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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 June 2025

Content : Violent crimes by juveniles have increased in India A different approach to the caste census Constitution does not avert its gaze from caste, poverty, injustice: CJI Preparing the electoral rolls is one of world’s most transparent exercises: CEC India unlikely to ratify ‘High Seas Treaty’ at U.N. Ocean Conference Union govt. to wield quality control ‘stick’ to drive exports Violent crimes by juveniles have increased in India Key Facts and Data Trends Rising share of violent juvenile crime: In 2022, 49.5% of juveniles apprehended in India were booked for violent crimes — up from 32.5% in 2016. Total juvenile offenders decreasing: Overall juvenile crimes have dropped from 37,402 (2017) to 33,261 (2022) — but violent offences have become more proportionally dominant. Definition of violent crimes includes: murder, rape, sexual assault, dacoity, robbery, arson, grievous injury. Excluded: non-violent crimes like theft, fraud, rash driving, pickpocketing. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) State-wise Patterns Top 5 States in absolute numbers (2017–2022): Madhya Pradesh – 21.8% of all violent juvenile crimes. Maharashtra – 18% Rajasthan – 9.6% Chhattisgarh – 8.4% Tamil Nadu – 5.8% Delhi – Despite smaller size, 6.8% share, possibly due to better reporting and policing. Highest proportion of violent juvenile crimes among total juvenile offences: Jharkhand – 67% Tripura, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh – over 60% Exception: Odisha – Only 10% of juvenile crimes are violent despite being in a high-crime region. Possible Causes & Context Cultural & psychological factors: Adolescence marked by identity crises, aggression, lack of impulse control. Exposure to online misogyny, cyberbullying, incel subcultures, glorification of violence. Socioeconomic triggers: Broken family structures, substance abuse, peer pressure, unemployment. Systemic gaps: Weak implementation of Juvenile Justice Act, 2015. Inadequate rehabilitation, counselling, and community reintegration. Implications for Governance Policy paradox: Fewer total juvenile cases, but increasingly violent nature suggests deeper sociopsychological issues. Need for: Early intervention programs in schools. Gender-sensitisation and digital literacy campaigns. Better child mental health infrastructure. Juvenile justice boards need support with trained counsellors, not just legal officers. A different approach to the caste census Context & Recent Developments Union Cabinet (2025) has approved caste enumeration in the upcoming Census under Article 246 (Union list). First national caste enumeration since 1931 — overdue despite growing demand for data-driven policies. Bihar (2023) and Telangana (2025) have already conducted caste surveys — showing OBC/BC majorities and deep marginalisation. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Key Findings from State Caste Surveys Bihar (2023): OBC + EBC = 63% of population. SC = 19.65%, ST = 1.68%, General = 15.52%. 34% of families live on less than ₹200/day. 44% of SC households below that line — highlights economic-caste overlap. Telangana (2025): BC = 56.33%, including BC Muslims (10.08%). Underrepresentation: Only 4% professors and 6% associate professors in 45 Central Universities are OBCs. General category holds 85% of these posts — despite legal reservation framework (2019 Teachers’ Cadre Act). What is a Social Management Approach? Bottom-up model starting with granular, caste-disaggregated data. Contrasts with top-down welfare that assumes uniform solutions for all. Sees caste as a developmental determinant, not a stigma — enabling tailored policy design. Used effectively by Tamil Nadu & Karnataka to refine reservation, scholarships, and governance models. Why a National Caste Census Matters Enables targeted budgeting and better allocation of welfare resources. Helps conduct diversity audits in government, education, and private sectors. Enhances transparency and civil society’s ability to track policy outcomes across caste lines. Could assess effectiveness of schemes like PM Awas Yojana, Skill India, etc., across social groups. Counterarguments & Rebuttals Criticism: Caste census may deepen divisions and undermine unity. Rebuttal: Caste already shapes access to opportunity, wealth, and power. Ignoring caste does not erase inequalities — it obscures them. Like U.S. (race), Brazil (race/language), South Africa (ethnicity), India too needs identity-based data for equity. Census would help expose elite capture within caste groups and empower truly disadvantaged subgroups. Democratic Accountability & Social Justice Caste census = tool for transparent governance and citizen empowerment. Can lead to: More accurate affirmative action. Addressing intra-caste inequalities. Enhancing land rights, housing, labour protections, and justice for marginalised communities. A step towards constitutional literacy and participatory democracy. Constitution does not avert its gaze from caste, poverty, injustice: CJI  Key Message by CJI B.R. Gavai The Indian Constitution is a transformative, social document that boldly recognises structural injustices like caste, poverty, and exclusion. It does not assume equality exists, but intervenes to restructure power and restore dignity. Described the Constitution as a “quiet revolution etched in ink” — not just law, but lifeline for the oppressed. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ) Personal Testimony & Symbolism CJI Gavai, Chief Justice of India, highlighted his journey from a municipal school to the apex judicial office — made possible by constitutional safeguards. Emphasised that the Constitution enabled representation of those historically silenced and excluded. “To be seen in the Constitution is to be seen by the nation… to be included in its text is to be included in its future.” Constitution as an Instrument of Social Justice Not a neutral or passive document, but one that recalibrates power relations in society. Aims to correct centuries of exclusion with recognition, dignity, and protection for vulnerable groups. Affirmative action and fundamental rights are framed not as charity, but as instruments of reparation and rightful inclusion. Framing Process: Role of the Marginalised The CJI reminded that vulnerable groups were not just beneficiaries but active participants in drafting the Constitution. Constitution-making was a participatory and democratic act, not elite imposition. Implications for Governance and Judiciary Constitutional interpretation should be sensitive to lived realities of marginalised groups. Policy and legal frameworks must actively reflect the constitutional promise of inclusion and justice. Reinforces the need for empathy-driven governance, not technocratic neutrality. Preparing the electoral rolls is one of world’s most transparent exercises: CEC Key Assertions by CEC Gyanesh Kumar India’s electoral roll preparation is one of the most rigorous and transparent exercises globally. Elections in India are conducted under the continuous scrutiny of: Political parties Candidates Voters Police Media These stakeholders act as “concurrent auditors” throughout the process. Relevance : GS 2(Electoral Reforms) Mechanism of Electoral Roll Preparation Since 1960, electoral rolls have been: Annually shared with all recognised political parties Open to claims, objections, and appeals This transparency ensures accuracy and integrity in voter lists and reduces scope for manipulation. Response to Allegations The CEC’s comments come after allegations of “industrial-scale rigging” by opposition leaders regarding the 2024 Maharashtra Assembly election. While not naming the political leader, the address serves as an institutional rebuttal, asserting procedural robustness. India’s Electoral Machinery: Scale and Strength Conducting elections in India is a massive logistical and administrative task: Over 20 million personnel involved: polling staff, security forces, observers, party agents. Bigger than the combined workforce of many governments and multinational corporations. Ensures that nearly 1 billion electors can freely vote. Global Electoral Leadership India’s Election Commission showcased as a model for electoral integrity at the Stockholm International Conference on Electoral Integrity. Over 100 participants from ~50 countries attended the event — positioning India as a benchmark in democratic process management. Significance for Democracy Reinforces the institutional credibility of the Election Commission of India (ECI). Highlights the importance of transparency and inclusiveness in maintaining public trust in electoral democracy. Underscores India’s commitment to free, fair, and robust elections amid rising global concerns of electoral manipulation. India unlikely to ratify ‘High Seas Treaty’ at U.N. Ocean Conference What is the High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)? Officially: Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Treaty. Informally: High Seas Treaty. Aim: To regulate the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (i.e., the high seas). Finalised under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) framework. Key feature: Equitable benefit sharing of marine genetic resources and creation of marine protected areas on the high seas. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) India’s Status and Position Signed the treaty in September 2024 but has not ratified it yet. Requires amendments to domestic laws, particularly the Biological Diversity Act, before ratification. Sources indicate India is unlikely to ratify the treaty at the 2025 U.N. Ocean Conference (Nice, France). Procedural and Legal Challenges Ratification involves a Parliamentary process. Expected only after the Monsoon Session (July–August 2025). Domestic legal and institutional reforms must align with treaty obligations, especially in benefit-sharing frameworks. India is cautious due to unresolved global disputes over: Access to marine genetic resources Technology transfer Distribution of economic benefits Global Progress As of June 10, 2025: 49 countries have ratified the treaty. 60 ratifications required for it to come into legal force. India’s Marine Strategy Highlights at Conference Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh emphasized: India is in the process of ratifying the treaty (signaling commitment). Ongoing marine initiatives: Samudrayaan Mission: India’s first manned submersible to reach 6,000 metres depth; trial planned for 2026. Ban on single-use plastics (national scale). Over $80 billion investment in Blue Economy sectors. Launch of ‘SAHAV’ Digital Ocean Data Portal for improved marine data access. India’s Broader Marine Diplomacy Advocated for a legally binding Global Plastics Treaty. Seeks to balance: National interest (marine resource access) Global responsibility (conservation leadership). Position suggests India supports marine biodiversity conservation, but on equitable and just terms. Union govt. to wield quality control ‘stick’ to drive exports Government’s Shift in Strategy for Export Promotion The Union Government is moving away from subsidies as the primary tool to boost exports. Focus now is on a “carrot-and-stick” approach, emphasizing Quality Control Orders (QCOs) to push industries towards global competitiveness. