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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 July 2025

Content : India’s diplomacy is measured, not mute The new battle challenge of China-Pakistan collusion India’s diplomacy is measured, not mute Diplomatic Response: Cautious, Consistent, Calculated India called for “restraint and de-escalation” amid the 12-day Israel-Iran conflict starting June 13, 2025. PM Modi reaffirmed: “This is not an era of war” — a phrase used previously for Ukraine and Gaza. At the UN General Assembly (2024), India voted in favor of a permanent ceasefire in Gaza — one of 153 nations to do so. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Practice Question : “India’s diplomatic response to the Israel–Iran conflict reflects a balance between humanitarian principles, strategic autonomy, and national interest.” Critically examine this approach in light of recent developments, including Operation Sindhu and India’s multilateral positions.(250 Words) Humanitarian Evacuation & Soft Power Operation Sindhu (2025): India evacuated 312 citizens, mostly medical students and workers, from Israel and Iran. Previous evacuations: Operation Ajay (2023): 1,300 Indians from Israel. Operation Kaveri (2023): 3,862 from Sudan. Operation Ganga (2022): 22,500 from Ukraine. India’s swift evacuations build its image as a humanitarian first responder and reinforce diplomatic goodwill. India-Israel Relations: Strategic & Defence Heavy Israel is India’s 4th largest defence supplier (after Russia, France, and the US). Major defence imports: Barak-8 missiles, Heron UAVs, Spike anti-tank missiles, and surveillance tech for border areas. Annual bilateral trade: $10.1 billion (2023–24). India is Israel’s largest arms customer, accounting for 41% of Israeli defence exports between 2018–2022 (SIPRI). India-Iran Relations: Energy, Chabahar & Connectivity India imported 23.9 million tonnes of crude oil from Iran in 2018–19, before US sanctions halted trade. Chabahar Port: India has invested over $85 million, with additional $150 million line of credit. Key node in International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), connecting India to Central Asia and Russia. New agreement (2024): India to operate Chabahar for 10 years, signalling deeper strategic investment. Diaspora Considerations: Gulf Sensitivities Over 9 million Indians live in the Gulf and West Asia: UAE: ~3.5 million Saudi Arabia: ~2.6 million Kuwait, Qatar, Oman: ~2.5 million Diaspora remittances from West Asia (2023): $54 billion, over 50% of India’s total remittance inflow. Ensuring regional peace is vital to migrant safety, remittance security, and bilateral goodwill. Energy Security Impact India imports over 85% of its crude oil demand. Any regional escalation drives up Brent crude prices—recent spike to $97/barrel in June 2025 due to Israel-Iran tensions. Even a $10/barrel increase adds $15 billion annually to India’s import bill and raises domestic inflation. Stability in West Asia is thus essential for India’s macroeconomic stability. Multilateral Alignment and India’s Normative Role India balances: Condemning Hamas’ October 7, 2023 attack, calling it terrorism. Expressing concern for Palestinian civilian casualties and voting for humanitarian resolutions. India adheres to: UN Charter principles Non-intervention in sovereign affairs Rules-based order, while avoiding ideological alignments. Pakistan Factor and Global Hypocrisy Recent Pahalgam terror attack (June 2025) by Pakistan-backed groups led to India’s Operation Sindoor — limited but precise cross-border retaliation. Despite FATF grey listing in past, Pakistan receives IMF loans ($3 billion, 2023) and arms support from allies due to its geo-strategic location. Western nations continue engagement with Pakistan’s unelected military elite, exposing the double standards on democracy. West Asia’s Nuclear Risks Iran is enriching uranium to 60% purity, just below weapons-grade (per IAEA reports, 2024). Israel, though undeclared, is believed to possess 80–100 nuclear warheads (FAS estimates). A nuclearised West Asia would weaken the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and embolden conflict zones in Africa, South America, and Central Asia. Connectivity & Corridor Projects at Stake India’s IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Corridor) — launched at G20 2023 — passes through Israel and UAE. Israel-Iran instability risks the viability of IMEC, delaying India’s alternative to China’s BRI. INSTC (via Iran) remains vital for Russia-Central Asia trade, especially as India boosts non-Western trade routes post-Ukraine war. Public Opinion and Information War Social media discourse in India often polarised—selective outrage, misinformation, and ideological positioning dominate narratives. Foreign policy cannot be driven by emotion or partisan activism, especially when economic stakes and human lives are involved. Government responses remain non-partisan, fact-based, and principle-driven, resisting pressure from both Left and Right. India as a Bridge Between Blocs India enjoys access to: Israel’s high-tech and defence ecosystem Iran’s energy, ports, and Central Asian access Arab World’s trade, diaspora, and FDI inflows India is uniquely positioned to act as: A mediator or neutral voice in global South-West Asia conflicts. A trusted partner to both the West and Islamic world, due to non-aligned yet assertive foreign policy. Conclusion: Strategic Autonomy Anchored in National Interest India is navigating one of the world’s most volatile regions with clarity, restraint, and strategic focus. It balances: Values (peace, international law) Interests (energy, trade, security) Reputation (as a responsible global actor) India’s quiet diplomacy, backed by credible action and economic weight, underscores its arrival as a leading power in a multipolar world. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. The new battle challenge of China-Pakistan collusion Context and Key Trigger Operation Sindoor (May 7–10, 2025): A four-day military confrontation between India and Pakistan in the wake of the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack. Historic Shift: For the first time, China acted as a live collusive force, not merely a diplomatic backer of Pakistan, unlike in 1965, 1971, or 1999. Official Confirmation: Lt. Gen. Rahul R. Singh (Deputy COAS) publicly acknowledged China’s “unprecedented battlefield support” to Pakistan. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “Operation Sindoor marks the emergence of a ‘one-front reinforced war’ scenario for India, with battlefield collusion between China and Pakistan redefining regional security calculus.” Critically analyse the implications of this evolving collusive threat and suggest strategic responses India must undertake.(250 Words) Battlefield Collusion: New-Generation Military Synergy Advanced Chinese Systems Deployed: J-10C Fighters with PL-15 BVR missiles. HQ-9 Air Defence Systems enhancing Pakistani anti-air capability. ISR Integration: China’s ISR infrastructure offered real-time surveillance to Pakistani forces. BeiDou navigation was used for missile guidance and precision targeting. Net-centric & Grey-Zone Warfare: Cyber ops, drone swarms, jamming, and psychological warfare bore the imprint of Chinese military doctrine. Chinese civilian fishing fleets helped monitor Indian naval movement – leveraging dual-use assets. Strategic Interoperability: Practised, Not Symbolic Joint Exercises: Years of Shaheen-series air exercises enabled real-time interoperability. Mixed Platform Integration: Swedish Saab 2000 AEW&C and Chinese radar networks worked in tandem. Signaled the fusion of multi-origin battlefield systems via Chinese integration protocols. Information Warfare & Perception Shaping Chinese Media & Digital Ecosystem: Amplified ISPR propaganda (e.g., false claims of Indian aircraft downing). Portrayed India’s retaliatory actions as “disproportionate”, ignoring the Pahalgam terror context. Narrative Alignment with Pakistan: UNSC Press Statement diluted — no mention of The Resistance Front. Chinese social media ecosystems mirrored Pakistan’s calls for international intervention. Diplomatic Signals and Strategic Silence China’s Diplomatic Posture: Delayed and equivocal condemnation of the Pahalgam attack. Language suggested support for Pakistan’s “security concerns”. India’s Tactical Diplomacy: No high-level outreach to China during or after Sindoor. India instead chose to engage with other UNSC members, isolating China diplomatically. Implications for India’s Strategic Landscape One-Front Reinforced War Reality Not a theoretical two-front war. Instead, a single-front conflict with Pakistan, tactically enhanced by China’s remote but real-time support. Deterrence Complexified Chinese collusion blurs thresholds of conventional escalation. India’s traditional deterrence model faces a layered adversary system. Defence Dependency of Pakistan Post-Sindoor announcements (June 6): Pakistan to acquire J-35 stealth jets, HQ-19 BMD, KJ-500 AEW&C. Cementing its role as China’s primary frontline proxy. China’s Defence Industry Validation Operation Sindoor functioned as a live-fire demonstration for Chinese platforms vs. Western systems. Success may bolster Chinese arms exports and grey-zone ambitions globally. India’s Dual-Front Challenge Eastern Sector (Ladakh): Despite October 2024 disengagement, force deployment continues. Western Sector (LoC): Ceasefire collapse post-Sindoor. India now faces two hostile, active military theatres — demanding dual-front readiness. Strategic Lessons & Required Reorientation Force Modernisation Must Accelerate Decline in defence spending (from 17.1% in 2014–15 to 13% in 2025–26) is misaligned with battlefield needs. India must: Boost ISR, drones, air defence. Invest in network-centric warfare. Enhance jointness and tri-services integration. Diplomatic Reset with China India must reassess China ties in light of collusion. Just as terror and talks can’t coexist with Pakistan, collusion and cooperation can’t coexist with China. Unpredictability in Retaliation Avoid predictable punitive strikes — reduces strategic advantage. Explore covert retaliatory levers: Economic & infrastructure disruptions. Rethink Indus Waters Treaty enforcement. Quiet escalation of SCS engagement or Taiwan signalling. Psychological Resilience & Info-Dominance Develop capacity to counter enemy narrative shaping. Leverage AI-driven counter-propaganda and digital diplomacy. Shield civilian morale from coordinated perception warfare. Conclusion: Redrawing the Strategic Map Operation Sindoor marks a paradigm shift in regional geopolitics. China’s indirect but decisive battlefield presence sets the tone for future India-Pakistan confrontations. India must move beyond reaction to structured adaptation, using Sindoor as: A case study in adversarial convergence. A catalyst for strategic overhaul in deterrence, doctrine, and diplomacy. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 July 2025

Content : Declaration at BRICS summit reflects India’s concerns over terrorism, governance reforms The end of tuberculosis that wasn’t Why are Bihar’s electoral rolls being revised? Environment impact study for Nicobar project downplays earthquake risks AI-Based Warfare in the ‘Agentic’ Age: Energy as a Big Constraining Factor Declaration at BRICS summit reflects India’s concerns over terrorism, governance reforms India used the 17th BRICS Summit (2025) in Rio de Janeiro to spotlight the lack of Global South representation in key global institutions. PM Modi called for reforms in global governance and condemned cross-border terrorism, aligning BRICS with India’s core diplomatic concerns. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Global Governance Reform PM Modi highlighted that 2/3rd of humanity is not adequately represented in 20th-century global institutions. Called for inclusive and credible reforms of international institutions like the UN Security Council. BRICS Declaration reflected support from Russia and China for India and Brazil’s aspirations to join UNSC. Voice of the Global South PM Modi emphasized “double standards” faced by developing nations. Stressed that representation is not just about fairness but also about global decision-making effectiveness. BRICS Expansion Welcomed Indonesia as a new BRICS member, showing the group’s flexibility and relevance in current times. Counter-Terrorism Stand BRICS leaders strongly condemned the Pahalgam terror attack. Urged for the early finalization of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) at the UN level. Acknowledged the threat of cross-border terrorism, aligning with India’s long-standing concern. International Law and Conflict BRICS condemned Israel-U.S. military strikes on Iran, citing violation of international law and the UN Charter. Reaffirmed commitment to peaceful resolution of conflicts through multilateral institutions. BRICS: Basics BRICS is an acronym for five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Founded in 2009 (originally BRIC); South Africa joined in 2010. Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE joined in 2024 following the 15th BRICS Summit’s expansion decision Argentina was invited in 2023 but declined membership later. Aimed at promoting multipolarity, global financial reform, and South-South cooperation. Key Focus Areas: economic development, political coordination, multilateral reform, climate change, and sustainable development. Operates via annual summits, a New Development Bank (NDB), and forums on health, education, innovation, etc. BRICS and Global South Global South refers broadly to developing countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania. BRICS positions itself as a voice for the Global South, challenging Western-dominated institutions. Advocates for equitable global order, fair trade, technology transfer, and decolonization of development finance. Pushes for reform of the UN Security Council, IMF, and World Bank to reflect present-day geopolitical realities. Why Global South Representation Matters   Many global institutions (e.g., UNSC, IMF) were shaped post-WWII and do not reflect current power realities. The Global South houses over 70% of the world’s population but remains underrepresented in global decision-making. PM Modi: “Representation is not just about fairness, but also about the credibility and effectiveness of global institutions.” The end of tuberculosis that wasn’t Background Context By mid-20th century, TB was sharply declining in the US and Europe due to: Improved nutrition, housing, and antibiotics (1950s). Over 90% decline in TB deaths in the US by 1980s. 1972: U.S. Congress ceased direct TB funding, assuming TB was virtually eliminated. But by late 1980s–90s, TB resurfaced globally, even in rich countries. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance , Social Issues) Three Main Drivers of TB Resurgence in Developed Countries HIV/AIDS Epidemic Immunosuppression from HIV reactivated latent TB infections. 1993 US data: HIV-positive patients = 0.5% population but 50% of TB deaths. By 2000, HIV was still a major driver of TB mortality. Lesson: Comorbidity surveillance is vital; TB and HIV must be jointly managed. Drug-Resistant TB (DR-TB) Poor adherence and incomplete treatment caused Multi-Drug Resistant TB (MDR-TB). MDR-TB is costlier, longer to treat, and has a lower success rate. 1990s: TB patients not responding to standard drugs indicated rising resistance. Lesson: Early detection, drug adherence, and drug development pipelines are critical. Migration & Global Movement TB rates among immigrants in the US were 4x higher than native-born population. 1965 Immigration Act led to increased migration from high TB-burden countries. Most TB cases among immigrants were diagnosed within 5 years of arrival. Lesson: Pre-migration screening, early detection, and integration of migrant health are essential. Global Wake-Up Call 1990s data shock: 8 million new TB cases, 3 million deaths annually. Over 2x higher than WHO-reported cases due to underreporting. 1993: WHO declared TB a “Global Health Emergency”. Global health systems realized TB was not a disease of the past, but a persistent, evolving threat. Data-Driven Policy Shifts Granular data revealed patterns (HIV, resistance, migrant origins) behind TB resurgence. Timely data enabled targeted interventions, saving lives. Lesson: Real-time data collection, disease modeling, and open access health databases are indispensable in public health.  Impact Since 2000 TB deaths fell from 2.6 million (2000) → 1.3 million (2022). Major progress due to: Integrated TB-HIV programs. Expansion of DOTS and global financing (e.g., Global Fund). Drug-resistance surveillance and second-line treatment protocols. Relevance for India India remains the highest TB burden country globally. HIV-TB coinfection, DR-TB, urban slums, and internal migration mirror 1990s US conditions. Lessons India can apply: Expand TB-HIV integration across all districts. Ensure universal DST (drug susceptibility testing) for TB cases. Leverage Aadhaar-linked public health records for migrant tracking. Focus on nutrition, housing, and poverty reduction to address root causes. Increase investment in new TB vaccines, diagnostics, and treatment innovation. Policy Takeaways TB control cannot rely solely on medical treatment — it’s also a social, economic, and data governance issue. Early complacency, as seen in 1970s US, can lead to costlier health emergencies. TB requires permanent, integrated, and well-funded public health surveillance. The real enemy is underestimation and invisibility of disease patterns — not just the bacteria. Tuberculosis (TB) Cause: TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs (pulmonary TB), but can impact other organs (extrapulmonary TB). Transmission: Spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Latent vs Active TB: Many carry latent TB without symptoms; it becomes active when the immune system is weakened (e.g., HIV). Global Burden: In 2022, ~10.6 million people fell ill with TB; ~1.3 million died (WHO). India’s Share: India accounts for ~27% of global TB cases — the highest in the world. Drug-Resistant TB: MDR-TB and XDR-TB are difficult to treat due to resistance to standard antibiotics. Treatment: Standard regimen includes 6-month multi-drug therapy (e.g., isoniazid, rifampicin). WHO Goal: End TB epidemic by 2030 under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). India’s Initiative: Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan aims to eliminate TB by 2025, five years ahead of the global target. Why are Bihar’s electoral rolls being revised? Ahead of the Bihar Assembly elections, the Election Commission has launched a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls to ensure accuracy and eliminate ineligible entries. This comes after two decades marked by urban migration, duplications, and legal challenges over citizenship verification. Relevance : GS 2(Elections – Reforms) Electoral Rolls – Constitutional and Legal Basis Article 324: EC has powers over preparation and control of