ministerial coordination. Promotes e-governance via tech-enabled modular buildings. Key Infrastructure Components Component Function Status (as of Aug 2025) New Parliament 888 Lok Sabha seats, 384 Rajya Sabha seats Completed Kartavya Path Civic space, ceremonial avenue Redeveloped Kartavya Bhawan CCS building for key ministries To be inaugurated (Aug 6, 2025) VP Enclave Official Vice President residence & office Completed National Museum Conversion of North & South Blocks into museums Planned CCS 1, 2, 6, 7, 10 Common Secretariat buildings Under Construction Administrative Gains Efficient Resource Use: Reduces annual expenditure on government building rentals (~₹1,000+ crore/year). Faster Decision-Making: Ministries in close physical proximity = enhanced synergy and productivity. Digital Governance Hub: Buildings equipped with smart tech, high-speed networks, and security systems. Environmental Impact & Sustainability Green Features: 40,573 trees to be planted; no existing trees cut. Redevelopment of Kartavya Path added 197 new trees (now 4,087 vs earlier 3,890). Use of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste for material recycling. Energy Efficiency: Kartavya Bhawan to save 30% energy and generate 5.34 lakh kWh annually. Promotes non-motorised transport and public transport integration. EIA Compliance: All sub-projects cleared via rigorous Environmental Impact Assessments. Cultural & Social Benefits Public Space Expansion: National Museum, IGNCA, lawns, India Gate plaza → redesigned for public use. Democratisation of Space: 80,000 sq.m. of historic office space repurposed for citizens. Tourism & Heritage: Redesigned Kartavya Path integrates pedestrian walkways (16.5 km) and canal restoration. Economic & Strategic Dimensions ‘Made in India’ Focus: Indigenous materials and crafts used across structures – boosts local artisans and MSMEs. Employment Generation: Thousands of direct and indirect jobs created across construction, design, and engineering sectors. Long-Term Fiscal Prudence: Cuts high maintenance and rental costs of outdated buildings. Criticism & Debates Timing Criticism: Project launched amid COVID-19 pandemic; called “misplaced priority” by some civil society groups. Transparency Issues: Debates on lack of Parliamentary approval and limited public consultation. Heritage Conservation vs Modernisation: Concerns raised on altering the historical character of Lutyens’ Delhi. Alignment with Key Government Initiatives Initiative Alignment with Central Vista AatmaNirbhar Bharat Use of indigenous designs and materials Digital India Tech-enabled governance structures Swachh Bharat Mission C&D waste management; green energy systems Ease of Living/Govt. Integrated public and government spaces Smart Cities Mission Intelligent infrastructure in administrative design Prelims Pointers Architect: Bimal Patel Executing Body: CPWD under MoHUA Location of new Parliament: Adjacent to old Parliament Total Ministries: 51 in 10 CCS Buildings Renamed Road: Rajpath → Kartavya Path Conclusion: The Central Vista Project is not merely an architectural makeover; it is an institutional reimagination of India’s governance structure — combining administrative efficiency, sustainability, heritage conservation, and citizen participation. It exemplifies India’s march towards becoming a 21st-century governance hub aligned with the vision of a New India. A Joyous Homecoming: India’s Sacred Buddhist Relics Return After 127 Years Context & Background Event: Return of sacred Piprahwa Buddhist Relics to India in July 2025, after 127 years. Discovery: In 1898, by British engineer William Claxton Peppé at Piprahwa Stupa (Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh), near ancient Kapilavastu, homeland of Lord Buddha. Contents: Included bone relics (believed to be those of Buddha), crystal caskets, gold and gemstone ornaments, and a sandstone coffer. Colonial Loss: These sacred relics were taken abroad during the British era; part of them resurfaced in Sotheby’s auction (Hong Kong, May 2025). Repatriation: India intervened diplomatically; relics were returned via a public-private partnership between Ministry of Culture and Godrej Industries Group. Relevance: GS I( Indian art & culture, religious heritage), GS II (Cultural diplomacy) Historical & Cultural Significance Buddha’s Relics: Physical remains of Gautama Buddha hold spiritual and ritualistic sanctity; enshrined post-Mahaparinirvana (483 BCE) by disciples. Piprahwa Inscription: Inscription in Brahmi script on relic casket confirms enshrinement by Sakya clan (~3rd century BCE). Excavation Timeline: 1898: Discovery by Peppé. 1971–77: ASI-led excavation unearthed 22 sacred bone relics in steatite caskets. Preservation: Some relics have been stored at the National Museum, New Delhi; others were in international possession until now. Reasons for Relevance in Current Times Post-Colonial Cultural Assertion: Part of global trend to reclaim artefacts from colonial-era looting (e.g., Kohinoor, Parthenon Marbles). Buddhist Revivalism: Strengthens India’s Buddhist identity for both domestic harmony and international influence. Policy Alignment: Reflects PM Modi’s vision of “Vikas Bhi, Virasat Bhi” – fusing economic progress with cultural restoration. Cultural Sovereignty: Enhances India’s global standing as authentic custodian of Buddhist heritage. India’s Buddhist Heritage: Strategic & Civilizational Importance Civilizational Role: Birthplace of Buddhism. Associated sites: Lumbini (Nepal), Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar. Spread of Dhamma: Emperor Ashoka (3rd century BCE): Propagated Dhamma through edicts, missionaries. Growth of Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana traditions across Asia. Swadesh Darshan – Buddhist Circuit: Development of pilgrimage infrastructure. Key sites: Kapilavastu, Sarnath, Kushinagar, Vaishali, etc. Boosts cultural tourism, regional economy, and pan-Asian Buddhist consciousness. Cultural Diplomacy & Soft Power Strategic Use of Buddhist Diplomacy: India leverages Buddhist heritage to strengthen bilateral ties with Buddhist-majority nations. Key Recent Cultural Exhibitions: Thailand (2023): 26-day relic display in 4 cities (Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Ubon Ratchathani, Krabi). 4 million+ visitors – deepening spiritual ties. Vietnam (2024): Held during UN Vesak celebrations. Displayed in 4 cities – 17.8 million attendees. Mongolia (2022): Sacred relics showcased on Buddha Purnima. Symbolic of reviving Indo-Mongolian religious ties. Impact: Reinforces India’s status as “Cultural and Spiritual Anchor” of Asia. Projects India as protector of Buddhist dharma globally. Facilitates soft diplomacy rooted in shared civilizational values. Events & Initiatives to Promote Buddhist Heritage A. Global Buddhist Summit 2023 Theme: Universal Values, Peace & Sustainability. Inaugurated by PM Modi; participation from major Buddhist nations. Emphasized India’s leadership on global ethical and spiritual issues. B. Asian Buddhist Summit 2024 Theme: Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia. Participants from 32 countries; 160 international delegates. Highlighted cultural synergy and peace-oriented diplomacy. C. Annual Commemoration of Key Buddhist Festivals: Vesak Day (Buddha Purnima): Celebrates Birth, Enlightenment, and Mahaparinirvana. PM Modi’s 2017 visit to Sri Lanka and 2021 keynote during global celebrations emphasized India’s commitment. Ashadha Purnima (Dhamma Day): Commemorates Buddha’s first sermon at Sarnath (Turning of the Wheel of Dharma). 2025 Celebration: Global monastic participation at Mulagandha Kuti Vihara, Sarnath. Abhidhamma Day: Symbolizes Buddha’s descent from Tavatimsa Heaven to Sankisa (Uttar Pradesh). 2024 Event: Held in New Delhi; attended by 1,000+ delegates from 14 countries. Linguistic & Scriptural Preservation Pali Language: Declared a Classical Language in October 2024. Language of Theravada scriptures; key to preserving Tipitaka and Buddhist philosophical thought. Facilitates academic research and scriptural conservation. Conclusion The return of Piprahwa relics is a momentous civilizational milestone, symbolizing: Post-colonial restoration of cultural pride. Reassertion of India’s Buddhist leadership on the global stage. Moral responsibility to reclaim sacred heritage. This initiative exemplifies India’s aspiration to become a Vishwa Guru by blending spiritual depth, diplomatic maturity, and cultural stewardship.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 06 August 2025

Content India’s presence amid a broken template of geopolitics The technocratic calculus of India’s welfare state India’s presence amid a broken template of geopolitics Background: Geopolitics in Flux Post-COVID, Post-Ukraine, Post-Gaza world is no longer defined by a unipolar U.S.-led order. The multipolar reality is fractured, transactional, and interest-driven. Major realignments are occurring: Russia-China entente vs. NATO-EU-U.S. bloc. Global South asserting independence (e.g., BRICS+). Institutions like the UN, WTO, and IMF increasingly marginalised or bypassed. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “In a world of fractured alignments and shifting power centres, India’s passive strategic posture risks geopolitical marginalisation.” Examine this statement in light of Operation Sindoor and recent global developments. Suggest a roadmap to recalibrate India’s foreign policy doctrine.(250 Words) Operation Sindoor: The Strategic Reality Check Operation Sindoor (April 2025): India’s retaliatory strike after the Pahalgam terror attack. Key Data Points: 3 terrorists killed were Pakistani, affiliated with Lashkar-e-Taiba. The Resistance Front (TRF) claimed responsibility — now designated as FTO & SDGT by the U.S. Geopolitical Fallout: U.S. President Trump hosted Pakistan’s Field Marshal Asim Munir post-strike — a diplomatic snub to India. Despite decisive military response, India struggled to control the narrative internationally. Strategic Imbalance: India vs. Major Powers India-U.S. Relations: Allies or Unequals? Trump’s Policies: Imposed 25% tariffs even as NISAR satellite (India-U.S. venture) launched. Threatened more tariffs on Russian oil imports, despite U.S. itself buying: $1.2B in Russian uranium $1.6B in Russian fertilizers in 2024. Called for U.S. firms to leave India and hire only Americans. Growing Insensitivity: U.S. praised Pakistan’s counter-terror efforts despite cross-border terrorism. Backed regime change in Bangladesh, targeting pro-India Sheikh Hasina. In Myanmar, U.S.-EU support to anti-junta forces is destabilising India’s northeast. EU’s Contradictions: Rules for India, Exemptions for Itself Sanctioned India’s Vadinar Refinery (Rosneft-linked) for importing Russian oil. Yet, Europe imported 51% of Russian LNG in 2024 (Hungary, Slovakia, Belgium, Spain — all continued imports). India-EU FTA (BTIA) talks suffer due to: Carbon Border Tax (CBAM) Digital services restrictions Stringent IP demands China’s Assertiveness in the Neighbourhood China’s Trilateral Proposal (June 2025): Attempted to formalise China-Pakistan-Bangladesh alliance in Kunming. Bangladesh refused, but India alerted. Strategic Moves: Reopening of WWII airbase at Lalmonirhat near Siliguri Corridor. Support to Pakistan during Operation Sindoor. Mandarin renaming of Arunachal Pradesh locations. Control bid over Dalai Lama succession. Construction of mega dam on Yarlung Zangbo (Brahmaputra headwaters). Squeezing of Indian supply chains (e.g., APIs, rare earths, fertilizers). Strategic Resets Needed India’s “Wait and Watch” stance is obsolete. Post-Galwan and Pahalgam, India must recalibrate strategic assumptions. Need to act in global conflicts if it expects reciprocity (e.g., Israel-Gaza, Ukraine, Iran). Silence on global crises leads to marginalisation. Assertive diplomacy is necessary to punch India’s weight. Institutional Responses & Multilateral Leverage What India Is Doing: Bilateral push: Seeking a U.S.-India trade deal to salvage ties before Quad Summit. India-UK CETA concluded, pressurising EU. Multilateral outreach: BRICS 2026 hosted by India – platform to reclaim leadership of the Global South. SCO, East Asia outreach – necessary after missing RCEP. What India Must Do: Use platforms to: Advocate for multipolarity. Promote global South cooperation (e.g., G-20, BRICS). Challenge Western double standards on sanctions and trade. Why Passive Economic Focus Alone Is Risky “In a fragmenting world, geopolitics shapes economics, not the other way around.” MYTH: Staying neutral and growing economically will insulate India. REALITY: Tariffs, sanctions, tech restrictions, supply chain dependencies will increasingly be dictated by political alignments. Countries must invest geopolitically to secure economic and technological growth. Road Ahead: Strategic Recommendations Area Recommendation Diplomacy Reclaim narrative control; build issue-based coalitions (e.g., oil security, terrorism) Trade Finalise FTA with U.S.; balance EU talks with reciprocal pressure Neighbourhood Strengthen BIMSTEC, BBIN; counter China in Maldives, Bangladesh, Nepal Security Expand intelligence & military capabilities beyond borders; reimagine Indo-Pacific strategy Global Conflicts Take moral & strategic positions — especially in Middle East, Indo-Pacific Technology Build indigenous capacity in semiconductors, AI, rare earths, APIs Energy Diversify imports; push for global south energy coalition Conclusion: India can no longer afford strategic reticence in a recalibrated global order shaped by coercion, alignments, and transactional diplomacy. To protect its core interests and secure a rightful place on the global stage, India must match economic ambitions with assertive, value-driven, and multi-aligned geopolitical engagement. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. The technocratic calculus of India’s welfare state Understanding the Indian Welfare State Definition: A welfare state seeks to protect and promote the economic and social well-being of its citizens, guaranteeing minimum standards of income, health, housing, education, and employment. Constitutional Backing: Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) — Articles 38, 39, 41, 42, 47. Historical Context: 1950s–1990s: Rights and entitlements were moral claims; delivery was bureaucratic. Post-2000s: Rights-based legislations (e.g., MGNREGA 2005, NFSA 2013). Post-2014: Rise of digital-first, DBT-based targeted welfare — Aadhaar-led. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Schemes) Practice Question : “The transition from rights-based entitlements to algorithm-driven welfare reflects a deeper technocratic shift in India’s welfare state.” Critically examine this shift in light of its implications on democratic accountability, transparency, and citizen agency.(250 Words) India’s Digital Welfare Infrastructure: The Scale Component Data Point Aadhaar Enrolments 1.35 billion+ (UIDAI, 2025) Schemes linked to DBT 1,206 schemes under 53 Ministries (GOI, 2025) Direct Transfers ₹34.8 lakh crore transferred since 2013 Grievance Portals 36 State/UT portals; CPGRAMS as central node Schemes like PM-KISAN Covers 11 crore+ farmers with ₹6,000 annually E-SHRAM Portal 29 crore+ unorganised workers registered The Technocratic Shift: Key Features What is Technocracy? Rule by experts, data, and algorithms rather than elected representatives or deliberative processes. Emphasises efficiency, auditability, and scale over empathy, context, or participation. Manifestations in India: Aadhaar-based Identification: Biometric verification replaces local knowledge. DBT Architecture: Transfers funds directly to beneficiaries via Aadhaar-seeded bank accounts. Centralised Grievance Portals: CPGRAMS and state variants handle complaints algorithmically. Welfare Portals: E-SHRAM, Jan Soochna, PM-SYM work with predefined data filters. What Are We Losing? The Democratic Costs From Rights to Metrics: Shift from “who needs help and why” → “how do we reduce leakage and maximise speed”. From Citizens to Beneficiaries: Homo Sacer (Agamben): Citizens reduced to biometric identities devoid of agency. Auditable Beneficiary: Human suffering becomes measurable data, not deliberative input. From Political Accountability to Algorithmic Insulation: Technocratic tools obscure who is responsible for exclusion errors, beneficiary fraud, or denied entitlements. Game-Theoretic Insight: Why Politicians Love Algorithms Theory: In polarised systems, politicians avoid blame by offloading tough decisions to neutral-seeming systems. Implication in India: Cross-party consensus on DBT expansion. No significant opposition to Aadhaar, despite SC’s dissenting voices (e.g., Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, 2018). Fiscal Contraction and Policy Hollowing Social Sector Spending: Dropped from 21% (2014–2024 avg) → 17% in 2024–25 (BE). Impact on Key Sectors: Welfare for minorities, nutrition, employment, labour dropped from 11% pre-COVID → 3% post-COVID. Contradiction: Rhetoric of “socialistic state” vs. rollback in funding. RTI Regime in Crisis: A Democratic Red Flag Pending RTI Cases: 4.1 lakh+ (as of June 2024) Vacancies: 8 posts of Chief Information Commissioners unfilled. Impact: Weakens transparency. Shields technocratic decisions from scrutiny. Undermines citizens’ right to know and appeal. Conceptual Anchors: Key Thinkers to Understand This Shift Thinker Concept Relevance to Indian Welfare State Jürgen Habermas Technocratic Consciousness Data replaces public reasoning Michel Foucault Governmentality Surveillance > empowerment Giorgio Agamben Homo Sacer Biometric ID reduces personhood Jacques Rancière Democracy = visibility “Who is seen and heard?” Nassim Taleb Antifragility Systems must resist failure under stress Problems of Over-centralisation CPGRAMS: 30+ lakh grievances resolved (2022–24) — but often visibility without accountability. Converts citizen voice into a ticket, not a political challenge. Erosion of Frontline Discretion: Field workers (ASHA, anganwadi, panchayat officials) have reduced decision-making roles. Loss of Local Reflexivity: Gram Sabhas, traditional deliberative forums side-lined. Path Forward: Towards Democratic Antifragility A. Short-term Measures Bias audits of algorithms in DBT and grievance redress. Codify “Right to Explanation” — per UN Human Rights Council recommendations. Offline fallback mechanisms for citizens without digital access. B. Medium-term Reforms Platform Cooperatives: Local SHGs and panchayats as tech intermediaries (e.g., Kudumbashree model, Kerala). Community-based Audits: Institutionalise social audits, local feedback loops. C. Long-term Vision Democratic Anti-fragility: Build systems that absorb feedback, accommodate dissent, and evolve under stress. Citizen as Co-Governor: Not a data-entry, but a voice in shaping welfare. Conclusion: A Caution and a Call India’s digital welfare revolution is impressive in scale, but risks producing a silent, depoliticised, audit-friendly citizen. For Viksit Bharat, welfare must be participatory, accountable, and resilient. Efficiency must not replace empathy, and data must not erase deliberation. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 August 2025