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Economy ,Export) Quality Control Orders (QCOs): The ‘Stick’ QCOs mandate that products (domestic/export/import) must meet minimum standards as defined by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Intended to enhance product quality, thus improving export credibility and reducing sub-standard imports. Rationale Behind the Policy Shift Government officials admit that past subsidies haven’t significantly boosted exports. Acknowledgement of product quality issues in Indian manufacturing. Focus on regulatory facilitation like land acquisition and compliance ease, instead of financial subsidies. Subsidy Exceptions Still Being Considered Despite overall reluctance, subsidies for rare earth batteries are under discussion: Triggered by China’s export ban on these critical components. Highlights strategic sectors may still get selective support. Industry Reactions and Sector Demands Federation of Indian Mineral Industries (FIMI) has demanded: Subsidy of ₹10,000–15,000 per kWh for alternate fuel HEMM in mining. Industries continue to seek direct support, despite policy shift. Debate Around QCOs Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal: QCOs are essential for export competitiveness. NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Suman Bery: Labels QCOs a “malign intervention” that could: Hurt MSMEs and discourage imports needed for production. Especially problematic for units relying on imported inputs. Government’s Balancing Act Exemptions from QCOs are allowed under: Advance Authorisation Scheme Export Oriented Units (EOUs) Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Objective: To not obstruct export-linked production that depends on imported inputs. Policy Implications Indicates a strategic industrial push — India wants to compete globally on quality, not on subsidies. Reflects WTO-compliant policy orientation, reducing subsidy-related trade disputes. Potential compliance burden for MSMEs and informal sector players. Aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India, but needs institutional and quality infrastructure support

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 11 June 2025

Content : India successfully met peak power demand of 241 GW on 9th June, 2025 with zero peak shortage: Shri Manohar Lal MoHUA issues Advisory for Repurposing of Smart City SPVs India successfully met peak power demand of 241 GW on 9th June, 2025 with zero peak shortage: Shri Manohar Lal Context : India’s power sector has witnessed a historic transformation, marked by record capacity additions, enhanced grid reliability, and a strong push towards renewable integration. The recent announcements by Union Minister Shri Manohar Lal highlight India’s emergence as a power-surplus nation with a future-ready energy infrastructure. Relevance : GS 3(Energy) Peak Power Demand Met with Zero Shortage India successfully met a peak power demand of 241 GW on 9th June 2025. No peak shortage recorded — highlights the robustness and reliability of the current grid infrastructure. Indicates India’s transition towards a power-surplus nation. Historic 34 GW Generation Capacity Added in FY 2024-25 Record addition of 34 GW, of which 29.5 GW came from renewable sources. Total installed power capacity rose to 472.5 GW (from 249 GW in 2014). Reflects the government’s strong focus on clean energy and infrastructure scaling. Push for Battery Storage: 30 GWh VGF Scheme Approval of a Rs 5,400 Cr Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme for 30 GWh of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). Aims to catalyse Rs 33,000 Cr in private investments. Complements India’s target of meeting BESS needs by 2028. ISTS Waiver Extended for Storage Projects Waiver on Inter-State Transmission System (ISTS) charges extended to June 30, 2028. Applies to Pumped Storage Projects (PSPs) and BESS commissioned before the date. Encourages faster deployment and cost-effective storage infrastructure. Ultra High Voltage AC Transmission by 2034 Rollout of UHV AC Transmission System to modernize India’s grid. Plan includes nine 1100 kV lines and ten substations. Rs 53,000 Cr investment, testing facilities being developed by Central Power Research Institute. Increased Compensation for Transmission Infrastructure Compensation for land under transmission towers raised from 85% → 200%. Right of Way (RoW) corridor compensation raised from 15% → 30%. New guidelines issued March 21, 2025; already adopted by Haryana and Delhi. Will ease land acquisition and reduce project delays. Private Investments in State Transmission Grids Encouraged Late Payment Surcharge (LPS) Rules now apply to Intra-State Transmission Systems. Promotes private sector participation and better payment discipline. Supports integration of renewable electricity at the state level. 250 MW Tehri Pumped Storage Project Operational Commissioned first unit of 250 MW Tehri PSP in Uttarakhand. Adds flexibility to the grid by managing peak loads and supporting renewable integration. Record Low Energy Shortages National energy shortage down to 0.1% as of April 2025. Huge improvement from 4.2% in 2013-14. Reflects success of power reforms and capacity expansion in both generation and transmission. Key Takeaways India is well on its way to becoming energy-secure and power-surplus. Massive renewable integration, grid modernization, and storage expansion define this decade’s power policy. Reforms are aimed at reliability, affordability, and sustainability. MoHUA issues Advisory for Repurposing of Smart City SPVs Background: Smart Cities Mission & SPVs Smart Cities Mission (SCM) launched in 2015 aimed at integrated, technology-driven urban development. Established Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) in 100 cities under Companies Act, 2013 with 50:50 equity by States/UTs and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). SPVs executed 8,000+ projects with 93% completion as of March 2025; nearly ₹48,000 crore disbursed. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) Proven Institutional Strength of SPVs SPVs have delivered complex urban projects efficiently and fostered a skilled urban management workforce. Developed strong capacities in project planning, execution, and innovation. ICCCs as Nerve Centres of Urban Governance Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs) set up in all 100 Smart Cities. Enable real-time governance using data analytics for: Traffic and crowd management Public safety and disaster response Solid waste and utility management MoHUA Advisory: Two-fold Approach Complete residual Smart Cities projects with proper O&M planning. Repurpose SPVs for future urban governance beyond the mission deadline of 31 March 2025. Future Role of SPVs – Five Strategic Domains Technology SupportManage ICCCs, data systems, and cyber hygiene.ICCCs to evolve into city/state-level operating hubs.SPVs to earn service-linked revenue. Project ImplementationSPVs to act as implementing agencies for Central/State schemes.Allowed to charge 1.5%–3% project implementation fee. Consulting SupportProvide technical and strategic advisory to ULBs and departments. Research & AssessmentSupport evidence-based planning, logistics, manpower, and act as urban tech incubation hubs. Investment FacilitationDrive city-level economic development through project structuring and inter-agency coordination. Financial Sustainability and Autonomy States/UTs encouraged to allow SPVs to charge a ‘Centage’ fee for planning and implementing projects. Ensures revenue stream and operational independence post-mission. Integration into Long-Term Governance States/UTs asked to institutionalise SPVs and ICCCs into their urban governance frameworks. Objective: Preserve gains and institutional capacities developed under SCM for future urban challenges. Key Takeaway India is transitioning from a mission-based urban reform model to a permanent institutional framework, with SPVs as agile, multi-functional engines for next-gen urban transformation.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 11 June 2025

Content : The hazards of going global on India-Pakistan issues India’s legal bridge is one of reciprocity, not roadblocks The hazards of going global on India-Pakistan issues Historical Complexity The India-Pakistan relationship, especially on Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), has been shaped by several decades of historical developments, international resolutions, and diplomatic engagements. Post-World War and Cold War legacies have influenced how the issue has been perceived globally. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations) Practice Question : “The complexities of India-Pakistan relations require a nuanced and cautious diplomatic approach, especially in multilateral forums.” Discuss the challenges and limitations of internationalising the India-Pakistan dispute, particularly in the context of terrorism and the issue of Jammu & Kashmir. (250 words) International Representations UN maps and documentation often carry disclaimers or portray the Line of Control (LoC) with pending status, reflecting the unresolved nature of the issue in international records. This affects how some countries approach the matter, often referring to bilateral mechanisms like the Simla Agreement for peaceful resolution. Terrorism and Global Definitions Efforts to frame a global consensus on terrorism have faced definitional challenges, making international agreements complex. Initiatives like India’s proposal for a Comprehensive Convention Against Terrorism have not progressed, partly due to varying interpretations of the term “terrorism.” Legal Frameworks at the UN The UN Charter’s Article 51 provides for self-defence in response to armed attacks. Application of this principle to terrorism has been subject to interpretation and debate within international law and forums. Evolving Multilateral Mechanisms The UN Security Council has adopted multiple resolutions and created bodies such as the Counter-Terrorism Committee to address international threats. These bodies emphasize a comprehensive approach, including human rights, cooperation, and rule of law, while addressing terrorism. Diplomatic Equivalence Discussions on India-Pakistan matters at multilateral forums often bring both countries into comparative focus, influenced by historic resolutions and events. This has shaped how global narratives are constructed, especially in strategic and security-related discussions. Role of Bilateral and Multilateral Diplomacy Diplomatic channels at both bilateral and multilateral levels have continued to be avenues for dialogue and engagement. However, differences in perspectives, particularly on core issues, have posed challenges to reaching conclusive outcomes. Present-Day Approach Countries often encourage bilateral dialogue to address differences, while India and Pakistan continue to maintain their respective positions. Special envoy briefings and global outreach remain important parts of diplomatic efforts to share national perspectives. