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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 September 2025

Content Trump’s $100,000 H-1B Visa Fee: Implications for Indian Workers and the IT Sector The Rising Age of India’s Leaders: Gerontocracy, Governance, and Youth Representation Can timelines be fixed for Governors? Supercomputers vs. Normal Computers: Basics, Architecture, and India’s Technological Edge Sawalkote Hydel Project: Balancing Energy Security, Environmental Governance, and Water Diplomacy The Problem with Low Inflation: Fiscal Arithmetic, Economic Implications, and Policy Challenges Blending Isobutanol with Diesel: Feasibility, Benefits, and Challenges for India’s Biofuel Strategy Trump’s $100,000 H-1B Visa Fee: Impact on Indian Workers and IT Sector Context H-1B Visa: U.S. work visa allowing companies to employ foreign professionals in specialized fields (tech, engineering, medicine, etc.). Previous Fee: $2,000–$5,000 per application. New Fee: Raised sharply to $100,000 for fresh applicants, effective midnight, September 20 (New York time). Scope: Initially applied only to applicants “currently outside the U.S.”; later clarified as a one-time fee per petition, not annual. Relevance: GS2 (International Relations / Governance): India–U.S. relations, bilateral trade and workforce mobility. Diplomatic response, humanitarian concerns for Indian citizens abroad. GS3 (Economy / Science & Technology): Impact on Indian IT services, skilled workforce mobility, and project continuity. Implications for economic competitiveness, talent migration, and global tech industry. Immediate Implications Impact on Indian workers: Indians account for 71% of H-1B beneficiaries (FY 2023-24). Median Indian H-1B salary: $95,500 (2024), among the lowest across all nationalities. 60% earn ≤ $100,000; 12% earn < $75,000, 47% earn $75,000–$100,000. The $100,000 fee could exceed or match many workers’ annual salaries, making sponsorship economically unviable. Business and IT sector effects: Nasscom warns disruption in onshore projects and continuity risks. Small and mid-size tech firms may find hiring Indian H-1B workers unfeasible. Timeline of implementation (Sept 21) created operational uncertainty. Humanitarian and diplomatic concerns: Indian government termed the move likely to have “humanitarian consequences.” Missions abroad instructed to assist H-1B holders and families. Policy Rationale (U.S. perspective) Trump administration argument: H-1B visas are being used to replace American workers with lower-paid foreign labor. Share of IT workers on H-1B visas rose from 32% in FY 2003 to over 65% recently. Cited economic and national security threat. Commerce Secretary’s statement: Companies can no longer justify training foreign workers at nominal fees. The $100,000 fee per worker is intended to deter “non–economical” hiring. Data Analysis Salary mismatch: Median salary of Indian H-1B workers ($95,500) vs. new fee ($100,000) → cost exceeds earnings for majority. Non-Indian H-1B median salary: $120,000; Indians disproportionately affected. Potential employer behavior: Employers may reduce hiring of Indian professionals. Could push Indian IT talent toward alternative destinations (Canada, Europe, Singapore). Reactions Indian Government: Studying full implications, assisting visa holders. Industry bodies (Nasscom): Warned of disruption in project timelines and uncertainty for businesses. Highlighted the short notice as particularly problematic. Clarifications One-time fee: White House clarified that the $100,000 fee applies only to new petitions, not annual for current visa holders. Flight surge avoided: Initial panic over visa fees triggering mass returns mitigated by this clarification. Broader Implications Economic / Tech Sector: Could slow India-U.S. tech workforce integration. Small to mid-size IT companies disproportionately affected; large corporations may absorb cost. Possible impact on bilateral trade negotiations, as this coincided with key Indo-U.S. trade discussions. Human Capital & Migration: May push Indian professionals to seek other migration routes (Canada’s tech visas, Europe). Could reduce U.S. tech sector competitiveness in the long term if high-skilled talent inflow decreases. Political Messaging: Domestic U.S.: Framed as protecting American jobs. India: Seen as a diplomatic irritant; potential impact on India-U.S. bilateral cooperation. The Rising Age of India’s Leaders: Gerontocracy, Governance, and Youth Representation Context Trigger Events: Jagdeep Dhankhar resigned as Vice President citing age-related health issues. RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat suggested leaders should step aside at 75; sparked debate as PM Modi and other leaders continue beyond this age. BJP’s unofficial “75-year limit” symbolized through Margadarshak Mandal (retirement/advisory cell). State-Level Relevance: Bihar CM Nitish Kumar’s age and health questioned ahead of elections; public gaffes raised concerns about policy decision-making. Relevance: GS2 (Governance / Polity): Leadership demographics, political succession, party mechanisms. GS1 (Society / Culture): Historical perspective on leadership, global comparison of gerontocracy. Global Perspective Gerontocracy: Rule by older leaders or councils of elders; prevalent globally. 2024 U.S. Elections: Age was central; Biden left office at 82, Trump inaugurated at 78 years 220 days. Other Examples: Brazil: Lula da Silva, 79 Israel: Benjamin Netanyahu, 75 India: Narendra Modi, 74 Authoritarian Context: Leaders like Erdogan (Turkey, 72) and Putin (Russia, 72) maintain power long-term; shows age rarely constrains political dominance in non-democracies.   Historical Roots Ancient Precedent: Greek city-states and Roman Senate: Age associated with wisdom and experience; legitimized elder rule (traditional authority). Indian PM Trend: Nehru: First PM at 58, median age 66; demitted office at 74 Rajiv Gandhi: Youngest PM at 40 Morarji Desai: Oldest PM at 81 Modi: Entered office at 63; median age of PMs rising to 76 by 2014 Historical median PM age: ~67 Indian CMs Trend: Median age rose modestly: 57 (1950s) → 59.5 (2020s) Peak decade: 2010–2020, median CM age 62.25 Younger appointees balanced by veteran leaders like Prakash Singh Badal, V.S. Achuthanandan, M. Karunanidhi. Parliamentary Demographics Lok Sabha Age Profile: Average MP age: 46.5 (1952) → 56 (2014) Share of 25–40-year-old MPs: 25–30% (early years) → <10% (2019) MPs aged 56–70: <25% → ~40% (2019) Youth Representation: Random Indian <30 years old: 50% probability Random MP <30 years old: 0.007% probability Indicates significant underrepresentation of youth in Parliament Key Implications Gerontocracy as Norm: India mirrors global trend of older leaders in democracy and autocracy. Experience and longevity often prioritized over generational turnover. Governance Implications: Older leaders may face health or cognitive constraints affecting decision-making. Public perception of leadership may shift (e.g., Nitish Kumar’s “sushasan babu” image vs current doubts). Political Culture: Lack of formal retirement age allows leaders to hold power indefinitely. Party mechanisms (e.g., BJP’s Margadarshak Mandal) signal informal retirement frameworks. Democratic Renewal: Declining youth representation in Parliament may reduce innovation, responsiveness, and generational equity in policy. Gerontocracy raises questions about succession planning, leadership grooming, and inclusion of younger voices. Global Comparison: Indian median age of PMs and CMs rising, similar to trends in U.S., Brazil, Israel, and authoritarian regimes. Suggests gerontocracy is a persistent feature of political systems, whether democratic or autocratic. Can timelines be fixed for Governors? Background Presidential Reference (May 2025): Supreme Court asked for opinion on 14 questions mainly on Articles 200 and 201 (Governor/President assent to State Bills). Trigger Judgment:State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu & Anr (April 2025) Prescribed timelines: Governor: 3 months to act on Bills (assent, withhold, or reserve for President). President: 3 months to decide on Bills reserved by Governor. Delay beyond timelines can be judicially reviewed. Government Objection: Raised question of Court’s authority to prescribe timelines when Constitution does not specify them. Relevance : GS2 (Polity / Governance): Governor’s discretion, state–centre relations, federalism, judicial review. GS2 (Constitutional Law): Articles 163, 200, 201, principle of responsible government, commission recommendations. Constitutional Provisions Article 200: Governor’s options when a State Bill is presented: Assent Withhold (reject) Return for reconsideration Reserve for President Article 163(1): Governor must act per Council of Ministers’ advice, except when Constitution requires discretion. Provison in Article 200: Governor may return Bill “as soon as possible” for reconsideration. Article 201: President’s assent to Bills reserved by Governor; no timeline specified. Discretionary Powers of Governor: Rare, e.g., Bill contravening Constitution or affecting High Court powers. Otherwise, action is ministerial, not discretionary. Judicial Precedent: Shamsher Singh (1974): Governor cannot withhold assent at will; must follow ministers’ advice. April 2025 judgment interpreted “Governor shall” as mandatory, not discretionary. Commission Recommendations Sarkaria Commission (1987): Only rare reservation of Bills for President implies discretion. President should act within 6 months on reserved Bills. Punchhi Commission (2010): Governor should decide on Bills within 6 months. Arguments Centre / Union Government: Governor has constitutional discretion under Article 163(1). Courts cannot fix timelines; issues between Governor, State Govt, and President should be resolved politically. Article 201 (President) has no timelines; judicial intervention may undermine federalism. Opposition-ruled States: Governors in such States allegedly delay assent/reserve Bills selectively. Delays against ministerial advice undermine popular mandate. Delay cannot be termed as legitimate discretion. Supreme Court’s Stand (April 2025): Interpreted Article 200: “Governor shall” act, not discretionary. Prescribed 3-month timeline for Governor/President actions. Reliance on past judgments (Nabam Rebia, 2006) and commission recommendations. Challenges Federalism vs Judicial Oversight: Balancing Governor’s discretion with elected government authority. Politicisation of Governor’s Post: Allegations of bias in Opposition-ruled States. Democratic Functioning: Delays in assent/reservation can stall law-making and governance. Way Forward Short-Term: Centre and Governors should adhere to April 2025 judgment timelines (3 months) to respect federalism and democratic principles. Await Supreme Court opinion on Presidential reference for clarification. Long-Term / Structural: Consider measures to reduce politicisation of gubernatorial posts. Ensure constitutional scheme provides for nominal head while protecting State government’s authority. Foster political consensus to prevent recurrent legislative impasses. Significance Clarifies scope of Governor’s discretion vs ministerial advice. Strengthens principle of responsible government at State level. Judicial timelines aim to prevent undue delays in legislative process. Reinforces federal and democratic checks and balances How different are supercomputers to normal computers? Basics Supercomputers are high-performance computing machines designed to solve extremely large, complex, and calculation-intensive problems. Unlike ordinary laptops, they can handle tasks like weather forecasting, nuclear simulations, astrophysics modelling, and AI training. Performance is measured in FLOPS (floating-point operations per second); modern supercomputers operate in petaflops to exaflops. Relevance : GS3 (Science & Technology): High-performance computing, AI/quantum/neuromorphic computing, national infrastructure. GS3 (Economy): Strategic technological self-reliance, innovation ecosystem. Working Principle Parallel Computing: Instead of relying on one fast processor, supercomputers use thousands to millions of processors (cores) simultaneously. Each core handles a part of the problem; results are combined for a complete solution. Processor Types: CPU: Handles general-purpose tasks. GPU: Handles repetitive mathematical computations efficiently; widely used in scientific simulations and AI. Nodes: A node = a group of processors + memory; thousands of nodes make up a supercomputer. Interconnection: Nodes are connected via high-speed networks enabling ultra-fast data exchange. Memory & Storage: Each node has local memory; central storage systems handle petabytes of data with special file systems for parallel access. Cooling & Power: Massive heat generation requires water-cooling, refrigeration, or immersion cooling. Power consumption can match that of a small town, requiring careful distribution and efficiency. Software & Programming Supercomputer software manages: Task scheduling across thousands of processors. Memory management and inter-node communication. Load balancing to prevent idle cores and reduce power waste. Programming frameworks: MPI (Message Passing Interface), OpenMP for parallel programming. Users interact remotely using terminal-based job scripts specifying: Program to run, resources needed, and duration. Jobs are queued and assigned by a scheduler, with output stored in the file system. Performance Metrics FLOPS (Floating Point Operations per Second): Laptops: billions of FLOPS. Top supercomputers: exaflops (10^18 operations/sec). Enables tasks that no human or ordinary computer could complete in a lifetime. India’s Supercomputing Landscape History: C-DAC founded in 1988 after Western countries denied high-end exports. PARAM series: First indigenous supercomputer (PARAM 8000, 1991). National Supercomputing Mission (NSM, 2015): Aim: 70+ high-performance computing facilities across India, teraflops to petaflops. Collaboration: DST, MeitY, C-DAC, IISc. Focus on indigenous hardware & software (Rudra, AUM nodes). Major Supercomputers: AIRAWAT-PSAI (C-DAC Pune): Fastest in India, top 100 globally. Pratyush (IITM Pune), Mihir (NCMRWF Noida): Weather & climate modelling. PARAM-series also at IITs, IISERs, IISc, and central labs. Applications in India: Weather forecasting (monsoons, climate change). Oceanic & Himalayan modelling. Molecular dynamics, drug discovery, nanotech simulations. Astrophysics (black holes, gravitational waves, galactic structures). Defence scenario simulations, AI model training. Future Trends Exascale Computing: Machines capable of exaflops performance; e.g., JUPITER (Germany) — fully renewable-powered. Quantum Computing: Leverages quantum mechanics for specialized problem-solving; may reduce hardware and energy demand. Neuromorphic Computing: Brain-inspired designs integrating processing and memory on a single chip; potential gains in energy efficiency and speed. Key Insights Supercomputers are critical national infrastructure for research, defence, climate, and AI. Parallelism, high-speed networks, and efficient software are central to their operation. India’s self-reliance in supercomputing is growing, reducing dependence on imports. Future innovations may drastically reduce energy needs while increasing computational capacity. Sawalkote Hydel Project: Energy Security, Environment, and Water Diplomacy Context Project: Sawalkote Hydel Project (1,865 MW) on the Chenab River in Jammu & Kashmir. River System: Chenab is part of the Indus river system, which flows into Pakistan. Status: Project stalled; environmental clearance is under review by the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of Environment. Significance: One of India’s largest hydropower projects on a western river. Relevance : GS3 (Infrastructure / Energy / Environment): Renewable energy development, hydropower, environmental governance. GS2 (International Relations): Indus Waters Treaty, India–Pakistan water diplomacy, regional stability. Geopolitical Indus Waters Treaty (1960): Bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan governing sharing of Indus rivers. India can use western rivers (Indus, Chenab, Jhelum) only for non-consumptive purposes (hydropower, irrigation limited to run-of-the-river projects). Full control over Ravi, Beas, Sutlej (eastern rivers). Current Challenge: Treaty in abeyance after Pahalgam attack; diplomatic sensitivities around water projects heightened. Environmental & Regulatory Aspects Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC): Reviews large infrastructure projects for environmental compliance. Evaluates environmental impact assessments (EIA) submitted by project developers. Strategic Importance of EAC Meeting: Clearance could unblock the stalled project. May set a precedent for large hydro projects on western rivers in J&K. Strategic & Political Significance Energy Security: 1,865 MW hydropower will significantly augment power supply in J&K and northern India. National Strategy: Post-Pahalgam attack, the project has been prioritized for strategic and economic reasons. Multiple tenders already floated, indicating government push for rapid implementation. Diplomatic Angle: Any development on Chenab may require careful handling to avoid tension with Pakistan. Could influence Indo-Pak relations, Indus Waters Treaty negotiations, and regional stability. Technical Considerations Type: Hydroelectric dam with 1,865 MW capacity. Location: Udhampur/Reasi/Ramban districts of J&K; part of western rivers. Design Considerations: Must comply with run-of-the-river restrictions under IWT. Requires environmental mitigation, including submergence impact, ecosystem disruption, and sediment management. Broader Implications Water Diplomacy: India’s use of western rivers is highly regulated under IWT, so projects like Sawalkote are closely monitored by Pakistan. Energy & Development: Hydropower projects are key to renewable energy targets and local employment. Environmental