Content Flash Floods in Uttarakhand Eighty years on from Hiroshima How should money laundering be tackled? Trump says he will hike tariff on India ‘over next 24 hours’ India may change stance amid U.S. tariffs, EU sanctions over Russian oil Ayush Ministry and FSSAI release a list of ‘Ayurveda Aahara’ food preparations U.S. trade deficit with nine countries higher than that of India DBT helped deactivate 4.08 cr. fake, inactive LPG connections: Puri Flash Floods in Uttarakhand Basic Understanding of Flash Floods Flash Floods are sudden, intense floods caused by heavy rainfall, cloudbursts, or glacial lake outbursts (GLOFs), usually within 6 hours of precipitation. In mountainous terrains, such as Uttarakhand, they occur due to: Steep slopes increasing runoff velocity. Poor drainage due to rapid urbanisation. Glacial melt and river swelling due to climate anomalies. Relevance : GS 3( Disaster Management) Geographic and Climatic Context of Uttarkashi Location: Uttarkashi district lies in the upper Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, prone to flash floods, landslides, and earthquakes. Altitude: Dharali town affected in this case is located at 8,600 feet. River Systems: Kheer Ganga is a tributary in the upper Bhagirathi basin, which eventually feeds into the Ganga. Monsoon Activity: Heavy rainfall during July–September increases vulnerability. Tourist Footfall: Uttarkashi is a critical stretch of the Char Dham Yatra, increasing exposure to disaster risks. The August 2025 Flash Flood: Event Summary Date & Time: Afternoon of August 5, 2025, around 1:45 PM. Trigger: Torrential rains caused river swelling and sudden flooding of the Kheer Ganga. Most affected area: Dharali town – a tourist hub with hotels and markets. Casualties: 4 confirmed dead. 60–70 people feared trapped, including 9 Army personnel. Destruction: Complete washing away of market areas. Residential buildings, hotels, and people swept away. Entire town turned into a sludge-filled riverbed. Rescue and Relief Operations Agencies involved: Indian Army State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Rescue Data: 120 people rescued in initial hours. 20 rescued by Army within first 3 hours. Medical Relief: Separate hospital wings activated. Medical teams, oxygen, and medicines on alert. Shelter: Relief camps set up by district administration. Wider Impact and Follow-Up Warnings Sukhi Top: Another flash flood reported here later the same day; no casualties, but sharp river swelling observed. Travel Advisory: Tourism and trekking activities in Uttarkashi remain suspended. Weather Forecast: IMD prediction of continued heavy rain for next few days. High risk of secondary floods, landslides, and road blockages. Structural Causes and Broader Vulnerabilities Ecological Fragility: Uttarakhand lies in Zone V (highest seismic zone) and is highly susceptible to ecological disasters. Anthropogenic Pressures: Haphazard construction, especially in riverbeds. Unchecked tourism and infrastructural overload. Deforestation and encroachment on drainage lines. Climate Change: Rising frequency of extreme weather events in the Himalayas. Disrupted monsoon patterns and glacial retreat exacerbate risks. Past Precedents Year Event Death Toll Impact 2013 Kedarnath Flash Floods ~5,700+ Worst Himalayan disaster in recent memory 2021 Chamoli Glacier Burst ~200 Hydro project destruction 2023 Joshimath Land Subsidence – Town declared sinking zone Way Forward: Policy and Resilience Measures Disaster Preparedness: Strengthen early warning dissemination in remote Himalayan villages. Community-led resilience planning and mock drills. Ecological Planning: Ban on construction within 200m of rivers in fragile zones. Promote eco-tourism with capped footfalls. Monitoring Infrastructure: Install AI-based water-level sensors across rivers. Drone surveillance in trekking routes during monsoon season. Capacity Building: Empower local Panchayats under DM Act 2005. Invest in mountain-specific disaster research. Eighty years on from Hiroshima Historical Context: What Happened in 1945 On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped a uranium-based atomic bomb (“Little Boy”) on Hiroshima at 8:15 a.m., killing approx. 70,000 people instantly. By the end of 1945, at least 70,000 more had died due to injuries and radiation sickness. On August 9, a second bomb (“Fat Man”), plutonium-based, was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 40,000 on the first day. Total fatalities from the two bombings by end of 1945: approx. 1,40,000 to 2,00,000. Relevance : GS 1(World History ) Who Are the Hibakusha? “Hibakusha” means “bomb–affected people” — survivors of the atomic bombings. Their testimonies helped build the global moral and ethical case against nuclear weapons. They faced official suppression initially during American occupation of Japan — effects of the bombs were denied or downplayed. U.S. Brig. Gen. Thomas Farrell falsely declared that those affected had all died and there were “no continuing effects.” Relief centers were shut; 50,000 more died by year-end without understanding the cause. Castle Bravo & the Turning Point in Nuclear Awareness In 1954, a U.S. hydrogen bomb test (Castle Bravo) in the Marshall Islands went awry — twice as powerful as expected. A Japanese fishing boat, Fukuryu Maru, was 86 miles from ground zero and got covered in radioactive fallout. All crew members fell sick from acute radiation — bringing public attention to the delayed and invisible dangers of radiation. This incident became a critical moment in linking radiation sickness with nuclear weapons in Japan’s public consciousness. Rise of Anti-Nuclear Movements Survivors organized under Nihon Hidankyo (Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations) in 1956. They began global campaigns to educate the world about the humanitarian impact of nuclear warfare. After decades of advocacy, Nihon Hidankyo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2024 — 70 years after the Castle Bravo fallout incident. The Norm of Non-Use: Definition & Reality Despite the expansion of nuclear powers (from 1 in 1945 to 9 today), no nuclear weapon has been used in warfare since 1945. This “norm of non-use” is not enshrined in law but is a powerful informal norm shaped by: ▸ Humanitarian narratives (Hibakusha testimonies) ▸ Deterrence theory (Mutual Assured Destruction) Legal instruments regulate testing and proliferation — not use: ▸ NPT (1968): Prevents spread of nuclear weapons; encourages disarmament “in good faith.” ▸ CTBT (1996): Bans all nuclear explosive testing. ▸ Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (2017): Prohibits use but not signed by any nuclear-armed state. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 1996 ruled that nuclear use is generally contrary to international law, though it did not declare an outright ban. The Changing Nature of Nuclear Threats Cold War arsenals were large and centralized; today’s arsenals are smaller but more sophisticated. Shift towards tactical, “useable” nuclear weapons — designed for battlefield use, not large-scale deterrence. Modernization trends include: ▸ Smaller-yield warheads ▸ Precision delivery systems ▸ Faster, more responsive command and control systems Erosion of Norms in Today’s Conflicts Russia’s nuclear threats during the Ukraine conflict have undermined the nuclear taboo. During India’s Operation Sindoor (2025), PM Modi declared India would not tolerate nuclear blackmail — indicating nuclear signaling in regional conflicts. The line between conventional and nuclear conflict is increasingly blurred, heightening the risk of escalation or miscalculation. Why This Matters Today: Key Takeaways The norm of non-use has held for 80 years, but is under strain from: ▸ Rising geopolitical tensions (Russia–NATO, Indo–Pak, U.S.–China) ▸ Modernization and evolving nuclear doctrines ▸ Erosion of global arms control treaties and norms Over 13,000 nuclear weapons still exist globally (as of 2023), with 90% held by the U.S. and Russia. Public awareness is fading — often revived only by accidents like Castle Bravo or active conflict threats. Complacency is dangerous: even “limited” nuclear use would have devastating humanitarian and ecological consequences. Moral vs. Strategic Logic Moral argument: Led by Hibakusha and peace activists emphasizing human cost and long-term radiation effects. Strategic argument: Based on deterrence theory — fear of retaliation prevents use. It remains contested which factor (ethics or deterrence) has been more effective in preserving the norm of non-use. Final Reflection Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not just acts of war — they marked the beginning of an age of existential danger. Survivors’ testimonies, once silenced, are vital reminders of the risks. As nuclear rhetoric and modernization increase, reaffirming and reinforcing the nuclear taboo is crucial for global security and human survival. How should money laundering be tackled? What is Money Laundering? Money laundering refers to the process of making illegally obtained money appear legal or “clean.” As per Section 3 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, it involves concealing or projecting criminal proceeds as untainted property. It often funds illegal activities including terror financing, corruption, and organized crime. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security)   Three Stages of Money Laundering: Placement: Illicit cash is introduced into the financial system (e.g., depositing small sums into various accounts — “smurfing”). Layering: Funds are moved through complex transactions to hide their origin (e.g., shell companies, offshore accounts). Integration: Money re-enters the economy as apparently legitimate through investments in real estate, businesses, or luxury goods. About PMLA, 2002: Enacted in line with UN resolutions to prevent money laundering and confiscate tainted property. The Act puts the burden of proof on the accused, not the prosecuting agency. Enforcement Case Information Report (ECIR), not an FIR, is sufficient to initiate proceedings (SC upheld in Vir Bhadra Singh v. ED, 2017). Enforcement and Conviction Data: Between 2015 and 2023, ED initiated 5,892 cases under PMLA. Only 15 convictions have been secured — a conviction rate of approximately 0.25%. Signals poor outcomes in securing justice despite rising investigations. Issues with Implementation: Rising number of cases indicates growing financial crime or overreach in enforcement. Supreme Court in Vijay Madanlal Chaudhury v. Union of India (2022) clarified: A “scheduled offence” is necessary to initiate prosecution under PMLA Section 3. But property can be attached even without a criminal case being registered — leading to misuse. Misuse of PMLA: A Cause for Concern Critics allege political misuse of PMLA to target dissenters and opposition leaders. The law allows ED vast discretionary powers with minimal judicial oversight. ED is not bound to share the ECIR with the accused, limiting defense preparation. Global Context: The ‘Laundromat’ Model Origin: Term derived from laundromats used by US crime syndicates to legitimize illicit earnings. A laundromat refers to shell networks that: Clean dirty money, Evade taxes, Hide ownership, Fund illicit operations. International Case Studies: China’s Overseas Operations In April 2023, the US FBI arrested two operatives in New York linked to China’s Ministry of Public Security (MPS). They were charged with acting as agents for the Chinese government and obstructing justice. Highlights how covert financial operations can blend with political espionage. In contrast, countries with stronger economic ties with China (e.g., Mongolia, Serbia) have shown little public action on such covert programs. Suggests that national security concerns can be sidelined for geopolitical convenience. Global Financial Action: FATF & DTAA Financial Action Task Force (FATF): International watchdog on money laundering and terror financing. Recommends robust enforcement, transparency, and global cooperation. Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAA): India has signed DTAAs with ~85 countries. Facilitates tax info exchange, helps track illegal cross-border flows. But DTAA enforcement and cooperation gaps remain. Economic Impacts of Money Laundering: Weakens financial institutions by encouraging non-transparent transactions. Fuels inflation and distorts asset prices due to excess illicit liquidity. Undermines monetary policy and economic integrity (SC in P. Chidambaram v. ED, 2019). Key Takeaways: While legal mechanisms under PMLA exist, their implementation suffers from low conviction rates, procedural opacity, and allegations of misuse. Strengthening ED’s accountability, judicial oversight, and adherence to FATF norms is essential. Global cooperation through FATF and DTAA must be institutionalized beyond paperwork to tackle transnational laundering networks effectively. Trump says he will hike tariff on India ‘over next 24 hours’ WHAT’S HAPPENING? Donald Trump, in a 2025 interview with CNBC, accused India of being a bad trading partner and threatened to impose “very substantial” tariffs within 24 hours. His primary criticism: India’s high tariff regime and continued imports of Russian crude oil despite Western sanctions. India responded sharply, calling the remarks “unjustified and unreasonable,” pointing to the West’s own continued trade with Russia. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) TRADE TARIFFS – A SIMPLE EXPLANATION Tariffs are taxes imposed by governments on imported goods. High tariffs make foreign goods expensive, protecting domestic industries but potentially reducing foreign trade. Trump alleges India imposes the highest tariffs in the world, making it hard for U.S. goods to compete in India. DONALD TRUMP’S KEY ALLEGATIONS “India is the highest tariff nation”: He claims India imposes higher import duties than any other country. “We do very little business with India”: Trump argues the U.S. exports little to India due to these high tariffs. “They buy a lot from us, but we don’t buy from them”: He implies an imbalanced trade relationship. “They are fueling Russia’s war machine”: Trump criticizes India’s purchase of discounted Russian crude oil post-Ukraine war. TRUMP’S POLICY SIGNALS He indicated raising tariffs on Indian imports from 25% to a higher, unspecified rate. Suggested such trade penalties would be punishment for India’s continued economic engagement with Russia. Linked India’s crude oil imports to undermining Western efforts to isolate Russia. INDIA’S RESPONSE – STRONG AND DATA-BACKED Called the targeting of India “unjustified and unreasonable.” Emphasized trade with Russia is a “vital national compulsion” for energy security. Pointed to hypocrisy in the West’s own trade with Russia: The U.S. continues importing: Uranium hexafluoride (for nuclear industry) Palladium (used in EVs) Fertilizers and chemicals EU continues trade in: Fertilizers Mining products Iron & steel Machinery and transport equipment STRATEGIC AND GEOPOLITICAL UNDERPINNINGS India maintains strategic autonomy: continues balancing ties with both the West and Russia. Western countries, especially during wartime, want allies to align more closely with sanctions regimes. Trump’s approach reflects economic nationalism—penalizing partners who don’t align with U.S. foreign policy objectives. TRADE DATA INSIGHT As of 2024 (latest available): U.S. is one of India’s largest trading partners (bilateral trade of over $128 billion). India imports significant quantities of crude oil from Russia (exceeding 1 million barrels/day in 2023–24). India imposes average tariffs of around 17%, higher than developed countries (e.g., U.S. ~3.4%), but consistent with other emerging economies. PREVIOUS TENSIONS UNDER TRUMP (2016–2020) Trump terminated India’s benefits under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in 2019. Tensions over price caps on medical devices, e-commerce restrictions, and agricultural access. A limited trade deal was negotiated but not finalized before his term ended. ECONOMIC SECURITY VS. GEOPOLITICS India defends Russian oil purchases as essential to maintaining price stability and energy access for 1.4 billion people. Also strategically diversifying sources while increasing clean energy investments. India’s diplomatic stance: multiple Western countries continue buying from Russia when it suits their national interest. CONCLUSION International trade is deeply influenced by domestic policy, geopolitical interests, and global energy needs. The U.S.–India trade relationship has historically been strong but contentious on tariffs and market access. Trump’s rhetoric often escalates tensions but may not always translate into long-term policy changes. India is asserting itself more confidently on the global stage, pushing back against perceived double standards. India may change stance amid U.S. tariffs, EU sanctions over Russian oil Context: India, Russia, and Global Energy Geopolitics Since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Western nations (especially the U.S. and EU) imposed sanctions to curtail Russian oil revenues. India, as the world’s 3rd-largest oil importer, ramped up discounted purchases of Russian crude to meet energy needs and stabilize inflation. Russian crude’s share in India’s imports rose from <2% in 2021 to over 35% by early 2023. India defends these purchases as necessary for national interest and economic stability. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Energy Security) MEA’s Latest Statement: A Clearer, Assertive Tone The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) issued its strongest defense yet of Russian oil imports. Asserted India will take “all necessary measures” to protect its energy and economic interests. Marked a tonal shift from earlier low-key responses to Western criticism post-2022. Trigger: Threats from U.S. President Donald Trump Trump accused India of selling Russian oil for “massive profits” while ignoring Ukrainian deaths. Threatened “substantial” new tariffs on Indian goods, in addition to a 25% global tariff that kicks in soon. This echoes previous U.S. actions: In 2018–19, India had to reduce oil imports from Iran and Venezuela due to U.S. secondary sanctions. Then too, U.S. tariffs (e.g., on steel, aluminum) created tensions in trade ties. India’s Response to U.S. & EU: Calling Out Double Standards The MEA pointed out: Both U.S. and EU continue to buy Russian energy, fertilizers, minerals, and steel. No similar penalties imposed on China, the largest buyer of Russian oil (about 2 million bpd in 2024). Unstated hypocrisy: Western silence on their support for Israel amid Gaza war (over 60,000 deaths), while moralizing over Ukraine. India’s Strategic Options Ahead Maintain Status Quo Continue Russian oil imports, possibly increasing them. Absorb sanctions while pushing for FTAs with EU, U.S., UK to reduce friction. Diversify Energy Partners Accelerate FTA talks with: GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council), EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union), Australia, New Zealand. ASEAN-India Trade pact revision or re-entry into RCEP may be explored. Secure alternate suppliers: Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE, U.S., Brazil. Retaliatory Counter-Measures Delay trade talks: India-EU BTIA (Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement), U.S.-India Trade Policy Forum. Slow down cooperation in nuclear energy, defence, critical minerals. Leverage India’s strategic role in Indo-Pacific, Quad to extract concessions. Broader Implications Shift in diplomatic posture: From submissive (e.g., Iran/Venezuela episode) to assertive realpolitik. Rise of multipolar diplomacy: India signals it will not be bullied into Western strategic camps. Watchpoint: Will this impact India-U.S. ties in Quad, Indo-Pacific vision, and high-tech cooperation? Data Snapshot (as of 2024-25 estimates) India’s monthly Russian crude imports: ~1.3–1.5 million barrels/day. Russia is India’s top oil supplier, followed by Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Discounted rates on Russian Urals crude saved India ~$5-6 billion in 2023. India’s exports to U.S.: ~$80 billion/year; imports from U.S.: ~$60 billion/year (2023-24). India-EU BTIA talks ongoing since 2007; trade with EU ~$115 billion/year. Conclusion India’s statement marks a growing confidence in shaping its own energy diplomacy and foreign policy — one rooted in pragmatism, national interest, and global multipolarity. It signals that India is willing to push back against perceived Western hypocrisy while keeping its strategic options open across economic and geopolitical fronts. Ayush Ministry and FSSAI release a list of ‘Ayurveda Aahara’ food preparations What is Ayurveda Aahara? Ayurveda Aahara refers to food items formulated based on principles of Ayurvedic nutrition, emphasizing balance (doshas), seasonality (ritucharya), and natural ingredients. These foods are meant to support preventive health, long-term wellness, and sustainable living by integrating traditional Ayurvedic wisdom with modern dietary preferences. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage)   Who released the list and why? The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), in consultation with the Ministry of Ayush, released the categorized list. Objective: To mainstream Ayurveda-based dietary practices and give clarity to food businesses and consumers under the legal framework of the Food Safety and Standards (Ayurveda Aahara) Regulations, 2022.  Legal and Regulatory Context Ayurveda Aahara is governed under the FSSAI’s 2022 regulations, which legally recognize foods described in authoritative Ayurvedic texts. The new list is issued under Note (1) of Schedule B and draws from classical Ayurvedic texts listed in Schedule A of the regulations. This brings legal backing and standardized labeling for Ayurveda-based food products. Key Features of the New List Identifies Category A products (standardized Ayurveda Aahara) that follow prescribed recipes, ingredients, and processes. Examples likely include items such as churnas, lehya, medicated ghee, herbal decoctions (kwath), etc., but tailored for food use, not drugs. Businesses (FBOs) can apply to add new items, provided they submit references from Schedule A texts. Implications for Stakeholders For Consumers: Boosts trust by ensuring scientific and regulatory validation of traditional recipes. Promotes informed consumption of health-supportive, herb-based foods aligned with Ayurveda. For Food Businesses: Provides legal clarity and market expansion opportunities in the health/nutrition segment. Enables standardized production, labeling, and advertising within FSSAI guidelines. For Government: Aligns India’s traditional knowledge with modern food safety laws and WHO recommendations on integrative medicine. Socio-Health Relevance Rising demand for preventive health, immunity-boosting foods, and sustainable eating post-COVID has expanded Ayurveda’s appeal. Ayurveda Aahara is projected to complement India’s nutraceutical and wellness industry, which is expected to reach $100 billion by 2025 (as per Ayush Ministry projections). Way Forward FSSAI will continue to expand the approved list based on stakeholder inputs and evidence from Ayurvedic texts. Supports India’s larger goals of soft-power diplomacy, global wellness leadership, and Atmanirbhar Bharat in the AYUSH sector. U.S. trade deficit with nine countries higher than that of India Basics of Trade Deficits and Tariffs A trade deficit occurs when a country imports more goods and services than it exports to a specific country. Tariffs are import taxes imposed by a country to protect domestic industries or penalize perceived unfair trade practices. Higher tariffs can make imported goods more expensive, reducing competitiveness in the market. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) U.S. Trade Deficit Landscape (2024) According to data analyzed by Rubix Data Sciences: The U.S. had a trade deficit of $49.5 billion with India in 2024 — ranking India 10th among its top trade deficit countries. Other countries with a larger U.S. trade deficit than India include: Mexico: $175.9 billion Vietnam: $129.4 billion Germany: $87.9 billion Ireland: $87.2 billion Taiwan: $76.4 billion Japan: $72.3 billion South Korea: $69.9 billion Italy and Switzerland (implied but not stated) Disproportionate Tariffs on India Despite a lower trade deficit, the U.S. levies a 25% tariff “plus penalties” on Indian imports — the 3rd highest among its top deficit partners. Only China (30%) and Canada (35%) face higher U.S. tariffs than India. Other countries with higher deficits than India face lower or similar tariffs: Vietnam, Japan, Germany, etc., all have lower than 25% tariffs. Mexico, despite a 3.5x larger trade deficit, faces the same 25% tariff.  Implication: The U.S. trade stance toward India appears disproportionately harsh relative to the scale of the trade imbalance. India-U.S. Diplomatic Tensions The Indian Ministry of External Affairs called former U.S. President Donald Trump’s tariff targeting “unjustified and unreasonable.” These tariffs are seen as a pressure tactic on India amid wider geopolitical frictions — including energy trade with Russia. U.S. Criticism of India’s Russian Oil Imports vs. Global Trends Trump criticized India for buying oil from Russia, linking it to ongoing civilian casualties in Ukraine. However, independent data (Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air, Dec 2022–June 2025) shows: EU bought 51% of Russia’s LNG exports — the largest buyer. China: 21% of Russian LNG; Japan: 18%. For pipeline gas: EU: 37% of Russia’s exports China: 30% Türkiye: 27% For crude oil: China: 47% India: 38% EU: 6% Türkiye: 6%  Insight: India is not the top energy buyer from Russia — both the EU and China consistently top Russian energy import charts. Key Takeaways India faces the 3rd highest U.S. tariff among top trade deficit countries despite being 10th in deficit size. U.S. criticism of India’s Russia policy ignores EU’s significantly higher Russian energy imports. DBT helped deactivate 4.08 cr. fake, inactive LPG connections: Puri DBTL (PAHAL) Scheme Launched: January 2015 by the Government of India. Objective: To transfer the LPG subsidy amount directly to the bank accounts of beneficiaries, promoting transparency and reducing leakages. Key Principle: LPG is sold at market price; subsidy is later reimbursed to eligible consumers via Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Schemes) Core Features All LPG cylinders are sold at non-subsidised prices. The eligible subsidy amount is transferred directly to consumers’ bank accounts. Applies to both existing customers and new beneficiaries under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY). Key Achievements (as of July 1, 2025) 4.08 crore duplicate, fake/non-existent or inactive LPG connections have been blocked, suspended, or deactivated. Enabled identification and removal of: Ghost connections (non-existent). Multiple connections under one name. Inactive or unverified users. Helped curb misuse and diversion of subsidised LPG for commercial use. Role of Technology & Verification Aadhaar-enabled DBT authentication: Allows real-time, accurate, and cost-effective beneficiary identification and de-duplication. Ensures only eligible citizens receive the subsidy. Biometric authentication: Public sector Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) have been directed to complete biometric Aadhaar authentication of all PMUY and PAHAL beneficiaries. As of July 1, 2025, 67% of PMUY beneficiaries have undergone biometric verification. Common LPG Database Platform (CLDP) A centralised database used to: Identify and eliminate duplicate or fake connections. Use parameters like Aadhaar number, bank account, ration card, address, and name for cross-verification. CLDP supports targeted delivery and enhances database accuracy across agencies. Special Focus on PMUY (Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana) New PMUY beneficiaries must complete biometric Aadhaar authentication before receiving LPG connections. Ensures subsidies are targeted at intended poor households, mainly women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. Impact on Governance & Welfare Delivery Promotes: Transparency. Accountability. Financial inclusion (through Aadhaar-linked bank accounts). Aids in rationalising subsidy expenditure. Strengthens India’s overall social safety net and welfare delivery mechanisms. Broader Significance DBTL is a global case study in the use of fintech and digital identity for subsidy reform. Forms part of India’s JAM Trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, Mobile) based governance.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 August 2025