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes. India’s legal bridge is one of reciprocity, not roadblocks Background Context In May 2024, the Bar Council of India (BCI) notified the Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms in India. While some welcomed the rules, certain U.S. law firms raised objections, calling them “non-trade barriers”. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity) , GS 3 (Economic Development ,Trade) Practice Question : Critically examine the Bar Council of India’s Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms (2024). How do these rules balance liberalisation of legal services with professional integrity and national regulatory sovereignty?(250 words) Key Criticisms Raised by U.S. Stakeholders Non-tariff Trade Barrier: Rules impose procedural hurdles for U.S. law firms, creating a perception of protectionism. Lack of U.S. Consultation: Allegation that the U.S. perspective was ignored in global deliberations. Client Confidentiality Conflict: Disclosure norms (e.g., nature of work, client identity) allegedly clash with ABA Model Rules. Reciprocity Concerns: Fly-in/fly-out provisions seen as more restrictive than what Indian lawyers face in the U.S. No Transition Period: Rules introduced suddenly, giving no time for U.S. firms to adapt. Trade Impact: Potential chilling effect on India–U.S. legal-business ties due to restricted legal support in cross-border deals. Counterpoints – Reality Check by Author BCI is a Statutory Body, Not a Trade Body: Its primary role is to regulate ethics and professional standards, not facilitate trade. Legal Services ≠ Trade Services: Law is a “contract of personal service”, not governed by trade norms (ref: Jasbir Singh Malik vs D.K. Gandhi, 2024). Legal services fall under Entries 77 and 78 of the Union List (Constitution), separate from trade/commerce entries. India’s Consistent Position: Legal services were excluded from UK–India FTA, showing deliberate, principled consistency. Rules Are Liberal, Not Restrictive: Rules 3 & 4 permit foreign law firms to operate post-registration, with ethical safeguards. Fly-in/Fly-out model: Up to 60 days/year allowed under clear guidelines. Reciprocity Is Reasonable: Indian lawyers face rigorous, decentralised licensing in the U.S.. India applying equivalent reciprocity is fair, not discriminatory. Certificate of Good Standing (Rule 4h): Objection stems from the U.S.’s decentralised legal system, not India’s policy. Rule 6 allows flexibility, enabling case-by-case assessments by BCI. Client Confidentiality Is Preserved: Disclosure requirements are general in nature, not specific client details—meant to regulate scope of practice, not invade privacy. Consultations and Judicial Precedents Exist: Ongoing consultations for 20+ years. Supported by key judgments: Lawyers Collective vs BCI (2009) BCI vs A.K. Balaji (2018) Conclusion The rules strike a balance between liberalisation and regulation. Reciprocity, ethical norms, and professional accountability are central. Allegations of exclusion or surprise are misplaced, given the lengthy and transparent deliberative process. The rules are not barriers, but a legal bridge grounded in sovereignty, fairness, and professionalism. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 11 June 2025

CONTENT : India’s population has hit 146.39 crore: UNFPA Don’t withhold State’s RTE funds over NEP row, Madras HC tells Centre Thirdspace: how spaces are experienced and remade FSDC looks to enhance cybersecurity, ease compliance burden Targeted policy intervention to boost green mining vehicles India’s population has hit 146.39 crore: UNFPA Context : India’s population has reached an estimated 146.39 crore as per the UNFPA’s State of the World Population 2025 report, surpassing China to become the world’s most populous nation. The report also highlights a decline in India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Issues) Key Highlights of the Report India’s population (April 2025 estimate): 146.39 crore (UNFPA) China’s population: 141.61 crore India is the world’s most populous nation. Total Fertility Rate (TFR): 1.9, below the replacement level of 2.1 Projected population peak: ~170 crore around 2065, followed by decline Fertility and Demographic Transition Replacement-level fertility: Achieved nationally (as per Registrar General’s 2021 report) TFR definition: Average number of children a woman is expected to bear during her reproductive years A TFR below 2.1 implies long-term population decline in the absence of migration Data Gaps and Delays 2021 Census delayed; now planned for completion by March 2027 Last official Census: 2011 Population estimates rely on Sample Registration System (SRS) and technical projections Implications of a Low TFR Positive: Lower burden on natural resources, environment Opportunity for demographic dividend in short-term Concerns: Future challenges of population ageing Shrinking workforce vs dependent elderly Pressure on pension, healthcare systems Possible regional disparities – Some States still have high TFRs Global & National Context Report titled: “State of the World Population 2025: The Real Fertility Crisis” Highlights a global trend of declining fertility — not just in India Reflects India’s demographic maturity, but also underlines the need for policy preparedness Don’t withhold State’s RTE funds over NEP row, Madras HC tells Centre Context ₹2,151.59 crore due to Tamil Nadu under the Samagra Shiksha Scheme (SSS) is pending from the Centre. Out of this, ~₹200 crore is meant for RTE (Right to Education) Act reimbursements to private schools. TN has refused to implement the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, leading to tension with the Union government over fund disbursal. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Centre State Relations)   Key Observations by Madras High Court The Centre should consider splitting SSS funds and release the RTE component separately. RTE obligations are statutory, governed by the RTE Act, 2009, and not contingent on NEP compliance. Section 7 of the RTE Act: Both Union and State governments have concurrent responsibility for funding RTE provisions. Judicial Constraints Since Tamil Nadu has already filed a suit in the Supreme Court for full fund release, the High Court refrained from giving binding directions. It only issued an advisory direction to the Centre to “consider” delinking and releasing the RTE-specific amount. Directive to Tamil Nadu Government Non-receipt of central funds cannot be used as an excuse to avoid reimbursing private schools for RTE admissions. The State has an independent statutory obligation to ensure timely reimbursement to private unaided schools under the Act. Impact on RTE Admissions The order came in response to a PIL urging the State to initiate RTE admissions for 2025–26 without delay. The court’s ruling aims to safeguard the right of children to free and compulsory education. Thirdspace: how spaces are experienced and remade Core Concept: What is Thirdspace? Thirdspace is a concept introduced by Edward Soja in Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places (1996), building on Henri Lefebvre’s The Production of Space (1974). It represents the lived, experienced, and dynamic space where identity, memory, resistance, and meaning converge. It critiques the idea that space is just physical or planned; it argues that space is lived and socially constructed, especially by marginalised communities. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Soja’s Trialectics of Spatiality Firstspace (Perceived space): Physical, mappable space — roads, buildings, parks. Often viewed as “objective” but reflects deep-rooted inequalities (e.g., slums at margins, caste/religious segregation). Secondspace (Conceived space): Ideological and planned space — zoning laws, blueprints, city plans. Reflects the biases and visions of those in power (e.g., colonial mapping, gentrification). Thirdspace (Lived space): Where real human experiences, cultural practices, and acts of resistance happen. Blends the physical and ideological but goes beyond them, enabling transformation and subversion.  Thirdspace and Identity Politics In Thirdspace, marginalised identities (e.g., migrants, women, LGBTQ+ groups) find space for assertion and imagination. Feminist geographers like Doreen Massey and Bell Hooks emphasized how space is gendered and political. E.g., who feels safe in parks after dark? Who shapes urban layouts? Urban and Rural Relevance While Soja focused on cities, Thirdspace exists in villages, squares, digital spaces, and protest sites. Example: A village square can be a Firstspace (gathering), Secondspace (tradition), and Thirdspace (resistance/conflict) simultaneously. Cities, due to planning, diversity, surveillance, and informality, are prime grounds to explore Thirdspace dynamics. Contrasted with Marc Augé’s ‘Non-Places’ Non-places (airports, malls, hotels) are transient and devoid of identity. Thirdspace resists this sterility — people remake even non-places into meaningful spaces through use, memory, and resistance. Examples of Thirdspace Greenwich Village, New York: Firstspace: Historic street layout. Secondspace: Designed as educational/historic zone. Thirdspace: Site of LGBTQ+ resistance (Stonewall), cultural hub. Afghan streets or Chinatown in Indian cities: Created not by planners but by community lived experiences. Why Thirdspace Matters Encourages us to value emotional, cultural, and political experience of space, not just what maps or planners say. Highlights the transformative potential of communities in reshaping urban and social landscapes. Offers a critical lens to study inequality, resistance, identity, and urban theory in the real world. FSDC looks to enhance cybersecurity, ease compliance burden Cybersecurity & Financial Resilience The Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC), chaired by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, met to discuss cyber resilience in the financial sector. It emphasized the need for a financial sector-specific cybersecurity strategy. This aligns with the recommendations of the Financial Sector Assessment Programme (FSAP) 2024–25, which reviews risks and preparedness in financial systems. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ) ,GS 3(Economy ,CyberSecurity) Key Cybersecurity Concerns FSDC reviewed: Existing cybersecurity regulations. Sectoral preparedness of financial institutions (banks, NBFCs, markets). The goal is to enhance real-time threat response, incident reporting, and resilience in an increasingly digital financial ecosystem. Ease of Compliance & Regulatory Reforms The council explored ways to reduce regulatory burden and streamline compliance. It discussed introducing common KYC norms, especially to: Simplify onboarding for investors (including NRIs). Promote uniformity across regulators like RBI, SEBI, IRDAI. Unclaimed Assets FSDC also addressed the issue of large amounts of unclaimed assets (like deposits, dividends, insurance amounts). It recommended: Reducing such unclaimed amounts through proactive communication. Enabling seamless refunds to legitimate claimants. Institutional Role of FSDC FSDC is a high-level body that coordinates inter-regulatory policy issues and monitors systemic risks. It includes heads of RBI, SEBI, PFRDA, IRDAI, and other financial regulators. Its recent focus includes: Cyber threats, digital governance. Inter-regulatory harmonization. Protection of financial consumer interests. ‘Targeted policy intervention to boost green mining vehicles’ Context : Need for Policy Push for Green HEMMs India urgently needs targeted and well-defined policy interventions to promote cleaner fuel-based Heavy Earth Moving Machinery (HEMM) in the mining sector. The findings are from a study by Sustainable Mining Initiative (FIMI) and Deloitte. Relevance : GS 3 ( Economy & Environment )   Green Mining Vehicles: Green mining vehicles, such as those powered by electricity, hybrid systems, or hydrogen, are essential to reduce CO₂ emissions from India’s expanding mining sector and align with its net-zero targets. Their high upfront costs remain a key barrier, which can be addressed through targeted incentives like capital subsidies, power subsidies for charging, and production-linked incentives. Environmental Imperative Mining operations are projected to expand significantly by 2035, leading to a sharp rise in fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions. Adoption of green HEMMs (electric, hybrid, or hydrogen-powered) is critical to align mining with India’s net-zero and sustainability commitments. Cost is a Major Barrier Green HEMMs are expensive upfront, which discourages adoption. The report recommends: Capital subsidies. Fleet-linked premium rebates. Upfront payment relaxations. Power subsidies for charging infrastructure. Reduced financing costs. Recommended Policy Instruments A coherent policy framework should include: Technology-specific incentives. Regulatory enablers (like mandatory usage quotas). Star rating reforms. Production-linked incentives (PLI). Infrastructure development (charging/hydrogen stations). Demand-side interventions (e.g., procurement mandates). Industry Outlook India’s mining equipment market: Revenue in 2024: $6.4 billion. Expected to reach $11.34 billion by 2033 at a CAGR of 6.5%. As mining production targets rise, thousands of HEMMs will be added, increasing the environmental burden unless cleaner alternatives are adopted. Need for Urgent Transition Without policy support, the current high-carbon path of mining will intensify. Proactive transition to clean HEMMs is vital to: Reduce emissions. Increase operational efficiency. Achieve climate goals.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 June 2025

Content : Govt Notifies SEZ Reforms to Boost Semiconductor and Electronics Component Manufacturing NHAI releases first-ever Asset Monetisation Strategy Document to drive growth in Road Sector Govt Notifies SEZ Reforms to Boost Semiconductor and Electronics Component Manufacturing Context :The Government of India has notified targeted SEZ rule reforms to accelerate investment and high-tech manufacturing in the semiconductor and electronics component sectors. Relevance : GS 3(Minerals ,Mining ,Manufacturing ) Key Reforms Introduced Minimum Land Requirement Reduced: For SEZs exclusive to semiconductors/electronics, the minimum land requirement is now 10 hectares, down from 50 hectares. Encumbrance Norms Eased: SEZ land no longer needs to be encumbrance-free if mortgaged/leased to Central/State Government or authorised agencies. Net Foreign Exchange (NFE) Reform: Free-of-cost goods (received/supplied) now count toward NFE calculation, per Rule 53 amendment. Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) Access: SEZ units in these sectors can now sell domestically after paying duties—encourages market integration. Strategic Importance Encourages High-Tech Manufacturing: Recognises long gestation and capital-intensive nature of semiconductor industry. Strengthens Semiconductor Ecosystem: Aligns with India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) and Aatmanirbhar Bharat goals. Generates High-Skilled Jobs: Expected to create specialized employment in electronics design, fabrication, packaging, etc. Major Investments Approved Micron Semiconductor Technology India Pvt Ltd: Location: Sanand, Gujarat Investment: ₹13,000 crore Area: 37.64 hectares Hubballi Durable Goods Cluster Pvt Ltd (Aequs Group): Location: Dharwad, Karnataka Investment: ₹100 crore Area: 11.55 hectares Implications for Economy and Policy Boosts FDI and domestic investment in cutting-edge tech sectors. Reduces dependence on foreign chip imports, enhancing strategic tech sovereignty. Sets a precedent for targeted SEZ reforms tailored to sector-specific needs. Encourages integration of SEZ production with domestic value chains. NHAI releases first-ever Asset Monetisation Strategy Document to drive growth in Road Sector Context : NHAI has released its first Asset Monetisation Strategy to enhance private investment, unlock road asset value, and ensure sustainable infrastructure financing. Relevance : GS 3(Economy & Infrastructure) Asset Monetisation – Key Points Definition: Process of unlocking value from existing public infrastructure assets by leasing or transferring revenue rights to private players for a fixed period, while retaining ownership. Objective: Generate non-debt capital for new infrastructure creation and reduce fiscal pressure on the government. Key Models: Toll-Operate-Transfer (ToT) Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) Securitisation of revenue streams Key Highlights of the Strategy Structured Framework for Monetisation: Utilizes Toll-Operate-Transfer (ToT), Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs), and securitisation models. Impressive Financial Mobilisation: Raised over ₹1.4 lakh crore through monetisation of 6,100 km of highways under the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP). Document Accessibility: Strategy document made publicly available on NHAI’s website for transparency and stakeholder engagement. Three Core Pillars Value Maximisation of government-owned road assets. Process Transparency and better information dissemination for investors. Market Development by expanding investor base and engaging stakeholders. Strategic Importance Reduces reliance on traditional government funding like budgetary support and debt. Promotes private sector efficiency in road operations and maintenance. Aligns with Asset Monetisation Plan 2025–30, boosting infrastructure-led economic growth. Benefits and Impacts Ensures financial sustainability of NHAI. Encourages private investment and long-term partnerships. Improves road quality and durability through advanced tech and private sector practices. Demonstrates a shift to market-based infrastructure financing in India.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 June 2025

Content : The Census and the remaking of a people Empowering women in agriculture for food security Tighten the process The Census and the remaking of a people Core Argument Census is not just a demographic exercise but a political act — it shapes how a “population” becomes a “people” in the constitutional sense. Census 2027 will be a transformational event akin to the impact of COVID-19, due to its scope, digital processing, and political ramifications. Relevance : GS 1 (Indian Society) , GS 2 ( Polity & Governance) Practice Question :“The Census is not just a tool of enumeration, but a powerful instrument of political transformation.” Examine this statement in the context of Census 2027 and its potential implications for federalism and social justice in India.(250 Words) Key Issues and Implications Delimitation and Representation Article 81 mandates redrawing of parliamentary constituencies after 2026 Census. The delay of 2021 Census fast-tracks this process — 2029 general election may occur on a new political map. Population as sole criterion could shift power from southern/western (low-birth, high-income) states to northern/central (high-birth, low-income) ones — sparking regional imbalance concerns. Census as a Political Tool Captures migration, language shifts, urbanization, etc., which influence policy and identity. Data gathering shapes realities — recording caste, gender, migration may change electoral and social dynamics. Caste census revival after 1931 will intensify demand to revisit the 50% reservation cap. Federal and Fiscal Dimensions The 16th Finance Commission’s report (2025) will coincide with the new Census data — critical for Centre-State revenue sharing. States like Tamil Nadu, Kerala may feel penalized for past success in population control and economic development. Gender, Caste, and Identity Politics One-third reservation for women in Parliament and Assemblies will take shape post-Census. Gender and caste being counted as national categories may be used to neutralize regional imbalances in political representation. Broader Themes National Unity and Identity Shift from colonial-era static identities to fluid, negotiated identities. National unity is being reimagined across religion, caste, and region — Census 2027 is central to this renegotiation. Political Strategy Parties may use population-based delimitation to consolidate strongholds and redefine national identity. Congress and Left face challenge of balancing regional vs national interests in response to the caste and demographic debate. Conclusion Census 2027 is not a technical event — it is a political reset. It will redefine who we are as a people, how power is shared, and which groups are empowered — triggering long-term consequences across politics, federalism, and identity. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes. Empowering women in agriculture for food security Core Theme Declaring 2026 as the International Year of the Woman Farmer is a global recognition of women’s pivotal role in agriculture, and a call to address persistent gender-based inequalities in the sector. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) , GS 3(Agriculture) Practice Question : “Empowering women in agriculture is not just a gender issue, but a strategy for food security and sustainable development.”Discuss the status of women in Indian agriculture and suggest measures to enhance their role in ensuring food security. (250 words) Status of Women in Agriculture Women contribute 60–80% of food production in developing countries and 39% of agricultural labour in South Asia. In India, 80% of economically active women work in agriculture, yet only 8.3–14% own land. Lack of land ownership limits women’s access to credit, markets, and formal institutions — hampering productivity and empowerment. Structural Challenges Limited access to technology (like mobile phones) reduces their ability to receive agri-advisories and information. Credit access through SHGs/microfinance exists but remains inadequate for high-value investments. Government Support Schemes Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana: Skill-building and resource access. Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation: 50–80% subsidy for machinery for women. National Food Security Mission: 30% of funds reserved for women in certain regions. Climate Change & Resilience Women farmers are disproportionately affected by climate change due to caregiving roles and exposure to agri-risks. ENACT project in Assam empowers women with: Weekly digital advisories on climate-resilient agriculture. Access to flood-resistant rice varieties, smart seed production, and livelihood diversification. Support from multiple government and technical partners. Action Points Policy must be gender-responsive and based on granular data. Farming tools, credit systems, and value chains should be designed with women’s needs in mind. Strengthen collective action (e.g., SHGs), market access, and leadership roles for women. Conclusion 2026 is a milestone opportunity to realign global and national efforts toward: Gender equality in agriculture. Strengthening women’s role in food security, climate resilience, and sustainable development. Tighten the process Core Theme : Concerns around electoral transparency demand a proactive, credible response from the Election Commission of India (ECI) to safeguard democratic legitimacy. Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Electoral Reforms) Practice Question : “Electoral legitimacy rests not just on outcomes but on the transparency and integrity of the process.” In this context, critically examine the recent concerns raised over voter roll management, access to election data, and appointment mechanisms of Election Commissioners in India. Suggest measures to enhance trust in electoral processes.(250 Words) Key Issues Raised Voter Roll Anomalies: Rahul Gandhi alleges an abnormal surge in voter numbers in Maharashtra between the general and Assembly elections. Over 39 lakh new voters added in just six months — mirrors similar trends in 2014, but lacks transparency. Suspicious Turnout After 5 PM: Claims of unusually high voter turnout after 5 p.m. do not hold on scrutiny. Provisional figures (app-based) differ from Form 17C official counts, which are more accurate but delayed. Access to CCTV Footage: Recent amendment to the Conduct of Election Rules (1961) restricts access to polling station CCTV footage. Transparency concerns arise when parties are denied footage needed to assess irregularities. Appointment of Election Commissioners: Alleged executive overreach: Government ignored the Supreme Court’s 2023 directive recommending inclusion of CJI in the selection panel. Arguments that Lack Merit Alleged spike in turnout post-5 p.m. is unsubstantiated and based on flawed provisional data. Legitimate Concerns Transparency in voter roll updates is lacking — parties must be involved in pre-verification processes. Restricted CCTV access hinders scrutiny and weakens electoral accountability. Lack of real-time machine-readable roll data limits independent verification. Responsibility & Recommendations ECI must: Ensure machine-readable, disaggregated roll data is published. Retain and allow controlled access to CCTV footage. Implement transparent, participatory processes during voter roll revisions. Political Parties must: Engage proactively in the voter registration and verification phases. Avoid raising post-result objections without prior scrutiny. Conclusion While some allegations may be politically motivated, there is a clear need for greater transparency, accountability, and institutional neutrality to uphold the credibility of Indian elections. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 June 2025

Content : Delimiting by electors rather than population offers a fairer approach How drones are the new face of warfare How extracting and producing nickel can be made more sustainable Weather plays spoilsport with Shukla’s mission; NASA moves launch to tomorrow Foreign investors shift money out of Delhi to ‘promising’ Maharashtra Govt. eases SEZ norms for chip, electronic units Delimiting by electors rather than population offers a fairer approach Core Argument Electors, not population, should be the primary basis for delimiting parliamentary constituencies (PCs). This ensures true adherence to the principle of “One person, one vote, one value.” Relevance : GS 2(Delimitation , Governance) Why Electors, Not Population? Census counts all residents, including: Under-18s (non-voters) Migrants who may not be registered voters Elector rolls capture actual voters, not merely residents. Using elector data is timely, doesn’t depend on delayed Census. Better reflects real democratic participation. Elector Disparity & Vote Value Vote value ∝ 1 / number of electors in a PC. Disparities observed: Idukki (Kerala) vote = 4.5× that of Malkajgiri (Telangana). Southern States dominate both the largest and smallest elector-PCs. Indicates the need for rationalisation within the South itself, not just North-South debate. Historical Trends in Vote Value Southern States had higher vote value in: 1951, 2009, 2019, 2024 Lower vote value in: 1961, 1971, 1980, 1991, 1999 Suggests cyclical shifts, not a consistent bias against the South. Parliamentary Representation Imbalance Southern States (22.45% of electors): Hold 23.8% of Lok Sabha seats 24.4% of Rajya Sabha seats Rest of India (71.2% electors): Hold only 67.4% Lok Sabha and 64.4% Rajya Sabha seats Tamil Nadu (TN) anomaly: 39 Lok Sabha seats (less than Bihar/West Bengal) 18 Rajya Sabha seats, higher than both. Proposed Reform Model Raise Lok Sabha strength to 800 (with 810 total to accommodate smaller States/UTs). States that gain most: Rajasthan (+76%) Karnataka (+60.7%) Telangana (+58.8%) Ensures equity without penalising population control success. Debunking Misconceptions Population-only basis – historically not true; geographical & minimum representation always mattered. Southern States penalised for family planning – oversimplified narrative; even within South disparities exist. Dangerous precedent – linking representation to fertility rates could lead to demands based on religion or caste. Migration & outdated methods – original population criteria didn’t account for current demographic fluidity. Conclusion Elector-based delimitation is: More democratically valid More data-available and real-time Less prone to political manipulation via fertility narratives A necessary modern reform to ensure fair representation in line with India’s changing demographics. How drones are the new face of warfare The Rise of Drones in Modern Warfare Drones (UAVs) have become the weapon of choice due to their versatility, affordability, and ability to achieve strategic objectives. They blur lines between military-grade and commercial technologies, with civilian drones now easily repurposed for combat. Relevance : GS 3(Technology , Defence) India’s Tactical Shift Operation Sindoor (post-Pahalgam attack) shows India’s shift towards integrated drone use in live combat. Reflects a broader doctrinal evolution aligning with global trends like Ukraine’s Operation Spider Web. Global Precedents Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020): Loitering munitions (Harop drones) destroyed enemy air defences, reshaping aerial combat. Ukraine War: Real-time testing ground for mass-produced, improvised drones with rapid innovation-counterinnovation cycles. Myanmar: Rebel groups use 3D-printed drones to level the battlefield. Drone Effectiveness Hinges on Resilience Drones are vulnerable to electronic warfare, jamming, and air defences. Countermeasures (soft & hard kill) require innovation to evade detection, e.g.: AI-based navigation Terrain mapping & machine vision Frequency hopping Fibre-optic tethers (Ukraine example) Counter-Drone Strategies India uses Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) with S-400, MR-SAM, Akash systems. Indigenous counter-UAV tech successfully used against Pakistan’s drone incursions. Swarm drone attacks (e.g. Russia’s Shahed drones) can overwhelm air defences — need for magazine depth and redundancy.  Asymmetric Edge & Mass Production Drones provide asymmetric capability against stronger adversaries (e.g., China). India must build volume and modularity into drone fleets to sustain prolonged conflicts. China’s drone fleet (Wing Loong, Soaring Dragon, CH-901, etc.) gives it an edge, especially in swarm tactics at LAC. Civil-Military Crossover Commercial drones + open-source software = new war potential. Dual-use drones lower cost but may compromise on performance. Innovations like 3D printing allow: Decentralised, rapid manufacturing Bypass of complex supply chains Scalability for high attrition warfare (e.g. Titan Falcon in Ukraine) Internal Security Implications Weaponised commercial drones pose emerging threats from terrorists and non-state actors. Counter-drone measures must extend beyond military — involve home ministry, local police, airport security, etc. Defence Industrial Base – The Key Lesson Ukraine war shows the need for a responsive, scalable defence industry. India’s low procurement rate disincentivises domestic production. Uncertain demand, lack of surge capacity, and limited R&D deter innovation. Way Forward for India Strengthen the defence manufacturing ecosystem through: Stable procurement commitments Surge-capacity infrastructure Public-private partnerships Invest in AI, drone swarm tech, and counter-UAV systems. Frame civil-military integration policy for drone deployment and threat mitigation. How extracting and producing nickel can be made more sustainable Background: Why Nickel Matters Key component in clean energy tech, especially lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). Global nickel demand expected to exceed 6 million tonnes/year by 2040. Ironically, nickel extraction is highly polluting — 1 tonne of nickel = 20+ tonnes of CO₂ emissions. Relevance : GS 3(Minerals) Conventional Process: High Carbon Footprint Involves multiple steps: calcination → smelting → reduction → refining. Uses carbon as a reducing agent to extract nickel from nickel oxide. Results in high energy usage and large amounts of CO₂ emissions. New Methodology: Hydrogen Plasma-Based Extraction Developed by Max Planck Institute researchers (published in Nature, April 2025). Single-step metallurgical process in one electric arc furnace. Replaces carbon with hydrogen plasma as the reducing agent. Uses electricity (preferably renewable) to generate high-energy hydrogen ions (plasma). Advantages of Hydrogen Plasma Method Carbon-free: Byproduct is water, not CO₂. Energy efficient: ~18% less energy consumption. Emissions cut: Up to 84% reduction in direct CO₂ emissions. Faster & cleaner reaction kinetics due to reactive plasma. Produces high-purity ferronickel, reducing need for further refining. Strategic Focus on Laterite Ores Laterites: Abundant in tropical regions (e.g., India’s Odisha-Sukinda belt), but hard to process. Traditional methods favor high-grade sulphide ores (depleting fast). New process makes low-grade ores economically viable, reducing dependency on imports. Relevance for India Can leverage domestic laterite reserves, especially overburden in chromite mines. Supports India’s goals of: Net-zero emissions by 2070 Industrialisation & green infrastructure Reducing reliance on imported ores Challenges & Caveats Scalability: Industrial deployment requires high initial capital and robust renewable energy supply. Infrastructure demand: Setting up electric arc furnaces and hydrogen systems. Technical hurdles: Need for continuous oxygen supply at the melt interface. Further studies on thermodynamic and kinetic behavior essential. Ore applicability: May not suit all types of nickel ores. Conclusion Hydrogen plasma-based nickel extraction presents a transformative step toward sustainable metallurgy. Reduces the hidden carbon cost of clean energy technologies. With appropriate policy, funding, and R&D, it can help align industrial development with climate goals, especially for developing economies like India. Weather plays spoilsport with Shukla’s mission; NASA moves launch to tomorrow Mission Overview Mission: Axiom-4 (Ax-4), a private spaceflight mission to the ISS. Astronaut: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, the first Indian astronaut on a commercial space mission. Launch Vehicle: SpaceX Falcon 9 with Dragon spacecraft. Launch Site: Launch Complex 39A, Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Mission Duration: Approx. 