Concerns: Potential ecosystem impact, displacement, and river ecology changes must be mitigated. Federal & Strategic Priority: Central government treats such projects as national strategic assets. Key Takeaways The Sawalkote dam represents the intersection of energy development, environmental governance, and international diplomacy. Clearance decisions will balance India’s energy needs with Indus Treaty obligations and environmental safeguards. EAC’s recommendation could unlock one of the largest hydro projects in northern India, shaping the future of hydro infrastructure in J&K. The Problem with Low Inflation: Fiscal Arithmetic and Economic Implications Context Inflation Data: CPI (Consumer Price Index) inflation: 2.07% in August 2025. WPI (Wholesale Price Index) inflation: 0.52% in August 2025 compared to August 2024. Nominal vs Real GDP: Real GDP: Adjusted for inflation; measures physical growth of goods/services. Nominal GDP: Unadjusted for inflation; reflects monetary value of all goods/services and is critical for government’s fiscal calculations (tax revenue, deficit, debt). Budget Assumptions: 2025-26 Union Budget assumed nominal GDP growth of 11% (₹357 lakh crore) from revised ₹321 lakh crore in 2024-25. Fiscal deficit target: 4.4% of nominal GDP; Debt-to-GDP: 56.1%. Relevance: GS3 (Economy / Fiscal Policy): Nominal vs real GDP, budget assumptions, inflation impact on tax revenue and deficit. GS3 (Monetary Policy): RBI’s role, price stability, corporate profitability, demand-supply dynamics. Overview Low Inflation: Implications Positive for consumers: Prices of goods and services are rising slowly → higher purchasing power. Reduces cost-of-living pressures for households. Challenges for government: Slower nominal GDP growth → lower than expected tax revenue. Makes fiscal targets (deficit, debt ratio) harder to achieve without additional revenue or expenditure cuts. Nominal GDP Growth and Budget Arithmetic Current Trends: Real GDP growth Q1 FY26: 7.8% (5-quarter high). Nominal GDP growth Q1 FY26: 8.8% (3-quarter low) → below 11% Budget assumption. Significance: Government projections for tax revenue are tied to nominal GDP growth. Weak price growth reduces the monetary value of output, affecting revenue calculations. Even with strong real growth, low inflation can depress nominal GDP. Historical Perspective & Base Effect Nominal GDP regularly misses Budget targets: Last 13 years: only 4 years matched Budget assumptions. Economic forecasting is inherently uncertain. Base effect in FY25: GDP revised from ₹321 lakh crore → ₹331 lakh crore. Required nominal growth for FY26 to meet Budget: ~8% (lower than initial 11%). Highlights dependency of fiscal arithmetic on nominal GDP benchmarks. Causes of Low Inflation Oversupply / Weak demand: Ideal scenario → low inflation is benign. Corporate profitability: April-June 2025: sales rose ~5.3-5.5%, net profits increased 17-27%. Indicates profits rising faster than sales → not due to productivity gains. Other factors: Global commodity price moderation. Weak investment (capex) → less demand pressure in economy. Consequences for Fiscal Policy Short-term impacts: Slower nominal growth → tax revenue below projections. Pressure on government to maintain deficit and debt targets. Medium-term considerations: If low inflation persists, may limit government’s capacity for new spending or stimulus. RBI may maintain accommodative monetary policy to support nominal GDP growth. Broader Economic Implications Policy tension: Low inflation benefits consumers but can constrain fiscal space. Balancing growth stimulus vs fiscal discipline becomes challenging. Market signals: Strong corporate profits with weak sales growth → uneven economic expansion. Potential signs of demand-side weakness despite supply-side stability. Is it feasible to blend isobutanol and diesel? Context Biofuel under consideration: Isobutanol – an alcohol compound with inflammable properties. Agency: Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) exploring blending with diesel. Motivation: Ethanol blending with diesel was unsuccessful; isobutanol blends better with diesel. Pilot Project: Expected duration ~18 months; if successful, India may become the first country to blend isobutanol with diesel. Relevance: GS3 (Economy / Energy / Environment): Alternative fuels, emission reduction, import substitution. GS3 (Science & Technology): Biofuel production, fermentation technology, engine performance studies. Production & Raw Material Raw materials: Sugarcane syrup, molasses, grains, and other biomass sources used for ethanol production. Production process: Specially engineered microbes ferment natural sugars under sterile conditions. Unlike conventional yeast for ethanol, these microbes are designed to produce isobutanol. Infrastructure requirements: Existing ethanol plants can be retrofitted: Fermentation tanks slightly modified. Distillation tanks to separate ethanol from isobutanol. Example: 150 klp/d plant → 125 klp/d ethanol + 20 klp/d isobutanol with minimal changes. Why Ethanol Was Discarded Miscibility: Ethanol blends poorly with diesel. Flash point concerns: Ethanol has a lower flash point → higher volatility → greater fire risk. Surplus issue: Ethanol is already in surplus; government targets 20% blending with petrol. Advantages of Isobutanol Better blending with diesel: No need for efficiency complements. Higher flash point than ethanol: Safer for storage and transport. Emission benefits: Reduces pollutants and aids India’s net-zero targets. Import substitution: Reduces dependence on fossil diesel imports. Utilization of surplus biomass: Offers an alternative use for sugarcane molasses/syrup. Challenges / Cons Cetane number: Significantly lower than diesel → may reduce ignition quality and combustion efficiency. Diesel knock risk: Uneven/premature combustion can damage engines and reduce power. Miscibility issues with diesel: Requires blending with biodiesel to stabilize mixture. Cost implications: Cetane-enhancing additives needed → incremental cost. Blending limit: No more than 10% isobutanol recommended in diesel to avoid engine issues. Further testing needed: Impacts vary by vehicle type and class; pilot studies essential. Impact on Engine Performance Potential positive: Reduced emissions, better environmental outcomes. Potential negative: Lower cetane → slower ignition, reduced power, risk of engine knock. Proper additives required to restore performance. Pilot study essential to determine optimal blending ratios and effects on different engines.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 September 2025

Content India’s Manufacturing Momentum: Performance and Policy Strengthening Homes, Lives & Jobs India’s Manufacturing Momentum: Performance and Policy Basics Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Tracks output of manufacturing, mining, and electricity sectors; proxy for industrial growth. Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI): Survey-based indicator reflecting business activity, new orders, output, and employment trends in manufacturing. Flagship Policies Driving Manufacturing: PLI Scheme (2020): ₹1.97 lakh crore outlay, incentives for incremental production across 14 sectors. National Manufacturing Mission (2025–26): Unified, long-term industrial policy focusing on sustainability, clean-tech, and global leadership. PM MITRA Parks: Mega textile hubs to attract investment and create jobs. Skill India Restructuring (2025): ₹8,800 crore outlay for demand-driven skill alignment. National Logistics Policy (2022): Reduce logistics costs, boost efficiency, integrate digital systems. Startup India (2016): Strengthening entrepreneurship as a growth driver. Relevance : GS3 (Economy): Industrial growth, PLI, exports, MSMEs, job creation. GS3 (Infrastructure): Industrial/logistics corridors. GS3 (S&T/Environment): EVs, clean-tech, Net Zero. Overview Recent Performance Indicators IIP Growth: July 2025: 3.5% YoY (vs. 1.5% in June). Manufacturing: 5.4% YoY (vs. 3.7% in June). Sectoral Leaders (July 2025): Electrical equipment (+15.9%), basic metals (+12.7%), non-metallic minerals (+9.5%). PMI Surge: June 2025: 58.4 → July: 59.1 → August: 59.3 (highest in 17 years). Driven by fastest production growth in 5 years, strong factory orders, hiring expansion. Exports & Global Value Chains Exports April–Aug 2025: Total exports: $349.35 bn (+6.18% YoY). Merchandise exports: $184.13 bn (+2.52% YoY). Target: $1 trillion manufacturing output by FY26; contribute $500 bn annually to global economy by 2030. Strategic Sectors Anchoring Exports: Electronics, pharma, automobiles, textiles. Sectoral Engines of Growth a) Electronics (Digital Factory Floor) Production: ₹1.9 lakh cr (2014–15) → ₹11.3 lakh cr (2024–25). Exports: ₹38,000 cr → ₹3.27 lakh cr (8x increase). Mobile phones: Production: ₹18,000 cr → ₹5.45 lakh cr (28x). Exports: ₹1,500 cr → ₹2 lakh cr (127x). Import dependence: 75% → 0.02%. Now world’s second-largest mobile manufacturer; FDI inflows $4 bn (70% via PLI). b) Pharmaceuticals (Pharmacy of the World) Global share: 50% vaccines, 40% generics (to US). Production rank: 3rd by volume, 14th by value. Target: $130 bn (2030), $450 bn (2047). PLI (₹15,000 cr): 55 projects, focus on high-value drugs. SPI (₹500 cr): Quality upgradation, R&D support for SMEs. c) Automobiles (Shifting into High Gear) Contribution: 7.1% of GDP, 49% of manufacturing GDP. FY25: 3.10 crore vehicles produced. Global standing: 4th largest automobile producer. EV push under PLI & FAME schemes positioning India in future mobility. d) Textiles (Inclusive Growth Driver) Contribution: 2.3% of GDP, 13% of industrial production, 12% of exports. Target: $350 bn industry by 2030, 3.5 crore jobs. Employment: 45 mn directly (majority women, rural). PM MITRA Parks: 7 approved; Dhar, MP inaugurated (Sept 2025) → 1,300 acres, 80 units, 3 lakh jobs expected. Investment Flows & FDI Confidence Total FDI inflows (2014–25): $748.78 bn (143% ↑ vs 2003–14). FY25: $81.04 bn (14% ↑ YoY). Manufacturing FDI: $19.04 bn (18% ↑ YoY). Top states: Maharashtra (39%), Karnataka (13%), Delhi (12%). Top sources: Singapore (30%), Mauritius (17%), USA (11%). Target: Raise annual inflows to $100 bn. Employment, Skills & Human Capital Job creation: 17 crore jobs in last decade; 15% growth in manufacturing jobs (vs. 6% in 2004–14). PLFS Aug 2025: WPR: 52.2%. Female WPR: 32% (rising steadily). LFPR (women): 33.7%. UR: 5.1%; male UR at 5.0% (5-month low). Skill India Revamp (₹8,800 cr): Integrated PMKVY 4.0, Apprenticeship, Jan Shikshan into one demand-driven, industry-aligned system. Policy Catalysts PLI Scheme: Transforming 14 key sectors; boosting exports (e.g., smartphones > ₹1 lakh cr exports in 5 months of FY26). GST 2.0 Reforms: Two-slab structure; rate cuts on essentials, auto, textiles, logistics → cost compression, MSME competitiveness, export boost. National Logistics Policy (2022): Reduce costs, digitalize logistics, improve India’s LPI rank. Industrial Corridors: 12 new projects (₹28,602 cr) → integrated urban-industrial hubs. Startup India: 1.91 lakh DPIIT-recognised startups; 17.69 lakh direct jobs created. Road Ahead: From Momentum to Leadership Amrit Kaal 2047 Goal: $35 trillion economy; manufacturing at its core. Target: Raise manufacturing share in GDP significantly; become global leader in innovation-driven manufacturing. Strategic Positioning: Amid global supply chain realignments, India has a window of opportunity to emerge not just as the “factory of the world” but as an innovation and leadership hub. Sustainability Focus: National Manufacturing Mission aligning industrial expansion with Net Zero 2070 goals. Strengthening Homes, Lives & Jobs Basics Context: On 19 September 2025, the Government of India reduced GST rates on key construction inputs and services. Objective: Make housing and infrastructure more affordable, strengthen MSMEs, boost jobs, and support Housing for All. Flagship Alignment: PMAY-Urban (2015), PMAY-Grameen (2016), Smart Cities Mission, and broader infrastructure goals. Key Materials Covered: Cement: 28% → 18% Particle boards: 12% → 5% Marble & granite blocks: 12% → 5% Job work for bricks & sand lime bricks: 12% → 5% Effluent treatment services: 12% → 5% Relevance : GS3 (Economy): GST reform, housing affordability, MSME relief, jobs. GS3 (Infrastructure): Housing & urban development. GS3 (Environment): Sustainable construction materials, effluent treatment. Overview Cement (28% → 18%) Cost Impact: Cement = 15–20% of total building cost, ~11% of overall construction costs → direct reduction in house and infrastructure cost. Social Impact: Supports PMAY, rural housing, and public projects (schools, health centers, metro, roads). Economic Impact: Boosts demand across cement value chain (mining, logistics, distribution). Employment: High labor intensity → more jobs in manufacturing, transport, and construction. Fiscal Efficiency: Lower cement costs → public spending efficiency rises as projects stretch further. Particle Boards (12% → 5%) Sectoral Role: Key in prefabricated housing, furniture, rural/urban interiors. Sustainability: Jute-based boards = biodegradable, renewable → aligns with India’s climate goals. MSME Link: Cluster-based industry → lower GST reduces working capital pressure, boosts small enterprises. Employment: Expands semi-urban and rural employment opportunities. Marble & Granite Blocks (12% → 5%) Industry Base: States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh. Consumer Benefit: Flooring, tiling, interiors cheaper for middle-class and affordable housing. Trade Impact: Strengthens domestic stone industry, reduces reliance on imports. Jobs: Sustains lakhs in quarrying, cutting, polishing, logistics. Bricks & Sand Lime Bricks (12% → 5%) Brick Job Work: MSME-driven kilns get relief → lowers rural housing costs. Sand Lime Bricks: Cheaper → more competitive than traditional red bricks. Technical benefits: Strength, uniformity, eco-friendly. Rural Impact: Promotes pucca housing adoption in villages under PMAY-Grameen. MSME Health: Lower tax = reduced compliance burden + better cash flow. Effluent Treatment Services (12% → 5%) Industrial Impact: Incentivises CETPs → affordable for industries, reduces pollution. Urban Governance: Helps municipalities with waste management, clean energy. Green Jobs: Creates employment in segregation, plant operation, maintenance. Sustainability: Direct contribution to India’s environmental commitments (SDGs, NDCs). Macro-Economic and Policy Impact Housing for All: Directly reduces cost barriers for both urban and rural households. MSME Strengthening: Relief across cement, particle board, brick kilns → improves sectoral resilience. Employment: Construction = second largest employment generator → multiplier effect across mining, logistics, finishing sectors. Investment Boost: Lower input costs attract private investment in construction, real estate, and urban infrastructure. Sustainability Push: Eco-materials (jute boards, sand lime bricks) + CETP adoption = greener housing ecosystem. Strategic Relevance Urbanisation Drive: India will add ~400 million urban dwellers by 2050 → affordable housing is crucial. Social Equity: Lowers financial burden for EWS, LIG households under PMAY. Inclusive Growth: Balances industrial competitiveness, rural employment, and green transitions. Long-Term Vision: GST rationalisation is part of larger housing reforms → infrastructure-led growth, improved quality of life.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 September 2025

