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Mar 22, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 March 2025

Content: One Billion Tonne: Strengthening India’s Energy Future! Making India More Disaster-Resilient One Billion Tonne: Strengthening India’s Energy Future! Context: India crossed 1 billion tonnes (BT) of coal production on March 20, 2025, during FY 2024-25. This achievement came 11 days ahead of the previous fiscal year’s total production of 997.83 million tonnes (MT) in FY 2023-24. Reflects India’s commitment to energy security, industrial growth, and economic expansion. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology , Economic Growth , Energy Security) Contribution of Stakeholders Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) such as Coal India Limited (CIL) and Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) played a crucial role. Private sector participation increased after policy reforms, enhancing production efficiency. 5 lakh mine workers across 350+ coal mines have contributed significantly to this milestone. Energy Mix & Dependence on Coal Coal remains India’s primary energy source, contributing to: 55% of the country’s total energy consumption. 74% of electricity generation via coal-fired thermal power plants. Essential for powering industries, agriculture, and infrastructure development. Policy Reforms Driving Growth Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act amendments enabled greater private participation. Commercial coal block auctions increased competition and enhanced coal availability. Government initiatives helped reduce reliance on imported coal, strengthening energy self-sufficiency. Impact on Foreign Exchange Savings & Imports India’s coal imports declined by 8.4% between April and December 2024. Resulted in foreign exchange savings of $5.43 billion (₹42,315.7 crore) compared to the previous year. Reduces dependence on high-cost coal imports and strengthens India’s trade balance. Alignment with ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ & Viksit Bharat 2047 Enhances India’s self-reliance in the energy sector, reducing import dependency. Contributes to sustainable economic growth and long-term energy security. Supports the government’s vision of ‘Viksit Bharat 2047’, aiming for a fully developed and self-sufficient India. Sustainability & Future Outlook Increasing focus on advanced mining techniques for better efficiency and safety. Optimizing logistics to streamline coal transportation and distribution. Promoting sustainable mining practices to reduce environmental impact. Technology-driven solutions like automation, digitization, and cleaner coal technologies will play a key role. Strategic Implications Reinforces India’s economic resilience by ensuring a stable power supply. Strengthens industrial growth, supporting sectors like steel, cement, and manufacturing. Encourages investment in domestic coal production while transitioning to a balanced energy mix. A stepping stone for future energy diversification, including increased renewable energy integration. Facts and Figures : Global Coal Production Rankings (2024-25) China – 4.76 billion tonnes (Largest producer) India – 1 billion+ tonnes (Achieved March 20, 2025) India’s Coal Production Highlights Coal India Ltd (CIL) – 773.81 MT (FY 2023-24, +10% growth) Singareni Collieries (SCCL) – 70.02 MT (+4.3% growth) Coal-based power – 74% of India’s electricity Coal imports down 8.4% (Forex savings: $5.43B in Apr-Dec 2024) Global Coal Consumption Trends Total: ~8.7 billion tonnes (Near record high) Major consumers: China, India (Power & industry) Key Takeaways India is #2 globally and moving towards self-reliance in coal. Strategic reforms & private sector participation boosting production. Coal remains critical for India’s energy security. Conclusion India’s 1 BT coal production milestone signifies a strategic shift towards self-sufficiency, economic resilience, and energy security. While coal remains the backbone of India’s energy sector, continued technological advancements and policy reforms will shape a sustainable and efficient coal ecosystem in the coming years. Making India More Disaster-Resilient Earthquake Vulnerability in India Geographical Risk: ~59% of India is prone to earthquakes. Seismic Zones: India is classified into four seismic zones (II to V) by BIS, with Zone V being the most active (Himalayan belt, North-East India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands). Recent Earthquake Data: 159 earthquakes recorded from Nov 2024 to Feb 2025, with a 4.0 magnitude quake in Delhi on Feb 17, 2025. Historical Devastation: 1905 Kangra (M 8.0): 19,800 deaths. 2001 Bhuj (M 7.9): 12,932 deaths, destruction of 890 villages. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Government Initiatives for Earthquake Safety A. Institutional Framework Disaster Management Act, 2005: Established NDMA, NDRF, and SDMAs. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Policy-making, guidelines, and coordination. State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs): Implementation at the state level. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): Specialized search and rescue teams; expanded from 8 to 16 battalions. B. Seismic Monitoring & Early Warning Systems National Centre for Seismology (NCS): Operates India’s earthquake monitoring network. Sharing real-time seismic data with disaster management agencies. Researching earthquake early warning (EEW) for Himalayan regions. Expansion of Seismic Observatories: Increased from 80 (2014) to 168 (Feb 2025). BhooKamp App: Provides real-time earthquake alerts. C. Risk Assessment & Infrastructure Resilience Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI): Evaluates hazard, vulnerability, and exposure. Phase I: Covered 50 cities. Phase II: Expanding to 16 more cities. Earthquake Safety Guidelines: Home Owner’s Guide (2019): Safe building standards. Simplified Guidelines (2021): Construction safety for urban buildings. Retrofitting & Structural Safety: Promotion of earthquake-resistant building codes. India’s Global Disaster Assistance Efforts Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR): Rapid response to international calamities. Aid to Türkiye & Syria (Feb 2023 earthquake) through NDRF teams, medical aid, and essential supplies. ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ Approach: Strengthening global disaster response cooperation. Challenges & Areas for Improvement Gaps in Early Warning Systems: Need for more advanced predictive models. Infrastructure Vulnerability: Many urban and rural buildings still non-compliant with seismic safety codes. Public Awareness & Preparedness: Limited earthquake drills and community training. Coordination Challenges: Need for better integration between NDMA, SDMAs, and local governments. Key Initiatives : Seismic Observatories: Increased from 80 (2014) to 168 (2025). Public Awareness: NDMA aired “Aapda Ka Samna” on Doordarshan (March 2025). 10-Point Agenda (2016): Aligns with Vision 2047 for disaster resilience. Retrofitting: Enforcing building codes as 59% of India is earthquake-prone. Himalayan Preparedness: Early warning systems & disaster response framework. Safety Guidelines (2021): Simplified under Building Code of India. Risk Transfer & Insurance: Covers earthquake-induced damage to infrastructure. BhooKamp App: Provides real-time earthquake alerts (by NCS, MoES). Way Forward Strengthening Earthquake Monitoring: Increase seismic stations and enhance real-time data analytics. Mandatory Earthquake-Resistant Infrastructure: Enforce BIS seismic codes in all new constructions. Expansion of EEW Systems: Implement a nationwide warning system, especially for high-risk areas. Public Awareness & Drills: Mass-scale safety education and periodic earthquake drills. Integration of AI & GIS Mapping: For better hazard assessment and disaster response. Conclusion India is making significant strides in disaster resilience through policy reforms, improved seismic monitoring, and structural safety initiatives. However, continuous investment in early warning systems, infrastructure resilience, and public preparedness is essential.

