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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 June 2024

CONTENTS Tragic Incident in Tamil Nadu Study on Representation and Forest Conservation in Scheduled Areas New Leave Policy for Government Employees Opting for Surrogacy Public Examinations (Prevention Of Unfair Means) Act 2024 African swine fever Indian Painted Frog Indian Army’s Skin Bank Tragic Incident in Tamil Nadu Context: Recently, approximately 34 people lost their lives, and around 100 others were hospitalized after consuming illicit or spurious liquor in the Kallakurichi district of Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Understanding Hooch Key Facts About Methanol and its Consumption Understanding Hooch Definition: Hooch refers to low-quality alcohol, originally named after the Hoochinoo, an indigenous Alaskan tribe known for making potent liquor. Production Conditions: It is typically made in unregulated and unhygienic environments, posing significant health risks. Quality Control: Due to the lack of quality control, consumers cannot accurately determine the alcohol content or detect potential contaminants. Production Process of Hooch Starting Ingredients: The production begins with a sugary substance such as fruits, grains, or sugarcane. Fermentation: Yeast is added to ferment the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Potency: Unlike beer or wine, hooch often has a higher alcohol content. Distillation is used to increase this by heating the fermented mixture. Evaporation and Condensation: Alcohol evaporates at a lower boiling point; the vapor is then condensed back into liquid, resulting in higher alcohol concentration. Alcohol Content in Liquor Ethanol: The primary alcohol in beverages, responsible for intoxication. Chemical Composition: Ethanol (C2H5OH) consists of two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and one hydroxyl group (OH-). Alcohol Content: The alcohol content in beverages varies, with beer containing about 5% and distilled spirits like vodka and whiskey containing up to 40%. Metabolism: In the body, ethanol is processed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes into acetaldehyde, which is then converted to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes. Spurious Liquor Definition: Fake or counterfeit alcohol, often produced domestically. Addition of Methanol: Methanol may be added to increase the alcohol’s potency or volume, which is dangerous if consumed in large quantities. Risks: The production of hooch poses risks due to the presence of toxic methanol alongside consumable ethanol. Regulation Standards: The Food Safety and Standards (Alcoholic Beverages) Regulations 2018 outline the permissible limits of methanol in various liquors. Permissible Limits: These limits vary, with some products like coconut fenny having no permissible methanol, while country liquor can contain up to 50 grams per 100 liters, and pot-distilled spirits can have up to 300 grams per 100 liters. Key Facts About Methanol and its Consumption Chemical Nature: Methanol, denoted as CH3OH, is a simple alcohol composed of one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms, and one hydroxyl group (OH). Regulation: In India, methanol is classified under Schedule I of the Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989. Quality Standards: Indian Standard IS 517 outlines the quality standards for methanol. Industrial Production Process: Methanol is mainly produced by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen with copper and zinc oxide catalysts at pressures between 50-100 atm and temperatures around 250°C. Historical Production: Historically, methanol was obtained through the destructive distillation of wood, a method known since ancient times, including ancient Egypt. Uses Applications: Methanol is a crucial precursor in producing acetic acid, formaldehyde, and various aromatic hydrocarbons. It is widely used as a solvent, antifreeze, and in various industrial processes. Effects on the Human Body Metabolism: When ingested, methanol is broken down into toxic byproducts, mainly formic acid. This disrupts the body’s pH balance, leading to metabolic acidosis, a condition where excess acid cannot be eliminated by the kidneys. Blood Acidity: The presence of formic acid makes the blood more acidic, impairing its function. Enzyme Interference: Formic acid interferes with the enzyme cytochrome oxidase, essential for cellular respiration. This disrupts oxygen utilization by cells, leading to lactic acid buildup and further acidosis. Optic Nerve Damage: Methanol can damage the optic nerve and retina, causing methanol-induced optic neuropathy, which can result in permanent vision loss or blindness. Severe Health Risks: It can cause cerebral edema (fluid accumulation in the brain) and hemorrhage (bleeding), potentially leading to coma and death. -Source: The Hindu Study on Representation and Forest Conservation in Scheduled Areas Context: A recent study has explored the relationship between representation and forest conservation in India’s Scheduled Areas. Findings indicate that empowering tribal populations with political representation and decision-making authority, as facilitated by acts like PESA, has significantly contributed to forest conservation efforts.\ Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Study About PESA Act Key Findings of the Study Study Context: The authors conducted a comprehensive data-driven study focusing on the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA), which ensures political representation for Scheduled Tribes (STs). Methodology: The research compared villages with mandatory ST representation in local governance to those without it. Additionally, it compared villages that adopted PESA early to those that did later, assessing deforestation and afforestation rates. The study employed a “difference-in-differences” framework to isolate the impact of PESA on forest cover. Satellite data was utilized to analyze forestation changes globally from 2001 to 2017, differing from traditional small-scale community fieldwork. Key Findings Political Representation: PESA has provided STs with greater political representation, giving them a significant role in forest management decisions. Resistance to Commercial Activities: PESA has bolstered STs’ capacity to resist large-scale commercial activities like mining, resulting in a more substantial reduction in deforestation in PESA villages near mines. Conflict Incidence: The implementation of PESA has also led to an increase in conflicts surrounding mining activities. Forest Cover: The PESA Act contributed to an average annual increase in tree canopy by 3% and a decrease in deforestation rates. Economic Incentives: PESA has enhanced economic incentives for ST communities to protect forests, especially for non-timber forest products like medicinal plants and fruits, thereby improving food security. Comparison with Forest Rights Act, 2006: The study found that the Forest Rights Act, 2006 did not have additional conservation impacts beyond those achieved by PESA. Institutional Recommendation: The study advocates for a single institution capable of balancing conservation and development objectives, which would help navigate the complexities of aligning local economic interests with sustainable conservation practices. About PESA Act: The provisions of Part IX of the constitution relating to the Panchayats are not applicable to the Fifth Schedule areas. The Parliament may extend these provisions to such areas, subject to such exceptions and modifications as it may specify. Under this provision, the Parliament has enacted the “Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act”, 1996, popularly known as the PESA Act or the Extension Act.  At present, ten states have Fifth Schedule Areas. These are: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan. All the ten states have enacted requisite compliance legislations by amending the respective Panchayati Raj Acts. Objectives of the Act To extend the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution relating to the panchayats to the scheduled areas with certain modifications To provide self-rule for the bulk of the tribal population To have village governance with participatory democracy and to make the gram sabha a nucleus of all activities To evolve a suitable administrative framework consistent with traditional practices To safeguard and to preserve the traditions and customs of tribal communities To empower panchayats at the appropriate levels with specific powers conducive to tribal requirements To prevent panchayats at the higher level from assuming the powers and authority of panchayats at the lower level of the gram sabha Why are rules under PESA important? PESA rules enable the residents of scheduled areas to strengthen their village-level bodies by transferring power from the government to the gram sabha, a body of all the registered voters of the village. The powers of gram sabhas include maintenance of cultural identity and tradition, control over schemes affecting the tribals, and control over natural resources within the area of a village. The PESA Act thus enables gram sabhas to maintain a safety net over their rights and surroundings against external or internal conflicts. Without proper rules, its implementation is not possible as it is an exercise in decentralising the power from institutionalised structures, back to the village residents. The laws, once formed, will give gram sabhas the power to take decisions not only over their customs and traditionally managed resources, but also on the minerals being excavated from their areas. The rules state that the gram sabha will have to be kept informed by any and all agencies working in their village, and that the gram sabha has the power to approve or stop the work being done within the village limits. The rules also give power to the gram sabhas over: Management of resources over jal, jangal, zameen (water, forest and land), the three major demands of tribals; Management of minor forest produce; Management of mines and minerals; Management of markets; Management of markets human resources; Monitoring and prohibition of the manufacturing, transport, sale and consumption of intoxicants within their village limits; Maintenance of peace and resolving conflicts arising in the village; Protecting tribal customs and traditions; Encouraging customs like ghotul. -Source: The Hindu New Leave Policy for Government Employees Opting for Surrogacy Context: Recently, the Government has notified an amendment to Central Civil Services (Leave) Rules, 1972 to grant maternity leave and other benefits to government employees in case of children born through surrogacy. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Provisions of Notified Amended Rules About Surrogacy About Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 National and State Surrogacy Boards Provisions of Notified Amended Rules Maternity Leave: Female government employees who have children through surrogacy are entitled to 180 days of maternity leave. This provision applies to both the surrogate mother and the commissioning mother (the intended mother), provided they have fewer than two surviving children. Paternity Leave: The rules grant 15 days of paternity leave to the “commissioning father” (the intended father) who is a male government servant with fewer than two surviving children. This leave can be utilized within six months from the child’s birth. Childcare Leave: The commissioning mother with fewer than two surviving children is eligible for childcare leave as per the Central Civil Services (Leave) Rules. About Surrogacy Definition: Surrogacy involves a woman giving birth to a child intended for another couple, with the intention of handing the child over to them after birth. Permitted Purposes: Surrogacy is allowed only for altruistic purposes or for couples with proven infertility or disease. Prohibited Purposes: Commercial surrogacy, including practices like sale, prostitution, or other forms of exploitation, is strictly prohibited. Child Status: A child born via surrogacy is legally considered the biological child of the intended couple. Abortion: Abortion of a fetus conceived through surrogacy is permitted only with the surrogate mother’s consent and according to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 2021. About Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 The Act prohibits commercial surrogacy, but allows altruistic surrogacy.   In altruistic surrogacy, the surrogate mother receives no monetary remuneration other than medical bills and insurance coverage during the pregnancy. Commercial surrogacy refers to surrogacy or associated treatments that are performed for a monetary gain or reward (in cash or kind) that exceeds the cost of basic medical care and insurance coverage. Surrogacy is permitted when it is: For intending couples who suffer from proven infertility; Altruistic Not for commercial purposes Not for producing children for sale, prostitution or other forms of exploitation For any condition or disease specified through regulations. Eligibility criteria for intending couple The intending couple should have a‘certificate of essentiality’ and a ‘certificate of eligibility’ issued by the appropriate authority. A certificate of essentiality will be issued upon fulfilment of the following conditions: A certificate of proven infertility of one or both members of the intending couple from a District Medical Board; An order of parentage and custody of the surrogate child passed by a Magistrate’s court; and Insurance coverage for a period of 16 months covering postpartum delivery complications for the surrogate. The certificate of eligibility to the intending couple is issued upon fulfilment of the following conditions: The couple being Indian citizens and married for at least five years; Between 23 to 50 years old (wife) and 26 to 55 years old (husband); They do not have any surviving child (biological, adopted or surrogate); this would not include a child who is mentally or physically challenged or suffers from life threatening disorder or fatal illness; Other conditions that may be specified by regulations. Eligibility criteria for surrogate mother To obtain a certificate of eligibility from the appropriate authority, the surrogate mother has to be: A close relative of the intending couple; A married woman having a child of her own; 25 to 35 years old; A surrogate only once in her lifetime; Possess a certificate of medical and psychological fitness for surrogacy. Further, the surrogate mother cannot provide her own gametes for surrogacy. National and State Surrogacy Boards The central and the state governments shall constitute the National Surrogacy Board (NSB) and the State Surrogacy Boards (SSB), respectively. Functions of the NSB include,  Advising the central government on policy matters relating to surrogacy; Laying down the code of conduct of surrogacy clinics; Supervising the functioning of SSBs. Parentage and abortion of surrogate child A child born out of a surrogacy procedure will be deemed to be the biological child of the intending couple.  An abortion of the surrogate child requires the written consent of the surrogate mother and the authorisation of the appropriate authority. This authorisation must be compliant with the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.   