Content PRASAD and SDS Schemes Measures To Promote Women Entrepreneurs PRASAD and SDS Schemes India’s rich spiritual and cultural heritage forms a cornerstone of its tourism potential. To harness this, the Government has launched targeted schemes like PRASHAD and Swadesh Darshan to develop world-class infrastructure and enhance visitor experiences. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage ) , GS 3(Tourism ) PRASHAD Scheme (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive) Objective Focuses on development of pilgrimage and heritage tourism infrastructure at identified religious sites across India. Promotes holistic spiritual tourism by improving visitor amenities and connectivity. Key Statistics Launched in 2014-15 under the Ministry of Tourism. 54 projects sanctioned across 28 States/UTs. Projects like Varanasi, Dwarka, Amarkantak, Somnath, Kedarnath, Puri, and Mathura-Vrindavan are included. Many projects completed; several are ongoing with fund disbursements in phases. Implementation & Issues Implemented by State/UT Governments. Common delays: tendering issues, weak local capacity, design delays, incomplete documentation. Ministry monitors progress and encourages time-bound completion. Project Examples Completed: Dwarka (₹10.46 cr), Somnath (₹45.36 cr), Amarkantak (₹49.99 cr), Kedarnath (₹34.77 cr). Ongoing: Ambaji (Gujarat), Annavaram (AP), Simhachalam Temple (AP), Bhadrachalam (Telangana). Foreclosed: Puri (Odisha), Yamunotri-Gangotri (Uttarakhand) – despite partial physical completion. Swadesh Darshan Scheme SD 1.0 (2014-2022) Focused on thematic circuit-based tourism development. 76 projects sanctioned under 15 thematic circuits (Coastal, Desert, Tribal, Eco, Buddhist, Spiritual, etc.). Total outlay: ₹5,290.30 crore. Thematic Circuits (Examples) Coastal Circuit: Goa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, A&N Islands. Buddhist Circuit: Bihar, MP, UP, Gujarat. Eco Circuit: Kerala, Mizoram, Uttarakhand. Tribal Circuit: Chhattisgarh, Nagaland, Telangana. Heritage Circuit: Rajasthan, Puducherry, Punjab. Notable Projects Ayodhya (UP): ₹127.21 cr – largest individual project. Tehri (Uttarakhand): ₹69.17 cr – adventure & eco-tourism. Kumbhalgarh Fort circuit (Rajasthan), Kurukshetra (Haryana) under Krishna Circuit. Swadesh Darshan 2.0 (SD 2.0) – Launched 2022 Objective Shift from circuit-based to destination-based approach. Emphasizes sustainability, community involvement, and responsible tourism. Selection based on tourism potential, connectivity, sustainability, etc. Key Stats 52 projects sanctioned. Total approved outlay: ₹2,108.87 crore (lower but more targeted than SD 1.0). Projects span across Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa, Bihar, Ladakh, Daman & Diu, Assam, Arunachal, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, etc. Experience-Based Tourism (Examples) Bodh Gaya Meditation Centre (Bihar) – ₹165.44 cr. Bhoramdeo Corridor (Chhattisgarh) – ₹145.99 cr. Alappuzha Water Wonderland (Kerala) – ₹93.17 cr. Colva Beach, Porvorim Creek (Goa) – Eco & Coastal experiences. Mechuka Adventure & Cultural Park (Arunachal) – Adventure tourism in Northeast. Other Complementary Schemes 1.Dekho Apna Desh (2020) Promotes domestic tourism awareness. Uses tools like webinars, quizzes, pledges, social media campaigns. 2.Capacity Building for Service Providers (CBSP) Focused on training, certification, and upskilling local tourism stakeholders. Targets tour operators, homestay owners, local artisans, etc. Conclusion: Together, PRASHAD and Swadesh Darshan aim to make India a globally competitive spiritual and heritage tourism destination. Their success hinges on sustainable execution, local participation, and timely project implementation. Measures To Promote Women Entrepreneurs Introduction Women entrepreneurship is a powerful driver of inclusive economic growth, yet as of 2024, only about 20% of MSMEs in India were owned by women. Recognizing the potential of women-led enterprises in job creation and economic transformation, the Indian government has implemented a multi-pronged, scheme-driven approach to uplift and empower women entrepreneurs across sectors, geographies, and social strata. Relevance : GS 3(Entrepreneurship ), GS 2(Gender Inclusivity) Policy Measures and Institutional Support for Women-Led MSMEs Udyam Registration & Udyam Assist Portal Launched: July 2020 (Udyam), January 2023 (UAP) Features: Fully online, paperless self-declaration-based registration. PAN/GSTN optional for registration via UAP. Eligible for Priority Sector Lending (PSL) and Ministry scheme benefits. Special drives to register women-owned MSMEs conducted. Public Procurement Policy Mandate: 3% of annual procurement by CPSEs and Ministries must be from women-owned MSEs. Aims to create assured market linkages and boost demand for women-led enterprises. Financial Incentives & Credit Support Credit Guarantee Scheme for Women (since Dec 2022) Higher guarantee cover: Up to 90% (vs 75% for others). 10% concession in annual guarantee fees. Impact: Reduces risk for lenders; encourages credit flow to women entrepreneurs. Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) Women beneficiaries: 39% of total. Higher subsidy: 35% for women vs 25% for general category. Supports non-farm micro-enterprise creation in rural and urban areas. Capacity Building & Skill Development Initiatives Skill Upgradation & Mahila Coir Yojana Targets women artisans in the coir sector. Aims at value addition, product diversification and enhanced employability. Trade Fair Subsidies Women entrepreneurs get 100% subsidy for participation in trade fairs (vs 80% for others). Encourages exposure, B2B linkages, and market development. Focused Interventions through MSDE, NIESBUD & IIE PM Vishwakarma Yojana (2023) Supports traditional artisans & craftspeople, including women across 18 trades. Offers skill training, toolkit incentives, credit, and market linkages. Yashasvini Campaign Nationwide awareness campaign targeting existing & aspiring women entrepreneurs. Focuses on handholding, mentoring, and linking to government schemes. Special Interventions for Marginalized Women Entrepreneurs PM JANMAN (March 2024) – Entrepreneurship for PVTGs Target group: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. Trained so far: 37,161 beneficiaries, of which 31,560 are women (85%). Support includes skill-building and VDVK (Van Dhan Vikas Kendra) development in 18 states. Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (DAJGUA) Focus: Capacity building of 1,000 VDVKs in 30 tribal districts. As of June 2025: 30 participants trained in ToT, including 15 women. Youth & Student-Focused Interventions Swavalambini Programme (Feb 2025) Launched in collaboration with NITI Aayog’s Women Entrepreneurship Platform. Targets: Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh. Focus: 1,200 female students: Entrepreneurship Awareness Training (EAP). 600 students: Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP). Includes seed funding, mentoring, and recognition under “Awards to Rewards” initiative. Institutional Development: EDCs and Incubation Centres (North East Focus) Entrepreneurship Development Centres (EDCs) & Incubation Centres (ICs) Goal: Build entrepreneurial ecosystems in educational institutions of NE region. Status: 30 EDCs and 4 ICs in 8 North Eastern states. 600 mentors trained, 912 participants trained via EDP. 600 of these were women (65%). 100 ideas to be incubated, 900 to receive seed support. Key Performance Highlights (Cumulative) Intervention Women Beneficiaries PMEGP ~39% of total PM JANMAN 31,560 women Swavalambini Target: 1,800 women students EDP in NE 600 women Coir Yojana Not disclosed, but women-targeted Trade Fairs 100% subsidy for all women PM Vishwakarma Inclusive of women in 18 trades Challenges Persist Despite proactive schemes, several structural barriers limit scale-up of women-led enterprises: Low financial literacy and creditworthiness. Social mobility restrictions in rural & tribal areas. Digital divide and lack of business formalization. Weak integration into global/domestic supply chains. Recommendations Digital Literacy + Mobile First Services for women entrepreneurs (especially rural). Women-focused incubators & accelerators at the district level. Gender-segregated MSME data to improve policy targeting. Encourage private sector-NGO partnerships for mentoring & funding. Expand procurement quotas and enforce existing 3% mandate strictly. Conclusion India’s multi-ministerial push — from skill-building to credit access — reflects a growing commitment to mainstreaming women-led entrepreneurship. With over 31,000 tribal women trained, 39% PMEGP participation, and initiatives like Swavalambini and PM Vishwakarma, the ecosystem is gradually evolving. However, sustained efforts in capacity-building, digital access, and market integration are essential to bridge the gender gap in entrepreneurship.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 August 2025

Content A crisis of trust The missing link in India’s battery waste management A crisis of trust Context and Relevance The legitimacy of any democratic system depends not only on conducting free and fair elections, but also on the perception of fairness, especially among all stakeholders, including those who lose. Recent concerns raised by political leaders and civil society in the aftermath of the 2024 General Elections have renewed public debates on the transparency, neutrality, and accountability of the Election Commission of India (ECI). These discussions gain further significance in the light of global indices, such as the V-Dem 2024 report, which has highlighted challenges in democratic functioning and electoral perceptions. Relevance : GS 2(Elections- Reforms) Practice Question : “The legitimacy of democratic elections lies not only in procedural fairness but also in the perception of neutrality by electoral institutions.” Critically examine the role of the Election Commission of India in this context. Suggest institutional and technological reforms to strengthen electoral credibility.(250 Words) Constitutional and Legal Framework Article 324 of the Constitution of India vests in the ECI the authority to superintend, direct, and control elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President. Landmark Supreme Court judgments, such as: Mohinder Singh Gill vs. Chief Election Commissioner (1978), and People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India (2003) have reinforced the constitutional vision of the ECI as an independent and transparent institution. Institutional Concerns and Key Areas of Review a) Electoral Rolls and Voter Disenfranchisement Instances of discrepancies in voter lists have highlighted the need for more robust data management and verification systems. Data Point: According to ADR (2024), 5.7 crore voter records were found with errors in age, gender, or duplication. b) Transparency in EVM–VVPAT Operations The Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) comprises a Ballot Unit, Control Unit, and a VVPAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail). Concerns raised include: Centralised software installation in VVPAT units without third-party audit. Limited VVPAT verification (5 units per constituency), covering ~1% of total votes. Data Point: In 2019, a VVPAT–EVM mismatch was observed in 17 out of 20,600 samples, a statistically low number, but enough to warrant public discussion. c) Enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) The perception of asymmetry in MCC enforcement has been a recurring critique, especially in high-stakes elections. Data Point: ADR (2019) reported that over 90% of MCC violation notices were issued to opposition parties, raising concerns over enforcement neutrality. d) Public Communication and Transparency The ECI has faced feedback regarding limited public outreach and lack of real-time communication, especially during allegations of procedural lapses. Absence of post-election white papers or public audit reports has impacted public confidence in the electoral process. International Best Practices in Electoral Oversight Country Best Practice Brazil Uses open-source voting code, allows independent third-party audits Germany Disallowed EVMs in 2009 due to lack of voter-verifiability South Korea Maintains high voter trust through transparent post-election audits and recounts Judiciary’s Role in Strengthening the ECI In Anoop Baranwal vs. Union of India (2023), the Supreme Court directed that appointments to the ECI be made by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and Chief Justice of India — to ensure institutional independence. Subsequently, the Chief Election Commissioner and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023 was enacted, changing the composition of the selection panel — a move that has generated debate on whether it upholds the judgment’s spirit. Suggested Reforms for Electoral Integrity a) Strengthening Institutional Independence Establish a bipartisan and judicially anchored selection committee for appointments. Grant the ECI financial autonomy, currently routed through the Ministry of Law and Justice. b) Enhancing Technological Transparency Implement open-source software standards for EVMs and VVPATs. Explore blockchain-based public verification systems for end-to-end election data traceability. c) Legal Codification of the Model Code of Conduct Convert the MCC into a statutory code with graded penalties and uniform enforcement mechanisms. d) Grievance Redressal and Citizen Trust Establish a dedicated public portal for voter registration errors, complaint tracking, and VVPAT mismatches. e) Post-Election Audit Mechanisms Constitute independent, non-partisan audit panels to publish post-election evaluation reports for greater transparency. Conclusion The Election Commission of India remains central to the credibility of India’s democratic architecture. While its past contributions to free and peaceful elections are noteworthy, the evolving scale and complexity of Indian elections demand higher levels of transparency, accountability, and public engagement. Rebuilding and sustaining public trust in electoral institutions is not just a legal or administrative necessity but a democratic imperative. Institutional reforms, technological upgrades, and a commitment to impartial enforcement will ensure that India’s elections remain globally respected and domestically trusted. The missing link in India’s battery waste management Context and Significance India’s electrification drive—driven by goals of Net Zero emissions by 2070—has led to exponential growth in electric vehicles (EVs) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). However, this transition brings a new environmental challenge: battery waste, particularly from lithium-ion batteries. India generated 1.6 million metric tonnes of e-waste in 2022, of which lithium batteries alone contributed 700,000 metric tonnes — highlighting the need for robust waste management. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology , Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : “The success of India’s green energy transition hinges as much on battery waste management as on EV adoption.” Discuss the role of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in battery recycling. What are the key policy and structural reforms needed to ensure a sustainable battery waste ecosystem?(250 Words) Projected Battery Demand and Waste Burden EV battery demand is expected to grow from 4 GWh (2023) to 139 GWh by 2035 (35x growth). This rapid expansion will significantly increase: Hazardous waste (including heavy metals like cobalt, lithium, nickel) Import dependency for strategic minerals Pressure on domestic recycling infrastructure Government Intervention: Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022 Key Feature: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) EPR makes producers legally responsible for: Collection of used batteries Funding the recycling process Ensures a circular value chain by requiring producers to buy EPR certificates from certified recyclers. Core Challenge: Inadequate EPR Floor Price What is the EPR Floor Price? It is the minimum price at which recyclers sell EPR certificates to producers. Intended to compensate recyclers for: Advanced technology investments Skilled labour Safe transport Regulatory compliance Problem: Current EPR floor prices under consideration are too low to: Sustain legitimate recyclers’ operations Ensure environmental safety Compete with informal or fraudulent recyclers Consequences of Underpricing EPR Issue Implications Rise of informal recyclers Poor safety, dumping, fake certificates Environmental degradation Leaching of toxic materials into water, soil Loss of strategic materials Inefficient recovery of lithium, cobalt, nickel Foreign exchange loss ~$1 billion projected loss by 2030 if recycling remains inadequate Market distortions Recyclers undercut by non-compliant players International Benchmarks UK: EV battery producers pay ~₹600/kg for recycling (India’s draft rates < ₹150/kg). Even adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), India’s proposed rates fall significantly short. Need for Recalibrating the EPR Framework a) Fair EPR Floor Price Must reflect: Cost of safe collection and transport Capital investment in recycling technology Skilled workforce and R&D Can be market-determined in the future, but must start high to develop a sustainable ecosystem. b) Industry Can Absorb Costs OEMs have not reduced consumer prices despite falling global metal costs. Suggests that fair EPR pricing will not raise consumer prices in the short term. Strengthening Compliance and Enforcement Measure Description Robust audits Regular checks on certificate authenticity and actual recycling volume Digital tracking End-to-end digital EPR certificate issuance and verification Strict penalties For false certifications, illegal dumping Integration of Informal Sector India has a large informal e-waste sector that: Lacks safety Offers low-cost but hazardous processing Solution: Train and upskill informal recyclers Offer regulatory and financial support to transition into formal systems Leverage their existing networks for collection efficiency Strategic and Economic Imperative a) Resource Security India imports 70–90% of its lithium and cobalt needs. Efficient recycling can reduce dependency and increase resilience. b) Green Growth Clean battery waste management supports India’s Net Zero 2070 goal. A sustainable battery ecosystem could generate green jobs, tech innovation, and investor confidence. Way Forward Action Area Steps Needed Reform Pricing Structure Fair EPR floor pricing; benchmarked to global practices Audit and Traceability Digital platform for real-time tracking of battery waste and certificates Incentivise R&D Promote investment in advanced battery recycling technologies Formalise Informal Sector Financial and training incentives; compliance linkages Public-Private Collaboration Regular dialogue among policymakers, recyclers, OEMs Conclusion India’s green transition must not create new environmental problems. While EV adoption and energy storage solutions are commendable, sustainability must extend beyond use to end-of-life management. Without a fair and functional EPR floor price, the battery recycling ecosystem will remain broken, posing risks to both environment and economy. Recalibrating the EPR regime, enforcing compliance, and integrating informal actors are not just policy imperatives — they are critical to India’s circular economy, energy security, and ecological future.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 August 2025

