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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 July 2024

CONTENTS Navigating Farmer Discontent Amid Unfulfilled Promises India will be a True Welfare State when Discrimination is Eliminated Navigating Farmer Discontent Amid Unfulfilled Promises Context: Agriculture has long been a fundamental part of India’s economy and societal framework. Despite its importance, the sector has experienced a strained relationship with the central Government in recent years. Approximately 65 percent of India’s population resides in rural areas, with 47 percent dependent on agriculture. Relevance: GS3- Different Sectors of the Economy Cropping Patterns Food Security Mains Question: As the government embarks on its third tenure, winning back the trust of the farming community will require genuine and substantial reforms that prioritise farmers’ welfare. Analyse. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Growth of the Agriculture Sector in India: Despite India’s rapid economic expansion, agricultural income has remained stagnant, averaging around Rs 10,000 per month in 2019, with half of the families in debt and lacking access to traditional financing. Public investment in agriculture has decreased over the past decade, and necessary reforms have not been implemented. As a result, the agriculture sector, which employs nearly half of India’s workforce, contributes less than one-fifth to the GDP. The Government’s pledge to double farmers’ income by 2022 has not been fulfilled. Farmer’s Reaction to Policies Aiming to Transform Agriculture: The ambitious promises and policies from the Union Government intended to transform agriculture have often been met with skepticism and frustration from the farming community. This dissatisfaction was clearly evident in the recent general election results in States like Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. Persistent issues in the sector, such as the controversial farming laws and the unfulfilled demand for a legal guarantee of the Minimum Support Price (MSP), continue to provoke farmers’ distress and anger. During the government’s first term beginning in 2014, there was a significant emphasis on agriculture with a pledge to double farmers’ income. However, these promises were marred by controversies and policies seen as anti-farmer. The discontent among farmers peaked in 2020-21, leading to nationwide protests against farm laws intended to liberalize crop sales, pricing, and storage regulations. The protests concluded after the government agreed to repeal these laws. Farmers demanded a legally guaranteed Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 23 crops, set at 50 percent above production costs as recommended by scientist MS Swaminathan. Although the Government sets MSPs for 22 crops, it mainly purchases wheat and rice for welfare programs, and private buyers are not legally required to pay MSP. The farm laws, intended to liberalize agriculture, were perceived by many farmers as a threat to their livelihoods. The ensuing prolonged protests resulted in the withdrawal of these laws, but the underlying dissatisfaction remained. This ongoing frustration was reflected in the recent Lok Sabha elections, where the ruling party suffered notable losses in key agricultural regions. Way Forward: Looking ahead, newly appointed Agriculture Minister will need to leverage his expertise in transforming Madhya Pradesh’s agricultural landscape on a national scale to tackle these challenges. One of the critical demands from the farming community is the legal guarantee of the Minimum Support Price (MSP).  The Government’s failure to meet this demand has been a major source of frustration. Farmers argue that a legally guaranteed MSP would protect them against market fluctuations and exploitation by middlemen. Despite multiple assurances, the administration has not enacted legislation to this effect, leading to a perception that farmers’ interests are being overlooked. Experts suggest that legally guaranteeing MSP could result in fiscal burdens and potential inflationary effects, though opinions differ on the extent of this impact. Some argue that controlling cultivation costs could mitigate inflation concerns. The cost of implementing MSP for all crops is uncertain, varying with market prices, Government procurement quantities, and duration. Estimates range from CRISIL Market Intelligence & Analytics’ 210 billion rupees to other analysts’ 10 trillion rupees annually. A more effective approach might involve direct income support linked to farmland investment, alongside revamping the current procurement process. Farmers could also benefit from a price stabilization fund to cover the difference when market prices fall below MSP levels. This combination of strategies could better support farmers without causing significant fiscal or inflationary issues. Conclusion: In response to the ongoing challenges in the agricultural sector, the Government plans to introduce several initiatives to appease the agrarian community. Among these, the Krishi Sakhi Convergence Program (KSCP) stands out as a significant and ambitious effort. The Government’s focus on agriculture, highlighted by programs like the KSCP, reflects a recognition of the critical role farming plays in India. India will be a True Welfare State when Discrimination is Eliminated Context: In India’s vibrant democratic fabric, the concept of a welfare state has been fundamental since its inception. Rooted in the Constitution, the commitment to justice, equality, and the advancement of general welfare defines India’s core values. Yet, within this noble vision lies a stark reality often overlooked—the profound challenges confronting individuals with disabilities. Relevance: GS2- Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Sections of the population by the Centre and States and the Performance of these Schemes Mains Question: India’s genuine progress will be reflected in its dedication to inclusivity, especially in upholding the dignity of individuals with disabilities. Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words). Disability in India: Despite the presence of legal frameworks such as the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, and international commitments like the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the everyday realities faced by people with disabilities present a contrasting narrative. In India, disability represents more than a physical or mental condition; it embodies a multifaceted barrier that obstructs access to fundamental rights and opportunities. From systemic discrimination to inadequate infrastructure, individuals with disabilities encounter hurdles in all aspects of life. Essential areas like education, employment, and healthcare—foundations of a welfare state—often remain distant aspirations for them. Education as a Tool of Empowerment: Education is frequently touted as crucial for progress and empowerment. However, many disabled students in India face significant barriers to accessing quality education. Despite the existence of the National Education Policy and the Right to Education Act, educational institutions often lack the necessary support systems and infrastructure to accommodate diverse needs. There is a stark disparity in enrollment rates between disabled and non-disabled students, with the national average for non-disabled students at 28.4% compared to less than 2% for disabled students, according to government data from UDISE+. Moreover, dropout rates exceed 75% among students with disabilities in higher education. Employment Landscape: Likewise, the employment landscape for persons with disabilities remains grim. Despite efforts to promote inclusivity, the private sector often shows reluctance, citing concerns about productivity, costs, and a perceived shortage of skilled resources. Consequently, unemployment rates among the disabled population are disproportionately high, exacerbating their economic vulnerability and dependence on social welfare programs. Access to Healthcare: Healthcare, another critical pillar of a welfare state, poses unique challenges for persons with disabilities. Limited access to specialized care, the high costs associated with assistive devices, and stigma within healthcare facilities all contribute to their marginalized status. Amid these challenges, India’s identity as a welfare state often fails to meet the needs of millions of disabled citizens. Way Forward: Firstly, disability should be seen not as a limitation but as a form of diversity that enriches society. Secondly, substantial investments are required in creating accessible infrastructure and services across all sectors. This includes constructing barrier-free buildings and implementing inclusive technology to foster equal participation. Proactive measures such as affirmative action policies, vocational training programs, and initiatives to sensitize employers are essential steps forward. Achieving a genuinely inclusive society demands coordinated efforts on multiple fronts. India’s path towards fulfilling its role as a welfare state must prioritize the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. Disability inclusion should be integrated into every aspect of policy and decision-making, rather than being an afterthought. Conclusion: The true essence of a welfare state isn’t solely about lofty ideals or legislative frameworks, but about real and measurable improvements in the lives of its most vulnerable members. It is crucial for the government, civil society, and the private sector to translate rhetoric into action and ensure the inclusion and empowerment of persons with disabilities.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 July 2024

CONTENTS First Coal Shipment from Russia to India via INSTC NTA Under Scrutiny for Examination Irregularities Patent Filing Error by Bharat Biotech for Covaxin Proposal to Use Enemy Agents Ordinance in Jammu and Kashmir Saubhagya Scheme Interest Equalisation Scheme First Coal Shipment from Russia to India via INSTC Context: Recently, Russia has sent two trains carrying coal to India through the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) for the first time. The consignment will travel over 7,200 km from St. Petersburg, Russia to Mumbai port via Bandar Abbas port of Iran. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)? Significance of INSTC for India Challenges Related to Full Utilization of INSTC What is the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)? Overview: The INSTC is a 7,200-kilometer multimodal transit route that links the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran and extends to northern Europe through St. Petersburg in Russia. Connections: It integrates shipping, rail, and road networks to facilitate cargo movement between India, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia, Central Asia, and Europe. Inception: Initiated on September 12, 2000, in St. Petersburg, the corridor was established by a trilateral agreement among Iran, Russia, and India during the Euro-Asian Conference on Transport in 2000 to enhance transportation cooperation. Membership Expansion: Initially consisting of three countries, the INSTC has expanded to include ten more members, totaling 13: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Syria, Belarus, and Oman. Modes of Transport in INSTC Central Corridor: This route starts at the Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai, connecting to the Bandar Abbas port in Iran on the Strait of Hormuz. It traverses Iranian territory via Nowshahr, Amirabad, and Bandar-e-Anzali, running along the Caspian Sea to reach the Olya and Astrakhan Ports in Russia. Western Corridor: This pathway links the railway networks of Azerbaijan and Iran through the cross-border nodal points of Astara (Azerbaijan) and Astara (Iran), extending to the Jawaharlal Nehru port in India via sea. Eastern Corridor: This route connects Russia to India through the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Significance of INSTC for India Trade Security: The corridor allows India to bypass chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz and the Red Sea (Suez Canal route), enhancing trade security. Alternative Routes: The Israel-Hamas conflict and the Houthi attacks on ships in the southern Red Sea underscore the importance of alternative trade routes. Bypassing Pakistan and Afghanistan: INSTC enables India to circumvent Pakistan and unstable Afghanistan to access Central Asia. Market Connectivity: It connects India to markets in Russia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, facilitating trade, energy cooperation, defense, counterterrorism, and cultural exchanges with Central Asian Republics through initiatives like “Connect Central Asia.” Efficiency: The corridor reduces transit time by 20 days and freight costs by 30% compared to the Suez Canal route. Energy Access: INSTC facilitates India’s access to energy resources in Russia and Central Asia, reducing reliance on the Middle East. Increased Imports: Post the Russia-Ukraine war, imports of metallurgical coal from Russia have tripled, with expectations of further growth amid declining imports from Australia. Strategic Investments: India’s investment in the Chabahar Port in Iran’s Sistan-Balochistan province aims to facilitate trade with Central Asian countries. This port is critical for India, Iran, and Afghanistan, offering direct sea access and trade opportunities in the region. Challenges Related to Full Utilization of INSTC Financial Funding: Unlike China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which has dedicated funding institutions, INSTC lacks significant financial backing from major institutions like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. Sanctions on Iran: The US’s withdrawal from the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) in 2018 led to harsh sanctions on Iran, causing many global companies to pull out from infrastructure projects in the country. Security Threats: The presence of terrorist organizations like the Islamic State (IS) in Central Asia poses a significant security threat along the corridor, deterring investment and smooth operation. Regulatory Disparities: Differences in customs regulations and tariff structures across member states create complexities and delays for cargo movement. Infrastructure Development: The corridor’s various transport modes (ship, rail, road) face uneven infrastructure development, particularly the underdeveloped rail networks in Iran, which create bottlenecks and hinder the seamless movement of goods. Lack of Coordination: There is an absence of a joint work plan for developing the corridor and its business ecosystem. -Source: Economic Times NTA Under Scrutiny for Examination Irregularities Context: With widespread allegations of cheating, paper leaks, and other irregularities impacting flagship examinations such as the NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test), the National Testing Agency (NTA) has come under intense fire. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: The National Testing Agency (NTA) Issues Faced by the NTA Recommendations for Reforming India’s Examination Process NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) The National Testing Agency (NTA) Background: In 2010, a committee of IIT directors proposed creating an autonomous and transparent testing body, inspired by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) of the US. Before the NTA, entities like the UGC, CBSE, and central universities such as Delhi University and JNU conducted their own entrance exams. About NTA: Established in 2017, it operates as a specialist, self-sustaining, and autonomous organization under the Union Ministry of Education. Registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860 and subject to the Right to Information (RTI) Act. Objectives: Address challenges in assessing candidates’ competence, adhering to international standards, ensuring efficiency, transparency, and error-free delivery. Conduct efficient and transparent tests, research and development, and expert collaboration information dissemination. Functions: Conducting Exams: Administering entrance examinations for higher educational institutions. Creating Question Banks: Developing a question bank using modern techniques. Research and Development: Establishing a strong research and development culture. Collaborations: Working with international organizations like ETS (Educational Testing Services). Other Exams: Undertaking any other examination entrusted by the Ministries or Departments of Government of India/State Governments. Examinations Conducted: JEE (Main), NEET-UG, Common Management Admission Test (CMAT), Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT), and University Grants Commission-National Eligibility Test (UGC-NET). The National Education Policy 2020 recommended a broader role for the NTA, suggesting it conduct entrance or aptitude tests for all universities across the country. Currently, the NTA oversees more than 20 examinations. Administration: The director general and governing body are appointed by the Union government. The core team includes test item writers, researchers, psychometricians, and education specialists. Operates six verticals, each focusing on different examinations, employing about six researchers per vertical, including internationally recognized experts. Issues Faced by the NTA Computer-Based Tests: Ensures high volume processing within a short period. Due to the National Informatics Centre’s (NIC) lack of capacity, third-party technical partners are engaged, which can lead to accountability issues and exploitation by unscrupulous players. Outsourced Functions: Initially set up with only 25 permanent staff positions, relying heavily on outsourced technical partners. This setup can lead to potential malpractice at various stages, including question paper setting and encryption, selection of printing presses and exam centers, transportation, storage, distribution, and answer sheet collection and evaluation. Incidents and Criticisms: Faced criticism for awarding grace marks to 1,563 NEET candidates due to delays, leading to accusations of inflated marks and 67 candidates sharing the top rank. Integrity issues in NEET-UG and UGC-NET exams due to alleged leaks and breaches. Recommendations for Reforming India’s Examination Process K. Radhakrishnan Committee: Formed to recommend reforms in the examination process, improve data security protocols, and overhaul the NTA’s functioning. Equipping for Pen-and-Paper Examinations: Necessary for equitable access, particularly for students in rural and remote areas with limited technology access. Decentralized Structures: Needed to address the vastly differing needs of institutions. Radical Reform of the Assessment System: Includes periodic assessments of knowledge, concept-based understanding, and incorporating aptitude tests in the final years of school as a precursor to the admission process. NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test): Purpose: NEET is an entrance examination for students aspiring to pursue undergraduate medical courses (MBBS/BDS) and postgraduate courses (MD/MS) in government or private medical colleges. Objective: To standardize the admission process for medical and dental courses across India, ensuring a uniform evaluation of candidates’ eligibility. Conducted by: The NTA conducts NEET on behalf of the Ministry of Education. -Source: The Hindu Patent Filing Error by Bharat Biotech for Covaxin Context: Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL), the creator of the Indian coronavirus vaccine Covaxin, admitted to an unintended mistake in its patent filings. These filings aim to protect the vaccine’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Despite being one of India’s top biotechnology companies, BBIL forgot to list the scientists from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) as co-inventors in the patent documents for Covaxin. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Controversy Surrounding the Covaxin IPR Roles of BBIL and ICMR What are Patents and IPR? Conclusion Controversy Surrounding the Covaxin IPR Patent Explanation: BBIL patented the vaccine-making process using virus strains from ICMR-NIV (National Institute of Virology). ICMR-NIV focuses on extracting, identifying, and testing viruses from blood samples. Vaccine Development: Industrial-scale vaccine production requires specialized facilities. Covaxin, developed by BBIL, is an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the body to produce protective antibodies, with an added adjuvant to boost effectiveness. Vaccine manufacturers use unique methods to combine these steps, maintaining a competitive edge and preventing process copying to secure temporary monopolies and profits. Patent Process: Companies can apply for patents in multiple countries, but approval requires proving novelty or inventiveness. Bharat Biotech has not yet received these patents. Roles of BBIL and ICMR Collaboration: BBIL and ICMR-NIV collaborated on every step of Covaxin’s development, with an agreement detailing each organization’s responsibilities. The agreement was made public due to ICMR being a public entity and the COVID crisis scale, partially revealed in the Rajya Sabha in July 2021. Beyond providing virus strains, ICMR tested the vaccine on animals and humans to ensure efficacy. ICMR funded clinical trials with ₹35 crore, incurring development costs, and was to receive 5% of royalties from Covaxin sales. Intellectual Property Rights: Initially, it was believed both entities would share intellectual property rights. BBIL initially claimed a distinction between rights to make the vaccine and rights to clinical trial data, excluding ICMR from patent applications due to its lack of investment in production. Following scrutiny, BBIL acknowledged an error and plans to file new applications listing ICMR personnel as co-inventors. What are Patents and IPR? Definition: A patent is a significant Intellectual Property Right (IPR) granting an exclusive monopoly by the government to an inventor for a limited, pre-defined period. It provides a legal right to prevent others from replicating the invention. Types of Patents: Product Patent: Protects the rights to the final product, preventing anyone other than the patent holder from manufacturing it during a specified period. Process Patent: Allows others to manufacture the patented product by altering certain processes in the production exercise. History in India: Initially, India adopted process patenting in the 1970s, which enabled the country to become a significant producer of generic drugs on a global scale. Due to obligations under the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement, product patenting is now also permitted in India. TRIPS is an international legal agreement among all member nations of the World Trade Organization. Conclusion Complexity of IPR: IPR is intricate and encompasses all facets of product invention. Pharmaceutical Development: Creating pharmaceutical products necessitates diverse expertise, making it challenging for individual firms to manage everything independently. Licensing Agreements: Companies frequently enter into multiple licensing agreements, similar to BBIL’s collaboration with Virovax for an adjuvant. Collaboration and Inventorship: When multiple entities collaborate on a single product, being listed as an inventor influences the distribution of IPR, royalties, and product usage. Common Disputes: Disputes over IPR are prevalent in all fields. In patent filings, particularly in the U.S., failing to list all inventors can lead to the rejection of patent applications. -Source: The Hindu Proposal to Use Enemy Agents Ordinance in Jammu and Kashmir Context: Recently, Jammu and Kashmir’s Director General of Police (DGP) proposed using the Enemy Agents Ordinance of 2005. This ordinance includes penalties such as life imprisonment or the death penalty. The proposal aims to prosecute militant supporters under this ordinance instead of the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is the Enemy Agent Ordinance? The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 Issues with UAPA What is the Enemy Agent Ordinance? Introduction and History: Introduced in 1917 by the Dogra Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). The term ‘ordinance’ reflects the legal terminology of the Dogra era. Re-enacted in 1948 by the Maharaja using his legislative powers under Section 5 of the Constitution Act of Kashmir, 1939. Incorporated into the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution of 1957, specifically under Section 157. Post-Abrogation of Article 370: Key security legislations such as the Enemy Agents Ordinance and Public Safety Act were retained. Certain laws like the Ranbir Penal Code were replaced by the Indian Penal Code. Key Provisions of the Enemy Agent Ordinance: Definition of Enemy Agent: Targets agents or friends of the enemy rather than the enemy itself. Defines the enemy in the context of the 1947 tribal invasion of Kashmir. Anyone conspiring with another to aid the enemy is considered an enemy agent. Punishment: Enemy agents may face death, life imprisonment, or rigorous imprisonment up to 10 years, along with potential fines. Judicial Validation and Trial: In the Rehman Shagoo vs State of Jammu and Kashmir Case, 1959, the Supreme Court upheld the ordinance. Trials are conducted by a special government-appointed judge in consultation with the High Court. Accused individuals cannot engage a lawyer unless permitted by the court and there is no provision for appeal against the verdict. The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) of 1967 is an upgrade on the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act TADA (which lapsed in 1995) and the Prevention of Terrorism Act – POTA (which was repealed in 2004). Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India. The National Integration Council appointed a Committee on National Integration and Regionalisation to look into, the aspect of putting reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India. The agenda of the NIC limited itself to communalism, casteism and regionalism and not terrorism. However, the provisions of the UAPA Act contravenes the requirements of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Unlawful Activities Prevention Amendment Bill, 2019 The original Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967, dealt with “unlawful” acts related to secession; anti-terror provisions were introduced in 2004. It provides special procedures to deal with terrorist activities, among other things. Key Provisions of the Amendment The Bill amends the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA) and additionally empowers the government to designate individuals as terrorists on the same grounds. Under the Act, the central government may designate an organisation as a terrorist organisation if it: commits or participates in acts of terrorism prepares for terrorism promotes terrorism is otherwise involved in terrorism The word “terror” or “terrorist” is not defined. However, a “terrorist act” is defined as any act committed with the intent – to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security, economic security, or sovereignty of India to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country The central government may designate an individual as a terrorist through a notification in the official gazette. The Bill empowers the officers of the National Investigation Agency (NIA), of the rank of Inspector or above, to investigate cases. Under the Act, an investigating officer can seize properties that may be connected with terrorism with prior approval of the Director General of Police. Issues with UAPA UAPA gives the state authority vague powers to detain and arrest individuals who it believes to be indulged in terrorist activities. Thus, the state gives itself more powers vis-a-vis individual liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. UAPA empowers the ruling government, under the garb of curbing terrorism, to impose indirect restriction on right of dissent which is detrimental for a developing democratic society. The right of dissent is a part and parcel of fundamental right to free speech and expression and therefore, cannot be abridged in any circumstances except for mentioned in Article 19 (2). UAPA can also be thought of to go against the federal structure since it neglects the authority of state police in terrorism cases, given that ‘Police’ is a state subject under 7th schedule of Indian Constitution. -Source: The Hindu Saubhagya Scheme Context: The Meghalaya Lokayukta recently issued notifications to the former chief secretary and other former officials of the Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited (MeECL) for their alleged irregularities in the implementation of the Saubhagya scheme in the state. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Saubhagya Scheme: Launch: The Government of India initiated the Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA) in October 2017. Objective: Achieving universal household electrification by providing electricity connections to all un-electrified households in rural areas and all poor households in urban areas. Provisions: Under the Saubhagya scheme, LED bulbs, wire, holders, switches, etc., are provided to BPL families free of cost. Salient Features: Last-mile connectivity and electricity connections to all un-electrified households in rural areas. Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV)-based standalone systems for un-electrified households in remote and inaccessible villages where grid extension is not feasible or cost-effective. Last mile connectivity and electricity connections to all remaining economically poor un-electrified households in urban areas (excluding non-poor urban households). Cost and Implementation: In rural areas, families other than BPL families must pay Rs. 500 for the electricity connection, payable in 10 equal installments of Rs. 50. BPL families in urban areas will receive free power connections. Families in rural areas, where grid supply is not possible, will receive electricity through solar energy. Nodal Agency: The Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) is designated as the nodal agency for the Saubhagya scheme. Beneficiaries Identification: Beneficiaries for free electricity connections are identified using the Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011 data. -Source: Hindustan Times Interest Equalisation Scheme Context: The Department of Commerce has extended the Interest Equalisation Scheme for pre- and post-shipment rupee export credit for Micro, Small and Medium-scale (MSME) exporters till August 31. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Interest Equalisation Scheme: Implementation Date: The scheme was first implemented on 1st April 2015 to provide pre- and post-shipment export credit to exporters in rupees. Validity: Initially valid for 5 years up to 31st March 2020. It has been continued thereafter, including extensions during the COVID-19 pandemic and further fund allocations. Implementing Agency: The scheme is implemented by the RBI through various public and non-public sector banks that provide pre- and post-shipment credit to exporters. Monitoring: Jointly monitored by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) and the RBI through a consultative mechanism. Objective: The scheme aims to help identified export sectors be internationally competitive and achieve a high level of export performance. Features: Eligibility Certification: An eligible exporter must submit certification from an external auditor to the concerned bank to claim this benefit. IES Benefits: Banks provide IES benefits to eligible exporters and claim reimbursement from the RBI based on the external auditor certification provided by the exporter. Interest Equalisation Benefit: The scheme offers an interest equalisation benefit at a rate of 2% on pre- and post-shipment rupee export credit to merchant and manufacturer exporters of 410 identified tariff lines at the 4-digit level, and 3% to all MSME manufacturer exporters. Fund Limitation: The scheme is now fund-limited, with the benefit to individual exporters capped at Rs 10 Crore per annum per IEC (Import Export Code). Bank Rate Cap: Banks lending to exporters at an average rate of more than Repo + 4% are debarred under the scheme. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 June 2024