Further, the surrogate mother will have an option to withdraw from surrogacy before the embryo is implanted in her womb. Offences and penalties The offences under the Act include: Undertaking or advertising commercial surrogacy; Exploiting the surrogate mother; Abandoning, exploiting or disowning a surrogate child; and Selling or importing human embryo or gametes for surrogacy. The penalty for such offences is imprisonment up to 10 years and a fine up to 10 lakh rupees. -Source: The Hindu Public Examinations (Prevention Of Unfair Means) Act 2024 Context: Public Examinations (Prevention Of Unfair Means) Act aims to prevent unfair means in the public examinations system. Relevance: GS II: Education Dimensions of the Article: Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act Public Examination Use of Unfair Means Rationale for the Law Penalties Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act Computer-Based Test (CBT) Parameters: The rules lay down full parameters of Computer Based Tests (CBT) — from the registration of candidates, allocation of centres, and issue of admit cards to the opening and distribution of question papers, evaluation of answers, and the final recommendations. Question Papers: The opening and distribution of question papers involve downloading the question paper from the main server to the local server in the public examination centre, and then uploading and digitally transferring the question papers to individual computers authorised for the candidates. National Recruitment Agency: The central government’s National Recruitment Agency will prepare the norms, standards, and guidelines for CBTs in consultation with stakeholders. Once finalized, these norms will be notified by the Centre. Norms and Standards: The norms, standards, and guidelines will cover both physical and digital infrastructure and activities, including the standard operating procedure (SOP) for registration of public examination centres; space requirements at CBT centres and layout of seating; specifications and layout of computer nodes, server and network infrastructure, and the electronic platform; candidate check-in, biometric registration, security and screening; setting and loading of question papers; invigilation; and all post-examination activities. Centre Coordinator Appointment: The rules provide for the appointment of a Centre Coordinator for Public Examinations, who may be “serving or retired employees of the Central Government, State Government, Public Sector Undertakings, Public Sector Banks, Government Universities, autonomous bodies, and other Government Organizations.” Responsibilities: The Centre Coordinator will represent the public examination authority for coordination of activities of the various service providers and the examination authority, and for overseeing the compliance of all norms, standards, and guidelines for the exam. Definition of Service Provider: The rules also define the term “service provider” for the purposes of the Act. Public Examination Which Exams Are Covered by the Law? Definition: Section 2(k) of The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 defines a “public examination” as “any examination conducted by the public examination authority” listed in the Schedule of the Act, or any “such other authority as may be notified by the Central Government”. Authorities Listed: Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), which conducts the Civil Services Examination, Combined Defence Services Examinations, Combined Medical Services Examination, Engineering Services Examination, etc. Staff Selection Commission (SSC), which recruits for Group C (non-technical) and Group B (non-gazetted) jobs in the central government. Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs), which recruit Groups C and D staff in the Indian Railways. Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS), which hires at all levels for nationalised banks and regional rural banks (RRBs). National Testing Agency (NTA), which conducts the JEE (Main), NEET-UG, UGC-NET, the Common University Entrance Test (CUET), etc. Additional Authorities: The central government can add new authorities in the Schedule through a notification as and when required. Definition of Candidate: The law defines a “candidate” in these exams as “a person who has been granted permission by the public examination authority to appear in public examination” as well as “a person authorized to act as a scribe on his behalf in the public examination”. Use of Unfair Means What Constitutes the Use of Unfair Means for the Purposes of the Act? Unfair Means Listed: Section 3 of the Act lists 15 actions that amount to using unfair means in public examinations “for monetary or wrongful gain”. Leakage of question paper or answer key or part thereof and colluding in such leakage. Accessing or taking possession of question paper or an Optical Mark Recognition response sheet without authority. Tampering with answer sheets including Optical Mark Recognition response sheets. Providing solutions to one or more questions by any unauthorised person during a public examination. Directly or indirectly assisting the candidate in a public examination. Tampering with any document necessary for short-listing of candidates or finalising the merit or rank of a candidate. Tampering with the computer network or a computer resource or a computer system. Creation of fake website and conduct of fake examination, issuance of fake admit cards or offer letters to cheat or for monetary gain. Reporting Incidents: The rules provide a detailed framework and format for reporting incidents of use of unfair means. Venue In-Charge Responsibilities: If any incident of unfair means or offense occurs, the venue in-charge shall prepare a report along with his findings in Form 1 and send it to the Regional Officer through the Centre Coordinator. If a prima facie case is made out for filing a First Information Report, the venue in-charge shall take necessary action. Management Responsibilities: If persons below the level of Management or Board of Directors of the service provider resort to unfair means or fail to report the incident, the Centre Coordinator shall report the matter to the Regional Officer in Form 2. The Regional Officer shall enquire and, if satisfied, direct the Centre Coordinator to file the First Information Report. Definition of Venue In-Charge: A “person nominated by the examination conducting service provider to supervise, coordinate and manage the activities of different service providers and to ensure that the norms or standards and the guidelines notified for conduct of public examination are complied with”. Rationale for the Law Justification: The ongoing controversy over alleged paper leaks provides an obvious justification for such an Act. Future incidents of the use of unfair means in examinations will be prosecuted under the provisions of the law. Investigation Findings: An investigation by The Indian Express found at least 48 instances of paper leaks in 16 states over the last five years, disrupting the hiring process for government jobs and affecting at least 1.51 crore applicants for about 1.2 lakh posts. Statement of Objects and Reasons: Malpractices in public examinations lead to delays and cancellation of examinations, adversely impacting the prospects of millions of youth. At present, there is no specific substantive law to deal with unfair means adopted or offences committed. Comprehensive Central legislation is imperative to identify and effectively deal with vulnerabilities in the examination system. Objective: The Bill aims to bring greater transparency, fairness, and credibility to the public examination systems and reassure the youth that their sincere and genuine efforts will be fairly rewarded and their future is safe. Penalties Fines and Imprisonment: The new law provides for fines of Rs 1 crore and up to 10 years in prison. It is also expected to serve as a “model draft for States to adopt at their discretion”. -Source: Indian Express African Swine Fever Context: The death toll of pigs following the outbreak of the African Swine Fever (ASF) disease in Mizoram since February has crossed 3,350, officials said recently. Relevance: Focus: GS-III Science and Technology  Dimensions of this Article: What is African Swine Fever? What are the symptoms of African swine fever? What is African Swine Fever? African Swine Fever (ASF) does not affect humans but can be catastrophic for pigs. In 2019, the outbreak of the disease swept through pig populations in China — which is the largest exporter and consumer of pork — leading to large-scale cullings. ASF is a severe viral disease that affects wild and domestic pigs typically resulting in an acute haemorrhagic fever. The disease has a case fatality rate (CFR) of almost 100 per cent. Its routes of transmission include direct contact with an infected or wild pig (alive or dead), indirect contact through ingestion of contaminated material such as food waste, feed or garbage, or through biological vectors such as ticks. Any country with a pig sector is at risk of the spread of the disease and its spread is most likely via meat arriving aboard ships and planes, which is incorrectly disposed of and by meat carried by individual travellers. What are the symptoms of African swine fever? High Fever Weakness and Difficulty Standing Vomiting Diarrhea Red or blue blotches on the skin (Particularly around ears and snout) Coughing or labored breathing -Source: The Hindu Indian Painted Frog Context: A rare Indian Painted Frog was recently sighted at Telangana’s Kawal Tiger Reserve, marking a significant find outside its usual habitats. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: About Indian Painted Frog Key Facts about Kawal Tiger Reserve About Indian Painted Frog: Species Overview: The Indian Painted Frog, belonging to the Microhylidae family, is known scientifically as Uperodon taprobanicus. It inhabits regions of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, southern and eastern India, and Nepal, at elevations up to approximately 1300 meters. In India, this species is prevalent in states like West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh, with a higher concentration in the southern Western and Eastern Ghats. Physical Characteristics: Adult frogs can reach lengths of up to 75 millimetres (7.5 cm) from snout to vent, with females generally being larger than males. The species is distinguished by its smooth, rounded body and vibrant coloration, typically brown with bright patches of orange or yellow. Conservation Status: According to the IUCN Red List, the Indian Painted Frog is classified as Least Concern. Key Facts about Kawal Tiger Reserve: Location: Situated in the northeastern part of Telangana (Old Adilabad district), bordered by the Godavari River on one side and Maharashtra on the other. Geographical and Ecological Features: It is part of the Deccan peninsula-central highlands. The reserve includes catchments for the Godavari and Kadam rivers, which flow southward. It forms a corridor connecting the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra to the north and the Indravati Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh to the northeast. Habitat and Vegetation: The reserve boasts a variety of habitats including dense forests, grasslands, open areas, rivers, streams, and water bodies. Predominantly consists of Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest. Flora: Notably includes extensive teak forests along with bamboo. Houses around 673 recorded plant species, including significant ones like Anogeissus latifolia, Mitragyna parviflora, Terminalia crenulata, Terminalia arjuna, and Boswellia serrata. Fauna: Features a diverse range of wildlife typical of the Deccan Plateau. Major animals include nilgai, chousinga, chinkara, black buck, sambar, spotted deer, wild dog, wolf, jackal, fox, tiger, leopard, and jungle cat. -Source: The Hindu Indian Army’s Skin Bank Context: The Indian Army has recently launched a skin bank facility. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Indian Army’s Skin Bank: Purpose: Launched to assist in the treatment of severe skin burn injuries and other skin-related conditions for service members and their families. Facility Details: The first-of-its-kind in the Armed Forces Medical Services, staffed by trained medical professionals, including plastic surgeons, tissue engineers, and specialized technicians. It functions as a centralized hub for the collection, processing, storage, and distribution of skin grafts, serving military medical centers nationwide. What is a Skin Bank? A skin bank is a facility where skin from an eligible donor is taken, processed, and stored under appropriate temperatures for up to five years. Skin from a deceased person can be donated within six hours post-mortem. Anyone can donate skin, regardless of sex and blood group, provided they are at least 18 years old. Skin from individuals with conditions like AIDS, Hepatitis B & C, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Skin Cancer, Active skin Disease, and Septicemia is considered unsuitable for donation. Donated skin is collected and processed over five to six weeks and then frozen until required. Typically preserved in 85% glycerol solution, stored between 4-5 degrees Celsius for up to five years. When a burn victim needs skin, a procedure called skin grafting is performed. What is Skin Grafting? A procedure where healthy skin is transplanted to an area where the skin is damaged or missing. There are two main types of skin grafts: Autograft: Skin taken from another part of the patient’s own body. Allograft: Skin taken from a donor, often sourced from a skin bank. Any skin can be used on any patient, and within two to three weeks post-grafting, doctors can assess if the patient is accepting the graft. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 June 2024

CONTENTS Post Office Act 2023 Sant Kabir Das  Post Office Act 2023 Context: The Post Office Act of 2023 has recently been enacted, replacing the Indian Post Office Act of 1898. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Features of the Post Office Act 2023 Indian Post Office Act, 1898 Issues with the Post Office Act 2023 Key Features of the Post Office Act 2023 Section 9: This section permits the central government to authorize any officer to intercept or detain postal items for reasons related to national security, foreign relations, etc. Items suspected of containing banned goods or those liable for customs duty can be handed over to customs officials. Section 10: Provides immunity to the Post Office and its officials from liability for loss, misdelivery, delay, or damage while providing services, except as specifically outlined. It abolishes all penalties and offenses detailed in the 1898 Act, including those concerning misconduct, fraud, and theft by postal workers. It also includes provisions for recovering unpaid service charges as arrears of land revenue. Section 7: Mandates that any person using a service provided by the Post Office must pay the applicable charges. Elimination of Exclusive Privilege: The new Act revokes the Centre’s exclusive right to convey letters, a privilege that had become obsolete with the rise of private courier services in the 1980s. It brings private courier services under its regulatory scope, acknowledging the loss of government exclusivity and extending the authority to intercept and detain any postal item, not just letters. Regulatory Authority: Grants the Director General of Postal Services the power to establish regulations for various additional services as prescribed by the central government and to set charges for these services. It removes the requirement for parliamentary approval when revising charges for services provided by post offices. Section 5(1): States that “The Central Government may prescribe standards for addressing on the items, address identifiers and usage of postcodes.” This provision is forward-thinking and will replace physical addresses with digital codes based on geographical coordinates for precise identification of premises. Indian Post Office Act, 1898 Enacted on July 1, 1898, with the objective to consolidate and amend laws related to Post Offices in India. Provides for the regulation of postal services offered by the central government. Grants the Central government the exclusive privilege of conveying letters and establishes a government monopoly over this service. Issues with the Post Office Act 2023 Consumer Protection Act, 2019: The Consumer Protection Act does not apply to services by India Post but does apply to private courier services. The Post Office Act of 2023 retains provisions from the 1898 Act that are being replaced. Lack of Procedural Safeguards: The Bill does not specify procedural safeguards against the interception of postal articles, potentially violating the right to privacy and freedom of speech and expression. Supreme Court Ruling: In the case of telecommunications interception, the Supreme Court in People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) vs. Union of India, 1996, ruled that a just and fair procedure for regulating the power of interception must exist to protect citizens’ rights under Article 19(1)(a) and Article 21. Emergency Definition: Like the 1898 Act, the present Act does not explicitly define an emergency. Framework Differences: The Act’s framework differs from railway laws, which address service complaints like loss, damage, non-delivery of goods, and fare refunds through the Railway Claims Tribunal Act of 1987. Removal of Penalties: Under the 1898 Act, postal officers and others could be jailed or fined for illegally opening mail, but the 2023 Act removes these penalties, potentially compromising privacy rights. Sant Kabir Das Context: On 22nd June 2024, the Prime Minister commemorated the 647th birth anniversary of Sant Kabir Das. Relevance: GS I: History Kabir’s Life and Teachings Renowned Disciple: Kabir is widely recognized as the most notable disciple of Ramananda. Upbringing: He was raised by a Muslim couple who worked as weavers. Intellectual Curiosity: Kabir had an inquisitive mind and learned extensively about Hinduism in Benares. Mission of Unity: His primary goal was to foster unity and harmony between Hindus and Muslims. Mystic Saint: Kabir is considered one of the greatest mystic saints. Followers: His followers are known as Kabirpanthis. Bhakti Movement: During the 14th and 15th centuries, Ramananda, Kabir, and Nanak were prominent figures of the Bhakti movement. Combating Superstitions: They helped common people overcome long-standing superstitions and achieve salvation through pure devotion (Bhakti). Idol Worship Critic: Kabir criticized all forms of idol worship. Belief in God: He believed in the omnipresence of God. True Devotion: Kabir emphasized that true devotion involves realizing one’s inner self and the supreme power called God. Material World: He did not support asceticism, arguing that one can find God without renouncing worldly responsibilities. Religious Equality: Kabir viewed all religions equally and saw them as different paths leading to the same God. Criticism of Division: He strongly opposed those who divided society based on religion and caste. Universal Wisdom: Kabir integrated valuable aspects from all religions, rejecting orthodox practices and meaningless rituals. Foundation of Bhakti Cult: His teachings formed the foundation of the Bhakti cult, followed by notable figures like Mira Bai, Raidas, and Bihari.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 June 2024