electoral rolls. Article 326: All citizens aged 18+ are eligible to be registered as electors. Representation of the People Act (RP Act), 1950: Section 16: Non-citizens disqualified. Section 19: Voter must be 18+ and ordinarily resident. Section 20: Defines “ordinarily resident” — excludes property owners not residing there but includes temporary absentees. Section 21: Empowers EC to conduct Special Revisions for valid reasons. Why the SIR in Bihar (2025)? Last SIR in Bihar: 2003. Massive changes in rolls due to urbanisation, migration, and unverified entries. EC aims to ensure only genuine citizens remain on rolls ahead of Assembly elections. Key Features of the 2025 SIR July 1, 2025 as qualifying date. Electors must submit enumeration forms to Booth Level Officers (BLOs). Pre-2003 voters need no new documents, only 2003 roll extract. Post-2003 voters must provide documents proving date & place of birth for self and parents. Major Controversies & Contentions Time and Process Burden Over 8 crore voters to submit forms; 3 crore+ to provide multiple documents. Critics call it a massive and error-prone exercise. Supporters cite 2003 SIR done in 31 days without tech; 2025 SIR has 1L BLOs, 4L volunteers, 1.5L Booth Agents. Aadhaar Exclusion EC excluded Aadhaar from valid documents citing legal disclaimer: not proof of citizenship or birth. Critics argue Aadhaar is omnibus ID for poor; exclusion creates hardship. Form 6 (as per RER 1960) includes Aadhaar, but EC’s SIR guidelines override this with stricter rules. Migrant Workers EC says only “ordinarily resident” citizens should be enrolled in a constituency. Critics argue migrants are “temporarily absent” and still qualify; many prefer voting in native constituencies. EC previously proposed remote voting for migrants (January 2023), but this remains unimplemented. Way Forward – Balanced & Inclusive Approach EC must extend timelines and adopt a phased strategy to avoid exclusion errors. Claims & objections phase should be leveraged to accommodate genuine voters lacking documentation. Aadhaar seeding (revived in March 2025) can be used to check duplicate entries, not as sole proof of eligibility. Treat exclusion of genuine voters as seriously as inclusion of ineligible ones — both harm democracy. Environment impact study for Nicobar project downplays earthquake risks The ₹72,000-crore Great Nicobar Infrastructure Project has raised serious concerns over inadequate seismic risk assessment in a highly geo-dynamic region. Experts warn that the Environmental Impact Assessment downplays the threat of future mega-earthquakes and tsunamis, despite the area’s known vulnerability. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure , Environment and Ecology) Project Overview Cost: ₹72,000 crore Components: Transshipment port International airport Township development 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant Clearances: Environmental and preliminary forest clearances granted by the Centre. Legal Challenge: National Green Tribunal (NGT) ordered a review due to ecological and tribal concerns. Core Concerns Highlighted EIA Study Limitations Conducted by Vimta Labs; based on secondary data. Downplays risk of mega earthquakes (like the 9.2 magnitude quake in 2004). Relies primarily on a 2019 IIT-Kanpur study without conducting site-specific field assessments. Omits critical warnings from the IIT study about accumulated strain and earthquake unpredictability. Seismic Vulnerability The Andaman-Sumatra fault line is known for its history of massive earthquakes. The return period estimated: Mega-quakes (≥ 9): 420–750 years. Large quakes (>7.5): 80–120 years. Earthquake recurrence is non-linear — long silent periods may precede devastating events. Expert Warnings Prof. C.P. Rajendran (NIAS, Bengaluru): GNIP is located in a “highly geo-dynamic” zone with local fault lines and unstable land elevations. Prof. Javed Malik (IIT-Kanpur): Highlights the need for site-specific studies, warning that seismic impacts may vary based on epicentre location (e.g., Nicobar vs. Banda Aceh). Sediment analysis showed 7 tsunami events in the last 8,000 years, indicating seismic volatility. Data Gaps & Omitted Evidence The EIA omits key findings from the IIT study, including: Evidence of strain accumulation. A 2,000-year gap in sediment record, adding unpredictability. No on-ground seismic studies were conducted for GNIP, raising questions about the adequacy of risk assessments. ‘Calculated Risk’ Approach by Government Ministry of Earth Sciences acknowledges the lack of site-specific studies. Admits unpredictability of seismic events. Supports a “calculated risk” model — design buildings to seismic codes but proceed with development. Ecological and Indigenous Concerns Potential for: Massive biodiversity loss. Tree-felling in pristine ecosystems. Disruption to resident indigenous tribes (e.g., Shompen). NGT ordered a reappraisal due to these environmental and social concerns. Strategic Takeaways Strategic location of Nicobar Islands must not blindside planners to environmental and geological fragility. Long-term sustainability and safety require: Robust, site-specific seismic studies. Transparent, multi-disciplinary environmental assessment. Greater involvement of independent scientists, not just private EIA consultants. Nicobar Islands Part of the Andaman & Nicobar Union Territory; located in the southeastern Bay of Bengal. Comprise 22 islands, with Great Nicobar being the largest. Home to ecologically sensitive zones and tribal reserves (e.g., the Shompen tribe). Lies along the Andaman-Sumatra subduction zone, a seismically active fault line. Rich in biodiversity, designated as part of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Strategically located near the Malacca Strait, a key global maritime chokepoint. Infrastructure development is restricted due to environmental, tribal, and geological vulnerabilities. AI-Based Warfare in the ‘Agentic’ Age: Energy as a Big Constraining Factor Key Context China’s PLA is advancing rapidly in AI-driven warfare under the umbrella of “intelligentized warfare.” AI is being integrated in all levels of military operations: autonomous drones, smart surveillance, precision targeting, and strategic decision-making. The “agentic” age implies autonomous agents making independent battlefield decisions—redefining traditional command-control hierarchies. Relevance : GS 3(Technology , Internal Security) Concerns for India Technological lag: India is still catching up in autonomous AI systems, while China integrates AI across domains. Energy constraint: AI-powered warfare is data- and energy-intensive, requiring uninterrupted access to power grids and data centers. Infrastructure gap: India’s civilian infrastructure for AI (e.g., energy, data centers, cloud infrastructure) is not at par with leading powers like China or the US. Pakistan Factor: China is exporting its AI-based systems to Pakistan, which could alter the strategic balance in the region. The Nature of AI Warfare AI systems are transforming surveillance, drone warfare, ISR, robotics, and precision-strike capabilities. China’s AI efforts span: DeepSeek AI for autonomous targeting. Swarm drones for saturation attacks. Use of BeiDou for precision navigation. Integration of generative AI and autonomous feedback loops in decision-making marks a shift toward full machine-led warfare. Energy as a Limiting Factor AI systems require massive computational power, data transfer, and energy. India’s energy grid is not optimized for military-grade, 24×7 operations of such systems. Power availability will dictate the scale and sophistication of future defence AI capabilities. Volume of Data: The Real Battlefield “Volume of information to be handled will outstrip human ability.” The ability to store, process, and act on data (with minimal human intervention) is what will differentiate leading military powers. Private Sector & Tech Ecosystem AI warfare will increasingly depend on: Private data centers, energy companies. Advanced semiconductors and cloud robotics. India must invest in civil-military fusion—public-private partnerships to build dual-use infrastructure. India’s Institutional Responses DRDO-CAIR (Centre for AI and Robotics) established in 1986, now tasked with: Autonomous planning. Targeting, detection, sensor fusion. Progress remains slow and siloed. Senior officials acknowledge the need for scale, convergence, and fast-track deployment. Strategic Imperative India must: Scale up AI investments and plug energy gaps. Build AI-ready infrastructure (smart grids, modular reactors). Foster synergy between DRDO, ISRO, academia, and private tech firms. Recognize AI-energy integration as core to future national security. Conclusion Without robust energy and data infrastructure, India risks falling behind in the AI arms race. The future battlefield will be shaped not just by weapons, but by data harnessing and energy resilience. AI warfare is not just about tech superiority—but also about the logistics and ecosystem that powers it.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 July 2025

Content: Cooperatives: Building a Better Tomorrow Cooperatives: Building a Better Tomorrow Context & Significance UN declares 2025 as International Year of Cooperatives. Theme for International Day of Cooperatives 2025 (5th July): “Cooperatives Build a Better World”. Celebrates cooperatives as people-centric enterprises solving global challenges and driving UN SDGs. Over 3 million cooperatives globally, employing 280 million people (~10% of global workforce). Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Agriculture) India’s Cooperative Landscape 8.42 lakh cooperative societies in India across sectors: agriculture, dairy, fisheries, credit, housing, women’s welfare. India has a rich pre-colonial history of informal cooperatives like Phads, Bhishies, Chit Funds. Iconic Indian cooperatives: Amul, IFFCO, KRIBHCO, NAFED, NCDC. Key National Highlight Tribhuvan Sahkari University (TSU) foundation stone to be laid by Amit Shah in Anand, Gujarat. India’s first national-level cooperative university. Named after Tribhuvandas Patel, a pioneer of India’s cooperative movement. Major Government Initiatives PACs Reform & Digitalization 67,930 PACS approved for computerization; ₹918.69 cr allocated (States + NABARD). 54,150 PACS onboarded ERP, 43,658 live. Model Bye-Laws adopted by 32 States/UTs. 18,183 new multipurpose societies (Dairy/Fisheries/PACS) registered till Mar 2025. White Revolution 2.0 Launched Dec 2024; targets 50% rise in milk procurement over 5 years. 9,695 Dairy Cooperative Societies registered in 27 States/UTs. Banking Empowerment 32.1 lakh RuPay KCCs issued under cooperative umbrella. 6,446 micro-ATMs distributed; 9,200 dairy PACS made Bank Mitras. UCBs now allowed branch expansion & doorstep banking. RBI approved NUCFDC for UCBs & SSE under NABARD for Rural Co-ops. FPOs & Organics 1,867 FPOs & 70 FFPOs formed under cooperative model. NCOL: 5,185 PACS members; 21 organic products launched under “Bharat Organics”. Fuel & Ethanol Push 188 PACS petrol pumps approved; 59 functional. ₹10,000 cr scheme for sugar mills; 63 ethanol plants to convert to multi-feed (from sugarcane to maize). Financial & Tax Reforms MAT reduced to 15% (from 18.5%) for cooperative societies. IT surcharge cut (from 12% to 7%) for ₹1–10 Cr income range. TDS withdrawal limit raised to ₹3 Cr/year. Cash deposit/loan limit per member raised to ₹2 lakh. ₹46,524 cr tax relief to sugar mills; GST on molasses cut from 28% to 5%. Global & National Milestones National Cooperative Database (NCD): 8.42 lakh societies mapped. National Cooperation Policy 2025 ready, aligns with Viksit Bharat 2047. ICA Global Cooperative Conference 2024 held in Delhi: 3,000+ cooperators participated. NCDC Performance FY 2023–24: ₹60,618.47 cr disbursed (48% growth). FY 2024–25: ₹95,000 cr disbursed (~58% growth). Target: ₹1 lakh cr loan disbursal in next 3 years. ₹2,000 cr bond issuance approved for sector development. Comparative Global Insights Japan: Strong agri-coops integrating production, marketing, and insurance. Kenya: SACCOs dominate credit access for low-income groups. France: Worker cooperatives are central to SME structure. India: World’s largest number of cooperatives, but faces governance and productivity issues. Comparative Metric: India has more co-ops but lower per-unit impact efficiency than some OECD nations. Challenges in India’s Cooperative Sector Political interference in cooperative elections and management. Poor financial literacy and limited tech capacity at grassroots. Weak auditing and transparency in many PACS. Uneven growth across regions — Maharashtra & Gujarat lead, NE and Eastern states lag. Women underrepresented in co-op leadership positions. Success