Content IAF’s Unending Fighter Conundrum Why a Progressive Indian Policy on Myanmar is More Than Plausible Pollution Control Boards Have Power to Impose Restitutionary Damages: SC Largest Asian Tortoise Back in Nagaland Community Reserve Old Trees, Ageing Farmers Worsen Outlook for Palm Oil Exporters Attempt to Save Rhinos by Giving Them Radioactive Horns IAF’s unending fighter conundrum Historical Significance of MiG-21 in India’s Defence History Induction & Origins: Inducted post-1962 Sino-Indian War from the Soviet Union; first supersonic and non-Western jet in the IAF. Combat Legacy: Pivotal in 1965 and 1971 wars, Kargil 1999, and 2019 Balakot-Aerial Conflict (notably, Wing Commander Abhinandan’s engagement). Trainer Role: Used for Stage-III pilot training in absence of an AJT, despite being “sub-optimal.” Global Footprint: One of the world’s most prolific jets: 6,000+ MiG-21s across 35+ countries. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) Operational and Safety Concerns Accident-Prone: Over 450 accidents, earning the MiG-21 the nickname “Flying Coffin.” Aging Fleet: Only two squadrons (No. 23 ‘Panthers’ and No. 3 ‘Cobras’) remain, set to retire. Legacy Phasing Out: With MiG-21 retirement, MiG-29 and Su-30MKI are the only Russian-origin jets remaining. Current IAF Inventory & Transition Challenges Aging Assets: Early variants of Jaguars, Mirage-2000s, MiG-29s will retire by end of the decade. Dependence on Limited Platforms: Su-30MKI (~260 in service) and LCA Tejas variants to form the backbone. Capability Gaps: IAF needs to induct 35–40 jets annually to maintain squadron strength. LCA Mk1A: Cornerstone of the Modernisation Plan Contract Details: ₹48,000 crore contract with HAL for 83 LCA Mk1A jets (signed in 2021). Delivery Schedule: 16 jets/year from March 2024 — no deliveries yet. Causes of Delay: Engine delivery delay by GE Aerospace (F-404 engines ordered in 2021). First engine arrived only in April 2025, second in August 2025. HAL Response: Promised to scale up production to 24 jets/year. A follow-on order for 97 more jets worth₹67,000 crore in the pipeline. Sukhoi-30MKI: Backbone but Needing Upgrades Induction: 272 Sukhois procured from Russia; ~260 remain operational. Recent Contracts: ₹13,500 crore deal for 12 new Sukhois (to replace crash losses). Upgrade Plans: HAL will modernize 84 jets in Phase 1; earlier batches to retire by 2040s. Roadmap for the Future: IAF’s 600+ Jet Induction Plan Ambitious Target: Over 600 new fighters in next 20 years: 180 LCA Mk1A 120+ LCA Mk2 114 Medium Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA) 120 Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) Twin Engine Deck-Based Fighter (TEDBF) for Navy LCA Mk2 & AMCA: Strategic Capabilities in Pipeline LCA Mk2: Designed to replace Mirage-2000, MiG-29, Jaguars. First flight expected in 2026. AMCA (5th Generation): Two-phase plan: Mk1 with GE-414 engines Mk2 with 110kN engine (to be co-developed with foreign partner). Private sector participation invited; HAL must compete for contract. Timeline: 10 years to first prototype flight (expected post-2025 contract finalization). Medium Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA): The Lingering Question Status: RFI issued in 2019, but no forward movement due to cost, priorities, and delays in other projects. Current Prospects: Interim import of 5th gen fighters being explored (SU-57 or F-35). Sensitive negotiations underway; decision pending official stages (AoN, RFP). Engine Technology: A Core Bottleneck F414 for LCA Mk2: Licence manufacture by HAL — negotiations with GE ongoing. AMCA Engine: Mk1: GE414 Mk2: Jointly developed 110kN-class engine — foreign collaboration under discussion. Strategic and Defence Policy Implications for India Indigenisation Push: LCA, AMCA, TEDBF, and engine co-development critical to India’s strategic autonomy. Industrial Ecosystem: HAL and private firms must deliver on time, quality, and scale. Geopolitical Balance: Fifth-gen fighters crucial for parity with China (J-20) and Pakistan’s F-16s. Budgetary Realism: Competing demands (Army modernization, Navy submarines) necessitate prioritization and execution discipline. Critical Evaluation Strengths: Holistic roadmap to revive squadron strength. Serious push towards self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence). Embedded long-term vision via LCA → LCA Mk2 → AMCA. Concerns: Delays in execution risk capability gaps. Dependence on foreign engines and tech remains. Potential bureaucratic inertia and vendor inefficiencies. Ethical Considerations: Is heavy capital spending on air power justified amid socio-economic priorities? Can India achieve a balance between deterrence and diplomacy? Conclusion: India’s Jet Power in Transition India is at a critical juncture in redefining its airpower: phasing out legacy fighters like the MiG-21, embracing homegrown innovation (LCA, AMCA), and cautiously exploring high-stakes fifth-gen acquisitions. Timely execution, inter-agency coordination, and global strategic alignments will determine whether India can meet its aerial defence needs in the 21st century battlespace. Why a progressive Indian policy on Myanmar is more than plausible Context & Background Myanmar junta ended emergency rule in June 2024 and announced elections for December, amid an ongoing civil war. The 2021 military coup dismantled the elected civilian government, triggering: 5,000+ civilian deaths. 2.5 million+ internally displaced persons (IDPs). India’s current approach: Continued engagement with the junta while ignoring the pro-democracy resistance. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) India’s Current Posture: Flawed Assumptions Realpolitik Argument: India must protect its “interests” (security, connectivity, China containment) by engaging with whoever is in power — even the junta. Problem: Assumes that values (democracy, human rights) are separate from interests. Key Critique: India’s definition of “interests” is narrow, strategic, and short-sighted. The Civil War Landscape in Myanmar Resistance Forces: Led by the National Unity Government (NUG) — an alliance of: Pro-democracy activists. Ethnic armed groups. Civil society and trade unions. Their goal: Overthrow the 2008 military-drafted Constitution and establish a federal democratic union. India’s China Problem in Myanmar China’s Approach: Arms sales, strategic infrastructure (e.g. Kyaukphyu port), backchannel diplomacy. India’s Missed Opportunity: While both can sell weapons, only India can offer democratic federalism as a model — an edge China lacks. By staying neutral or silent, India risks: Losing goodwill among Myanmar’s future leadership. Ceding long-term influence to China. A Progressive Indian Myanmar Policy: Why It’s Plausible & Necessary Two Core Pivots: Democracy Human Security Policy Recommendations (4 Interlocking Steps) Support Myanmar’s Pro-Democracy Forces How? Engage with NUG and ethnic political entities. Launch capacity-building programs: Constitution-making, federalism, decentralization. Use India’s democratic experience as soft power leverage. Why? Builds long-term strategic alliances. Signals India’s moral and political leadership in Asia. Immediately Halt All Weapon Sales to the Junta Facts & Findings: Indian PSUs have reportedly sold navigation equipment and diesel to the Myanmar military post-coup (Justice For Myanmar; Frontier Myanmar). Why Stop? Junta is using all three military branches (army, navy, air force) to attack civilians. Weapons, even non-lethal, contribute to junta’s war infrastructure. Ethical Cost: Contradicts India’s global image as a democratic “Vishwabandhu”. Open Cross-Border Humanitarian Corridors Conflict Zones near India: Sagaing Region, Chin State, and Rakhine State – key hubs of displacement. Action Steps: Reinstate Free Movement Regime (FMR), revoked in Feb 2024. Partner with local NGOs and global humanitarian networks. Deliver aid through Mizoram – which has local asylum infrastructure. Learn from Thailand’s cross-border aid model. Safeguards: Aid delivery must bypass the junta. Use pre-vetting and strict border checks to avoid contraband leaks. Stop Deporting Myanmar Asylum Seekers Current Reality: 115 asylum seekers deported from Manipur (latest: June 2024). 27 Chin refugees detained in Assam Legal & Ethical Obligations: India has not ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention, but must abide by customary international law. Non-refoulement principle prohibits returning refugees to danger. Indian Constitution & human rights norms support humane refugee treatment. Broader Strategic and Ethical Insights India’s Core Strengths in Myanmar Democracy: Unique appeal to pro-democracy forces, unlike China. Federalism: A real-time model for Myanmar’s future constitution-making. People-to-People Ties: Especially in the Northeast (ethnic overlaps with Chin, Mizo populations). Regional Power Status: Enables India to shape the narrative of peace and reconstruction. Risks of Current Policy Loss of moral legitimacy. Alienation of future Myanmar leaders. Strengthening China’s grip on Myanmar’s military-industrial complex. Increased instability on India’s Northeast border (influx of refugees, militancy). Conclusion: Walking the Talk of “Vishwabandhu” India often claims to stand with the people of Myanmar. Now is the time to back that rhetoric with action — through a balanced approach that: Supports democratic transition, Respects humanitarian needs, Secures India’s strategic interests, and Elevates India’s regional leadership. Pollution Control Boards have power to impose restitutionary damages: SC Context of the Case Petitioner: Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) Issue: Delhi HC had ruled that DPCC cannot impose compensatory damages under Section 33A (Water Act) and Section 31A (Air Act). Appeal: Filed before the Supreme Court, which overruled the HC and upheld the power of Pollution Control Boards to levy such damages. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Legal Provisions Invoked Section 33A – Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Section 31A – Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Both allow Pollution Control Boards to issue directions in writing, including closure or regulation of industries causing pollution.   SC’s Key Observations and Rulings Restitutionary Powers Upheld: PCBs can impose fixed monetary penalties or require bank guarantees from polluters. These powers are not merely preventive, but also compensatory and restitutive. Focus on Ecosystem Restoration: Emphasized restoration to “original, pristine” condition — not just pollution control. Based on Polluter Pays Principle: polluting entities must repair the damage they cause, not just stop further harm. Need for Subordinate Legislation: Enforcement of restitutionary powers must follow framing of rules and procedural safeguards. Rules must include principles of natural justice (fair hearing, reasoned orders, appeal mechanism). Broad Statutory Mandate Recognized: PCBs have “expansive powers and enormous responsibilities” under environmental laws. Powers include: Shutting down polluting units Stopping electricity/water supply Directing change in industrial operations Issuing penalties and compliance orders Significance of the Judgment Legal Empowerment of PCBs Ends ambiguity around PCBs’ ability to impose damages. Restores institutional authority after multiple HC verdicts had limited their powers. Environmental Justice Strengthened Introduces a restoration-focused enforcement regime. Moves beyond temporary closures or symbolic penalties. Recognizes the intrinsic value of clean air and water, not just utility. Shift from ‘Pollution Control’ to ‘Ecological Restoration’ Moves beyond damage limitation to active ecosystem recovery. Mandates a return to pre-damage environmental baselines. Current Weaknesses Addressed Until now, PCBs often struggled with: Limited punitive capabilities Over-reliance on court orders Inability to recover cleanup costs This judgment provides a legal and financial enforcement toolkit. India-Specific Governance Relevance Institutional Strengthening Reinforces the quasi-judicial role of PCBs in enforcing environmental compliance. Will force industries and governments to rethink Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and compliance costs. Deterrence + Compensation Sets a precedent where restoration cost is internalised by the polluter. Aligns with global ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) standards. Policy Push Needed Ministries must now: Draft model rules for PCBs’ restitutionary procedures. Ensure trained environmental officers for evidence-based damage assessment. Develop scientific methods to quantify “pristine restoration”. Global Best Practices Alignment Brings India closer to: EU’s Environmental Liability Directive (ELD) USA’s Superfund system (CERCLA – Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act) Promotes eco-centric governance rather than anthropocentric (human-use driven) development models. Ethical and Constitutional Dimensions Dimension Observation Ethics Promotes intergenerational equity and ecological responsibility. Fundamental Duties Reinforces Article 51A(g): duty to protect environment. Directive Principles Supports Article 48A: Protection and improvement of environment. Right to Life Interprets Article 21 to include clean air and water as enforceable entitlements. Conclusion This landmark judgment represents a major shift in India’s environmental governance — from passive regulation to proactive restoration. It empowers Pollution Control Boards with the legal authority to make polluters pay for ecological damage and prioritize complete restoration over token compliance. The judgment is a critical tool in India’s fight against environmental degradation, especially in the face of rising industrial pollution, urban waste discharge, and climate-linked ecosystem disruption. Largest Asian tortoise back in Nagaland community reserve Species Profile: Asian Giant Tortoise Scientific name: Manouria emys Status: Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List) Significance: Largest tortoise in mainland Asia Indicator species for tropical forest health Native Range: India (NE states), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and parts of Indonesia Threats: Poaching for meat and pet trade Habitat destruction (shifting cultivation, deforestation) Slow reproductive rate and long maturation period Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) What Happened: Key Highlights Location: Zeliang Community Reserve, Peren district, Nagaland Event: Release of 10 individuals of Asian giant tortoise Source: Bred and raised in Nagaland Zoological Park, Chümoukedima Date of Reintroduction: August 2025 (community-led event) Partners Involved: Nagaland Forest Department India Turtle Conservation Programme (ITCP) Local Zeliang community Scientific & Ecological Aspects Soft-Release Strategy: Tortoises were placed in a pre-constructed enclosure within the reserve Aim: Encourage site fidelity (the tendency to remain or return to the same site) Reduces post-release mortality and improves habitat acclimatization Habitat Restoration: Involves protecting forest undergrowth and controlling human intrusion Ensures microhabitats (leaf litter, moist soil) crucial for the species’ survival Background: Decline in Nagaland Once found widely across Nagaland, especially in community forests Over last 10–15 years, populations collapsed due to: Illegal hunting for meat (considered a delicacy) Habitat degradation (logging, land-use change) Lack of awareness about its ecological importance Role of Local Communities Community-Led Conservation: Zeliang tribe and local forest users involved in surveillance and protection Building community pride through cultural-symbolic value of the species Nagaland’s Model: ~90% forest is community-owned → Community reserves critical to conservation success Examples: Sendenyu, Khonoma, and Fakim wildlife models Institutional Support & National Significance India Turtle Conservation Programme (ITCP): Collaborative initiative by Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA) & Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)-India Supports breeding, release, and habitat protection Forest Department of Nagaland: Active in mobilizing locals, policy backing for soft-release, long-term monitoring Zoological Parks as Ex-situ Breeding Grounds: Nagaland Zoo plays pivotal role in captive breeding & reintroduction Aligns with India’s National Wildlife Action Plan (2017–2031) Broader Conservation Relevance Aligns with SDGs: SDG 15 (Life on Land): Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems SDG 13 (Climate Action): Forest conservation as a climate buffer Restoring Keystone Species: Herbivorous tortoises regulate forest floor ecology, seed dispersal Promote ecological balance in Eastern Himalayan biodiversity hotspot Precedent for Rewilding: One of India’s first structured soft-releases for a critically endangered tortoise Builds replicable model for Indian Star Tortoise, Black Softshell Turtle, etc. Way Forward Long-Term Monitoring: Radio-tagging and periodic health assessments needed Community Incentives: Eco-tourism, forest-based livelihoods can ensure sustained local engagement Legal Support: Enforcing Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 in community-owned forests Scaling the Model: Replicate in Arunachal, Assam, Mizoram where habitats still exist Education & Awareness: Integrate with tribal schools and youth groups to reduce future poaching risk Old trees, ageing farmers worsen outlook for palm oil exporters Context and Background Primary Issue: Ageing palm oil trees, especially in smallholder plantations, are lowering yields, and replanting delays risk a significant supply crisis. Geographic Focus: Malaysia and Indonesia – account for 85% of global palm oil exports. Trigger: Farmers like Suratmen Mosman (Malaysia) reluctant to replant due to income gap during 3–5 year gestation of new palms and insufficient subsidies. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Supply Crisis – Causes and Dimensions  1. Ageing Trees and Declining Productivity Trees older than 20 years are past peak productivity. More than half of Malaysian smallholder plantations now exceed this age – much higher than official estimate (only 37%). In Indonesia, only 10% of the 2.5 million ha replanting target by 2025 has been met (as of Oct 2024). 2. Replanting Crisis Smallholders (40% of total plantations) lack financial capacity to replant. Subsidies have fallen, and there is no incentive to sacrifice income for 3–5 years during replanting. 3. Diversion to Biodiesel Indonesia is pushing higher biodiesel blending mandates (B30, B40), diverting palm oil to domestic energy use. Reduces exportable surplus and tightens global availability. 4. Data Underestimation Government data likely underestimates the extent of the ageing crisis. Field-level assessments by veterans (Dorab Mistry, M.R. Chandran) suggest real situation is worse. Impact on Global Palm Oil Supply Chain Estimated Decline: Combined exports from Indonesia and Malaysia could drop by up to 20% by 2030 over 2024 levels. Price Impact: Likely to raise global vegetable oil prices, affecting billions of consumers. Volatility: Markets may have priced in slowdown, but deep structural underestimates may cause unexpected supply shocks. India-Specific Relevance 1. India is the World’s Largest Palm Oil Importer India imports ~8–9 million tonnes/year, mostly from Indonesia (60%) and Malaysia (30%). Palm oil is essential for cooking oil, processed foods, cosmetics, and soaps in India. 2. Inflationary Pressures Any supply disruption → edible oil price inflation, impacting Indian households. Has direct bearing on WPI/CPI inflation, especially for food. 3. Push for Domestic Palm Oil India launched NMEO-OP (National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm) in 2021: ₹11,040 crore scheme to boost domestic cultivation. Target: 1 million ha under palm oil by 2026. But progress is slow due to: Land suitability concerns, Ecological worries (especially in NE India and Andaman), Farmer reluctance due to long gestation. Geopolitical and Environmental Dimensions 1. Geoeconomic Fragility Overdependence on 2 countries for a vital global commodity creates systemic risks. Mirrors OPEC-like concentration but in edible oils. 2. Sustainability and Deforestation Concerns Aggressive palm cultivation is linked to: Tropical deforestation Loss of orangutan and tiger habitats Carbon emissions from peatland clearance Balancing replanting with no new deforestation is a key sustainability demand. 3. Smallholder Livelihood Crisis Millions of farmers across SEA are trapped between rising costs, falling yields, and no support for transition. Without targeted intervention, smallholders may abandon plantations or resort to unsustainable practices. Critical Insights and Policy Imperatives This is a structural, not cyclical crisis – ageing trees, not just weather shocks. Underinvestment in replanting poses long-term supply risk. India must de-risk from palm oil concentration through: Diversifying edible oil sources (e.g., soy, sunflower from Argentina, Ukraine) Scaling up oilseed missions domestically (mustard, groundnut, safflower) India’s foreign policy must include strategic agri-commodity diplomacy with Indonesia-Malaysia. Conclusion The palm oil sector stands at a tipping point. Unless smallholders are supported to replant, and demand is better managed, the world could face a structural supply crunch in the next 5 years. For India, it’s a call to diversify sources, scale up domestic production, and shield consumers from edible oil shocks. Attempt to Save Rhinos by Giving Them Radioactive Horns Context: Rhisotope Project (South Africa) What? A novel anti-poaching initiative using radioactive isotopes injected into rhino horns. Where? Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, South Africa. Who? Led by the University of the Witwatersrand, supported by the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). Relevance: GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Objective and Purpose Curb Illegal Wildlife Trade: By making horns detectable, useless for poachers, and dangerous for illicit trade. Avoid Animal Harm: Procedure aims to retain the horn (unlike dehorning) while not harming the rhino. Leverage Nuclear Security Tools: Uses existing Radiation Portal Monitors (RPMs) at borders, ports, and airports to detect the isotope-tagged horns. How the Technology Works: Radioisotope Tagging Non-Invasive Technique: Low-dose radioactive isotopes are injected without surgery or structural changes. Mechanism: Isotopes emit low radiation, absorbed by keratin (horn material). This makes horns easily detectable using RPMs, even in containers. Mimics illegal nuclear material transport — already tracked globally. Safety Verified: Trials on 20 rhinos in June 2025. Cytological (cell-level) tests by Ghent University, Belgium. Compared 15 treated and 5 untreated rhinos — no biological damage found. Horn Becomes “Poisonous” to humans due to radioactive properties – deterrence through health risk. Project Details Name: Rhisotope Project Cost: ~$290,000 Timeframe: 6 years of development and testing International Collaboration: IAEA, Ghent University (Belgium), etc. Significance for Global Conservation Poaching Crisis: 500,000 rhinos at start of 20th century → ~27,000 today. Poaching driven by demand for rhino horn (traditional medicine, status symbol). Current Strategy Limitations: Dehorning: Stressful and invasive. Militarized anti-poaching units: Expensive and confrontational. Demand-side regulation: Slow and ineffective in the short term. Radioisotope Approach: Non-lethal deterrence for humans. No harm to rhinos. Uses existing international security infrastructure (nuclear material tracking). India-Specific Relevance & Ethical Dimensions Conservation Lessons for India India faces similar threats (e.g., tigers, elephants, pangolins). Kaziranga and Manas National Parks have suffered rhino poaching. Rhisotope-like strategies could complement: Project Tiger / Project Elephant / Project Rhino CITES enforcement, NTCA monitoring systems Ethical & Legal Considerations Is it ethical to use radioactive substances on animals? Supporters argue: If proven safe, it saves lives without harm. May require revision of domestic laws to allow such radioactive use on wildlife. Needs public acceptance, scientific transparency, and regulatory oversight.  International Cooperation & Technology Transfer Project shows successful model of science diplomacy in conservation. India could: Collaborate with South Africa for technical know-how. Propose similar tools for pangolin scale tracking (next big illegal wildlife trade). Seek IAEA, UNEP partnerships under South-South cooperation. Critical Insights & Policy Implications Technological innovation is emerging as a critical conservation tool. Nuclear tech repurposed for peacetime wildlife protection – new frontier. Emphasizes deterrence through traceability, not just physical barriers. Demonstrates the importance of interdisciplinary solutions — blending wildlife science, nuclear physics, ethics, and law. Conclusion The Rhisotope Project represents a groundbreaking shift in anti-poaching strategies — one that is non-violent, tech-driven, and globally integrated. While not a silver bullet, its ability to act as a deterrent with minimal animal harm makes it a compelling model for India and other biodiversity-rich nations facing similar threats.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 August 2025

Content India’s Semiconductor Revolution National Cooperation Policy 2025 India’s Semiconductor Revolution Semiconductors: The Strategic Core of Modern Electronics Semiconductors power everything: smartphones, satellites, electric vehicles, smart TVs, defence systems (e.g., Aakash-Teer). Function: Store, process, and transfer data using micro-scale transistors (millions to billions). Example: Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram Lander used Indian semiconductor tech & AI for autonomous landing. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) ,GS 2(Governance) Why Semiconductor Industry Matters Globally Geopolitical urgency: Global chip shortage post-COVID & Ukraine war crippled auto, telecom, and electronics industries. Concentration risk: Taiwan: 60% of global chip production; 90% of advanced chips. Strategic chokepoint → Geopolitical & economic vulnerability. Nations pushing self-reliant chip ecosystems: US, EU, Japan, South Korea, China. India’s Strategic Entry into the Chip Race India seeks to tap the $1 trillion global chip market by 2030. Focus: End-to-end capability across design → fabrication → testing/packaging. Indian Market Size Projection: 2023: $38 billion 2025: ~$50 billion 2030: $100–110 billion Key Initiatives Driving India’s Semiconductor Ambitions India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) Launched: Dec 2021 Outlay: ₹76,000 crore Objective: Position India as a global hub for electronics & chip design. Mission Pillars: Build fabs, packaging/testing units Enable design startups via EDA tools Create skilled engineers in VLSI, chip architecture Facilitate ToT & R&D hubs Secure supply chains: raw materials, gases, IP Major Schemes Under ISM Scheme Focus Area Support Offered Semiconductor Fabs Scheme 28nm & below wafers Up to 50% fiscal support Display Fabs Scheme AMOLED, LCD units Up to 50% project cost Compound Semiconductors & ATMP/OSAT Packaging, photonics, sensors Up to 50% capital support Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Chip design startups/MSMEs ₹1000 Cr outlay, ₹15 Cr/company ₹234 Cr already committed for 22 chip design projects (CCTV, mobiles, satellites, IoT, vehicles). Skill Development & Talent Pipeline Target: Train 85,000 chip design engineers. AICTE curriculum for VLSI & IC manufacturing. SMART Lab (NIELIT Calicut): Trained 44,000 engineers. 100 institutes → 45,000+ students enrolled in chip design programs. Collaborators: Lam Research, IBM, Purdue, Micron, IIT Roorkee, IISc. Major Investments in India’s Semiconductor Infrastructure Company Location Investment Output Micron Sanand, Gujarat ₹22,516 Cr ATMP Facility Tata Electronics + PSMC Dholera, Gujarat ₹91,000 Cr 50K wafers/month CG Power + Renesas Sanand, Gujarat ₹7,600 Cr 15M chips/day TSAT (Tata) Morigaon, Assam ₹27,000 Cr 48M chips/day Kaynes Semicon Sanand, Gujarat ₹3,307 Cr 6.33M chips/day HCL–Foxconn JV Jewar, UP ₹3,700 Cr 36M units/year May 2025: HCL–Foxconn approved to produce display driver chips (20K wafers/month capacity). India’s First Advanced Chip Design Centres (May 2025) Locations: Noida and Bengaluru Focus: 3-nanometer chip design Significance: Pushing beyond previous 5nm & 7nm designs. SEMICON India Programme Flagship platform to showcase India’s global chip ambitions. Editions: 2022: Bangalore 2023: Gandhinagar 2024: Greater Noida 2025: Sept 2–4, New Delhi (Yashobhoomi, IICC) ➤ Highlights of SEMICON India 2025 300+ exhibitors from 18 countries 4 International Pavilions: Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia 8 Country Roundtables for strategic collaboration Dedicated Workforce Development Pavilion – Target: 1 million new jobs by 2030 Design Startup Pavilion to support innovation Participation from 9 State Governments (up from 6) Recent Developments (2025 Highlights) First indigenous chip to enter production in 2025 (announced at Global Investors Summit). Netrasemi, a chip-design startup under DLI, raised ₹107 Cr VC funding. Madhya Pradesh launched its first IT hardware hub with ₹150 Cr investment, producing chips, drones, robotics hardware. Strategic Impact and Way Forward Strategic Leverage Reduces dependency on Chinese and Taiwanese chip ecosystem. Enhances India’s digital sovereignty, cyber-security, and economic competitiveness. Integral to programs like Digital India, defence modernization, and smart infrastructure. Economic and Industrial Gains Create 1M skilled jobs by 2030. Add significantly to $300 billion electronics manufacturing goal by 2026. Position India as a global trusted supplier in chip value chain. Challenges Ahead High capital intensity: Setting up a fab = ~$10B+ investment. Ensuring uninterrupted supply of ultrapure water, chemicals, rare earths. Global competition: Catching up with TSMC, Samsung, Intel in design/fab tech. Conclusion India’s semiconductor journey is transitioning from policy intent to production capability. With robust funding, strong partnerships, talent development, and strategic diplomacy, India is no longer just a consumer but a rising semiconductor power. From design to fabs, the India Semiconductor Mission is turning Bharat into the brain behind the chips. National Cooperation Policy 2025 Contextual Backdrop: Why NCP 2025 Was Needed Last Policy Update in 2002: Became outdated in light of digitization, globalization, climate imperatives, and youth aspirations. Creation of Ministry of Cooperation (2021): Signaled renewed political and administrative focus on cooperatives. Participatory Drafting: 48-member Suresh Prabhu-led committee held 17 consultations and 4 regional workshops; gathered 648 stakeholder inputs from federations, state depts, experts. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Cooperatives) India’s Cooperative Landscape (2025 Snapshot) 8.44 lakh cooperatives, of which: ~2 lakh credit cooperatives (PACS, UCBs) ~6 lakh non-credit cooperatives (dairy, fisheries, housing, etc.) 30+ crore members (largest cooperative membership globally). India accounts for >25% of the world’s cooperatives. Massive footprint in agriculture, rural finance, housing, and marketing. Vision & Mission Vision: Enable cooperatives to power India’s transformation into Viksit Bharat by 2047 through Sahkar-se-Samriddhi. Mission: Build legal, financial, and tech ecosystems to make cooperatives professional, transparent, inclusive, and market-ready. Six Strategic Pillars – Foundation of NCP 2025 Strengthening Foundations: Legal reform, digital records, governance, PACS revival. Promoting Vibrancy: Model cooperative villages, branding, cluster development. Future-Readiness: Cooperative stack, ONDC-GeM integration, tech incubators. Inclusive Growth: Gender, SC/ST, youth representation and model bye-laws. Sectoral Diversification: Cooperatives in health, clean energy, waste, logistics. Youth for Cooperatives: HEI curricula, digital literacy, employment exchange. Legal and Institutional Reforms Encourage states to align State Cooperative Societies Acts with NCP vision. Digital registries: Real-time cooperative tracking to reduce fraud, enhance governance. Institutional revival package for sick cooperatives. Financial Empowerment Strengthen 3-tier rural credit structure: PACS → DCCB → SCB. Push for umbrella organizations like National Urban Cooperative Finance Corp. Government business eligibility for cooperative banks: Pensions, DBTs, subsidies. Model Cooperative Village & Rural Cluster Strategy One model cooperative village per State/UT encouraged. Cooperative-led clusters in honey, spices, silk, dairy, tea, etc. Promotion of “Bharat Brand” for cooperative goods (national brand strategy). Digital Tech & Future-Readiness National Cooperative Stack: Seamless integration with AgriStack, ONDC, and GeM. Promote e-commerce platforms for cooperative products. Establish Cooperative Innovation Hubs and Centres of Excellence. Inclusivity Measures Model Bye-laws for SC/ST, women, and PwD inclusion in boards. Launch of awareness campaigns in schools and colleges. Gender quotas and capacity-building schemes for underrepresented groups. Sectoral Expansion into New-Age Areas NCP 2025 seeks to embed cooperatives into: Clean energy (solar, biogas, ethanol) Waste management (solid, liquid, e-waste) Health & Education (school, diagnostic cooperatives) Gig-economy aggregators (plumber, taxi, delivery services) Organic/Natural farming, food processing, e-logistics Youth-Oriented Cooperative Ecosystem University-level cooperative courses with UGC/AICTE integration. National Cooperative Employment Exchange (digital job portal). Recruit skilled trainers in finance, marketing, governance for cooperatives. Boost digital and financial literacy among rural youth. Implementation & Monitoring Architecture 3-tier governance for policy rollout: Implementation Cell (Ministry of Cooperation) – with PMU support. National Steering Committee – chaired by Union Minister. Policy Monitoring Committee – led by Cooperation Secretary. Action plan with timelines – awaited; states to be roped in through MoUs and convergence mechanisms. Why NCP 2025 Is Transformational Parameter Legacy Cooperative Model NCP 2025 Shift Governance Outdated, manually recorded Real-time, digital, transparent Focus Agriculture-centric Multi-sectoral & innovation-driven Inclusivity Limited representation Gender, youth, SC/ST focus with model laws Role in economy Rural support only Growth engine in Viksit Bharat strategy Tech Integration Minimal Stack-driven, ONDC + GeM + AI-led Critical Evaluation Strengths Holistic and future-ready: Legal + Digital + Social inclusion. Youth engagement and gender justice embedded. Serious effort to mainstream cooperatives into national economy. Challenges Centre–State friction: Cooperatives fall under Entry 32, State List. Capacity constraints in Tier-2/Tier-3 cooperatives. Need for robust data infrastructure and regulatory convergence. Sustained financing of tech upgrades and HR capacity. Conclusion The National Cooperation Policy 2025 is not merely an update; it is a reimagination of India’s cooperative sector — from marginal rural support to a pillar of Viksit Bharat 2047. By fusing democratic participation with digital innovation and economic competitiveness, it offers a blueprint for inclusive, bottom-up growth. If implemented with Centre-State synergy, it can transform cooperatives into India’s second engine of growth.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 August 2025

Content: The ‘right to repair’ must include ‘right to remember’ Another slip up by India in the trade pact with the U.K. The ‘right to repair’ must include ‘right to remember’ Core Argument India’s steps toward a “Right to Repair”—via a proposed Repairability Index, e-waste incentives, and DPI policies—are welcome. However, these overlook the informal repair ecosystem, which holds vital tacit knowledge—non-codified, experience-driven expertise—critical for sustainability, economic resilience, and digital justice. The article argues for a broader rights framework that includes a “Right to Remember”—to preserve and support hands-on, culturally rooted repair knowledge. Relevance : GS 3( Environment , Employment ,Technology ) , GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : Discuss the role of informal repair ecosystems in India’s circular economy. How can AI and public policy frameworks be reoriented to preserve and integrate tacit repair knowledge? (250 words) India’s Current Policy Landscape on Repair Recent Positive Developments Repairability Index (May 2025): Will rank electronics based on ease of repair, spare part access, and software support. New E-waste Policies: Introduced minimum payments to encourage formal recycling. Right to Repair Portal (2023): Covers electronics, automobiles, farm equipment (launched by Dept. of Consumer Affairs). Mission LiFE & NSAI: Promote circular economy, sustainable tech, and AI innovation. Key Gaps & Blind Spots E-Waste Rules 2022: Focus on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) but mention repair only in passing. PMKVY Skilling Framework: Prioritises standardised, formal industrial roles, ignoring diagnostic improvisation and creative reuse. NEP 2020: Emphasises experiential learning but offers no real support for hands-on repair traditions. AI and DPI Policy: Largely ignore informal knowledge systems despite relying on their insights indirectly. The Importance of Tacit Knowledge What is Tacit Knowledge? Non-verbal, experiential knowledge passed down through observation, mentorship, and muscle memory. Examples: Diagnosing faults via smell, sound, or feel, reusing discarded parts, improvising tools. Real-World Examples Mobile fixers in Delhi’s Karol Bagh, technicians in Chennai’s Ritchie Street, and appliance repairers in Bhopal keep devices alive beyond planned obsolescence. Quote: “He never explained with words. He just showed me once, and expected me to try.” Challenge with AI & Tech Policy AI systems benefit from repair knowledge (e.g. data from breakdowns), yet contributors are unacknowledged. Risk: Rising tech efficiency while local repairers remain excluded and invisible. Global Context & Comparative Policy European Union: Introduced legal mandates for manufacturers to provide repair documentation and spare parts. UN SDG-12: Repair is explicitly part of responsible consumption and production. India is lagging in equitably integrating its informal repair sector into these frameworks. Data-Driven Insights Indicator Value India’s e-waste generation (2021-22) 1.6 million tonnes Global rank in e-waste production 3rd largest iFixit (2023) repairability score (Asia smartphones) Only 23% were easily repairable Informal sector share in repair economy Estimated 70–80% (various NITI Aayog/NSDC studies) Concept of “Unmaking” Unmaking = disassembly, repair, reuse as core design principles. Shifts focus from consumption to longevity. Encourages design feedback loops, highlights product design flaws, and opens up space for local innovation. AI-Enabled Pathways for Repair Justice Institutional Actions Needed Ministry/Agency Recommended Intervention MeitY Embed repairability criteria in AI procurement & standards Dept. of Consumer Affairs Expand Right to Repair to include community-based repair classification Ministry of Labour (e-Shram) Recognise informal repairers; provide access to social protection Ministry of Skill Development Develop non-linear, improvisation-oriented training modules Tech-Based Knowledge Preservation Use LLMs (e.g. ChatGPT, Bhashini) to codify, summarise, and translate tacit narratives. Build decision trees and repair path libraries without removing local context. Create community-generated repair repositories, like “Repair Wikis”. Economic & Environmental Significance Informal repairers help reduce: E-waste Carbon footprints Import dependency on electronics Enable cost-effective access to essential digital devices for low-income users. Promote self-reliance (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) in electronics servicing. Another slip up by India in the trade pact with the U.K. Core Issue Chapter 13 of CETA, titled “Intellectual Property”, includes Article 13.6 which states that the “preferable and optimal route” to ensure access to medicines is through voluntary licensing, not compulsory licensing. This represents a significant shift from India’s historical stance at the WTO and other multilateral platforms. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : In light of the India-UK CETA provisions on intellectual property, critically examine how free trade agreements may dilute domestic safeguards for public health and technology access in India. (250 words) Impact on Access to Medicines Dilution of Compulsory Licensing Regime Compulsory licensing (CL) is a key safeguard under India’s Patents Act (2005 amendment) in line with TRIPS flexibilities. Case Study (2012): India issued CL to Natco Pharma for sorafenib tosylate (anti-cancer drug): Bayer’s price: ₹2,80,428/month Natco’s price: < ₹8,800/month Result: 97% price reduction; improved accessibility. Current CETA Provision Risks Promotes voluntary licensing (VL) as the default mechanism, weakening India’s right to issue CLs. Erodes the Doha Declaration on TRIPS & Public Health (2001): Declared every WTO member has the freedom to determine CL grounds. India had led this coalition of developing countries at the time. Weakening of Patent “Working” Requirement Under Section 84 of the Patents Act, CL can be issued if the invention is not “worked” (i.e. not manufactured or used) in India. Patent Rules (pre-FTA): Annual disclosure required on whether patent is being “worked”. Dilution via FTAs: India-EFTA FTA (2024): Reduced frequency of working disclosures to once every 3 years. India-UK CETA (2025): Reinforces this dilution — less monitoring, fewer triggers for CL. Voluntary Licensing: Why It’s Problematic Weak Bargaining Power Domestic generic companies often have little leverage to negotiate fair terms with Big Pharma. Restrictive Terms Imposed by Patent Holders MSF Findings: Voluntary licences can: Limit supply of APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) Impose geographic restrictions on licensees Undermine affordability Real-World Evidence: Remdesivir Cipla’s production under VL from Gilead (2020): Indian price (Cipla): Higher (in PPP terms) than US price (Gilead) Contradicts assumptions that VL leads to affordability. Undermining Global Technology Transfer Demands Historical Context India’s long-standing call for “technology transfer on favourable terms” dates back to: UNGA Resolution on New International Economic Order (1974) Linked to industrialisation and environmental goals of developing countries. Implication of CETA Language The absence of assertive clauses on mandatory tech transfer weakens India’s: Climate negotiations leverage Industrial policy goals under initiatives like Make in India, Startup India Latest Government Report India’s 4th Biennial Update Report to UNFCCC (2024): “Barriers like slow international technology transfer and IPRs hinder rapid adoption of clean technologies.” Yet, CETA moves away from remedying these barriers. Legal and Parliamentary Concerns 2005 Patent Act Amendment: Passed unanimously by Indian Parliament after Joint Parliamentary Committee scrutiny. Carefully designed to preserve TRIPS flexibilities. CETA’s provisions compromise the spirit of this legislation without parliamentary debate. Broader Concerns India’s Global South Leadership Weakens: Erodes India’s moral high ground in WTO debates and G77+China negotiations. Public Health Vulnerability: Could delay or block the affordable production of lifesaving medicines, especially during health emergencies (e.g. pandemics). Climate Strategy Undermined: Loss of tech transfer leverage will affect India’s Net Zero 2070 roadmap and renewable R&D.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 August 2025

Content Bio-fortified potatoes to hit Indian market soon Farming under the shadow of guns How does the World Bank classify countries by income? How will railway to Sairang help in regional connectivity? Why is Hong Kong regulating and licensing stablecoins? ‘Anything that moves, NISAR will see with unprecedented fidelity’ ‘Bio-fortified potatoes to hit Indian market soon’ Context and Background Biofortification: Nutritional enhancement of crops through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology. Potato’s Role in India: India is the 2nd largest producer of potatoes globally (FAO, 2023). Key food crop for nutritional security and income in states like UP, WB, Bihar, and Punjab. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) What’s New? Bio-fortified Potato with Iron: First such variety released in Peru by the International Potato Center (CIP). Iron fortification aims to combat iron-deficiency anaemia – a major public health issue in India. Bio-fortified Sweet Potatoes with Vitamin A: Already introduced in Karnataka, Assam, West Bengal, and Odisha. These varieties are part of the orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) campaign against Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD). Institutional Ecosystem International Potato Center (CIP): Global CGIAR research body based in Peru. Focuses on genetic improvement and agronomic practices for tubers (potatoes, sweet potatoes). Now setting up its South Asia Regional Centre in Agra, India – a major institutional milestone. ICAR – Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI), Shimla: Nodal Indian body for potato R&D. Currently evaluating germplasm for Indian agro-climatic suitability and biosafety. Health Relevance Iron Deficiency in India: NFHS-5 (2019–21): 67.1% of children, 57% of women (15–49) are anaemic. Fortified potatoes can become a household nutritional staple alongside rice and wheat. Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD): Major cause of preventable blindness and child mortality. WHO: Affects ~250 million preschool children worldwide. Biofortified sweet potatoes can be a game-changer in combating VAD in rural India. Agricultural and Economic Implications Seed Dissemination Plans: CIP plans to make iron- and vitamin A-rich potato seeds accessible to small and marginal farmers. Enhanced input-output ratio, especially in regions dependent on tuber crops for livelihood. Market Impact: Biofortified crops may increase consumer demand, opening new domestic and export markets. Aligns with India’s “Eat Right” and “POSHAN Abhiyaan” missions. Policy and Global Relevance Global Alignment: Supports UN SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Part of India’s commitments to food-based approaches to nutrition at global platforms (e.g., G20, World Food Programme). National Missions Linkage: National Bio-Energy Mission and National Nutrition Strategy emphasize innovation in crop productivity with nutritional outcomes. Complements Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs)‘ outreach to farmers. Challenges Ahead Regulatory Clearance: Varieties must clear ICAR’s biosafety and field adaptability tests. Farmer Awareness and Adoption: Need for targeted extension programs and pricing incentives. Supply Chain Readiness: Cold storage, logistics, and market linkages need upgrading for perishable fortified crops. Farming under the  shadow of guns Contextual Background Conflict Trigger: Ethnic violence erupted on May 3, 2023, between the Meiteis (valley-based) and Kuki-Zo communities (hill-based), resulting in over 250 deaths. Key Geography: Khoirentak Khuman village, a Kom tribal area in the buffer zone, lies in Churachandpur district (Kuki-Zo area) but is administratively under Moirang sub-division, Bishnupur district (Meitei area). These overlapping jurisdictions reflect the administrative duality contributing to insecurity and governance issues. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Security Architecture in Buffer Zone Three-tier Security Layer: CRPF: Manned the central buffer midline. BSF: Positioned on both sides of the buffer zone, stationed along the ‘high canal’ and foothills; maintains movement registers. Army & Assam Rifles: Deeper into both valley and hills, manage overarching security 24×7. Incidents of Violence: A Meitei farmer was shot and injured on July 19, 2024, in Phubala while working under heavy security, showing that perceived security does not ensure safety. Impact on Agriculture Data on Losses: COCOMI Farmers’ Wing Findings: 2023: 9,720 hectares left uncultivated → 32,263.76 metric tonnes rice production loss. 2024: Area left fallow dropped to 7,084.586 hectares. May 2025 (Pre-Kharif): Non-cultivated area rose again to 7,290.406 hectares. 