CONTENTS DRDO Transfers MR-MOCR to Indian Navy Bhuvan Panchayat geoportal 4.0  DRDO Transfers MR-MOCR to Indian Navy Context: Recently, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) handed over the Medium Range-Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket (MR-MOCR) to the Indian Navy at a ceremony held in New Delhi. Relevance: About Microwave Obscurant Chaff Rocket: Development: Developed by DRDO’s Defence Laboratory in Jodhpur, India. Purpose: The MOC technology aims to obscure radar signals by creating a microwave shield around platforms and assets, thus reducing radar detection. Mechanism: Utilizes special fibres with a diameter of a few micrometers and unique microwave obscuration properties. When fired, the rocket forms a microwave obscurant cloud in space that spreads over a sufficient area with adequate persistence time, creating an effective shield against hostile threats with Radio Frequency seekers. Variants: DRDO has developed three variants: Short Range Chaff Rocket (SRCR), Medium Range Chaff Rocket (MRCR), and Long Range Chaff Rocket (LRCR). Testing Phases: Phase-I Trials: Successfully conducted from Indian Navy ships, demonstrating the blooming and persistence of the MOC cloud in space. Phase-II Trials: Demonstrated and cleared by the Indian Navy, achieving a Radar Cross Section (RCS) reduction of an aerial target by 90 per cent. Bhuvan Panchayat geoportal 4.0 Context: The Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology will launch two Geoportals, Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0) and the National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM Ver. 5.0), on 28th June in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About Bhuvan Panchayat Geoportal 4.0: Purpose: An online platform for geospatial data and services to support the integration of space-based information into governance and research initiatives, extending to Gram Panchayat level planning. Development: Developed by the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) under ISRO. Features: Enables visualization, analysis, and sharing of web map service (WMS) services for all thematic data products generated at a 1:10,000 scale under the Space-based Information Support for Decentralized Planning (SISDP) project. What is the National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM) Portal? Purpose: Provides a comprehensive, uniform, structured, multi-scale geospatial database for situational assessment and effective decision-making during disasters or emergency situations. Functionality: Acts as a national-level geo-portal to offer space-based information amalgamated with DSS tools and services of disaster forecasting organizations. Facilitates value addition by addressing all natural disasters in all phases for effective Disaster Risk Reduction in the country. Will serve as a Disaster Recovery and Data Provider node for the Integrated Control Room for Emergency Response (ICR-ER) being established by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), New Delhi.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 June 2024

CONTENTS Are Heatwaves Natural Disasters? Empowering India’s Electronic Vehicle Sector Are Heatwaves Natural Disasters? Context: North India has currently experienced the longest heatwave in the past 15 years. According to data from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, at least 100 people have died from heat-related illnesses between March 1 and June 18 across India, although this number is likely underreported. The significant death toll has reignited the debate about classifying heatwaves as natural disasters. Relevance: GS3- Disaster Management Mains Question: Indian states have appealed to the Finance Commission to expand the scope of natural calamities eligible for disaster funds to include heatwaves. In this context, discuss the rationale behind classification of heatwaves as natural disasters and scrutinise the mechanisms in place to deal with heatwaves. (15 Marks, 250 Words). Responding to Natural Disasters: The National Disaster Management Act (NDMA) is the principal legislation that outlines the responsibilities of the central and state governments in responding to natural disasters. The Ministry of Home Affairs oversees the implementation of this act. Various disaster management authorities derive their powers from this legislation, which also specifies the natural calamities eligible for state-backed compensation. Additionally, the NDMA has established special funds at both the state and central levels for disaster response. Currently, the Guidelines on Constitution and Administration of the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) and National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) recognize 12 types of disasters: cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorm, landslide, avalanche, cloudburst, pest attack, frost, and cold waves. Inclusion of Heatwaves: Heatwaves are not included, a decision influenced by a government body not affiliated with the NDMA. States have appealed to the Finance Commission to expand the scope of natural calamities eligible for disaster funds to include heatwaves. The 15th Finance Commission, the constitutional body responsible for deciding the revenue sharing between the Centre and States, had noted in its report that the current list of notified disasters eligible for funding from the SDRF and NDRF largely meets the needs of the States. As a result, it did not support expanding the list. States have appealed to the Finance Commission to include more natural calamities, such as heatwaves, in the list to become eligible for additional funds. According to the existing guidelines, a State Government can allocate up to 10% of the annual SDRF funds, under certain conditions, for immediate relief to victims of natural disasters that are not among the 12 listed but are considered disasters in the local context. Consequently, compensation for heatwave victims, as confirmed by State authorities, is drawn from this allocation. The 16th Finance Commission, led by economist Arvind Panagariya, may review new requests from States. Are Heatwave Deaths Rising in India? According to the National Crime Records Bureau, heatwave-related deaths in India have decreased from 1,127 in 2017 to 374 in 2021, with these deaths classified as ‘accidental.’ In 2022, 33 deaths were reported, none in 2023, and at least 100 confirmed this year.  Despite fewer deaths compared to the 1,100 deaths in Andhra Pradesh in 2016, longer heatwave spells are becoming more frequent. State health departments are responsible for providing information to the Centre on heatwave-related illnesses and deaths. Classifying heatwave deaths is challenging as they often occur due to the combined impact of high temperatures and pre-existing conditions like cardiovascular disease or hypertension. Additionally, definitions of a heatwave vary. While temperatures above 45 degrees Celsius are typically considered heatwave conditions, it can also mean temperatures 4.5 degrees or more above normal for a location. For example, Himalayan States reporting mid-30s temperatures may consider these heatwaves as they are significantly above normal, though no official heat-related deaths have been reported in these areas.  Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana, Gujarat, and Rajasthan usually report the most casualties from heat each year. Although there are medical guidelines to help doctors confirm or rule out heatwave illnesses, their application is often inconsistent. Conclusion: It is important to recognize that heatwaves are complex phenomena influenced by multiple factors. Their occurrence and intensity can vary between regions due to the interplay of these contributing elements. With the increasing frequency of heatwaves, State, district, and city authorities have developed heat action plans (HAPs).  The NDMA and the India Meteorological Department are collaborating with 23 States to create HAPs, which provide a snapshot of a region’s heat profile, including past heatwave events, trends in summer maximum temperatures, land surface temperatures, and vulnerability assessments. These assessments identify regions needing immediate attention and outline a response plan. Empowering India’s Electronic Vehicle Sector Context: The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in India is still in its early stages. Research from S&P Global Ratings indicates that the EV penetration rate in India was only 1.1% in 2022, compared to the Asian average of 17.3%. The EV ecosystem needs additional support in its early stages, and the government has a vital role to play. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies & Interventions GS3- Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology Mobilization of Resources Mains Question: Why does India need to accelerate its EV adoption? What are the challenges in this regard and what can be done to overcome them? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Rationale for Accelerating EV Adoption: Transport emissions in Indian cities are rapidly increasing, with road transport accounting for about 87% of the total emissions. Coupled with the aggressive shift towards renewable power generation, EVs can substantially reduce transport-related pollution at both local and national levels. Additionally, transportation is the third-largest energy consumer and the largest consumer of oil fuels, responsible for 70% of diesel and 99.6% of petrol consumption. With India importing about 80% of its oil, and crude oil prices being highly susceptible to global geopolitical tensions, decarbonizing transportation can mitigate risks to the country’s energy security. The EV Market in India: The Indian EV market is experiencing swift expansion, with EV sales increasing by more than 45% in 2024 despite regulatory changes. Total EV registrations exceeded 1.5 million units by the end of 2023, a notable rise from just over 1 million the previous year. This growth in registrations has boosted India’s overall EV market penetration to 6.3%, showing considerable progress in EV adoption. Indian automakers are making significant investments in electrification, motivated by the government’s plan to gradually phase out subsidies. Challenges for EVs: High Initial Cost: The upfront cost of purchasing an electric vehicle is higher compared to conventional vehicles, making them less affordable for many potential buyers and limiting the demand for EVs. This cost disparity is mainly due to the expensive battery technology used in EVs. Limited Charging Infrastructure: In India, charging infrastructure is still in its early development stages and is mostly concentrated in major cities. The lack of a widespread and robust charging network makes it inconvenient for EV owners, especially those living in apartments or without dedicated parking spaces. Range Anxiety: Range anxiety, the fear of running out of battery charge while driving, is a significant challenge for EV adoption. Despite improvements in EV ranges, there is still a perception that EVs may not provide sufficient range for long-distance travel, particularly in a country with vast distances like India. Additionally, EV batteries degrade over time, which can reduce their range. Battery Technology and Supply Chain: Producing lithium-ion batteries, a key component of EVs, requires specific minerals and rare earth elements. India currently relies heavily on imports for battery manufacturing, leading to supply chain challenges. Moreover, the charging time for EVs is longer than the refueling time for conventional vehicles, affecting their convenience and usability. Limited Model Options: The availability of electric vehicle models in India is relatively limited compared to conventional vehicles. The market needs more options across various segments, including affordable EVs, to cater to diverse consumer preferences and requirements. Way Forward: Role of Governments in this Regard: Governments play a crucial role in promoting the mainstream adoption of EV technology in the motor vehicle sector. Over time, the competitiveness of new technologies compared to existing ones increases due to established supply chains, economies of scale, consumer preference, and improved performance and maturity. However, relying solely on market forces to transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to EVs is unrealistic. Localizing Production: Electrification also offers India a chance to enhance its position in the global automotive value chain. By localizing production for domestic EV consumption and developing cost-effective solutions in niche areas for outsourcing, India can strategically develop its EV sector and seize this unique opportunity. The Indian government has supported transport electrification through several initiatives, including the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME) schemes (I and II) , reducing the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on EVs to 5%, and offering an income tax exemption of up to INR 150,000 on interest payments for EV loans. Additionally, the new Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024, with a budget of Rs 500 crore, provides subsidies for adopting and manufacturing e-2-wheelers and e-3-wheelers. Further support includes various guidelines and notifications on EV charging standards, delicensing EV charging services, capping EV tariffs for charging infrastructure, model Development Control Regulations (DCR) and building codes for EV charging, and green license plates for EVs. The early success of e-mobility in India is largely due to a supportive policy environment at both the national and state levels. Out of 36 states and Union Territories, 26 have released EV policies in the last five years, with 16 of them being released between 2020 and 2022. Here are seven policy recommendations and subsidies needed in the EV MSME sector: Reduced Taxation & Duties: To make EV manufacturing more competitive, it’s crucial to implement tax breaks or reduced import duties on raw materials, components, and EV-specific parts imported by MSMEs. Infrastructure Development Support: Provide subsidies or tax incentives to MSMEs involved in setting up EV charging infrastructure. This could encourage more investment in charging stations, particularly in remote or underserved areas. Production-Linked Incentives: Introduce production-linked incentives (PLI) for EV MSMEs. These incentives could be based on achieving specific production milestones, thereby encouraging scale and efficiency. Promote Research and Development: Encourage MSMEs in the EV sector to engage in research and development by offering grants, subsidies, or tax incentives for innovative projects and technologies aimed at improving EV components, systems, and manufacturing processes. Facilitate Access to Finance: Establish dedicated funds or financial institutions to provide low-interest loans, venture capital, or grants specifically tailored for EV MSMEs to invest in infrastructure, technology adoption, and capacity expansion. Export Promotion: Offer incentives and support programs to help EV MSMEs tap into international markets. This could include assistance with export promotion, market research, participation in trade fairs, and overcoming trade barriers. Collaborative Initiatives with OEMs: Encourage partnerships and collaborations between EV MSMEs and established Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Provide incentives for OEMs to source components from MSMEs. Conclusion: Decisive and urgent action is necessary to achieve the target of 30% electric vehicles by 2030 in India. Formulating and notifying an EV policy is just one piece of a larger puzzle.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 29 June 2024