Stories & Case Studies Amul: Global dairy success driven by village-level women cooperatives. SEWA: Women-run coops for health, banking, and garment production in Gujarat. Matsyafed (Kerala): Fishermen cooperatives transforming coastal livelihoods. Sikkim Organic Co-ops: Managing certified organic produce with premium export value. Youth & Start-up Linkages Cooperatives can act as rural incubators for startups in agri-tech, fishery-tech, fintech. Scope for “Youth-led cooperatives” for climate tech, digital skilling, etc. TSU (Tribhuvan Sahkari University) can train next-gen cooperative leaders. Co-op + Startup = scalable, inclusive business models for Tier 2/3 India. Climate & Sustainability Angle Community-led water conservation co-ops in drought-prone regions. Agroforestry cooperatives can earn carbon credits via reforestation. Dairy coops promoting methane-reducing feeding practices. Role in decentralized solar power and renewable energy cooperatives. Digital & Tech Innovations Use of ERP software for PACS digitization. Blockchain for milk and grain supply chain traceability. AI-powered forecasting in farmer coops for price trends and pest control. Cooperative CRMs and e-commerce portals to sell directly to consumers. Policy Asks / Needed Reforms National Cooperative Tribunal for quick dispute resolution. More autonomy in cooperative banking under RBI/NABARD framework. Credit rating system for coops to access institutional finance. Dedicated startup fund for cooperative innovation. Linkages with UN SDGs SDG 1 (No Poverty): Micro-credit & self-help coops. SDG 5 (Gender Equality): Women’s dairy, weaving & finance coops. SDG 8 (Decent Work): Employment via agro-processing and retail. SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities): Housing cooperatives in urban areas. SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption): Organic farming and agro-coops. Impact Measurement Framework Need for impact metrics: e.g., % increase in farmer income, % reduction in loan defaults. Use of NCD portal to develop data-driven policy dashboards. Annual cooperative “report cards” by NITI Aayog or Ministry of Cooperation. Public Awareness & Civic Participation Awareness campaigns needed to promote cooperative values among youth. Mandatory social audits and community reporting for PACS. More visual identity and branding of cooperative products (like Amul model). Use of school curriculums to teach cooperative principles and governance. Conclusion Cooperatives represent a grassroots development model, balancing economic growth with social equity. Their transformation via digitalization, policy support, and diversification is key to rural prosperity. India reaffirms commitment to “Sahkar se Samriddhi” as a cornerstone of inclusive and sustainable growth.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 July 2025

Content: Settled semantics Two democracies and the echoes of tyranny Settled semantics Context & Trigger The RSS General Secretary Dattatreya Hosabale recently supported the removal of “Secular” and “Socialist” from the Preamble. This statement marks a mainstreaming of what was once a fringe position, giving it political salience ahead of possible constitutional debates. The demand is aimed at undoing the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) during the Emergency, which inserted these two terms. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2 (Polity & Constitution),GS 4 (Ethics – Constitutional morality) Practice Question : “The real threat to the Constitution is not from the words it carries, but from the values we fail to uphold.”In light of recent calls to remove “Secular” and “Socialist” from the Preamble, critically examine their constitutional relevance and practical significance in contemporary India. (250 words) Historical Background Original Constitution (1950) did not contain the words “secular” or “socialist” in the Preamble. However, the spirit of secularism and socialism was embedded through: Fundamental Rights (Articles 14–18, 25–28), Directive Principles (Articles 38, 39, 46), Equal Citizenship (Article 15), Abolition of untouchability (Article 17). 42nd Amendment, 1976: Indira Gandhi government inserted “Secular” and “Socialist” to explicitly reaffirm these ideals amid rising political and identity-based tensions. Passed during Emergency — often criticized for lack of parliamentary debate and opposition participation. Indian Secularism: Unique Features Not “anti–religion” but equidistant from all religions. Upholds “Sarva Dharma Sambhava” — equal respect to all faiths, rooted in India’s civilisational ethos. Constitutional Practice: No state religion. State can intervene in religious practices to uphold reform (e.g. Sabarimala, Shirur Mutt). Article 25–28 grant freedom of religion with reasonable restrictions. Constitutional Basis: Spirit Over Semantics Constituent Assembly Debates (CAD): K.T. Shah proposed inclusion of these terms; rejected as already implicit. B.R. Ambedkar: Emphasized religious liberty and socio-economic equity through Articles 25–28, and DPSPs. S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994): Supreme Court declared secularism a Basic Structure of the Constitution. Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): The Preamble is amendable, but basic features are non-negotiable. Socialism in Indian Context Not classical Marxism — rather Gandhian + Nehruvian socialism. Indian socialism is “democratic socialism” — aiming for economic justice with democratic freedoms. Implied in DPSPs — Article 39(b): Equitable distribution of wealth and resources. Key Interventions: Public Sector Development post-Independence. Land Reforms and Abolition of Zamindari. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) – a socialistic safety net. Right to Education, Food Security, Health Missions – part of India’s socialist welfare model. Legal & Ethical Concerns in Removing These Terms Basic Structure Doctrine (Keshavananda Bharati Case, 1973) prohibits tampering with core constitutional ideals like: Rule of law Equality Secularism Federalism Removing the words may not change the spirit, but symbolically erode constitutional clarity and national consensus. Ethically: Prioritising divisive semantic debates over actual governance issues like poverty, discrimination, and inequality will not solve nation’s real challenges. Motivation & Criticism of the Debate Debate possibly aimed to: Create political polarisation around national identity. Distract from substantive issues: unemployment, social justice, caste discrimination. Even the Janata Party government (1977), despite opposing the Emergency, did not remove these words. India’s Real Challenges: India’s challenge isn’t two words in the Preamble. It’s the poverty, inequality, discrimination, and identity-based exclusion we haven’t yet defeated. Poverty: 228.9 million Indians below multidimensional poverty line (NITI Aayog 2023). Caste Disparities: SC/STs have 2–3x lower access to higher education, jobs. Unemployment: Youth unemployment remains ~45% in urban India (CMIE, 2024). Wealth Inequality: Top 1% owns 40.1% of India’s wealth (Oxfam, 2024). Comparative Perspective Country Preamble Status Notes  France Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Never removed  USA “We the People…” Symbolically stable  China Removed socialism during reform Part of regime overhaul  India Democratic continuity No regime change; only ideological debate Conclusion: Why the Words Matter These terms act as moral compasses, reminding us of India’s aspirational ideals. Debate around their removal is a semantic distraction, not a legal necessity or policy priority. Real service to the Constitution lies in upholding the spirit of secularism and socialism through action, not erasing symbolic words from the Preamble. India’s unity and prosperity demand inclusive governance, not divisive semantics. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. Two democracies and the echoes of tyranny Context: Why Now? July 4 is U.S. Independence Day — a moment for reflection on the strength of democratic systems. Judge J. Michael Luttig reminded Americans that liberty must be protected not just by laws, but by people. This global reflection offers a moment to revisit India’s Emergency of 1975–77. Relevance : GS 1 ( Post Indian Independence ), GS 2(Polity and Governance) Practice Question : “The Emergency (1975–77) revealed how legal mechanisms can be used to suppress civil liberties in a democracy. Discuss the constitutional, institutional, and societal lessons India must draw from this episode to strengthen democratic resilience.” (250 words) What Happened in 1975? Declaration of Emergency on June 25, 1975. Invoked Article 352 of the Constitution citing “internal disturbance”. Key outcomes: Civil liberties suspended. Press censorship imposed. Preventive arrests under MISA (Maintenance of Internal Security Act). Judiciary deferred to executive decisions. Over 1,00,000 citizens detained during Emergency under MISA and other acts. Sterilisation Drive During Emergency: Key Facts 8.3 million sterilisations in 1976–77 (vs ~2.6 million in 1975–76). Over 6.2 million vasectomies, mainly targeting poor men. Sterilisation quotas assigned to districts; targets ranged from 50,000 to 1 lakh+. Incentives: ₹150 cash, radios, food grains; penalties: denied ration cards, school access. Turkman Gate protests (Delhi): 1000+ homes demolished, police firing caused deaths. Shah Commission (1978) called it a “systematic and legalised violation of civil liberties.” Institutional Lessons Institution Challenge Faced Parliament Functioned with reduced scrutiny Judiciary Upheld suspension of fundamental rights Press Operated under censorship Civil Services Implemented orders, limited space for dissent Key Warnings from the Past H.V. Kamath (1949): Warned against unchecked emergency powers. Justice H.R. Khanna (1976): The lone voice affirming the right to life during Emergency. Scholars argue: the legal path to authoritarianism is subtle — often through constitutional tools. Post-Emergency Reforms 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978): Redefined “internal disturbance” to “armed rebellion” Strengthened safeguards for rights during Emergency Ensured Right to Life (Article 21) remains protected Global Echoes Democracies across the world face pressures: Polarisation Institutional strain Misinformation The Indian experience during the Emergency is often studied globally as a case where democracy was challenged, but ultimately restored through public mandate. Core Message Democracy is more than elections — it is accountability, restraint, and active civic participation. Constitutions offer structure, but citizens, institutions, and a culture of constitutionalism must uphold its values. Vigilance is not a one-time event — it’s a generational duty. Conclusion : India’s democracy remains one of the most vibrant and resilient in the world. But its strength lies not just in documents — but in how we uphold them, every day. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 July 2025

Content : PM Modi hails 35 million diaspora as India’s pride India’s $724 Million WTO Retaliation Notice Against U.S. Kailash Manasarovar Yatra Resumes (2025) Dalai Lama Succession Issue: India’s Neutrality & China’s Warning US 1% Remittance Tax: Limited Impact, But Strategic Signals PM Modi hails 35 million diaspora as India’s pride Strategic Significance of the Indian Diaspora Diaspora as a Strategic Asset: The Indian diaspora — over 35 million people in 200+ countries — is the world’s largest and contributes to India’s soft power, foreign policy, investment inflows, remittances, and cultural exports. PM Modi termed them“Rashtradoots” — ambassadors of Indian civilization. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Identity, Legacy, and Nation Branding: The speech acknowledged the role of diaspora in shaping India’s global image — from yoga and Ayurveda to democracy and technology. Celebrates diasporic success stories as collective pride and global influence tools. Girmitiyas as Civilizational Bridge: Special focus on Girmitiyas — descendants of indentured Indian labourers — as carriers of Indian heritage across the Indian Ocean world. The outreach recognises the historical injustice of indenture and seeks to rebuild ancestral ties with dignity. Major Announcements & Diplomatic Measures OCI Cards for 6th Generation Indians Until now, the OCI Card was limited up to 4th generation descendants of Indian origin. PM Modi’s announcement to grant OCI cards to 6th generation Indians in Trinidad & Tobago marks a paradigm shift in diaspora inclusion. It symbolises legal, emotional, and symbolic reconnection with historical diaspora. Mapping the Girmitiya Past India