2023 Estimates by Loumee Shinmee Apunba Lup: Loss in crop area: 9,719 hectares on valley fringes. Income loss: ₹211.41 crore. Paddy’s Share: 93.36% of total agricultural and allied production. Government Compensation: Ministry of Home Affairs relief: ₹38.06 crore for 5,127.08 hectares. COCOMI says this is only a fraction of actual losses. District-wise Situation: Bishnupur: Worst affected: 5,288 hectares (54.4% of land) left uncultivated in 2023. Only 1,419.794 hectares reclaimed in 2024. Khoirentak Khuman & Thamnapokpi: Farmers allowed to cultivate only up to 100m from high canal, despite official order allowing up to 300m or more. Socio-Political Fallout Population Displacement: Total displaced: ~62,000 people. Majority: Kuki-Zo from Imphal Valley. ~8,000 Meiteis displaced from valley fringes due to hill raids. Allegations of Land Usurpation: Meitei leaders allege Kuki-Zo takeover of ~300 hectares of farmland in buffer zones. Indigenous Tribal Leaders’ Forum declined to comment. Sense of Injustice: Meitei farmers express helplessness at watching new settlers cultivate their land while they remain barred from entry. Emerging Trends & Administration’s Response Change in Tone Post President’s Rule (Feb 13, 2025): Administration claims improved coordination and mixed-farming resumption (Meiteis & Kukis farming “eyeball-to-eyeball”). Appeal for Peace: Ex-CS Prashant Kumar Singh urged civil society to not escalate minor incidents. Ground Reality Disconnect: Despite administrative orders, ground-level access remains restricted. Farmer confidence remains fragile, as highlighted by villagers and grassroots leaders like Muton. Policy Lens Governance Gap: Ethnic fault lines have exposed deep administrative ambiguities and challenges in maintaining territorial integrity and equitable access to land. Security vs. Livelihood: The militarised buffer zone intended for peacekeeping has become an agricultural dead zone, severely hurting food security and rural livelihoods. Relief Inequity: A mismatch between compensation disbursed and actual economic loss reflects a policy implementation failure. Fragile Reconciliation: Efforts to encourage joint farming are commendable but remain fragile and dependent on sustained security presence. Policy Suggestions Immediate: Expand area domination with civilian farming corridors. Neutral arbitration for land ownership disputes. Enhance psychosocial support and conflict resolution at village level. Medium-Term: Establish a Manipur Agrarian Rehabilitation Authority for: Transparent compensation. Buffer-zone re-cultivation schemes. Crop insurance for conflict-affected zones. Long-Term: Institutionalise ethnic reconciliation through joint farming cooperatives. Reimagine buffer zones as peace corridors with integrated rural development. How does the World Bank classify countries by income? Core Framework: World Bank Income Classification Purpose: Provides a standard method for comparing national incomes globally. Classification Groups: Low-income: ≤ $1,135 Lower-middle income: $1,136–$4,495 Upper-middle income: $4,496–$13,935 High-income: ≥ $13,936 Metric Used: Gross National Income (GNI) per capita → Includes domestic + income from abroad. Relevance : GS 3(Growth and Development ) , GS 2(International Relations) Methodology of Calculation Currency Conversion: GNI figures converted to USD using Atlas exchange rates. Annual Adjustment: Thresholds revised yearly based on global inflation (not relative economic performance). Absolute Nature: A country’s status is independent of others’ growth—purely based on whether it crosses a fixed threshold. Origin and Evolution of the System Initiated: Late 1980s. Initial Purpose: To guide lending decisions—e.g., eligibility for concessional loans like IDA. Over time: Decoupled from operational decisions; now mainly used for economic comparison and monitoring progress. Trends in Global Income Distribution (2004–2024) 2004: Low-income population: 37% of global total. Upper-middle income population: <10%. 2024: Low-income population: <10% — massive reduction in global poverty. Upper-middle income population: 35% — surge in economic advancement. Countries That Slid Down Examples of Downward Mobility: Syria and Yemen fell from lower-middle to low-income in 2017 due to conflict and collapse of GDP. Triggers: War, currency depreciation, population revisions, prolonged recession. Upward Mobility: General Trends Most countries show positive movement over 2–3 decades. Examples of Progress: India: 2004: Lower-middle income. 2024: On the cusp of upper-middle income; GNI per capita around $2,700–$2,900 (as per recent estimates). China: Crossed into upper-middle income around 2010. Now approaching high-income threshold. Why These Classifications Matter for Policy Targeting Aid & Development Programs: Income groupings guide international aid, development priorities, and eligibility for concessional finance. Benchmark for National Policy: Helps assess progress under schemes like Atmanirbhar Bharat, Digital India, Skill India, etc. Investors & Analysts: Use income classification to assess country risk and market potential. Limitations & Criticisms GNI per capita masks inequality: Rising averages can hide internal disparities. Currency fluctuations: Reclassification can occur due to exchange rate volatility, not real income changes. Absolute thresholds can delay recognition of structural poverty improvements or declines. India’s Relevance in Global Context (2024) Status: Lower-middle income, close to threshold of $4,496. Policy Goals: Achieve upper-middle income status by early 2030s. Reduce dependency on external aid; shift to regional development leadership. Structural Enablers: Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): UPI, CoWIN, ONDC. Manufacturing push: PLI schemes. Welfare inclusion: DBT, Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM trinity). How will railway to Sairang help in regional connectivity? Project Overview: Bairabi–Sairang Railway Line Length: 51.38 km (gauge-converted from metre to broad gauge) Location: From Bairabi (on Assam-Mizoram border) to Sairang (18 km short of Aizawl) Sanction Year: 2000 (as part of gauge conversion) Construction Began: 2008-09 Commissioning: Received safety clearance in June 2025; inauguration awaited Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Engineering and Infrastructure Highlights Tunnels: 48 (Total length: 12.85 km) Bridges: 142 (One of them had India’s tallest railway pier) Casualties: 18 workers lost lives in August 2023 bridge collapse Cost: Over ₹5,020 crore Challenges: Highly landslide-prone, hilly terrain Inclement weather and logistics constraints Shortage of skilled manpower Strategic Importance for Mizoram Pre-existing Rail Connectivity: Only 1.5 km metre-gauge track (Bairabi to Assam’s Silchar) Travel Impact: Current road travel (Aizawl-Silchar): ~5 hours Train via Sairang: ~1.5 hours Economic Boost: Lower logistics costs Expansion of tourism and local trade Reduced truck dependency Connectivity Impact: The railhead serves as a key node linking Mizoram to the broader Indian rail network Geostrategic & Act East Policy Relevance Act East Policy (2014): Successor to 1991’s Look East Policy; aims to transform Northeast into India’s ASEAN gateway Sairang’s Role: Facilitates future transhipment from India-funded Sittwe Port (Myanmar) Potential future link to Kaladan Multimodal Transit Project (if completed) Enhances security logistics and economic diplomacy with ASEAN Rail & Road Corridors under Act East Policy: Dimapur–Zubza (Nagaland): 82.5 km project (on track) Imphal–Moreh (Manipur): Affected by ethnic unrest Asian Highway 1: Links Assam → Kohima → Imphal → Moreh (gateway to Myanmar) Barriers to Regional Integration Myanmar Crisis: Military coup (Feb 2021) led to civil war; halted India–Myanmar connectivity plans Bangladesh Instability: Fall of Sheikh Hasina govt (Aug 2024) has stalled critical cross-border projects Delayed Projects: Kaladan Project: Cost: ₹2,904 crore Aim: Reduce Aizawl–Kolkata distance by 1,000 km Current Status: Delayed Agartala–Akhaura Railway: Goal: Link Tripura to Kolkata via Chittagong Port Status: Stalled amid Bangladesh political turmoil Act East Policy: Infrastructure Progress (2014–2025) Parameter 2014–15 2024–25 Change Budget Allocation for NE ₹36,108 crore ₹1,00,000+ crore ↑ ~300% Railway Tracks Built – 800+ km New connectivity Highways Built – 10,000+ km Enhanced road linkages Airports Established – 8 new airports Improved air mobility Inland Waterways – Several initiated Intermodal transport growth Conclusion: Balancing Progress with Geopolitical Risk Domestic Achievement: The Sairang project marks a major step in domestic integration of Mizoram with India’s rail network. International Setbacks: Regional volatility in Myanmar and Bangladesh has significantly hindered India’s outward Act East ambitions. Way Forward: Stabilize and secure India’s northeastern border states Strengthen trilateral cooperation with ASEAN via Japan, BIMSTEC, or Quad frameworks Expedite critical infrastructure like Kaladan for seamless trade access Why is Hong Kong regulating and licensing stablecoins? Background: What are Stablecoins? Definition: Cryptocurrencies pegged to a stable asset (fiat currency, commodity, or algorithmic logic) to reduce volatility. Types: Fiat-backed: e.g., USDT (pegged to USD), issued by Tether. Crypto-backed: e.g., DAI, backed by Ethereum-based collateral. Algorithmic: e.g., UST (now defunct), regulated by code rather than reserves. Use Cases: Trading pair within crypto exchanges. Protection against local currency depreciation (e.g., Turkey, Argentina). Cross-border remittances (low cost, fast settlement). Daily transaction utility in cash-scarce economies. Relevance : GS 3( Economy ) Hong Kong’s Stablecoin Ordinance (Effective August 1, 2025) Prohibitions: Illegal to offer or market unlicensed fiat-referenced stablecoins (FRS) to retail investors in Hong Kong. Mandatory Licensing Requirements: Licence from HKMA (Hong Kong Monetary Authority). Reserve Management: Backed by fiat or other approved assets. Reserve transparency and redemption mechanisms mandatory. Compliance Protocols: Anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terror financing (CFT) safeguards. Independent audits and asset disclosures. Limited Licenses: Initial phase: only a “handful” of licences will be granted to maintain systemic trust. Why Regulation is Necessary: Data & Global Trends Metric Value Global stablecoin circulation (2025) $250+ billion USDT supply (as of July 2025) 163.75 billion USDT Stablecoin Rank USDT: 4th largest cryptocurrency by market cap Systemic Risk: Rapid issuer expansion can undermine trust if reserves are unverified. Historical Collapse: Terra-LUNA (May 2022) – stablecoin UST lost peg → wiped billions of dollars in market cap → global contagion. International Regulatory Landscape USA – GENIUS Act (2025): 100% Reserve Mandate: Stablecoins must be fully backed by USD or short-term Treasuries. Monthly Disclosures: Issuers must publish reserve composition. Marketing Rules: Protect consumers from deceptive promotion. Japan: Regulates stablecoins under Payment Services Act. Limits issuance to licensed banks and money transfer agents. Singapore: Licensing under Payment Services Act (PSA). MAS (Monetary Authority of Singapore) mandates capital and operational risk requirements. Volatility Despite Stability? Stablecoin Peg Notable Deviation USDT USD Dropped to $0.92 UST USD Collapsed to $0.01 Causes: Redemption pressures, loss of confidence, poor reserve transparency. Impact: Loss of investor wealth, liquidation crises on exchanges, regulatory crackdowns. India’s Relevance: What Can Be Learnt? Policy Lessons for India: India lacks a dedicated stablecoin law; oversight falls under broader crypto restrictions via RBI. Recommendations: Designate stablecoins as a separate class from volatile cryptocurrencies. Mandate reserve disclosure norms with regular audits. Implement licensing and KYC norms like Hong Kong to manage cross-border risk and illicit flows. Fintech & Digital Rupee Nexus: India’s CBDC (e₹) under RBI offers state-backed stability. But privately issued stablecoins could foster: Faster remittances (₹84 billion/month in inward remittances). Trade settlement in rupee-linked tokens. Regulatory sandbox may explore pilot cases, akin to Singapore’s innovation-driven model. Way Forward – Global Coordination Needed G20 FSB (Financial Stability Board) guidance needed to avoid: Regulatory arbitrage Cross-border misuse of unregulated stablecoins BIS Recommendations (2023): Stablecoins should be: Subject to banking-like regulation Held to “same risk, same regulation” principles Conclusion Hong Kong’s Stablecoins Ordinance marks a shift from crypto-libertarianism to centralised accountability. It balances innovation with risk mitigation, offering a regulatory template for jurisdictions like India. In the long run, global crypto financial systems may hinge on interoperable, transparent, and auditable stablecoin ecosystems. ‘Anything that moves, NISAR will see with unprecedented fidelity’ Mission Overview: Launch Date: July 31, 2025 Agencies: Jointly developed by NASA (USA) and ISRO (India) Launch Vehicle & Site: Launched aboard GSLV-F16 from Sriharikota Satellite Type: Earth Observation Satellite with dual-frequency SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) – a global first Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Technological Breakthroughs: Dual-frequency SAR: Uses L-band (NASA) and S-band (ISRO) radars First satellite globally to integrate two radar frequencies on a single platform High-resolution imaging: Detects surface movements <1 cm over areas as small as half a tennis court Massive Reflector: 12-meter (≈40 feet) deployable reflector Would require a 5-mile solid antenna to match resolution without SAR Core Capabilities: Surface Deformation Mapping: Detects subtle shifts in earth’s crust: useful for volcanoes, landslides, earthquakes Forest Monitoring: Tracks deforestation, biomass changes, and carbon stock Disaster Prediction & Response: Identifies land instability and wildfire risks (via dry fuel detection) Post-disaster Assessment: Monitors building shifts, infrastructure damage after earthquakes Agricultural Monitoring: Precision farming, crop monitoring, soil moisture mapping Strategic and Scientific Relevance: Climate Change Mitigation: Monitors glacial retreat, sea-level rise, ground subsidence Planetary Science Linkages: Data can improve models of planetary interiors (e.g., Mars tectonics) Data for Global Earth System Models: Enhances simulation accuracy for hydrological, geological, and atmospheric changes Calibration Challenges & Innovations: Cross-Band Calibration: L-band and S-band feeds are slightly offset; calibrated using corner reflectors Thermal Load Issues: Reflector had to be redesigned with heat-resistant coatings after thermal vacuum testing revealed overheating risks COVID-induced Delays: Remote collaboration, in-person testing disruption led to 11-year build time Early Adopters Program: 200+ Early Adopters Globally: Farmers, insurers, geologists, infrastructure firms, and climate modelers are preparing to use NISAR data Use-Cases: Earthquake early warning systems Infrastructure stress mapping (railways, dams) Risk models for insurance and disaster finance Monitoring crop yield patterns for food security Commercial & Industrial Demand: Widespread Commercial Utility: 75% of NASA’s Earth Observation users are from .com domains 75% of Fortune 100 companies already use EO data Sectors: Agriculture, Insurance, Finance, Transportation, Urban Planning Expected Applications from NISAR: Customized analytics for climate-resilient infrastructure Precision agriculture for yield optimization Urban risk zoning and planning International Collaboration & Diplomacy: NASA-ISRO Partnership: A landmark in Indo-US space diplomacy NISAR becomes a symbol of South-North tech collaboration in climate resilience and disaster management Technology Transfer: Expertise from JPL’s planetary radar missions now powering earth observation systems Cost & Engineering Complexity: Mission Duration: 11 years in making Engineering Feats: Coordination of dozens of subsystems, radar alignment precision Overcame pandemic disruptions, transcontinental assembly and testing Future Prospects: Open-Access Data Policy: ISRO is expected to follow a similar free and open access model Capacity Building in South Asia: Potential for data-driven capacity building for disaster response in Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Potential Legacy: Could catalyze a new generation of hybrid remote sensing satellites combining radar, optical, and hyperspectral instruments

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