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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 01 October 2024

CONTENTS A Decade of Make in India: Pioneering Economic Growth and Self-Reliance A Decade of Make in India: Pioneering Economic Growth and Self-Reliance Context: Launched by Prime Minister Modi on September 25, 2014, the “Make in India” initiative celebrates its 10th anniversary in 2024. This landmark initiative has significantly reshaped India’s economic landscape, focusing on boosting manufacturing, enhancing global competitiveness, and propelling the country towards self-reliance under the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision. The initiative’s success over the decade highlights its pivotal role in rejuvenating India’s economy and setting a sustainable path for future growth. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Make in India (MII) Initiative Pillars of ‘Make in India’ Key Initiatives under the “Make in India” Program Key Achievements Criticism and Challenges Conclusion Make in India (MII) Initiative Background: The Make in India initiative was launched in response to a steep economic decline in India, with growth rates falling to a decade-low by 2013. India, once considered a key player among the BRICS nations, was identified as part of the “Fragile Five,” signaling a need for urgent reforms to revive the economy. Need for the Initiative: At the time, India’s economic trajectory was at a turning point. Questions arose about whether India was “too large to fail” or in danger of faltering. This made it essential for the country to undertake significant economic measures to regain momentum. About the Make in India Initiative Launch: Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the “Make in India” initiative in September 2014 as a key part of India’s strategy to revitalize its economy. Objective: The initiative aims to transform India into a global hub for design and manufacturing, creating a robust ecosystem that strengthens the nation’s economic standing and generates employment opportunities. The focus is on encouraging global and domestic companies to manufacture in India. Core Goals: Strengthening India’s manufacturing sector. Positioning India as a global design and innovation hub. Enhancing employment opportunities by attracting investments in key industries. Key Sectors Under Make in India The Make in India initiative targets 27 sectors, categorized under: Manufacturing Sectors: These include industries such as: Aerospace and Defence Automotive and Auto Components Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Biotechnology Textiles and Apparels Chemicals and Petrochemicals Electronics System Design and Manufacturing (ESDM) Food Processing Gems and Jewellery Railways, among others. Service Sectors: This includes: Information Technology (IT) and IT-enabled Services (ITeS) Tourism and Hospitality Medical Value Travel Transport and Logistics Services Accounting and Finance Services Audio-Visual and Legal Services, among others. Pillars of ‘Make in India’ New Processes: The “Make in India” initiative identified ‘ease of doing business’ as a crucial factor for promoting entrepreneurship. Several measures were implemented to enhance the business environment, making it more conducive for startups and established enterprises alike. New Infrastructure: The government focused on developing industrial corridors and smart cities, integrating state-of-the-art technology and high-speed communication to create world-class infrastructure. Innovation and research were supported through streamlined registration systems and improved intellectual property rights (IPR) infrastructure. Efforts were made to identify industry skill requirements and develop the workforce accordingly. New Sectors: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was significantly opened up in various sectors including Defence Production, Insurance, Medical Devices, Construction, and Railway infrastructure. This expansion also included easing FDI regulations in Insurance and Medical Devices, encouraging international investment and growth. New Mindset: The government embraced a role as a facilitator rather than a regulator, partnering with industry to drive the country’s economic development. This shift aimed to foster a collaborative environment that supported industrial growth and innovation. Key Initiatives under the “Make in India” Program Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes The PLI schemes have allocated ₹1.97 lakh crore (equivalent to $26 billion) to 14 key sectors, including electronics, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. By 2024, 755 applications have been approved under these schemes, resulting in investments worth ₹1.23 lakh crore and creating employment for approximately 8 lakh people. PM GatiShakti Plan Launched in 2021, PM GatiShakti is a national infrastructure initiative aimed at improving multimodal connectivity across transportation, energy, and communication systems. It integrates 36 ministries and departments to streamline logistics and synchronize project implementation. The “seven engines” of GatiShakti include railways, roads, ports, waterways, airports, mass transport, and logistics infrastructure, fostering economic growth and employment. Semiconductor Ecosystem Development To reduce reliance on imported components and boost self-sufficiency in critical technologies, the government introduced the Semicon India Programme with a budget of ₹76,000 crore.  National Logistics Policy (NLP) Unveiled in 2022, NLP is designed to work alongside PM GatiShakti to cut logistics costs, enhance India’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) ranking, and build a sustainable logistics network. The policy focuses on standardizing logistics practices and using digital systems to improve overall efficiency in logistics and human resource development. Industrialization and Urbanization The National Industrial Corridor Development Programme, India’s largest infrastructure project, is focused on developing “Smart Cities” and advanced industrial hubs. The initiative promotes manufacturing growth and systematic urbanization through multi-modal connectivity corridors. Recent approvals of 12 new projects, with an investment of ₹28,602 crore, enhance India’s role as a global manufacturing hub. Startup India Launched in 2016, the Startup India initiative supports entrepreneurs and nurtures a strong startup ecosystem. As of September 2024, India ranks third globally in the startup ecosystem with 148,931 DPIIT-recognized startups generating more than 15.5 lakh jobs. Tax Reforms The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in July 2017 has unified India’s tax structure, creating a common market across 36 states and union territories. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) UPI has emerged as a global leader in digital payments, handling 46% of the world’s real-time payment transactions. Between April and July 2024, UPI processed transactions worth nearly ₹81 lakh crore, reflecting strong infrastructure and growing consumer trust. Ease of Doing Business India has made significant strides in improving its business environment, climbing from 142nd in 2014 to 63rd in the 2020 World Bank Doing Business Report (DBR). Government efforts to reduce red tape, simplify regulations, and create a more business-friendly environment have enhanced investor confidence. Record Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) The Make in India initiative has greatly benefitted from record levels of FDI, driven by streamlined FDI policies and improved ease of business. FDI rose from $45.14 billion in 2014-15 to a record $84.83 billion in 2021-22. Between 2014 and 2024, India attracted $667.41 billion in FDI, with inflows reaching $70.95 billion in FY 2023-24. Key Achievements 1. Growth in Manufacturing India is now the world’s second-largest mobile phone manufacturer. Mobile phone exports grew from ₹1,556 crore in 2014 to ₹1.2 lakh crore by 2024. The electronics industry expanded to $155 billion in FY 2023, with mobile phones contributing 43% of production. 2. Self-Reliance in Defence India has achieved notable progress in defence manufacturing, demonstrated by the launch of INS Vikrant, the first indigenous aircraft carrier. Defence production reached ₹1.27 lakh crore, with exports to more than 90 countries. Products like ‘Made in Bihar’ boots are now part of the Russian Army’s equipment. 3. Global Export Growth India’s merchandise exports hit $437.06 billion in FY 2023-24, reinforcing its role in global trade. 4. Job Creation Millions of jobs have been created across various sectors, with 8 lakh jobs generated through the PLI schemes alone. Additional Achievements Kashmir willow cricket bats have gained global popularity. Amul has expanded its presence by exporting dairy products to the United States. The textile industry created 14.5 crore jobs across India. India manufactures 400 million toys annually, producing 10 new toys every second. Criticism and Challenges Limited Impact on Manufacturing: Critics argue that Make in India has not significantly increased manufacturing’s share of GDP or attracted major investments. The manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP decreased to 15.9% in 2023-24, down from 16.7% in 2013-14. Net FDI inflows have also declined from 1.5% of GDP in 2013-14 to 0.8% in 2023-24. Business Environment Concerns: Despite improvements, India’s ease of doing business still faces challenges. There is high taxation and rigid approaches to tax litigation. A shortage of skilled labor in manufacturing persists, with competition from countries like Vietnam and Bangladesh. Conclusion As the Make in India initiative enters its second decade, it stands as a symbol of India’s commitment to transforming its manufacturing landscape and global standing. With various reforms like the PLI schemes, PM GatiShakti, and the National Logistics Policy, India is positioning itself as a self-reliant and competitive economy. The success of homegrown projects, such as the Vande Bharat trains and INS Vikrant, and the growing electronics industry, indicate a bright future for India’s industrial and manufacturing sectors.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 01 October 2024

Contents: India’s Silver Dividend: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities for an Aging Population Having Private Participation in India’s Nuclear Energy Sector Steady but Slow India’s Silver Dividend: Transforming Challenges into Opportunities for an Aging Population Context: With a rapidly growing elderly population, India faces the dual challenge of providing adequate healthcare and ensuring the economic inclusion of its senior citizens. While rising longevity and demographic shifts put pressure on social security and healthcare systems, they also present an opportunity to harness the potential of the “silver economy.” This emerging segment could contribute significantly to economic growth if addressed with strategic reforms and policies. Relevance: General Studies Paper 1 (Society and Demographics) and General Studies Paper 2 (Social Justice, Welfare of Vulnerable Sections). Mains Question: Discuss the challenges faced by India’s elderly population and suggest strategies to convert these challenges into opportunities, focusing on healthcare, financial inclusion, and social security. (250 words) Rising Elderly Population and Its Impact: India’s elderly population is expanding rapidly, projected to reach 13.2% of the total population by 2031 and 19% by mid-century. This demographic shift is accompanied by an increase in life expectancy, creating pressure on healthcare and social security systems. The economic burden of this transition is significant, with healthcare consumption by the elderly currently estimated at $7 billion. Healthcare Challenges and Need for Reforms: Three-quarters of India’s elderly suffer from chronic ailments, and a quarter face difficulties with daily living activities. One-third experience depressive symptoms. Addressing these issues requires a multi-sectoral approach, involving healthcare, social, and economic reforms. Expanding tele-consultation services and training skilled healthcare workers can improve the quality of life for seniors. Digital and Financial Inclusion: The digital divide is a major barrier for the elderly. Empowering them through digital literacy and targeted financial schemes is essential. Programs like the Ayushman Bharat (AAM) and Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) are steps in the right direction, but more is needed. Tailored financial products, like health insurance coverage up to ₹5 lakhs for every individual over 70 years, could ease financial insecurities. Social Inclusion and Support Systems: Social isolation is another critical issue. Establishing peer support groups and educating communities on elder care can foster inclusion. Legal awareness on entitlements, inheritance, and succession planning is equally vital to safeguard the rights of senior citizens. The Silver Economy: The “silver economy,” estimated at ₹73,082 crore, is poised to grow manifold over the next few decades. Seniors aged 45-64, with significant purchasing power, constitute a major consumer segment. Health and wellness-driven businesses, senior-centric housing, and leisure industries can tap into this market, turning a demographic challenge into an economic opportunity. Government Initiatives and Policy Support: The government has recognized this opportunity by launching initiatives like the Senior Able Citizens for Re-Employment in Dignity (SACRED) portal to connect seniors with job providers. Another effort is the Senior Citizen Ageing Growth Engine (SAGE) scheme, designed to support elder care startups. Creating an Elder-Friendly Environment: Policy reforms should focus on a comprehensive eldercare system, including mental health services, nutrition support, and age-friendly infrastructure. This would enable the elderly to maintain independence and contribute to the economy. Conclusion: India’s aging population presents both challenges and opportunities. By focusing on healthcare, social security, and economic inclusion, India can transform its growing elderly demographic into a silver dividend. Strengthening the silver economy, creating supportive social structures, and ensuring digital and financial inclusion will be key to leveraging the potential of this emerging segment. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s elderly population: 13.2% by 2031, 19% by mid-century. Silver economy potential: ₹73,082 crores, with expected manifold growth. Healthcare costs for the elderly: Estimated at $7 billion currently. By implementing targeted reforms, India can ensure a dignified life for its elderly population and harness their potential to contribute positively to the economy. Having Private Participation in India’s Nuclear Energy Sector Context: In the Union Budget for FY 2024-25, the Indian government announced its intent to expand nuclear energy through private sector partnerships. This includes developing Bharat Small Modular Reactors (BSMR) and exploring newer nuclear technologies. The move is aligned with India’s goal of achieving 500 Gigawatts of non-fossil fuel-based energy by 2030, as pledged at the COP26 Summit. However, India’s nuclear sector, governed by the Atomic Energy Act (1962), restricts private sector participation, leading to debates on regulatory, safety, and liability challenges. Relevance to GS Subject: General Studies Paper 3 (Science and Technology) Mains Question: Discuss the potential and challenges of involving private players in India’s nuclear energy sector. How can regulatory frameworks be revised to facilitate such participation while ensuring safety and compliance? (250 words) Current Scenario and Policy Framework: The Indian nuclear energy sector is governed by the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (AEA), which empowers only the central government to “produce, develop, use and dispose of atomic energy.” This restricts private participation. The 1987 Amendment to the AEA allows only central government entities to engage in nuclear energy projects. Recent Announcements: In 2024, the Indian government proposed expanding the role of the private sector in nuclear energy, particularly for research and development (R&D) of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). This move is intended to accelerate technological development and reduce dependence on imported nuclear technology. Legal and Regulatory Hurdles: Section 3 of the AEA prohibits private sector involvement in R&D and operation of nuclear energy facilities. Additionally, the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) imposes absolute liability on the operator, deterring private entities from entering the sector. The recent Supreme Court judgment (September 17, 2024) reaffirmed that private firms cannot exploit atomic energy unless the AEA is amended. Safety and Security Concerns: Involving private entities raises questions about safety and compliance. The Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters serve as reminders of the catastrophic risks associated with nuclear energy. Any inclusion of private players would necessitate stringent safety oversight and clear liability structures. Proposed Reforms: The government can consider allowing private firms to partner with public sector enterprises like the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) in specific areas, such as infrastructure development and component manufacturing. Amending the AEA to redefine private sector roles and strengthening the regulatory body—the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)—would be crucial. Addressing Liability Issues: One of the key challenges is the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), which places absolute liability on operators, making private entities wary. Introducing a liability pool or insurance framework could mitigate risks and attract private investment. Opportunities for Growth: With private sector participation, India could fast-track the development of newer technologies like SMRs, which are safer, more cost-effective, and flexible in deployment. Private investments can also spur innovation, bringing advanced safety features and global best practices into the domestic nuclear energy ecosystem. International Models and Lessons: Countries like the US and the UK have allowed private participation through public-private partnerships, balancing regulatory oversight with economic incentives. Learning from these models, India can create a hybrid framework that ensures safety without stifling private sector involvement. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s nuclear capacity: ~6,780 MW (as of 2023). Targeted non-fossil fuel energy capacity: 500 GW by 2030. Proposed investment in Bharat Small Modular Reactors: ₹526 billion. Conclusion: India’s nuclear energy sector is at a critical juncture, poised between tradition and transformation. Enabling private participation could unlock significant technological advancements and support the country’s clean energy transition. However, achieving this requires comprehensive legal reforms, strong regulatory frameworks, and clear safety protocols. By creating a robust and balanced policy environment, India can leverage its private sector’s potential while maintaining the highest safety standards. The path forward lies in fostering collaboration between public and private entities, supported by a transparent and adaptive regulatory structure that promotes innovation without compromising safety and public trust. Steady but Slow Context: India’s space program has made impressive strides, with achievements like the Chandrayaan-3 soft landing. However, resource constraints and a “one mission at a time” strategy limit its ability to respond rapidly to new opportunities in space exploration. In contrast, leading space agencies like NASA manage multiple flagship missions simultaneously, enabling them to pursue complex scientific and commercial objectives. The cancellation of NASA’s VIPER mission highlights the need for robust planning, adaptability, and adequate resources to sustain high-impact space missions. Relevance to GS Subject: General Studies Paper 3 (Science and Technology) Mains Question: Examine the challenges faced by ISRO in executing multiple flagship space missions. Discuss strategies to enhance India’s capability to handle high-impact missions in the global space race. (250 words) Current Scenario and Achievements: India has established itself as a prominent player in the space domain, especially after the successful Chandrayaan-3 lunar landing. The mission reinforced India’s position among elite spacefaring nations capable of autonomous lunar soft-landing. Limitations of Resource Allocation: Despite its achievements, ISRO is often constrained by limited resources, both in terms of funding and human capital. The organization typically focuses on a “one mission at a time” strategy, which hampers its ability to run parallel high-impact missions. This approach limits its agility to exploit emerging opportunities, as evident in the delayed approval for Chandrayaan-4. Comparison with Global Players: NASA’s cancellation of the VIPER mission due to cost overruns demonstrates the challenges of managing multiple large-scale projects. However, NASA’s ability to juggle several missions through efficient resource allocation sets it apart. Similarly, China’s rapid expansion in the space domain, with its complex lunar and planetary missions, further underscores the need for a more ambitious and well-funded Indian space program. Geopolitical Implications: The international race back to the moon is driven by strategic, commercial, and scientific interests. VIPER’s cancellation provides an opportunity for other nations, particularly China, to strengthen their lunar exploration capabilities. India must strategically position itself to capitalize on this evolving landscape. Missed Opportunities: The lack of timely decision-making has prevented ISRO from pursuing missions like the ‘Lunar Polar Explorer’ it is planning with Japan. Such missions could position India as a significant player in resource prospecting and space mining—areas poised to become highly lucrative in the future. Strategic Recommendations: Increase Funding and Resources: Expanding ISRO’s budget would enable the organization to simultaneously undertake multiple missions, improving efficiency and innovation. Develop Multi-Mission Capabilities: Establish a separate wing within ISRO to manage flagship missions, while existing divisions handle routine satellite launches. Leverage International Collaboration: Partnering with agencies like NASA and JAXA on complex projects can help India share costs and enhance technological capabilities. Establish a Commercial Arm: Strengthen the private sector’s role in routine satellite and commercial launches, allowing ISRO to focus on high-impact research missions. Latest Data and Numbers: India’s budget allocation for space: $1.8 billion (2023-24). NASA’s annual budget: $25 billion. Chandrayaan-3’s success cost: ₹615 crores (~$75 million). Conclusion: While India’s space program is making steady progress, it needs to transition to a more dynamic and multi-mission model to realize its full potential. Adequate funding, strategic planning, and global collaborations will be key in transforming ISRO into a world leader capable of handling multiple flagship projects simultaneously. The focus should be on scaling up its capabilities to ensure that India not only competes but also leads in the new space race. Strategic investments in talent, technology, and infrastructure can enable ISRO to handle multiple high-impact missions, paving the way for greater achievements in space exploration and strategic positioning on the global stage.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 01 October 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Limits Pretrial Detention Under PMLA Reforming UN Security Council New Rice Variety Pusa-2090 to Help Reduce Stubble Burning Lake Michigan Peechi -Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Garra zubzaensis and Psilorhynchus kosygini  Supreme Court Limits Pretrial Detention Under PMLA Context: The Supreme Court of India has recently issued a ruling against the misuse of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, specifically critiquing its use to unjustly extend the incarceration of accused individuals. The court declared that constitutional courts would not sanction indefinite pretrial detention under this legislation, emphasizing the need for fairness and the protection of legal rights in the enforcement of anti-money laundering measures. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Takeaways from SC’s Ruling on PMLA and Bail Concerns Regarding India’s Bail System Way Forward Key Takeaways from SC’s Ruling on PMLA and Bail: Prima facie case & prolonged detention: Even if a prima facie case exists, the court may order the release of the accused if there is an undue delay in trial, leading to prolonged detention without a set timeline. Strict Provisions of PMLA: Section 45 of the PMLA should not be used to justify arbitrary or excessive detention of individuals. Conditions for Bail under Section 45 (PMLA, 2002): Bail can only be granted if the accused can prove they are prima facie innocent. The accused must convince the court that they will not commit any further offenses while on bail. Bail as a Principle: The Supreme Court reinforced that “bail is the rule, jail is the exception,” echoing a fundamental principle in India’s criminal law. Personal Liberty Concerns: The court noted that the high threshold for bail in cases involving the PMLA must not violate the accused’s personal liberty through indefinite detention. Delayed Trials & Stringent Bail Provisions: The ruling emphasized the issue of delayed trials, noting that harsh bail provisions under special laws (like PMLA, UAPA, and NDPS) must be balanced with constitutional rights. Fast-Tracking of Trials: The SC highlighted the need for expeditious trial processes, especially in cases where stringent laws are applied. Reference to KA Najeeb Case (2021): The court referenced its earlier judgment, affirming that prolonged delays in trials under UAPA laws can be grounds for granting bail. Fundamental Rights: The right to a speedy trial is tied to Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. Prolonged detention without trial can violate these rights. Compensation for Wrongful Detention: Individuals who have suffered wrongful imprisonment may seek compensation for violations of their rights under Article 21, especially in cases where they are later acquitted after long periods of detention. Concerns Regarding India’s Bail System Overcrowding of Undertrials: Over 75% of prisoners in India are undertrials, and the prison occupancy rate stands at 118%, indicating a crisis of overcrowding and inefficiencies in the bail system that require urgent reform. Supreme Court’s Observation: In the Satender Kumar Antil vs CBI case (2022), the Supreme Court recognized the shortcomings in the system, particularly in granting bail and dealing with undertrial prisoners. Presumption of Innocence: The principle of ‘presumption of innocence’ is weakened due to prolonged undertrial detention. This legal principle affirms that individuals should be considered innocent until proven guilty. Data Gaps: Critical data on undertrials, such as demographics, categories of offenses, and timelines for bail, as well as acceptance or rejection rates of bail applications, are not readily accessible. Arrests Justified as ‘Necessary’: The justification for arrests often hinges on the belief that they are necessary to secure the accused’s presence in court, but this disproportionately affects marginalized groups. Disadvantaged Individuals Remain Unprotected: Many arrested individuals, especially from disadvantaged communities, find themselves unprotected under the current system. Discretion in Granting Bail: The power to grant bail is left to the discretion of the courts and varies based on the facts of each case, the nature of the offense, and the likelihood of the accused absconding or tampering with evidence. Compliance with Bail Conditions: A significant number of undertrials remain in jail because they are unable to comply with stringent bail conditions. Challenging Bail Conditions: Conditions like cash bonds, surety bonds, and proof of property ownership make it difficult for the poor to secure their release, as these assumptions favor those with financial means or social connections. Way Forward Reforming Bail Conditions: Simplify and reassess bail conditions to ensure accessibility, especially for economically disadvantaged individuals. Introduce alternatives such as community service in place of cash and surety bonds. Safeguards Against Arbitrary Arrests: Implement guidelines and safeguards to prevent arbitrary arrests, especially for vulnerable populations. The police should be required to provide clear justifications for making arrests. Community-Based Supervision: Develop alternative programs like community-based supervision, which could involve local organizations or social workers monitoring undertrials instead of relying solely on bail. Reformatory Facilities: Petty criminals awaiting trial could be placed in reformatory facilities where they can participate in volunteer work or engage in productive activities, rather than being held in overcrowded prisons. Speedy Trials: Speedy trials, as highlighted by the Supreme Court Committee on Prison Reforms chaired by Justice (retd) Amitava Roy, can help mitigate the issue of overcrowding. Improving Infrastructure: The “Empirical Study to Evaluate the Delivery of Justice through Improved Infrastructure” recommends increasing courtroom space, providing basic furniture, and developing digital infrastructure, as well as increasing skilled manpower to reduce the number of undertrials. Clarifying Laws: Clearly defining laws and explaining individuals’ rights and responsibilities can help prevent prolonged detention caused by misunderstandings or gaps in the legal system. Reforming UN Security Council Context: As the United Nations nears its 80th anniversary in 2025, the G4 nations (India, Brazil, Germany, and Japan) have renewed their push for significant reforms of the UN Security Council (UNSC). Their call for change is backed by other plurilateral groups, including the L69 and C-10, which supports broadening the representation and improving the effectiveness of the UNSC. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: G4, L69, and C-10 Groups Overview United Nations Security Council G4, L69, and C-10 Groups Overview: L69 Group: The L69 Group consists of 42 developing nations from Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific, including India. Its primary goal is to advocate for the expansion of both permanent and non-permanent UNSC membership, ensuring the Security Council reflects global realities and enhances accountability. The group calls for a review of the permanent membership composition every 15 years to adapt to changing global dynamics. Named after the “L.69” draft document introduced in 2007-08, the group initiated the Intergovernmental Negotiation (IGN) process to facilitate UNSC reforms. C-10 Group: The Committee of Ten (C-10) consists of 10 African nations representing the African Union. Its main objective is to reform the UNSC, focusing on increasing African representation in line with the Common African Position based on the Ezulwini Consensus and the Sirte Declaration. The Ezulwini Consensus (2005) proposed 2 permanent seats with veto power and 5 non-permanent seats for Africa, aiming to ensure more democratic and representative UNSC processes. The Sirte Declaration (1999) established the African Union to address peace and security across the African continent, further strengthening Africa’s voice in global governance. G4 Group: The G4 Group comprises Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan—countries aspiring to become permanent UNSC members. Formed in 2004, the group promotes UN Security Council Reforms to expand its permanent membership. The G4 members support each other’s bid for permanent UNSC membership, emphasizing mutual cooperation in the global diplomatic arena. United Nations Security Council The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations. The Permanent Residence of UNSC in the UN Headquarters New York City, USA. Its primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member states, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions that member states are then obligated to implement under the Charter- Hence, it is the only body of the UN with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states. Resolutions of the Security Council are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers, military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. Membership It has 15 Members (5 as Permanent Members and 10 as Non- Permanent Members), and each Member has one vote. The Five permanent members are: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Each of the Permanent Members has Veto Power over every decision of UNSC. The Ten non-permanent members are Elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly. Each year, the General Assembly elects five non-permanent members (out of ten in total) for a two-year term. The ten non-permanent seats are distributed on a regional basis. As per the rules of procedure, a retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election and the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations. The presidency of the Council rotates monthly, going alphabetically among member states. Functions and Powers of UNSC Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are: to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations; to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction; to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement; to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments; to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken; to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression; to take military action against an aggressor; to recommend the admission of new Members; to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in “strategic areas”; to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice. -Source: The Hindu New Rice Variety Pusa-2090 to Help Reduce Stubble Burning Context: To address the persistent issue of farm fires in Punjab and Haryana, the government is promoting the adoption of new rice varieties. Pusa-2090 has been identified as a viable alternative to the popular Pusa-44 due to its similar yield potential. Crucially, Pusa-2090 can be harvested in early to mid-October, which is earlier than traditional varieties. This earlier harvest timing is key as it eliminates the need for stubble burning—a practice typically done to quickly clear fields before the sowing of wheat—thereby contributing to environmental conservation and reducing air pollution. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: PUSA-44: A Paddy Variety with Implications Overview of Pusa-2090 Key Facts about the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) PUSA-44: A Paddy Variety with Implications Development: PUSA-44 is a paddy variety that was developed in 1993 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Widespread Adoption: By the end of the 2010s, PUSA-44 had gained immense popularity among farmers in Punjab, covering a substantial portion, approximately 70 to 80%, of the paddy cultivation area. Farmers have reported significantly higher yields with PUSA-44, producing nearly 85 to 100 quintals per acre, compared to the average yield of 28 to 30 quintals per acre with other varieties. Concerns Surrounding PUSA-44: Longer Duration: PUSA-44 is a long-duration paddy variety, taking around 160 days to mature, which is 35 to 40 days longer than other varieties. This extended growth period necessitates 5-6 additional cycles of irrigation. Groundwater Depletion: Given Punjab’s severe groundwater depletion issue, the government aims to conserve one month of irrigation water by banning this variety. Stubble Burning: PUSA-44 exacerbates the problem of stubble burning in the state. It generates approximately 2% more stubble than shorter-duration varieties, posing a significant environmental concern when cultivated on a large scale. Overview of Pusa-2090 Pusa-2090 is a recently developed, short-duration paddy variety by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), designed as a potential substitute for the Pusa-44 variety. It is the result of a cross between Pusa-44 and CB-501 (an early-maturing Japonica rice line). Pusa-2090 matures in 120-125 days, similar to PR-126, but offers a higher yield of about 34-35 quintals per acre, aligning it with the yield of Pusa-44. Key Benefits High Tillers and Grain Count: Pusa-2090 maintains a high number of tillers (grain-bearing branches) and grains per panicle, comparable to Pusa-44 and outperforming PR-126. Resilience Against Lodging: It features a robust culm (stem), reducing susceptibility to lodging (falling over due to strong winds or heavy rains), and responds well to nitrogen application. Water Efficiency: The shorter growth duration of Pusa-2090 helps conserve water, requiring 5-6 fewer irrigations compared to Pusa-44, which typically needs 29-30 irrigations. Can Pusa-2090 Replace Pusa-44? Comparable Yield: Pusa-2090 shows only a slight reduction in yield compared to Pusa-44, producing nearly as much grain. Early Maturity: Its early maturity, similar to PR-126, allows farmers to harvest sooner, enabling better preparation for subsequent crops without delay. Water-Saving Benefits: Pusa-2090 is an attractive alternative for farmers seeking both high yields and efficient water use. Post-Pusa-44 Era: Following the ban on Pusa-44, farmers are considering Pusa-2090 as a strong alternative in the region. Milling Quality: Apart from yield, the milling quality of rice plays a crucial role. For instance, PR-126 is not favored by millers due to its low rice recovery rate of 63%, which is below the government-mandated standard of 67%. Market Potential: If Pusa-2090 can match the grain quality of Pusa-44, it may gain wider acceptance among millers. Key Facts about the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Autonomous Organization: ICAR is an autonomous organization operating under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Former Name: ICAR was formerly known as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research. Establishment: It was established on 16 July 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. Its establishment was in response to the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Agriculture. Apex Body: ICAR serves as the apex body responsible for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in various fields of agriculture, including horticulture, fisheries, and animal sciences, across India. National Agricultural System: ICAR oversees a vast network of agricultural institutions, including 113 ICAR institutes and 71 agricultural universities, making it one of the largest national agricultural systems globally. Headquarters: The headquarters of ICAR is located in New Delhi, India. -Source: Indian Express Lake Michigan Context: Researchers recently surveyed the bottom of Lake Michigan after spotting strange circles on the lakebed in 2022, and new observations show the circles are craters. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Lake Michigan Size and Ranking: Lake Michigan is the third largest among the Great Lakes of North America and the only one situated entirely within the United States. Global Standing: It is the fourth largest freshwater lake by surface area and the fifth largest lake globally. Dimensions: The lake stretches 321 miles (517 km) from north to south and has a maximum width of 118 miles (190 km). Drainage Basin: Lake Michigan has a drainage basin covering an area of 45,600 square miles (118,095 square km). Connection to Lake Huron: It is directly linked to Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac, which helps maintain water level equilibrium between the two lakes, making them behave like a single lake. River Inflows: Numerous rivers flow into Lake Michigan, including the Fox-Wolf, Grand, St. Joseph, and Kalamazoo rivers, which are part of the lake’s extensive drainage basin. Natural Habitats: Lake Michigan supports diverse natural habitats such as tallgrass prairies, savannas, and contains the largest freshwater sand dunes in the world. Biodiversity: The lake is home to a rich variety of flora and fauna, including several rare and endangered species like the Hine’s Emerald Dragonfly and the Dwarf Lake Iris. -Source: The Hindu Peechi -Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Context: A female elephant recently died due to apparent electrocution near a tribal colony close to the Peechi wildlife sanctuary in Kerala’s Thrissur district. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Location: Situated in Thrissur District, Kerala. Establishment and Area: Covering an area of 125 square kilometers, the sanctuary was established in 1958. Catchment Area: It lies within the catchment areas of both the Peechi and Vazhani Dams. Forestry Link: This sanctuary is a part of the Palapilli-Nelliampathy forests and forms the northern boundary of the Chimmini Wildlife Sanctuary. Vegetation and Terrain Forest Types: The sanctuary is home to tropical evergreen, tropical semievergreen, and moist deciduous forests. Terrain: The landscape is undulating with altitudes ranging from 100 to 914 meters, the highest point being Ponmudi. Flora The sanctuary hosts more than 50 species of orchids, numerous rare medicinal plants, and trees with high commercial value like teak and rosewood. Fauna The sanctuary supports a diverse wildlife population, including over 25 species of mammals. It is home to carnivores like leopards, tigers, and foxes, along with herbivores like elk, deer, barking deer, spotted deer, gaur, and elephants. -Source: The Hindu Garra zubzaensis and Psilorhynchus kosygini Context: Researchers have recently discovered two new fish species namely Garra zubzaensis and Psilorhynchus kosygini, of torrent minnows in the pristine rivers of Nagaland. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About New Fish Species: The new fish species described here are torrent minnows, belonging to the genus Psilorhynchus under the family Psilorhynchidae. Torrent minnows are freshwater species usually found in fast-flowing streams with strong currents such as rivers and mountain streams. Garra zubzaensis: Location: Discovered in the Zubza River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River in Kohima district. Habitat: The river’s gravel, cobbles, and sandy substrate offer a perfect environment for these benthic species. Adaptations: Garra zubzaensis is well-suited for living in fast-flowing rocky streams. They use their gular discs (sucker-like structures) to cling to surfaces and feed. Psilorhynchus kosygini: Location: Found in the Tepuiki River, a tributary of the Barak River in Nagaland’s Peren district. Genus Origin: Psilorhynchus kosygini belongs to a genus primarily found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Habitat: This species thrives in the shaded, fast-flowing waters of the Tepuiki River, favoring its gravelly and rocky substrate. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 September 2024

CONTENTS Paryatan Mitra And Paryatan Didi Initiative BRICS Paryatan Mitra And Paryatan Didi Initiative Context: Recently, the Ministry of Tourism has launched a national responsible tourism initiative titled Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi Initiative The Paryatan Mitra and Paryatan Didi Initiative is aimed at enhancing the tourist experience across India by promoting interactions with tourist-friendly locals who serve as Ambassadors and Storytellers for their region. Vision: The initiative seeks to present the essence of Incredible India through the warmth and hospitality of its people, making tourism experiences more welcoming and memorable. Pilot Locations: The initiative has been piloted in six destinations: Orchha (Madhya Pradesh) Gandikota (Andhra Pradesh) Bodh Gaya (Bihar) Aizawl (Mizoram) Jodhpur (Rajasthan) Sri Vijaya Puram (Andaman & Nicobar Islands) Key Features: Focus on Women and Youth Training: The initiative emphasizes training women and youth in developing innovative tourism experiences like heritage walks, food tours, craft tours, nature treks, and homestay experiences. Inspired by “Athithi Devo Bhava” Philosophy: The training promotes treating tourists as honored guests, following the Indian tradition of hospitality. Employment Opportunities: The program envisions locals using these skills to seek employment in tourism as homestay owners, cuisine providers, cultural guides, natural guides, adventure guides, and more. Digital Training: In addition to tourism-specific training, participants receive digital literacy training to help make their tourism experiences more discoverable and accessible to tourists on a national and global scale. BRICS Context: The Indian External Affairs Minister recently met with his BRICS counterparts to affirm its role in a multipolar world. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is BRICS? What is BRICS? BRICS is the international grouping of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. This was set up as a move towards greater multi­polarity; hence the spread across three continents and both hemispheres. In terms of GDP, China occupies the second position; India the fifth; Brazil the ninth; Russia the 11th; and South Africa the 35th. In terms of growth rates, China grew at 6%; India at 4.5%, Russia 1.7%, Brazil 1.2% and South Africa 0.1%. BRICS does not exist in form of organization, but it is an annual summit between the supreme leaders of five nations. The Chairmanship of the forum is rotated annually among the members, in accordance with the acronym B-R-I-C-S. The BRICS seeks to deepen, broaden and intensify cooperation within the grouping and among the individual countries for more sustainable, equitable and mutually beneficial development. BRICS takes into consideration each member’s growth, development and poverty objectives to ensure relations are built on the respective country’s economic strengths and to avoid competition where possible. BRICS is emerging as a new and promising political-diplomatic entity with diverse objectives, far beyond the original objective of reforming global financial institutions.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 September 2024

Contents: Common Practice Standards Must Have an India-Centric Outlook for Carbon Finance Projects Demand Flux: India’s Growth Dynamics May Falter with Waning Urban Consumption A Rice Variety to Curb Farm Fires: Pusa-2090’s Potential for Sustainable Farming Common Practice Standards Must Have an India-Centric Outlook for Carbon Finance Projects Context: India’s agroforestry sector has substantial potential to contribute to global carbon finance through afforestation, reforestation, and revegetation (ARR) initiatives. With the right incentives and policies, India could double its agroforestry area by 2050, significantly enhancing its carbon sink capacity. However, existing global carbon standards often do not consider India’s fragmented, smallholder-dominated land patterns, limiting farmers’ participation in carbon credit projects. Revising these standards to suit Indian conditions is crucial for achieving environmental sustainability and economic development. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Environment, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development). Mains Question: Analyze the challenges faced by India’s agroforestry sector in participating in global carbon finance projects. How can ‘Common Practice Standards’ be revised to better suit India’s unique agricultural landscape? (250 words) India’s Potential in the Agroforestry Sector: India’s agroforestry area currently covers 28.4 million hectares, contributing 8.65% of India’s total land area. The sector stores 19.3% of India’s carbon stocks. Expanding agroforestry to 53 million hectares by 2050 could add an additional 2.5 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent to the country’s carbon sink. Current Barriers in Carbon Standards: Global carbon finance platforms use a ‘Common Practice’ criterion to determine project eligibility for carbon credits. This standard often aligns with large-scale, contiguous landholdings typical of countries like the US, Latin America, or Africa. In contrast, 86.1% of Indian farmers operate on small, fragmented plots, making them ineligible for carbon credits under existing frameworks. Need for India-Centric Standards: Indian farmers use diverse agroforestry methods, such as planting trees along field boundaries or integrating agroforestry within agricultural landscapes. These small-scale, localized practices are not recognized as “additional” by global standards, excluding many Indian farmers from accessing carbon finance. Revising the standards to include smallholder-dominated landscapes would enable millions of farmers to participate and earn carbon credits. Benefits of an Inclusive Approach: Adopting India-specific standards would not only provide income diversification for farmers but also promote sustainable land-use practices. Participating in carbon finance projects can enhance soil fertility, reduce erosion, and improve water retention. These benefits align with broader goals of climate adaptation and rural development. Successful Examples in India: Organizations like the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) have piloted ARR projects in seven states, benefiting over 56,600 farmers. These initiatives show that with supportive standards and frameworks, small and marginal farmers can successfully engage in carbon credit markets. However, scaling up requires revising ‘Common Practice’ guidelines to align with the realities of India’s fragmented landholding patterns. Role of International Carbon Platforms: Platforms like the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) or Gold Standard need to expand their criteria to accommodate India’s land structure. They should recognize incremental changes such as planting trees along field boundaries or restoring degraded forest areas. This would ensure that Indian projects contribute meaningfully to carbon sequestration and are acknowledged for carbon credits. Strategic Importance for India: India’s agroforestry sector has the potential to become a global leader in sustainable agriculture. Revising standards will unlock the carbon finance market for millions of smallholders, providing economic resilience and contributing to national climate goals. A more inclusive approach can also position India as a key player in international climate negotiations, showcasing its commitment to sustainability. Latest Data and Numbers: Current agroforestry area: 28.4 million hectares. Potential agroforestry area by 2050: 53 million hectares. Contribution to India’s carbon sink: 19.3% of national carbon stocks. Potential carbon addition: 2.5 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent by 2050. India’s smallholder farming: 86.1% of farmers operate on less than 2 hectares. Conclusion: India’s agroforestry sector presents a unique opportunity to integrate with global carbon finance if international standards are revised to suit its landscape. Revising ‘Common Practice’ standards to recognize smallholder and fragmented landholdings will empower millions of farmers to participate in carbon credit markets, promoting both economic and environmental benefits. Aligning these standards with India’s needs is crucial to realizing the full potential of agroforestry and achieving sustainable development. Implementing India-centric carbon finance standards would be a transformative step in scaling up agroforestry projects, ensuring that the sector achieves its dual goals of environmental sustainability and rural economic development. Demand Flux: India’s Growth Dynamics May Falter with Waning Urban Consumption Context: India’s GDP growth for 2023-24 reached 8.2%, but there are warning signs, especially in the form of faltering urban consumption and a struggling farm sector. While the farm sector’s slowdown is attributed to erratic monsoons, private consumption growth remains low. The decline in urban demand, if unaddressed, could hinder overall economic growth, affecting investment cycles and job creation. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Economic Development, Growth, and Inflation Management). Mains Question: Analyze the recent trends in India’s consumption patterns and their implications on economic growth. Discuss measures that could be taken to stimulate urban demand. (250 words) Current Growth Scenario: India’s GDP grew by 8.2% in 2023-24, but private consumption expenditure (PFCE) grew only by 4%, which is less than half of the overall economic pace. This is the weakest consumption growth since 2002-03, excluding the pandemic-hit 2020-21. Sectoral Slowdown: The farm sector’s slowdown due to an erratic monsoon dampened rural demand. Economists observed a K-shaped consumption pattern, with high-end goods and services seeing better growth than essential goods. This disparity indicates weakening consumption in lower economic segments. Urban Demand and Inflation Concerns: Urban demand, which was expected to support the economy, is also showing signs of fatigue. The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) Consumer Confidence Survey for July 2024 showed a decline in consumer optimism. High inflation, especially in food prices, has reduced the ability of urban consumers to spend on discretionary items. Impact on Economic Growth: A slowdown in consumption could disrupt the virtuous cycle of investment, job creation, and higher consumption, leading to a negative spiral. Lower demand affects industrial capacity utilization, reducing private investments and delaying new projects. Key Indicators to Monitor: The Finance Ministry highlighted a dip in passenger vehicle sales from April to August 2024 as a sign of weakening urban demand. S&P Global Ratings has downgraded India’s growth expectation to 6.8% for this fiscal year, indicating that high interest rates are tempering consumption. Policy Recommendations: The government needs to consider measures to stimulate demand, particularly in urban areas. Strategies could include passing on the benefits of reduced global oil prices to consumers and cutting taxes on retail fuel prices to increase disposable income. Rural Consumption Trends: On a positive note, rural demand has shown signs of recovery, driven by higher real wage growth and cooling inflation. Two-wheeler sales and other rural indicators have improved, suggesting a possible revival in rural consumption. Long-Term Measures Needed: Structural reforms to boost disposable incomes, reduce inflationary pressures, and support employment generation are crucial. Additionally, targeted interventions like relief in income tax slabs or subsidies could help increase consumer spending. Latest Data and Numbers: GDP growth for 2023-24: 8.2%. PFCE growth: 4% (lowest since 2002-03, excluding 2020-21). S&P Global’s revised GDP growth projection: 6.8%. Urban consumption trends: Dip in passenger vehicle sales from April-August 2024. Conclusion: India’s robust GDP growth is threatened by declining urban consumption and a fragile rural economy. Without targeted policy interventions, the current growth momentum may not sustain. Addressing these concerns through demand-side measures and stabilizing inflation is vital to keep the economy on its growth trajectory. Effective fiscal measures and careful monitoring of demand dynamics are essential to maintain economic stability and ensure inclusive growth across both urban and rural sectors. A Rice Variety to Curb Farm Fires: Pusa-2090’s Potential for Sustainable Farming Context: Pusa-2090, a new rice variety developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), could play a crucial role in reducing stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. This new variety, which matures 30-35 days earlier than the widely grown Pusa-44, can be harvested by early to mid-October, allowing enough time for farmers to prepare for wheat sowing without resorting to stubble burning. With comparable yield levels and shorter growing cycles, Pusa-2090 offers an environmentally friendly and economically viable alternative for farmers. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Agriculture, Environmental Conservation, and Technology) Mains Question: Discuss how the adoption of early-maturing rice varieties like Pusa-2090 can contribute to reducing stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. Analyze its economic and environmental benefits. (250 words) The Problem of Stubble Burning: Stubble burning is a major issue in Punjab and Haryana, contributing to severe air pollution in North India every winter. Farmers burn paddy stubble to quickly clear fields for the next wheat crop due to the short window between harvesting rice and sowing wheat. Current Popular Varieties: Pusa-44, the most popular variety in Punjab, takes 155-160 days from sowing to maturity and is harvested around mid-November. The late harvest leaves farmers with no time to clear the fields for wheat sowing, forcing them to burn the stubble. Introduction of Pusa-2090: Pusa-2090, developed by IARI, matures in 120 days—30-35 days earlier than Pusa-44. This shorter duration allows harvesting by early October, providing a 25-30 day window before wheat sowing begins. Early harvesting eliminates the need for stubble burning as farmers have enough time to clear the fields manually or mechanically. Yield and Economic Viability: Pusa-2090’s yield (35-36 quintals per acre) is nearly equivalent to Pusa-44’s yield, making it a viable option for farmers. Additionally, early harvesting results in water savings, with Pusa-2090 requiring 5-6 fewer irrigations compared to Pusa-44. This translates to significant cost savings and higher net returns. Environmental Benefits: Adopting Pusa-2090 can substantially reduce stubble burning, lowering air pollution and improving soil health. Reducing smoke emissions would also alleviate respiratory issues in the region and contribute to meeting air quality standards. Acceptance Among Farmers: Farmers like Harpreet Singh from Punjab, who have experimented with Pusa-2090, report satisfaction with its yield and the additional time it provides for land preparation. The Punjab government’s decision to ban Pusa-44 and promote Pusa-2090 through subsidies indicates a policy shift towards sustainable farming. Long-Term Implications: Widespread adoption of early-maturing varieties like Pusa-2090 can change the crop cycle dynamics in North India, reducing the environmental footprint of paddy cultivation. This shift can be supported by government incentives, awareness programs, and easy access to seed varieties. Latest Data and Numbers: Pusa-2090 maturation period: 120 days. Pusa-44 maturation period: 155-160 days. Pusa-2090 yield: 35-36 quintals per acre (similar to Pusa-44). Potential water savings: 5-6 fewer irrigations compared to Pusa-44. Conclusion: The introduction of Pusa-2090 is a promising solution to the perennial problem of stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. Its early maturation and comparable yields make it economically attractive to farmers. Policymakers should focus on promoting such varieties to create a sustainable agricultural model that benefits both the environment and farmers. Encouraging the adoption of Pusa-2090 through targeted support and extension services could pave the way for sustainable agriculture in the region, mitigating the negative impact of stubble burning and ensuring long-term environmental and economic benefits.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 September 2024

CONTENTS Recovery in India’s Sugar Sector India’s Shipbuilding Mission: Aiming for Global Leadership by 2047 Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 Draft Guidelines for Withdrawal of Life Support Released Rashtriya Poshan Maah Global Innovation Index 2024 GST Compensation Cess  Recovery in India’s Sugar Sector Context: India’s sugar industry is showing signs of significant recovery following an extended period of uncertainty. This rebound is crucial for the agriculture sector, impacting numerous stakeholders from farmers to exporters. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: State of the Sugar Industry in India Significance of the Sugar Industry in India Challenges Associated with the Sugar Industry in India Way Forward State of the Sugar Industry in India: Production Forecast (2024): The Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) projects gross sugar production at 34.0 million metric tons (MT) for the Sugar Year (SY) 2024. Net production is estimated at 32.3 million MT after accounting for ethanol diversion and a ban on exports. Global Comparison: Brazil leads global sugar production with 45.54 million MT in 2023-24, contributing 25% of the global output. India is the largest consumer and the second-largest producer of sugar, contributing 19% of global production. Domestic Consumption: Domestic consumption is projected at 28.5 million MT for 2024. A closing stock of 9.4 million MT is expected by September 2024, an increase from 5.6 million MT in the previous year. Ethanol Supply: A target of 320 crore liters for the first half of the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2024 was set. 224 crore liters were supplied by March 2024, achieving a blending ratio of 11.96%. Major Production Areas: North India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab. South India: Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh. South India is known for higher sucrose content, resulting in higher yields per unit area. Geographical Conditions for Sugarcane Growth: Temperature: 21-27°C (hot and humid climate). Rainfall: 75-100 cm annually. Soil Type: Deep rich loamy soil. Significance of the Sugar Industry in India: Economic Importance: The sugar sector is highly labor-intensive, providing livelihoods to approximately 50 million farmers and their families. Direct employment to over 500,000 skilled workers, in addition to numerous semi-skilled workers in sugar mills. Value Chain: The industry supports a broad value chain, spanning sugarcane cultivation to the production of sugar and alcohol, contributing to both local and national economic growth. Byproducts: Key byproducts include ethanol, molasses, and bagasse, which play a significant role in various industries. Multi-Product Crop: The sugar industry is a multi-product industry, serving as a source for sugar, ethanol, paper, and electricity generation. Molasses: Molasses is a highly nutritious byproduct used for livestock feeding and alcohol production, contributing to the agricultural economy. Ethanol Production: Ethanol is predominantly produced from sugarcane molasses, playing a critical role in reducing reliance on crude oil imports through ethanol-blended fuels. Bagasse: Bagasse, the fibrous residue after sugar extraction, is a key raw material in the paper industry, contributing about 30% of cellulose requirements from agricultural residues. Challenges Associated with the Sugar Industry in India Water-Intensive Crop: Sugarcane is highly dependent on water and is predominantly cultivated in monsoon-reliant regions like Maharashtra and Karnataka, exacerbating water scarcity in these areas. Seasonal Availability and Sucrose Loss: Delays in crushing sugarcane after harvest (beyond 24 hours) lead to sucrose loss, posing a significant challenge. Low Sugar Recovery Rate: The sugar recovery rate in Indian sugar mills remains at 9.5-10%, lower than the 13-14% observed in other countries. This stagnation is due to limited advancements in sugarcane varieties and improved yields. Competition with Other Crops: Sugarcane cultivation competes with other food and cash crops like cotton, oilseeds, and rice, leading to price volatility during surplus periods when prices fall. Outdated Machinery in Sugar Mills: Many sugar mills, particularly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, operate with outdated machinery, reducing productivity. Low Return on Gur Production: While gur has higher nutritional value, it has a lower sugar recovery rate than sugar, leading to economic losses when sugarcane is diverted to gur production. Price Discrepancies: Gur factories often offer a lower price for sugarcane than sugar mills, incentivizing farmers to sell to them, which further impacts overall sugar production. Way Forward Research and Development (R&D) Investment: There is a need for substantial investment in R&D to develop high-yielding, drought-resistant sugarcane varieties, which will improve productivity and long-term sustainability. Remote Sensing Technologies: Advanced remote sensing technologies should be deployed to accurately map sugarcane cultivation areas and provide reliable data for better management. Government Intervention in Pricing: When the cane price determined by the formula drops below a reasonable level, the government can bridge the gap by creating a dedicated fund, sourced from a cess on sugar sales. Incentivizing Ethanol Production: The government should promote ethanol production to reduce reliance on oil imports and manage surplus sugar production, thereby stabilizing both the sugar and energy markets. -Source: The Hindu India’s Shipbuilding Mission: Aiming for Global Leadership by 2047 Context: The Minister for Ports, Shipping, and Waterways is spearheading a new Shipbuilding Mission aimed at establishing a strong global presence in the shipbuilding industry by 2047. This initiative is part of the broader Make in India campaign, which seeks to enhance domestic manufacturing capabilities. Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Shipbuilding Industry Key Features of the Proposed Shipbuilding Mission Recent Developments in India’s Maritime Sector Overview of the Shipbuilding Industry Shipbuilding involves activities related to the design, construction, maintenance, and repair of various types of vessels used in transportation, defence, and commerce. Shipyards: Shipyards are specialised facilities responsible for assembling ships and managing large-scale maritime construction projects. Global Market Insights: In 2023, the global market for shipbuilding was valued at approximately USD 207.15 billion, and it is projected to grow to USD 220.52 billion by 2024. Key Shipbuilding Nations: The main contributors to the global shipbuilding industry include China, South Korea, Japan, India, Germany, and the United States. China, South Korea, and Japan account for a combined 85% of the global market share. India’s Contribution: India represents 0.06% of the global shipbuilding industry. The country ranks 12th globally, with shipbuilding exports valued at USD 1.12 billion, while China leads with exports worth USD 25 billion. In 2022, the value of India’s shipbuilding sector was USD 90 million, with projections indicating growth to USD 8.12 billion by 2033. Future Potential: The Indian shipbuilding sector has the potential to unlock opportunities worth over USD 237 billion by 2047, aided by government support, favourable geographic location, and cost-effective labour. Leading Indian Shipbuilding Companies: Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL): A key player in constructing warships for the Indian Navy and Coast Guard. Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL): Specialises in the production of offshore vessels, oil tankers, and aircraft carriers. CSL is India’s largest shipbuilder and operates the country’s most extensive ship-repair facilities. Adani Group’s Shipbuilding Initiative: In 2024, the Adani Group announced a large-scale shipbuilding project at Mundra Port in Gujarat, with a proposed investment of Rs 45,000 crore. The initiative aims to establish India as a major player in global shipbuilding, with a target market valuation of USD 62 billion by 2047. Key Features of the Proposed Shipbuilding Mission Goal for 2047: The government aims to position India as a leading player in the shipbuilding industry and establish the country as a global maritime hub by 2047. Current Global Market Share: India currently holds less than 1% of the global shipbuilding market. Twelve Key Focus Areas: The mission has outlined twelve focus areas for development, including financing, insurance, ownership, leasing, chartering, shipbuilding, repair, recycling, flagging, registration, operations, technical management, staffing, crewing, and arbitration. Shipbuilding Parks: Plans are in place to develop mega shipbuilding parks on both the eastern and western coasts of India. South Korea and Japan have been invited to explore foreign investment opportunities. Locations: These shipbuilding parks will be located in states like Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Gujarat. Economic Impact: Since 95% of India’s trade relies on foreign vessels, the initiative aims to reduce this dependency and retain the estimated annual outflow of USD 110 billion. Maritime Development Fund: The government plans to create a Maritime Development Fund with a corpus of Rs 25,000 crore to provide long-term financing for maritime initiatives, potentially modeled after the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID). Upcoming Missions: Two additional missions are planned: Cruise India Mission: Focused on upgrading port infrastructure and building exclusive cruise terminals to accommodate large vessels. Ship Repair and Recycling Mission: Aiming to develop India as a repair and recycling hub for ships. Major Repair Hubs: Cities like Kochi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and Vadinar (in Gujarat) will be further developed into major repair centers. Centre of Excellence: A Centre of Excellence in Shipbuilding and Repair will be established to foster innovation in these sectors. Free Trade Depot: Customs exemptions for imported materials used in ship repairs will be provided through Free Trade Depots at shipyards. Maritime Dispute Resolution: The International Maritime Dispute Resolution Centre (IIMDRC) has been launched to resolve maritime disputes domestically, reducing dependence on hubs like Dubai and Singapore. The IIMDRC will offer merit-based, industry-governed solutions, positioning India as a hub for maritime arbitration. Third-Party Maritime Insurance: A proposal for establishing the India Club is being considered to provide third-party maritime insurance for coastal and inland waterways, protecting against international sanctions and economic pressures. Recent Developments in India’s Maritime Sector Mega Ports Expansion: India has ambitious plans for establishing mega ports across the country, including the recently approved Rs 76,220 crore Vadhavan port in Maharashtra. Transhipment Port: A mega port is planned at Galathea Bay in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, designed to handle transhipment cargo currently managed outside of India. Container Capacity Growth: The ministry projects that India’s container handling capacity will grow to 40 million TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) over the next five years. Jawaharlal Nehru Port: India’s Jawaharlal Nehru Port aims to increase its capacity from 6.6 million TEUs to 10 million TEUs, becoming the first Indian port to achieve this capacity milestone. Land Allotment for Hydrogen Manufacturing Hubs: Around 3,900 acres of land has been allocated to the Deendayal Port Authority (DPA) in Kandla and VO Chidambaranar Port Trust to establish hydrogen manufacturing hubs. International Port Operations: India Ports Global Ltd (IPGL) has taken over operations at international ports in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. Chabahar Port Contract: India has successfully operationalized its contract for Chabahar Port. India-Middle East-Europe