CONTENTS Navigating the Complexities of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking Call for Consensus in the Parliament Navigating the Complexities of Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking Context: Observed annually on June 26, the International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1987 to combat drug abuse globally. The day highlights the challenges posed by drug abuse and illicit trafficking and emphasizes the need for international cooperation. Relevance: GS2- Government Policies and Interventions Health Mains Question: In the context of rampant drug abuse in India and the world, discuss the impact that drug abuse can have. Suggest an effective strategy to deal with this menace. (10 Marks, 150 Words). The 2024 campaign: The 2024 campaign, titled “The evidence is clear: invest in prevention,” focuses on raising awareness about the importance of providing assistance and treatment to individuals struggling with substance use. It advocates for a compassionate approach, emphasizing empathy and care over punitive measures, with the aim of fostering understanding of the negative impacts of drugs on personal, social, and spiritual well-being. The campaign also promotes treating people who use drugs with respect and without judgment, seeking to shift societal attitudes. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) stresses the need to eliminate stigma and adopt a human rights-centered approach based on evidence-based practices to effectively address global drug abuse. The campaign’s primary objective is to tackle the complex issues of drug abuse and trafficking by increasing public awareness, promoting prevention measures, and advocating for robust policies and programs. Drug Abuse: Drug abuse involves the improper or excessive use of illegal drugs or prescription medications for non-therapeutic purposes. It significantly affects physical health, leading to conditions such as cardiovascular issues from chronic cocaine or methamphetamine abuse, lung cancer from smoking crack cocaine, and increased HIV risk from intravenous drug use. Other risks include nasal damage, liver and kidney disease, oral cancer, and severe weight loss among stimulant addicts. Mental health issues associated with drug abuse include depression, anxiety, memory and learning problems, insomnia, violent behavior, delusions, paranoia, confusion, extreme mood swings, and substance dependence. The links between drug-related crime, environmental crimes, and convergent crime are intricate and evolving, particularly evident in drug cultivation, trafficking, and environmental impacts in the Amazon Basin. The ‘UNODC World Drug Report 2023’ underscores social and economic inequalities that drive drug problems, along with environmental and human rights impacts. Treatment coverage remains low globally, with only a fraction of affected individuals receiving help, and some regions lacking adequate services. In India, alarming statistics reveal significant psychiatric disorders and substance use rates, with inadequate psychiatric and de-addiction care facilities exacerbating the situation. Way Forward: Moving forward, educating communities about the severe dangers of drug abuse and fostering international cooperation are crucial. The 2024 theme emphasizes investing in evidence-based prevention programs to safeguard individuals and communities, disrupt illicit economies, and prioritize rehabilitation, education, and harm reduction. Secretary-General António Guterres highlights the need for early prevention efforts and comprehensive strategies to address the global drug crisis effectively. Conclusion: Addressing drug abuse involves tailored treatment plans including detoxification, counseling, and medication as necessary. Lifestyle adjustments and supportive environments are essential for recovery, emphasizing the importance of proactive engagement and expert guidance in overcoming substance abuse challenges. Call for Consensus in the Parliament Context: The Prime Minister of India has vowed to govern through consensus as the 18th Lok Sabha commenced its first session. Both the ruling and the opposition parties have reiterated their commitment to protecting the Constitution, a key theme in the 2024 general election campaign. Despite their claims of seeking consensus and loyalty to the Constitution, there has been no sign of agreement on any major issues of governance or politics. Relevance: GS2- Structure, Organization and Functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government. Mains Question: Parliament should give room for extended debates and disagreements. Discuss in the context of the recently constituted 18th Lok Sabha. (10 Marks, 150 Words). The First Session: The first session was marked by hostility from the campaign, with both sides clashing over the selection of the pro tem Speaker and preparing to face off over the Speaker’s post. The Opposition has shown willingness to support the NDA’s candidate in exchange for the Deputy Speaker position, a role traditionally given to an Opposition member. In the 17th Lok Sabha, the position remained vacant, an unprecedented occurrence in Indian Parliament history. Speaker Pro Tem: The Speaker Pro Tem is appointed by the President under Article 95(1) of the Constitution to temporarily perform the duties of the Speaker until a Speaker is elected. “Pro-tem” derives from Latin, meaning “for the time being.” The pro-tem speaker oversees the initial sittings of the newly elected house, typically being the most senior member. Once a new Speaker is elected by the House, the role of Speaker Pro Tem ceases. The duties of the pro tem speaker include presiding over the first session of the Lok Sabha, administering the oath of office to newly elected MPs, conducting the election for the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, and overseeing floor tests. Deputy Speaker: The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha serves as the second-in-command presiding officer of the lower house of the Indian Parliament. In the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker assumes the role of presiding over the Lok Sabha, responsible for maintaining order, conducting business, and ensuring the smooth functioning of legislative processes. The Deputy Speaker is elected by the Lok Sabha from among its members, but only after the Speaker has been elected. The date of the Deputy Speaker’s election is determined by the Speaker. Upon assuming office, the Deputy Speaker does not take a separate oath or affirmation beyond their oath as a Member of Parliament. The tenure of the Deputy Speaker lasts throughout the term of the Lok Sabha. However, they must vacate office if they cease to be a Lok Sabha member, resign by submitting a letter to the Speaker, or are removed by a resolution passed by a majority of all current Lok Sabha members. When the office of the Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, a new member is elected by the Lok Sabha to fill the position. Removal of the Deputy Speaker requires a resolution passed by an Effective Majority of the Lok Sabha membership, following a motion with a 14-day advance notice to the Speaker. The roles and functions of the Deputy Speaker include performing the Speaker’s duties during vacancies, presiding over Lok Sabha sessions in the Speaker’s absence, and overseeing joint sittings of Parliament when the Speaker is not available Call for Consensus: Prime Minister’s call for consensus and parliamentary debates can signify a healthy democracy, but this promise must be backed by concrete actions. Union Minister Rajnath Singh, the government’s key interlocutor, has reached out to Opposition leaders, and such engagements should become more frequent. While consensus may be unachievable or unnecessary in some cases, demonstrating a commitment to power-sharing within the ruling alliance and with the Opposition could enhance the government’s political authority and legitimacy. Beyond the immediate concern of government stability, where the BJP is 32 seats short of a majority, coalition-building should be seen as essential for India’s progress and prosperity. The first session of the new Lok Sabha should set a precedent for extended debates, allowing for disagreements and seeking common ground across parties. Conclusion: During the last two terms, the proceedings of the House and Committees lacked the above mentioned qualities. As the leader of the ruling coalition, the BJP should reaffirm its commitment to parliamentary norms and substance, and the Opposition should respond constructively.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 June 2024

CONTENTS Srinagar Recognized as a ‘World Craft City’ Managed Care Organizations ISRO Completes Final Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Experiment Didymocarpus janakiae Declining Flamingo Population at Lake Natron Priority Sector Lending  Srinagar Recognized as a ‘World Craft City’ Context: Srinagar has been designated as a ‘World Craft City’ by the World Craft Council (WCC). This follows its recognition as part of the UNESCO Creative City Network (UCCN) for crafts and folk arts three years ago. Jaipur, Malappuram, and Mysore are the other Indian cities previously recognized as World Craft Cities. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: What is World Craft Council (WCC)? Significance of World Craft City Recognition What is UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network (UCCN)? What is World Craft Council (WCC)? Overview: The World Craft Council (WCC) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization associated with UNESCO. Founded in 1964, the WCC aims to promote the preservation, protection, and development of traditional crafts, fostering economic development through these crafts. World Craft City recognition by the WCC is a prestigious designation awarded to cities that excel in promoting and developing traditional crafts and artisanship. This recognition highlights a city’s dedication to preserving and promoting its unique craft heritage and supporting local artisans. Significance of World Craft City Recognition Global Status: Recognition enhances the city’s status on a global platform, establishing it as a center of excellence for crafts. Economic Boost: The designation can stimulate the local economy by attracting tourists, investors, and buyers interested in authentic crafts, thus expanding market opportunities for artisans. Cultural Preservation: It underscores the city’s commitment to preserving traditional crafts, ensuring these cultural practices are transmitted to future generations. Support for Artisans: Often leads to increased support for local artisans, including funding, training, and opportunities for international collaboration and exchange. Innovation and Sustainability: Encourages innovation within the craft sector by combining traditional techniques with modern designs, fostering creativity and sustainability. Visibility: The city and its crafts gain greater visibility through international media coverage, exhibitions, and events associated with the WCC. Criteria for Recognition Requirements: To be recognized as a World Craft City, a city typically needs to demonstrate: A rich tradition of crafts and a significant population of skilled artisans. Active promotion and development of craft traditions. Commitment to preserving cultural heritage and supporting sustainable practices. Evidence of innovation and creativity in craft practices. Strong community involvement and support for the craft sector. What is UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network (UCCN)? Overview: The UCCN was established in 2004 to foster collaboration among cities that see creativity as a key element for sustainable urban development. Currently, it encompasses 350 cities across more than 100 countries. The network aims to advance UNESCO’s objectives of cultural diversity and enhance resilience to challenges like climate change, increasing inequality, and rapid urbanization. Purpose: The network leverages the creative, social, and economic potential of cultural industries. It promotes a culture of creativity in urban planning and solutions to urban issues. Benefits to Member Cities: Recognizes creativity as vital for urban development through partnerships with public and private sectors and civil society. Develops hubs of creativity and innovation, expanding opportunities for creators and cultural professionals. Aligns with the UN agenda of sustainable development. Implementation: Objectives are realized at both local and international levels by sharing experiences, knowledge, and best practices. Includes professional and artistic exchange programs, research, and evaluations on the experiences of creative cities. The Annual Conference of Network Cities Purpose: A major event is the annual conference of mayors and stakeholders from network cities. It strengthens ties among creative cities globally. Past conferences were held in Santos, Brazil, and Istanbul. The next will be in July 2024 in Braga, Portugal. Membership Monitoring: Every four years, cities submit a Membership Monitoring Report. This report demonstrates commitment to the UCCN Mission Statement. Includes an action plan for the next four years, highlighting achievements, lessons learned, and the impact of the designation. Indian Cities in the Network Notable Cities: Besides Kozhikode and Gwalior, cities like Varanasi (music), Srinagar (crafts and folk arts), and Chennai (music) are part of the network. -Source: The Hindu Managed Care Organizations Context: A leading healthcare chain in South India has announced its foray into comprehensive health insurance. This new venture will integrate insurance and healthcare provision functions under one roof, emulating a managed care organisation (MCO) model. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Managed Care Organizations (MCOs): Background and Development Challenges to MCOs in India Steps to Develop MCOs in India Conclusion Managed Care Organizations (MCOs): Background and Development Definition: An MCO is a healthcare provider aiming to offer appropriate, cost-effective medical treatment. Historical Context: Origin: MCOs in the US originated from early 20th-century prepaid healthcare practices. Mainstreaming in the 1970s: The integration of insurance and service functions to manage costs focused on prevention, early management, and cost control with fixed premiums. Evolution: MCOs have diversified and penetrated deeply into the health insurance space, primarily reducing costly hospitalizations and associated expenses. Development in India: 1980s Onwards: India’s health insurance has primarily focused on indemnity insurance and covering hospitalization costs, overlooking the vast market for outpatient consultations. Challenges to MCOs in India Urban-Centric Targeting: MCOs primarily target affluent, urban populations, neglecting rural demographics and hindering Universal Health Coverage (UHC) efforts. Informal Outpatient Settings: Significant healthcare occurs in informal settings, lacking standardization and regulation, making integration and management challenging. Inconsistent Clinical Protocols: The absence of widely accepted clinical protocols creates inconsistency and reduces quality control. High Operational Costs: High costs and unaffordable premiums discourage participation and hinder long-term viability. Lack of Consumer-Driven Cost Control: The current health insurance model does not foster consumer-driven cost control, a core principle of MCOs. Steps to Develop MCOs in India Government Partnerships: Collaborate with initiatives like Ayushman Bharat to expand coverage and leverage rural healthcare infrastructure, aligning with the National Health Policy 2017. Standardize Clinical Protocols: Advocate for developing and implementing standardized protocols across outpatient settings, working with the National Health Authority (NHA) for accreditation and quality control. Utilize Technology: Streamline processes, reduce administrative costs, and offer telemedicine services to bridge the rural-urban gap, aligning with the Committee on Affordable Healthcare for All recommendations. Value-Based Pricing Models: Implement models that reward quality care and efficient service delivery, incentivizing cost control in line with NITI Aayog’s suggestions. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Leverage government resources and private sector expertise for broader reach and improved infrastructure. Data Collection and Analysis: Encourage data collection to track healthcare trends, identify cost-effective treatment options, and improve service delivery across MCO networks, aligning with the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM). Conclusion Achieving universal health coverage is a complex challenge requiring multifaceted solutions. Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) can significantly contribute to India’s healthcare landscape by fostering public support and gradually implementing MCOs, alongside adopting comprehensive financial strategies. These steps can help India make substantial progress toward achieving universal healthcare. -Source: The Hindu ISRO Completes Final Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Experiment Context: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully completed the third and final Reusable Launch Vehicle Landing Experiment (RLV LEX-03) for the Pushpak vehicle. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: RLV LEX-03 Mission Overview Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) RLV LEX-03 Mission Overview Mission Summary: Deployment and Release: The Pushpak vehicle was launched from an Indian Air Force Chinook helicopter at an altitude of 4.5 kilometers. Autonomous Landing: The vehicle autonomously executed cross-range corrections, approached the runway, and made a precise horizontal landing at the centerline. Controlled Descent: The high-speed descent, exceeding 320 km/h, was successfully reduced to around 100 km/h using the vehicle’s brake parachute and landing gear brakes. Technologies and Capabilities Demonstrated: Multisensor Guidance: LEX-03 employed multisensor fusion for controlled landing guidance. Self-Landing Capability: The Pushpak vehicle showcased its capability to land autonomously, including course corrections during its descent. Component Reuse: The mission reused key components from a previous flight, emphasizing the cost-saving potential of reusable launch vehicles (RLVs). Significance: Simulated Conditions: This mission simulated the approach and landing conditions, as well as high-speed descent scenarios, for a vehicle returning from space. Algorithm Validation: It validated ISRO’s advanced guidance algorithms for longitudinal and lateral error corrections, essential for future orbital re-entry missions. Technological Progress: By testing technologies such as autonomous landing and reusable parts, this mission paves the way for fully reusable launch vehicles, potentially reducing launch costs and increasing space mission efficiency. Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) Definition: Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) are rockets designed for multiple uses in space missions, unlike traditional expendable rockets where each stage is discarded after use. Operational Mechanics: Multi-Stage Rockets: In a typical multi-stage rocket, the first stage is jettisoned after fuel consumption to lighten the load, while the remaining stages continue to propel the payload into orbit. Recovery and Reuse: RLVs recover and reuse the first stage, which uses engines or parachutes to descend and land back on Earth. This stage can be refurbished for future launches, significantly cutting costs. Current Usage: SpaceX (USA): Falcon 9, with over 220 launches, 178 landings, and 155 re-flights as of May 2023. Blue Origin (USA): New Shepard conducts suborbital flights and lands vertically. JAXA (Japan) and ESA (Europe): Engaged in research on reusable launch systems to lower space access costs. ISRO (India): Developed the Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstration (RLV-TD) and successfully conducted a landing. -Source: The Hindu Didymocarpus Janakiae Context: A new plant species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh has been named Didymocarpus janakiae. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About Didymocarpus janakiae New Species Discovery: Didymocarpus janakiae is a newly identified plant species found in the sub-tropical forests of West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, at an altitude of 2,300 meters above sea level. Naming and Honor: This species is named in honor of Dr. E. K. Janaki Ammal, a pioneering Indian botanist known for her significant contributions to botany, especially in plant breeding, genetics, and cytology. In 1931, she became the first Indian woman to be awarded a doctorate in botany in the US (University of Michigan), breaking gender and caste barriers. Taxonomy and Genus: Didymocarpus janakiae belongs to the plant genus Didymocarpus, commonly referred to as stone flower, which is part of the African Violet family (Gesneriaceae). The genus comprises 111 species, 27 of which are found in India, including the newly described D. janakiae. These plants thrive in pristine, undisturbed habitats like moss-covered rocks, reflecting the quality of their ecosystem. Population and Threats: With a known population of fewer than 20 individuals located near Bomdila in West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, D. janakiae faces severe threats due to habitat degradation. -Source: The Hindu Declining Flamingo Population at Lake Natron Context: Experts have reported a steady decline in the population of flamingos at Lake Natron. The decrease is attributed to extreme weather conditions and encroachment, resulting in fewer birds returning to the lake each year. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Dimensions of the Article: About Lake Natron Key Facts about the Great Rift Valley About Lake Natron: Location and Composition: Lake Natron is a salt lake situated on the border between Tanzania and Kenya, part of the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley. It is designated as a Ramsar site and is known for its unique combination of warm waters, salt, caustic soda, and magnesite deposits, which create ideal conditions for flamingos. Hydrology and Features: The lake is primarily fed by the Ewaso Ng’iro River, originating from central Kenya. Notably, Lake Natron has a striking red color, primarily due to its extreme alkalinity. Environmental Threats: The lake’s ecosystem is threatened by various factors, including agriculture, pollution, and climate change, which jeopardize its unique beauty. Key Facts about the Great Rift Valley: Geographical Significance: The Great Rift Valley is one of the most extensive rifts on Earth’s surface, stretching across a large part of East Africa. It is part of the East African Rift System (EARS). It extends from Jordan in southwestern Asia to the coast of the Indian Ocean in central Mozambique. Countries Spanned: The rift runs through multiple countries, including Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Malawi, Zambia, and Mozambique. -Source: Down To Earth Priority Sector Lending Context: The RBI recently revised its priority sector guidelines to encourage banks to provide small loans in economically disadvantaged districts with low average loan sizes. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Priority Sector Lending (PSL): Overview: PSL is a lending mandate overseen by the RBI, requiring banks to allocate a specific portion of their loans to sectors crucial for development or those facing challenges in obtaining loans. The RBI regularly updates the eligible sectors for priority sector lending and adjusts loan limits. Institutions required to provide these loans are identified through regulations. Priority Sectors: Agriculture Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Export Credit Education Housing Social Infrastructure Renewable Energy Others Targets Under PSL: Domestic SCBs and foreign banks with 20+ branches: 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit Equivalent of Off-Balance Sheet Exposure (CEOBE), whichever is higher. Foreign banks with fewer than 20 branches: 40% of ANBC or CEOBE, with up to 32% for exports and a minimum of 8% for any other priority sector. Regional Rural Banks and Small Finance Banks: 75% of ANBC or CEOBE, whichever is higher. Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs): 40% of ANBC or CEOBE, rising to 75% from FY2025-26. Meeting PSL Obligations: Banks can meet PSL targets by extending loans, providing credit facilities, and offering financial products to priority sectors. They can also invest in eligible instruments, such as bonds issued by entities involved in priority sector activities. If targets are not met, banks must deposit the shortfall into the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) with NABARD or other designated funds. Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs): PSLCs are certificates issued against priority sector loans, allowing banks to meet their targets by purchasing these instruments. PSLCs help banks guard against shortfalls and encourage surplus lending to priority sectors. Revised RBI Guidelines: New norms discourage lending in districts with high average loan sizes. From FY25, more weight (125%) will be given to new priority sector loans in districts with low loan availability (less than Rs 9,000 per person). In districts with high loan availability (more than Rs 42,000 per person), loans will have a weight of 90%. All other districts will maintain the current importance level of 100%, except for outlier districts with low credit availability or high loan sizes. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 June 2024

CONTENTS Green Hydrogen Green Hydrogen Context: The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has boosted the annual allocation of Green Ammonia for the fertiliser sector from 550,000 to 750,000 tonnes. This increase aims to meet the rising demand and enhance support for Green Hydrogen in India. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: What is Green hydrogen? What is the National Green Hydrogen Mission? What is Green hydrogen? A colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic and highly combustible gaseous substance, hydrogen is the lightest, simplest and most abundant member of the family of chemical elements in the universe. But a colour — green — prefixed to it makes hydrogen the “fuel of the future”. The ‘green’ depends on how the electricity is generated to obtain the hydrogen, which does not emit greenhouse gas when burned. Green hydrogen is produced through electrolysis using renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind or hydel power. Hydrogen can be ‘grey’ and ‘blue’ too. Grey hydrogen is generated through fossil fuels such as coal and gas and currently accounts for 95% of the total production in South Asia. Blue hydrogen, too, is produced using electricity generated by burning fossil fuels but with technologies to prevent the carbon released in the process from entering the atmosphere. Green Hydrogen Importance Hydrogen is being used across the United States, Russia, China, France and Germany. Countries like Japan desire to become a hydrogen economy in future. Green hydrogen can in future be used for Electricity and drinking water generation, energy storage, transportation etc.  Green hydrogen can be used to provide water to the crew members in space stations. Energy storage- Compressed hydrogen tanks can store the energy longer and are easier to handle than lithium-ion batteries as they are lighter. Transport and mobility- Hydrogen can be used in heavy transport, aviation and maritime transport. What is the National Green Hydrogen Mission? The intent of the mission is to incentivise the commercial production of green hydrogen and make India a net exporter of the fuel.  The mission has laid out a target to develop green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT (Million Metric Tonne) per annum. This is alongside adding renewable energy capacity of about 125 GW (gigawatt) in the country. This will entail the decarbonisation of the industrial, mobility and energy sectors; reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels and feedstock; developing indigenous manufacturing capabilities; creating employment opportunities; and developing new technologies such as efficient fuel cells. By 2030, the Centre hopes its investments will bring in investments worth ₹8 trillion and create over six lakh jobs. Moreover, about 50 MMT per annum of CO2 emissions are expected to be averted by 2030. As per its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement, India has committed to reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030, from 2005 levels. Advantages: The National Green Hydrogen Mission will make India a leading producer and supplier of Green Hydrogen in the world. It would result in attractive investment and business opportunities for the industry. Will contribute significantly to India’s efforts for decarbonization and energy independence. Will create opportunities for employment and economic development. The Mission will drive the development of the Green Hydrogen ecosystem in the country.  The targeted production capacity will bring over ₹8 lakh crore in total investments and will result in creation of over 6 lakh clean jobs. The Mission will support pilot projects in other hard-to-abate sectors.  The Mission will also support R&D projects.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 June 2024

CONTENTS India-Russia Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS) Finalization Lithium Government Considers New Bank for MSME Lending Patna High Court Strikes Down Reservation Quota Increase Successful Launch of SVOM Satellite Namaqualand Russell’s Viper India-Russia Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS) Finalization Context: The India-Russia mutual logistics agreement, known as the Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS), is nearing finalization. This agreement will enhance military cooperation between India and Russia, encompassing joint exercises, training, and disaster relief operations. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS) Evolution of India-Russia Relationship Key Challenges in India-Russia Relations Conclusion Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS) Overview The Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS) between India and Russia aims to enhance military cooperation between the two nations. This administrative arrangement is designed to streamline military logistics support, improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of joint operations and long-distance missions. Significance Replenishment of Supplies: Facilitates the continuous, uninterrupted military presence by ensuring the replenishment of essential supplies such as fuel, rations, and spare parts. Berthing Facilities: Provides berthing facilities for troops, warships, and aircraft. Operational Applicability: Applicable during both wartime and peacetime missions. Utilisation of Logistics Networks: Enables smoother utilisation of the host nation’s existing logistics networks, enhancing the ability to respond swiftly to crises. Strategic Edge: Provides a strategic advantage to the military operations of both countries, thereby reducing overall mission costs. Maritime Outreach: Enhances India’s maritime outreach and influence in strategically important regions. Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA): Boosts MDA and shared logistics facilities, enabling better information exchange about maritime activities and improving situational awareness for both countries. Geopolitical Impact Balance with Quad and Russia: Balances India’s logistics agreements with Quad countries and aligns with Russia’s non-Quad stance. Strengthening Presence: Strengthens Russian presence in the Indo-Pacific region without Quad involvement. Counterbalance: Counterbalances US influence and China’s regional role for both India and Russia. Arctic Engagements: India’s primary engagements in the Arctic focus on understanding the scientific interconnections between Arctic sea ice melting and changes in Indian monsoon systems. Evolution of India-Russia Relationship Historical Milestones Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty of 1971: In the aftermath of the Indo-Pak war, Russia supported India, while the US and China backed Pakistan. Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership (2000): Marked a new era of enhanced cooperation across various sectors. Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership (2010): Elevated during the Russian President’s visit to India, highlighting deeper strategic ties. Economic Ties Bilateral Trade: Significant trade volume, reaching approximately USD 13 billion in 2021-22. Trading Partners: Russia ranks as India’s seventh-largest trading partner, showing a substantial rise in trade relations. Political and Security Engagements Inter-Governmental Commissions: Regular meetings focusing on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC) and Military-Technical Cooperation (IRIGC-MTC). Defence and Security Relations: Regular Tri-Services exercise ‘INDRA’. Joint Military Programs: BrahMos cruise missile program. 