14 days on the ISS. Relevance : GS 3(Space) Launch Schedule History Originally planned for June 8, 2025. Postponed to June 10, and now further delayed to June 11, 2025. New launch time: 5:30 p.m. IST / 8 a.m. ET, June 11, 2025. Reason for Delay Adverse weather conditions, specifically high winds in the ascent corridor. Safety-first approach by NASA and SpaceX to ensure mission success and crew safety. Planned Activities on ISS Microgravity research. Technology demonstrations. Public outreach events. Scientific objectives are part of expanding commercial space activities and research. Crew Status Ax-4 crew, including Group Captain Shukla, is currently under quarantine as part of standard pre-launch protocol. Expected to dock at ISS on June 12 (originally June 11), depending on actual launch timing. Significance for India Marks a milestone in India’s space diplomacy and private sector participation. Enhances India’s collaboration with NASA and SpaceX. Builds momentum for India’s own Gaganyaan mission, which will be entirely indigenous. Challenges & Implications Multiple delays (3 times now) reflect the complexity and unpredictability of space launches. Underscores the importance of weather monitoring and risk assessment in modern space missions. Highlights SpaceX’s and NASA’s strict safety standards for human spaceflight. Foreign investors shift money out of Delhi to ‘promising’ Maharashtra FDI Trend Overview (2015–2025) FDI concentration remains high in India — top 5 States account for 75–90% of all FDI inflows. Significant reallocation of investor preference among these states over the last decade. Relevance : GS 3(FDI) Declining Share of Delhi 2015–16: Delhi had the highest FDI share at 32% (~$12.7 billion). 2024–25: Fell drastically to 12% (~$6 billion). Indicates relative loss of investor confidence, possibly due to slower infrastructure growth or policy uncertainties. Maharashtra’s Rise as FDI Magnet 2015–16: Accounted for 24% (~$9.5 billion) of FDI. 2024–25: Rose to 39% (~$19.6 billion), becoming the top FDI destination. Driven by: Mumbai’s financial ecosystem. Strong industrial base and logistics infrastructure. Policy stability and “predictable returns.” Karnataka’s Consistent Performance In top 5 for 9 of 10 years. Share increased from 10% (2015–16) to 13% (2024–25). Anchored by Bengaluru’s tech and innovation ecosystem. Gujarat’s Steady Improvement Share grew from 6% to 11% over the decade. Benefited from: Industrial corridor development. Investor-friendly policies. Strategic focus on manufacturing and exports. Tamil Nadu’s Decline FDI share dropped from 11% to 7% (2015–25). Yet, remained in the top 5 for 7 out of 10 years. Suggests relative stagnation compared to faster-growing states. Expert Insight: “Flight to Quality” Investors are more risk-averse amid global uncertainty. Shift toward mature, low-risk ecosystems with: World-class infrastructure. Proven policy frameworks. Stable regulatory environments. Maharashtra and Karnataka exemplify these “safe havens” for capital. Implications for India Widening regional disparity in FDI inflows. Need for Delhi and other lagging states to: Improve ease of doing business. Enhance infrastructure and governance. Create sector-specific investment policies. Govt. eases SEZ norms for chip, electronic units Policy Reforms Announced Relaxation of SEZ norms specifically for semiconductor and electronic component manufacturing. Objective: Boost high-tech manufacturing, attract capital-intensive industries, and reduce import dependence. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Minerals , Manufacturing) Key Amendments to SEZ Rules Minimum Land Requirement Reduced: Rule 5 amended: Minimum contiguous land area reduced from 50 hectares to 10 hectares. Aims to lower entry barriers and attract more investors. Permission to Sell Domestically: Rule 18 amended: SEZ units can now sell to the domestic market (DTA) after paying applicable duties. Shifts SEZs from being purely export-oriented to hybrid export-domestic supply hubs. Flexibility in Land Encumbrance: Rule 7 amended: SEZ land can be mortgaged or leased to government agencies; no need for encumbrance-free land. Helps firms access financing without regulatory bottlenecks. Major Investment Approvals Post-Reform Micron Semiconductor Technology India: To set up a ₹13,000 crore unit in Sanand, Gujarat. Hubballi Durable Goods Cluster Pvt. Ltd. (Aequs): To invest ₹100 crore in Dharwad, Karnataka. Total approved investment: ₹13,100 crore. Strategic and Economic Significance Semiconductors and electronics are: Capital-intensive, import-dependent, and have long gestation periods. India aims to: Build a resilient semiconductor ecosystem. Reduce reliance on foreign chip imports. Position itself as a global electronics manufacturing hub. Expected Benefits Encourages pioneering investments in high-tech sectors. Boosts Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat goals. Facilitates the creation of high-skilled jobs in manufacturing and R&D. Strengthens supply chain resilience in strategic sectors like semiconductors. Potential Challenges Ahead Timely infrastructure support and clearances. Ensuring availability of skilled manpower. Competitive policy support compared to China, Taiwan, or Vietnam.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 June 2025

Content : Central Consumer Protection Authority issues advisory to E-Commerce Platforms for self-audit within 3 months to detect Dark Patterns and ensure its resolution India has taken a proactive and forward-thinking approach to extreme heat risk management Central Consumer Protection Authority issues advisory to E-Commerce Platforms for self-audit within 3 months to detect Dark Patterns and ensure its resolution Overview of the Advisory Issued by: Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), under Department of Consumer Affairs. Date: 7 June 2025. Target: All e-commerce platforms operating in India. Purpose: Eliminate deceptive practices (Dark Patterns) to ensure consumer welfare and transparency. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Cyberspace , E-commerce) Key Directives to E-Commerce Platforms Self-Audit Requirement: Platforms to conduct internal audits within 3 months. Goal: Identify and eliminate any Dark Patterns present on their interface. Self-Declaration Encouraged: Platforms should declare themselves compliant, based on audit outcomes. Aim: Foster consumer trust and a fair digital marketplace. Strict Advisory Against Deceptive Designs: Platforms must refrain from deploying misleading interfaces that affect consumer choices. Enforcement and Monitoring Notices Issued: CCPA has already served notices to platforms found in violation. Active Monitoring: CCPA is vigilantly tracking potential violations of the 2023 Guidelines. Identified instances of Dark Patterns already found on several platforms. Joint Working Group (JWG) Formation Purpose: Systematic identification and redressal of Dark Patterns. Composition: Representatives from: relevant Ministries, regulators, consumer organizations, and National Law Universities (NLUs). Mandate: Detect violations regularly. Share findings with the Department of Consumer Affairs. Suggest awareness and educational initiatives for consumers. Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023 Issued by: Department of Consumer Affairs. Objective: Protect consumer autonomy and ensure informed consent in digital environments. List of 13 Recognized Dark Patterns: False urgency – Fake time pressure Basket sneaking – Hidden extra items Confirm shaming – Guilt-based prompts Forced action – Mandatory tasks Subscription trap – Difficult  cancellation Interface interference – Misleading design Bait and switch – Offer then change Drip pricing – Hidden final costs Disguised advertisements – Ads as content Nagging – Repetitive prompts Trick wording – Confusing language SaaS billing – Unclear software charges Rogue malwares – Hidden harmful software Significance and Impact Reinforces digital consumer rights and fair trade practices. Encourages accountability and transparency among e-commerce entities. Reflects Government’s proactive approach to regulate the growing digital economy. India has taken a proactive and forward-thinking approach to extreme heat risk management Context: Dr. P. K. Mishra, Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, highlighted India’s integrated and globally aligned approach to extreme heat risk governance at a UN session in Geneva, calling heatwaves a transboundary and systemic threat requiring collective global action. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Heatwaves as a Global and Systemic Crisis Declared as a transboundary and systemic risk—affecting public health, economy, and ecology. Particularly dangerous for densely populated urban areas. Aligns with the UN’s recognition of extreme heat as a global challenge.   