CONTENTS Record High Cotton Consumption SEBI’s New Directives and Regulations Inclusion of Indian Government Bonds in JP Morgan Indices Call for Poverty Line Review Ethanol Motor Neuron Diseases Rhisotope Project Record High Cotton Consumption Context: The data recently released by the Ministry of Textiles shows that cotton consumption by the textile industry from October 2023 to September 2024 is one of the highest seen in this decade. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About Cotton Cultivation Issues in the Cotton Sector in India Way Forward Key Facts About Cotton Cultivation: Significance and Production: Cotton is a crucial commercial crop in India, representing about 25% of the global cotton production. Often referred to as “White-Gold” due to its economic value. Approximately 67% of India’s cotton is cultivated in rain-fed regions, while 33% is grown in irrigated areas. Climatic and Soil Requirements: Requires a hot and sunny climate with a long frost-free period. Thrives in warm and humid conditions. Grows well in various soil types: well-drained deep alluvial soils in the north, black clayey soils in the central region, and mixed black and red soils in the south. Sensitive to waterlogging despite some tolerance to salinity. Types of Cotton: Hybrid Cotton: Created by crossing two parent strains with different genetic traits, often occurring naturally through open-pollination. Bt Cotton: A genetically modified variety that is pest-resistant. Global and National Production: As of November 2023, India is the leading cotton producer globally, followed by China and the United States. The Central Zone (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh) is the largest producing region for 2022-23. Issues in the Cotton Sector in India: Pest Infestation: Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) has historically been a major pest, affecting yield and quality. Continuous cultivation of Bt hybrids has led to resistance in PBW populations. Agricultural Challenges: Unpredictable cotton production due to factors like limited irrigation, declining soil fertility, and erratic weather patterns. Predominantly small-scale farmers with limited access to modern farming technologies. Market constraints compel many farmers to sell their produce at low prices to intermediaries. Way Forward: Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Adoption of IPM strategies to reduce pesticide dependency through natural controls, trap crops, and beneficial insects. Enhancing Yield: Promoting best practices like High-Density Planting Systems (HDPS) through initiatives like the Large-Scale Demonstrations Project under NFSM. Modernization and Efficiency: Utilizing schemes like the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) and Mega Textile Parks (MITRA) to upgrade ginning, spinning, and weaving facilities. Financial Security: Implementing a revised MSP formula (1.5 times the cost of production) based on NITI Aayog recommendations to ensure fair returns for farmers. Market Improvements: Establishing robust procurement systems, price stabilization funds, and standardized cotton grading mechanisms to ensure better prices for farmers. Initiatives like “Kasturi Cotton” to create a distinct identity for Indian cotton, ensuring quality assurance and traceability to attract premium prices and build international trust. -Source: The Hindu SEBI’s New Directives and Regulations Context: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the market regulator, has instructed brokers and mutual funds to cease using unregulated financial influencers for marketing and advertising purposes. In its regulatory update, SEBI has also introduced a fixed price process for delisting frequently traded shares and established a delisting framework specifically for Investment and Holding Companies (IHC). Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: New Rules by SEBI What are Finfluencers? New Rules by SEBI Regulations on Financial Influencers: Brokers and mutual funds are now prohibited from employing unregulated financial influencers for marketing and advertising purposes. Financial influencers focused on investor education are exempt from these restrictions. Regulated entities must ensure that associated individuals comply with SEBI’s conduct rules, including avoiding assurances of guaranteed returns. Derivative Products Criteria: SEBI has introduced new criteria to determine eligible stocks for derivative products like futures and options. The total number of stocks eligible for derivative trading is expected to slightly increase. Changes to Delisting Rules: The regulator has eased delisting processes, making it simpler for companies to exit stock exchanges. Currently, delisting is done via reverse book-building, primarily used by companies wanting to delist their shares from a stock exchange. The aim is to find the exit price at which shareholders are willing to sell their shares back to the company or promoters. Companies can now offer shareholders fixed prices for shares as an alternative to reverse book-building. The fixed price must be at least 15% above a floor price set by the regulator. Financial disincentives for managing directors and chief technology officers of exchanges and other market infrastructure institutions (MIIs) will be removed in case of technical glitches. What are Finfluencers? Definition: Finfluencers are individuals with public social media platforms sharing advice and personal experiences about money and stock investments. Their content often includes budgeting, investing, property buying, cryptocurrency advice, and financial trend tracking. Popularity and Earnings: Finfluencers have large subscriber counts, often surpassing leading broking firms. Successful finfluencers can earn between Rs 15 lakh to Rs 30 lakh per month. The low entry barriers in this field expose it to potential bad actors and questionable advice. Rise of Unregistered Advisors: There’s been a significant increase in unregistered investment advisors giving unsolicited stock tips on social media. This rise is linked to India’s low financial literacy rate of 27% and the influx of new investors during the Covid-19 pandemic. The democratization of trading through new-age broking apps and affordable smartphones has driven first-time investors to seek guidance from finfluencers. A lack of financial education and insufficient market updates from business news channels have created a space filled by finfluencers. Concerns and Criticism: Reports indicate that some companies use social media platforms to boost share prices through finfluencers. Online claims suggest finfluencers receive Rs 7 to 9 lakh per endorsement to promote financial products. Key concerns include: The educational or professional qualifications of finfluencers to offer financial advice. The nature of monetary transactions between finfluencers and the entities they promote. Criticism: Critics argue that finfluencers provide advice under the Freedom of Expression guaranteed by the Constitution. Followers are not compelled to act on finfluencer recommendations. The practice of celebrities endorsing products without expertise, while accepting payment, is highlighted as a parallel. Critics believe regulating finfluencers would be improper in this context. -Source: Indian Express Inclusion of Indian Government Bonds in JP Morgan Indices Context: The inclusion of Indian Government Bonds (IGBs) in JP Morgan’s emerging markets bond indices will commence from Friday (June 28) and will be spread over 10 months until March 31, 2025. This move is estimated to bring nearly $20-25 billion into the country. While the inflow will aid in managing India’s external finances and bolster foreign exchange reserves and the rupee, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) will need to deploy various measures to address potential inflationary pressures. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: JP Morgan’s Announcement Eligible Indian Government Bonds Expected Inflows to India Impact of Bond Inclusion Concerns for RBI Inclusion in Other Global Indexes JP Morgan’s Announcement Initial Announcement: In September of last year, JP Morgan announced that it would include Indian Government Bonds (IGBs) in its emerging markets bond index starting from June 2024. This decision followed the 2023 index governance review. India’s Weight in the Index Expected Weight: India is projected to attain a maximum weight of 10 percent in the GBI-EM Global Diversified Index (GBI-EM GD). This higher allocation is expected to attract global investors to allocate more funds towards Indian debt, with analysts predicting monthly inflows of $2-3 billion. Eligible Indian Government Bonds Eligibility Criteria: JP Morgan mentioned that 23 IGBs meet the index eligibility criteria, with a combined notional value of approximately Rs 27 lakh crore ($330 billion). Specific Route: Only IGBs designated under the Fully Accessible Route (FAR) are index-eligible. Introduced by the RBI in March 2020, the FAR allows non-residents to invest in specified Government of India securities. Criteria for Inclusion: Eligible instruments must have a notional outstanding amount above $1 billion and at least 2.5 years remaining maturity. Initially, only FAR-designated IGBs maturing after December 31, 2026, will be considered for eligibility. New FAR-designated IGBs issued during the phase-in period will also be included. Expected Inflows to India Projected Inflows: Economists estimate that India may receive $2 billion to $2.5 billion monthly during the 10-month inclusion period starting June 28, 2024. This would total between $20 billion and $25 billion. Current Inflows: An HSBC report noted that IGBs have already seen $10.4 billion in inflows since the announcement on September 21, 2023. A significant portion of inflows is expected to materialize with benchmark issues. Impact of Bond Inclusion Market Impact: According to Madhavi Arora, Lead Economist at Emkay Global Financial Services, this move could lead to fresh active flows in the debt market, which remains underpenetrated on external financing. Benefits: This inclusion is expected to lower risk premiums, aid in financing India’s fiscal and current account deficit (CAD), and enhance the liquidity and ownership base of government securities (G-secs). Current Account Balance: India’s current account balance recorded a surplus of $5.7 billion, or 0.6 percent of GDP, in the January-March 2024 quarter, compared to a current account deficit of $1.3 billion, or 0.2 percent of GDP, a year earlier. Rating Agency View: Fitch Ratings suggested that the inclusion of Indian sovereign bonds in key emerging-market bond indexes could diversify the investor base for Indian government securities, potentially lowering funding costs and fostering the development of domestic capital markets. Direct positive effects on India’s credit profile are expected to be marginal in the near term. Concerns for RBI Inflation Concerns: While higher inflows will strengthen the rupee, inflation could increase due to the RBI’s need to mop up dollars and release an equivalent amount in rupees. RBI’s Preparedness: RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das stated that the central bank has several instruments to manage flow surges, emphasizing that such situations have been effectively managed in the past. Inclusion in Other Global Indexes Bloomberg’s Announcement: Following JP Morgan’s announcement, Bloomberg reported in March that Indian government bonds would be included in the Bloomberg Emerging Market (EM) Local Currency Government Index and related indices starting January 31, 2025. Weight in Bloomberg Index: Indian FAR bonds will initially be included with a weight of 10 percent of their full market value on January 31, 2025. Scope for Inclusion: The indices include the Bloomberg EM Local Currency Government Index, the Bloomberg EM Local Currency Government Index 10% Country Capped Index, and all related sub-indices. -Source: Indian Express, Times of India Call for Poverty Line Review Context: Recently, PM’s Economic Advisory Council (PMEAC) chief Bibek Debroy pitched for a review of India’s official poverty line and suggested analyzing inequality at the state level. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is the Status of Poverty in India? What is the Status of Inequality in India? Way Forward What is the Status of Poverty in India? Definition and Global Benchmark: Poverty refers to a condition where people lack financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. In September 2022, the World Bank set the International Poverty line at USD 2.15 (using 2017 prices), considering anyone living on less than this amount as living in extreme poverty. Poverty Estimation in India: Tendulkar Committee (2005): Reassessed poverty estimation methods, reporting 41.8% rural, 25.7% urban, and 37.2% pan-India poverty rate for 2004-05. Rangarajan Committee (2012): Defined poverty as living on less than Rs 47/day in urban areas and Rs 32/day in rural areas. Estimated higher poverty levels (19% higher in rural areas and 41% higher in urban areas) compared to the Tendulkar Committee. Need for a New Official Poverty Line in India: The current poverty line is based on outdated data and methods from the Tendulkar Committee (2005). Inconsistencies: World Bank’s 2022 report: 56 million more poor in India in 2020 due to the pandemic. Pew Research Institute (2021): Indian poor increased by 75 million. India has not officially acknowledged the impact of the pandemic or economic shocks from demonetization (2016) and GST (2017). Accuracy Issues: Lack of comprehensive consumption and inflation data. Reliance on survey-based data rather than actual consumption metrics. Issues in India’s statistical system and ineffective communication by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). What is the Status of Inequality in India? Inequality Definition: Refers to the unequal distribution of income and opportunities among different groups in society. Measuring Inequality: Gini Coefficient: Measures income, wealth, or consumption inequality within a nation. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while 1 implies perfect inequality. According to the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2022-23, the Gini coefficient decreased from 0.283 to 0.266 in rural areas and from 0.363 to 0.314 in urban areas. Way Forward Develop a comprehensive communication plan to keep stakeholders and the public informed about MoSPI’s activities. Conduct periodic reviews of data collection methods to ensure relevance and accuracy. Expand data collection to include emerging issues like digital economy metrics, environmental statistics, and social welfare indicators. Form consultative committees with academia, industry, and civil society representatives for feedback on statistical methods. Implement mechanisms for public feedback on MoSPI’s publications and activities to ensure continuous improvement. -Source: The Hindu Ethanol Context: Recently, India has achieved higher ethanol production from grains, particularly maize, surpassing that from sugar-based feedstock. Relevance: GS-III: Environment and Ecology, GS-III: Industry and Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: What is Ethanol fuel? What is ethanol blending? Advantages of Ethanol Blending Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 What is Ethanol fuel? Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline. Ethanol is commonly made from biomass such as corn or sugarcane. Bioethanol is a form of renewable energy that can be produced from agricultural feedstocks. It can be made from very common crops such as hemp, sugarcane, potato, cassava and corn. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol is in replacing gasoline. Concerns about its production and use relate to increased food prices due to the large amount of arable land required for crops, as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn. What is ethanol blending? Blending ethanol with petrol to burn less fossil fuel while running vehicles is called ethanol blending. Ethanol is an agricultural by-product which is mainly obtained from the processing of sugar from sugarcane, but also from other sources such as rice husk or maize. Currently, 10% of the petrol that powers your vehicle is ethanol. Though we have had an E10 — or 10% ethanol as policy for a while, it is only this year that we have achieved that proportion. India’s aim is to increase this ratio to 20% originally by 2030 but in 2021, when NITI Aayog put out the ethanol roadmap, that deadline was advanced to 2025. Ethanol blending will help bring down our share of oil imports (almost 85%) on which we spend a considerable amount of our precious foreign exchange. Secondly, more ethanol output would help increase farmers’ incomes. The NITI Aayog report of June 2021 says, “India’s net import of petroleum was 185 million tonnes at a cost of $55 billion in 2020-21,” and that a successful ethanol blending programme can save the country $4 billion per annum.  What are first generation and second generation ethanols? With an aim to augment ethanol supplies, the government has allowed procurement of ethanol produced from other sources besides molasses — which is first generation ethanol or 1G. Other than molasses, ethanol can be extracted from materials such as rice straw, wheat straw, corn cobs, corn stover, bagasse, bamboo and woody biomass, which are second generation ethanol sources or 2G. Advantages of Ethanol Blending Use of ethanol-blended petrol decreases emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The unregulated carbonyl emissions, such as acetaldehyde emission were, however, higher with E10 and E20 compared to normal petrol. However, these emissions were relatively lower. Increased use of ethanol can help reduce the oil import bill. India’s net import cost stands at USD 551 billion in 2020-21. The E20 program can save the country USD 4 billion (Rs 30,000 crore) per annum. The oil companies procure ethanol from farmers that benefits the sugarcane farmers. Further, the government plans to encourage use of water-saving crops, such as maize, to produce ethanol, and production of ethanol from non-food feedstock. Ethanol Blended Petrol Programme (EBP) Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was launched in 2003- and this initiative is pursued aggressively in the last 4 to 5 years to reduce import dependence of crude oil as well as mitigate environmental pollution. The Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) seeks to achieve blending of Ethanol with motor sprit with a view to reducing pollution, conserve foreign exchange and increase value addition in the sugar industry enabling them to clear cane price arrears of farmers. Although the Government of India decided to launch EBP programme in 2003 for supply of 5% ethanol blended Petrol, it later scaled up blending targets from 5% to 10% under the Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP). The Government of India has also advanced the target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol (also called E20) to 2025 from 2030. Currently, 8.5% of ethanol is blended with petrol in India. Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 The central government has released an expert committee report on the Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 that proposes a gradual rollout of ethanol-blended fuel to achieve E10 fuel supply by April 2022 and phased rollout of E20 from April 2023 to April 2025. The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) had instituted an Expert Group to study the issues such as pricing of ethanol, matching pace of the automobile industry to manufacture vehicles with new engines with the supply of ethanol, pricing of such vehicles, fuel efficiency of different engines etc. How have other countries fared? Though the U.S., China, Canada and Brazil all have ethanol blending programmes, as a developing country, Brazil stands out.  It had legislated that the ethanol content in petrol should be in the 18-27.5% range, and it finally touched the 27% target in 2021. -Source: Live Mint Motor Neuron Diseases Context: The annual conference on MND ‘Awareness, Care, and Management’ held at Nimhans, Bengaluru, stated that symptomatic and supportive treatments help manage the condition better. Relevance: GS II: Health Motor Neuron Diseases (MNDs): Definition: MNDs are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy motor neurons, the cells that control skeletal muscle activity such as walking, breathing, speaking, and swallowing. Motor neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord and they help control muscle movements. Age of Onset: MND can appear at any age, but symptoms usually appear after the age of 50 years. Symptoms: Early signs include weakness and slurred speech, eventually leading to paralysis. It affects more males than females. Causes: The exact cause is unknown. It is believed to be caused by a combination of environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Most cases develop without an obvious cause. Around 1 in 10 cases is ‘familial’, meaning the condition is inherited due to a genetic mutation or an error in the gene. Types of Diseases Included: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Progressive bulbar palsy Primary lateral sclerosis Progressive muscular atrophy Spinal muscular atrophy Kennedy’s disease Post-polio syndrome Most Common Type: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Affects both upper and lower motor neurons. Impacts muscles of the arms, legs, mouth, and respiratory system. On average, people with ALS live for 3–5 years after diagnosis, but with supportive care, some live for 10 years or longer. Treatment: There is no cure or standard treatment for MNDs. Symptomatic and supportive treatment can help people be more comfortable while maintaining their quality of life. -Source: The Hindu Rhisotope Project Context: Recently, South African scientists injected radioactive material into live rhinoceros horns under the Rhisotope Project to curb poaching. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Rhisotope Project: Initiation and Location: Launched in 2021 in South Africa. Objective: To enhance the detectability of rhinoceros horns at border posts and make them unusable for human consumption. Methodology: Insertion of two small radioactive chips into the horns of 20 rhinos. Use of low-dose radioactive material designed to be detectable by radiation sensors at international borders, ensuring no harm to the animals or the environment. Spraying of 11,000 microdots on each treated horn for further identification. Effectiveness: The radioactive material is expected to last for five years, providing a more cost-effective solution compared to dehorning every 18 months. Scientists will conduct follow-up blood samples to ensure the rhinoceroses are adequately protected. Context: South Africa hosts the majority of the world’s rhinos and is facing a severe poaching crisis fueled by demand from Asia, where rhino horns are used in traditional medicine. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 June 2024

CONTENTS India Africa Postal Leaders Meet Exercise HOPEX India Africa Postal Leaders Meet Context: Recently, with the aim of strengthening ties among the administrations of African countries and India in the postal sector, the ‘India Africa Postal Leaders Meet’ was organised in India. Relevance: GS II: International Relations India Africa Postal Leaders Meet Objective: Aimed at enhancing cooperation and strengthening ties between the postal administrations of African countries and India. Initiative: Part of the “South-South and Triangular Cooperation” program of the Universal Postal Union. Organized with the support of India Post and the United States Postal Service. Key Theme: Focus on capacity building through study visits. Activities: India Post showcased its services including: E-commerce parcel delivery. Dak Niryat Kendras. Financial services by India Post Payments Bank. Aadhaar enabled services. Passport services. Digital Life Certificate. Significance: The meet aligns with India’s farsighted initiatives such as: Voice of Global South Summit. India-Africa Forum. Inclusion of the African Union in the G20 during India’s Presidency in 2023. Participation: Attended by 42 heads of postal administrations and senior management personnel from the postal organizations of 22 African countries in the Global South. Exercise HOPEX Context: Exercise HOPEX is the fourth joint exercise of IAF (Indian Air Force) and EAF (Egyptian Air Force) which was held in Egypt from 21 to 26 June. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About Exercise HOPEX Nature of Exercise: The fourth joint exercise between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Egyptian Air Force (EAF). Held in Egypt from 21 to 26 June. Objectives: Aimed at enhancing bilateral and regional cooperation. Symbolizes the long-standing relations between India and Egypt. Participants: Indian Air Force’s Rafale fighter jets. C-17 Globemaster and IL-78 tankers. India and Egypt Relationship Historical Background: Diplomatic relations established on 18 August 1947 at the ambassadorial level. Both nations are founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement and have cooperated closely in multilateral forums. Milestone: Celebrated the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2022, highlighting the depth and strength of their bilateral ties.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 June 2024

CONTENTS It is Time for India to Reclaim its Voice on Tibet Venture Capital and Private Equity Drive Growth Globally It is Time for India to Reclaim its Voice on Tibet Context: The visit of a delegation of U.S. lawmakers to Dharamshala clearly signaled its purpose. This delegation arrived just days after the ‘Promoting a Resolution to the Tibet-China Dispute Act’ passed in both Houses of the U.S. Congress and awaited President Joe Biden’s signature. The delegation included both Democrat and Republican co-authors of the Bill, invited by the Central Tibetan Administration, which oversees the affairs of the global Tibetan diaspora, for a special facilitation. Relevance: GS2- India and its Neighborhood- Relations Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests Mains Question: India must avoid ceding the centre stage in its own region on foreign policy and on Tibet issues. Discuss in the context of the recent visit of a delegation of U.S. lawmakers to Dharamshala. (10 Marks, 150 Words). New Delhi’s Stand: Under these circumstances, New Delhi was undoubtedly aware of the speeches they would deliver, condemning China for its repression of the Tibetan people, advocating for the resumption of talks between the Dalai Lama’s representatives and Beijing that were halted in 2010, and calling for a Free Tibet. Former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi stated, “This bill sends a message to the Chinese government that we are clear in our stance on this issue, for the freedom of Tibet. [The Dalai Lama’s] legacy will endure forever, but you, the President of China, will eventually be forgotten and credited for nothing.” Weakness, not Strength: While the sharp tone of these comments and the presence of U.S. officials and lawmakers in Dharamshala are not unprecedented, this marks the first public rally of its kind held in India in recent years. India’s External Affairs Minister hosted the delegation for a late dinner on the same evening as the rally, and the Prime Minister met with them the following day, suggesting that New Delhi’s decision was carefully considered. Some view this as a significant message from New Delhi to Beijing amid ongoing tensions, especially concerning efforts to resolve the military standoff along the Line of Actual Control since the deadly 2020 Galwan clash. However, New Delhi’s choice to allow American politicians to prominently address the Tibetan refugee community in India to promote a U.S. law and advocate U.S. policy does not demonstrate strength; rather, it could be perceived as a sign of weakness. It also poses the risk of losing control over a meticulously crafted foreign policy narrative concerning Tibet. India has refrained from publicly expressing concerns about the treatment of Tibetans, contrasting with its actions since 1959—providing refuge to the Dalai Lama and allowing Tibetan refugees  to settle in India, actions that speak volumes. Even today, Tibetans continue to cross the Himalayas seeking sanctuary in India. Often, parents send only their children, fearing the future implications of Tibet’s educational curriculum being aligned more closely with mainland China’s system, enforced rigorously by the Chinese Communist Party. Given India’s own sensitivities regarding sovereignty and territorial integrity, New Delhi has developed its own approach to the Tibet issue and its relations with China. Since 1954, India has “recognized” the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) as part of the People’s Republic of China. Since 2010, India has refrained from articulating a ‘One China’ policy or discussing Tibet in official statements due to China’s actions, including its disregard for India’s territorial integrity by renaming places in Arunachal Pradesh and issuing stapled visas to residents of Jammu and Kashmir. Despite China’s accusations labeling the Dalai Lama as a “separatist” or “splittist,” India maintains that he is a revered spiritual leader. Additionally, India does not officially recognize the Tibetan Government in Exile or the Parliament in Exile as more than organizational bodies for the Tibetan community, both within India and abroad. Although the Indian Prime Minister invited the Tibetan Sikyong (elected leader) to his swearing-in ceremony in 2014, he did not extend the same invitation in 2019 or this year. In 2018, a government circular reminded officials of India’s policy, advising them not to attend events commemorating the 60th year since the Dalai Lama’s flight to India. New Delhi has become more sensitive to such issues, as evidenced by its objections to U.S. Ambassadors visiting Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and the platform given to political or extremist Khalistani separatist rallies and referendums in the U.S., U.K., Canada, and Australia. Moving out of the Picture: If the government intends to adopt a more strident position on Tibet similar to that of the U.S., then Indian officials and leaders should have made the statements addressed to Tibetans in Dharamshala, where U.S. lawmakers spoke and were met with waving U.S. flags (with far fewer Indian flags in sight). The redundancy of allowing the U.S. delegation to speak is underscored by the fact that the Dalai Lama traveled to the U.S. for medical treatment just days after their visit, meaning the U.S. lawmakers could have met him in Washington, DC instead. The main issue with allowing U.S. leaders to direct messages at Beijing from India, and then having Beijing respond directly, is that India is being sidelined in a matter where it has historically been the most significant external player. This situation is similar to India’s challenges in other parts of South Asia, including the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and the Indian Ocean islands, where its influence is being eroded by growing U.S.