5th generation fighter jet program. Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme. Military Hardware: S-400 Triumf. Kamov Ka-226 (200 to be made in India under Make in India). T-90S Bhishma. INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier program. AK-203 Rifles. Technological and Scientific Collaboration Historical Support: Soviet assistance in establishing institutions like the Bhilai Steel Plant and supporting India’s space program. Advanced Fields: Collaboration in nanotechnologies, quantum computing, and India’s manned spaceflight program (Gaganyaan).   Key Challenges in India-Russia Relations Geopolitical Dynamics Closer Ties with China: Russia’s strategy to avoid conflicts on two fronts (West and China). Sino-Russian Cooperation: Increasing military and economic cooperation between China and Russia affecting India’s strategic interests. Improved Relations with Pakistan: Complications arising from stronger US-India ties, impacting India’s regional strategy. Strategic Dilemmas Global Strategic Partnerships: India’s challenge in balancing its comprehensive global strategic partnership with the US and its special and privileged partnership with Russia. Western Criticism Russian Invasion of Ukraine: India’s neutrality and continued economic cooperation with Moscow faced criticism from the West. Defence Procurement Decline in Defence Purchases: India’s diversification of defence imports, reducing dependency on Russian arms and exploring other suppliers, potentially including Pakistan. Conclusion India and Russia have evolved their relationship from historical ties to a multifaceted partnership encompassing trade, defence, and advanced technology. Despite facing geopolitical challenges and strategic dilemmas, both nations continue to find common ground for cooperation, balancing their interests in a complex international landscape. -Source: The Hindu Lithium Context: Exploration of lithium in Chhattisgarh’s Korba district has moved a step further with one block advancing to the second round of auctions and promising deposits now being found in the initial exploration of another block. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: News Summary About Lithium Uses News Summary Progress in Lithium Exploration: Chhattisgarh’s Korba District: Advanced lithium exploration. One block moved to the second auction round. Another block shows promising deposits. Recent Setbacks: Jammu and Kashmir’s Reasi District: Auction canceled due to low investor interest. Manipur’s Kamjong District: Exploration halted due to local resistance. Other Regions: Manipur, Ladakh, and Assam saw less success in exploration. Local resistance in Kamjong district. Poor results in Ladakh’s Merak block. Abandoned plans in Assam’s Dhubri and Kokrajhar districts. Positive Developments: National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET): Funded a private company. Found lithium deposits in Korba ranging from 168 to 295 ppm. Mines Ministry Auctions: Since November, auctioned 38 critical mineral blocks. Included lithium blocks in J&K and Chhattisgarh. Korba block attracted investors; Reasi block did not and is being re-auctioned. Preliminary Survey Results: Korba: Lithium concentrations in bedrock samples from 10 to 2,000 ppm. Reasi: Deposits exceeded 200 ppm. International Ventures: Secured Assets Abroad: Argentina’s Catamarca province through Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL). Exploring Opportunities: Sri Lanka and Australia. About Lithium: Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is the lightest of all the metals and the least dense solid element. It is highly reactive and flammable, and easily oxidizes in air or water. Occurrence: Lithium is a rare element and is mostly found in minerals such as spodumene, lepidolite, and petalite. It is also found in brines and clays in certain regions of the world, such as the “Lithium Triangle” in South America, which includes Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. Uses: Lithium has a range of industrial applications, including: Lithium-ion batteries: It is a critical component of rechargeable batteries used in mobile devices, laptops, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems. Aerospace industry: Lithium is used in the manufacturing of aircraft parts due to its lightweight and strong structural properties. Glass and ceramics: Lithium is used in the production of heat-resistant glass and ceramics, such as ovenware and laboratory equipment. Pharmaceuticals: Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Lubricants: Lithium is used in greases and lubricants due to its ability to reduce friction and wear. In conclusion, lithium is a rare and highly reactive metal that has a wide range of industrial applications, particularly in the manufacture of rechargeable batteries, aerospace industry, glass and ceramics, pharmaceuticals, and lubricants. -Source: The Hindu Government Considers New Bank for MSME Lending Context: The government is evaluating a proposal to establish a separate bank dedicated to direct lending for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). This initiative aims to enhance credit availability in this under-served sector, thereby stimulating economic activity and job creation. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: New Bank to Bridge Credit Gap for MSMEs MSMEs in India Significance of MSMEs and Problems Faced New Bank to Bridge Credit Gap for MSMEs Government Plans The government is setting up a separate bank to directly lend to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The ownership structure, potentially a public-private partnership model, is under consideration. Current Scheme Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI): Established in 1990, SIDBI primarily refinances banks lending to MSMEs to lower financing costs. Major shareholders include: Government of India (20.85%) State Bank of India (15.65%) Life Insurance Corporation of India (13.33%) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (9.36%) SIDBI obtains low-cost funds from banks that fall short of priority sector lending (PSL) targets. Growth depends on scheduled commercial banks meeting their PSL targets. Additional Lending Entities: State financial corporations State industrial development corporations Need for a New Bank Current Credit Penetration: MSME credit penetration is 14% in India compared to 50% in the US and 37% in China. Credit Gap: There is a Rs 25 trillion credit gap in the Indian MSME sector. Outstanding credit to MSMEs expanded by 20.9% to Rs 26 trillion by December 2023. Challenges: Inadequate, untimely, and costly finance hinders MSMEs’ growth. Large banks often fail to understand MSMEs’ specific needs. MSMEs in India Economic Importance MSMEs are crucial to employment generation, exports, and overall economic growth. They account for over 11 crore jobs and contribute around 27% of India’s GDP. The sector includes around 6.4 crore MSMEs, with 1.5 crore registered on the Udyam portal. MSMEs employ 23% of the Indian labor force, making them the second-largest employer after agriculture. They contribute 38.4% of the total manufacturing output and 45.03% of the country’s total exports. Significance of MSMEs and Problems Faced Importance Labor-intensive sector promoting inclusive growth, financial inclusion, and innovation. Backbone of the Indian economy with over 110 million jobs (23% of the labor force). Contribute 27% to India’s GDP, 38.4% to manufacturing output, and 45% to total exports. Challenges Dwarfs vs. Infant Firms: Dwarf firms consume vital resources but contribute less to job creation and economic growth. Funding Sources: 90% of MSME funding comes from informal sources. Technology Integration: Adoption of big data, AI, and virtual reality (Industry 4.0) in manufacturing is still in its infancy. Cleantech Innovation: The sector lacks cleantech innovation and entrepreneurship, which can promote energy efficiency and transition to a circular and low-carbon economy. -Source: The Hindu Patna High Court Strikes Down Reservation Quota Increase Context: Recently, the Patna High Court invalidated the Bihar government’s decision to raise the reservation quota from 50% to 65% for Backward Classes (BC), Extremely Backward Classes (EBC), Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in educational institutions and government jobs. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: High Court’s Ruling on Bihar Reservation Quota Need for Extended Reservation in Bihar Constitutional Provisions on Reservation Reservation not a fundamental Right Reservation Related Developments in India Way Forward High Court’s Ruling on Bihar Reservation Quota Context: November 2023 Notification: Bihar government increased the reservation quota for deprived castes from 50% to 65%. Reason: Based on a caste-based survey highlighting the need for better representation of BC, EBC, SC, and ST communities. Legislation: Bihar Assembly passed the Bihar Reservation Amendment Bill to implement the 65% quota. Legal Challenge: PIL Filed: Challenging the increase beyond the 50% cap. Patna High Court Ruling: Violation: The 65% quota breached the 50% limit set by the Supreme Court in the Indira Sawhney case (1992). Reasoning: The decision was based on population proportion rather than “adequate representation” in jobs. EWS Quota: Adding the 10% Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) quota pushed the total reservation to 75%, deemed unconstitutional. Need for Extended Reservation in Bihar: Economic Indicators: Per Capita Income: Lowest in the country, below USD 800 per year (30% of national average). Fertility Rate: Highest in India, with only 12% urban population (national average is 35%). College Density: Lowest in India; 30% of population below the poverty line. Demographic Representation: SC, STs, and Backward Classes: Constitute 84.46% of the population but underrepresented in jobs and education. Proposed Measures for Improvement: Education: RTE Forum Recommendations: Enhance early childhood development (ICDS centers). Improve teacher training. Shift to interactive and technology-integrated learning methods. Skill Development and Employment: Skill-Building Programs: Aligned with industry needs. Entrepreneurship Programs: Through SIPB (Single-window Investment Promotion Board) to attract businesses and create jobs. Infrastructure: Irrigation Systems: Improve to handle floods and droughts. Transport Network: Develop robust connections between rural and urban areas. Social Inclusion: Women’s Empowerment: Focus on education, skill development, and financial inclusion. Increase workforce participation and achieve social equality. Law Enforcement: Stricter enforcement to combat social stratification. Promote social harmony. Constitutional Provisions on Reservation Article 16(4) empowers the state to make any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the state. By way of the 77th Amendment Act, a new clause (4A) was added to Article 16, empowering the state to make provisions for reservation in matters of promotion to Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe employees if the state feels they are not adequately represented in services. Reservation not a fundamental Right It is a settled law, time and again reiterated by the Supreme Court, that there is no fundamental right to reservation or promotion under Article 16(4) or Article 16(4 A) of the Constitution. Rather they are enabling provisions for providing reservation, if the circumstances so warrant (Mukesh Kumar and Another vs State of Uttarakhand & Ors. 2020). However, these pronouncements no way understate the constitutional directive under Article 46. Article 46 mandates that the state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and in particular SCs and STs. However such provisions resulted in the ever-evolving jurisprudence of affirmative action in public employment. Reservation Related Developments in India Mandal storm Reservation in employment which was otherwise confined to SC and STs got extended to new section called the Other Backward Classes (OBCs). This was the basis of the recommendations of the Second Backward Class Commission as constituted, headed by B.P. Mandal. The Mandal Commission (1980) provided for 27% reservation to OBC in central services and public sector undertakings. This was over and above the existing 22.5% reservation for SCs and STs, was sought to be implemented by the V.P. Singh Government in 1990. The same was assailed in the Supreme Court resulting in the historic Indra Sawhney Judgment. Indra Sawhney case, 1992 In its landmark 1992 decision in Indra Sawhney vs Union of India, the Supreme Court had held that reservations under Article 16(4) could only be provided at the time of entry into government service but not in matters of promotion. It added that the principle would operate only prospectively and not affect promotions already made and that reservation already provided in promotions shall continue in operation for a period of five years from the date of the judgment. On June 17, 1995, Parliament, acting in its constituent capacity, adopted the seventy-seventh amendment by which clause (4A) was inserted into Article 16 to enable reservation to be made in promotion for SCs and STs. The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995 In Indra Sawhney Case, the Supreme Court had held that Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India does not authorise reservation in the matter of promotions. However, the judgment was not to affect the promotions already made and hence only prospective in operation, it was ruled. By the Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995, which, Article 16(4-A), was inserted. It aimed to provide the State for making any provision for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of posts in the services under the State. This was to be in favour of the SCs and the STs which, in the opinion of the State, are not adequately represented in the services under the State. Later, two more amendments were brought, one to ensure consequential seniority and another to secure carry forward of unfilled vacancies of a year. M. Nagaraj case, 2006 The constitutional validity of Art 16(4A) was upheld by the Supreme Court in the M. Nagaraj v. Union of India 2006 case; however, State is not bound to make such reservations in promotions. If the states seek to make reservation in promotions, then it must collect quantifiable data on three parameters The backwardness of the class The inadequacy of the representation of that class in public employment; The general efficiency of service would not be affected Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta case, 2018 In Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta case of 2018, the Supreme Court held that reservation in promotions does not require the state to collect quantifiable data on the backwardness of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. The court upheld the argument that once various caste groups were listed as SC/ST, this automatically implied they were backward. That judgment had, while modifying the part of the Nagaraj verdict which required States to show quantifiable data to prove the ‘backwardness’ of a Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe community to provide quota in promotion in public employment, rejected the Centre’s argument that Nagaraj misread the creamy layer concept by applying it to SC/ST. The Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019 The 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) other SCs, STs and backward classes for government jobs and admission in educational institutions. This is currently under challenge before the Supreme Court which has referred the same to a constitution bench. This was a critical milestone to specifically include economic backwardness without social backwardness as is traditionally seen.  