India’s Leadership and Global Role Dr. Mishra welcomed the UNDRR’s Common Framework for Extreme Heat Risk Governance. Called for international cooperation in: Technological innovation, Data sharing, Joint research, Financing mechanisms. India committed to sharing expertise, tools, and institutional capacity with global partners. India’s Proactive National Strategy Under PM Modi’s leadership, India moved from reactive disaster response to proactive risk governance. National Guidelines for heatwave management developed by NDMA (2016, revised 2019). Decentralized implementation via Heat Action Plans (HAPs). Current National Coverage 250+ cities/districts across 23 heat-prone states have operational HAPs. These plans are supported through NDMA’s: Technical support, Advisory mechanisms, Institutional frameworks. Multi-Sectoral Whole-of-Society Approach Involves ministries of: Health, Urban Affairs, Agriculture, Labor, Power, Water, Education, Infrastructure. Collaboration with: Public health institutions, Civil society organizations, Research institutes and universities. Key Interventions and Best Practices Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan cited as a model for: Early warnings, Agency coordination, Community outreach. Initiatives include: Surveillance systems, Hospital preparedness, Mass awareness campaigns. Significant decline in heatwave-related mortality observed. Long-Term Mitigation Measures Focus on urban heat resilience and infrastructure adaptation: Cool roof technologies, Passive cooling centers, Urban greening, Revival of traditional water bodies. Integration of Urban Heat Island (UHI) assessments in city planning. Major Policy Shift in Funding National and State Disaster Mitigation Funds (SDMF) can now be used for heatwave mitigation. Encourages co-financing from: Local governments, Private sector, NGOs, Individuals. Promotes shared responsibility and sustainable solutions. Future Needs and Global Call to Action Urged development of: A localized heat-humidity index using real-time data. Culturally appropriate, affordable cooling technologies. Stressed equity concerns—women, children, elderly, and outdoor workers are most vulnerable. Emphasized role of schools in shaping climate-resilient behavior. Conclusion India is ready to be a global leader in extreme heat governance. Supports the creation of a Common Framework for knowledge, policy, and financing. Calls for a coordinated, inclusive, and forward-looking global effort.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 June 2025

Content : Judicial sensitivity to sentiments is a sign of regression Consultative regulation-making that should go further Judicial sensitivity to sentiments is a sign of regression Core Argument Indian judiciary is perceived to be shifting focus from protecting free speech to managing it. Courts increasingly prioritize societal sentiments and decorum alongside constitutional rights. Article 19(1)(a) rights are being interpreted with consideration of emotional and cultural contexts. Relevance: GS 2 (Judiciary, Liberty) Practice Question: “Judicial sensitivity to sentiments is leading to a quiet erosion of free speech in India.” Critically examine the role of the judiciary in upholding the constitutional guarantee of free speech in the context of recent trends and case laws. (250 words, 15 marks) Cases Highlighted Criticism of PM post-Operation Sindoor: FIR upheld citing “emotions of the nation.” Kamal Haasan’s language remark: Advised to apologize for hurting sentiments; focus on social impact over legal thresholds. Podcaster Ranveer Allahbadia case: Court questioned use of “vulgar” language based on societal norms. Professor Ali Khan’s critique of military deployment: Examined for possible provocative intent in academic speech. Rahul Gandhi Army remark case: Relief rejected; emphasis on protecting institutional reputation. Judicial Trends Observed Offence often equated with legal harm, broadening interpretation of restrictions. Courts at times act as arbiters of cultural and social norms. Apologies encouraged as a means of managing public sentiment. Limited intervention in quashing FIRs contributes to deterrent effects on speech. Chilling Effect The “chilling effect” doctrine is infrequently applied. Ambiguity in laws like sedition and public order provisions remains. Creates an environment favoring cautious and non-controversial speech. Principled Approach Suggested Speech restrictions should rely on clear legal criteria, not subjective sentiments. Apologies should be voluntary, not judicially mandated. Judiciary should focus on protecting free expression while balancing social interests. Broader Implications Validation of outrage may empower repeated legal actions. Judicial approach influences public confidence in constitutional freedoms. Free speech remains a vital pillar for democratic discourse. Conclusion Courts should uphold their constitutional role as protectors of free speech. Democracy thrives on robust dissent and debate, not only on harmony. Judicial sensitivity to sentiments requires careful balancing to avoid unintended constraints on liberty. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes. Consultative regulation-making that should go further Context: RBI and SEBI recently issued frameworks to make regulation-making more transparent and consultative by publishing procedures, impact analyses, objectives, inviting public comments, and periodic reviews. Positive shift: These frameworks mark a welcome move toward openness, public engagement, and self-review in regulatory processes. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance and Constitution) and GS 3 (Economy and Financial Regulation). Practice Mains Question:“Recent reforms by financial regulators like RBI and SEBI towards consultative regulation-making mark a positive step for transparency and accountability. However, these reforms need to be strengthened to ensure effective rule of law. Discuss the significance of consultative regulation-making, challenges faced, and suggest measures to improve regulatory processes in India.” (250 words, 15 marks) Need for economic rationale: Current RBI and SEBI frameworks require impact analysis and stated objectives but do not explicitly mandate identification of market failures or economic justification. Effective regulation should clearly explain the economic problem addressed, expected benefits, alternatives considered, and monitoring mechanisms. International examples (US, EU, IFSCA) mandate detailed cost-benefit and problem identification to guide sound policy. Accountability gaps: Historically, RBI and SEBI have limited public consultations (e.g., RBI at 2.4% of circulars, SEBI less than 50% of regulations). Transparency in how public feedback is considered remains weak; often summaries of comments are confidential. Annual reporting on consultations, responses, accepted/rejected suggestions, and their rationale would enhance accountability. Periodic review importance: RBI and SEBI should define clear, frequent timelines for regulation reviews to ensure relevance and effectiveness. IFSCA mandates a three-year review cycle, setting a useful benchmark. Challenges: Limited state capacity may hinder comprehensive implementation of impact assessments and consultative procedures. Piecemeal reforms may lack consistency and efficacy without a broader, uniform legal framework. Recommendation: Consider a central legislation akin to the US Administrative Procedure Act for India to standardize regulatory processes across agencies, ensuring uniform transparency, consultation, impact analysis, and reviews. Such a framework exists in countries like UK and Canada as agency guidelines. Conclusion: RBI and SEBI’s reforms are a good start but must be strengthened with clearer economic rationales, stronger accountability, regular reviews, and ideally, an institutionalized legal framework to uphold rule of law in regulation-making. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 June 2025

Content : India and Mongolia hold joint military exercise to enhance interoperability Diet is both cause and cure for MASLD, a liver condition: experts at The Hindu-Naruvi event New study makes controversial weather-tweaking idea more realistic Defence production in India receives a fillip What is the significance of the Census? How is India planning to localise EV manufacturing? Bridging health cover, mental healthcare in India India and Mongolia hold joint military exercise to enhance interoperability Key Highlights Exercise Name: Nomadic Elephant – 17th Edition Dates: May 31 – June 13, 2025 Location: Special Forces Training Centre, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Participants: Indian Army and Mongolian Armed Forces Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Objectives & Focus Areas Enhancing Interoperability: Improve coordination and cooperation between Indian and Mongolian forces. Operational Focus: Counter-terrorism operations Precision sniping Non-conventional warfare in semi-urban and mountainous terrain Under UN Mandate: Simulated peacekeeping operations modeled on real-world multinational missions. Strategic Significance Bilateral Defence Ties: Strengthens growing India-Mongolia defence cooperation. Geopolitical Relevance: Mongolia is strategically located between China and Russia. India’s engagement signals deepening security presence in East and Central Asia under its “Act East” and “Extended Neighbourhood” policy. Alternating Venue Format: Conducted annually, alternating between India and Mongolia. Last held in Umroi, Meghalaya (July 2024). Operational and Tactical Gains Terrain Familiarization: Training in complex terrain enhances high-altitude warfare capabilities. Best Practices Exchange: Mutual learning on counter-insurgency tactics and sniping techniques. UN Peacekeeping Readiness: Enhances the ability to operate in multinational settings and high-stakes environments. People-to-People & Cultural Exchange Camaraderie Building: Emphasis on cultural understanding and military bonding between troops. Confidence Building Measure (CBM): Strengthens trust and long-term collaboration beyond military. Diet is both cause and cure for MASLD, a liver condition: experts at The Hindu-Naruvi event What is MASLD? Full form: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (formerly NAFLD). Nature: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease linked to metabolic issues and lifestyle. Silent condition: Often asymptomatic until liver damage becomes severe. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues,Health ) Prevalence & Risk Global incidence: ~30% India: ~40% population affected; 53% remain undiagnosed. High-risk groups: People with obesity, Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance Those with hypertension, high cholesterol, elevated liver enzymes Family history of heart/liver disease Symptoms & Progression Early symptoms: Fatigue, mild abdominal pain (often ignored). Disease timeline (if untreated): 15% may develop steatohepatitis (inflammation) in ~7 years. 