Mar 22, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 March 2025

Content: Navigating differences Heat plan India’s marginalised Parliament in budgetary affairs Charting a route for IORA under India’s chairship Navigating differences Context : India and New Zealand seek to deepen strategic and economic cooperation through defence, trade, and connectivity while navigating challenges related to China’s influence, market access, and diaspora-linked concerns. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: Discuss the evolving strategic and economic partnership between India and New Zealand in the context of shifting global geopolitics. Highlight the challenges and opportunities in their bilateral ties. (250 words) New Zealand PM Luxon’s Key Geopolitical Shifts : Decline of rule-based order: Shift towards power-driven global politics. Security over economy: Increasing focus on national security in trade and diplomacy. From trade efficiency to protectionism: Rise of resilient supply chains among trusted partners. India-New Zealand Strategic Cooperation Defence MoU Signed: Military cooperation, staff college exchanges, and naval port calls. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Talks Revived: Current bilateral trade below $2 billion. Challenges: Market access for dairy and agriculture (India’s reason for RCEP exit). Enhanced Connectivity: Air India-Air New Zealand Codeshare Agreement signed. Potential direct flights by 2028. Key Challenges in Relations New Zealand’s Stronger Trade Ties with China: Trade volume with China: ~$24 billion. Raises questions on diversification of economic partnerships. Khalistan Issue and Anti-India Protests: Reference to ‘Sikhs for Justice’ Khalistan referendum in Auckland (Nov 2023). New Zealand upholds free expression, but India sees it as an internal security concern. Publicly raising this issue risks dividing the 300,000-strong Indian diaspora. Additional Dimensions of India-New Zealand Relations 1. Indo-Pacific Cooperation Both nations support a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific. New Zealand, though not part of the Quad, engages in regional dialogues with Australia, Japan, and South Korea. 2. India’s Importance for New Zealand Trade Diversification: Reducing dependence on China by expanding economic ties with India. Strategic Alignment: India’s large market and growing global influence make it a key partner for New Zealand. 3. Soft Power & People-to-People Ties Diaspora Influence: Over 300,000+ Indian-origin people in New Zealand serve as a cultural and economic bridge. Educational & Tourism Links: Growing cooperation in higher education, tourism, and professional exchanges. Cricket Diplomacy: A shared passion for cricket strengthens cultural bonds and enhances bilateral goodwill. Conclusion: The Path Ahead Balancing economic interests and security concerns in Indo-Pacific collaboration. Private diplomatic engagement over sensitive issues like diaspora politics. Strategic alignment in defence and trade to strengthen bilateral relations. Heat plan Context : The increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves in India signal the urgent need for a comprehensive national heat strategy that moves beyond short-term relief measures to long-term climate resilience planning. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) , GS 3(Disaster Management ) Practice Question: With rising global temperatures, heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense in India. Discuss the need for a comprehensive national heat strategy, highlighting the gaps in current preparedness and suggesting long-term mitigation and adaptation measures. (250 words) Current Heatwave Trends in India Early Onset of Summer: February, typically classified as ‘winter‘ by the IMD, recorded unusually high temperatures across India. Heatwaves Reported: Goa and Maharashtra experienced official heatwaves in February; Odisha, Telangana, and Maharashtra recorded temperatures above 40°C. Rising Night Temperatures: 31 States/UTs saw night temperatures at least 1°C above normal, with 22 reporting anomalies of 3°C-5°C. Scientific Warnings and Climate Realities New Climate Normals: Scientists predict more intense and frequent heatwaves due to rising land and sea temperatures. Heat Events as Disasters: Unlike floods and earthquakes, heatwaves lack structured disaster preparedness mechanisms. Gaps in India’s Heatwave Preparedness Short-term Focus: Current measures include emergency responses like providing drinking water, adjusting work hours, and increasing hospital capacity. Lack of Long-term Plans: Cities lack structured strategies for: Household or workplace cooling for vulnerable populations. Insurance for workers facing income loss on extreme heat days. Fire management and electricity grid upgrades for heat resilience. Limited Monitoring & Urban Planning: Few cities invest in expanded local weather monitoring. Urban heat island mapping remains underdeveloped. Lack of heat-specific training for implementation authorities. Mitigation vs. Adaptation: The Shift in Focus Slow Progress on Emissions Reductions: With global efforts to cut greenhouse gases lagging, adaptation measures are gaining importance. Challenges in Cooling Solutions: Increased cooling demand raises concerns about ozone-depleting refrigerants. Passive cooling and green infrastructure impact land prices and urban planning. Need for a National Heat Strategy Integration with National Adaptation Plan: A holistic approach should be embedded in India’s climate resilience policies before COP30 in Brazil (November 2025). Key Strategic Measures: Sustainable Urban Planning: Passive cooling, green spaces, and targeted cooling interventions for vulnerable populations. Infrastructure Upgrades: Resilient power grids, water conservation, and fire safety mechanisms. Policy & Governance: Legally binding heat action plans, worker protection laws, and cross-sectoral collaboration. Conclusion India needs to move beyond short-term emergency responses and develop a long-term national heat strategy to safeguard its people and economy from the increasing frequency of extreme heat events. India’s marginalised Parliament in budgetary affairs Context : India’s Parliament plays a marginal role in budgetary affairs, with executive dominance limiting legislative scrutiny, necessitating reforms like pre-Budget discussions and a Parliamentary Budget Office. Relevance : GS 2(Polity) Practice Question : India’s parliamentary role in budgetary affairs remains largely ceremonial, with limited legislative scrutiny over financial policies. Critically examine the need for greater parliamentary oversight in budget-making, suggesting key reforms to enhance transparency and accountability. (250 words) Budget and Legislative Oversight: The Democratic Context Power of the Purse: Across democracies, legislatures exercise control over financial policies, ensuring fiscal discipline and transparency. Global Variations: Some parliaments actively draft and modify budget proposals. Others merely approve government proposals with minimal scrutiny. Budget Transparency: Stronger legislative participation correlates with better social outcomes and economic stability. India’s Budgetary Process: Executive Dominance Minimal Legislative Influence: The Finance Ministry single-handedly crafts the Budget. Even Cabinet Ministers remain uninformed until its presentation in the Lok Sabha. Lack of Cabinet Scrutiny: Unlike legislative Bills, the Budget does not undergo detailed discussions before being introduced. This weakens parliamentary oversight and accountability. Role of Rajya Sabha: The Upper House has no substantive role in budget discussions. A Finance Minister from the Rajya Sabha cannot vote on their own Budget proposal in the Lok Sabha. Decline of Parliamentary Authority Over Budget Weak Budget Debates: Parliamentary discussions on budgetary matters are often brief and ineffective. Subject committees lack the power to influence financial allocations significantly. Lack of Amendment Powers: Parliamentarians can only approve or reject the Budget but cannot introduce substantial changes. This reduces the legislature’s role to mere ratification. Need for Institutional Reforms A. Pre-Budget Discussions Purpose: Institutionalizing pre-budget discussions in the monsoon session. Allowing legislators to engage meaningfully in fiscal planning. Benefits: Enhances subject committee coordination. Encourages public participation and transparency. Ensures that budget allocations reflect national priorities. B. Establishing a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) Objective: Providing independent, data-driven budgetary analysis to parliamentarians. Global Models: Inspired by the U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO), and similar institutions in Canada, Australia, and the U.K. Functions of a PBO: Conducts independent economic forecasts and fiscal impact assessments. Provides policy briefs to lawmakers for informed decision-making. Strengthens parliamentary oversight without infringing on executive authority. Addressing Concerns Over Fiscal Discipline Fear of Populist Spending: Some economists argue that legislative power over budgets could lead to excessive spending. Need for Oversight: Leaving financial planning solely to the executive risks economic injustice and lack of accountability. Balanced Approach: Executive retains discretion but remains answerable to Parliament. Reclaiming Parliamentary Authority Over Budgeting Beyond Procedural Reforms: Ensuring budgetary decisions reflect democratic deliberation rather than executive control. Strengthening representative democracy through legislative involvement. Expected Outcomes: More equitable economic policies. Greater budget transparency. Strengthened financial governance aligned with public interests. Conclusion India’s current budgetary process sidelines Parliament, weakening its role in financial decision-making. By introducing pre-budget discussions and a Parliamentary Budget Office, India can empower its legislature to shape economic policies meaningfully. These reforms will ensure that financial governance reflects collective will, fostering a transparent, accountable, and democratic budgeting process. Charting a route for IORA under India’s chairship Context The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) is a regional intergovernmental organization connecting Asia, Africa, and Australia through the Indian Ocean. India is currently the Vice-Chair and will assume Chairship in November 2025 for two years. India’s leadership focus: funding expansion, technology integration for policy-making, and maritime skill development. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: India’s upcoming chairship of the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) presents both opportunities and challenges in strengthening regional cooperation. Discuss the key issues faced by IORA and suggest measures India can take to enhance its effectiveness. (250 words) Significance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and IORA Geostrategic Importance: Sub-region of Indo-Pacific but unique in economic and political aspects. Transports 75% of global trade and 50% of daily oil consumption. Produces $1 trillion in goods and services. Intra-IORA trade valued at $800 billion (2023). Challenges in the Region: Economic disparities: Poor development and unstable political systems. Environmental threats: Climate change, disasters, and marine degradation. Security risks: Piracy, terrorism, human and drug trafficking. IORA’s Role: Facilitating cooperation on maritime safety, trade, disaster risk management, and cultural ties. Driven by middle and small powers, unlike ASEAN which is more structured. Dialogue partners: U.S., China, and the EU. Challenges Facing IORA Inadequate Funding Member-funded and highly dependent on developing economies (except UAE, France, Singapore). Annual budget is very low (a few million dollars). Comparison: Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) budget: $1.3 billion (2020-25) for just five nations. IORA’s expanding engagements—blue economy, maritime security, technology—require major funding increases. Potential Solution: Engage private players (shipping, oil & gas, marine tourism). Establish consultative partnerships with industries contributing to the blue economy. Institutional Weaknesses IORA Secretariat (Mauritius) is understaffed, limiting its operational efficiency. Lack of robust data management systems slows policy-making. Digitization & AI-driven analytics can improve governance, reduce errors, and aid quick policy assessments. Need for Technological Upgradation IORA lags behind in adopting tech-driven governance. Integrating AI, data analytics, and blockchain for maritime governance can improve transparency and efficiency. India’s Leadership and Policy Recommendations Leverage SAGAR Vision for Strategic Coordination Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) aligns well with IORA’s goals. Strengthen India’s maritime diplomacy using bilateral ties with Australia, UAE, France, Singapore. Encourage coastal and island nations (Sri Lanka, Seychelles, Mauritius) to contribute traditional marine governance knowledge. Strengthen Collaborative Research and Education Research in marine sciences should be prioritized (Australia, France, Singapore have expertise). Industry-academia collaboration: Private sector must help design new maritime courses in partnership with universities. Marine accounting as an emerging field to support the blue economy. Encourage youth participation in maritime governance through research fellowships and training programs. Institutionalizing Maritime Security & Disaster Management Develop a regional maritime security framework within IORA. Improve coordination on disaster risk management through real-time data sharing and early warning systems. Creating a Sustainable Blue Economy Model Promote marine conservation policies while expanding fishing, trade, and tourism sustainably. Encourage investment from Gulf countries (UAE, Oman) for IORA development projects. Conclusion IORA has vast potential for regional cooperation and economic development. India’s Chairship (2025-27) presents an opportunity to strengthen IORA’s governance, funding, and research capabilities. Key focus areas: Increasing funding through private partnerships. Integrating technology for policy-making. Strengthening academic and industrial collaboration. India must ensure IORA evolves into a robust and proactive institution, ensuring sustainable development and security in the Indian Ocean region.