Dr. Jaishri Laxmanrao Patil vs Chief Minister (2021) Despite the Indra Sawhney ruling, there have been attempts on the part of many States to breach the rule by way of expanding the reservation coverage. The Maharashtra Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Act 2018, (Maratha reservation law) came under challenge before the Supreme Court. This case was referred to a bench of five judges to question whether the 1992 judgment needs a relook. Interestingly, the Supreme Court affirmed the Indra Sawhney decision, and struck down Section 4(1)(a) and Section 4(1)(b) of the Act which provided 12% reservation for Marathas in educational institutions and 13% reservation in public employment respectively. This judgment gave out a strong message that some State governments blatantly disregard the stipulated ceiling on electoral gains rather than any exceptional circumstances. Way Forward Assessing Current Representation: It is essential to evaluate the present representation of SC/ST/OBCs at various levels and departments. This data will help set specific targets for fulfilling reservation quotas. Merit and Relaxation System: Advocate for a system that emphasizes merit while providing some relaxation in qualifying marks for SC/ST/OBC candidates in promotions. This ensures that qualified candidates from these communities have a better chance while maintaining acceptable competency standards. Addressing Concerns: Acknowledge the issues related to unqualified candidates being promoted due to reservations. Training and Mentorship: Propose robust training and mentorship programs for promoted SC/ST/OBC employees to bridge any skill gaps and ensure they excel in their new roles. Temporary Measure: Highlight that reservations are a temporary measure aimed at achieving long-term social justice and equal opportunity in promotions. Parallel Initiatives: Advocate for simultaneous initiatives that enhance education and access to resources for these communities, ultimately leading to a scenario where reservations might not be required. -Source: The Hindu Successful Launch of SVOM Satellite Context: A Long March 2-C rocket launched from southwestern China, carrying the French-Chinese satellite Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM). The launch was recently completed successfully, marking a significant milestone in international space collaboration. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) Overview: SVOM is a collaborative satellite project between France and China, specifically designed to detect and study gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). It was launched using a Long March-2C rocket from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province, China. Weighing 930 kilograms, the satellite is equipped with four instruments, two French and two Chinese. Positioned in an orbit over 600 kilometers above Earth, SVOM is expected to have a primary operational life of five years, with the potential to function for up to 20 years. Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs): GRBs typically occur following the explosion of massive stars, at least 20 times larger than the sun, or from the fusion of compact stars. These bursts emit extremely bright cosmic beams, releasing energy equivalent to that of over a billion billion suns. Observing GRBs is akin to “looking back in time” due to the prolonged duration it takes for the light to reach Earth. The gamma-ray rays from GRBs carry information about the gas clouds and galaxies they pass through, providing valuable data on the history and evolution of the universe. GRBs are challenging to observe because they can appear randomly in the sky and last only a few seconds, often getting absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. Probes in space are essential for capturing these bursts. Significance of SVOM: SVOM is poised to uncover several mysteries surrounding GRBs, particularly by detecting the most distant and earliest GRBs in the universe. The data collected by SVOM will assist in testing physical laws under extreme conditions not replicable on Earth, offering deeper insights into the universe’s dynamics. -Source: The Hindu Namaqualand Context: Scientists recently discovered the world’s oldest inhabited termite mounds along the Buffels River in Namaqualand, dating back 34,000 years. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Overview of Namaqualand: Geography and Location: Namaqualand is a desert region situated in southwestern Africa. It extends from the Karas region of Namibia in the north to the Northern Cape province of South Africa in the south. Spanning from the Namib Desert in the west to the Kalahari in the east, it covers an area of approximately 400,000 square kilometers. Subdivisions: The Namibian section, located north of the Orange River, is often referred to as Great Namaqualand. The South African section, south of the Orange River, is known as Little Namaqualand. Climate and Vegetation: Namaqualand is characterized by its arid climate, with succulents being the predominant vegetation for much of the year due to their ability to store water and endure drought conditions. Most of the region’s rainfall occurs in the winter. When sufficient rain falls, the area bursts into bloom with wildflowers for a brief period in the spring. Cultural and Historical Significance: Traditionally, the Nama people inhabited this region before it came under German occupation in the 19th century. The region is rich in copper deposits, which the Nama people mined for hundreds of years. Economic Aspects: In the early 1900s, diamonds were discovered in various parts of Namaqualand, including the Sperrgebiet in Namibia and the Richtersveld in South Africa. -Source: The Hindu Russell’s Viper Context: All health centres and hospitals in Bangladesh have been ordered to stock anti-venom after reports of an increase in people being bitten by snakes, especially by the Russell’s viper. Relevance: GS III: Species in News Overview of Russell’s Viper: General Information: Type: Highly venomous terrestrial snake. Family: Viperidae. Scientific Name: Daboia russelii. Named After: Patrick Russell, a Scottish herpetologist who first described many of India’s snakes in the 1790s. Significance: One of the “big four” deadliest snakes in India, along with the Common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), Indian Cobra (Naja naja), and Saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus). Distribution: Found in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Pakistan, Cambodia, Tibet, China (Guangxi, Guangdong), Taiwan, and Indonesia. Habitat: Preferred Areas: Open, grassy, or bushy areas. Also Found In: Second-growth forests (scrub jungles), forested plantations, and farmland. Avoids: Dense forests. Behavior and Impact: Major Cause of Snake Bite Deaths: Common in farmlands with high human and rodent activity. Avoidance of Humans: Generally avoids human contact and does not actively seek to bite people. Bite Incidents: Most bites happen when humans accidentally step on or handle the snake. Fatalities: Often result from delayed medical treatment. Physical Features: Length: Can grow up to 1.5 meters. Coloration: Distinctive reddish-brown spots outlined in black and white. Head: Wide, triangular with small, overlapping scales, large nostrils, and small eyes with vertical pupils. Activity: Mainly nocturnal, active as the sun fades. Behavior: Sedentary, often staying in one place for several days unless disturbed. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Least Concern. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 June 2024

CONTENTS International Hydrographic Organisation GST Council International Hydrographic Organisation Context: On 21 June every year, the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) celebrates World Hydrography Day to raise awareness about hydrography. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) Nature and Establishment The IHO is an intergovernmental entity dedicated to the surveying and charting of the world’s seas, oceans, and navigable waters. Founded in 1921, it facilitates coordination among national hydrographic offices and ensures standardization in nautical charts and documentation. Functions and Responsibilities The organization issues best practice guidelines and maximizes the use of hydrographic survey data. It focuses on enhancing hydrographic capabilities within its member states. Membership and Secretariat The IHO currently comprises 100 member countries. The Secretariat of the IHO is located in Monaco. India’s Involvement India has been a member of the IHO since 1955. The Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD), originally known as the Marine Survey of India, was established in 1874 in Kolkata. INHD is responsible for conducting hydrographic surveys and operates a fleet of modern, indigenously built survey ships. World Hydrography Day Celebrated annually on June 21. The theme for 2024 is “Hydrographic Information – Enhancing Safety, Efficiency and Sustainability in Marine Activities”. GST Council Context: The GST Council recently announced various recommendations relating to taxation, ITC claims and demand notices. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: About GST Council About GST Council Goods & Services Tax Council is a constitutional body for making recommendations to the Union and State Government on issues related to Goods and Service Tax. As per Article 279A (1) of the amended Constitution, the GST Council has to be constituted by the President within 60 days of the commencement of Article 279A. The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Second Amendment) Bill, 2016, for the introduction of Goods and Services Tax in the country was introduced in the Parliament and passed by Rajya Sabha on 3rd August 2016 and by Lok Sabha on 8th August 2016. GST Council is an apex member committee to modify, reconcile or procure any law or regulation based on the context of goods and services tax in India. The GST council is responsible for any revision or enactment of rule or any rate changes of the goods and services in India. The council contains the following members: Union Finance Minister (as chairperson) Union Minister of States in charge of revenue or finance (as members) The ministers of states in charge of finance or taxation or other ministers as nominated by each state’s government (as members). Matters on which GST Council makes recommendations Taxes, cesses, and surcharges levied by the Centre, States and local bodies which may be subsumed in the GST; Goods and services which may be subjected to or exempted from GST; Model GST laws, principles of levy, apportionment of IGST and principles that govern the place of supply; Threshold limit of turnover below which goods and services may be exempted from GST; Rates including floor rates with bands of GST; Special rates to raise additional resources during any natural calamity; Special provision with respect to Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand; Any other matter relating to the goods and services tax, as the Council may decide.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 June 2024

CONTENTS Time for a Census, Come What May G7 Summit and the Global South Time for a Census, Come What May Context: The 2021 Census has been now delayed for too long. One plausible explanation is that the ruling party is postponing the Census to expedite the “delimitation” process in anticipation of the 2029 Lok Sabha elections. This might sound unlikely, but reconsidering reveals the 84th amendment of the Constitution mandates that the next delimitation exercise is to be based on the first census after 2026. Relevance: GS1- Population and Associated Issues GS2- Government Policies & Interventions Mains Question: What are the possible implications of the delay in decennial census in India? How does a delay in census impact the 106th amendment of the Constitution relating to the women’s reservation? (15 Marks, 250 Words). Where do Other Countries Stand in Terms of Conducting the Census? The government has repeatedly claimed, including in Parliament, that Census 2021 had to be postponed due to the pandemic. However, India is among a select few countries that have not conducted their latest Census — only 44 out of 233 nations. Among the 189 countries (81%) that managed to conduct their latest Census, 143 did so after March 2020, when COVID-19 began causing widespread disruption. India shares the dubious distinction of not conducting its Census with conflict-ridden countries like Ukraine (invaded by Russia), Yemen, Syria, and Myanmar (affected by civil wars), Taliban-ruled Afghanistan, economically troubled Sri Lanka, and several sub-Saharan African countries undergoing turmoil. Chart 1 shows the year in which the Census was last conducted in 233 countries. Among the ten most populous countries, only India and Nigeria have yet to conduct a Census. China, the U.S., and Indonesia conducted their latest Census in 2020. Pakistan, ranked fifth, conducted its Census in March 2023. Among BRICS nations (originally defined), India is the only country that has not conducted its Census, while Brazil (August 2022), China (November 2020), South Africa (February 2022), and Russia (October 2021) have done so during or after the pandemic. Among neighbors, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan, and Bangladesh have all conducted Censuses. Analysing the Politics of Delay in Census: If the next census occurs in 2024 or 2025, delimitation would have to wait until after the subsequent census, which would be in the 2030s. Therefore, if the ruling party aims for delimitation before the 2029 elections, it must delay the census until 2026 or even 2027, since a 2026 census might not be considered “after 2026.” Delimitation aims to ensure that the proportion of Lok Sabha seats among different states aligns with their population shares and that all constituencies have similar population sizes, as required under Article 81 of the Constitution. The upcoming delimitation is expected to favor states with higher population growth since 1973, when the last interstate delimitation, based on the 1971 Census, was conducted. This shift would likely increase the seat shares of northern states at the expense of southern states, potentially causing unrest among the southern states. However, if the ruling party succeeds in this strategy, its electoral prospects may improve, as it has a stronger base in the north compared to the south. The Opposition could counter this plan by demanding the timely completion of the Census before 2026. There is a strong argument for this, as Census data are crucial for various purposes, including the implementation of welfare schemes. For example, updating Census figures would increase the number of people eligible for subsidized food rations by over 100 million under the National Food Security Act. Delaying the Census deprives many individuals of essential entitlements. By advocating for an early Census and postponed delimitation, the Opposition could achieve two goals at once. Additionally, this issue could be brought before the Supreme Court. While setting the Census date is the Central government’s prerogative, delaying the 2021 Census by more than five years could be seen as an abuse of power and a violation of people’s fundamental rights. Women’s Reservation Bill and Delay in Census: However, there is a potential complication. This relates to women’s reservation. The 106th amendment of the Constitution, passed last September, mandates one-third reservation of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. Section 5 stipulates that this will take effect “after an exercise of delimitation is undertaken for this purpose after the relevant figures for the first census taken after [2023] have been published” (emphasis added). This has generally been interpreted to mean that women’s reservation would begin after the broader delimitation exercise required by the 84th amendment. In this view, an early Census would delay women’s reservation by delaying delimitation. However, the phrase “for this purpose” in Section 5 could also be interpreted to mean that women’s reservation could proceed based on its own delimitation exercise (simply designating certain constituencies as “women only”) ahead of the broader delimitation exercise. Therefore, nothing prevents the Opposition from advocating for (1) an early Census, (2) women’s reservation starting from then under the 106th amendment, and (3) the broader delimitation exercise happening later, in the 2030s, under the 84th amendment. Before June 4, 2024, it seemed like the ruling had much to gain because of its overwhelming support in the northern states and minimal support in the south. However, this situation has changed, as the ruling party has lost ground in the north but gained some in the south. Despite this, the ruling party still has a significant interest in delimitation. Impact of the Delay in Conducting the Census: Targeting the Right Beneficiaries: Using outdated Census information, such as the 2011 Census, often leads to unreliable data, impacting the distribution of welfare benefits. As per the 2011 Census, India’s population was approximately 121 crore, and beneficiaries under the Public Distribution System (PDS) were around 80 crore. However, estimates by the World Bank suggest India’s population has grown to about 141 crore, implying that PDS coverage should ideally have increased to around 97 crore people. The Finance Commission also utilizes Census data to allocate funds to states, highlighting the importance of accurate population data for equitable distribution. Challenges for Research and Analysis: Researchers and policymakers face challenges when relying on outdated Census data or seeking alternative sources that may not offer the same precision or detail. Census data serve as crucial reference points for various national surveys, such as the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), which continues to use 2011 Census figures. Impacts on Political Representation: Census data also plays a pivotal role in delineating constituencies and allocating seats in Parliament and State Assemblies. Delays in conducting the Census mean that outdated 2011 data continues to be used, failing to reflect significant population shifts over the past decade. This affects the accurate allocation of seats and the determination of reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women, potentially leading to disparities in political representation. Compromises in Migration Data: Accurate Census data is vital for understanding migration patterns and their socio-economic implications. Delays in Census updates mean that policymakers lack current information on internal and international migration, hindering effective policy-making and crisis management, as seen during the Covid-19 pandemic when migrant laborers faced challenges due to inadequate data on their locations and needs. Missed Opportunities and Delayed Decision-Making: Timely Census data is critical for identifying emerging trends, assessing needs, and capitalizing on opportunities for targeted interventions, economic planning, and business strategies. Delayed Census updates result in missed opportunities for informed decision-making across various sectors. By updating Census data promptly and ensuring its accuracy, governments can enhance the effectiveness of welfare schemes, political representation, migration policies, and overall socio-economic planning. Welfare Schemes and the Delay in Census: Table 2 lists a selection of surveys that rely on Census data to determine their samples and some schemes that require updated population figures to determine the number of beneficiaries. For example, the consumption survey 2022-23, which collects data on the consumption of goods and services to understand expenditure patterns and the standard of living, used the 2011 Census for sampling. The National Family Health Survey 2019-21, which identifies districts where health services are inadequate, also depended on the 2011 figures. Schemes like the National Food Security Act, which identifies beneficiaries entitled to receive subsidized food grains, are still being implemented using 2011 figures. Economists Jean Drèze, Reetika Khera, and Meghana Mungikar estimate that at least 100 million people have been excluded from the scheme as coverage is still based on the 2011 Census. Even relatively smaller schemes like the Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS), which aims to provide quality education for ST children, will miss out on many areas. In 2022, every block with more than 50% of the ST population was targeted to have an EMRS school. As this calculation was based on 2011 data, many blocks that fit the criteria in 2022 may have been missed. Similarly, blocks that fit the criteria earlier but did not in 2022 will get an EMRS school which they may not need now. Conclusion: Ultimately, postponing the Census is difficult to justify. Besides obstructing women’s reservation, it deprives millions of people of essential entitlements. These individuals should not be held hostage to any party’s electoral strategies. G7 Summit and the Global South Context: The recent G7 summit in picturesque Apulia, Italy, addressed significant shifts in global geopolitics and the evolving relationships among the world’s major powers. Amidst the attention-grabbing moments captured in photos—such as greetings, and dramatic arrivals—the summit injected vitality into what might otherwise be perceived as routine meetings and dinners among world leaders discussing shared interests. Relevance: GS2- Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests. Mains Question: Highlighting the major points of discussion in the recent G7 summit in Italy, discuss the significance of India for G7 and vice-versa. (10 Marks, 150 Words). About the G7: The G7 is a consortium comprising the world’s most developed and advanced economies: France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and Canada. It convenes annually, rotating its host among member nations, and includes leaders from significant international organizations like the European Union, IMF, World Bank, and United Nations. Originating from the 1973 Oil Crisis and ensuing financial turmoil, the G7 emerged when leaders of six major industrial nations—US, UK, France, West Germany, Japan, and Italy—gathered in 1975. Canada joined in 1976, formalizing the group as the G7. Originally expanded to the G8 with Russia’s inclusion in 1997, it reverted to G7 in 2014 following Russia’s expulsion due to its annexation of Crimea. Operating as an informal grouping without formal treaties or a permanent bureaucracy, the G7 rotates leadership among its members and makes decisions through consensus. Despite lacking legislative power, its influence derives from the economic and political weight of its members, impacting global issues through coordinated actions. The G7 serves several purposes: facilitating open dialogue among members to understand diverse perspectives, fostering collective political responses to global challenges like trade, security, and climate change, and setting international agendas through discussions and policy pronouncements. Significantly, the G7 collectively controls 60% of global net wealth, drives 46% of global GDP, and represents 10% of the world’s population, underscoring its substantial economic and geopolitical influence. Discussions in the Summit: Central to the summit’s discussions, underscored in the joint statement, was a strong focus on Ukraine and a clear message directed at China and other parties perceived to be covertly supporting Russia. The statement explicitly mentioned taking actions against entities in China and other third countries that materially assist Russia’s military capabilities, particularly those involved in acquiring defense-related items. Such actions, aligned with respective legal frameworks, aim to prevent support that undermines Ukraine’s territorial integrity and independence. This served as a direct warning to China against potentially risky alliances that could have repercussions. It’s notable that the United States has already implemented several export controls to prevent the transfer of dual-use technologies to China, which could be utilized for both precision weaponry and cyber surveillance. Despite its significant economic stature, China’s absence from the G7 summit highlighted the cautious approach among leading democratic nations towards Beijing’s geopolitical strategies, especially in the context of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. Recently, Chinese President Xi Jinping embarked on a tour of several European countries aimed at resolving tariff disputes imposed by certain European nations on Chinese electric vehicles. While some European countries align closely with the US-led approach of taking firm measures against China, others appear more inclined towards fostering stronger ties with China. Meanwhile, at the G7 summit, there was a nuanced acknowledgement of Indian Prime Minister’s advocacy for greater inclusion of Global South countries in global affairs. The summit emphasized the significance of African nations and pledged various initiatives to enhance economic prosperity in the region. The joint statement endorsed African countries’ aspirations for increased representation in international bodies, welcomed the African Union’s permanent membership in the G20, and supported the creation of a third chair for sub-Saharan Africa on the IMF Executive Board in November. Additionally, the G7 reaffirmed support for the G20 Compact with Africa as a tool to stimulate private sector investments, promote structural reforms, support local entrepreneurship, and enhance energy sector cooperation. India@ G7: India attended the summit in Apulia as a special invitee, underscored the importance of Global South countries in global dynamics. The Indian Prime Minister highlighted India’s efforts to prioritize the concerns of Global South countries, particularly Africa, on the international stage. He emphasized India’s contributions to the economic development, stability, and security of African nations, noting India’s role in making the African Union a permanent member of the G20 during its chairmanship. Conclusion: The G7 meeting in Italy conveyed a message of a shifting global order where multiple voices from diverse regions assert themselves on global issues, particularly as established political structures face challenges domestically.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 June 2024

CONTENTS Criminal Justice System Prevention of Money Laundering Act Official Visit of Bangladesh’s Prime Minister to India Sensorineural deafness Study on Methane Release from Nord Stream Pipelines State of Global Air (SoGA) Report  Criminal Justice System Context: Recently, a fabricated rape accusation and sunsequent imprisonment revealed a range of systemic shortcomings in our law enforcement machinery and social complexities that demand urgent attention. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) in India Challenges in the Indian Criminal Justice System Reforming the Criminal Justice System (CJS) in India Overview of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) in India Definition and Purpose: The CJS of any state comprises agencies and processes established by the government to manage criminal justice, control crime, and impose punishment on law violators. Foundations: India’s CJS is based on the Indian Penal Code (IPC), enacted in 1860. Article 246 of the Constitution places police, public order, courts, prisons, reformatories, and other related institutions in the State List. Structure and Components: The basic organs of the CJS include the Police, Judiciary, and Correctional Institutes. The system consists of four main pillars. Legal Provisions: Section 161 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, allows investigation officers to question anyone knowledgeable about a case and record their statement. Prosecutors charge accused individuals with crimes and seek to prove their guilt in court. Courts use discretion in sentencing, considering various factors such as the offender’s background and potential for reform. Imprisonment Objectives: Imprisonment in India focuses on the reformation and rehabilitation of prisoners through education, labor, vocational training, and practices like yoga and meditation. Challenges in the Indian Criminal Justice System Case Backlog: As of July 2023, over 5 crore cases were pending in Indian courts. 87.4% of these are in subordinate courts, 12.4% in High Courts, with 1,82,000 cases pending for over 30 years. The Supreme Court had 78,400 pending cases. Judicial Delays: India has only 21 judges per million people, against the target of 50 judges per million, contributing to significant delays. Fast-Track Courts: The performance of fast-track courts has been suboptimal. New courts with proper infrastructure and dedicated judges for fast-tracking cases are not established, and existing courts often handle fast-track cases along with their regular caseloads. Police Issues: Accusations against the police include unwarranted arrests, unlawful imprisonment, wrongful searches, harassment, and custodial violence. Police are acquiring more power under prevention laws. Complexity and Accessibility: Current justice mechanisms are complex and often inaccessible to marginalized people. Institutional focus over capacity-building marginalizes vulnerable sections of society. Perceived Biases: Adivasis, Christians, Dalits, Muslims, and Sikhs are disproportionately represented in prisons compared to their population percentages. Use of Force and Torture: Authorities sometimes use physical force to extract confessions and investigate crimes. Women face torture, including custodial rape, molestation, and other forms of sexual abuse. Reforming the Criminal Justice System (CJS) in India Judicial Principle on Bail: The Supreme Court, in the landmark judgment of State of Rajasthan v. Balchand alias Baliya in 1978, established the principle: “Bail is rule and jail is an exception.” Law Commission’s Recommendations: The 268th Report of the Law Commission of India emphasized the need for urgent measures to reduce the length of detention and recommended revisiting the bail laws to prevent excessive detention. Expeditious Case Disposal: Long-pending sessions cases should be disposed of quickly to make these courts “truly fast-track.” Capacity Building: Training, mentoring, and building the capacities of young professionals are essential for improving the quality of socio-legal services and enhancing the effectiveness of the CJS. Addressing Judicial Vacancies: Filling judicial vacancies is crucial for maintaining a functional and fair judicial system. The All India Judicial Service (AIJS) can be explored for recruiting judges at the additional district judge and district judge levels. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Judiciary: AI can assist judges in making decisions regarding bail, sentencing, and parole. AI can also be used to assess the risk of recidivism among offenders, aiding in more informed decision-making. -Source: The Hindu Prevention of Money Laundering Act Context: Explore the stringent bail conditions under Section 45 of the PMLA for money laundering cases. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 Section 45 of the PMLA Legal Challenges to the Twin Test Current Position Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 According to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) 2002, Money laundering is concealing or disguising the identity of illegally obtained proceeds so that they appear to have originated from legitimate sources.  It is frequently a component of other, much more serious, crimes such as drug trafficking, robbery or extortion. Money laundering is punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a minimum of 3 years and a maximum of 7 years and Fine under the PMLA. The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is responsible for investigating offences under the PMLA. The Financial Intelligence Unit – India (FIU-IND) is the national agency that receives, processes, analyses and disseminates information related to suspect financial transactions. After hearing the application, a special court (designated under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act PMLA, 2002) may declare an individual as a fugitive economic offender and also confiscate properties which are proceeds of crime, Benami properties and any other property, in India or abroad. The authorities under the PMLA, 2002 will exercise powers given to them under the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act. These powers will be similar to those of a civil court, including the search of persons in possession of records or proceeds of crime, the search of premises on the belief that a person is an FEO and seizure of documents. Section 45 of the PMLA Overview: Section 45 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) sets stringent conditions for granting bail. Bail cannot be granted unless: The Public Prosecutor is given a chance to oppose the bail application. The court, upon opposition, is convinced that: The accused is not guilty of the offence. The accused is unlikely to commit any offence while on bail. Conditions for Bail: The accused must prove prima facie innocence in court. The accused must convince the judge that no offence will be committed while on bail. The burden of proof lies heavily on the accused, making it difficult to secure bail under the PMLA. Analysis: The language of Section 45 indicates that bail is an exception, not the rule. It mandates that the Public Prosecutor be heard in all bail applications, enforcing a twin test. Similar stringent provisions exist in other laws dealing with serious offences: Section 36AC of The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. Section 37 of The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. Section 43D(5) of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. Legal Challenges to the Twin Test Initial Challenge: The first major challenge to the twin test’s constitutionality under the PMLA came in the 2017 case Nikesh Tarachand Shah v Union of India. A two-judge Bench struck down the twin bail provision, declaring it unconstitutional for failing the ‘reasonable classification’ test. Reintroduction and Further Challenges: Despite the ruling, Parliament reinstated the twin test provisions through the Finance Act, 2018. This move led to further legal challenges in various High Courts, culminating in a batch of petitions before the Supreme Court. Supreme Court Ruling (2022): In 2022, the Supreme Court revisited the issue in Vijay Madanlal Choudhary v Union of India. Petitioners argued that the reasoning in the Nikesh Tarachand Shah case still held, even with the law’s reinstatement by Parliament. However, a three-judge Bench rejected the earlier ruling, emphasizing the seriousness of money-laundering and its threat to national sovereignty and integrity. Criticisms