Content The Saudi-Pakistan pact is a dodgy insurance policy A climate-health vision with lessons from India Shifting sands The Saudi-Pakistan pact is a dodgy insurance policy Context On September 17, 2025, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan signed the SMDA in Riyadh. The pact revives defence cooperation and has implications for South West Asia and India’s strategic interests. Relevance GS2 (International Relations): West Asia geopolitics, India–Saudi relations, Pakistan’s regional strategy, U.S. role in Gulf security. GS3 (Security): Nuclear proliferation risks (A.Q. Khan precedent) and India’s energy security. Practice Questions : Discuss the opportunities and challenges for India in the context of the Saudi-Pakistan defence pact..(250 Words)   Background Saudi-Pakistan defence ties date back to 1951; peaked between 1979–1989 with ~20,000 Pakistani troops deployed to protect Saudi Arabia’s Holy Harams and the royal family. Differences emerged over time: Saudi leadership viewed Pakistani forces as mercenary; Pakistan resisted excluding Shia troops; Pakistan declined deployments during the Gulf War (1990) and Yemen civil war (2015). The United States historically supported Saudi-Pakistan defence ties; Trump administration facilitated the revival of the pact. SMDA was signed amid heightened regional tensions: Israel–Iran conflict, Hamas–Israel war, and declining U.S. reliability in protecting GCC states. Key Features of the SMDA Signed between Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman and Pakistani Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif, with Army Chief Field Marshal Asim Munir attending. Provisions likely include limited Pakistani troop presence in Saudi Arabia, training and intelligence cooperation, and a possible nuclear dimension. Saudi Arabia is expected to provide financial and oil support to Pakistan. Agreement is largely optics-driven: reassures Riyadh while offering Pakistan strategic and economic benefits. Strategic Calculations For Saudi Arabia: Pros: Provides nuclear deterrent if Iran goes nuclear, offers symbolic ally amid declining U.S. reliability, avoids deploying Arab or Turkish troops due to historical sensitivities. Cons: Past frictions with Pakistani forces, risk of Pakistani–Chinese entanglement, restrictions imposed by Israel on nuclear cooperation. For Pakistan: Pros: Gains economic support through Saudi funds and oil, access to advanced defence hardware and training, strategic leverage against India. Cons: No Saudi military backing against India, risk of overcommitment or entanglement in regional conflicts with Iran or Yemen. U.S. and Israel Factor The United States facilitated the agreement, particularly through Trump’s engagement with Pakistani leadership. Saudi–Israel normalisation stalled due to the 2023 Gaza war. Israeli strike on Qatar in September 2025 exposed gaps in U.S. protection, increasing the urgency for Saudi Arabia to secure alternative defence guarantees. SMDA is seen as a “consolation prize” for Riyadh after the aborted U.S.–Saudi defence deal. Implications for India Opportunities: India is the third-largest oil importer and second-largest buyer of Saudi crude; strong bilateral defence and intelligence ties; large Indian diaspora in Saudi Arabia; planned $100 billion Saudi investment strengthens strategic leverage. Risks: Pakistan may leverage the SMDA to manoeuvre against India; potential nuclear or military technology transfer risks. Saudi Arabia reportedly took India into confidence during SMDA negotiations, ensuring India remains a trusted partner. Way Forward for India Deepen energy and economic partnerships with Saudi Arabia. Strengthen diaspora diplomacy to maintain goodwill. Expand defence cooperation through joint exercises and intelligence sharing. Remain vigilant against Pakistan’s attempts to exploit Saudi support. Pursue multi-vector diplomacy to maintain balanced ties with both Riyadh and Tehran. A climate-health vision with lessons from India Context Event: 2025 Global Conference on Climate and Health held in Belém, Brazil (July 29–31, 2025). Delegates: Representatives from 90 countries contributed to shaping the Belém Health Action Plan. Purpose: The plan, set to be launched at COP30 (November 2025), will define the global agenda on climate and health. India’s Participation: India was not officially represented, missing an opportunity to showcase its developmental experience as a model for integrated climate-health action. Relevance GS2 (Governance & IR): Climate governance, international conferences, India’s developmental diplomacy. GS3 (Environment & Health): Climate-health nexus, sustainable development, energy and food systems, air pollution, rural livelihoods. Practice Question : Evaluate the importance of intersectoral coordination and whole-of-society approaches in achieving climate-health outcomes.(250 Words) Overview from India’s Welfare Programmes PM POSHAN: Covers over 11 crore children in nearly 11 lakh schools. Connects health, education, agriculture, and food procurement. Promotes millets and traditional grains → addresses malnutrition and builds climate-resilient food systems. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Tackles sanitation, public health, human dignity, and environmental sustainability simultaneously. MNREGA Environmental Works: Improves rural livelihoods and restores degraded ecosystems. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY): Provides clean cooking fuel, reducing household air pollution and carbon emissions. Key Insight: Non-health interventions can generate significant health co-benefits while addressing climate challenges. Intersectoral coordination amplifies impact. Success Factors in India’s Experience Strong Political Leadership: Direct Prime Ministerial involvement in PMUY and Swachh Bharat ensured cross-ministry coordination. Framing climate action as a health emergency increases attention and public support. Community Engagement: Swachh Bharat leveraged cultural symbolism (Mahatma Gandhi’s vision). PM POSHAN built grassroots support via parent-teacher associations and school committees. Climate action benefits from linking environmental protection to societal health values. Leveraging Existing Institutions: Programs built on accredited health workers, self-help groups, municipal bodies, and panchayats. Embedding climate-health links in existing institutions strengthens implementation. Challenges Siloed Administrative Structures: Divergent responsibilities across sectors can hinder integrated outcomes. Affordability & Access Issues: Example: High LPG refill costs under PMUY due to oil marketing business interests. Social and cultural barriers continue to affect utilisation and equitable access. Structural Inequities: Climate solutions must address systemic inequities and focus on measuring outcomes, not just outputs. Framework for Health-Anchored Climate Governance Strategic Prioritisation: Political leaders should frame climate policies in terms of immediate health benefits. Example: PMUY positioned clean cooking as women’s empowerment; climate action should similarly link to tangible health outcomes. Procedural Integration: Embed health impact assessments into all climate-relevant policies (energy, transport, agriculture, urban planning). Analogous to environmental clearances for major projects. Participatory Implementation: Use health as a mobilising force at the community level. Local health workers can act as climate advocates by demonstrating direct health-environment linkages. Policy Implications Integrated Approach: Fighting climate and health separately is costly and less effective. Intersectoral Governance: India’s welfare programmes provide a model for coordinated solutions addressing multiple development goals. International Leadership: By leveraging its institutional experience, India can emerge as a global exemplar in operationalising the Belém Health Action Plan. Whole-of-Society Engagement: Bold, intersectoral strategies combining political leadership, community participation, and institutional capacity are critical for transformative impact. Shifting sands Basics of the Saudi-Pakistan Mutual Defence Agreement (SMDA) Nature of the agreement: Declares that “any aggression against one shall be considered aggression against both,” formalizing a military-security partnership. Historical context: Pakistan has long trained Saudi military forces. Saudi Arabia has provided financial support, including assistance linked to Pakistan’s nuclear programme. Institutionalization: This is the first formal defense pact between the two nations, moving beyond informal cooperation. Relevance : GS2 (IR): West Asia realignment, Saudi-Pakistan ties, India’s strategic posture. GS3 (Security): Military ambiguity, nuclear concerns, energy and regional stability. Practice Question : Examine the significance of the Saudi-Pakistan defence pact in the context of declining U.S. influence in West Asia.(250 Words) Timing and Regional Context Recent events affecting timing: Announced a week after Israel’s bombing in Qatar, highlighting shifting security dynamics in the Persian Gulf. U.S. focus is shifting away from West Asia; traditional security guarantees for Gulf monarchies are less reliable. Reference points: 2019 attacks on Saudi oil installations by Iranian-backed forces with no U.S. response; Israel’s attack on Qatar (hosting U.S.’s largest West Asian base). Implication: Saudi Arabia is signaling that it is diversifying its security partnerships beyond the U.S. Strategic Motivations for Saudi Arabia Diversification: Reduces overreliance on the U.S. for security guarantees. Signal to Israel and U.S.: Demonstrates independence in decision-making amidst stalled Abraham Accords (Hamas attack of 7 Oct 2023 disrupted normalization with Israel). Risk hedging: Saudi Arabia is preparing for a volatile regional security landscape, including tensions with Iran and Israel. Strategic Motivations for Pakistan Financial leverage: Saudi assistance is critical for Pakistan’s economy. Security positioning: Presents itself as a regional security contributor at a time when Gulf monarchies are uncertain about Israel’s military actions. Potential gains: May strengthen Pakistan’s influence in Gulf politics and security affairs. Implications for India Complication in West Asia policy: India’s pro-Israel tilt could face resistance from Arab monarchies now hedging security bets with Pakistan. Strategic caution: India must avoid overcommitting to an isolated Israel; long-term stability requires a balanced approach. Security risks: The pact could drag Pakistan into West Asia’s “polycrisis” (multi-front conflicts). Saudi Arabia could be pulled into South/Central Asian tensions, indirectly affecting India. Nuclear and Military Ambiguities Uncertainty: The pact does not clarify whether Saudi Arabia gains access to Pakistan’s nuclear umbrella or the exact terms of mutual military response. Entrapment risk: Both nations may face pressures to act beyond their immediate regional interests. Broader Geopolitical Implications U.S.-Saudi relations: Marks subtle distancing from U.S. security dependence. Israel-Arab dynamics: Stalls Abraham Accords; Saudi Arabia signals strategic independence. West Asia security realignment: Shows a trend of diversified alliances, increasing regional complexity. India’s strategic posture: Calls for multi-pillar diplomacy and active engagement in West Asia rather than unilateral alignment. Strategic Takeaways For Saudi Arabia: Security diversification and hedging in an unpredictable Gulf. For Pakistan: Financial support and regional security relevance. For India: Need to balance West Asia policy between Israel and Gulf monarchies; avoid reactive, short-term alignment. For West Asia: Increased uncertainty with multi-directional alliances; risks of regional entanglement are high.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 September 2025

Content SC cites Preamble to reject plea against Banu Mushtaq opening Dasara in Mysuru Turmoil, tragedy, and tenacity in Nepal SEBI, RBI in talks to boost trading in corporate bond index derivatives How Did Hands Evolve? The Answer is behind you BBNJ treaty receives 60 ratifications, will enter into force to protect marine life in international waters in January 2026 SC cites Preamble to reject plea against Banu Mushtaq opening Dasara in Mysuru What Happened Event: Supreme Court of India dismissed a petition against Banu Mushtaq inaugurating the historical Dasara festival in Mysuru. Petitioner’s Claim: The petitioner opposed a Muslim Booker Prize winner performing the inaugural pooja, arguing it was a religious activity meant for Hindus. Supreme Court’s Ruling: The plea was rejected based on the principles enshrined in the Preamble—secularism, liberty of thought, equality, and fraternity. Relevance: GS 1 – Culture: Cultural pluralism, festivals. GS 2 – Polity: Preamble (secularism, liberty, equality, fraternity), Article 25, state neutrality. Constitutional & Legal Context Preamble of the Indian Constitution: Declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. Fundamental ideals include: Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship Equality: elimination of discrimination Fraternity: promoting national unity Article 25 (Freedom of Religion): Provides for freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion Permits state regulation in the interest of public order, morality, and health, but cannot discriminate based on religion. State Neutrality: Court reiterated that the state’s neutral attitude to all religions cannot prevent intervention to eliminate practices that impede equality. Emphasizes secularism as state neutrality, not state restriction of any faith. Key Legal Principles Applied Secularism as per Indian Law: Not merely tolerance, but active equal treatment of all religions. The court highlighted that Dasara, though having Hindu rituals, is a cultural-historical event with secular dimensions. Distinction Between Religion and Culture: Court recognized two aspects of Dasara inauguration: Ribbon-cutting: purely secular, political act. Pooja before deity: traditional Hindu ritual; essential for cultural heritage but not legally exclusive. Neutrality of State Action: State can invite individuals of any faith to perform ceremonial functions without violating secularism. Social and Political Implications Religious Pluralism: Court reinforced inclusion of individuals from different faiths in public cultural events. Promotion of National Unity: Highlighting fraternity and equality as core to national cohesion, even in religiously sensitive contexts. Protection Against Communal Exclusion: Ensures religious minorities are not barred from participating in public traditions. Political Neutrality: The act of inviting Banu Mushtaq was deemed a state political function, not religious imposition. Overview Link to Secularism Debate: Case reinforces “positive secularism”: India’s secularism is not anti-religion, but pro-equality and inclusive participation. Contrasts with “Western secularism”, which often implies strict religion-state separation. Intersection of Culture, Religion, and Politics: Festivals like Dasara blend historical, cultural, religious, and political dimensions. Legal precedent ensures cultural practices are preserved without communal exclusivity. Impact on Judiciary’s Role: Court acts as a guardian of constitutional values, emphasizing Preamble principles in adjudicating minority rights. Implications for Public Policy: State-backed festivals or ceremonies cannot discriminate based on religion. Encourages inclusive cultural governance in line with national unity. Case Takeaways Preamble as a Guide: This case is an example of the Preamble being directly referenced to uphold secularism and equality. Cultural Sensitivity in Law: Courts distinguish between religious rituals and public/cultural events. Minority Inclusion: Public recognition of individuals from minority communities in traditional roles strengthens social cohesion. Conclusion This judgment is a significant reaffirmation of secularism in practice: The state must be inclusive and neutral, not exclusionary. Cultural and historical traditions can accommodate diversity, fostering national unity while respecting constitutional ideals. Turmoil, tragedy, and tenacity in Nepal Background Political discontent: Longstanding resentment against Nepal’s political elite—Oli, Deuba, and Prachanda—due to corruption, nepotism, and misgovernance. Trigger event: Government banned 26 social media platforms on September 4, 2025, including X, Facebook, and Instagram, citing non-compliance with registration rules. Youth mobilization: Gen Z (born ~1997–2012) used online platforms like Discord to organize protests, highlighting corruption, nepotism (“nepo kids”), unemployment, and economic mismanagement. Economic context: GDP per capita ≈ $1,400. Youth unemployment: 1 in 5 Nepalis aged 15–24. Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International 2025): Nepal ranked 107/180, score 34. Relevance: GS 1 – Society: Youth unemployment, socio-economic grievances. GS 2 – IR: Nepal politics, regional stability, youth-led democratic movements. GS 3 – Security: Civil unrest, digital activism, law & order. Escalation of Events September 8: Peaceful demonstrations escalated into violent clashes near Parliament in Kathmandu. Police used tear gas and gunfire; protesters returned with force. First casualties reported: 19 young protesters dead. September 9: Violence intensified. Attacks on politicians: Sher Bahadur Deuba and family beaten; Jhala Nath Khanal’s home set ablaze. Government infrastructure targeted: Parliament, Supreme Court, Singha Durbar (main government complex) set on fire. Civilian and property damage widespread; hospitals overwhelmed. Casualties and Human Impact Official casualty figures: 73 dead (majority protesters), many with burns from arson. Hospitals: National Trauma Centre and Civil Service Hospital inundated with gunshot and burn victims; staff worked extended hours. Demographics: Most deceased were 19–24 years old, many students or young professionals. State response: Army intervened to restore order. Airlifted PM Oli and other leaders for safety. Dead cremated with state honours; declared ‘martyrs.’ Political Fallout Immediate resignations: Home Minister Ramesh Lekhak (Sept 8). PM K.P. Sharma Oli (Sept 9), leaving a political vacuum. Negotiations: Army Chief General Ashok Sigdel initiated talks with youth representatives to restore governance. Gen Z demands: Leadership with integrity, anti-corruption stance. Sushila Karki (former Chief Justice) chosen to head interim government. Interim Government Appointment: Sushila Karki appointed by President Ram Chandra Poudel on Sept 12, 2025. Parliament dissolved: Elections scheduled for March 5. Cabinet composition: Rameshore Khanal (economist, economic reforms advocate). Kulman Ghising (engineer, ended power cuts). Om Prakash Aryal (lawyer, anti-corruption, social justice). Mandate: Conduct elections on time. Respect Gen Z’s protest spirit while restoring democratic governance. End corruption; restore citizen trust in government institutions. Causes of Unrest Structural political issues: Rotational leadership among same three faces (Oli, Deuba, Prachanda). Centralization of power under Oli; authoritarian governance tendencies. Weak enforcement against corruption and scandals (land grabs, gold smuggling, refugee scams). Socio-economic grievances: Youth unemployment and lack of prospects. Rising cost of living and visible elite extravagance. Digital activism: Social media ban acted as spark; previously used platforms facilitated coordination and consciousness-raising among youth. Youth identity politics: Gen Z asserting civic agency; demanding accountability and transparent governance. Challenges Ahead Political: Restoring trust between citizens and political class. Balancing demands of youth movement with political party interests. Conducting free and fair elections under tense conditions. Social: Addressing lingering discontent and preventing infiltration by violent elements. Ensuring justice for deaths and criminal acts during protests. Institutional: Strengthening the role of digital platforms in civic engagement. Reforming governance mechanisms to curb corruption and nepotism. Broader Implications Democratic maturation: Shows Gen Z’s role in shaping political accountability. Role of technology: Social media is a key enabler of political mobilization and civic engagement in modern Nepal. Youth as political force: Demonstrates generational shift in activism and expectations from governance. Security and civil order: Highlights tension between state security measures and citizen rights during protests. Regional significance: Stability in Nepal affects South Asian geopolitics, governance models, and cross-border youth engagement. SEBI, RBI in talks to boost trading in corporate bond index derivatives Context Objective: Deepen India’s corporate debt market by introducing trading in corporate bond index derivatives. Authorities involved: Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Current state of corporate bond market: Secondary trading volumes: ~₹1.4 lakh crore per month (equity market trades similar volumes daily). Issuances: Nearly ₹10 lakh crore raised in FY25; ₹3.5 lakh crore issued till July 2025. Outstanding corporate bonds: ₹17.5 lakh crore (FY15) → ₹53.6 lakh crore (March 2025). Relevance: GS 3 – Economy: Corporate bond market development, liquidity, risk management. Historical Background January 2023: SEBI allowed cash-settled Corporate Bond Index Futures (CBIF) on bonds rated AA+ and above. Earlier attempt: The first push for bond index derivatives failed to gain traction due to limited investor participation and market readiness. Proposed Initiative Collaboration: SEBI and RBI are in advanced discussions to encourage corporate bond index derivatives trading. Goal: Make bond trading comparable to equity trading in terms of settlement, platforms, and trading culture. Attract wider investor participation, especially retail and foreign investors. Current Market Dynamics Investor base: Dominated by institutional investors: banks, insurers, provident funds, mutual funds. Retail and foreign investors remain marginal participants. Municipal bonds: Nascent market; only 16 issuances worth ₹3,134 crore since 2017 (~0.02% of GDP). Importance Liquidity & depth: Derivatives can provide hedging, risk management, and enhanced price discovery. Market maturity: Helps develop a vibrant secondary market for corporate debt, moving beyond institutional dominance. Investment diversification: Encourages participation from new investor segments, including retail and foreign funds. Economic impact: A deeper bond market can reduce dependency on bank financing for corporates and lower cost of capital. Challenges Retail participation: Low awareness and risk appetite among retail investors. Platform & settlement issues: Bond trading currently less standardized than equity trading. Risk management: Corporate bond derivatives can introduce credit risk, liquidity risk, and basis risk. Municipal bond market: Lack of depth and investor confidence limits diversification opportunities. Way Forward Collaboration SEBI–RBI: Develop a framework for trading, clearing, and settlement of bond index derivatives. Encourage market-making to improve liquidity. Investor education: Promote awareness among retail and foreign investors. Regulatory support: Ensure transparency, credit risk assessment, and alignment with global practices. Broader debt market development: Municipal bonds, long-term corporate bonds, and derivatives together can strengthen India’s financial markets. Key Takeaways India’s corporate bond market is growing, but secondary market liquidity and retail participation remain weak. Bond index derivatives can be a transformative tool to broaden participation, provide risk management options, and make bonds more attractive like equities. Success depends on: Infrastructure readiness (trading & settlement platforms) Regulatory clarity and coordination (SEBI-RBI) Market-making, education, and risk management mechanisms How Did Hands Evolve? The Answer is behind you From Fins to Hands Around 360 million years ago, vertebrate ancestors transitioned from water to land. Their fins gradually transformed into feet with toes. Later, the front limbs evolved into hands. Hands are therefore an outcome of long evolutionary repurposing of pre-existing structures rather than entirely new genetic inventions. Relevance: GS 3 – Science & Tech: Evolutionary biology, genetics, CRISPR applications. Genes and Embryonic Development Embryos start as a single fertilised egg containing a full genetic blueprint. Cells divide and inherit the same genes, but turn genes on/off differently to form tissues and organs. Signalling molecules from cells influence neighbours to switch genes on/off at precise locations. Many genes act together like orchestra jockeys, controlling organ development. Role of SDOM (“Molecular Locks”) SDOM: A DNA stretch discovered in 2011 that controls limb formation. In mice: Removing SDOM → legs form but feet fail to develop. SDOM shows that hands/feet were not new genes, but repurposed ancient genetic modules. Zebrafish Experiments Zebrafish share a common ancestor with mammals >400 million years ago. Removing SDOM in zebrafish had little effect on fin development. Instead, SDOM was crucial for tail-end structures: anus, urinary, and sexual openings. Mouse embryos showed similar SDOM roles in genital/anal development. New Hypothesis: Hands Borrowed from Nether Regions Early animals (~500 million years ago) were simple tubular organisms: Body: simple sac connected to digestive tract. Openings: anus + reproductive/urinary exit. SDOM acted as a genetic switch to develop these openings. Evolution reused SDOM for limbs, including fingers and toes ~360 million years ago. Conclusion: hands evolved by co-opting existing genetic “recipes” from other body regions. Key Implications Hands and feet did not require completely new genes, just new combinations of old genetic programs. Evolution is a tinkerer, repurposing ancient genetic mechanisms in novel ways. CRISPR technology allows scientists to test these hypotheses by turning off specific DNA regions in embryos. BBNJ treaty receives 60 ratifications, will enter into force to protect marine life in international waters in January 2026 What is the BBNJ Treaty Full name: Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) treaty. Also called the High Seas Treaty. Focus: Conservation and sustainable use of marine life beyond national jurisdictions (i.e., beyond 200 nautical miles from coasts). Legal foundation: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): UNCLOS adopted: 1982, entered into force: 1994. Provides a comprehensive framework for ocean governance, maritime rights, and resource management. Relevance: GS 2 – IR: International environmental law, UNCLOS, multilateral treaties. GS 3 – Environment: Marine biodiversity, MPAs, EIAs, sustainable use of high seas. Recent Milestone 60 ratifications reached, the threshold for the treaty to enter into force. Entry into force: January 17, 2026 (120 days after 60th ratification). Latest ratifications (Sept 2025): Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, Morocco. 143 countries have signed, including India, indicating intent to ratify. Objectives of the Treaty Increase Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the high seas: Current ocean protection: 6.35% of total ocean area. Only 1.89% is strict no-take MPA (no fishing, mining, drilling). Equitable sharing of benefits from marine genetic resources (MGRs): MGRs include plants, animals, microbes. Applications in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for high-seas activities: Applies to deep-sea mining, carbon sequestration, other extractive operations. Ensures evaluation of potential ecological impacts. Governance & Implementation Preparatory Commission (PrepCom) meetings: Develop rules for treaty implementation. Key focus areas: Governance structures. Clearing-House Mechanism for information sharing. Financial rules, resource mobilization, and equitable funding mechanisms. Conference of Parties (COP1) to be held after entry into force: First COP will operationalize treaty provisions. Global Significance Covers over 70% of the planet’s surface (high seas). Demonstrates multilateral cooperation on a global commons issue. Promotes sustainable management of biodiversity and ocean resources, balancing conservation with equitable access and use. Signals growing international commitment to marine biodiversity protection ahead of UN General Assembly High-Level Week. Key Takeaways BBNJ treaty: first-ever legally binding instrument for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. Milestone ratification shows momentum in global ocean governance. Focus on MPAs, benefit-sharing of genetic resources, and mandatory EIAs ensures long-term sustainability. Upcoming COP1 and UNGA meetings will determine implementation pace and broader adoption.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 September 2025

Content Poshan Maah Drone Economy Takes Flight Poshan Maah Why in News? The Government of India launched the 8th Poshan Maah (17 Sept–30 Sept 2025) along with the Swasth Nari Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan (SNSPA). Focus areas include obesity awareness, early childhood care & education (Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi), infant & young child feeding (IYCF), and men’s involvement in nutrition. Relevance GS2 (Governance, Welfare Schemes): Poshan Abhiyaan, PM POSHAN, ICDS, WCD Ministry. GS2 (Health & Social Justice): Malnutrition, anaemia, obesity. GS3 (Environment): EK Ped Maa Ke Naam, Poshan Vatikas.   Basics What is Poshan Abhiyaan? Launched: March 8, 2018, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan. Full form: Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nourishment (POSHAN). Objective: Convergence-based mission targeting malnutrition in children (0–6 yrs), adolescent girls, pregnant & lactating women. Strategy: Jan Andolan (people’s movement) + technology-driven monitoring. Tools: Poshan Tracker App (since 2021), Anganwadi-led service delivery, awareness campaigns. What is Poshan Maah? Observed: September (annually). Purpose: Mass awareness + community mobilization on nutrition. Coincides with PM Modi’s birthday month, reflecting political symbolism and personal commitment. Complementary events: Poshan Pakhwada (March/April). 2025 Update (8th Poshan Maah) Launched: September 17, 2025, along with Swasth Nari Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan (SNSPA). Coverage: 14,02,248 Anganwadi Centres, 9.14 crore beneficiaries registered on Poshan Tracker. Financial Outlay: ₹1,30,794.90 crore (2021-26) for PM POSHAN Scheme. Achievements & Data Insights NFHS-5 (2019–21): Stunting (U-5): ↓ from 38.4% → 35.5%. Underweight: ↓ from 35.8% → 32.1%. Wasting: ↓ from 21.0% → 19.3%. Iron & Folic Acid Supplementation (Q2 FY 2024-25): 15.4 crore children/adolescents covered. Institutional Coverage: Over 13 lakh Anganwadi Centres functioning, integrated with ICDS, NHM, SBM. Community engagement: Events like Poshan Vatika, nutrition literacy rallies, annaprashan ceremonies. Objectives of POSHAN Abhiyaan Reduce stunting, undernutrition, and low birth weight (0–6 yrs). Reduce anaemia in children (6–59 months), adolescent girls, and women (15–49 yrs). Focus on first 1000 days (conception to 2 yrs) to break intergenerational malnutrition. Integrate nutrition + health + WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) + early education. Promote exclusive breastfeeding, dietary diversity, complementary feeding. Themes of 8th Poshan Maah (2025) Obesity Awareness: Reduce sugar & oil consumption. PM’s call: “Use 10% less oil in cooking.” Context: Rising obesity epidemic (1 in 3 projected to be obese in future). Early Childhood Care & Education (ECCE) / Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi: Linked to NEP 2020. Anganwadi Centres → preschool hubs integrating nutrition + learning. EK Ped Maa Ke Naam: Tree plantation drive linking environmental sustainability with nutrition. Infant & Young Child Feeding (IYCF): Promotion of breastfeeding & optimal feeding practices in 0–2 yrs. Men’s Involvement in Nutrition: Encourage male caregiving roles → breaking stereotype of nutrition as only women’s duty. Technology: Poshan Tracker App Launched: March 1, 2021, Ministry of Women & Child Development. Functions: Real-time monitoring of growth (stunting, wasting, underweight). Beneficiary-focused data for pregnant women, children, lactating mothers. Performance tracking of Anganwadi workers. Scale: 14 lakh Anganwadis + 9.14 crore beneficiaries registered. Role: Strengthens e-governance in nutrition delivery. PM POSHAN Scheme Successor of Mid-Day Meal Scheme (under NFSA, 2013). Coverage: Classes I–VIII, Government & aided schools. Beneficiaries: 11.80 crore children, across 11.20 lakh schools. Financials: ₹1.3 lakh crore outlay (2021–26). 9.5% hike in material cost (2025) → additional ₹954 crore burden. Provisions: Food grains @ NFSA rates (100g/child/day for primary, 150g for upper primary). Cooking cost (₹4.97 primary, ₹7.45 upper primary per child/day). Coverage extended to Balvatika (pre-primary). Summer meals in drought/disaster zones. Innovative Awareness Tools Children Nutrition Park (Ekta Nagar, Gujarat): Edutainment model → Nutri Train, interactive stations, nutrition-themed games. Focus: Linking play, fun, and healthy habits. Poshan Pakhwada (April 2025): Focused on first 1000 days, maternal nutrition, breastfeeding, and indigenous diets. Significance & Relevance Public Health: Tackles India’s “triple burden of malnutrition” – undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and obesity. Women Empowerment: Nutrition linked to Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar → healthier women = empowered families. Economic Impact: Improved nutrition = better learning outcomes, higher productivity, reduced health burden. Global Alignment: Supports SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) & SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-being). Governance Innovation: Combines community mobilization + digital monitoring + inter-ministerial convergence. Challenges Persisting regional disparities (e.g., high stunting in Bihar, Jharkhand, UP). Implementation gaps in Anganwadi services (infrastructure, training, workloads). Gender & social factors: Early marriage, poverty, intra-household food distribution bias. Obesity transition: While tackling undernutrition, India faces rising lifestyle-related obesity. Data quality: Poshan Tracker needs robust validation; NFHS periodicity limits timely tracking. Way Forward Strengthen Anganwadi infrastructure (Saksham Anganwadi model). Scale-up Poshan Vatikas & kitchen gardens for local nutrition security. Focus on tribal & high-burden districts with tailored interventions. Deepen male participation in nutrition & caregiving. Regular mid-course evaluations using real-time Poshan Tracker data. Link nutrition with climate resilience (millets, local crops). Drone Economy Takes Flight Why in News? 56th GST Council Meeting (3rd Sept 2025): GST on drones (with/without cameras) cut from 18% / 28% → uniform 5%. Objective: Encourage domestic drone manufacturing, reduce classification disputes, boost adoption across agriculture, defence, logistics, mining, and disaster management. Significance: Key push towards Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s Drone Hub 2030 vision. Relevance GS2 (Governance): Policy reforms, DigitalSky platform, Drone Rules 2021. GS3 (Economy, Tech, Defence): GST reform, Make in India, PLI scheme, defence modernisation. GS1 (Society): Women empowerment via Namo Drone Didi. From Basics What are drones? Drones = Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) controlled remotely or autonomously. Used in surveillance, agriculture, mapping, logistics, defence, disaster relief. Drone Policy Ecosystem in India: Drone Rules, 2021: Liberalised norms, eased permissions. DigitalSky Platform: Single-window online approvals for flying, registration, tracking. PLI Scheme (2021): ₹120 crore outlay for drones/components (boost indigenous manufacturing). Drone Shakti (Budget 2022-23): Promotes Drone-as-a-Service (DrAAS) startups. Skill Development: DGCA-approved training institutes for drone pilots/operators. Awareness: Events like Bharat Drone Mahotsav showcase innovations. Flagship Government Schemes Using Drones: Namo Drone Didi (2023): Women SHGs trained to provide agri-drone services. SVAMITVA Scheme: Drone-based land mapping in rural India. Defence Uses: Terrier Cyber Quest 2025, Army and DRDO initiatives for ISR & combat drones. Overview GST Reform: Uniform 5% Before: 18% (normal drones) / 28% (camera-fitted drones). Now: 5% for all drones – eliminates classification disputes. Policy Certainty: Reduces litigation, creates a predictable tax regime. Affordability: Makes drones cheaper → accelerates adoption. Sectoral Impact Agriculture Precision farming, crop monitoring, pesticide/fertilizer spraying. Reduces input costs, boosts productivity. Namo Drone Didi → gender empowerment + agri-tech penetration. Petroleum & Mining Inspection of pipelines, rigs, mining sites. Enhances safety + efficiency, reduces human risk. Infrastructure & Urban Planning Land surveying, GIS mapping, smart city projects. Faster, accurate project execution. Logistics & E-commerce Last-mile delivery (medicine, essential goods). Potential to revolutionize rural connectivity. Defence & Security Border surveillance, intelligence gathering, counter-terror ops. Strategic edge in modern warfare. Disaster Management Search & rescue, flood mapping, relief supply drops. Crucial for climate-related emergencies. Economic & Employment Impact Domestic Drone Market Growth: GST cut boosts affordability → larger customer base. Job Creation: Manufacturing/Assembly (hardware components, electronics). Software/Data Analytics (AI, image processing, GIS). Field Operations/Maintenance (pilots, technicians). Startup Ecosystem: Drone-as-a-Service (DaaS) and agri-tech startups to benefit. Strategic Significance Global Drone Hub by 2030: Policy shift aligns with India’s ambition to rival US/China in drone economy. Make in India push: Reduced GST complements PLI scheme for domestic manufacturing. Defence Preparedness: Enhances indigenous ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) capabilities. Social Empowerment: Drones for SHGs and rural entrepreneurs bridge digital & gender divides. Challenges Ahead Regulatory Issues: Ensuring safe airspace integration with civil aviation. Cybersecurity Risks: Potential misuse for espionage/terror. Skilling Gap: Need for trained drone pilots, technicians, data analysts. Infrastructure: Charging, repair, and maintenance hubs lacking in rural areas. Market Penetration: High initial costs despite tax cut may deter small farmers/SHGs. Way Forward Strengthen Drone Testing & Certification ecosystem (National Test House role). Scale-up Drone Didi program nationwide. Promote Drone-as-a-Service to lower upfront costs for farmers/MSMEs. Integrate drones with AI, IoT, and GIS for smart applications. Develop drone corridors & dedicated airspace management systems. Incentivize export-oriented manufacturing to tap global markets.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 September 2025