Mar 22, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 March 2025

Content: 1.There is progress on GM food crops, says official 2.Do not publish NIRF ranking for 2025: HC to Education Ministry 3.AAIB to conduct in-depth probe into all tail strikes involving IndiGo aircraft 4.In push for made-in-India browser, a mandate to trust govt. encryption 5.As temperatures rise, water level in India’s major reservoirs drops to 45% There is progress on GM food crops, says official Context: Supreme Court to hear petitions on GM mustard approval from April 15. Relevance: GS 3 ( Ecology) Supreme Court Hearing on GM Mustard The Supreme Court is set to hear petitions against GM mustard approval from April 15, 2025. The case challenges the Environment Ministry’s 2022 decision permitting the commercial cultivation of GM mustard (Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 or DMH-11). A three-judge bench will oversee the case, and all parties must submit written arguments within a week. Earlier, in July 2024, a two-judge bench had delivered a split verdict and instructed the Centre to develop a national policy on GM crops. Government’s Stance on GM Crops The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), under the Ministry of Science and Technology, confirmed “progress” on GM crops but stated that the issue remains sub judice. DBT Secretary Rajesh Gokhale reiterated that GM mustard discussions are being revived. Science Minister Jitendra Singh emphasized that biotechnology is evolving rapidly, suggesting that policies should not be based on outdated views. Current Status of GM Crops in India Bt Cotton (approved in 2002) is the only GM crop legally cultivated in India. GM Mustard received conditional approval from the Environment Ministry in 2022, but legal and activist challenges halted its implementation. The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEFCC), granted this approval. Concerns & Opposition to GM Mustard GM Mustard was developed using public funds and was the first transgenic food crop cleared for cultivation. Activist groups and environmentalists raised biosafety concerns, leading to court challenges. Critics argue that GM crops may harm biodiversity, impact pollinators, and increase dependence on herbicides. The Government’s BioE3 Policy & Future of GM Crops The government is promoting biotechnology through the BioE3 policy, which focuses on: Genetic engineering in agriculture Pharmaceutical advancements Development of new enzymes and precision farming technologies Bio-agriculture contributes 8.1% to India’s $165.7 billion bio–economy, valued at $13.5 billion. The DBT report highlights that genetically modified crops like Bt Cotton improve agricultural productivity and resilience. Do Not Publish NIRF Ranking for 2025: HC to Education Ministry Context: Recently, the Madras High Court has barred the Education Ministry from publishing the NIRF report. Relevance: GS 2 (Education) Court Order The Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court has barred the Education Ministry and the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) from publishing the NIRF 2025 rankings. Petitioner’s Arguments NIRF rankings are based on self-reported data from institutions without independent verification. The ranking process lacks credibility and misleads students. Unlike the NAAC accreditation process, which involves audits and expert reviews, NIRF relies solely on unaudited institutional data. NIRF Ranking Process Launched by NBA under the Education Ministry to evaluate higher education institutions. Institutions are ranked based on five categories: Teaching, learning, and resources Research and professional practice Graduation outcomes Outreach and inclusivity Perception Institutions upload data on student and staff strength, salaries, placements, and research funds, but no external verification is conducted. Comparison with NAAC Accreditation NAAC’s Annual Quality Assurance Report (AQAR) undergoes auditing and expert review, making it more reliable. The petitioner demanded that NIRF rankings should be verified against government records before publication. Court’s Decision & Next Steps A Division Bench of Justices J. Nisha Banu and S. Srimathy has restrained the authorities from releasing the rankings. The court has sought a counter affidavit from the authorities. The next hearing is scheduled for April 24, 2025. AAIB to Conduct In-Depth Probe into All Tail Strikes Involving IndiGo Aircraft Context: AAIB is conducting a thorough investigation into IndiGo’s repeated tail strike incidents to identify potential systemic issues. Relevance: GS 3 (Aerospace, Technology) Comprehensive Probe The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) will conduct an in-depth investigation into all IndiGo tail strike incidents. The decision was taken due to the criticality and frequency of such incidents involving IndiGo aircraft. Recent Tail Strike Incident On March 8, 2025, an IndiGo A321 Neo (VT-IBI) suffered a tail strike while landing in Chennai. A tail strike occurs when the tail of an aircraft touches or scrapes the runway during takeoff or landing, usually due to excessive nose-up pitch. The same aircraft had a previous tail strike on September 9, 2024, leading to a five-month grounding before returning to service in February 2025. 190 flights were completed before the latest tail strike. Pilot Experience & Flight Details The incident occurred during an annual proficiency check flight for a captain, supervised by a trainer. At the time of landing, the trainer was in command of the aircraft. Investigation by DGCA & AAIB DGCA initially conducted the preliminary investigation. Due to significant internal damage, the incident was classified as “serious”, and the probe was transferred to AAIB. The investigation includes: Training procedures Aircrew profiling Potential procedural lapses Ongoing Investigations & Airbus Inputs The September 9, 2024, tail strike investigation is still ongoing. Airbus has submitted its inputs to the probe agency. AAIB is analyzing all past tail strike cases to identify patterns or systemic issues in IndiGo’s operations. In Push for Made-in-India Browser, a Mandate to Trust Govt. Encryption Context: The Indian government awarded a ₹1 crore prize to Zoho Corporation (Tenkasi-based) as part of a web browser development challenge. Relevance: GS 3 (Technology) Purpose of the Browser Ensure a fully operational web browser within India, independent of global Internet access. Strengthen cybersecurity and establish an indigenous authentication mechanism. Award Ceremony Zoho Corporation received the first prize from Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw. The prize, initially announced in 2023, incentivized the creation of a browser compatible with India’s latest root certificate. Root Certifying Authority Context Definition: Root certifying authorities are 100+ global organizations that validate firms issuing Secure Socket Layer (SSL) certificates (seen as “https” with a green lock icon). India’s Authority: The Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA), under the Ministry of Electronics and IT, has developed an Indian root certificate. Historical Challenge (2014): A security breach at the National Informatics Centre (NIC) led to fake SSL certificates for sites like Google and Yahoo. In response, major browsers excluded CCA certificates from their trusted repositories. Current Status: Only one Indian entity, eMudhra’s emSign, is globally recognized as a trusted root certifying authority by mainstream browsers. Strategic Motivation Contingency Planning: Ensures browser functionality even if India faces a global Internet cutoff due to security scenarios. Digital Sovereignty: By mandating trust in India’s root certificate, the government aims to reduce reliance on foreign tech and bolster national control over Internet security protocols. Implications Technological Self-Reliance: The development of Ulaa marks a major step toward India’s digital autonomy. Security Enhancement: Addresses past vulnerabilities in the CCA certification system. Global Influence: Positions India to assert greater influence in Internet governance discussions. As temperatures rise, water level in India’s major reservoirs drops to 45% Current Status of Reservoir Storage Overall Water Storage: India’s 155 major reservoirs have 45% of their total capacity (80.7 BCM out of 180.8 BCM). IMD Prediction: Above-normal heatwave days expected between March-May, worsening the situation before the monsoon in June. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Regional Water Storage Status Northern Region (11 reservoirs in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan) Water level at 25% of capacity (lowest among all regions). Himachal Pradesh & Punjab saw 36% and 45% below normal storage respectively. Southern Region (43 reservoirs in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala) Second lowest storage at 41% of total capacity. Western, Central, and Eastern Regions Western: 55% storage Central: 49% storage Eastern: 44% storage State-wise Reservoir Deficit Compared to Last Year Lower than last year: Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jharkhand, Odisha, Nagaland, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand. River Basin Water Storage Levels 20 river basins recorded, 14 had below 50% storage. Ganga Basin: 50% storage. Other Major Basins: Godavari: 48% Narmada: 47% Krishna: 34% Implications of Low Water Levels Agriculture Impact: Low water availability may reduce summer crop yields before Kharif sowing. Heatwave Impact: Rising temperatures could further deplete reservoirs and increase water demand. Socio-Economic Impact: Affects irrigation, drinking water, power generation, and overall livelihoods. Hydropower Generation: Reservoir-dependent power plants may face reduced generation capacity. Conclusion Immediate water conservation measures needed to manage supply until monsoon. Potential impact on food security due to reduced irrigation and crop production. Government intervention required for efficient water management and distribution.

Mar 21, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 March 2025

Content: Use of AI in Supreme Court Case Management Prashad Scheme Use of AI in Supreme Court Case Management AI in Case Transcription AI and Machine Learning (ML) tools are being deployed for transcribing oral arguments in Constitution Bench matters. Transcribed arguments are accessible on the Supreme Court website. Authorities are considering expanding transcription to regular hearing days (Thursdays). Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Judiciary ) ,GS 3(Technology) AI in Judgment Translation AI-powered translation tools are used for translating judgments from English to 18 Indian languages. The initiative is in collaboration with the National Informatics Centre (NIC). Translated judgments are available on the eSCR portal of the Supreme Court. AI in E-Filing and Defect Identification AI-based tools, developed with IIT Madras, are integrated with the electronic filing system. These tools identify defects in filings, enhancing efficiency and reducing human intervention. A prototype has been provided to 200 Advocates-on-Record for testing and feedback. AI in Metadata Extraction and Case Management AI is being tested for curing defects and extracting data and metadata. The tools are planned to be integrated into the Integrated Case Management & Information System (ICMIS). The aim is to streamline document management and improve accessibility. SUPACE: AI for Legal Research The Supreme Court Portal Assistance in Court Efficiency (SUPACE) is in its experimental stage. SUPACE is designed for: Understanding factual matrices of cases. Conducting intelligent searches for legal precedents. Identifying relevant cases efficiently. Deployment depends on procuring advanced processing units like GPUs and TPUs. AI Not Used in Judicial Decision-Making The Supreme Court has clarified that AI tools are not involved in decision-making. Their role is limited to support functions like transcription, translation, e-filing, and legal research. Facts and Figures 18 languages supported for AI-based translation. 200 advocates testing the defect-identification prototype. AI transcription currently limited to Constitution Bench hearings but may expand. SUPACE is in the experimental phase, awaiting further technological upgrades. Prashad Scheme Overview of PRASHAD Scheme Full Form: Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD). Objective: Development of pilgrimage tourism infrastructure in an inclusive, integrated, and sustainable manner. Key Focus Areas: Infrastructure improvement – Tourist facilitation centres, multi-level parking, dedicated parking, ghats. Sustainability measures – Solid waste management, solar panels, CCTV surveillance. Employment generation – Enhancing local skills and fostering economic opportunities. Service enhancement – Cleanliness, security, accessibility. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) , GS 2(Governance ,Schemes ) Financial Assistance and Scope Ministry of Tourism provides funds to State Governments and UT Administrations. Sanctioned Projects: 48 projects across 27 States/UTs. Development of tourism infrastructure in iconic pilgrimage destinations. Key Outcomes of PRASHAD Scheme Improved pilgrim experience – Upgraded amenities and modern infrastructure. Sustainability focus – Use of renewable energy, better waste management, and eco-friendly solutions. Enhanced local economy – More employment and tourism-related income. Cultural preservation – Strengthening India’s religious and spiritual heritage. Special Assistance for Capital Investment (SASCI) Scheme Objective: Develop iconic tourist centres to a global standard. Scope: 40 projects across 23 states, ₹3,295.76 Crore allocated. Focus: Branding and marketing of Indian pilgrimage sites internationally. Infrastructure development with a focus on sustainability. Boosting local economies through tourism-related activities. PRASHAD Scheme’s Contribution to Sustainable Tourism Integrated approach combining tourism with economic development. Holistic focus on livelihood, accessibility, and security. Eco-conscious tourism – Encouraging responsible travel practices. Notable State-wise Projects and Progress Uttar Pradesh – Varanasi (Phase I & II), Mathura-Vrindavan Mega Circuit. Madhya Pradesh – Omkareshwar, Amarkantak. Gujarat – Somnath, Dwarka, Ambaji Temple. Andhra Pradesh – Amaravati, Srisailam, Annavaram Temple Town. Tamil Nadu – Kanchipuram, Velankanni. Kerala – Guruvayur Temple. Bihar – Patna Sahib, Vishnupad Temple. Jammu & Kashmir – Hazratbal Shrine. Challenges and Way Forward Challenges: Delays in fund utilization – Several projects have low financial progress. Coordination issues between Centre and States. Balancing infrastructure with environmental concerns. Way Forward: Faster execution of projects with real-time monitoring. Better inter–agency coordination to improve implementation. Greater private sector participation in tourism infrastructure. Conclusion PRASHAD and SASCI are key initiatives for transforming India’s pilgrimage tourism. Holistic development is ensuring infrastructure, sustainability, and employment generation. Further reforms needed to enhance project execution efficiency and global tourism branding.