Corridor: The 4,800 km India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) will connect Indian ports with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Europe. MAITRI Interface: The Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface (MAITRI) integrates India’s operational trade portals with those of the UAE, streamlining cross-border processes. Virtual Trade Corridor (VTC): This platform, designed for secure and efficient trade data exchange, forms the backbone of the IMEC corridor. -Source: Live Mint Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 Context: NITI Aayog, the top think tank of the government, had opposed some of the provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: NITI Aayog’s Concerns Over the DPDP Bill Salient Features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 Issues with Obtaining Parental Consent Addressing the Issue of Parental Consent NITI Aayog’s Concerns Over the DPDP Bill The DPDP Bill suggested an amendment to Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act, which would restrict the disclosure of personal information related to public officials, even if there is a larger public interest at stake. During inter-ministerial consultations, NITI Aayog advised the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) not to proceed with the bill in its current form, warning that it could potentially weaken the RTI Act. Opposition parties and civil society activists also voiced their objections to the amendment during the consultation period, and later when the bill was debated in Parliament. Despite these reservations, the MeitY did not make changes to the RTI Act in the proposed amendment. The government defended the changes, arguing that the right to privacy is a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution, which should also be extended to government officers. Salient Features of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 Empowerment of Individuals: Grants individuals rights to access, correct, and erase their personal data. Provides citizens with enhanced control over their personal information. Consent Requirement: Stipulates that personal data can only be processed with explicit consent from individuals. Organizations must present clear and specific consent forms and secure consent before collecting data. Data Localization: Mandates that certain sensitive personal data must be stored and processed within India. Aims to bolster data security and simplify the enforcement of data protection regulations. Establishment of Data Protection Board: Creates the Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) to oversee compliance and address grievances. The Board is tasked with resolving disputes and imposing penalties for non-compliance. Breach Notification: Requires organizations to inform both individuals and the Data Protection Board about any data breaches that could compromise personal information. Promotes transparency and prompt action in the event of data leaks. Penalties for Non-Compliance: Imposes substantial fines for violations to encourage adherence to data protection standards. Issues with Obtaining Parental Consent Consent Requirement for Children’s Data: Section 9 of the DPDPA mandates that data fiduciaries must obtain verifiable consent from parents or guardians before processing children’s data. Prohibits harmful data processing and ad targeting aimed at minors. Exemptions: Certain entities, such as healthcare and educational institutions, may be exempt from obtaining verifiable parental consent under specific conditions. Limited exemptions are allowed based on the particular purpose for which the child’s data is processed. Challenges in Implementation: Difficulties in age verification and defining harm to children remain significant. Issues arise when parents revoke consent or when children reach the age of consent. Storing biometric data and ensuring compatibility across devices pose practical challenges. The act lacks clear guidance on how platforms should perform age-gating. Delay in Rules Implementation: The delay in finalizing data protection rules is primarily due to unresolved issues regarding verifiable parental consent. The DPDPA requires at least 25 provisions to operationalize the act, adding to the complexity. Proposed Solutions: The Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) initially considered using the DigiLocker app, but privacy and scalability concerns led to its rejection. Another suggestion was an electronic token system, but it faced practical limitations. A recent industry meeting proposed a graded approach based on risk, with the UK’s Age Appropriate Design Code (AADC) as a reference model. Addressing the Issue of Parental Consent Self-Declaration by Parents: Companies can allow parents to declare their relationship with the child during the account setup process. This method depends on the honesty of the parents and lacks a robust verification mechanism. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Implementing 2FA for parental accounts can enhance security. Parents receive a verification code via SMS or email to confirm their consent, adding an extra layer of security. Biometric Verification: Utilizing biometric methods, such as fingerprint or facial recognition, for parental consent can be both secure and privacy-conscious. Biometrics offer a high level of security by ensuring that only the authorized parent can provide consent. Proxy Consent: Allowing parents to authorize a trusted third party, such as a school or pediatrician, to verify their relationship with the child. This approach can provide additional verification and ease the process of obtaining consent. -Source: Indian Express Draft Guidelines for Withdrawal of Life Support Released Context: The Union Health Ministry has recently released the ‘Draft Guidelines for Withdrawal of Life Support in Terminally Ill Patients.’ This initiative seeks to establish a formal legal framework where previously only informal practices existed. Doctors have often informally advised families on withdrawing care for terminally ill patients, but the lack of formal guidelines has created a need for clear standards and protocols. Stakeholders are encouraged to provide feedback and suggestions on the draft by October 20, aiming to refine and formalize the approach to end-of-life care in India. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Draft guidelines on passive euthanasia What is euthanasia, and what is a living will? Different countries, different laws Draft guidelines on passive euthanasia The draft guidelines on passive euthanasia provide a framework for the withdrawal or withholding of medical treatment in terminally ill patients. The guidelines address the following key points: Defined Terminal Illness: Terminal illness is defined as an irreversible or incurable condition that leads to inevitable death in the foreseeable future. Conditions for Withdrawal or Withholding of Medical Treatment: The individual is brainstem dead. A medical assessment confirms that the patient’s condition is advanced and unlikely to improve with further treatment. The patient or their surrogate provides informed consent to discontinue life support after understanding the prognosis. The procedure complies with the Supreme Court’s directives. Patient Autonomy: Developed by AIIMS experts, the guidelines allow patients to decide on life support and resuscitation measures. The withdrawal of supportive care such as ventilation or dialysis is permitted if the patient is brain dead and unlikely to benefit from further interventions, provided the patient or surrogate refuses continued care. Advance Medical Directives: Individuals may issue advance medical directives outlining their treatment preferences in case they lose the ability to make decisions. Medical Board Review: If a physician determines that life-sustaining treatment is inappropriate, the case will be referred to a primary medical board for review. If the board concurs with the physician, a shared decision is made with the family, and a secondary medical board’s approval is required before life support is withdrawn. What is Euthanasia, and what is a living will? Euthanasia refers to the practice of an individual deliberately ending their life, oftentimes to get relief from an incurable condition, or intolerable pain and suffering. Euthanasia, which can be administered only by a physician, can be either ‘active’ or ‘passive’. Active euthanasia involves an active intervention to end a person’s life with substances or external force, such as administering a lethal injection. Passive euthanasia refers to withdrawing life support or treatment that is essential to keep a terminally ill person alive. Passive euthanasia was legalised in India by the Supreme Court in 2018, contingent upon the person having a ‘living will’ or a written document that specifies what actions should be taken if the person is unable to make their own medical decisions in the future. In case a person does not have a living will, members of their family can make a plea before the High Court to seek permission for passive euthanasia. Legality of Euthanasia in India Passive Euthanasia: The Supreme Court of India in the landmark case Common Cause vs Union of India (2018) acknowledged the right of individuals to die with dignity. The ruling allows terminally ill individuals to opt for passive euthanasia and make a living will, enabling them to refuse medical treatment if they are suffering from an incurable illness or enter a vegetative state. The judgment permits individuals to specify in their living will that they should not be placed on life support in the event of an incurable coma. The right to die with dignity was recognized as part of the fundamental right to life under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Active Euthanasia: Active euthanasia remains illegal in India and is considered a criminal offense. The only exception is when a person is declared brain dead, in which case life support can be withdrawn with the consent of the family. Different countries, different laws NETHERLANDS, LUXEMBOURG, BELGIUM allow both euthanasia and assisted suicide for anyone who faces “unbearable suffering” that has no chance of improvement. SWITZERLAND bans euthanasia but allows assisted dying in the presence of a doctor or physician. CANADA had announced that euthanasia and assisted dying would be allowed for mentally ill patients by March 2023; however, the decision has been widely criticised, and the move may be delayed. UNITED STATES has different laws in different states. Euthanasia is allowed in some states like Washington, Oregon, and Montana. UNITED KINGDOM considers it illegal and equivalent to manslaughter. -Source: Times of India Rashtriya Poshan Maah Context: The closing ceremony of 7th Rashtriya Poshan Maah 2024 will be  held on 30th September, 2024 at Shaurya Sabhagaar, Ranchi. The 7th Rashtriya Poshan Maah (1st-30th September, 2024), focused on Anaemia, Growth Monitoring, Complementary Feeding, and Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi, along with Technology for better governance. Relevance: Focus: GS II- Health Dimensions of the Article: National Nutrition Month (Rashtriya Poshan Maah) About Poshan Abhiyaan Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) – Govt. Schemes National Nutrition Month (Rashtriya Poshan Maah) The entire month of September is celebrated as the Rashtriya Poshan Maah. The purpose of celebrating the Poshan month is to take the message of nutrition to every nook and corner of the country (especially grass root level) and to focus on complimentary food, treatment, and prevention from infections in children. The programme is an initiative of Women and Child Development Ministry and NITI Aayog is supported by 18 line Ministries / Departments / Government Organizations. It seeks to synergise all efforts by leveraging technology and intends to take nutrition awareness to the level of Jan Andolan or People’s Movement. The programme focuses on 8 themes – Antenatal Care, Optimal Breastfeeding (Early & Exclusive), Complementary Feeding, Anemia, Growth Monitoring, Girls-education, diet, right age of Marriage, Hygiene & Sanitation, Food Fortification. About Poshan Abhiyaan The term ‘POSHAN’ in the name of the programme stands for ‘Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition’. POSHAN Abhiyaan launched in 2018 aims at improving the nutritional status of Children from 0-6 years, Adolescent Girls, Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers. According to ‘Mission 25 by 2020’, the National Nutrition Mission aims to achieve a reduction in stunting from 38.4% to 25% by 2022. POSHAN Abhiyaan focuses on convergence among partner Ministries leveraging technology and Jan Andolan among other things, to address issue of malnutrition comprehensively. Near-real time reporting by field functionaries and improved MIS is aimed at smooth implementation of scheme and better service delivery. It also targets stunting, under-nutrition, anaemia (among young children, women and adolescent girls) and low birth rate. It will monitor and review implementation of all such schemes and utilize existing structural arrangements of line ministries wherever available. Its large component involves gradual scaling-up of interventions supported by on-going World Bank assisted Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Systems Strengthening and Nutrition Improvement Project (ISSNIP) to all districts in the country by 2022. Its vision is to ensure attainment of malnutrition free India by 2022. Implementation of POSHAN Abhiyaan is based on the four-point strategy/pillars of the mission: Inter-sectoral convergence for better service delivery Use of technology (ICT) for real time growth monitoring and tracking of women and children Intensified health and nutrition services for the first 1000 days Jan Andolan Issues of Poshan Abhiyaan Information and communications technology-enabled real time monitoring (ICT-RTM) has been rolled out in POSHAN Abhiyaan districts. This could be ineffective due to the limited capacities of Anganwadi workers (AWs) to handle smartphones owing to their lack of technological literacy. Technical issues like slow servers and data deletion problems, resulting in irregular and improper recording of growth data of children. AWs are the fulcrum of POSHAN Abhiyaan and render vital services to mothers and children in villages. Nearly 40% of AWs had to use their personal money to run the AWCs, 35% of them complained of delayed payments. This makes AWs demotivated and demoralized. Anganwadi Centres Anganwadis or day-care centres are set up under the centrally sponsored Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme. The scheme is being implemented by the Ministry of Women and Child Development. Anganwadi centres provide a package of six services: supplementary nutrition, pre-school non-formal education, immunisation, nutrition and health education, as well as referral services. The primary aim of the scheme is to reduce infant mortality and child malnutrition. Beneficiaries of these centers will be Children in the age group of zero to six years, and pregnant women and lactating mothers. It was started by the Government of India In 1975 as part of the Integrated Child Development Services program to combat child hunger and malnutrition. The beneficiaries under the Anganwadi Services Scheme are identified on the basis of Aadhaar. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) – Govt. Schemes Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), a Centrally-Sponsored scheme, is an Indian government welfare programme that provides food, preschool education, and primary healthcare to children under 6 years of age and their mothers. The scheme was started in 1975 and aims at the holistic development of children and empowerment of mother. The scheme primarily runs through the Anganwadi centers and the scheme is under the Ministry of Women and Child Development. Objectives of ICDS are: To improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age-group 0-6 years; To lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical and social development of the child; To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school dropout; To achieve effective co-ordination of policy and implementation amongst the various departments to promote child development; and To enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education. Services Provided by the ICDS are: Supplementary Nutrition (SNP) Health & Nutrition Check-Up Immunization Non-Formal Education for Children in Pre-School Health and Nutrition Education Referral services Six Schemes under Umbrella ICDS: Anganwadi Services Scheme: A unique programme for early childhood care and development which benefits children in the age group of 0-6 years, pregnant women and lactating mothers. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana: Provides cash incentive amounting to Rs.5,000/- in three installments directly to the Bank/Post Office Account of Pregnant Women and Lactating Mother (PW&LM) in DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) Mode during pregnancy and lactation in response to individual fulfilling specific conditions. National Creche Scheme: Provides day care facilities to children of age group of 6 months to 6 years of working women for seven and half hours a day for 26 days in a month. Scheme for Adolescent Girls: Aims to empower and improve the social status of out of school girls in the age group 11-14 through nutrition, life skills and home skills. Child Protection Scheme: Aims to contribute to the improvement and well-being of children in difficult circumstances, as well as, reduction of vulnerabilities to situations and actions that lead to abuse, neglect, exploitation, abandonment and separation of children from parents. POSHAN Abhiyaan: Targets to reduce the level of stunting, under-nutrition, anemia and low birth weight babies by reducing mal-nutrition/undernutrition, anemia among young children as also, focus on adolescent girls, pregnant women and lactating mothers. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Global Innovation Index 2024 Context: The Prime Minister has expressed pride for Indian Innovators as India climbs to the 40th rank in  the Global Innovation Index of World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Relevance: GS-III: Indian Economy (Growth and Development of Indian Economy, Issues related to Development, Important International Organizations and their reports) Dimensions of the Article: What is Global Innovation Index (GII)? About World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Key Highlights of the Global Innovation Index 2024 What is Global Innovation Index (GII)? The Global Innovation Index (GII) is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation. It is published by Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization, in partnership with other organisations and institutions, and is based on both subjective and objective data derived from several sources, including the International Telecommunication Union, the World Bank and the World Economic Forum. The GII aims to capture the multi-dimensional facets of innovation ranking and rich analysis referencing around 132 economies. The GII is commonly used by corporate and government officials to compare countries by their level of innovation. The GII is computed by taking a simple average of the scores in two sub-indices, the Innovation Input Index and Innovation Output Index, which are composed of five and two pillars respectively. Innovation inputs: Institutions; Human capital and research; Infrastructure; Market sophistication; Business sophistication. Innovation outputs: Knowledge and technology outputs; Creative outputs Each of these pillars describe an attribute of innovation, and comprise up to five indicators, and their score is calculated by the weighted average method. About World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN) – headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WIPO was created to promote and protect intellectual property (IP) across the world by cooperating with countries as well as international organizations. WIPO’s activities including hosting forums to discuss and shape international IP rules and policies, providing global services that register and protect IP in different countries, resolving transboundary IP disputes, helping connect IP systems through uniform standards and infrastructure, and serving as a general reference database on all IP matters. WIPO also works with governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and individuals to utilize IP for socioeconomic development. Key Highlights of the Global Innovation Index 2024: India’s Regional Dominance: Ranked first among the 10 economies in Central and Southern Asia, signifying its leadership in innovation within the region. Science and Technology (S&T) Cluster Ranking: India secured 4th position globally in the WIPO’s S&T Cluster Ranking. Top Innovation Hubs: Indian cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, and Chennai are recognized among the world’s top 100 S&T clusters, underscoring their role as centers for technological advancements and research. Intangible Asset Intensity: India holds the 7th rank globally for intangible asset intensity, reflecting the country’s strength in non-physical assets such as patents and trademarks. -Source: The Hindu GST Compensation Cess Context: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council recently set up a 10-member GoM to decide on the taxation of luxury, sin, and demerit goods once the compensation cess ends in March 2026. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy GST Compensation Cess The GST Compensation Cess is imposed under Section 8 of The Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to State) Act, 2017, with the aim of addressing the tax revenue loss faced by states after the implementation of GST. Why is GST Compensation Cess Levied? GST is a consumption-based tax, which means the state where goods are consumed benefits from the indirect tax revenue. However, states that are net exporters of goods and services are expected to see a reduction in indirect tax collections. To offset this revenue loss, the Central Government introduced the GST Compensation Cess to ensure states are adequately compensated. Usage of GST Compensation Cess: All funds from this cess are credited to the GST Compensation Fund, a non-lapsable fund. The money is utilized to compensate states for any loss of tax revenue due to the shift to GST. Unused funds at the end of the transition period are shared equally between the Central Government and the State Governments. States receive their share based on their total tax revenues in the final year of the transition period. Applicability: The GST Compensation Cess is applicable to the supply of specific goods or services as notified by the Central Government. Both intrastate and interstate supplies of goods or services are subject to the cess. All taxable entities under GST, except those registered under the GST Composition Scheme, are expected to collect and remit the cess. Cess is primarily levied on luxury, sin, and demerit goods such as cigarettes, tobacco products, soft drinks, and luxury cars. Extension of GST Cess: The GST Council decided to extend the levy of the GST Compensation Cess till March 2026. This extension aims to repay the loan of ₹2.69 lakh crore taken to compensate states for revenue loss during the COVID-19 pandemic. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 28 September 2024

CONTENTS PARAM Rudra Supercomputer PARAM Rudra Supercomputer Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India virtually launched three Param Rudra Super Computing Systems and a High Performance Computing (HPC) system for weather and climate research. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: About PARAM Rudra Supercomputer What is National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)? About PARAM Rudra Supercomputer: Purpose: PARAM Rudra is built to solve complex computational challenges across various scientific and engineering fields. Development: Three PARAM Rudra supercomputers have been developed indigenously under the National Supercomputing Mission at a cost of Rs 130 crores. Deployment: These supercomputers have been set up at three major locations: Pune: At the Giant Metre Radio Telescope (GMRT), to study Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) and other astronomical phenomena. Delhi: At the Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), facilitating research in material science and atomic physics. Kolkata: At the S N Bose Centre, driving advanced research in areas like physics, cosmology, and earth sciences. What is a High-Performance Computing (HPC) System? Purpose: The HPC system is specially designed for weather and climate research. Location: It operates from two key centers: The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune. The National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF) in Noida. Systems: The HPC systems are named ‘Arka’ and ‘Arunika,’ reflecting their association with the Sun. Significance: These advanced systems will greatly enhance the accuracy and lead time of weather predictions, particularly for tropical cyclones, heavy rainfall, thunderstorms, heatwaves, droughts, and other critical weather events. What is National Supercomputing Mission (NSM)? The mission was set up to provide the country with supercomputing infrastructure to meet the increasing computational demands of academia, researchers, MSMEs, and startups by creating the capability design, manufacturing, of supercomputers indigenously in India. The mission will nationally coordinate collaborative programme involving developers and users of supercomputing systems as well as academic and research institutions. It looks to facilitate effective governance and monitoring mechanisms to build culture of supercomputing for solving complex R&D problems and designing solutions addressing various country specific requirements for scientific, strategic and societal applications. The Mission envisages empowering our national academic and R&D institutions spread over the country by installing a vast supercomputing grid comprising of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities. These supercomputers will also be networked on the National Supercomputing grid over the National Knowledge Network (NKN). The NKN is a central government initiative which connects academic institutions and R&D labs over a high-speed network. Under NSM, the long-term plan is to build a strong base of 20,000 skilled persons. The mission will be implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (Ministry of Science and Technology) and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), through the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) and Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 September 2024

Contents: Keep the Fire of the Self-Respect Movement Going Russia’s Geopolitical Pivot to Asia: A New India Chapter Keep the Fire of the Self-Respect Movement Going Context: The article commemorates the centenary of the Self-Respect Movement, an emancipatory effort started in 1925. The movement, led by E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar), aimed to empower communities to challenge social hierarchies and advocate for social justice and gender equality. Though associated with the Dravidian Movement, it has broader significance in opposing cultural hegemony and promoting equality. The relevance of this movement persists as it addresses ongoing social and political challenges in India. Relevance: General Studies Paper 1 (Modern Indian History) Mains Question: Discuss the historical significance of the Self-Respect Movement and its role in shaping social and political discourse in Tamil Nadu and India. How is the movement’s ideology relevant in contemporary society? (250 words) Origins of the Movement: The Self-Respect Movement began in 1925 under the leadership of E.V. Ramasamy, popularly known as Periyar. Its key objective was to dismantle the entrenched caste system and empower non-Brahmin communities. It stood against the dominance of Brahminical social norms and aimed to establish social equality. Ideological Basis: The movement advocated radical social reforms, focusing on abolishing caste hierarchies and patriarchal traditions. It opposed the ritualistic dominance in society and promoted rationalism. It also pushed for women’s rights, gender equality, and equal access to education and employment. Women’s Empowerment: Periyar’s emphasis on gender equality led to reforms advocating women’s property rights, equal marital rights, and abolition of oppressive social practices like child marriage. This was revolutionary for its time and became a major focus of the movement. Influence on Political Discourse: The movement laid the groundwork for the formation of the Dravidian political ideology, which shaped the politics of Tamil Nadu. It became a key platform for the Dravidian political parties like the DMK, which later carried forward the agenda of social justice and secularism. Contemporary Relevance (Self-Respect 2.0): The modern iteration of the movement must counter new challenges such as rising cultural homogenization and right-wing cultural assertions. Issues like identity politics, caste-based discrimination, and social justice remain highly relevant. Integrating its principles into modern political and social reforms is crucial. Challenges in Modern India: The current socio-political climate in India has seen a rise in narratives that the movement traditionally opposed. Cultural and ideological pressures from Hindutva forces threaten the secular and rationalist principles of the Self-Respect Movement. The movement’s call for rational thought, social equity, and a secular society must be reinvigorated to counter these trends. Call to Action: The movement needs to focus on youth engagement and education to propagate its ideas. Promoting a rationalist and equality-driven society requires addressing misinformation, ideological propaganda, and caste-based oppression. Latest Data and Numbers: The Self-Respect Movement’s influence led to several progressive reforms in Tamil Nadu, such as the abolition of Devadasi practices and the promotion of widow remarriage. The Dravidian parties, shaped by the Self-Respect Movement, have governed Tamil Nadu for over 50 years, indicating its lasting political impact. Conclusion: As the Self-Respect Movement enters its second century, its values of social equality, rationalism, and empowerment are more critical than ever. The movement must adapt and modernize its approach to address contemporary challenges while staying true to its core values. It remains a potent force in the fight against social injustice and the assertion of individual and community rights. Reviving and modernizing the movement is essential to preserve its legacy and ensure its relevance in promoting social justice and equality in present-day India. Russia’s Geopolitical Pivot to Asia: A New India Chapter Context: After Russia cut its economic ties with Europe in 2022, it pivoted its focus towards Asia, especially India, amidst the geopolitical shifts caused by the Ukraine conflict. The move marks a significant strategic shift in Russia’s foreign policy, reflecting its aim to diversify economic and political engagements and reduce dependence on Western economies. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations Mains Question: Analyze the geopolitical and economic implications of Russia’s strategic pivot to Asia, with a focus on India-Russia relations. What are the key opportunities and challenges for India in this emerging partnership? (250 words) Russia’s Strategic Shift: The Ukraine crisis in 2022 pushed Russia to pivot from Europe to Asia. This decision was driven by the need to reduce vulnerability to Western sanctions and external shocks. The dependency on European markets and financial systems left Russia exposed to political and economic risks. Focus on India: India has emerged as a crucial partner in Russia’s new strategy. Bilateral trade between India and Russia crossed $35.5 billion in June 2022 and reached $75 billion by May 2024. A significant agreement between Prime Minister Modi and President Putin aims to establish $100 billion in bilateral trade by 2030. Economic Dynamics: India’s neutral stance in the Ukraine conflict has facilitated closer economic cooperation. Russia sees India as a stable economic partner for sectors like energy, defense, technology, and infrastructure. India imports Russian oil at discounted prices, which aligns with its strategic needs. Sectoral Collaboration: The focus is on enhancing cooperation in high-potential sectors like defense production, STEM education, technology, and heavy industry. Investments in power plants, refineries, and mining are also being prioritized. Both countries are exploring joint projects in construction and modernization. Challenges in Bilateral Relations: Several challenges hinder smooth cooperation. Sanctions against Russia limit its access to global technologies, complicating trade logistics and finance. Russia’s focus on import substitution and technological nationalism (similar to India’s ‘Make in India’ agenda) could create barriers in sectors like industrial production. Opportunities for India: The pivot provides an opportunity for India to access Russia’s underutilized manufacturing capabilities. Sectors such as steel, heavy machinery, and defense technology could see joint production initiatives. For example, there is potential for Indian firms to supply automotive and smartphone components to Russia. Strategic Implications: Geopolitically, the shift could reduce India’s over-dependence on Western partners and diversify its trade routes. It also aligns with India’s multipolar world view, where it seeks to balance relations with Russia, the West, and other Asian economies. Technological and Educational Cooperation: The emphasis is also on STEM collaborations. Strengthening science and technology cooperation could help overcome the knowledge gap between the two nations. STEM partnerships would be essential to boost innovation and foster educational exchanges.  Latest Data and Numbers: Bilateral trade between India and Russia: $75 billion in 2024. Trade target: $100 billion by 2030. India’s oil imports from Russia have significantly increased since 2022. Conclusion: Russia’s pivot to Asia opens up a new chapter in India-Russia relations, presenting both opportunities and challenges. The bilateral trade target of $100 billion by 2030 is ambitious but achievable through enhanced sectoral cooperation. Addressing sanctions-related hurdles and aligning technological standards will be crucial for sustaining this momentum. India must leverage this partnership strategically to secure its economic and geopolitical interests while ensuring diversification in its foreign policy engagements. India’s balanced approach and pragmatic policy can help it gain from Russia’s new geopolitical and economic orientation, making it a pivotal partner in the evolving Asian landscape. A Last-Minute Plan Context: Delhi’s Winter Action Plan aims to combat the city’s annual air pollution crisis, which peaks during the winter months. While the government has made efforts like deploying drones for real-time monitoring and setting up task forces, the plan lacks long-term vision and cohesive action. Meanwhile, the burning of paddy stubble in Punjab and Haryana remains a major contributor to winter pollution. Coordination between the Centre, Delhi, and neighbouring states is crucial to effectively address this crisis. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Environment Mains Question: Discuss the challenges faced by Delhi in managing its winter air pollution. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Winter Action Plan and the role of inter-state coordination in addressing the issue. (250 words) Current Scenario and Need for Action: As in previous years, Delhi has unveiled its Winter Action Plan to tackle pollution that surges during the festival season and continues through the winter. The deployment of drones for real-time monitoring and task forces involving the environment, transport, revenue, and traffic departments are positive steps. However, most of these measures are reactive and short-term. Inadequacies in the Winter Action Plan: The plan lacks integration with an annual, comprehensive strategy. Short-term awareness campaigns, although helpful, are insufficient. Behavioral changes in residents and farmers in surrounding areas are essential to ensure long-term results. Without cohesive implementation and follow-up, the Winter Action Plan risks becoming another ineffective bureaucratic exercise. Role of Neighbouring States and the Stubble Burning Issue: A significant portion of Delhi’s winter pollution stems from stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. The states generate massive amounts of paddy straw—19.52 million tonnes in Punjab and 8 million tonnes in Haryana. While there have been commitments to eliminate stubble burning, implementation remains weak. Last year, Punjab saw a 59% decrease, Haryana a 40% drop, but Uttar Pradesh experienced a 30% rise. Centre’s Intervention and Role of CAQM: The Centre convened meetings involving Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh to take stock of the pollution control measures. The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) was supposed to mediate, but has been criticized for its infrequent meetings and lack of timely interventions. Long-Term Solutions and Challenges: The existing solutions to stubble burning include in-situ management (using straw as mulch) and ex-situ management (using straw as fuel in power plants). Punjab aims to manage 11.5 million tonnes of its straw through these methods, while Haryana targets 3.3 million tonnes. However, logistical gaps and lack of coordination between the states and the Centre pose significant challenges. Government’s Role in Addressing Pollution Hotspots: The Winter Action Plan also focuses on addressing local pollution sources like road dust, vehicular emissions, and construction activities. Efforts such as deploying anti-smog guns, improving waste management, and enforcing traffic regulations are critical. Yet, enforcement has been sporadic and often lacks data-driven approaches. Need for a Multi-layered Strategy: Delhi’s air pollution is a multi-layered problem that requires a comprehensive, year-round approach. The states and the Centre need to integrate their efforts and move beyond blame games. Economic incentives for farmers to adopt cleaner methods and stricter penalties for stubble burning are essential. Latest Data and Numbers: Punjab: 19.52 million tonnes of paddy straw in 2024. Haryana: 8 million tonnes of paddy straw in 2024. Decrease in stubble burning incidents in 2023: Punjab (-59%), Haryana (-40%). Rise in stubble burning incidents in 2023: Uttar Pradesh (+30%). Conclusion: The Winter Action Plan, though a step in the right direction, needs a robust framework with long-term goals. Delhi’s pollution crisis cannot be solved in isolation. Inter-state collaboration, stronger regulatory mechanisms, and better coordination are crucial. The Centre must play a proactive role, while states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh need to implement their commitments seriously. Only a cohesive, year-round strategy will effectively combat the complex air pollution crisis plaguing Delhi and the Indo-Gangetic region. A strong multi-state action plan, consistent monitoring, and year-round efforts are needed to ensure clean air for Delhi and the entire region.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 September 2024

CONTENTS Maritime Disputes in East Asia Intensify World Tourism Day 2024: Celebrating Tourism and Peace Global Support for India’s Fisheries Subsidies Proposals at WTO Resolution of Land Dispute by Mao Council in Manipur Infrasound GlobE Network Jivitputrika Festival Maritime Disputes in East Asia Intensify Context: Maritime East Asia, including the East and South China Seas, has emerged as a critical zone of intensified geopolitical tensions. The region involves several nations disputing territorial claims, notably China’s assertive stance on the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea, controlled by Japan, and expansive claims in the South China Sea, impacting Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, and Indonesia. These disputes pose significant challenges to regional stability and international maritime norms. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Importance of the Seas to China Significance of the Seas China’s Actions in the Region Rising Tensions with the Philippines Regional Responses to China’s Maritime Assertiveness Importance of the Seas to China Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity: China views the East and South China Seas as vital to its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national security. The 2019 Chinese Defence White Paper asserts that the South China Sea islands and Diaoyu Islands are integral parts of Chinese territory. National Security: China uses its sovereign right to develop infrastructure and deploy defense mechanisms on the islands and reefs of the South China Sea. It also conducts patrols in the waters around the Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea, defending what it perceives as its rightful territory. Neighboring countries, however, see these actions as offensive and provocative. Significance of the Seas Maritime Trade: Major maritime trade routes in East Asia pass through the East and South China Seas. The Taiwan Strait is a critical choke point for global maritime trade. Undersea Cables: These seas host undersea cables that are vital to the global digital economy. Natural Resources: In 2023, 10 billion barrels of petroleum and 6.7 trillion cubic feet of liquefied natural gas passed through the South China Sea, making it a crucial energy transit route. The seas also contain vast reserves of untapped oil and natural gas. China’s Actions in the Region East China Sea: China has aggressively pushed its territorial claims by constructing defense-related infrastructure, including ports, military bases, and artificial islands. China has clashed with Japan over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, resulting in multiple crises, including the arrest of a Chinese fishing boat captain in 2010 and Japan’s nationalization of the islands in 2012. South China Sea: The South China Sea is a hotspot for Chinese naval power projection. China’s Coast Guard and maritime militia have been involved in aggressive actions, such as harassing resupply missions, ramming vessels, and using water cannons in what are known as “grey zone” operations designed to change the status quo without initiating war. Rising Tensions with the Philippines Disputes over EEZ: Since 2022, tensions between China and the Philippines have escalated due to incidents in the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). China has repeatedly disrupted resupply missions to the Philippines’ BRP Sierra Madre, a grounded ship in the Second Thomas Shoal, leading to multiple confrontations. China’s Tactics: Chinese Coast Guard ships are significantly larger than those of the Philippines, raising the risk of dangerous confrontations. China aims to divide U.S. treaty allies in the region, including the Philippines. China’s Naval Strategy Grey Zone Operations: China uses aggressive but non-warlike tactics to push its claims, including ramming vessels and using military-grade lasers. These operations are designed to avoid war but still alter the geopolitical balance in the region. Military Exercises: In July 2024, China conducted joint naval exercises with Russia in the South China Sea, signaling its strength and international support. Legal Disputes: Despite a 2016 ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration that invalidates China’s claims in the South China Sea, China continues to reject the ruling and assert its territorial ambitions. Regional Responses to China’s Maritime Assertiveness Strengthening Defence Capabilities Increased Defence Spending: Countries across the Indo-Pacific are boosting their defence budgets in response to China’s growing power. For example, Japan aims to double its defence expenditure by 2027. The Philippines has also been enhancing its defence capabilities, acquiring advanced weapons such as the anti-ship BrahMos missiles from India. Addressing China’s Activities at Sea Philippines’ Pushback: Under President Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022), the Philippines aimed to reduce tensions with China. However, since 2022, under President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., the Philippines has adopted a more assertive stance, actively pushing back against China’s maritime actions. There has been an increase in the frequency of incidents, as the Philippines has been documenting China’s activities and using social media for public diplomacy. International journalists have been brought along for resupply missions in the West Philippine Sea, contributing to a battle of narratives and shaping global perceptions. Strengthening Alliances with the U.S. Trilateral Cooperation: The Philippines, Japan, and South Korea, as treaty allies of the U.S., are strengthening their defence ties with the U.S. in response to China’s maritime assertiveness. The U.S. and the Philippines have raised their cooperation in the South China Sea to “historic levels,” with enhanced collaboration in areas such as base access, joint training, and exercises. Multilateral cooperation has expanded, particularly with Australia and Japan in what is termed “a complex multilateral maritime cooperative activity” or the ‘Squad’. U.S. Commitment: According to U.S. Secretary of Defence Lloyd Austin, the U.S.’ commitment to Japan’s security is “ironclad” and extends to the Senkaku Islands. In 2024, the Defence Ministers of the U.S., Japan, and South Korea met for the first time to discuss security issues, unanimously opposing any attempts to alter the status quo in the Indo-Pacific. The countries emphasized the importance of international law, including the freedom of navigation and overflight. Concerns Regarding U.S. Leadership Despite bolstering alliances in the Indo-Pacific, concerns remain over the credibility of the U.S. due to its internal domestic issues. There is ongoing debate about whether U.S. engagement in East Asia helps balance Chinese power or escalates tensions in the region. -Source: The Hindu World Tourism Day 2024: Celebrating Tourism and Peace Context: The Ministry of Tourism marked World Tourism Day on September 27th, 2024, under the theme “Tourism and Peace.” This theme emphasizes the role of tourism in fostering global peace through the enhancement of cross-cultural interactions and understanding. Relevance: GS III: Inclusive Growth Dimensions of the Article: The Importance of World Tourism Day: How Tourism Promotes Peace India’s Travel and Tourism Industry: Outlook for the Future Challenges Facing India’s Tourism Sector India’s Tourism Strengths The Importance of World Tourism Day: First Celebrated: In 1980, World Tourism Day was first commemorated by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Its purpose is to raise awareness about the societal, cultural, and economic benefits of tourism. Historical Significance: The day also marks the adoption of UNWTO’s statutes in 1975, leading to its official establishment five years later. Global Advocate: UNWTO promotes tourism as a key driver for economic growth, inclusive development, and environmental sustainability while helping advance global knowledge and tourism policies. Membership: UNWTO consists of 160 member nations, 6 associate members, 2 observers, and over 500 affiliate members. Location: The UNWTO is based in Madrid, Spain. Annual Themes: Each year, the day is celebrated with a theme, emphasizing the pivotal role tourism plays in different parts of the world. Host for 2024: In 2024, Georgia will host World Tourism Day, focusing on the theme “Tourism and Peace.” Linking Tourism to Sustainable Development: The day emphasizes the role tourism can play in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in eradicating poverty and promoting sustainable resource management. Eco-tourism is highlighted as a key tool for supporting SDG 13 related to climate action. How Tourism Promotes Peace: Cultural Exchange: Tourism fosters understanding and tolerance among different cultures, helping reduce prejudice. Economic Impact: Tourism accounts for 10% of global GDP, contributes 7% of global exports, and provides 1 in every 10 jobs globally. By generating jobs and enhancing local economies, tourism helps reduce poverty and inequality, key factors that often fuel conflicts. Environmental and Cultural Conservation: Responsible tourism helps conserve natural and cultural heritage, building community pride and mitigating resource-related tensions. Governance and Stability: A thriving tourism sector encourages governments to focus on peace-building policies and overall national stability. Empowerment and Engagement: The industry helps empower women and engages local communities. Tribal Home Stays Initiative: Under India’s Swadesh Darshan Program, the Tribal Home Stays initiative offers alternative livelihoods to tribal communities, tapping into their tourism potential while promoting social equity. Post-Conflict Recovery: Tourism can play a crucial role in rebuilding economies and promoting healing in post-conflict nations, as evidenced by Rwanda. Rwanda’s Growth: The country saw its GDP grow by 8.4% in the first three quarters of 2022, following an 11% increase in 2021, driven largely by the revival of tourism, helping restore employment levels. India’s Travel and Tourism Industry: Outlook for the Future Global Ranking: India ranks 39th in the World Economic Forum’s Travel and Tourism Development Index 2024, with its strength derived from its rich natural, cultural, and non-leisure resources, which serve purposes beyond just leisure travel. Economic Contribution: According to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), India’s tourism sector contributed USD 199.6 billion to its economy in 2022. Foreign Direct Investment: The total FDI inflow in the hospitality and tourism sectors reached USD 17.2 billion from April 2000 to March 2024, constituting 2.54% of all FDI across sectors. Growth in Domestic Tourism: Domestic Tourist Visits (DTV) in 2023 surged to 250 crore, almost doubling from 128 crore in 2014. Growth Projections: The tourism industry in India is projected to expand at an annual rate of 7.1%. Vision for the Future: The Indian government aims to generate USD 56 billion in foreign exchange and create 140 million jobs in tourism by 2030, focusing on areas like cruise tourism, ecotourism, and adventure tourism. Visitor Spending: Domestic tourist spending grew by 20.4% in 2022, while international tourist spending rose by 81.9%. Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs): FTAs reached 9.24 million in 2023, up from 6.43 million in 2022, with the US, Bangladesh, and the UK being the top sources of tourists. FTAs are forecasted to hit 30.5 million by 2028. Challenges Facing India’s Tourism Sector: Safety Concerns: Reports of crime, such as theft and assault, have led to safety concerns, particularly for women travelers, creating a negative perception. Security Issues: These safety issues can deter tourists from visiting certain areas, affecting India’s reputation as a tourist-friendly destination. Infrastructure Gaps: Many tourist spots, particularly in remote areas like the Northeast, lack critical infrastructure, including reliable air, rail, and road connectivity, limiting accessibility for both domestic and international travelers. Lack of Trained Personnel: The tourism sector faces a shortage of trained manpower, including multilingual guides, which affects the quality of services and experiences for international visitors. Sustainability Challenges: Unregulated tourism in ecologically sensitive regions like the Himalayas has led to issues such as resource depletion, soil erosion, and habitat destruction, which put strain on local ecosystems. Environmental Threats: Iconic tourist sites, like the Taj Mahal, suffer from pollution, and climate change brings additional risks such as natural disasters, further threatening tourism infrastructure and heritage sites India’s Tourism Strengths Cultural and Historical Richness: India is a diverse nation with a rich tapestry of languages, religions, and customs. It is home to renowned UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the Taj Mahal, Hampi, and Jaipur’s forts, which draw history and culture enthusiasts. Adventure Opportunities in the Himalayas: India encompasses 70% of the Himalayan range, offering ample adventure sports and trekking possibilities. Vast Coastline: With a coastline stretching 7,000 km, India offers abundant opportunities for water sports and beach tourism, covering both hot and cold deserts. Ecotourism Potential: The country’s extensive forest cover plays a key role in fostering ecotourism. Biodiversity Hotspots: India’s rich biodiversity is reflected in its diverse flora and fauna, with well-known national parks such as Jim Corbett and Kaziranga. Adventure Tourism Hub: With activities like trekking, river rafting, paragliding, and wildlife safaris, India is becoming a top choice for adventure tourism. Affordable Travel Costs: Compared to many Western nations, India offers lower travel costs, making it an attractive option for tourists from various income brackets. Warm Hospitality: The Indian tradition of “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guest is God) ensures that visitors receive warm and welcoming hospitality. Engaged Locals: Locals are eager to share their rich cultural heritage, making tourists’ experiences more enriching. Culinary Diversity: The country offers a wide variety of culinary experiences, catering to both vegetarian and non-vegetarian preferences. India’s famous street food offers authentic flavors for food lovers. Improving Infrastructure: India is actively enhancing its tourism infrastructure through expansions in airports, improvements in railways, and developments in highways under projects like Bharatmala. Focus on Hospitality and Skill Development: Investments in hospitality and skill development programs aim to raise service standards and meet the needs of increasing tourist numbers. -Source: The Hindu Global Support for India’s Fisheries Subsidies Proposals at WTO Context: India’s initiative to establish regulations on fisheries subsidies at the World Trade Organization (WTO) has received significant support from numerous developing nations and least developed countries (LDCs). These proposals aim to tackle the issues of overcapacity and overfishing by regulating the subsidies that often exacerbate these problems. Currently, efforts are being made to finalize the second phase of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA), which focuses on promoting sustainable fishing practices. This global collaboration highlights a commitment to more responsible fishing practices that could lead to long-term ecological and economic benefits. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) India’s Stand on the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) Way Forward Overview of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) Prohibition of Subsidies: The agreement restricts subsidies for Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing as well as fishing activities targeting overexploited fish stocks. High Seas Fishing Ban: It also bans subsidies for fishing activities on the high seas, which fall outside the territorial waters of coastal nations and the jurisdiction of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. Transition Period for Developing Nations Special Treatment: Developing countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are granted a two-year transition period under Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT) provisions. Exemptions: During this period, these nations are not required to comply with the prohibitions under the agreement. No restrictions apply to providing subsidies for overfished stocks, provided they are used to help rebuild the stocks sustainably. Exempted Areas and Ongoing Negotiations No Restrictions for Non-IUU Activities: There is no prohibition on subsidizing fishing vessels or operators, provided they do not engage in IUU activities. Phase Two Discussions: The second phase of negotiations for the agreement is still underway to resolve remaining issues. Potential Benefits Impact on IUU Fishing: It aims to curtail large-scale IUU fishing, which significantly depletes fisheries resources in coastal nations like India, thereby protecting the livelihoods of local fishing communities. Concerns Surrounding the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement Impact on Small Fishermen and Developing Nations: Large-scale commercial fishing operations lead to stock depletion, making it harder for small-scale fishermen to sustain their catches. Unequal Subsidies: Large fishing corporations often benefit from substantial government subsidies, which small fishermen do not have access to, creating an uneven competitive field. Sustainability Exemption Loophole: The sustainability exemption allows advanced fishing nations with superior monitoring capabilities to continue receiving subsidies, disadvantaging smaller or poorer nations with fewer resources to fish sustainably. Global Overfishing Statistics: An estimated 37.7% of global fish stocks are overfished—a significant rise from 10% in 1974—highlighting the urgent need for effective global regulation. Subsidies Supporting Overfishing: Approximately USD 35 billion in subsidies is allocated to the fishing sector worldwide, with USD 22 billion of this funding contributing to practices that increase the capacity for unsustainable fishing activities. India’s Stand on the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) Status of India’s Fisheries Sector Global Ranking: India is the third-largest fish producer globally, following China and Indonesia, accounting for 8% of the world’s total fish production. Production Figures: In the fiscal year 2022-23, India’s fish production reached approximately 17.54 million metric tons (MMT). WTO Submissions: India’s position at the WTO highlights critical gaps in the agreement, particularly concerning the perpetuation of unsustainable fishing practices by large industrial fishing nations. Fisheries Subsidies: Despite its large population, India is among the lowest fisheries subsidizers and has demonstrated a disciplined approach to sustainably managing its fisheries resources. Advocacy for Fair Practices: India supports the implementation of the “polluter pays principle” and “common but differentiated responsibilities.” This ensures that countries with significant subsidies and large-scale industrial fishing bear greater responsibilities in reducing harmful fishing practices. Way Forward Balanced Approach in Negotiations: India emphasizes the need for a balanced approach at the WTO to address overcapacity and overfishing while protecting the interests of small-scale fishers, especially in developing nations like India. Coastal Communities’ Interests: The agreement should prioritize the concerns and needs of coastal communities, ensuring that their voices are central to the decision-making process. Opportunity for Growth: India stands to gain from the FSA, particularly in protecting small-scale fishers and local coastal communities that are severely impacted by overfishing. Global Leadership Role: India has the chance to lead the Global South by advocating for coastal nations suffering from the negative effects of foreign industrial fishing fleets. Commitment to Local Fishermen: India’s stance solidifies its commitment to ensuring the welfare of small-scale fishers and coastal communities that are adversely affected by overfishing and declining fish stocks. -Source: The Hindu Resolution of Land Dispute by Mao Council in Manipur Context: The Mao Council, the leading tribal authority of the Mao Nagas in Manipur, has officially endorsed the judgment and order issued by the Tenyimia People’s Organisation (TPO) Presidential Council. This acceptance resolves a longstanding traditional land dispute along the Nagaland-Manipur border, marking a significant step towards regional harmony and cooperation between the neighboring states. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About Mao Nagas Indigenous Tribe: Mao Nagas are one of the indigenous tribes in Northeast India. Location: They are part of the Naga community and primarily reside in the northern region of Manipur, adjacent to southern Nagaland. Language Their language is known as Mao, which is also the name of the land they inhabit. They refer to themselves as Ememei or Memei in their language. Population and Settlement Based on the 2011 provisional census, the population of the Mao Naga community stands at 97,195. They live in compact, well-protected villages situated on hilltops and mountain ridges. Social Structure The Mao Naga society follows a patriarchal system where lineage is traced through males. Like other Naga communities, they are divided into various clans (referred to as Opfuta), further divided into sub-clans. Economy The Mao Nagas’ economy is agricultural, with rice being their staple food. They practice terraced rice cultivation (both dry and wet) passed down through generations. Cooperative efforts and mutual exchange systems (barter) play a significant role in their traditional economy. Religion Before adopting Christianity, the Mao Nagas practiced a traditional religion called Opfupe Chüna-Chüno, which is regarded as the religion of their forefathers. They believed in a Supreme Being known as Iyi Koki Chüku Kapi Oramei, a benevolent God who protects and nurtures humans. Christianity is now the dominant religion among the Mao Nagas. Festivals The Mao Nagas celebrate four major festivals: Chüthuni Chüjüni Saleni Onuni -Source: The Hindu Infrasound Context: The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) is holding a workshop for scientists on using ‘infrasound’ in the coming months. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Infrasound Definition: Infrasound refers to sound waves with very low frequencies, in contrast to more common ultrasound. Sources: It can be generated by a variety of phenomena, including: Meteors Storms Auroras Volcanoes Earthquakes Even nuclear explosions. Effects: Infrasonic waves can create minute changes in atmospheric pressure, which can be detected by instruments such as microbarometers. Travel Distance: These low-frequency sounds can travel over vast distances without significant loss of energy, making them effective for detecting distant nuclear explosions. Global Monitoring: The CTBTO’s International Monitoring System (IMS) uses infrasound to detect nuclear activities. It is the only global monitoring network of its kind, and when complete, it will consist of 60 array stations in 35 countries. Applications of Infrasound Structural Monitoring: Infrasound is employed to assess the structural health of buildings, dams, or bridges. It can detect internal stress, cracks, and defects in dense materials. Aerospace: In the aerospace sector, low-frequency sound waves can provide data on rocket stress and aerodynamic instabilities during rocket launches or flight. Mining: In mining, infrasound is useful for determining the integrity of mine shafts and assessing the success of dynamite blasts. Wildlife Tracking: It has been used in wildlife tracking, particularly for monitoring the movements of animals such as whales. -Source: Indian Express GlobE Network Context: Recently, India was elected to the GlobE Network’s Steering Committee during the plenary session held in Beijing. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About GloBE Network: The Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities (GloBE Network). Initiative: An initiative of the G-20. Launch Date: Officially launched on June 3, 2021, at the UN General Assembly Special Session against Corruption. Membership: Currently, 121 member countries are part of this network (including India), with 219 member authorities. It provides a platform for countries to share best practices, criminal intelligence, and strategies to combat corruption. Steering Committee: Composed of: One chair One vice-chair 13 members who guide the organization’s direction. India’s Involvement: Key Indian agencies such as the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) are part of this network. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) acts as India’s central authority for the GloBE Network. Governing Body: The Network is governed by its members and is supported by the United Nations Office against Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which provides secretariat services. India’s G-20 Presidency (2023): During India’s presidency, two high-level principles for combating corruption were adopted, which emphasized leveraging the GloBE Network for these efforts. -Source: The Hindu Jivitputrika Festival Context: At least 46 people, including 37 children, drowned while taking holy dip in rivers and ponds in several Bihar districts during the ‘Jivitputrika’ festival, officials said recently. Relevance: GS I: Festivals About Jivitputrika Festival Jivitputrika (Jitiya Vrat) is a Hindu festival predominantly celebrated in the northern and eastern regions of India, including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and parts of Nepal. It is a festival where mothers observe fasting to pray for the health, longevity, and prosperity of their children. The festival spans three days, with the key ritual being a strict ‘nirjala’ fast, meaning that no water is consumed throughout the fast. The fast is a display of a mother’s devotion and love, done with the belief that it will bring divine blessings upon her children. The festival has its origins in Hindu mythology, specifically commemorating the story of King Jimutavahana, who sacrificed himself for the welfare of others. The festival begins with the ritual called Nahai-Khai, where mothers take a purifying bath and have a nourishing meal. The second day is marked by the intense fasting ritual, and the festival concludes on the third day with Paaran, where the fast is broken with a meal. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 September 2024

CONTENTS Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats Scheme Women in Space Leadership Programme Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats Scheme Context: The Union Cabinet has recently given its approval to continue the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH) for the duration of the 15th Finance Commission cycle, spanning 2021 to 2026. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About IDWH (Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats) About IDWH (Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats) Objective: The scheme focuses on enhancing the protection and management of wildlife habitats across India. Key Activities: Habitat restoration. Community participation in conservation efforts. Addressing human-wildlife conflicts to protect species and local populations. Components of the IDWH Scheme: Support for Protected Areas: Includes National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. Protection of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas: Expansion of efforts to conserve species outside designated protected areas. Recovery Programs: Initiatives to save critically endangered species and improve their habitats. Subcomponents of IDWH: Project Tiger (launched in 1973): Primary goal: Protecting and conserving tiger populations in their natural habitats to prevent extinction. Project Elephant (launched in 1992): Focuses on addressing the decline of elephant populations caused by habitat loss and poaching. Development of Wildlife Habitat: Focuses on creating and improving habitats to support biodiversity and wildlife conservation. Project Dolphin and Project Lion: Targeting the conservation and protection of these key species. Focus on Keystone Species: The scheme focuses on keystone species such as: Tigers Elephants Cheetahs Lions These species are critical indicators of ecosystem health and biodiversity. Lesser-Known Species: Species Recovery Program under the scheme also supports lesser-known species. A total of 16 terrestrial and 6 aquatic species are identified for protection. Species Listed by IUCN Status: Critically Endangered: Examples: Great Indian Bustard, Hangul, Malabar Civet. Endangered: Examples: Red Panda, Gangetic River Dolphin, Nilgiri Tahr. Vulnerable: Examples: Asiatic Lion, Snow Leopard, Dugong. Near Threatened: Example: Caracal (globally least concern). Least Concern: Example: Edible Nest Swiftlet. Beneficiary Areas: The scheme benefits 55 tiger reserves, 33 elephant reserves, and 718 protected areas with zones of influence. Technological Interventions: M-STrIPES: A mobile application for Monitoring Tigers, providing data on tiger sightings and activities. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Used in the All-India Tiger Estimation process for species identification. Conservation Genetics: Tools such as Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for translocating tigers based on their genetic composition. Specific Animal Projects: Project Dolphin: Proposed use of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and passive acoustic monitoring to track dolphin populations and habitats. Project Lion: Reinforced under the vision “Lion@2047: A Vision for Amrut Kaal”, focusing on long-term conservation of lions. Project Cheetah: A continuation of the Project Tiger initiative, with expanded areas for introducing cheetahs per the Cheetah Action Plan. Livelihood Generation: The continuation of IDWH aims to generate over 50 lakh man-days of employment through engagement in wildlife conservation activities. Women in Space Leadership Programme Context: Women in Space Leadership Programme aims to develop a women’s leadership framework to support institutions in strengthening their gender-inclusive practices and policies, specifically around space sciences and allied areas. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Women in Space Leadership Programme: Goal: This programme is designed to build a framework that promotes women’s leadership and enhances gender-inclusive practices, particularly in space sciences and related fields. Leadership Development: It focuses on fostering leadership qualities among women in space sciences by providing a structured leadership model, with Coventry University as the delivery partner. Key Objectives: Encourage equitable leadership opportunities for women by recognizing their leadership potential. Promote a supportive workplace culture for female leaders, guided by three core principles: Intersectionality: Understanding the varied aspects of women’s identities. Cultural Sensitivity: Approaching challenges in India through culturally responsive frameworks. Leadership Theory: Utilizing theories from both social science and STEM to build female scientists’ confidence in their leadership roles. UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) Introduction: Launched in 2006, UKIERI serves as a flagship collaboration between the UK and India, fostering partnerships in education and research. Objective: The main aim is to strengthen collaboration in education and research between both nations to support their knowledge aspirations. Phases: UKIERI has been implemented over three phases from 2006 to 2022, with the fourth phase launched in 2023. Phase 4 Focus: This phase seeks to deepen the bilateral relationship by focusing on education, research, innovation, and addressing global challenges while promoting sustainable development.

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