-China rivalries. Conclusion: With the U.S. giving the Karmapa a home and accepting more Tibetan refugees, and China tightening its control over Tibetan Buddhist monasteries  in the TAR, India must reconsider the future of its own policy, particularly regarding the Dalai Lama’s succession. New Delhi must act decisively to reclaim its voice and control over its policy narrative, avoiding being overshadowed by other nations. Venture Capital and Private Equity Drive Growth Globally Context: In recent years, venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) have become significant drivers of global innovation and economic growth. This trend marks a crucial transformation in the financial sector, reshaping industries and promoting entrepreneurship in unprecedented ways. Relevance: GS3- Growth and Development Mains Question: Venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) reshape industries and foster entrepreneurship, marking a pragmatic shift in the global financial landscape. Discuss. (15 Marks, 250 Words). About Venture Capital and Private Equity: Venture capital and private equity are distinct forms of financial support utilized by companies at different stages of development. Private equity involves substantial investments in established companies, whereas venture capital typically involves smaller investments in early-stage companies led by new entrepreneurs who are pursuing innovative ideas and face high risks. Venture capital refers to funding provided by individuals or investors to startups or small companies aiming to introduce new concepts and led by fresh entrepreneurs. These companies often cannot secure funding through public means and rely on venture capital instead. Despite the high risk involved, venture capital firms support businesses in their initial stages before potential public offerings. This funding method is popular for raising capital beyond traditional options such as bank loans or debt instruments, with investors known as venture capitalists providing equity capital. On the other hand, private equity entails investments made by companies or investors into privately held firms that are not listed on stock exchanges. High-net-worth firms or individuals typically make these investments, often acquiring shares of private companies or taking public companies private to delist them from stock exchanges. Private equity firms focus on acquiring existing companies and helping them grow and expand, making this sector an integral part of financial services and an attractive funding avenue. Venture capital, which specializes in funding early-stage startups with high growth potential, has seen significant growth fueled by technological progress and changing consumer preferences. Startups utilizing technologies like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, fintech, and sustainable energy are now prime investment targets. Significance of these Funds: These funds not only provide essential capital for research, development, and market expansion but also help entrepreneurs rapidly scale their innovations and disrupt traditional industries. At the same time, private equity has expanded its focus beyond traditional areas to include sectors such as healthcare, education, consumer goods, and infrastructure. PE firms generally invest in established companies seeking growth opportunities or undergoing strategic transformations. By injecting capital, enhancing operational efficiencies, and offering strategic guidance, PE firms play a crucial role in improving competitiveness, increasing market reach, and driving sustainable value creation. Several key factors have contributed to the robust growth of VC and PE investments: Advancements in Technology: Advances in technologies like cloud computing, big data analytics, and blockchain have fundamentally transformed business models and accelerated cycles of innovation. These breakthroughs have reduced entry barriers for startups and empowered established firms to thrive in a digital-centric economy, making them appealing targets for PE investments aimed at optimizing operations and boosting profitability. Globalization and Market Reach: Increasing interconnectedness has facilitated cross-border investments, enabling VC and PE firms to diversify their investment portfolios and access emerging markets with significant growth potential. This global expansion not only expands investment opportunities but also introduces companies to new markets, customers, and strategic alliances, fueling scalability and growth. Shift in Consumer Preferences: Changing consumer preferences towards sustainability, digital solutions, and personalized experiences have driven demand for inventive products and services. VC-backed startups are leading the charge in meeting these evolving demands, disrupting traditional sectors and creating fresh market opportunities. Supportive Regulatory Environment: Favorable regulatory frameworks and government policies aimed at promoting innovation, entrepreneurship, and capital formation have played a pivotal role in facilitating VC and PE investments. These policies incentivize investors, reduce regulatory hurdles, and create an environment conducive to the success of startups and growth-stage enterprises. Institutional Investor Engagement: Increasing interest from institutional investors such as pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, and endowments has significantly bolstered VC and PE markets. These investors seek portfolio diversification, higher returns, and exposure to innovative sectors, leading to substantial capital inflows into VC-backed startups and PE-funded ventures. Conclusion: Despite the promising prospects offered by the surge in VC and PE activities, challenges remain. Market volatility, valuation pressures, regulatory complexities, and geopolitical uncertainties present risks that necessitate vigilant risk management strategies. Moreover, upholding ethical standards, practicing sustainable methodologies, and aligning with stakeholders are crucial for ensuring long-term success and value creation within the VC and PE ecosystem.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 June 2024

CONTENTS India’s Rooftop Solar Growth and Future Potential Prime Minister Pays Tribute to Resisters of 1975 National Emergency Indus Waters Treaty Kozhikode Recognized as ‘City of Literature’ by UNESCO Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems South India’s First and Largest Leopard Safari Star Clusters  India’s Rooftop Solar Growth and Future Potential Context: Rooftop solar (RTS) has the potential to revolutionise India’s energy landscape by offering a sustainable, decentralised, and affordable solution to meet the country’s growing electricity needs and making consumers self-reliant. The country’s installed RTS capacity increased by 2.99 GW in 2023-2024, marking the highest growth reported in a single year. As of March 31 this year, the total installed RTS capacity in India was 11.87 GW, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: What is the RTS Programme? How are the States Faring? Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana How Can We Ensure RTS Growth? What is the RTS Programme? Initiation: The Indian government initiated the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in January 2010 to promote solar energy growth. The initial target was to produce 20 GW of solar energy (including RTS) across three phases: 2010-2013, 2013-2017, and 2017-2022. Revised Target: In 2015, the goal was updated to 100 GW by 2022, with a 40 GW component for RTS, and yearly targets set for each State and Union Territory. As of December 2022, India had installed about 7.5 GW of RTS, extending the 40 GW target deadline to 2026. Drivers of Improvement: The growth in RTS installations has been spurred by initiatives like the Sustainable Partnership for RTS Acceleration in Bharat (SUPRABHA) and SRISTI schemes, along with financial incentives, technological advancements, awareness campaigns, and training programs. Potential: India’s overall RTS potential is approximately 796 GW, with several States yet to fully harness their capacities. To meet the 2030 target of 500 GW of renewable energy (280 GW from solar) and net-zero goals by 2070, RTS must contribute about 100 GW by 2030. How are the States Faring? Gujarat: With an RTS capacity of 3,456 MW, driven by proactive policies, efficient approval processes, numerous RTS installers, and high consumer awareness. Modhera, India’s first solar-powered village, houses 1,300 RTS systems of 1 kW each. Maharashtra: Achieved 2,072 MW of RTS, supported by robust solar policies and a conducive regulatory environment. Rajasthan: Boasts the highest RTS potential with a capacity of 1,154 MW, facilitated by streamlined approvals, financial incentives, and public–private partnerships. Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka: Achieved capacities of 675 MW, 599 MW, and 594 MW, respectively. Challenges in Other States: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand face bureaucratic hurdles, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of public awareness. Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana Objective: The ‘Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana’ aims to fit 1 crore households with RTS systems, providing up to 300 units of free electricity per month. An average system size of 2 kW will add 20 GW to RTS capacity. Financial Outlay: Rs 75,021 crore, including Rs 65,700 crore for consumer assistance, Rs 4,950 crore for distribution company incentives, and funds for local bodies, model solar villages, innovative projects, payment security, capacity building, awareness, and outreach. Capacity Building: Rs 657 crore set aside to create a skilled workforce capable of installing, operating, and maintaining RTS systems, promoting advanced solar technologies, energy storage solutions, and smart grid infrastructure. Awareness and Outreach: Rs 657 crore allocated for targeting rural and urban areas, prioritizing regions with limited electricity access, high solar potential, and vulnerable communities. How Can We Ensure RTS Growth? Awareness Campaigns: Distribution companies and local bodies should lead grassroots-level campaigns, including door-to-door promotion, strategically planned for long-term implementation. Economic Viability: Government subsidies and multiple low-cost financing options, such as easy access to RTS loans, should make RTS economically viable for households. R&D Promotion: Investment in solar technology, energy storage, and smart-grid infrastructure to reduce costs, improve performance, and enhance RTS reliability. Utilizing technology like drone and satellite imagery for feasibility assessments and optimal RTS design. Training and Skill Development: Accelerate training programs like ‘Suryamitra’ to build a skilled workforce for RTS infrastructure. Policy and Regulation Review: Update RTS policies including net-metering regulations, grid-integration standards, and building codes to address emerging challenges and facilitate smooth implementation. Fast-track virtual net-metering and group net-metering for consumers with inadequate roof space. -Source: The Hindu Prime Minister Pays Tribute to Resisters of 1975 National Emergency Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India paid homage to the men and women who resisted the National Emergency of 1975. 25th June 2024 marked the 49th anniversary of the declaration of the national emergency in India. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is an Emergency? Types of Emergency in the Indian Constitution How Many Times Emergency was Imposed in India? Impacts of Imposing National Emergency in 1975 Lessons and Consequences Evolving Role of Judicial Activism Changes in Political Parties’ Attitude What is an Emergency? Definition: An emergency refers to legal provisions within a nation’s constitution or laws that allow the government to act swiftly in response to extraordinary circumstances like war, rebellion, or crises threatening the nation’s stability, security, sovereignty, or democracy. Articles: These provisions are detailed in Articles 352 to 360 under Part XVIII of the Constitution. Inspiration: The emergency clauses in the Indian Constitution are influenced by the Weimar Constitution of Germany. Significance: These provisions grant the executive branch temporary powers to bypass standard legislative procedures, restrict certain rights and freedoms, and implement policies that would usually be outside its jurisdiction under normal circumstances. Types of Emergency in the Indian Constitution National Emergency (Article 352): Conditions: Under Article 352, the President can declare a state of emergency if the nation’s security is threatened by war, external aggression (External Emergency), or armed rebellion (Internal Emergency). The term ‘armed rebellion’ was introduced by the 44th amendment, replacing ‘internal disturbance’. Powers: The declaration allows the executive to suspend fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and 21) and take necessary actions to manage the crisis. Approval: The proclamation must be approved by both houses of Parliament within one month. If issued when the Lok Sabha is dissolved, it survives until 30 days after the first sitting of the reconstituted Lok Sabha, with Rajya Sabha’s approval. Duration: Once approved, the emergency can last for six months and be extended indefinitely with six-monthly parliamentary approvals by a special majority. Revocation: The President can revoke the emergency without parliamentary approval, but it must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority. Scope: The proclamation can apply to the entire country or a specific part, as allowed by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. State Emergency or President Rule (Article 356): Imposition Examples: Maharashtra (2019): Imposed for a short period due to political uncertainty post-assembly elections. Uttarakhand (2020): Imposed briefly due to a political crisis involving a floor test. Uttar Pradesh (1991-1992): Following the assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and ensuing instability. Punjab (1987-1992): Due to heightened militancy and internal disturbances. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court, in cases like S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) and Rameshwar Prasad vs Union of India (2006), has set guidelines for the use of Article 356, establishing that imposing President’s Rule is subject to judicial review. The President’s satisfaction must be based on relevant material, and the State Legislative Assembly should only be dissolved after Parliament’s approval. Financial Emergency (Article 360): Conditions: The President can declare a financial emergency if the financial stability or credit of India or any part is threatened. Powers: During such an emergency, the President can reduce the salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons in civil services, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The central government also gains control over state financial resources. Approval: The proclamation must be approved by both houses of Parliament within two months. If not approved, it ceases to have effect. The President can revoke or vary the proclamation at any time. History: Unlike national and state emergencies, a financial emergency has never been proclaimed in India. How Many Times Emergency was Imposed in India? Occurrences: National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India: Indo-China War (1962): Declared due to “external aggression” during the Sino-Indian War. Indo-Pak War (1971): Imposed on grounds of “external aggression” during the Indo-Pakistani War. 1975-1977: The most controversial, declared due to “internal disturbance” amidst political unrest, leading to significant suspension of civil liberties. Impacts of Imposing National Emergency in 1975: Constitution (39th Amendment) Act, 1975: Enacted in response to the Allahabad High Court’s ruling declaring PM Indira Gandhi’s election void. Placed disputes involving the president, Vice President, prime minister, and Speaker beyond the judiciary’s scope and included certain Central Acts in the Ninth Schedule. Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976: Increased central government and Prime Minister’s office power by allowing the deployment of forces in states and overriding state laws during emergencies, limiting judicial review, extending Parliament and state assemblies’ terms, and allowing laws overriding fundamental rights in anti-national activities. Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978: Sought to rectify the imbalances created by the 42nd Amendment, restoring the primacy of fundamental rights. Key changes included limiting the suspension of rights under Article 21, reinforcing the Supreme Court’s power to review presidential proclamations, and requiring the President to act on the cabinet’s written recommendation before declaring a national emergency under Article 352. Lessons and Consequences: Democratic Integrity: The emergency period serves as a reminder of the importance of democracy and the dangers of unrestrained executive authority. Media Control: Strict media control stifled dissent and limited access to information, leading to grassroots movements and underground press challenging the government’s narrative. Navnirman Andolan in Gujarat: Advocated for democratic rights and social justice. Jayaprakash Narayan Movement in Bihar: Called for social and political reforms. George Fernandes-led Railway Strike: Demonstrated worker solidarity and dissent against government policies. Evolving Role of Judicial Activism: Judicial Review: The Emergency highlighted fluctuating judicial activism, with cases like ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla, 1976 upholding the suspension of fundamental rights, but subsequent judgments reaffirming a commitment to uphold fundamental rights. Habeas Corpus Petitions: Filed by detained individuals during the Emergency, challenging the government’s actions. State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain, 1975: Supreme Court ruled PM Indira Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractices, highlighting judicial independence. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India 1978: SC overruled ADM Jabalpur, re-establishing the primacy of fundamental rights, limiting the power to suspend them during emergencies, and giving a new dimension to Article 21. Changes in Political Parties’ Attitude: United Opposition: The Emergency united previously disparate opposition parties, underscoring the importance of a strong opposition in a democracy and valuing democratic processes, making political parties wary of similar measures in the future. -Source: Economic Times Indus Waters Treaty Context: Recently, a five-member Pakistani delegation was flown to Jammu’s Kishtwar to inspect power projects set up on the rivers covered under the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) of 1960. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (India and its Neighborhood, International Treaties, Policies and Agreements affecting India’s Interests) Dimensions of the Article: About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Indus River Basin About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank, to use the water available in the Indus River and its tributaries. The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi in 1960. The Treaty gives control over the waters of the three “eastern rivers” — the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej to India, while control over the waters of the three “western rivers” — the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum to Pakistan. India was allocated about 16% of the total water carried by the Indus system while Pakistan was allocated the remainder. The treaty allows India to use the Western River waters (the ones in Pakistan’s control) for limited irrigation use and unlimited non-consumptive use for such applications as power generation, navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. It lays down detailed regulations for India in building projects over the western rivers. The preamble of the treaty recognises the rights and obligations of each country in the optimum use of water from the Indus system in a spirit of goodwill, friendship and cooperation. Indus River Basin The Indus River (also called the Sindhū) is one of the longest rivers in Asia and the longest river of Pakistan. It flows through China (western Tibet), India (Ladakh) and Pakistan. Its estimated annual flow is estimated to be twice that of the Nile River making it one of the largest rivers in the world in terms of annual flow. The Zanskar river is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries, namely, the Chenab, Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej. Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, and the Kurram. -Source: The Hindu Kozhikode Recognized as ‘City of Literature’ by UNESCO Context: Recently, UNESCO recognized Kozhikode as the ‘City of Literature’ under the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN). Relevance: GS I: Culture What is UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network (UCCN)? Overview: The UCCN was established in 2004 to foster collaboration among cities that see creativity as a key element for sustainable urban development. Currently, it encompasses 350 cities across more than 100 countries. The network aims to advance UNESCO’s objectives of cultural diversity and enhance resilience to challenges like climate change, increasing inequality, and rapid urbanization. Purpose: The network leverages the creative, social, and economic potential of cultural industries. It promotes a culture of creativity in urban planning and solutions to urban issues. Benefits to Member Cities: Recognizes creativity as vital for urban development through partnerships with public and private sectors and civil society. Develops hubs of creativity and innovation, expanding opportunities for creators and cultural professionals. Aligns with the UN agenda of sustainable development. Implementation: Objectives are realized at both local and international levels by sharing experiences, knowledge, and best practices. Includes professional and artistic exchange programs, research, and evaluations on the experiences of creative cities. The Annual Conference of Network Cities Purpose: A major event is the annual conference of mayors and stakeholders from network cities. It strengthens ties among creative cities globally. Past conferences were held in Santos, Brazil, and Istanbul. The next will be in July 2024 in Braga, Portugal. Membership Monitoring: Every four years, cities submit a Membership Monitoring Report. This report demonstrates commitment to the UCCN Mission Statement. Includes an action plan for the next four years, highlighting achievements, lessons learned, and the impact of the designation. Indian Cities in the Network Notable Cities: Besides Kozhikode and Gwalior, cities like Varanasi (music), Srinagar (crafts and folk arts), and Chennai (music) are part of the network. -Source: The Hindu Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems Context: Ahead of the implementation of the new criminal laws, at least 23 modifications have been made to the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network Systems (CCTNS). Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Dimensions of the Article: About Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems (CCTNS): About National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) About Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems (CCTNS): Concept and Implementation: CCTNS was envisioned by the Ministry of Home Affairs under India’s National e-Governance Plan and has been executed as a “Mission Mode Project (MMP)” since 2009. Purpose: This project aims to create a comprehensive and integrated system to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of policing at police stations nationwide. Integration Goal: It seeks to interlink all police stations through a unified application software for investigation, data analytics, research, policymaking, and Citizen Services like complaint reporting and tracking, and requests for antecedent verifications by police. Accessibility: Crime and criminal records available at one police station will be accessible to any other police office. Objectives: Make police operations more citizen-friendly and transparent by automating police station functions. Improve delivery of citizen-centric services through effective use of ICT. Equip Investigating Officers of the Civil Police with tools, technology, and information to facilitate crime investigation and criminal detection. Enhance police functionality in areas like Law and Order, Traffic Management, etc. Enable interaction and information sharing among Police Stations, Districts, State/UT Headquarters, and other Police Agencies. Support senior Police Officers in better managing the Police Force. Track case progress, including court proceedings. Minimize manual and redundant record-keeping. Collaboration: The project is implemented through close cooperation between States and the Union Government. Management: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) is the central nodal agency overseeing CCTNS. About National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB): Establishment: Founded in 1986 to serve as a repository of information on crime and criminals. Affiliation: Operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. Foundation: Based on recommendations from the Tandon Committee, the National Police Commission (1977-1981), and the Home Ministry’s Task Force. Responsibilities: Collects and analyzes crime data and acts as a repository to aid investigators in tracing crimes and criminals. Headquarters: Located in New Delhi. Central Finger Print Bureau: Acts as a national repository for all fingerprints in the country. Publications: Compiles and publishes National Crime Statistics, including Crime in India, Accidental Deaths & Suicides, and Prison Statistics. Capacity Building: Assists various States in capacity building in IT, CCTNS, Fingerprints, Network security, and Digital Forensics. -Source: The Hindu South India’s First and Largest Leopard Safari Context: South India’s first and the country’s largest leopard safari was recently inaugurated at the Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP). Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP): Origin and Establishment: BBP evolved as a distinct entity from Bannerghatta National Park in 2002. Purpose: Aimed at catering to the increasing need for eco-recreation, eco-tourism, and conservation, initially comprising 545.00 hectares from the National Park and later expanding to 731.88 hectares. Location: Situated approximately 22 kilometers south of Bengaluru city, Karnataka. Units: Comprises a Zoo, Safari, Butterfly Park, and Rescue Centre for the conservation of captive animals. Notable Feature: The first biological park in India with a fenced, forested elephant sanctuary. Key Facts about Bannerghatta National Park: Location: Positioned near Bangalore, Karnataka, within the Anekal range. Establishment: Declared a National Park in 1974. Significant Development: In 2006, the park inaugurated India’s first butterfly enclosure. Water Source: The Suvarnamukhi stream flows through the center, serving as the main water source for the park’s fauna. Vegetation Types: Encompasses Dry Deciduous Scrub Forests, Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests, and Southern Tropical Moist Mixed Forests. Flora: Includes species like Narcissus latifolia, Schleichera oleosa, Sandalwood, Neem, Tamarind, Bamboo, and Eucalyptus. Fauna: Hosts various species, including the endangered Asian Elephant, Indian gaur, Tiger, Sambar deer, Spotted deer, Leopard, Wild dog, Wild pig, Sloth bear, Common mongoose, Pangolin, Slender loris, and Black-naped hare. -Source: The Hindu Star Clusters Context: Astronomers recently discovered five young star clusters, and possibly the oldest star clusters ever, born from the time when the Universe was an infant. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Star Clusters: Definition: A star cluster consists of stellar groups held together by the mutual gravitational attraction of its members, which share a common origin. Importance: Star clusters are vital for astronomers to study and model stellar evolution and ages. Categories: There are two main types of stellar clusters: open clusters (also known as galactic clusters) and globular clusters. Open (Galactic) Clusters: Characteristics: Named because their individual component stars are easily resolved through a telescope. Often located on the dusty spiral arms of spiral galaxies. Stars in an open cluster originate from the same initial giant molecular cloud. They contain from a dozen to many hundreds of stars, usually arranged unsymmetrically. Globular Clusters: Characteristics: Comprise several thousand to one million stars in a spherical, gravitationally-bound system. Mostly located in the halo surrounding the galactic plane, containing the oldest stars in the galaxy. There is little free dust or gas, so no new star formation occurs. Stellar densities within the inner regions are very high compared to regions around the Sun. Associations: Definition: Groups made up of a few dozen to hundreds of stars of similar type and common origin, with a density in space lower than that of the surrounding field, are also recognized as associations. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 June 2024