Mar 21, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 March 2025

Content : Free and fair The assault on multilateralism and international law The challenge of policing digital giants Free and fair Context: The ECI’s Stand on Disclosing Booth-Wise Vote Data The Election Commission of India (ECI) has historically been reluctant to disclose absolute numbers of booth-wise votes cast in elections. In the 2024 general elections, it took the position that Form 17-C (part one) could only be accessed by candidates and polling agents, citing a lack of legal mandate for wider disclosure. The demand for greater transparency resurfaced in court, pushing for the public disclosure of scanned and authenticated copies of Form 17-C. Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Polity , Governance) Practice Question : The Election Commission of India (ECI) must view calls for greater transparency as a means to strengthen electoral integrity rather than as an attempt to undermine it. Discuss the significance of electoral transparency in a democracy and suggest measures to enhance trust in the electoral process. (250 words) Recent Shift in ECI’s Approach The new Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), Gyanesh Kumar, has shown openness to engaging with stakeholders advocating for greater transparency. The Supreme Court has directed the petitioners to submit a formal representation to the ECI. While this does not guarantee immediate public access to absolute numbers, it indicates a possible shift toward a more transparent disclosure mechanism, including turnout figures in both percentage and absolute terms. Issue of Voter Turnout Discrepancies A major concern in the 2024 elections was the significant variation (5-6 percentage points) between initial and revised voter turnout figures. ECI attributed this to logistical delays in collecting data from remote booths, but critics argue that since Form 17-C is available at the booth level, scanning and uploading within 48 hours is feasible. The absence of absolute vote numbers raises doubts, leading to speculation and mistrust in the electoral process. Arguments in Favor of Greater Transparency Building Trust in the Electoral Process: Transparency in turnout numbers and vote counts strengthens public confidence in elections. Preventing Speculation and Misinformation: Delays and discrepancies in voter turnout data lead to unnecessary doubts and allegations of malpractice. Technological Feasibility: Given advances in digital governance, scanning and uploading Form 17-C within a short time frame is practically achievable. Global Best Practices: Many democracies ensure high levels of electoral transparency to maintain credibility and accountability. The Need for Institutional Flexibility ECI’s willingness to discuss the issue is a positive step, but there should be a continuous reassessment of existing election procedures. A rigid stance against transparency reforms may be counterproductive, creating an impression of opacity and resistance to scrutiny. Implementing systematic improvements—such as real-time data collation and prompt publication—can enhance credibility without compromising security. The Way Forward Institutionalizing the Publication of Form 17-C: A legally backed mandate for uploading scanned copies would remove ambiguity. Standardizing Data Disclosure Timelines: Ensuring that turnout data, both in percentage and absolute terms, is published consistently. Engaging Stakeholders: Regular consultations with political parties, civil society, and independent election monitors to address concerns proactively. Strengthening Electoral Data Management: Deploying technology for real-time transmission of turnout figures to minimize discrepancies. Conclusion The ECI must recognize that demands for transparency are not challenges to its authority but efforts to reinforce trust in India’s democratic process. It is essential to move beyond a defensive approach and proactively enhance electoral credibility through procedural improvements. Transparency should be seen as a means to strengthen electoral integrity, not as an attack on it. The assault on multilateralism and international law The U.S.’s shift towards unilateralism under the “America First” policy threatens the foundations of multilateral cooperation and international law, leading to global geopolitical and economic repercussions. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question:“The retreat of the United States from multilateral institutions signals a shift towards unilateralism, impacting global governance and international law.” Discuss the implications of this shift and analyze the role of emerging powers like India in sustaining multilateralism. (250 words) U.S. Shift Towards Political and Economic Isolationism The Trump administration’s “America First” policy has led to systematic disengagement from multilateral institutions. The DEFUND Act, introduced by Senator Mike Lee, proposes U.S. withdrawal from the United Nations (UN), repealing key legislations such as: United Nations Participation Act of 1945 United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 1947 Potential consequences of the DEFUND Act: Loss of financial support to the UN, crippling key programs like peacekeeping and human rights monitoring. Revocation of UN officials’ immunity, obstructing diplomatic activities within the U.S. Undermining the legitimacy of multilateralism, which has been the cornerstone of the post-WWII international order. Attack on the International Criminal Court (ICC) February 6 Executive Order imposed sanctions on the ICC and its officials. The U.S. accuses the ICC of: Engaging in “illegitimate and baseless actions” against the U.S. and Israel. Overstepping its jurisdiction, despite the U.S. never ratifying the Rome Statute (1998). Contradiction in U.S. policy: The U.S. played a pivotal role in the Nuremberg Trials, establishing accountability for crimes against humanity. Robert H. Jackson’s principle at Nuremberg: Rule of law must triumph over power. The move weakens international law enforcement, increasing impunity for war crimes and human rights violations. Trade Protectionism and Economic Nationalism The Trump administration’s aggressive tariffs in the name of national security parallel historical protectionist policies: Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) worsened the Great Depression, contributing to WWII. Similar trade barriers today risk destabilizing the global economy. U.S. has blocked appointments to the WTO Appellate Body, rendering the dispute resolution mechanism ineffective. The looming threat of U.S. withdrawal from the WTO endangers the global rules-based trading system. Implications of U.S. Unilateralism on Global Governance Weakening of international institutions that govern climate change, human rights, public health, and economic stability. Rise of unilateralism, where powerful states bypass global norms for national interests. Increased geopolitical tensions, as other nations might retaliate against U.S. policies. Diminishing credibility of the U.S., as allies and partners may seek alternative global leadership. Opportunity for Non-Western Nations, Especially India India’s advocacy for multilateralism positions it as a key player in global governance. At the G-20 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting (February 2025),S. Jaishankar emphasized: The need for inclusive multilateralism in addressing global challenges. The importance of upholding international law and peaceful conflict resolution. India’s long-standing call for UN Security Council (UNSC) reforms gains traction amid the shifting global order. A multipolar world order may emerge, with India and other non-Western nations assuming leadership roles. Conclusion The U.S.’s retreat from multilateralism jeopardizes global cooperation but also creates leadership opportunities for emerging powers. The success of ‘Make America Great Again’ (MAGA) is unlikely without multilateral collaboration. The international community must resist unilateralism and prioritize cooperative global governance for sustainable development. The challenge of policing digital giants Context : The Meta Case and CCI’s Order The Competition Commission of India (CCI) imposed a fine of ₹213.14 crore on Meta and banned sharing of WhatsApp user data with Facebook and Instagram for five years. The NCLAT granted a stay on this order, allowing Meta to continue data sharing, subject to a 50% penalty deposit. Key concern: The 2021 WhatsApp privacy policy update was seen as an abuse of dominant position, forcing users into a “take-it-or-leave-it” data-sharing agreement. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Privacy Rights) Practice Question : “In the digital economy, data is both the source and enabler of dominance. Discuss the challenges posed by data-centric monopolies in digital markets and suggest measures to strengthen India’s regulatory framework to address them.” (250 words) The Role of Data in Digital Market Dominance Data is the new oil but unlike oil, it is limitless, reusable, and self-reinforcing. Platforms like Meta and Google use data pools to refine algorithms, create hyper-targeted advertising, and lock users into their ecosystems. Network effects: More users generate more data, increasing platform dominance and making market entry harder for competitors. Global Regulatory Challenges and Precedents U.S.: The U.S. District Court found Google violating the Sherman Act for monopolistic agreements in search and advertising. Meta faces antitrust litigation over acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp. Europe: The Bundeskartellamt (Germany) found Meta violating EU competition law by aggregating user data without consent. EU has fined Google over €8 billion for anti-competitive practices. Australia: Implemented reforms to curb tech giant dominance in digital advertising and data use. India’s Legal Framework and Gaps Competition Act, 2002 lacks provisions for data-centric monopolies; it focuses on price-based dominance. Proposed changes: Define “data monopolization” as a parameter for market dominance. Introduce interoperability mandates and data-sharing requirements to prevent monopolistic control. Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Can complement competition law but lacks coordination with the CCI, reducing its effectiveness. Lessons from EU: India could integrate competition law with Digital Markets Act (DMA) and GDPR to regulate data exploitation. Broader Implications and Way Forward The Economic Survey 2024-25 emphasizes AI and digital transformation, highlighting the need for future-proof regulations. India needs a proactive approach to competition law, not just reactive penalties. Future regulations should anticipate technological advancements to ensure fair competition, innovation, and consumer protection. Conclusion: The Meta case is a critical milestone in India’s digital regulatory landscape, but it underscores the need for comprehensive, forward-looking competition laws to tackle emerging challenges in the digital economy.