Content Equalising primary food consumption in India India needs more focus to reach SDG 3, a crucial goal Holistic approach Equalising primary food consumption in India Why in News? NSS Household Consumption Survey (2024) released after more than a decade enabled new poverty estimates. World Bank (April 2025) report (“Poverty and Equity Brief: India”) found extreme poverty fell from 16.2% in 2011–12 to 2.3% in 2022–23. Contrarian estimates by economists Pulapre Balakrishnan & Aman Raj (2025) argue food deprivation remains high when measured via a “thali consumption metric”. Relevance GS2 (Governance): Food Security, PDS reforms, NFSA 2013. GS3 (Economy & Agriculture): Poverty measurement, subsidy efficiency, nutritional security. GS3 (Social Justice): Hidden hunger, inequality in consumption, welfare targeting. Practice Question Q. “India’s poverty estimates show sharp decline, but nutritional deprivation persists.” Critically evaluate the effectiveness of the Public Distribution System in addressing hidden hunger.(250 Words) Basics Poverty Measurement Approaches Conventional (India’s historic method): calorie-based minimum income thresholds. World Bank global metric: $2.15/day (PPP) for extreme poverty. Alternative (Thali Index): number of thalis affordable daily → reflects balanced diet, nourishment, and actual food expenditure. Public Distribution System (PDS) Provides subsidised cereals (mainly rice & wheat) + free food in many states. Goal: Ensure food security under NFSA, 2013. Criticism: Inefficient targeting and misallocation of subsidies, often benefiting the non-poor. Overview Key Insights from Thali-Based Poverty Metric Cost of one thali: ₹30 (Crisil estimate, 2023). Standard: 2 thalis/day/person = minimum acceptable food consumption. Findings from HCES 2024: 50% rural and 20% urban population cannot afford 2 thalis/day. After including PDS subsidies: deprivation reduces to 40% rural and 10% urban → still significant, esp. rural. Explanation: Households spend on rent, health, education, etc. → food becomes residual expenditure, unlike assumption in official poverty lines. PDS Effectiveness and Inefficiency Rural India: Even richer fractiles (90–95%) receive almost the same subsidy as the poorest (0–5%). PDS not progressive → mis-targeted. Urban India: Subsidies more progressive but 80% still benefit, even if food-secure. Cereal consumption equalised across classes, showing PDS success in staples but limits in addressing nutrition gaps. Policy Proposal by Authors Restructure PDS Subsidies Cut cereal entitlements for the upper fractiles. Rationalise allocations to match actual need → reduce fiscal burden & FCI stocking costs. Expand Subsidy to Pulses Pulses are costly & main protein source for poor. Current pulse intake of poorest (0–5%) = half that of richest (95–100%). Expanding PDS to pulses can equalise primary nutrition across population. Compact, Need-Based PDS Focus subsidies only on those below 2 thali/day standard. Free up resources for health, education, infrastructure. Broader Implications For Governance & Policy Reveals disconnect between official poverty estimates and actual nutritional deprivation. Challenges India’s “poverty-free” narrative, showing hidden hunger. For Public Finance Current subsidies spread thin across 80 crore beneficiaries. Rationalisation could reduce food subsidy bill (~₹2 lakh crore annually) and improve fiscal space. For Nutrition & SDGs India’s “triple burden” (undernutrition, micronutrient deficiency, obesity) demands a shift from calorie-security to nutrition-security. Pulse-centric PDS aligns with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and improves protein adequacy. For Equity & Justice Current design subsidises even the non-poor → regressive. A progressive, nutrition-focused PDS would equalise core food intake, reducing hidden inequality. Way Forward Move from cereal-dominated PDS → diversified nutrition basket (pulses, millets, oil). Improve targeting using real-time household consumption data. Integrate with Poshan Abhiyaan & ICDS to link PDS with maternal-child nutrition. Regularly publish HCES surveys for timely recalibration of subsidies. Consider direct benefit transfers (DBTs) for better efficiency in urban areas, while maintaining physical PDS in rural/tribal belts. India needs more focus to reach SDG 3, a crucial goal Why in News? India’s SDG Index Rank 2025: India ranked 99 out of 167 countries, its best-ever position, improving from 109 in 2024. Progress in basic services & infrastructure, but lagging in health and nutrition (SDG 3), especially in rural/tribal areas. Editorial focuses on SDG 3 (Health & Well-being) and strategies needed for India to get back on track. Relevance GS2 (Governance & Social Justice): Health policy, Ayushman Bharat, primary healthcare reforms. GS3 (Economy): OOPE, health financing, insurance coverage. GS2/GS3 (International): India’s role in achieving global SDGs by 2030. Practice Question : Q. Despite significant progress in health infrastructure, India lags in SDG 3 targets. Discuss the structural barriers and suggest a three-pronged approach to achieve “health for all” by 2030.(250 Words) Basics Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Adopted by UN in 2015, 17 goals, 169 targets, deadline 2030. India’s monitoring: NITI Aayog’s SDG India Index. SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being Goal: “Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.” Key targets for India: Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Under-five mortality rate: ≤25 per 1,000 live births. Life expectancy: 73.6 years. Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE): reduce to 7.83% of household consumption. Universal immunisation: 100%. Overview India’s Performance Gaps in SDG 3 Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): 97 (target 70). Under-5 Mortality: 32 per 1,000 live births (target 25). Life Expectancy: 70 years (below 73.6 target). OOPE: 13% of consumption (target 7.8%). Immunisation: 93% (short of 100%). Causes of Gaps Economic barriers – affordability, OOPE burden. Infrastructure gaps – weak primary health care in rural/tribal regions. Non-economic factors – malnutrition, poor sanitation, lifestyle diseases. Cultural barriers & stigma – mental health, reproductive health, taboos. Proposed Three-Pronged Approach Universal Health Insurance Ensures equity in access & reduces catastrophic expenditure. Supported by World Bank studies on positive global outcomes. Strengthening Primary Health Care Functional PHCs with coordination across primary, secondary, tertiary levels. WHO (2022) highlights role of strong primary systems in early detection & lower costs. Digital tools (telemedicine, e-health records) can bridge rural gaps. Example: Lancet Digital Health Commission → digital platforms improved maternal care, vaccination in LMICs. School-based Health Education (Prevention) Focus on nutrition, hygiene, reproductive health, mental health, road safety. Habits formed in childhood sustain into adulthood. Global precedents: Finland (1970s): health curriculum lowered cardiovascular mortality. Japan: compulsory health education → improved hygiene, longer life expectancy. Long-term impact: Lower MMR, under-5 mortality; higher life expectancy & immunisation. Broader Implications Governance & Policy: Need for integrated strategy → universal health coverage + school curricula + preventive care. Public Health: Tackling India’s “double burden” → unfinished agenda of maternal/child health + rising NCDs/obesity. Economy: Reduced OOPE frees household budgets, boosts productivity. Global Alignment: India’s progress critical to achieving global SDGs (only 17% on track globally). Viksit Bharat 2047: Long-term vision requires embedding health education + robust systems, beyond 2030 deadlines. Way Forward Expand AB-PMJAY to ensure universal health coverage. Invest in Saksham Anganwadis + Ayushman Bharat Health & Wellness Centres. Integrate Digital India with Health Stack for e-records, telemedicine. Make school health education compulsory (nutrition, mental health, reproductive health). Promote community health literacy & engage parents in health curricula. Shift focus from curative → preventive health for cost-effective outcomes. Holistic approach Why in News? Supreme Court suggestion: prosecuting farmers for stubble burning to curb winter air pollution. Context: October–November smog in Delhi-NCR, caused by stubble burning + vehicular emissions + industrial pollution + meteorological trapping. Challenge: Existing mechanisms like the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) remain ineffective due to political pressures, weak enforcement, and flawed incentives. Relevance GS3 (Environment): Air pollution, sustainable agriculture, climate impacts. GS2 (Governance): Federalism, CAQM’s role, judicial vs executive balance. GS3 (Economy): Cost of pollution on GDP, farm economics. GS3 (Science & Tech): Bio-decomposers, mechanisation, agri-tech innovations. Practice Question : Q. Stubble burning is less a farmer’s choice and more a symptom of structural agricultural economics. Evaluate the effectiveness of current institutional mechanisms and suggest a multi-pronged strategy for long-term resolution.(250 Words) Basics What is Stubble Burning? Practice of burning leftover paddy straw after harvest to clear fields quickly for rabi sowing (wheat). Common in Punjab, Haryana, Western UP. Why Farmers Burn Stubble? Short sowing window (due to delayed paddy harvest). High cost of alternatives (machinery, manual removal). Debt burden and economic compulsions. Lack of market for crop residue. Impacts of Stubble Burning Contributes 20–30% of Delhi-NCR winter PM2.5 levels. Severe health costs (respiratory diseases, reduced productivity). Soil degradation → loss of nutrients & soil microbes. Climate impact: releases CO₂, CH₄, N₂O (greenhouse gases). Overview Institutional Mechanism: CAQM Established in 2020 as a statutory body for air quality management across NCR and adjoining states. Powers: coordinate inter-state actions, issue binding directions. Weaknesses: Political interference (example: postponement of “end-of-life vehicle” ban). Opaque reporting (Punjab’s under-reporting of farm fires). Inaction on enforcement & farmer incentives. Current Problem Judiciary floating “jail farmers” proposal → reflects failure of executive/CAQM to offer structural solutions. Blaming farmers alone ignores systemic agricultural economics. Multi-pronged Strategy Needed 1. Economic Incentives Direct subsidy for stubble management machinery (Happy Seeder, Super Straw Management System). MSP diversification: Encourage less water-intensive crops → millets, pulses. Crop residue monetisation: promote biomass power plants, ethanol production, cardboard industry. 2. Legal & Regulatory Measures Strict enforcement against industrial and vehicular polluters (parallel contributors). Transparent satellite-based monitoring of farm fires with accountability on states. Penalties on state governments for non-compliance, not just farmers. 3. Technological & Ecological Solutions Pusa bio-decomposer (IARI innovation) to decompose stubble in-situ. Mechanisation support through FPOs and custom hiring centres. Agroforestry & crop diversification to reduce residue burden. 4. Governance Reforms Empower CAQM with real independence from political pressure. Time-bound transparent reporting of stubble fires. Participatory approach: farmers’ unions, state governments, local panchayats included in decision-making. Broader Implications Health & Economy: India loses ~1.36% of GDP annually due to air pollution (World Bank, 2022). Agriculture & Climate Nexus: Water-guzzling paddy + stubble burning → both environmental & climate challenges. Federalism: Pollution is transboundary; requires cooperative federalism. Judiciary-Executive balance: Over-reliance on judicial nudges shows weak policy enforcement. Way Forward Shift approach from “punitive action on farmers” → “structural reforms & incentives”. Reorient subsidies & MSP to encourage sustainable cropping. Scale-up bio-decomposer + biomass economy. Strengthen CAQM’s independence with parliamentary oversight. Integrate air pollution control into climate change and public health policies.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 September 2025

Content Sonagachi & DMSC: 30 Years of Sex Workers’ Rights Movement in India Should India Overlook Boundary Issues While Normalising Ties with China? Why Did India Condemn the Doha Strike? Online Gaming Ban & Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 Saudi–Pakistan Defence Pact Sonagachi & DMSC: 30 Years of Sex Workers’ Rights Movement in India Why in News? Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee (DMSC), a pioneering sex workers’ rights collective from Kolkata’s Sonagachi, celebrated 30 years of existence on July 15, 2024. The organisation has been central in advancing sex workers’ rights, HIV/AIDS prevention, and social recognition. The event highlighted debates on decriminalisation, workers’ rights, and social stigma in India. Relevance GS I (Society): Social empowerment, stigma, women’s movements. GS II (Polity & Governance): Rights of marginalised, SC judgments, labour rights. GS III (Social Justice & Health): HIV/AIDS control, trafficking, SDG 3 (health), SDG 5 (gender equality), SDG 8 (decent work). Essay/Case Study material: Women empowerment, dignity of labour, “Rights vs Morality” debates. Basics Sonagachi: Asia’s largest red-light district, located in North Kolkata. Houses around 12,000 sex workers, with another 28,000 associated through DMSC across West Bengal. Historically stigmatized yet culturally significant (soil from Sonagachi used in Durga idol-making). Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee (DMSC): Founded in 1992, initially as an HIV/AIDS prevention initiative led by Dr. Samajit Jana under WHO survey. Evolved into a sex workers’ collective, demanding labour rights, social protection, and decriminalisation. Works with cisgender women, transgender people, and male sex workers. Key initiatives: Condom distribution & HIV prevention campaigns. USHA Multipurpose Cooperative Society (1995) – Asia’s first sex workers’ financial cooperative. Community-based monitoring against trafficking, with over 2,000 rescues/rehabilitations. Legal interventions (e.g., winning right to celebrate Durga Puja in 2013 despite resistance). Overview Legal & Policy Context Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (ITPA): Does not criminalise sex work per se, but penalises brothel-keeping, soliciting, and living off earnings of sex work → indirectly criminalises livelihood. Supreme Court (2022): Directed police not to harass consenting sex workers; recognised right to dignity under Article 21. Debate: Rights groups argue for full decriminalisation (New Zealand model), not partial legalisation (Netherlands model). Socio-economic Dimensions Drivers into sex work: Poverty, dowry pressures, lack of employment, migration. Economic empowerment: Many support families, children’s education, marriages, healthcare. Financial inclusion: DMSC’s cooperative provides access to savings and loans, reducing dependence on moneylenders. Human Rights Concerns Stigma & discrimination: Denied entry into temples, pandals. Face housing discrimination, violence, exclusion from welfare schemes. Violence & health risks: Exposure to abusive clients, extortion, trafficking. Yet HIV prevention success in Sonagachi is globally cited (UNAIDS case study). DMSC’s Rights-based Approach Slogan: “Only rights can stop the wrong”. Pushes for: Recognition of sex work as labour under Indian labour laws. Access to welfare schemes (ration cards, Aadhaar, pensions, insurance). Protection from workplace harassment like any other worker. Global Perspective Decriminalisation models: New Zealand (2003 Prostitution Reform Act): Full decriminalisation, rights & health safeguards. Nordic model: Criminalises buyers, not sellers → criticised for pushing trade underground. India’s policy remains ambivalent – progressive judicial recognition vs. regressive statutory framework. Key Takeaways Sonagachi exemplifies the intersection of poverty, stigma, and resilience. DMSC’s 30-year journey shows how community-led organisations can achieve health security, financial empowerment, and social recognition. The larger debate is whether India should move towards full decriminalisation of sex work, aligning with constitutional values of dignity (Art. 21), equality (Art. 14), and freedom of livelihood (Art. 19(1)(g)). Value Additions: Data & Reports Global: UNAIDS (2012): Sonagachi model reduced HIV prevalence among sex workers from ~11% in early 1990s to below 5% by mid-2000s. ILO (2018): Estimated 42 million sex workers globally, of which 80% are women. India: NACO (2021): HIV prevalence among female sex workers in India = 1.56%, significantly below global average. National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB 2022): ~6,500 cases registered under ITPA annually – showing continued criminalisation in practice. ILO study (2015): 87% sex workers in India entered due to lack of alternative livelihood. Committees & Commissions Justice Verma Committee (2013): Recommended decriminalisation of sex workers to protect them from exploitation. Supreme Court Panel on Sex Workers (2011–2022): Recognised sex workers’ rights to dignity, directed States to provide Aadhaar, ration cards, voter IDs. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): Advocated for treating sex work as work, not as criminal activity. Should India overlook boundary issues while normalising ties with China? Why in News? PM Narendra Modi visited China earlier this month to attend the SCO Summit in Tianjin. On the sidelines, he met Chinese President Xi Jinping. Both leaders agreed to: Restart bilateral trade and air connectivity. Maintain peace and tranquility at the border. Emphasise that India and China are “development partners, not rivals”. Context: Comes 5 years after Galwan clashes (2020). Just months after Operation Sindoor against Pakistan (with Chinese support to Pakistan’s military). Relevance: GS II (IR): India–China relations, border dispute (Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh), diplomacy in multilateral forums (SCO, BRICS). GS III (Security): Border management, PLA infrastructure, India’s counter (LAC roads, tunnels). Basics of India–China Relations Historical Background 1962 War → Border dispute remains unresolved. 1988 Rajiv Gandhi Visit → Both agreed to normalise ties despite boundary issue. 1993, 1996 Agreements → Confidence-building measures along LAC. 2005 → Strategic and Cooperative Partnership. 2020 Galwan Clash → Worst violence in 45 years; derailed confidence-building. Core Issues Boundary Dispute: Over 3,488 km LAC; sectors (Western – Aksai Chin; Middle – Barahoti; Eastern – Arunachal Pradesh). China–Pakistan Nexus: CPEC, arms supplies, recent Saudi–Pak pact (with Chinese backing). Trade Imbalance: India imports heavily from China (electronics, machinery, critical minerals). Military Infrastructure: Rapid PLA buildup in Tibet/ Xinjiang; India matching with LAC infrastructure upgrades. Overview Possibility of Normalisation without Border Resolution Pro: Precedent (1988–1990s) showed that ties in trade, culture, and people-to-people contact can progress while boundary remains unsettled. Peace and tranquility along LAC is the minimum condition. Con : 2020 Galwan revealed fragility of this arrangement. China reluctant to resolve border; uses ambiguity as leverage. China’s Strategic Perceptions of India Views India as secondary power, “just another South Asian country”. Alarmed by: India’s demographic dividend vs. China’s population decline. India’s economic growth and manufacturing ambitions (esp. during China–US trade war). Article 370 dilution (2019) seen as provocative by Beijing. Policy Shift: Restrict Chinese investments in India, impose export controls to hinder India’s rise. Chinese Strategy in South Asia Expanding beyond bilateral ties → creating trilateral/multilateral frameworks excluding India. Ex: China–Pakistan–Afghanistan, China–Pakistan–Bangladesh. Aim: Strategic encirclement of India (part of “String of Pearls” & BRI). India’s Countermoves Border Patrol Agreement 2024: Restoration of patrolling rights (Demchok, Depsang) seen as diplomatic win. Infrastructure Push: Roads, tunnels, advanced deployment along LAC. Strategic Diversification: QUAD with US, Japan, Australia. Strengthening ties with ASEAN, EU, Gulf, Africa. Balancing act: Engage China at SCO/BRICS but hedge with West. Future Scenarios Best-case: Stable ties with controlled rivalry; border management agreements hold. Middle-case: Economic engagement continues, but periodic border standoffs persist. Worst-case (Galwan-2): Another violent clash → complete breakdown, risk of escalation, push India deeper into US camp. Key Takeaways India–China ties improving post-Modi’s China visit, with trade and border disengagement resuming. Boundary issue remains unresolved; Galwan exposed limits of “set aside disputes” formula. China sees India as a potential rival, not an equal, while India worries about encirclement via South Asia. Balancing strategy: India engages China diplomatically, strengthens border defences, and diversifies strategic partnerships. Future trajectory depends on whether border tranquility holds or another crisis emerges. Why did India condemn Doha strike? Why in News? On 16 September 2025, India condemned Israel’s bombing in Doha (Qatar) that targeted Hamas leaders, calling it a “violation of sovereignty” and a threat to “regional and global peace, stability, and security”. Statement was delivered by India’s Ambassador to the UN Mission in Geneva at the UN Human Rights Council. This unusually strong reaction raised questions on whether India’s West Asia policy is shifting, especially given its silence on Gaza and muted positions in past Israeli strikes in Lebanon, Syria, Iran, etc. Relevance: GS II (IR): India’s West Asia policy, balancing Israel–Arab ties, UN stance on sovereignty/territorial integrity. GS III (Energy Security): Qatar as LNG supplier, implications for India’s energy imports. Basics The Incident (Sept 9, 2025): Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) bombed a house in Doha where Hamas leaders were meeting on a US ceasefire proposal. Casualties: 5 killed. Israel justified the strike by accusing Qatar of “harbouring and funding” Hamas operatives. India’s Position: Expressed “deep concern” over attacks in Doha. Condemned violation of Qatar’s sovereignty, invoked UN Charter and international law. Called for respect of territorial integrity and avoidance of escalation. Contrast: In previous Israeli strikes (Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Yemen), India’s reaction was muted or ambivalent. Overview Why India Criticised the Doha Strike? Qatar’s importance: Major supplier of LNG to India (long-term contracts crucial for energy security). Hosts a large Indian diaspora (8 lakh+ workers, key source of remittances). Strong personal ties between PM Modi and Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. Regional Stability: Qatar central in Gulf politics, hosts US military bases, and mediates in Middle East crises. Saudi–Pakistan Pact Factor (Sept 17, 2025): India wanted to reassure Gulf partners of solidarity, amidst growing Pakistan–Saudi military closeness. Shift from Past Reactions Iran (2024–25): India oscillated — cautious concern after Israeli/US strikes on nuclear facilities, later flip-flopping in SCO statements. Lebanon (2024): Indian Army Chief even praised Israeli operations against Hezbollah. Syria & Yemen: Largely muted or generic appeals for dialogue. Qatar (2025): First time India invoked sovereignty and territorial integrity in such strong terms against Israeli actions. Strategic Drivers Behind India’s Position Transactional Diplomacy: India calibrates reactions based on bilateral stakes (energy, diaspora, investments). Energy Security: Qatar among top LNG suppliers → vital for India’s energy transition and import stability. Diaspora Factor: Gulf countries house millions of Indians → New Delhi sensitive to local perceptions. Balancing Israel & Arabs: While Israel is a key defence partner, India cannot alienate Gulf states (energy + diaspora + remittances + trade). Geopolitical Signal: Israel’s strike on Qatar alarmed Gulf monarchies → India aligned with their concerns. Undermines US credibility as Gulf security guarantor, opening a strategic vacuum that India must navigate. Regional Implications For Gulf Countries: Fear of being next targets → push for a joint defence mechanism (Arab League + OIC + GCC emergency meetings). For Israel: Shows prioritisation of military operations over regional normalisation efforts (Abraham Accords at risk). For US: Weakening credibility as regional stabiliser → GCC exploring self-reliance or alternative security partners. For India: Must reassess its West Asia policy balance between strategic partnership with Israel and deep interdependence with Gulf states. Implications for India’s West Asia Policy Challenges: Silence on Gaza (65,000+ killed, 20,000+ children) is straining ties with Arab states. Need to avoid perception of bias towards Israel. Opportunities: Reinforce trust with Gulf partners (Qatar, Saudi, UAE). Use crisis to push strategic dialogue on energy + security with GCC. Strengthen image as a neutral actor supporting sovereignty, territorial integrity, and peace. Key Takeaways India condemned Israel’s Doha bombing as a “violation of sovereignty”. Unlike muted past responses, this strong stance reflects Qatar’s importance for energy, diaspora, and bilateral ties, not a generic shift in principle. Israel’s attack on Qatar signals deeper geopolitical turbulence in West Asia, reducing US credibility as a security guarantor. India must carefully balance ties with Israel and Arab states, especially amid the new Saudi–Pakistan defence pact and regional instability. Online Gaming Ban & Data Protection Rules Why in News? Online Gaming Ban: The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025 to come into effect from October 1, 2025. Scope: Outlaws all forms of real-money online games (e.g., Dream11, Mobile Premier League, Pokerbaazi). Promotes e-sports as distinct from gambling. Penalties: Platforms/social media influencers promoting such games → jail up to 2 years + ₹50 lakh fine. Data Protection Rules: To be notified by September 28, 2025 for operationalisation of Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Relevance: GS II (Polity & Governance): Central vs State powers (gambling in State List vs Centre’s regulation), data protection regime. GS III (Economy): Impact on startups, FDI, employment in gaming industry. GS III (Cyber Security): User data protection, regulation of online platforms, addiction and cyber fraud risks.   Basics Online Gaming in India Types: Real-money games (stake-based, e.g., fantasy sports, poker). Casual games (non-stake-based). E-sports (competitive, skill-based digital sports). Regulatory Challenge: Distinguishing games of skill vs games of chance (lottery/gambling). Concerns: Addiction, financial losses, money laundering, tax evasion, minors’ exploitation. Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 Passed in August 2023, but rules pending → delayed implementation. Key provisions: Informed consent for data collection. Restrictions on cross-border data transfers. Penalties for data breaches (up to ₹250 crore). Crucial for regulating digital ecosystems including gaming platforms. Overview A. Legal & Policy Dimensions First comprehensive central law to regulate online gaming → removes ambiguity between state bans and central oversight. Aligns with Supreme Court stance that online gaming cannot operate in a regulatory vacuum. Balances ban on betting/gambling while encouraging e-sports. B. Economic Impact Online gaming sector valued at $3 billion+ (2023), with high growth potential. Ban may hit startups, employment, and FDI inflows in the fantasy gaming industry. Tax evasion loopholes via offshore servers → plugging through stricter oversight. C. Social Impact Reduces risks of gaming addiction, suicides due to debt, and illegal betting. Protects minors from predatory practices (loot boxes, hidden payments). Promotes healthier competitive gaming ecosystem (e-sports recognition). D. Governance & Data Protection Link Data protection rules essential for enforcement: Prevents misuse of user data by gaming apps. Ensures accountability of foreign platforms operating in India. Lack of DPDP Act implementation so far created regulatory vacuum, now being closed. E. Challenges Ahead Enforcement: Offshore betting apps may bypass Indian jurisdiction. Federalism: Gambling is a State List subject, central law may face challenges. Innovation vs Regulation: Risk of stifling gaming startups & tech sector. Data Protection Gap: Effective only if robust grievance redressal + compliance monitoring exists. Way Forward Create separate regulator for online gaming (like TRAI for telecom). Clear classification of games of skill vs games of chance. Promote Make in India e-sports industry while curbing gambling. Ensure strong enforcement via MeitY, RBI (for payments), and CERT-In (for cyberfraud). Strengthen data protection ecosystem → rules, audits, penalties. Saudi–Pakistan Defence Pact Why in News? On 18 September 2025, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia signed a mutual defence pact, formalising a long-standing security partnership. Key clause: “Any aggression against either country shall be considered an aggression against both.” India responded that it is aware of the development and will study implications for national security, regional and global stability. Relevance: GS II (IR): India’s neighbourhood and extended neighbourhood policy; Gulf–South Asia security ties. GS III (Security): Defence diplomacy, India’s counter-strategy to China–Pakistan–Saudi axis. GS III (Economy/Energy): Energy security (Saudi oil imports), diaspora (2.7M Indians in Saudi Arabia). Basics of the Defence Pact Nature: Mutual defence & security agreement. Coverage: Joint deterrence against aggression; enhances military training, arms cooperation, intelligence sharing. Roots: Ties since the 1960s → Pakistani troops stationed in Saudi Arabia during crises (e.g., Yemen war, Grand Mosque seizure 1979). Symbolism: First time a formal written defence pact has been signed between the two nations. Overview Saudi–Pakistan Strategic Angle Military: Pakistan provides training, manpower (e.g., pilots, trainers, advisors). Financial: Saudi aid kept Pakistan’s economy and nuclear programme afloat (e.g., post-1971 defeat, $300M in 1974, continuous oil credit lines). Geopolitics: Pact reflects convergence against regional threats (Iran, Israel, instability in Yemen). Symbolism: Elevates Saudi Arabia as a regional security provider and Pakistan as a trusted defence ally. Implications for India Security: Pakistan may leverage Saudi support diplomatically in Kashmir/at OIC. Pact could embolden Pakistan’s military stance against India. Energy & Economy: Saudi Arabia is India’s 2nd-largest oil supplier (FY 2023–24: $42.9B imports). 2.7M Indians work in Saudi Arabia (remittances + diaspora leverage). Diplomacy: Saudi–India relations improving since 2006 Riyadh Declaration → 2010 Strategic Partnership. High-level visits by Modi (2016, 2019, 2024) deepened defence & counterterrorism ties. MEA has taken a cautious stance, reiterating commitment to “comprehensive national security.” Regional & Global Dimensions Middle East Power Shifts: Pact comes amid OIC summit (Sept 15, 2025) condemning Israel’s actions. US Angle: Past US cables (WikiLeaks 2007) flagged Saudi interest in joint nuclear/missile projects with Pakistan. China Angle: Both countries already part of China-led forums (e.g., SCO). This pact complements the China–Pakistan nexus, potentially complicating India’s strategic environment. Balancing Act: Saudi needs India for economy/energy security and Pakistan for military/security backup. India’s Policy Challenges Balancing energy & diaspora ties with Saudi Arabia while managing security risks from Pak–Saudi axis. Leveraging strategic partnerships with Gulf states (UAE, Oman, Qatar) to counterbalance. Using defence diplomacy (joint drills, counter-terrorism cooperation) to keep Riyadh engaged. Way Forward for India Strategic Caution: Continue engagement with Riyadh without overreacting to pact. Energy Diplomacy: Secure long-term oil & green hydrogen contracts with Saudi. Diaspora Leverage: Use Indian workforce as a stabilising factor in bilateral ties. Defence Outreach: Expand India–Saudi joint defence training, naval cooperation in the Indian Ocean. Multilateral Platforms: Push stronger India–Gulf cooperation via I2U2, G20, SCO, etc.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 September 2025