5% may progress to cirrhosis in ~25 years. Small % may develop liver cancer. Diagnosis & Screening Recommended tools: Blood tests, liver enzymes Ultrasound every 6 months FibroScan every 1–3 years (non-invasive liver stiffness test) Why screening matters: Early detection helps prevent complications and reduce long-term health burden. Diet: Cause and Cure Contributing factors: Overeating, poor-quality diet, inactivity. Reversal strategies: Calorie deficit and portion control Protein-rich, low-carb diet Avoid sugary, ultra-processed foods Adequate hydration and sleep Lifestyle Modifications Exercise: Brisk walking, cycling, jogging, swimming Minimum 12 weeks of consistency needed for visible benefits Avoid: Smoking, alcohol Fasting: Intermittent fasting can help but should be doctor-supervised, especially with co-morbidities Expert Advice Weight management is key. Lifestyle is the best medicine. Customisation is critical – No one-size-fits-all approach. New study makes controversial weather-tweaking idea more realistic Context Climate crisis deepens: Global greenhouse gas emissions are rising; mitigation efforts are inconsistent. Technological fix: Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) proposed as a geoengineering method to cool the planet. Controversial nature: Global side-effects, ethical concerns, and governance challenges make SAI a divisive topic. Relevance : GS 3(Technology, Disaster Management ) What is Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI)? Method: Injecting tiny reflective aerosols (e.g., sulphur dioxide) into the stratosphere (~20 km altitude) to reflect sunlight and cool Earth. Inspired by volcanoes: Mimics natural aerosol emissions from volcanic eruptions like Mount Pinatubo (1991) which cooled Earth temporarily. Objective: Directly reduce solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface to offset global warming. Key Innovation in the New Study New approach: Use of existing aircraft (like modified Boeing 777F) to inject aerosols at lower altitudes (~13 km) in polar and extratropical regions. Advantage: Lower technical barriers Cheaper and faster to implement Avoids the need for specially designed high-altitude aircraft Modeling Results Climate simulation tool used: UK Earth System Model 1 (UKESM1) Findings: Injecting 12 million tonnes of SO₂/year at 13 km in spring/summer of both hemispheres may cool Earth by 0.6°C. To cool by 1°C, need 21 million tonnes annually at 13 km. More efficient: Only 7.6 million tonnes needed if injected higher in subtropics. Risks and Challenges Scientific risks: Ozone depletion, acid rain Delayed recovery of ozone hole Uneven cooling (polar > tropical regions) Social and geopolitical concerns: Potential misuse or unilateral deployment Could divert attention from emissions reductions Global impact: One country’s action affects all Governance dilemma: No global framework exists to regulate such interventions 2022: Scholars called for moratorium on solar geoengineering R&D citing fairness and control issues Is It a Solution? Temporary measure only – Cannot reverse root causes of climate change Could create “moral hazard” – Mask warming and reduce urgency to cut emissions Needs more transparent global dialogue, public accountability, and regulation Defence production in India receives a fillip Background India has long depended on defence imports, but recent years have seen growth in indigenous production and exports. Operation Sindoor (India’s cross-border military action) triggered renewed interest and confidence in India’s domestic defence capabilities. Relevance : GS 3(Defence) Key Trends & Developments  Stock Market Performance Defence stocks rose 21% in the week of Operation Sindoor (May 2024), compared to 3.1% gain in Nifty50 index. Following week: Defence stocks up 5.4%, while Nifty50 declined 0.5%. This signals a market perception shift in favour of homegrown defence capacity. Record Defence Production FY24 (2023-24): ₹1.3 lakh crore — a 17% growth YoY. Double-digit growth since FY22; only contraction was in FY20 (-2.5%). FY25 (till Dec 2024): ₹90,000 crore, with full-year target at ₹1.6 lakh crore. Soaring Defence Exports FY23 & FY24: Exports exceeded ₹20,000 crore — 2x of pre-FY20 figures. Export items: small arms, protective gear, artillery. FY25 target: ₹30,000 crore.Private Sector & MSME Involvement Private Sector Growth Private players (e.g., Paras Defence, Bharat Forge) had ~20% share in production (FY17–FY24). FY25 share rises to ~24%. Private firms lead in defence exports, due to higher export authorisations. MSMEs’ Role MSMEs supply crucial components to larger manufacturers. FY25 procurement from MSMEs: ₹13,000 crore, over 2x the target. FY18–FY20: only ₹3,000 crore worth orders. Government mandates ensure MSME inclusion in procurement. Defence Budgetary Trends Despite production and export growth, defence spending’s share in total govt. expenditure is declining. However, India’s defence-to-GDP ratio is still higher than many emerging markets, indicating strategic priority. What is the significance of the Census? Historical Context The Census is a decennial exercise — conducted every 10 years since 1881 (first synchronous census under W.C. Plowden). It is governed by The Census Act, 1948 and is a Union List subject (Centre’s responsibility). Post-Independence, it has been held without a break from 1951 to 2011; 2021 Census was postponed due to COVID-19. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) How the Census is Conducted Two Phases since 1971: House-listing Phase (5–6 months): Captures household amenities, structure, fuel, appliances. Population Enumeration Phase (Feb): Captures individual details like age, gender, caste (SC/ST), occupation, education, etc. Staff: Central coordination with local-level implementation via teachers & local officials. Significance of the Upcoming Census (2027 Reference Date) Inclusion of Caste Enumeration: First time since 1931 (for Hindus). Will enumerate caste data for all Hindu groups — long-standing demand from civil society and Opposition parties. Aims to inform affirmative action and welfare targeting. Foundation for Delimitation Exercise (Post-2026 Freeze Ends): Delimitation of Lok Sabha and Assembly seats based on updated population data. Could change the political representation balance across states. Enabler for Women’s Reservation (33% quota): The Women’s Reservation Act (2023) mandates reservation in legislatures after the Census and delimitation. 2027 Census is critical for its implementation by 2029. Concerns of Southern and Smaller States Fear of Political Marginalisation: States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and northeastern states have controlled population growth. Delimitation based purely on population could reduce their Lok Sabha seat share. Demand: Freeze on seat allocation or compensatory mechanisms to protect political voice. Way Forward Caste enumeration must be systematic, credible, and transparent. Wide inter-state consensus needed before delimitation to avoid federal friction. Women’s reservation must be operationalised through this Census and used for 2029 elections. Avoid hasty implementation — consider legal, political, and demographic implications. How is India planning to localise EV manufacturing? Policy Highlights – Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Electric Passenger Cars in India Customs duty reduced from 70–100% to 15% on completely built electric 4-wheelers priced ≥ $35,000. Valid for 5 years, with annual cap of 8,000 units at concessional duty. Eligibility tied to: Minimum ₹4,150 crore investment within 3 years. Localisation mandates: 25% domestic manufacturing in 3 years, 50% in 5 years. Total duty foregone capped at ₹6,484 crore. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) Concerns Over Ecosystem Impact Critics fear policy favours foreign capital without guaranteed technology transfer. Experts like Shouvik Chakraborty (UMass) argue: India must avoid becoming a mere component assembly hub. EV ecosystem building needs R&D, innovation, and skilling, like China and South Korea. Dinesh Abrol (JNU) notes no foreign firm has ever built another country’s ecosystem voluntarily. Success in China/S. Korea came from state-led innovation ecosystems and strategic industrial policy. Market Structure and Policy Mismatch EV sales breakdown in FY25 (FADA data): 7.8% of total vehicle sales were EVs. Electric 3-wheelers: 57% of their segment. Electric 2-wheelers: 6.1% of segment. Passenger 4-wheelers: Only 2.6%. Commercial EVs: 0.9%. India is the largest market for electric 3-wheelers globally (IEA 2024). Critics warn that policy emphasis on high-end 4-wheelers may overlook mass transport and low-cost EV segments. Domestic Industry Concerns Tata Motors opposed Tesla’s duty cut proposal: Said it would “vitiate” the local investment environment. Asked for more policy support for early-stage Indian EV companies. 2024 production data (IEA EV Outlook): Tata & Mahindra made over 80% of India’s EV cars. <15% of EVs imported (mainly Chinese) due to high duties and competitive local models. Key Takeaways The scheme aims to attract foreign EV majors, but must balance domestic industry protection, technology transfer, and ecosystem building. Focus should expand beyond premium 4-wheelers to cover two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and public EV infrastructure. Local capacity-building, innovation, and mass-market EV adoption must remain central to India’s EV future. Bridging health cover, mental healthcare in India Mental Health: A Rising Concern 1 in 5 adults globally suffer from mental health issues. WHO estimates >$1 trillion productivity loss annually due to untreated mental illness. Post-pandemic awareness has boosted global and Indian attention to mental well-being. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Mental Health) Policy and Legal Framework in India Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: Recognised mental illness at par with physical illness. IRDAI directive: Mandated mental health coverage in all health insurance plans. Result: Inclusion of mental health in India’s mainstream health protection framework. New Trends in Insurance OPD benefits in health plans now include therapy, counselling, psychiatric consultations — key for mental health, rarely requiring hospitalisation. Mental health-related claims up by 30–50% in past 2–3 years. Indicates a positive behavioural shift: More people seeking help earlier and using insurance to pay for it. Demographic Patterns Young adults (25–35) are: Leading in mental health-related searches, policy uptake, and claims. Comfortable with app-based therapy, online consultations. Top conditions claimed: Anxiety (30–35%), Depression (25–30%), Workplace stress, Insomnia. Mostly early to moderate cases, suggesting rising comfort with early intervention. Women & Mental Health Insurance Women more likely to buy policies with mental health benefits. Driven by life-stage transitions like: Pregnancy Menopause Caregiving roles Reflects a cultural shift toward self-care and emotional well-being. Geographical Spread Tier 1 cities dominate with over 50% of mental health policy uptake. Due to better access, digital literacy, corporate wellness policies. Tier 2 cities now showing growing interest, indicating broader national awareness. Workplace Evolution Companies now offer: Wellness programs Access to therapists Stress management workshops Mental health becoming part of employee benefits and corporate culture. Challenges & Way Forward Despite inclusion, awareness and utilisation remain low. Many unaware their policies include OPD therapy or cashless mental health services. Next priorities: Education: Improve awareness on mental health coverage. Accessibility: Ensure services reach beyond urban elites. Empathy: Normalise mental healthcare as everyday healthcare. Goal: Make mental healthcare inclusive, accessible, and normalised.

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