Mar 21, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 March 2025

Content: X Corp. challenges content blocking orders, opposes Centre’s ‘censorship portal’ How do habitual offender laws discriminate? ‘Land acquired for public purpose can’t be returned to owner through private deal’ Should immigrants have the same right to protest as citizens? The TB crisis and women: why gender issues matters more than ever Engaged communities are key to ending TB X Corp. challenges content blocking orders, opposes Centre’s ‘censorship portal’ Context : X Corp has challenged the Indian government’s content blocking orders and the Sahyog portal, raising concerns over digital censorship, legal overreach, and freedom of speech. Relevance : GS-2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity & Social Justice ) X Corp’s Legal Challenge: X Corp (formerly Twitter) has filed a petition in the Karnataka High Court against the Indian government’s content blocking orders. The company is opposing the Centre’s newly introduced Sahyog portal, calling it a “censorship portal”. X Corp argues that the portal allows excessive government control over content removal by enabling all government agencies, including local police, to issue blocking orders. Legal Provisions in Question: Section 69A of the IT Act, 2000: Allows the Union government to block public access to content for reasons like sovereignty, security, public order, or preventing incitement. Supreme Court’s Shreya Singhal vs Union of India (2015) judgment laid down procedural safeguards to prevent misuse. Section 79(3)(b) of the IT Act, 2000: States that intermediaries (like social media platforms) lose protection from liability if they fail to remove unlawful content when notified by the government. X Corp argues that this does not grant the government the power to issue blocking orders. X Corp’s Concerns: The Union Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) misused Section 79(3)(b) by allowing various government agencies to issue blocking orders. The Sahyog portal was created to enforce such orders without the procedural safeguards required under Section 69A. X Corp fears coercive action if it does not comply with orders issued via Sahyog or fails to appoint a nodal officer for coordination. Government’s Standpoint: Officials claim that Section 79 orders do not mandate blocking, but merely notify intermediaries about illegal content. The government insists that the Sahyog portal is not a censorship tool, but a mechanism to ensure faster compliance. Legal and Expert Opinions: Prasanth Sugathan (Software Freedom Law Centre, India): Expressed concerns over the Sahyog portal allowing mass complaints without procedural safeguards. Government’s Argument in Court: The Additional Solicitor-General argued that no interim relief was required as there was no immediate action against X Corp. Next Steps: Karnataka High Court hearing scheduled for March 27 to determine the legal standing of Sahyog and the government’s blocking mechanism. How do habitual offender laws discriminate? Context : Supreme Court’s Stand on Habitual Offender Laws SC questioned the constitutional validity of these laws in Oct 2023, calling them “constitutionally suspect.” Observed that such laws target Denotified Tribes (DNTs) and reinforce historical discrimination. Urged states to review the necessity of these laws. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Governance , Polity) Origin of the ‘Habitual Offender’ Concept Colonial Beginnings: Started with Regulation XXII of 1793, allowing imprisonment of communities based on suspicion. Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) 1871: Marked entire tribes as “criminal” by birth. Repeal in 1952: CTA was repealed, and affected communities were classified as Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs, NTs, SNTs). Post-Independence Continuation: States enacted new “habitual offender” laws, shifting from community-based classification to individual-based classification. Discriminatory Application of the Laws Despite repealing CTA, states continued surveillance of DNT communities under habitual offender laws. Crimes listed under these laws include vague terms like “being a thug,” “lurking,” and “belonging to a gang of dacoits.” Rajasthan’s prison manuals explicitly allowed DNT community members to be labeled habitual offenders. Historical and Contemporary Backlash 1998 Case of Budhan Sabar: A custodial death that sparked outrage over the misuse of these laws. Formation of DNT-RAG (Denotified and Nomadic Tribes Rights Action Group): Advocacy led by Mahasweta Devi and G.N. Devy. UN Committee on Racial Discrimination (2007): Called for repeal of such laws. Virginius Xaxa Committee (2014): Noted persistent stigma due to habitual offender laws. Current Status in States Repealed or Discontinued: Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha (not implemented in 5+ years). States Defending the Law: Gujarat: Claims “intent” is not to harass DNTs. Goa: Argues no DNTs exist in the state, so misuse is not possible. Telangana: Calls it a preventive measure. Uttar Pradesh: States it is covered under the Goondas Act. Data on Habitual Offenders NCRB 2022 Data: 1.9% of India’s 1.29 lakh convict population classified as habitual offenders. Delhi: Highest proportion, with 21.5% of convicts labeled as habitual offenders. Key Concerns and the Way Forward Structural Discrimination: Continues targeting marginalized DNT communities. Legal Ambiguity: Vague definitions allow arbitrary application. Need for Repeal: SC and international bodies advocate for abolition to prevent abuse. State Accountability: Ensuring legal reforms align with constitutional principles and human rights. ‘Land acquired for public purpose can’t be returned to owner through private deal’ The Supreme Court ruled that land acquired for public purposes cannot be returned to the original owner through private deals, calling it a fraud on the state’s power of eminent domain. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Constitution ) Judgment Highlights The Supreme Court ruled that land acquired for public purposes cannot be returned to the original owner through a private deal. The judgment emphasized that such transactions amount to fraud on the state’s power of eminent domain. The case involved the Delhi Agricultural Marketing Board, which had agreed to return half of the acquired land to the original owner after acquisition. The court stated that this violates the principle of eminent domain, which justifies compulsory acquisition for public benefit. Legal and Constitutional Aspects Eminent Domain Principle: The state has the power to acquire private land for public use, but it must be used strictly for the intended purpose. Land Acquisition Act, 1894: The land was acquired under this Act for a grain market in Narela, Delhi. Fraudulent Use of Sovereign Power: The SC held that allowing such private transactions would undermine public interest and state authority. Implications of the Judgment Prevention of Misuse: The ruling curbs potential misuse of land acquisition laws by statutory bodies. Transparency in Land Acquisition: Reinforces the need for accountability and adherence to public purpose in government land acquisitions. Future Precedent: Strengthens legal safeguards against arbitrary transfers of acquired land, ensuring it is not misused for private gain. Conclusion The SC’s judgment reinforces constitutional morality in land acquisition, ensuring that public interest is upheld and preventing the misuse of state power for private benefit. Should immigrants have the same right to protest as citizens? The debate over whether immigrants should have the same right to protest as citizens gains prominence amid recent U.S. crackdowns on foreign student activists. Relevance : GS 2(Rights , Governance , International Relations) Legal Basis Under International Law Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) guarantees freedom of expression for both citizens and immigrants. However, restrictions can be imposed for national security or public order reasons. Some countries enforce stricter regulations, while liberal democracies are more permissive. National Security and Foreign Policy Constraints Governments often prioritize security over free speech when it comes to non-citizens. U.S. legal tradition supports free speech, but non-citizens may not have equal protection. The legal status of the individual (citizen, green card holder, or visa holder) determines their rights. First Amendment Rights and U.S. Law First Amendment protects non-citizens in criminal cases, but deportation cases are different. The Immigration and Nationality Act, 1952 allows the deportation of non-citizens for supporting designated terrorist organizations. Past precedents (e.g., Cold War deportations) show that legal aliens can face action for ideological affiliations. Impact on International Students & U.S. Soft Power Visa revocations and funding cuts to universities may deter international students in the long run. The U.S. risks losing credibility on free speech advocacy if it selectively suppresses dissent. Such actions could legitimize authoritarian measures globally, weakening democratic norms. Executive Control Over Immigration Judges Immigration judges in the U.S. operate under the Department of Justice, making them vulnerable to executive influence. While the judicial system provides checks and balances, the process can feel politically motivated for immigrants. Controversy Over Section 212(a)(3)(C) of the 1952 Act This provision allows deportation if an immigrant’s actions “adversely affect foreign policy”. It is criticized as vague and susceptible to misuse. Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (2010) upheld free speech protections unless material support for terrorism is proven. Broader Implications If the U.S. weaponizes its immigration laws to silence dissent, it risks undermining its own global influence. The current legal battles over student activists will be a test of U.S. constitutional principles. Indian Perspective India’s Legal Framework: ICCPR protects free speech, but the Foreigners Act, 1946, allows restrictions on foreign protesters. Visa Regulations: Foreigners in India, especially on student/work visas, are generally barred from political protests. Past Incidents: German IIT student deported (2020) for anti-CAA protests; Bangladeshi national faced similar action. National Security: India strictly controls protests linked to China, Pakistan, and insurgencies. Impact on Indians Abroad: U.S. crackdown may set a precedent affecting Indian students. Diplomatic Response: India may raise concerns if Indian students face action abroad while restricting protests domestically. Conclusion While international law supports equal rights to protest, domestic legal frameworks often limit non-citizens’ rights based on national security concerns. The balance between free speech and security remains a key legal and ethical debate. The TB crisis and women: why gender issues matters more than ever Context : Gender Disparities in TB Burden Women face unique challenges in TB diagnosis and treatment due to social and economic barriers. The India TB Report 2023 states men are more affected due to smoking, drug use, and occupational exposure, but women face under-diagnosis and delayed care. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health ) Stigma and Discrimination Women with TB often face social isolation, loss of employment, and abandonment by families. Post-treatment challenges include skin discoloration, physical weakness, and mental health struggles. Cultural norms discourage open discussion of TB, leading to hidden cases and late-stage detection. Barriers to Accessing Treatment Financial dependence makes it difficult for women to afford treatment and nutritious food. Caregiver burden forces many women to prioritize family duties over their health. Lack of awareness and healthcare-seeking behavior leads to untreated TB cases. Government Initiatives and Shortcomings Nikshay Poshan Yojana provides ₹1,000/month for TB patients, but access remains inconsistent. Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan mobilizes community support for nutritional assistance. The National TB Elimination Program (NTEP) targets 2025 for TB elimination, but challenges in implementation persist. India’s TB Burden: The Bigger Picture India accounts for 27% of global TB cases; 331,000 deaths occurred in 2022. Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) is rising, with 2.5% of new cases and 13% of treated cases affected. HIV-TB co-infection complicates treatment for around 2% of TB patients. The Way Forward Strengthen gender-sensitive healthcare policies to ensure early diagnosis and support. Improve financial and social assistance programs to prevent treatment abandonment. Enhance community awareness campaigns to reduce stigma and misinformation. Ensure robust implementation of benefit schemes with active monitoring and accountability. Engaged communities are key to ending TB Despite being preventable and treatable, tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities and requiring a community-driven approach for effective eradication. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health) Global TB Burden Prevalence: TB remains a major global health challenge, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. Statistics: WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 states: 10.8 million people developed active TB in 2023. 1.25 million deaths globally. Contradiction: Despite being preventable and treatable, TB continues to cause high mortality. The Role of Community Engagement Beyond medical treatment – TB exists in a social context; families and communities are crucial in the fight. Key aspects of community participation: Co-designing care models. Shaping awareness campaigns. Creating treatment support programs that address medical, social, and economic barriers. Impact of lived experiences: Helps identify challenges and gaps in TB care. Ensures culturally relevant support systems. Strengthens treatment adherence through survivor-led initiatives. Addressing TB-Related Stigma Stigma discourages diagnosis & treatment: Fear of discrimination leads to delays in seeking medical help. Community-driven solutions: Survivor-led advocacy raises awareness and changes public perceptions. Family and community narratives help normalize conversations about TB. Policymaking gaps: Those affected by TB are excluded from advocacy and communication efforts. Medicalised, top-down approach limits community participation. Tokenistic engagement reduces the effectiveness of TB programs. Challenges in Community Engagement Lack of institutional support: Community participation is often symbolic rather than meaningful. Grassroots organizations struggle with funding constraints. Rigid, expert-led structures: National TB programs fail to fully integrate community voices. Policies are created without grassroots input, leading to weak implementation. Successful Community-Driven Models India – Survivors Against TB (SATB): First survivor-led advocacy movement. Focus on patient rights, policy changes, nutritional & mental health support. South Africa – Desmond Tutu TB Centre: Integrates research, community participation, and policy advocacy. “Kick TB” campaign uses soccer to educate schoolchildren about TB. Key takeaway: Community leadership drives sustainable change. The Way Forward: Rethinking TB Care Shift from tokenism to substantive engagement. Prioritize affected communities over numerical targets. Holistic TB response: Integrate medical, social, and psychological support. Empathy & equity in TB care – A person-centered approach is essential for elimination