Content UPI: India’s Digital Revolution Goes Global PMAY-Urban 2.0 UPI: India’s Digital Revolution Goes Global Context Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as India’s biggest digital success story. UPI has reshaped India’s financial ecosystem and is now being adopted globally. Why it matters: Makes India a global model for digital financial inclusion. Recognized by IMF (2025) as the largest real-time payment system in the world. Shows how public digital infrastructure can drive inclusion and innovation. Key Achievements & Figures Launch: UPI introduced in 2016 by NPCI. Scale (as of Aug 2025): 20+ billion transactions monthly. Value: ₹24.85 lakh crore in a single month. Accounts for 85% of India’s digital transactions. Inclusivity: 89% of Indian adults have bank accounts (Jan Dhan + Aadhaar). UPI connects small vendors, domestic workers, and farmers directly to digital banking. High-value transactions: From 15 Sept 2025, ₹10 lakh/day P2M limit for select merchant categories. Global status: UPI > credit + debit card usage combined in India. Recognized by IMF as world’s largest retail fast payment system. Global Footprint Singapore: Linked with PayNow for instant cross-border transfers. UAE & Mauritius: Indian travellers can pay with UPI in rupees. France: UPI accepted at the Eiffel Tower. Nepal & Bhutan: UPI integrated for payments and transfers. Talks underway: Asia, Africa, Europe – expanding acceptance. Impact: From reliance on Western card networks → to Indian-built open digital rails. Structural Foundation – Digital Public Infrastructure UPI success rests on the “Trinity” model: Jan Dhan Yojana → financial inclusion (hundreds of millions of accounts). Aadhaar → unique biometric identity for all. Low-cost mobile data → cheap internet for masses. Together, they created the base for UPI’s rapid adoption. Design innovation: Interoperability: Works across all banks/apps (not closed like wallets). Incentive structure: Competition among banks, fintechs, big tech → better services, faster innovation. IMF Recognition (2025) Fintech Note (June 2025): Recognized UPI for interoperability. Finance & Development (Sept 2025): Featured article “India’s Frictionless Payments”. Called UPI a lesson for the world. Highlighted shift from cash → digital trust. Showed UPI as a model for inclusive, low-cost, open payment rails. Socio-Economic Impact Vendors: Street-side sellers now get instant payment confirmation. Women entrepreneurs: Digital access widens financial independence. Farmers: Receive direct payments, reducing reliance on middlemen. Government: Gains trust in formal banking, expands tax base, and reduces leakage in DBTs. Overview Polity & Governance: Strengthens Digital India Mission. Acts as a public good showcasing successful state-market collaboration. Economy: Facilitates cashless economy. Reduces transaction costs and expands market participation. Social Justice: Promotes financial inclusion of marginalized groups. Technology & Innovation: Open architecture encourages start-ups and fintech growth. International Relations: Expanding UPI abroad strengthens India’s soft power and digital diplomacy. Did You Know? UPI processes more payments than debit + credit cards combined in India. 20+ billion monthly transactions = world’s largest retail real-time payment system. ₹10 lakh/day merchant transaction limit (2025 reform). Adopted in Singapore, UAE, Mauritius, France, Nepal, Bhutan – expanding to Asia, Africa, Europe. 85% share in India’s digital transactions. Conclusion UPI is not just a payments tool → it is: India’s symbol of digital innovation. A model for inclusive financial systems worldwide. A diplomatic asset, exporting India’s digital rails abroad. From local chaiwala to the Eiffel Tower, UPI is India’s story of trust digitized, inclusion scaled, and innovation globalized. PMAY-Urban 2.0 Context Scheme: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY-U) launched in 2015 → mission of “Housing for All”. PMAY-Urban 2.0: Relaunched in Sept 2024, focusing on inclusivity, speed, and saturation in urban housing delivery. Current Development (2025): Angikaar 2025 campaign (Sept–Oct 2025) launched to fast-track application verification, construction, and delivery. 17 Sept 2025 celebrated as PMAY-U Awas Diwas (1-year of PMAY-U 2.0). Key Facts & Figures Overall PMAY Achievement (2015–2025): 1.2 crore homes sanctioned. 94 lakh homes handed over. PMAY-U 2.0 (since Sept 2024): 8.56 lakh houses sanctioned (additional 1.47 lakh in Aug 2025 CSMC meeting). 20 lakh houses under completion pipeline. ₹2.5 lakh financial assistance available per household (EWS/LIG/MIG). Inclusivity Focus: 75,417 houses sanctioned in the name of women (including single women & widows). 1,166 houses approved for senior citizens (Uttar Pradesh example). Community-wise sanction: 32,551 for SCs. 5,025 for STs. 58,375 for OBCs. Angikaar 2025 – Campaign Highlights Duration: 4 Sept – 31 Oct 2025. Coverage: 5,000+ Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Objectives: Complete pending 20 lakh houses. Reach Special Focus Groups: safai karamcharis, street vendors (PM SVANidhi), artisans (PM Vishwakarma), Anganwadi & construction workers, slum dwellers. Connect homes with PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana (solar power). Facilitate Grih Pravesh ceremonies for new houses. Loan facilitation for 8.5 lakh sanctioned homes. Extensive door-to-door verification, geo-tagging, document checks for eligibility. Community Events: PM Awas Mela – Shehri (Sept–Oct 2025). Services: Help desks, loan melas, health camps, solar scheme camps, awareness drives. Activities: beneficiary stories, women achiever awards, student performances, cultural events. Structure of PMAY-U 2.0 Four Verticals: Beneficiary-Led Construction (BLC) – self-construction with subsidy. Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) – PPP projects. Affordable Rental Housing (ARH) – for migrants & urban poor. Interest Subsidy Scheme (ISS) – CLSS (Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme). Recent approvals mainly under BLC & AHP. Socio-Economic Impact Urban Poor Empowerment: Enables slum dwellers, daily wage earners, vendors, and women to access secure housing. Women Empowerment: Priority sanction in women’s names ensures property rights, security, and dignity. Elderly & Vulnerable Groups: Dedicated quotas for senior citizens, SC/ST/OBC, and minorities. Integration with Other Schemes: Energy: Solar power under PM Surya Ghar. Welfare: PM Ujjwala, Ayushman Bharat, PM SVANidhi. Livelihood: PM Vishwakarma, artisan support. Overview Polity & Governance: Strengthens urban local governance (ULBs central in implementation). Promotes cooperative federalism (states, ULBs, and Centre coordination). Economy: Boosts construction sector, creates jobs in allied industries. Loan facilitation deepens credit penetration. Social Justice: Prioritizes marginalized groups → SC, ST, OBC, women, widows, transgenders. Promotes inclusive urbanization. Technology: Use of geo-tagging, online portals, Aadhaar-linked eligibility checks → reduces duplication and leakages. Environment: Integration with solar schemes promotes sustainable housing. Culture/Community: Events like Awas Mela – Shehri foster ownership, pride, and participation at community level. Did You Know? PMAY since 2015: 1.2 crore sanctioned, 94 lakh handed over. PMAY-U 2.0 (2024–25): 8.56 lakh houses sanctioned. Financial aid per family: up to ₹2.5 lakh. 20 lakh homes currently under construction pipeline. Special sanction: 75,417 (women), 32,551 (SC), 5,025 (ST), 58,375 (OBC), 1,166 (senior citizens in UP). Coverage: 5,000+ ULBs under Angikaar 2025. Conclusion PMAY-U 2.0 + Angikaar 2025 = twin approach of infrastructure + inclusion. Shifts focus from “how many homes sanctioned” → “when will mine be ready” (last-mile delivery). More than housing → ensures dignity, safety, empowerment, and inclusion. With convergence of welfare schemes and technology-driven accountability, India is moving closer to the constitutional ideal of equitable, dignified urban living.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 September 2025

Content A judicial nudge following stuck legislative business Letter and spirit Welfare at the mercy of the machine A judicial nudge following stuck legislative business Basics Context: SC heard Presidential Reference on Governor’s powers under Article 200 regarding assent to state Bills. Trigger: SC (Justice Pardiwala bench) fixed a 3-month timeline for Governors and the President to act on Bills. Issue: Debate whether judiciary can set time limits when the Constitution itself does not. Relevant Articles: Art. 200 → Governor’s options on Bills (assent, withhold, return, reserve). Art. 201 → President’s power on reserved Bills. Art. 163 → Governor bound by aid & advice of CoM (except specified discretion). Art. 355 → Union’s duty to ensure governance in accordance with the Constitution. Key Cases: Shamsher Singh (1974) → Governor bound by aid & advice, limited discretion. Nabam Rebia (2016) → Reinforced limits on Governor’s powers. Punjab Governor case (2023) → Governor cannot delay assent indefinitely. Tamil Nadu Governor case (2025) → No discretionary withholding of assent. Relevance : GS2 (Polity & Governance): Federalism, separation of powers, role of Governor, judicial review. Practice Questions : “The deliberate omission of ‘discretion’ from Article 200 signifies the supremacy of elected governments.” Discuss.(250 Words) Author’s Core Argument Governors are ceremonial heads, must act on ministerial advice. Constitution-makers deliberately omitted “discretion” (present in 1935 Act) → Governors have no independent power under Art. 200. Court’s timeline is justified because Governors misused silence by sitting on Bills for years. Fixing a time limit upholds federalism and prevents legislative paralysis. Judicial innovation is not “amending the Constitution” but clarifying ambiguities (as seen with Art. 21 expansion). Union under Art. 355 could direct Governors, but since it hasn’t, SC’s intervention became necessary. Counter Arguments Judicial Overreach: Constitution doesn’t prescribe time → SC is effectively legislating. Executive Concerns: President and Governors are high constitutional authorities, cannot be bound by judicially invented timelines. Federal Balance: Could undermine centre–state relations by constraining the Governor’s role. Rare Discretion Cases: Sarkaria Commission allowed discretionary withholding when a Bill is “patently unconstitutional”. SC’s blanket bar may limit safeguards. Overview Polity/Constitutional: Strengthens federalism and prevents “pocket veto” by Governors. Reaffirms parliamentary system supremacy → elected CoM runs state, not unelected Governor. Political: Prevents Governors (often politically appointed) from obstructing opposition-ruled states. May reduce Centre-State confrontations (Punjab, TN, Kerala cases). Governance: Timely assent ensures smoother legislative process. Enhances accountability of constitutional offices. Judicial: Reflects trend of judicial creativity to resolve constitutional silences. Could trigger executive-judiciary friction. Comparative Perspective: UK Monarch → No discretion; always acts on ministerial advice. India borrowed same principle by dropping “in his discretion” from 1935 Act. Way Forward Codify a reasonable timeline (e.g., 3–6 months) in Constitution or parliamentary law. Clarify limited discretionary scope (only for unconstitutional Bills). Use Art. 355 to direct Governors if they stall governance. Promote convention-based restraint instead of judicial compulsion. Strengthen legislative-judiciary dialogue for smooth federal functioning. Letter and spirit Basics Context: SC judgment (15 Sept 2025) on the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, which amended the Waqf Act, 1995 governing Muslim religious endowments. Issue: Balancing religious autonomy vs. state regulation of vast waqf properties. Judgment outcome: Court stayed some provisions → preserved autonomy concerns. Court upheld others → validated state regulation powers. Key stakeholders: Govt view → Amendments needed to curb misuse, corruption. Critics (Opposition, community groups) → Arbitrary interference in Muslim affairs. Relevance GS2 → Polity (Art. 25–30, minority rights, state regulation), governance, federalism. GS4 → Ethical dimension: balancing faith autonomy vs. accountability. Practice Questions : “Regulation of religious endowments must be uniform and non-discriminatory.” Discuss in the context of the Waqf Act amendments.(250 Words) Author’s Core Argument SC struck a balance: neither struck down entire Act nor upheld it fully. Valid provisions: Removal of waqf-by-user recognition (with protection for pre-April 8, 2025 registrations). Restrictions on waqf claims over protected monuments and tribal lands. Stayed provisions: Only Muslims practising for 5 years can create waqf. District Collectors as adjudicators of waqf disputes. Overrepresentation of non-Muslims in Waqf Boards/Councils (capped). Broader point: Religious autonomy cannot justify misuse, but state regulation must be applied fairly across communities. Laws must be passed with wider consensus, else they risk delegitimising democracy. Counter Arguments Judicial restraint concern: By not ruling decisively, SC left ambiguities that may prolong disputes. Autonomy worry: Even capped non-Muslim membership and Collector’s role may still be seen as undermining community self-governance. Selective regulation: If state targets Muslim religious endowments while leaving others untouched, it raises equal protection (Art. 14) concerns. Legislative process: Building “complete consensus” is aspirational but often impractical in India’s adversarial politics. Overview Polity/Constitutional: Article 26 → Freedom to manage religious institutions. State regulation allowed for public order, morality, health. Presumption of constitutionality upheld. Social Justice: Prevents mismanagement of community assets. Addresses intra-community accountability. Federalism: Collector’s adjudicatory role shifts control from community boards to state bureaucracy. Governance: Brings waqf properties into greater transparency and state oversight. Political: Risks deepening communal mistrust if perceived as discriminatory regulation. Opposition may use as evidence of state overreach. Comparative Perspective: Other religious endowments (e.g., Hindu temples under state boards, Christian trusts) also regulated → issue is consistency, not uniqueness. Way Forward Ensure uniform principles of regulation for all religious endowments → equality before law. Establish independent tribunals (instead of District Collectors) for waqf disputes. Increase community participation while ensuring transparency. Build parliamentary consensus through dialogue with Opposition & affected communities. Regular audit and accountability mechanisms without curbing autonomy. Welfare at the mercy of the machine Basics Context: Govt mandated Facial Recognition Software (FRS) integration in Anganwadis via Poshan Tracker app (July 2025). Background: Anganwadis (est. 1975 under ICDS) → tackle child malnutrition, preschool education, maternal care. 14.02 lakh centres; each with 1 Anganwadi worker (AWW) + 1 helper. Legal mandate under NFSA, 2013 → Take Home Rations (THR) for children under 3 and pregnant/lactating women. Government’s stated aim: Prevent fake beneficiaries. Prevent diversion/theft by AWWs. Relevance GS2: Governance, rights-based welfare, NFSA, child nutrition, cooperative federalism (Centre schemes vs. State delivery). GS3: Tech in welfare, leakage vs. exclusion trade-off. GS4: Ethics of surveillance, dignity, natural justice. Practice Questions “In digital governance, the challenge is not technology, but the ethics of its application.” Discuss with reference to welfare delivery in India.(250 Words) Author’s Core Argument Vonnegut metaphor: Welfare delivery turning into an “engineer’s paradise” where frontline workers and poor are at mercy of tech tools. Problems with FRS: OTP/e-KYC hurdles (phones not available, numbers outdated). Frequent app errors, poor connectivity, low phone capacity. AWWs know beneficiaries personally but cannot override app failures. Presumes guilt (“fake” women/children) rather than innocence. Mismatch of priorities: Main THR issues = poor quality, irregular supply, low budget (₹8/day since 2018), corruption, centralisation. FRS solves a non-problem (fake beneficiaries). Dehumanisation risk: Women and children treated as potential criminals. Lack of consultation: AWWs excluded from design/decision-making. Better alternative: Community monitoring and decentralisation via SHGs/mahila mandals. Counter Arguments Govt defence: Digital verification ensures transparency, accountability, leakage prevention. FRS integration aligns with Digital India & JAM trinity. Past welfare leakages (e.g., PDS ghost beneficiaries) justify pre-emptive controls. Tech optimism: App-based systems build data for nutrition monitoring, enabling better policymaking. Future improvements in FRS may reduce errors. Implementation gap vs. design flaw: Problems may reflect execution weaknesses (training, connectivity, device upgrades), not tech itself. Overview Polity & Rights: NFSA, 2013 → legal right to food; tech cannot obstruct this. Principles of natural justice violated (innocent until proven guilty). Right to dignity (Art. 21) undermined. Governance: Over-centralisation through apps vs. decentralisation ordered by SC (2004). Weakens frontline discretion and trust-based community relations. Technology: FRS = invasive, error-prone, high-cost. International precedent: San Francisco banned FRS due to privacy/accuracy concerns. Social Justice: Vulnerable women/children bear brunt of tech failures. Anganwadi workers face hostility without authority. Economy/Policy: ₹8/day ration budget since 2018 = grossly inadequate. Focus should be on funding, supply-chain reform, local production, not surveillance tools. Ethics: Welfare as rights vs. welfare as conditional benefits. Risks dehumanisation, dignity erosion. Way Forward Re-prioritise core THR issues: quality, funding revision, decentralisation, supply regularity. Transparency: Publish data if large-scale fraud exists; justify FRS publicly. Participatory governance: Consult AWWs, SHGs, communities before rollout. Tech redesign: Use simpler verification (QR cards, community attestations). Enable offline access for poor-connectivity areas. Rights-first approach: Guarantee entitlements irrespective of app performance → “No denial due to tech failure.” Legal safeguard: Build accountability for exclusion errors in welfare digitisation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 September 2025