from Legal Experts: Legal experts have criticized equating money laundering with stringent anti-terror and narcotics laws. They pointed out that the maximum sentence for money laundering is seven years, or ten years if narcotics are involved. Government’s Stance: The government argued that money launderers are often influential, intelligent, and resourceful. The premeditated nature of the crime makes it challenging for investigators to detect and trace evidence. The government defended the strict bail conditions, highlighting the advanced technology used to conceal transactions. Current Position Money Bill Route: A significant challenge to the amendment on bail in the Vijay Madanlal Choudhary ruling concerns whether these amendments can pass through the Money Bill route. A larger Bench of the Supreme Court is set to review if laws like the Aadhaar Act and service conditions for Tribunal members can be passed this way, though the Bench is yet to be constituted. Supreme Court Review: The Supreme Court has agreed to review its ruling in the Vijay Madanlal Choudhary case, but the decision remains valid as no stay has been issued. The ruling requires strict application of the twin test by all courts, including special and constitutional courts, for both regular and anticipatory bail. Eligibility for Bail under Section 436A (CrPC): Despite the ruling, an accused can still be eligible for bail under Section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). This provision allows for the release of those who have served half of their maximum sentence. For instance, in money laundering cases with a seven-year sentence, an accused can seek bail after three-and-a-half years, regardless of the twin test. -Source: The Hindu Official Visit of Bangladesh’s Prime Minister to India Context: Bangladesh’s Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina was on a two-day official visit to India. During her visit, she held bilateral talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Background Information News Overview Highlights from the Bilateral Meeting Background Information Event: On June 21-22, 2024, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina of Bangladesh visited India at the invitation of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Purpose: The visit focused on strengthening the historical, cultural, linguistic, and economic ties between India and Bangladesh. Historical Context: The relationship between the two countries has flourished over the last decade, driven by shared history and mutual aspirations for the 21st century. News Overview Economic Partnership Agreement: Both nations agreed to initiate negotiations on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). Trade Relations: Bangladesh is India’s largest trade partner in South Asia, while India is the second largest trade partner for Bangladesh in Asia. Export Data: In FY 2022-23, Bangladesh exported goods worth approximately $2 billion to India. Future Discussions: The talks are expected to explore balanced trade and new investment opportunities. Significance: This marks the first state visit by a foreign leader after the new Indian government took office following the Lok Sabha elections. Highlights from the Bilateral Meeting Shared Vision Themes: The leaders presented a vision for peace, prosperity, and development, emphasizing connectivity, commerce, and collaboration. Future-Oriented Partnership: Emphasis was placed on aligning with “Viksit Bharat 2047” and “Smart Bangladesh Vision 2041”. Economic and Trade Initiatives Geographical Proximity: Plans to utilize geographical closeness for economic benefits through multi-modal transport and cross-border trade. Transit Facilities: India will provide transit facilities for Bangladeshi goods to Nepal and Bhutan, and implement the BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement. Electricity Trade: Focus on intra-regional electricity trade, including clean energy from India, Nepal, and Bhutan, and building high-capacity grid interconnections. Technological and Environmental Collaboration Digital and Green Technologies: Joint efforts to promote economic growth, sustainable development, and the launch of a small satellite for Bangladesh. Water Sharing Agreements: Renewing the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty and managing the Teesta River. Defence and Development Cooperation Military Engagements: Strengthening defence ties through industrial cooperation and multi-faceted military engagements to modernize the Bangladesh Armed Forces. Civil Services Development: Capacity building for civil services, judicial officers, police, and specialized services. Cultural and Educational Exchange Scholar and Student Exchanges: Programs to support Muktijoddhas and their families with medical and educational initiatives. e-Medical Visa: Extending e-Medical Visa facilities to Bangladeshi citizens and opening an Assistant High Commission in Rangpur. Economic and Social Initiatives Trade and Investment: Strengthening trade and investment links, including early negotiations for CEPA and Special Economic Zones in Bangladesh. Essential Commodities: India will support Bangladesh with essential commodities, depending on availability. Youth and Innovation: Partnerships in education, skills development, technology, sports, and creative industries to meet the aspirations of young people. Regional and Global Cooperation Indo-Pacific Region: Commitment to a free, open, inclusive, and secure Indo-Pacific, co-leading the ‘Disaster Risk Reduction and Management’ pillar of the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). Regional Integration: Strengthening India-Bangladesh relations as a key element for regional integration under BIMSTEC, SAARC, and IORA, and promoting common interests on global platforms, particularly for the Global South. -Source: Indian Express Sensorineural Deafness Context: Recently, bollywood playback singer Alka Yagnik has been diagnosed with Sensorineural deafness. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Understanding Sensorineural Deafness Definition and Causes Sensorineural deafness is a type of hearing loss resulting from damage to the inner ear or the nerve pathways that relay sound from the ear to the brain. Although it is often a natural part of aging (sensorineural hearing loss or SNHL), exposure to very loud music can also cause permanent damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. Within the inner ear, the cochlea—a spiral-shaped organ—contains tiny hairs called stereocilia. These hairs convert sound wave vibrations into neural signals, which are then transmitted to the brain by the auditory nerve. Causes of Sensorineural Deafness Congenital Factors: Genetic predispositions or complications during pregnancy or childbirth. Noise Exposure: Prolonged exposure to loud noises can damage the inner ear hair cells, leading to noise-induced hearing loss. Aging: The natural aging process can damage or destroy hair cells in the inner ear. Infections and Diseases: Conditions like meningitis, mumps, measles, and autoimmune diseases such as Meniere’s disease. Trauma: Injuries to the head or inner ear trauma. Ototoxic Medications: Certain antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs can damage the inner ear. Symptoms Difficulty understanding speech. Muffled or distorted sounds. Ringing, buzzing, or hissing in the ears. Difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds. Balance issues. -Source: India Today Study on Methane Release from Nord Stream Pipelines Context: Researchers from the University of Gothenburg have found that a significant portion of the methane gas released from the ruptured Nord Stream pipelines in the Baltic Sea last September never reached the atmosphere. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Methane Overview Key Facts about the Baltic Sea Methane Overview Primary Component and Impact Methane is the main component of natural gas and contributes significantly to global warming, accounting for about one-third of the warming we experience today. Characteristics Methane is a colorless and odorless gas, which is flammable and insoluble in water. Also known as marsh gas or methyl hydride. Easily ignites, and its vapors, being lighter than air, can cause containers to rupture violently and rocket when exposed to prolonged fire or intense heat. Methane is a potent but short-lived greenhouse gas, with a lifetime of about a decade and a Global Warming Potential (GWP) about 80 times greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO2) over a 20-year period after its release into the atmosphere. Sources Major sources of methane include agriculture, fossil fuels, and the decomposition of landfill waste. Impacts Methane emissions harm human and ecosystem health. They lead to ground-level ozone pollution, causing approximately a million premature deaths annually worldwide, reducing crop productivity, and damaging ecosystems. Key Facts about the Baltic Sea Location and Geography The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed inland sea situated in Northern Europe. It extends from the North Atlantic Ocean, stretching northward from the southern latitude of Denmark almost to the Arctic Circle, separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe. Countries Sharing the Coastline The coastline of the Baltic Sea is shared by Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Finland, Estonia, Germany, Denmark, and Russia. Connections The Baltic Sea connects to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the North Sea’s German Bight via the Kiel Canal. It connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Danish Straits. Gulfs It includes three major gulfs: the Gulf of Bothnia to the north, the Gulf of Finland to the east, and the Gulf of Riga slightly to the south. -Source: India Today State of Global Air (SoGA) Report Context: Air pollution is having an increasing impact on human health, becoming the second leading global risk factor for death, according to the fifth edition of the State of Global Air (SoGA) report. Relevance: Facts for Prelims State of Global Air (SoGA) Report Overview Releasing Organization The State of Global Air (SoGA) Report is published by the Health Effects Institute (HEI), a U.S.-based independent nonprofit research organization, in collaboration with UNICEF. Purpose and Scope The report analyzes air quality data and its health impacts globally, defining air pollution as a complex mix of particles and gases with varying sources and compositions over time and space. Key Findings from the 2024 Report Global Risk Factor Air pollution is the second-leading global risk factor for death, overtaking tobacco and diabetes, but still trailing hypertension. Disease Burden Non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) account for nearly 90% of the disease burden from air pollution. PM2.5 Impact Six out of ten deaths attributed to air pollution are due to the tiny PM2.5 particles. Ozone and household air pollution account for 38% and 6% of deaths, respectively. Global Mortality Air pollution-related diseases caused 8.1 million deaths worldwide in 2021, with India responsible for one in four of these deaths. Regional Impact India and China together represented 54% of the global disease burden due to air pollution in 2021. India accounted for 21 lakh (2.1 million) deaths, and China for 23 lakh (2.3 million) deaths. Child Mortality Over 700,000 deaths in children under five years were linked to air pollution, representing 15% of all global deaths in this age group. Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are the leading cause of death among children under five. India recorded the highest number of deaths among children under five due to air pollution worldwide in 2021, with 169,400 deaths, meaning around 464 children died every day in India that year due to air pollution-related diseases. Ozone-related COPD Deaths In 2021, nearly 50% (237,000) of all ozone-related COPD deaths occurred in India, followed by China with 125,600 deaths, and Bangladesh with 15,000 deaths. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 June 2024

CONTENTS India’s Port Development Program Receives International Recognition 10th International Day of Yoga  India’s Port Development Program Receives International Recognition Context: India’s port development program received a significant boost as nine ports from the country were included in the Global Top 100 for the first time in the Container Port Performance Index (CPPI), 2023. This achievement has been attributed to the Sagarmala programme, which has concentrated on the modernisation and efficiency enhancement of the ports. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the CPPI 2023 What is Sagarmala Programme? Key Highlights of the CPPI 2023 Overview: The CPPI (Container Port Performance Index) 2023 is a global index developed by the World Bank and S&P Global Market Intelligence. It measures and compares the performance of container ports worldwide, focusing on the duration of port stay for container vessels. Objectives: The primary aim is to identify areas for improvement to benefit multiple stakeholders in the global trading system and supply chains, including ports, shipping lines, national governments, and consumers. Global Ranking: Top Ports: 1st: Yangshan Port, China 2nd: Port of Salalah, Oman 3rd: Port of Cartagena 4th: Tangier-Mediterranean India’s Position: Visakhapatnam Port: Jumped from 115 in 2022 to 19 in 2023, becoming the first Indian port to reach the Global Top 20. Mundra Port: Improved its position from 48 last year to 27 in the current ranking. Other Indian Ports in the Top 100: Pipavav (41) Kamarajar (47) Cochin (63) Hazira (68) Krishnapatnam (71) Chennai (80) Jawaharlal Nehru (96) What is Sagarmala Programme? The Sagarmala programme is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Shipping to promote port-led development in the country through harnessing India’s 7,500 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes. Objectives: Vision of the Sagarmala Programme is to reduce logistics cost for EXIM and domestic trade with minimal infrastructure investment. This includes: Reducing cost of transporting domestic cargo through optimizing modal mix Lowering logistics cost of bulk commodities by locating future industrial capacities near the coast Improving export competitiveness by developing port proximate discrete manufacturing clusters Optimizing time/cost of EXIM container movement Components of Sagarmala Programme are: Port Modernization & New Port Development: De-bottlenecking and capacity expansion of existing ports and development of new greenfield ports Port Connectivity Enhancement: Enhancing the connectivity of the ports to the hinterland, optimizing cost and time of cargo movement through multi-modal logistics solutions including domestic waterways (inland water transport and coastal shipping) Port-linked Industrialization: Developing port-proximate industrial clusters and Coastal Economic Zones to reduce logistics cost and time of EXIM and domestic cargo Coastal Community Development: Promoting sustainable development of coastal communities through skill development & livelihood generation activities, fisheries development, coastal tourism etc. Coastal Shipping & Inland Waterways Transport: Impetus to move cargo through the sustainable and environment-friendly coastal and inland waterways mode. 10th International Day of Yoga Context: The 10th International Day of Yoga (IDY) is being celebrated on 21stJune 2024 with the theme of “Yoga for Self and Society”. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About the 10th International Day of Yoga (IDY) Celebration Date and Theme: The 10th International Day of Yoga is celebrated on 21st June 2024. The theme for this year is “Yoga for Self and Society”. Establishment: 21st June was proclaimed as the International Day of Yoga by the United Nations in 2014 through resolution 69/131. The initiative to establish this day was introduced by India during the 69th session of the UN and received support from 175 member states. First Celebration: The first International Day of Yoga was observed in 2015 with the theme “Yoga for Harmony and Peace”. Inaugural Event Records: The inaugural IDY event in New Delhi set two Guinness World Records: The largest yoga session with 35,985 participants. The most nationalities (84) participating in a single session. World Health Organization (WHO) Recognition: The WHO acknowledges yoga as an effective tool for promoting a healthier lifestyle, enhancing both physical and mental health, and managing Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs). Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Yoga is recognized as playing a vital role in achieving the SDGs, including a 15% reduction in physical inactivity by 2030. Sports Discipline Recognition: In 2015, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in India recognized yoga as a sports discipline and included it in the ‘Priority’ category.

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