Mar 20, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 March 2025

Content: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN S &T Coal Gasification Initiative RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN S &T Government-led R&D initiatives in academic institutions foster innovation, strengthen industry-academia collaboration, and enhance India’s global research competitiveness. Relevance : GS-3 ( Science & Technology, Innovation) Significance of R&D Measures in Academic Institutions Bridging Theory and Practice: Exposure to R&D enables students to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world problems. Fostering Innovation & Critical Thinking: Encourages creativity and problem-solving abilities through hands-on research. Academia-Industry Collaboration: Strengthens the linkage between academic institutions and industries, facilitating technology transfer. Enhancing Global Competitiveness: Provides students with opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and international research exposure. Preparation for Knowledge-Driven Economy: Trains students to meet the demands of an evolving economy driven by research, technology, and innovation. Impact of Government-Led R&D Initiatives on Student Exposure Ph.D. Enrollment Growth: Increased by 81.2% from 1.17 lakh (2015-16) to 2.13 lakh (2021-22). Rise in Female Participation: Female Ph.D. enrollment doubled from 48,000 (2014-15) to 99,000 (2021-22), enhancing gender representation. Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in Higher Education: Overall GER increased from 23.7% (2014-15) to 28.4% (2021-22) for ages 18-23 years. Female GER rose from 22.9% (2014-15) to 28.5% (2021-22). STEM Enrollment: 25.6% of total enrollments (98.49 lakh students in 2021-22) were in STEM fields at UG, PG, and Ph.D. levels. Key R&D Initiatives by the Government A. Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Initiatives Fellowship Programs: DBT-JRF, DBT-RA, Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship, BioCARe Fellowship, and M K Bhan Fellowship provide research opportunities. Research Infrastructure Support (RRSFP Programme): DBT-BUILDER: Strengthened 177 departments in 45 universities/institutes (Central, State, and Private). DBT-SAHAJ: Created a national research resource-sharing platform for academia and industry collaboration. Star College Programme (2008): Focuses on hands-on experimental science at UG level to encourage students toward research careers. DBT-BIRAC Amrit Team Grant: Supports collaborative research between academia, clinical institutions, and startups. B. Department of Scientific & Industrial Research (DSIR) Initiatives CSIR Doctoral & Postdoctoral Fellowships: Provides fellowships for young researchers, with over 650 academic and R&D institutions benefiting. Support for Research Projects: Financial assistance for frontier scientific research, contributing to scientific publications, patents, and technology development. India’s Global Research Standing: Ranked 3rd globally in publishing Science and Engineering research articles. Increased researchers per million population from 215 (2015) to 260 (2020). C. Department of Science and Technology (DST) Initiatives INSPIRE (Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research): INSPIRE Internship: Science camps for top 1% Class X students. Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE): 12,000 annual scholarships for UG-level students in science. INSPIRE Fellowship: 1,000 fellowships annually for Ph.D. students. INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship: 100 fellowships annually for young researchers (27-32 years). FIST (Fund for Improvement of S&T Infrastructure): Supports basic infrastructure and emerging research facilities. Benefitted 3,072 departments & PG colleges, with a ₹3,130.82 crore budget. SATHI Centres (Sophisticated Analytical and Technical Help Institutes): Provides high-end research equipment and training for researchers, MSMEs, and startups. PURSE (Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence): Strengthens university R&D ecosystems and capabilities. WISE-KIRAN (Women in Science & Engineering): Provides targeted programs for women scientists to improve participation in S&T research. Conclusion: Increased Research Output: Higher Ph.D. enrollments and research projects contribute to India’s scientific advancements. Stronger Academia-Industry Linkages: Facilitates technology transfer and innovation in industries. Greater Global Competitiveness: Empowers students for international research collaborations and cutting-edge technological advancements. Coal Gasification Initiative Coal gasification is a strategic initiative that converts coal into syngas, facilitating cleaner energy production and reducing import dependence on fossil fuels. The government’s ₹8,500 crore incentive and policy reforms aim to promote sustainable industrial growth and align with India’s Vision 2047 for a developed economy. Relevance : GS-3 (Infrastructure, Energy Security, Environment & Economy) Financial Incentive for Coal Gasification Projects Outlay of ₹8,500 crore: Approved on January 24, 2024, to promote coal/lignite gasification. Covers both PSUs and private sector: Aims to encourage widespread adoption of gasification technology. Investment by Coal India Limited (CIL) in Joint Ventures CIL-BHEL and CIL-GAIL Joint Ventures: Established for coal gasification projects. Strategic partnerships: Aim to enhance technological capabilities and execution efficiency. Creation of a New Sub-Sector for Syngas Production (2022) “Production of Syngas leading to coal gasification” added under NRS linkage auctions policy. Support through auction mechanisms: Floor price set at the notified price of the regulated sector. Applicable to projects commissioned within seven years. Incentives for Coal Gasification in Commercial Coal Block Auctions 50% rebate on revenue share for coal used in gasification. Condition: At least 10% of total coal production from the block must be used for gasification. Strategic Importance of Coal Gasification Alternative use of coal: Converts coal into syngas (synthetic gas). Key downstream products: Methanol – Used in chemicals and fuels. Ammonium Nitrate – Essential for fertilizers and explosives. Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) – Alternative to conventional natural gas. Fertilizers – Reducing dependence on imported fertilizers. Supports environmental sustainability by reducing direct coal combustion emissions. Aligns with India’s Vision 2047 of achieving a developed, self-reliant economy. Impact Assessment Status No specific impact assessment of the financial incentive scheme has been conducted yet. CIL’s Expansion into Critical Minerals Acquisition of Khattali Chhoti Graphite Block (Madhya Pradesh) through e-auction. Global partnerships: Signed Non-Disclosure Agreements (NDAs) with companies from Argentina and Australia. Focus on acquiring lithium assets in Argentina. Reducing Import Dependency on Critical Minerals Exclusive auction rights to Central Government for 24 critical minerals. Critical Mineral Mission (Union Budget 2024-25): Focus areas: Domestic production Recycling Overseas acquisitions Research & Development (R&D) Aims to ensure self-sufficiency and supply chain resilience in critical minerals. Conclusion The coal gasification initiative is a major step toward energy security and reducing environmental impact. Financial and policy incentives aim to boost private and public sector participation. CIL’s expansion into critical minerals aligns with India’s efforts to reduce import dependency.

Mar 20, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 March 2025

Content: A delimitation red flag — the lessons from J&K, Assam Telecom tribunal reforms to handle data protection pleas A delimitation red flag — the lessons from J&K, Assam Context : Delimitation is the process of redrawing boundaries of electoral constituencies based on changes in population. The upcoming 2026 Delimitation Commission is expected to redistribute parliamentary and assembly seats, potentially shifting political power towards more populous states. Concerns arise regarding population-based seat allocation, as southern states argue that it penalizes them for successful population control measures. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Governance, Federalism) Practice Question : Delimitation is a crucial exercise in ensuring fair political representation, but it also carries risks of demographic and communal manipulation. Analyze the recent delimitation exercises in Jammu & Kashmir and Assam, highlighting the challenges they pose for the upcoming 2026 delimitation process. Suggest measures to uphold the principles of federalism and electoral integrity. (250 words) Democratic and Federal Concerns Freezing Parliamentary Seats but Expanding Assembly Seats Suggested as a middle ground to maintain democratic representation while addressing state-level governance needs. MLAs serve as the first point of contact for citizens, while MPs represent national interests. Rajya Sabha Redistribution Proposal Equal distribution of Rajya Sabha seats among the five geographic zones to balance power between high and low-population states. Existing Zonal Councils and the Inter-State Council could be revived to strengthen federal coordination. Case Study: Jammu & Kashmir Delimitation (2022) Disproportionate Seat Allocation Jammu gained six new seats, while only one was added to the Valley, despite population differences. This resulted in a vote weight of 1.2 for Jammu against 1 for the Valley, skewing representation. Geographical and Administrative Challenges The merger of Jammu’s Poonch and Rajouri with Kashmir’s Anantnag Lok Sabha seat defied topographical and administrative logic. These regions belong to separate ecological and cultural zones—Pir Panjal (Jammu) and Jhelum Valley (Kashmir). Communal Redrawing of Constituencies Several newly created constituencies, such as Jasrota, Ramgarh, Ramnagar, and Vaishno Devi, have undergone demographic shifts due to restructuring. Kishtwar constituency was restructured by merging areas from Inderwal, altering its voter composition. Significant variations in electorate sizes exist, with some constituencies having around 50,000 voters while others have up to 1.92 lakh voters, raising concerns about voter parity and representation balance. Case Study: Assam Delimitation (2023) Preemptive District Mergers in Assam The Assam government merged four districts before delimitation, reducing the total number from 35 to 31. This restructuring led to the removal or reconfiguration of multiple constituencies, including South Salmara, Barpeta, and Karimganj. Broader Implications for the 2026 Delimitation Challenges in Electoral Demarcation Recent experiences in Jammu & Kashmir and Assam indicate that delimitation can significantly impact political representation. Ensuring balanced constituency formation is critical to preventing regional and demographic disparities. Electoral Representation and Federal Balance Redrawing of constituencies has led to shifts in voting patterns, raising concerns about political polarization. Delimitation based purely on population figures may reduce the relative influence of southern and developed states, impacting federal representation. Maintaining a balance in representation is essential to uphold the principles of pluralism and cooperative federalism. Ensuring Fair and Transparent Delimitation Independent and Transparent Process Establishing non-partisan, scientifically driven criteria for constituency boundaries. Enhancing institutional autonomy in the delimitation exercise. Strengthening Federal Mechanisms Reviving the Inter-State Council and Zonal Councils to address regional concerns. Avoiding central overreach in electoral mapping. Balanced Representation Framework Freezing the total number of Lok Sabha seats while expanding State Assemblies to accommodate demographic shifts. Redistributing Rajya Sabha seats to ensure equitable regional representation. Upholding Electoral Integrity Preventing gerrymandering to ensure fair representation for all communities. Ensuring equal electorate sizes across constituencies to uphold the principle of “one person, one vote.” Telecom tribunal reforms to handle data protection pleas Background and Context The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) aims to regulate the processing of personal data in India. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) released draft Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025. The Data Protection Board (DPB) is the designated adjudicatory body for data protection violations, with appeals directed to the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT). Relevance : GS 2(Tribunals ,Governance, Data Protection) Practice Question : Critically analyze the feasibility of the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) as an appellate body for data protection disputes. Suggest reforms to enhance its efficiency and accountability. (15 marks) Concerns with the Current Tribunal System Lack of independence: The executive has control over appointments to the DPB, raising concerns over separation of powers. Questionable feasibility: The TDSAT, traditionally handling telecom disputes, may lack the expertise and capacity to handle data protection cases. Required Reforms for TDSAT to Handle Data Protection Appeals A. Appointment of a Technical Member with Data Protection Expertise Current Structure: As per Section 14C of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act, 1997, a TDSAT member must have expertise in technology, telecom, industry, commerce, or administration. Challenges: Data protection involves legal principles of consent, storage, processing, and privacy, distinct from telecom regulations. Telecom laws focus on infrastructure, spectrum allocation, and service providers, whereas data protection concerns individual rights and privacy safeguards. Solution: Amend Section 14C of the TRAI Act to mandate a technical member specializing in data protection and privacy laws. B. Addressing TDSAT’s Case Burden and Capacity Constraints Rising Caseload: 3,448 pending cases (Feb 2020–Feb 2025). The newly enacted Telecommunications Act, 2023 will further increase workload. Appeals under DPDP Act must be disposed of within six months, which may be less realistic given current case backlogs. Structural Issues: Only one technical member (no judicial member) on the bench in January 2025, violating Supreme Court guidelines on tribunal composition. Solutions: Increased budgetary allocation to expand the number of benches and recruit judicial members. Setting up dedicated benches for data protection cases to avoid further backlog. C. Upgrading Digital Infrastructure for Efficient Case Management Existing Issues: The TDSAT website is not user-friendly, affecting accessibility and digital filing efficiency. Digital filing of appeals is mandated, but current technological infrastructure is inadequate. Solution: Upgrade TDSAT’s digital platform to improve ease of access, track case status, and enable real-time updates. The Legal Cases Management System implemented by TRAI (2023) must be assessed for effectiveness and improved accordingly. D. Ensuring Transparency and Accountability Lack of reporting on TDSAT’s case disposal rates raises concerns about efficiency. Solution: TDSAT should publish annual reports with: Number of data protection appeals filed, resolved, and pending. Average disposal time for cases. Key legal issues addressed in appeals. Conclusion TDSAT needs institutional, structural, and technological reforms to effectively function as the appellate body for data protection cases. The reforms must ensure expertise, efficiency, digital readiness, and transparency to uphold the rule of law and individual privacy rights.