Content The hard truth about out-of-pocket health expenditure How does SC’s order affect Waqf law? EU–India partnership set for upgrade Sarnath Heritage Plaque Revision and UNESCO Nomination World Ozone Day: Earth’s protective layer on track to return to 1980s levels by mid-century, says WMO The hard truth about out-of-pocket health expenditure Context Definition: OOPE refers to direct payments made by households at the point of receiving healthcare services, excluding any insurance or government reimbursements. Issue: India’s out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) is the main mode of health financing → pushing families into poverty. NHA (National Health Accounts) reports show a decline in OOPE share (from 64% in 2013-14 → 39% in 2021-22). Criticism: The decline may be statistical, not real, due to survey limitations, under-reporting, and extrapolation. Why in news: Scholars compared NHA with CMIE, CES 2022-23, LASI, NIA data → found contradictions. Relevance GS2: Health as a social justice issue, rights-based approach, federalism (Centre-State role in health). GS3: Human capital, poverty alleviation, economic burden of healthcare, inflation. GS1: Social inequalities in healthcare access. Key Facts & Data NHA estimates: OOPE = 64% (2013-14) → 49% (2017-18) → 39% (2021-22). CES 2022-23: OOPE share in household consumption rose: Rural: 5.5% → 5.9% Urban: 6.9% → 7.1% LASI data: Higher hospitalisation by elderly than NSS suggests. CMIE-CPHS: Showed a V-shaped OOPE trend during COVID (steep rise + fall), absent in NHA. NIA estimates: Household spending on health in GDP shows steady increase, contradicting NHA’s decline. Implications (a) Polity & Governance Raises questions on data reliability for policymaking. Misleading statistics may allow governments to claim false progress in reducing healthcare burden. (b) Economy Health-care inflation: Higher household budget share going to health. Increased borrowing/sale of assets for treatment → poverty trap. (c) Society OOPE → catastrophic health expenditure. Women and children bear disproportionate burden (extra work, dropping out of school, reduced nutrition). Inequity: Poor often forgo care due to inability to pay. (d) Pandemic Lessons NHA failed to capture COVID-19 distress → highlights gaps in real-time monitoring. Critical Analysis Core Message of Article: The decline in OOPE shown by NHA is likely misleading, driven by flawed reliance on a single NSS round. Counter-arguments: Government schemes like PM-JAY, free drugs initiatives, Health & Wellness Centres may have actually reduced OOPE. But benefits may be uneven (urban vs rural, public vs private sector). Ethical & Political Dilemmas: Using selective statistics for political narratives undermines trust. Need balance between showcasing progress and acknowledging gaps. Conclusion OOPE in India remains high and inequitable despite reported statistical declines, perpetuating poverty and health inequality. Strengthening public health schemes and improving real-time data collection are essential to protect vulnerable populations. How does SC’s order affect Waqf law? Basics Waqf: Permanent dedication of property by a Muslim for religious/charitable use under Islamic law. Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025: Amended Waqf Act, 1995. Claimed aim: transparency & accountability. Petitioners’ claim: Violates Articles 26 & 30 (minority rights to manage religious affairs & institutions). SC (15 Sept 2025): Did not strike down Act entirely, but stayed contentious provisions pending final hearing. Relevance GS2 (Governance & Polity): Minority rights (Articles 25, 26, 30), federalism (Centre-State powers in religious institutions), judicial oversight, secularism, separation of powers. GS1 (Social Issues): Religious autonomy, community self-governance, social harmony, minority alienation risk, impact on conversions and freedom of conscience. SC’s Interim Directions Stayed provisions: District Collectors’ unilateral power to decide ownership of waqf property. Five-year practising Islam requirement for creating waqf. Excessive non-Muslim representation on Waqf Boards & Council. Allowed provisions: Abolition of waqf by user doctrine. Mandatory central registration of waqf property. Application of Limitation Act, 1963 to waqf land claims. Broader Implications for Minority Rights (a) Positive Safeguards (Judicial Protection) Protects community autonomy from executive overreach. Reinforces separation of powers → property disputes remain with judiciary/tribunals, not district officials. Places limits on State interference in religious institutions under Article 26. (b) Areas of Concern (Potential Restrictions) Five-year Islam practice clause (though suspended temporarily) could: Create state policing of faith & religiosity. Restrict new converts’ rights → affecting freedom of conscience (Article 25). Limiting “waqf by user” weakens community’s traditional practices, reducing scope of minority-controlled endowments. Allowing non-Muslim representation, though capped, raises tension with Article 30 rights (exclusive minority management). (c) Larger Constitutional Themes Minority rights vs State regulation: Balancing autonomy with transparency. Federalism & secularism: Executive dominance in religious endowments risks tilting towards majoritarian oversight. Judicial minimalism: SC chose interim balance, not final confrontation. Overview Polity & Governance: Shows how State control of minority institutions can erode trust in secularism. Opens debate on whether uniform accountability norms should apply to all religious endowments (temples, gurudwaras, mutts). Minority Rights : Direct link to Articles 25, 26, 30. Precedents: Azeez Basha vs Union of India (1968) (AMU not a minority institution), TMA Pai (2002) (scope of minority rights). Social Harmony: Any perception of excessive State interference can fuel minority alienation. May also create a template for State intervention in other religious endowments. Legal-Philosophical: Tests the line between secular regulation (accountability, transparency) and religious autonomy (self-governance). Way Forward Need for parity in regulation of all religious trusts/endowments (not just waqf). Frame clear, secular procedures for property verification — not dependent on subjective religiosity tests. Balance transparency & accountability with constitutional guarantees of minority self-management. Final SC judgment will be a landmark precedent for defining minority rights under Articles 26 & 30. EU-India partnership set for upgrade Context Event: The European Commission and EU High Representative Kaja Kallas unveiled “A New Strategic EU–India Agenda” in Brussels. Trigger: EU seeks to deepen ties with India (trade, technology, defence, climate), while expressing concerns over India’s military exercises with Russia and oil imports from Moscow. Background: India–EU relations involve: Ongoing FTA negotiations (14th round in October 2025). Shared interest in rules-based international order. Challenges: Russia–Ukraine war, India’s tariffs, regulatory barriers, India’s China policy. Relevance GS2 (IR/Polity): India–EU partnership, multilateralism, strategic autonomy. GS3 (Economy): FTA negotiations, non-tariff barriers, trade diversification. GS1 (Society): Social impact of liberalized trade on farmers & SMEs. Key Facts & Data Strategic Agenda Scope: Trade, tech, security, defence, climate. EU Position: India = “crucial partner” but oil imports & Russia military exercises remain issues. FTA Negotiations: 14th round scheduled (Oct 6–10, 2025); aim → conclude by early 2026. Trade Growth: India–EU trade ↑ 90% in the last decade. Barriers Highlighted: Indian agricultural tariffs, non-tariff barriers like Qualitative Control Orders (QCOs). EU Strategy Phrase: “Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed.” Geopolitical Context: EU balancing ties with India to prevent its tilt towards Russia/China. Bilateral Trade Overview Trade Volume: In 2024, trade in goods between the EU and India reached €120 billion, accounting for 11.5% of India’s total trade. The EU is India’s second-largest trading partner, while India ranks as the EU’s 9th largest trading partner. Trade Growth: Over the past decade, EU–India trade in goods has increased by nearly 90%. Trade Balance: In 2024, the EU recorded a trade surplus of €147 billion in goods, with India being a significant contributor to this surplus. Significance / Implications a.Polity & Governance EU recognition of India as a global partner strengthens India’s multilateral standing. Potential agreement on classified information → deeper defence cooperation. Could elevate India–EU ties to a level comparable with India–US and India–Japan partnerships. b.Economy FTA could expand India’s export access to EU (largest trading bloc globally). Addressing tariff/non-tariff barriers → key for market entry of Indian goods. India’s reputation as a “tough negotiator” may prolong timelines but also ensures strategic bargaining power. c.Society Enhanced climate and tech cooperation → scope for joint work on clean energy, AI, digital governance. Trade liberalization → implications for Indian farmers & domestic industries (sensitive tariff sectors). d.Geopolitics / Security EU wary of India’s Russia ties → oil imports, military exercises (Zapad-2025). EU wants India as a rules-based order partner in Indo-Pacific & Ukraine crisis context. EU sees engagement with India as a way to prevent strategic void filled by China/Russia. Critical Analysis Core Message: EU is pushing for a comprehensive partnership with India but is cautious about India’s Russia links. Counter-Arguments / Missing Dimensions: EU itself remains dependent on external energy & trade with authoritarian regimes (double standards argument). India’s Russia oil imports are framed as economic necessity, not geopolitical alignment. EU has not addressed Indian concerns over visa barriers, services trade, and agricultural subsidies. Ethical/Political Dilemmas: Balancing “strategic autonomy” vs. “rules-based order alignment” → India resists being pressured into Western geopolitical positions. Conclusion India’s strategic partnership with the EU is set to deepen in trade, technology, defence, and climate cooperation. Successful engagement requires balancing strategic autonomy with EU concerns on Russia ties and aligning economic and geopolitical interests. Sarnath Heritage Plaque Revision and UNESCO Nomination Context What happened? The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will install a new plaque at Sarnath crediting Raja Jagat Singh (a local ruler) instead of the British for preserving the holy Buddhist site. Why in news? This is part of India’s proposal to list Sarnath on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list (2025–26 cycle). Background: Sarnath, ~10 km from Varanasi, is where Buddha gave his first sermon in 528 BCE. Ashoka built stupas/monasteries here. Later sacked (12th century). Rediscovered during colonial excavations (18th–19th century). Relevance GS1: Indian culture – Buddhist heritage, architecture, historical sites. GS3: Tourism economy, sustainable heritage management. Key Facts & Data ASI change: Corrected attribution → Raja Jagat Singh, not British archaeologists. Ashoka (268–232 BCE): Built pillars/stupas; Lion Capital at Sarnath became India’s National Emblem. Destruction: 12th century sack; major decline after invasions (cited: Qutb-ud-din Aibek’s forces). Rediscovery: 1799 Jonathan Duncan; 1836 Cunningham excavations; 1904–05 F.O. Oertel systematic excavation. Findings: 476 architectural and sculptural relics + 41 inscriptions in one season (Oertel). UNESCO Nomination: Tentative list, 27-year wait for inscription. Raja Jagat Singh Identity: Raja Jagat Singh, also called Babu Jagat Singh, was a prominent 18th-century figure in Banaras (Varanasi), holding administrative control (tahud) over parganas including Shivpur, which encompassed Sarnath. Historical Role: In 1793–94, he initiated excavations at the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath, primarily to obtain building materials for a market in Banaras named after him. Discoveries: During the excavations, he uncovered a relic casket containing bones, pearls, and gold leaves, which were later discarded into the Ganges. Legacy: The stupa became locally known as the “Jagat Singh Stupa” due to his involvement. Misrepresentation: Over time, colonial and later narratives misrepresented him as a vandal, overshadowing his role in preserving and highlighting Sarnath’s archaeological significance. Modern Recognition: Recent research and efforts by the Jagat Singh Raj Pariwar Shodh Samiti clarified his contributions. The ASI installed a corrected plaque at the Dhamek Stupa crediting him, aligning with India’s 2025–26 UNESCO World Heritage nomination for Sarnath. Significance: His actions helped bring Sarnath’s Buddhist heritage to broader attention, supporting heritage preservation and cultural diplomacy. Sarnath Heritage Site Historical Significance: Site of Buddha’s first sermon (528 BCE) → Birthplace of the “Dharmachakra” (Wheel of Dharma) → foundational to Buddhist philosophy. Ashokan Contributions: Ashoka (268–232 BCE) built stupas, monasteries, and the iconic Ashokan Pillar → Lion Capital later became India’s National Emblem. Medieval Decline: Sacked in the 12th century by Qutb-ud-din Aibak’s forces → led to centuries of neglect and decline. Colonial Rediscovery: Excavations by Jonathan Duncan (1799), Alexander Cunningham (1836), F.O. Oertel (1904–05) → recovered 476 architectural/sculptural relics + 41 inscriptions in one season. Archaeological Value: Contains stupas, monasteries, inscriptions, pillars, and relic caskets → provides insights into Mauryan, Gupta, and later periods. Cultural & Religious Importance: A major Buddhist pilgrimage site → promotes global Buddhist tourism and interfaith cultural understanding. UNESCO Nomination: Listed in India’s tentative list (2025–26) → potential World Heritage Site → global recognition, tourism boost, and conservation impetus. Significance / Implications Polity & Governance: National heritage recognition → assertion of indigenous credit (Raja Jagat Singh) instead of colonial narrative. Strengthens India’s cultural diplomacy via UNESCO. Economy: Tourism boost if UNESCO tag granted; global recognition of Buddhist circuit. Society: Strengthens Buddhist identity and heritage preservation. Corrects colonial historiography; promotes local ownership of history. Global/IR: Soft power through Buddhist heritage diplomacy (esp. with SE Asia, East Asia). Critical Analysis Core Message: Highlights transition from colonial credit to indigenous recognition; emphasis on historical continuity and rediscovery. Counter-Arguments / Missing Dimensions: No discussion on present challenges of conservation (pollution, urban encroachment, mass tourism). Ignores role of Buddhist communities in contemporary preservation. Lacks detail on UNESCO evaluation criteria (authenticity, integrity, management). Ethical/Political Dilemma: Rewriting plaques to correct colonial legacy vs. risking political overtones in historical crediting. Conclusion Recognizing Raja Jagat Singh instead of colonial archaeologists asserts indigenous ownership and strengthens cultural diplomacy. UNESCO listing can boost tourism, preserve heritage, and promote sustainable management with community involvement. World Ozone Day: Earth’s protective layer on track to return to 1980s levels by mid-century, says WMO Context What happened: WMO released its Ozone Bulletin (Sept 16, 2025) stating that Earth’s ozone layer is on track to return to 1980 levels by mid-century. Why in news: Ozone hole over Antarctica in 2024 was smaller than in recent years, with delayed onset and faster recovery. Background: Vienna Convention (1985) → Framework for cooperation. Montreal Protocol (1987) → Landmark treaty phasing out ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Kigali Amendment (2016) → Phasing down HFCs, with climate co-benefits. Relevance GS2: Global governance, environmental treaties, multilateral institutions. GS3: Environment, ozone depletion, climate change mitigation, technology innovation. Key Facts & Data ODS phase-out: Montreal Protocol eliminated 99% of controlled ODS. Projected Recovery Timelines: Antarctica → 2066 Arctic → 2045 Rest of the world → 2040 Ozone hole 2024: Max mass deficit: 46.1 million tonnes (Sept 29, 2024). Smaller than 2020–23 holes, below 1990–2020 average. Health & Environment Benefits: Prevents skin cancer, cataracts, ecosystem damage. Kigali Amendment: Ratified by 164 parties, expected to prevent 0.5°C warming by 2100. Significance / Implications (a) Polity & Governance Case study in effective multilateralism → science-based policy, global cooperation, compliance mechanisms. Demonstrates how binding treaties + financial/technological support deliver results. (b) Economy Transition away from ODS spurred green innovation in refrigeration, air conditioning, foam, aerosols. HFC phase-down under Kigali → integrates climate mitigation with industry regulation. (c) Society & Health Reduced risks of skin cancer & cataracts. Protects agriculture and marine ecosystems from UV damage. (d) Environment & Climate Ozone recovery = resilience of Earth systems when stressors are reduced. Kigali adds climate co-benefit, showing overlap between ozone diplomacy and climate diplomacy. Critical Analysis Article’s core tone: Positive, celebratory of multilateral success. Counter-arguments / Missing Dimensions: Monitoring gaps: Need vigilance against illegal ODS production (e.g., CFC-11 emissions detected in 2018). Replacement chemicals: HFCs are non-ODS but strong GHGs, requiring parallel climate strategies. Equity concerns: Developing nations need technology transfer & finance for sustainable transitions. Ethical dimension: Global cooperation worked here → raises the question why climate change talks lag compared to ozone diplomacy. Conclusion Multilateral treaties like the Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment demonstrate effective science-driven global governance and environmental recovery. Lessons from ozone recovery highlight the importance of technology transfer, monitoring, and equitable global cooperation for broader climate challenges. Ozone Layer: Value Additions Function: Protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful UV-B radiation, reducing skin cancer, cataracts, and DNA damage. Montreal Protocol (1987): Landmark treaty that phased out ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, halons); considered a global environmental success story. Vienna Convention (1985): Framework for international cooperation on ozone protection. Kigali Amendment (2016): Phasing down HFCs (not ODS but potent greenhouse gases) → climate co-benefits, reduces global warming by ~0.5°C by 2100. Recovery Projections: Antarctica → 2066 Arctic → 2045 Rest of the world → 2040 Health & Environment Benefits: Lower UV exposure protects human health, agriculture, marine ecosystems, and biodiversity. Multilateral Diplomacy: Demonstrates effective science-based global governance; model for climate cooperation. Technology & Economy: Stimulated green innovation in refrigeration, air conditioning, and industrial processes. Monitoring & Challenges: Vigilance required against illegal ODS production; replacement chemicals (HFCs) need climate-conscious management. Equity & Ethics: Developing countries need technology transfer and finance for sustainable compliance; showcases global cooperation effectiveness.

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