CONTENTS Chhatrapati Shivaji  Jal Jeevan Mission  Chhatrapati Shivaji  Context: Recently, the exhibition depicting 115 oil paintings of Shivaji Maharaj was organised by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) and the National Gallery of Modern Art (NGMA) to mark the 350th anniversary of the coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji . Relevance: GS I- History Dimensions of the Article: About Chhatrapati Shivaji  Shivaji and the Mughals About Chhatrapati Shivaji  Born on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri Fort in Pune. He was born to Shahaji Bhonsle, a Maratha general who ruled the Bijapur Sultanate’s jagirs of Pune and Supe.  Shivaji’s mother was Jijabai, a devout woman who had a strong religious influence on him. Shivaji’s name was derived from the name of a provincial deity, Goddess Shivai. He created the Maratha Empire by carving out an enclave from the crumbling Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur. He was formally crowned Chhatrapati (Monarch) of his dominion in Raigad in 1674. Religious tolerance and functional integration of the Brahmans, Marathas, and Prabhus ensured the kingdom’s security. With the support of a disciplined military and well-structured administrative organisations, he constructed a competent and progressive civil rule. He had a ministerial council (Asht Pradhan) to advise him on state problems, but he was not bound by it. He had the authority to appoint or fire them. He pioneered non-conventional methods (guerrilla warfare) and used strategic elements such as terrain, speed, and surprise to innovate military tactics. To defeat his larger and more powerful opponents, he concentrated on pinpoint attacks. Although the courageous warrior died in 1680, he is remembered for his bravery and intelligence. Shivaji and the Mughals Shivaji’s meteoric rise posed challenges to the suzerainty of the Mughals. His first direct encounter with the Mughals was during Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns of the 1650s. As Aurangzeb went North to fight for the Mughal throne, Shivaji was able to seize further territory. His tactics against the Mughals were adapted to the specific nature of his force and the flabby Mughal armies. Using swift cavalry attacks, he would raid and pillage Mughal strongholds. While on the rare occasion he would engage in battle to actually capture and hold Mughal positions, most often, he would simply cause much menace, raid the treasury, and leave with the Mughals in terror and disarray. Famously, in 1664, he attacked the port of Surat (now in Gujarat) and plundered one of the richest and busiest commercial towns of Mughal India while the local governor hid in a nearby fort. As the legend of Shivaji and the physical sphere of his influence grew, Aurangzeb sent a 100,000-strong, well-equipped army under Raja Jai Singh I to subdue him in 1665. After putting up a valiant fight, Shivaji was besieged in the Purandar hill fort. Jal Jeevan Mission Context: The Central Government is conceiving a “new project” to ensure that rural households, which were provided taps under the ambitious Jal Jeevan Mission but had not yet been able to avail water, would soon be provided potable water. Relevance: GS II- Government policies and Interventions About Jal Jeevan Mission: Nodal: Ministry of Jal Shakti Jal Jeevan Mission, a central government initiative under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, aims to ensure access of piped water for every household in India. National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) was restructured and subsumed into Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) – to provide Functional Household Tap Water (FHTC) to every rural household with service level at the rate of 55 lpcd i.e., Har Ghar Nal Se Jal (HGNSJ) by 2024. Implications  Supply of water to all households is a basic necessity Reduction in water borne diseases which was due to due to consumption of substandard water Challenges Critical situation of Decrease in ground water table. Water demand and supply is a miss match Contamination of local ground level sources of water like, ponds lakes and wells. Sustaining the provision of water to all households is a challenge, not just starting it

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 27 June 2024

CONTENTS How Well is India Tapping its Rooftop Solar Potential? India’s Diverse Geological Landscape How Well is India Tapping its Rooftop Solar Potential? Context: India’s installed rooftop solar (RTS) capacity surged by 2.99 GW in 2023-2024, marking the highest growth in a single year. By March 31, the total RTS capacity reached 11.87 GW, according to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. To meet rising energy demands, India must intensify its efforts to enhance RTS potential. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies and Interventions GS3- Mineral and Energy Resources Mains Question: How equipped are the states in India in tackling rooftop solar capabilities? How can more awareness and efficiency be promoted in this regard? What is the RTS Programme? India launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in January 2010, aiming to produce 20 GW of solar energy (including RTS) across three phases: 2010-2013, 2013-2017, and 2017-2022. In 2015, the government revised this target to 100 GW by 2022, with a 40-GW RTS component, and set yearly targets for each State and Union Territory. By December 2022, India had an installed RTS capacity of 7.5 GW and extended the 40-GW target deadline to 2026. Despite financial incentives, technological advances, increased awareness, and training boosting RTS installations, much work remains. India’s overall RTS potential is about 796 GW. To achieve the target of 500 GW renewable energy capacity, including 280 GW of solar energy by 2030, RTS needs to contribute around 100 GW by 2030. How Are States Faring? As of March 31, 2024, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan have made significant progress in RTS capacity, while others lag behind. Gujarat, with an installed RTS capacity of 3,456 MW, has benefited from quick approval processes, a large number of RTS installers, and high consumer awareness. Maharashtra, boasting 2,072 MW, excels due to robust solar policies and a conducive regulatory environment. Rajasthan, with the highest RTS potential at 1,154 MW, has seen growth due to streamlined approvals, financial incentives, and promotion of RTS through public-private partnerships. Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, with capacities of 675, 599, and 594 MW respectively, have performed reasonably well. However, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand, among others, have yet to fully explore their RTS potential, facing challenges such as bureaucratic hurdles, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of public awareness. Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana: The ‘Pradhan Mantri Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana‘ is a flagship initiative aimed at equipping one crore households with rooftop solar (RTS) systems, providing them with up to 300 units of free electricity each month. With an average system size of 2 kW per household, the total RTS capacity will increase by 20 GW. The scheme has a financial outlay of ₹75,021 crore, which covers financial assistance for consumers (₹65,700 crore), incentives for distribution companies (₹4,950 crore), incentives for local bodies and model solar villages in each district, payment security mechanisms, capacity building (₹657 crore), and awareness and outreach (₹657 crore). Additionally, the scheme promotes the adoption of advanced solar technologies, energy storage solutions, and smart grid infrastructure. How can we Ensure RTS Growth? Creating awareness is crucial for getting consumers to adopt RTS. Additionally, RTS must be economically viable for households. Although government subsidies help, multiple low-cost financing options are necessary. Recently, more banks and non-bank financial companies have begun offering RTS loans. Access to these low-cost loans should be as straightforward as obtaining a bike or car loan. Promoting research and development in solar technology, energy storage solutions, and smart-grid infrastructure can reduce costs, enhance performance, and improve the reliability of RTS systems. Investments in training programs, such as the ‘Suryamitra’ solar PV technician program launched in 2015, along with vocational courses and skill development initiatives, will help build a skilled workforce. Conclusion: As the scheme’s implementation progresses, net-metering regulations, grid-integration standards, and building codes should be reviewed and updated to address emerging challenges and ensure smooth implementation. India’s Diverse Geological Landscape Context: India’s landscape, ranging from the world’s highest peaks to low-lying coastal plains, showcases a diverse morphology that has evolved over billions of years. Across various regions, we find an array of rocks, minerals, and unique fossil assemblages. These geological features and landscapes reveal the spectacular ‘origin’ stories rooted in scientific interpretations rather than mythology. Relevance: GS1- Indian Culture – Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. Changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes. Mains Question: Discuss the initiatives taken by the Indian government in the area of geo-conservatism. How efficient have been these steps and what are the associated challenges? (15 Marks, 250 Words). India’s Geological Past: India’s turbulent geological past is recorded in its rocks and terrains, representing a significant part of our non-cultural heritage. The country offers numerous examples of such geo-heritage sites, which serve as educational spaces where people can gain essential geological literacy. This is crucial given India’s generally poor regard for this legacy. Limited Progress in Geo-Conservation: Geological conservation aims to preserve the best examples of India’s geological features and events so that current and future generations can appreciate some of the world’s best natural laboratories. Despite international advancements in this field, geo-conservation has not gained much traction in India. The extent of these activities is significant, with stone-mining operations covering more than 10% of India’s total area. These geological features provide insights into the formation of the land we are familiar with and are part of an evolutionary history that has shaped the Indian terrain. Ironically, while we reach out to Mars in search of evidence for early life, we simultaneously destroy precious proof that exists in our own backyard. How many of us are aware of the little-known Dhala meteoritic impact crater in Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh? This crater, dating back between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion years, is evidence of a celestial collision during the early stages of life. The more famous Lonar crater in Buldhana district, Maharashtra, was initially dated to be around 50,000 years old, but recent studies suggest it originated around 576,000 years ago. Recognizing the Importance of Shared Geological Heritage: The significance of our planet’s shared geological heritage was first acknowledged in 1991 at a UNESCO-sponsored event, the ‘First International Symposium on the Conservation of our Geological Heritage’. Delegates at this event in Digne, France, endorsed the idea of a shared legacy: “Man and the Earth share a common heritage, of which we and our governments are but the custodians”. This declaration anticipated the creation of geo-parks to commemorate unique geological features and landscapes within their territories and to educate the public about geological importance. Development of Geo-Heritage Sites Worldwide: Many countries, including Canada, China, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom, have developed geo-heritage sites as national parks. UNESCO has also provided guidelines for the development of geo-parks. Numerous countries have enacted legislation to build, protect, and designate geo-parks. Europe celebrates its geological heritage across 73 zones, and Japan offers another exemplary model of such conservation. Today, there are 169 Global Geoparks across 44 countries. Thailand and Vietnam have also implemented laws to conserve their geological and natural heritage. Although India is a signatory to such initiatives, it lacks legislation or policy for geo-heritage conservation. Need for Sustainable Conservation Approaches in India: This situation calls for sustainable conservation approaches similar to those formulated for biodiversity protection. The Biological Diversity Act was implemented in 2002, resulting in 18 notified biosphere reserves in India. A recent incident involving a cliff in Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, illustrates this issue. The cliff, composed of rocks deposited millions of years ago and declared a geological heritage site by the GSI, had part of it demolished by the district administration to save unauthorized structures, citing landslide hazards. Many such features across the country face similar threats to their survival. Half-Hearted Measures: The Government of India has made some attempts to address these concerns, though not with full commitment. In 2009, a National Commission for Heritage Sites Bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha but was only half-heartedly pursued. Despite being referred to the Standing Committee, the government ultimately withdrew the Bill for unspecified reasons. More recently, in 2022, the Ministry of Mines drafted a Bill for the preservation and maintenance of geoheritage sites, but there has been no further progress. According to the annexure to the Draft Geoheritage Sites and Geo-relics (Preservation and Maintenance) Bill, 2022, “In sharp contrast to the well-laid-out protection and conservation measures for archaeological and historical monuments and cultural heritage sites, India does not have any specific and specialized policy or law to conserve and preserve geoheritage sites and geo-relics for future generations.” Conclusion: India urgently needs to take the following steps: first, create an inventory of all potential geo-sites in the country (in addition to the 34 sites identified by the GSI); second, develop geo-conservation legislation similar to the Biological Diversity Act 2002; and third, establish a ‘National Geo-Conservation Authority’ akin to the National Biodiversity Authority, with independent observers. This authority should avoid creating excessive bureaucracy and should not encroach on the autonomy of researchers and academically-inclined private collectors.

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