Mar 20, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 March 2025

Content: V-P calls for debate on freebies, policy on efficient use of public investments A regional divide in blue-collar worker migration from India What are the different risks and rewards of using UAVs? Per capita income claims by States contradict high BPL population: SC U.S., U.K. replace Gulf nations as top source of remittances’ NASA astronauts stranded in space for nine months back on earth with a splashdown El Niño or La Niña? Murky pattern of temperature keeps confusion alive V-P calls for debate on freebies, policy on efficient use of public investments Context:Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar’s Call for Debate: Criticized the culture of “freebies” and called for a structured national policy on government investments. Emphasized that capital expenditure (capex) is crucial for economic growth, and electoral allurements can burden future governments. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Subsidies & Global Comparison: Stressed that subsidies should be direct, transparent, and without intermediaries, as practiced in developed nations like the U.S. Cited the example of U.S. farm subsidies, where direct transfers ensure that farm household incomes exceed general household incomes. Context of the Debate: Came in response to Samajwadi Party MP Ramgopal Yadav’s demand to increase MPLADS funds from ₹5 crore to ₹20 crore per year due to rising construction costs. Yadav highlighted that MLAs in Uttar Pradesh get ₹5 crore, while Delhi MLAs have ₹10 crore for constituency development. Fiscal & Policy Implications: The demand for higher MPLADS funds reflects the need to adjust for inflation and rising project costs. The proposal to exempt MPLADS funds from GST suggests concerns over effective utilization of funds for development. The broader issue of freebies vs. targeted welfare remains a critical fiscal and governance challenge. Relevance Economic Perspective : Freebies can strain public finances, affecting long-term growth. Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) align with fiscal prudence and targeted welfare. Governance & Policy: Need for a structured national policy to regulate government investments and avoid unsustainable populism. Parliamentary discussion could shape future fiscal policy and subsidy reforms. Electoral & Political Considerations: Freebies often serve as electoral incentives, impacting fiscal discipline. Governments face challenges in balancing welfare with economic sustainability. A regional divide in blue-collar worker migration from India Context : Declining Migration from Southern & Western States: Historically high migrant-sending States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Punjab have seen a sharpdrop in the number of workers emigrating to Gulf nations. Example: Kerala’s emigration fell from 82,000 (2014-16) to 60,000 (2021-24); Tamil Nadu’s from 1.3 lakh to 78,000. Punjab, a major contributor, also saw a decline from 94,000 to 39,000. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Sustained Migration from Northern & Eastern States: Uttar Pradesh and Bihar continue to send a high volume of blue-collar workers to the Gulf, despite falling remittances. U.P. workers exceeded 4 lakh in both periods, while Bihar’s remained over 2 lakh. West Bengal and Rajasthan also saw moderate declines but still contribute significantly. Changing Remittance Patterns: Gulf’s Declining Share in India’s Remittances: The share of remittances from UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait has significantly dropped. UAE fell from 26.9% (2016-17) to 19.2% (2023-24), Saudi Arabia from 11.6% to 6.7%, and Kuwait from 6.5% to 3.9%. Rise in Remittances from Advanced Economies: Inward remittances have increased from the U.S., U.K., Singapore, and Canada, suggesting a shift in migrant destinations. U.S. share rose from 22.9% to 27.7%, U.K. from 3.4% to 10.8%. State-wise Trends in Remittances: States with declining Gulf migration are receiving higher remittances. Maharashtra (16.7% to 20.5%), Kerala (19% to 19.7%), Tamil Nadu (8% to 10.4%) have seen growth. Bihar, U.P., West Bengal, and Rajasthan continue to receive a minimal share (1%-3%), despite sending more workers. Migration Trends & Economic Implications: Possible Shift in Migration Destinations: Declining remittances from Gulf countries indicate that workers from Southern and Western States may be moving to advanced economies for better financial returns. Higher remittances from the U.S., U.K., and Singapore suggest a preference for white-collar jobs and skilled migration. Persistent Outflow from U.P. & Bihar Despite Low Wages: Limited employment opportunities in North and Eastern India may be forcing workers to migrate to Gulf nations despite stagnant or declining wages. Gulf migration remains a livelihood necessity rather than a choice for these workers. Electorate vs. Migration Skew: U.P. forms 15.8% of India’s electorate but accounted for 34% of ECs issued (2021-24). Bihar has 7.9% of the electorate but accounted for 17.4% of ECs issued. This indicates a disproportionately high dependence on Gulf migration for employment in these States. Policy & Governance Concerns: Need for Skill Development & Diversified Job Creation: Enhancing skilled migration opportunities to advanced economies can improve remittance flows. Investments in domestic manufacturing and services are needed to reduce Gulf dependency. Reforms in Migration Policy & Worker Protections: Ensuring higher wages and better working conditions for Gulf migrants is crucial. Streamlining bilateral agreements with Gulf nations for better job security. Regional Economic Disparities: Southern and Western States are transitioning to a higher-remittance economy, while North and East India remain reliant on low-wage Gulf migration. A national strategy is needed to bridge this divide and create sustainable employment avenues. What are the different risks and rewards of using UAVs? Why are UAVs seen as less of a threat? UAVs are generally perceived as less dangerous than piloted fighter jets. Even weaponized UAVs have lower firepower compared to fighter aircraft. A significant proportion of UAVs are used for surveillance and reconnaissance rather than combat. The absence of a pilot reduces the perception of direct state aggression. UAV missions pose lower financial and human risks, making them a more viable option for intelligence gathering. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Internal Security ,Technology) Recent Examples of UAV Usage and Responses Iran-U.S. incident (2019): Iran shot down an American drone over the Strait of Hormuz. The U.S. claimed it was over international waters, but refrained from military retaliation. Russia-U.S. incident (2023): Russia downed an American MQ-9 Reaper UAV. The U.S. did not escalate militarily. Pattern of Response: Countries tend to react less aggressively to UAV incidents compared to fighter jet incursions. This enables states to use UAVs more frequently in foreign airspace, leading to potential risk-taking behavior. Implications for India Challenges with Pakistan: Pakistan-based UAVs often transport arms and drugs across the border. India has used expensive air-to-air missiles (e.g., Su-30 interception in 2019) to neutralize them, raising cost-effectiveness concerns. Need for cost-efficient counter-UAV solutions. Bangladesh’s UAV deployment: Turkish Bayraktar TB-2 UAVs are used near the Indian border for surveillance. India must decide how to respond without escalating tensions. Strategic Considerations for India: As UAVs become integral to modern warfare, India must adapt its military strategy. Development of counter-UAV technology (e.g., jammers, directed energy weapons) is crucial. Policy decisions should weigh security risks, economic costs, and diplomatic repercussions. Conclusion UAVs present both opportunities and challenges in modern warfare. They offer low-risk intelligence gathering, but also encourage bold and frequent incursions. Per capita income claims by States contradict high BPL population: SC Context :Supreme Court’s Observations The Supreme Court (SC) questioned how some States claim high per capita income while having up to 70% of their population Below Poverty Line (BPL). This contradiction raises doubts about the actual distribution of economic progress and wealth. The SC questioned whether subsidized ration schemes are genuine welfare measures or merely political popularity tactics. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Social Justice) Petitioners’ Arguments Advocates Prashant Bhushan and Cheryl D’Souza highlighted growing economic inequality as a major issue. A small percentage of the population holds immense wealth, while a vast majority struggle on ₹30-₹40 per day. They emphasized the need for an inclusive and equitable Public Distribution System (PDS). Concerns Over Public Distribution System (PDS) Justice Surya Kant noted that political considerations might influence ration card distribution, affecting genuine beneficiaries. Corruption and mismanagement at various levels delay or disrupt food supply to the poor. Despite these flaws, the SC asserted that PDS should not be discouraged, as it plays a vital role in food security. Centre’s Stand on Food Security Additional Solicitor-General Aishwarya Bhati reaffirmed the Centre’s commitment under the National Food Security Act (NFSA). Current Coverage: NFSA covers 81.35% of the population. 11 crore people are additionally covered under the Anganwadi scheme. Another 22 crore people receive food security benefits through other programs. Key Takeaways Economic growth claims vs. poverty statistics highlight a gap in development benefits. Ration distribution efficiency needs scrutiny to ensure food reaches the deserving poor. Inequality concerns must be addressed to ensure wealth distribution aligns with per capita income growth. Strengthening and depoliticizing PDS is crucial for effective food security in India. ‘U.S., U.K. replace Gulf nations as top source of remittances’ Context : Key Findings from RBI’s Report A shift in remittance sources has been observed in the past four years. Developed economies (U.S. & U.K.) have replaced Gulf nations as the top contributors of remittances to India. RBI’s Sixth Round of India’s Remittances Survey (March 2024) highlights this transformation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Remittance) Rise of the U.S. & U.K. Share of U.S. & U.K. remittances increased from 26% in FY17 to 40% in FY24. The U.S. alone contributed nearly 28% in FY24, up from 23.4% in FY21. The U.K.’s share surged from 3% in FY17 to 10.8% in FY24. The shift is attributed to the rising share of Indian professionals and skilled workers in these countries. Decline in Gulf Contributions UAE’s share dropped from 27% (FY17) to 19.2% (FY24). Saudi Arabia’s contribution nearly halved, falling from 11.6% (FY17) to 6.7% (FY24). This decline suggests stagnation in remittances from traditional sources like the Gulf. Reasons Behind the Shift Increased migration of Indian professionals to high-paying sectors in developed economies. Slower wage growth & economic shifts in Gulf nations affecting remittance flows. More Indians in white-collar jobs abroad leading to higher per capita remittances. Key Takeaways The remittance pattern highlights India’s changing migration trends. Developed nations now drive remittance growth, reducing dependence on Gulf economies. This trend may impact India’s foreign exchange inflows & economic planning in the long run. NASA astronauts stranded in space for nine months back on earth with a splashdown Context : NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore and Sunita Williams, along with Nick Hague (USA) and Aleksandr Gorbunov (Russia), returned to Earth after an unexpected nine-month stay in space. The SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule “Freedom” splashed down safely in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida at 5:57 p.m. (0327 IST) on Tuesday. Relevance : GS 3(Space) Mission Overview Wilmore and Williams originally launched in June 2023 on Boeing’s Starliner, intended as a short-duration test mission. The Starliner developed propulsion issues, leading to its return without crew, leaving them stranded in space. They were reassigned to NASA’s SpaceX Crew-9 mission, which arrived at the International Space Station (ISS) in September 2023. Return to Earth The crew left the ISS 17 hours before splashdown, after farewells with fellow astronauts. The capsule endured 2,000°C temperatures during re-entry before deploying parachutes for a safe ocean landing. They were retrieved and flown to Houston for a 45-day rehabilitation program. Record-Breaking Stay Wilmore and Williams spent 286 days in space, exceeding the standard six-month ISS rotation. However, their stay ranks sixth in U.S. spaceflight records. Frank Rubio holds the U.S. record (371 days, 2023), while Valeri Polyakov (Russia) holds the global record (437 days, Mir station). Significance & Impact Highlights technical challenges in space missions, especially with new spacecraft like Boeing’s Starliner. Demonstrates the resilience of astronauts and adaptability of NASA’s mission planning. Reinforces SpaceX’s growing role in human spaceflight amid Boeing’s Starliner setbacks. Serves as a reminder of risks in long-duration space missions and the need for robust contingency planning. El Niño or La Niña? Murky pattern of temperature keeps confusion alive The ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) cycle plays a crucial role in shaping global weather patterns, particularly the Indian monsoon. However, recent anomalies in sea surface temperatures (SST) and wind patterns in the Pacific Ocean have created uncertainty regarding whether 2025-26 will be an El Niño or La Niña year. This ambiguity raises concerns about the reliability of monsoon forecasts, which are critical for India’s agriculture and economy. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ) Confusion in ENSO State: Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific are not following typical El Niño or La Niña patterns. Unusual cold SST anomalies in central-western Pacific and warm SST anomalies in far eastern Pacific. Historically, La Niña is associated with cold SST in the eastern Pacific, but this pattern is unclear. Implications for India’s Monsoon (2025-26): ENSO impacts only about 60% of monsoon deficit/surplus years. Uncertainty in 2025 monsoon forecasts due to mixed signals from SST and wind patterns. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) may counteract the ENSO effect, as seen in 2023. Forecasting Challenges: February 2025 forecasts give conflicting signals—some models predict La Niña by fall, others indicate normal conditions, and one suggests an El Niño. The ENSO transition mode (ETM) in the Southern Hemisphere may have prevented the strong La Niña initially expected for 2024. Impact of Climate Change: Global warming is altering typical El Niño and La Niña behavior. Mid-latitude temperature changes, influenced by shifting jet streams, are affecting monsoons and pre-monsoon cyclones. Early heat waves in 2025 add another layer of uncertainty. Policy and Preparedness: India’s agricultural sector remains vulnerable to unpredictable monsoon patterns. Governments and meteorological agencies must improve forecast reliability. Need for adaptive strategies to manage climate risks, including droughts and extreme weather. Conclusion: The ENSO state remains uncertain, making monsoon forecasts challenging. While researchers continue to analyze trends, policymakers and farmers must brace for any outcome.

Mar 19, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 March 2025

Content: FARM DISTRESS INDEX PROMOTION OF PM-DAKSH SCHEME FARM DISTRESS INDEX Overview Farmers’ Distress Index (FDI): A multidimensional tool designed to forewarn and mitigate agrarian distress Pilot Study Conducted: Regions: Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Period: 2020-21 & 2021-22 Objective: Assess distress factors affecting farmers and integrate findings with PM Fasal Bima Yojana. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance ), GS 3(Agriculture) Key Focus Areas: Climate variability: Droughts, floods, pest infestations. Price volatility: Market fluctuations impacting income stability. Low risk-bearing capacity: Financial and structural constraints. Objectives of FDI Early Warning System: Provides alerts three months in advance to assist policymakers. Structured Assessment: Identifies distress at sub-district levels. Seven key parameters used for analysis. Policy Framework: Scalable model for nationwide implementation. Helps in prioritizing government interventions. Ensures timely response to regions at higher distress levels. Seven Key Indicators of FDI Exposure to Risk: Loss due to pests, diseases, floods, droughts. Adaptive Capacity: Education level of household head. Total land owned & leased-in land. Sensitivity: Percentage of irrigated land. Level of indebtedness. Social vulnerability (SC/ST population, family size). Mitigation & Adaptation Strategies: Non-farm income dependency. Access to government schemes. Household savings. Triggers: Reliance on informal credit. Loan repayment pressure. Immediate cash constraints. Psychological Factors: Social isolation. Inability to meet family obligations. Substance addiction (e.g., alcohol). Impact Assessment: Rising indebtedness. Increased reliance on MGNREGA & public works. Reduction in food consumption. Benefits of FDI Implementation Predictive Tool: Enables authorities to proactively address farmer distress rather than reactive measures. Region-Specific Solutions: Helps in designing customized distress management plans. Encourages localized solutions instead of generic nationwide policies. Government Policy Support: Assists in effective allocation of resources to high-distress areas. Strengthens integration of existing schemes like PM Fasal Bima Yojana. Challenges & Recommendations Lack of National-Level Implementation: Urgent need to scale the pilot study to a national framework. Data Collection & Validation: Require better real-time data monitoring systems. Integration with Other Schemes: Link FDI indicators with welfare programs such as PM-KISAN, crop insurance, and rural credit policies. Farmer Awareness & Participation: Conduct awareness campaigns to educate farmers on distress mitigation strategies. Conclusion Farmers’ Distress Index (FDI) is a transformative tool that can help predict and alleviate agrarian distress. Early warning mechanisms provide an opportunity for policymakers to intervene before crises escalate. A nationwide rollout, backed by real-time data integration, can improve resilience in the agriculture sector. Institutional support and community engagement are key to ensuring the long-term success of FDI. PROMOTION OF PM-DAKSH SCHEME Overview PM-DAKSH Scheme: A Central Sector Scheme initiated in 2020-21. Objective: Provides skill development training to marginalized communities including Scheduled Castes (SCs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), De-Notified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (DNTs), Safai Karamcharis, and Waste Pickers. Implementation: Conducted through empanelled training institutes. Employment Outcome: 56.40% of trained individuals secured employment or started enterprises (till 2022-23). Training Categories: Up-skilling/Re-skilling: Enhancing existing skills for better job opportunities. Short-Term Training: Industry-aligned courses for fresh job seekers. Entrepreneurship Development Programs (EDP): Encouraging self-employment through business skills training. Long-Term Training: Advanced skilling for specialized professions. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Justice) Implementing Agencies Department of Social Justice and Empowerment oversees the implementation. Three Corporations under the department: National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC) National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation (NBCFDC) National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC) Responsible for grievance redressal and taking remedial measures. Promotion & Awareness Publicity through: Print & Social Media campaigns on a Pan-India basis. Awareness camps organized by training institutes targeting specific communities. Community outreach programs to educate potential beneficiaries. Training Institute Empanelment Process Project Appraisal Committee (PAC) evaluates training institutes based on predefined parameters. Empanelment of Institutes: Institutes must be affiliated with the Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). Ensures compliance with skilling standards and infrastructure requirements. Currently, no training institutes are empanelled under the scheme. Regular monitoring and evaluation of training quality and placement outcomes. Skilling, Assessment & Certification Trainees undergo assessment and certification by respective Sector Skill Councils (SSC) or Assessment Bodies. Certification ensures industry recognition and enhances employability. Placement opportunities provided post-certification in wage-employment or self-employment. Industry Linkages & Placement Training institutes are responsible for industrial tie-ups to facilitate proper placement. Final installment of funds is released to institutes only after submitting placement details of trained candidates. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) ensures stipend disbursal to trainees meeting attendance criteria. Entrepreneurship support: Trained individuals are encouraged to start small businesses with financial assistance from the Corporations. Key Challenges & Recommendations Lack of empanelled training institutes: Need for greater participation of quality institutes. Placement constraints: Strengthening industry collaborations to improve job opportunities. Awareness gaps: Expanding community outreach and leveraging digital platforms for better scheme visibility. Monitoring & Evaluation: Regular impact assessment to ensure quality outcomes. Conclusion PM-DAKSH aims to bridge skill gaps among marginalized communities through structured training programs. Effective promotion and expansion of empanelled training institutes can enhance the scheme’s impact. Ensuring quality skilling and industry tie-ups is critical for increasing employment outcomes. Greater industry collaboration, financial support for entrepreneurs, and streamlined execution can further improve scheme efficiency.

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