to create a comprehensive database of: Villages of origin in Bihar, Eastern UP, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, etc. Current diaspora locations (Fiji, Mauritius, Guyana, South Africa, Suriname, etc.) Oral histories, archives, and cultural practices. Plan to institutionalise World Girmitiya Conferences for cultural exchange and research. Digital Public Infrastructure Diplomacy – UPI Rollout Trinidad and Tobago becomes the first Caribbean country to adopt India’s UPI (Unified Payments Interface). Strengthens digital financial diplomacy, enabling seamless cross-border transactions. Facilitates easier remittances, financial inclusion, and builds trust in India’s tech ecosystem. Dimensions of India’s Diaspora Policy Cultural Diplomacy Promotion of Bhojpuri language, Ramleela, Indian festivals, and temples across the Caribbean and Pacific. Establishment of Indian Cultural Centres under ICCR. Celebration of Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (January 9) to honour diaspora contributions. Legal & Policy Framework Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) card provides: Visa-free travel, rights to own property, educational and economic opportunities (without voting or government jobs). Emigration Act reform (pending) aims to regulate and protect Indian workers abroad. Foreign Policy Leverage Diaspora serves as a foreign policy multiplier in countries like the US, UK, UAE, Canada, and Mauritius. India uses diaspora networks to influence foreign governments, lobby for policies, and deepen people-to-people links. Economic Contributions Remittances to India (2023): $125 billion (highest globally, World Bank) Diaspora investments in India (e.g., bonds, startups, philanthropy) continue to grow. Push for diaspora bond schemes, venture funds, diaspora tourism. Facts & Data Dimension Latest Data (2024–25) Total Indian diaspora 35 million+ (MEA) Remittances (FY 2023–24) $125 billion (World Bank) Top recipient states in India Kerala, UP, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra UPI Global Expansion Accepted in France, UAE, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and now Trinidad & Tobago Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2023 Theme “Diaspora: Reliable Partners for India’s Progress in Amrit Kaal” Caribbean Indian population (Trinidad & Tobago) ~550,000 (≈38% of population) Girmitiya arrivals to Caribbean First ship: Fatel Razack, 1845 to Port of Spain Critical Analysis: Beyond Symbolism Progressive Inclusion: Granting OCI status to 6th generation diaspora sets a global precedent in diaspora reconnection. Digital Diplomacy with Local Impact: UPI is not just tech export, but grassroots-level financial empowerment in T&T. Policy Shift from Remittance to Relationship: Focus is shifting from treating diaspora as economic resource to civilizational partners. Soft Power in a Multipolar World: Leveraging diaspora enhances India’s multipolar engagement, especially in Global South diplomacy. Trinidad and Tobago: Key Facts & India Connect Location: Twin-island nation in the southern Caribbean, near Venezuela. Population: ~1.5 million (2024 est.) Indian-Origin Population: ~550,000 (~38%) — one of the highest proportions in the Western Hemisphere. Language: English (official); Hindi, Bhojpuri spoken in some communities due to Indian heritage. Colonial History: Former British colony; gained independence in 1962. Girmitiya Legacy: First Indian indentured labourers arrived aboard Fatel Razack on May 30, 1845. Most came from Bihar and Eastern UP, speaking Bhojpuri. 2025 marks 180 years since first arrival. Cultural Influence: Hinduism, Ramleela, Phagwa (Holi), Indian cuisine, Bollywood are deeply embedded. Indian Arrival Day (May 30) is a national holiday. Economic Profile: High-income economy due to oil and natural gas. Regional financial hub in the Caribbean. India-T&T Relations: Friendly ties based on culture and people-to-people connect. Hosts an Indian High Commission in Port of Spain. Recently adopted India’s UPI system (first in the Caribbean). Notable Persons of Indian Descent: Kamla Persad-Bissessar – First woman PM (2010–15), of Indian origin. Prominent Indo-Trinidadians in politics, law, and culture. India’s $724 Million WTO Retaliation Notice Against U.S. What Happened? (Issue Overview) India formally notified the World Trade Organization (WTO) on July 3, 2025, that it reserves the right to levy retaliatory tariffs worth $723.75 million on U.S. products. This is in response to U.S. tariffs (25%) on Indian automobiles and parts imposed on March 26, 2025, without consultation. India claims the U.S. measures violate WTO rules (GATT 1994 & Agreement on Safeguards). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Legal Basis: WTO Framework & India’s Rights General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 1994 Governs global trade in goods. Prohibits arbitrary tariff increases. Agreement on Safeguards (AoS) Mandates consultations (Article 12.3) before invoking protectionist measures. Allows retaliation (Article 8.2) if consultations are skipped and injury is proven. India’s Stand: U.S. failed to notify and consult India under AoS before imposing tariffs. Therefore, India is lawfully invoking Article 8 to suspend equivalent trade concessions. Data-Driven Impact Analysis Metric Value U.S. tariffs target Indian exports of vehicles, light trucks, auto parts Annual Indian exports affected $2.89 billion Estimated duty impact $723.75 million India’s proposed retaliation Equivalent tariffs on U.S. goods worth $724 million Earlier 2025 retaliation proposal $1.91 billion (on U.S. steel & aluminium tariffs) Diplomatic Context: Why It Matters Now Comes at a time when India–U.S. mini trade deal is in final stages. → This action could add pressure on the U.S. or complicate finalization. Sign of India asserting its trade sovereignty more confidently post-COVID and post-Atmanirbhar Bharat era. This follows global trend of: U.S. using tariffs for industrial protection (especially against China and now selectively against allies). India and others increasingly pushing back using WTO norms. Broader Dimensions & Strategic Implications India’s Evolving Trade Strategy From reactive diplomacy to rules-based assertion at WTO. India’s use of Article 8 of AoS indicates legal and strategic maturity. India–U.S. Trade Relations Tensions Persistent irritants: U.S. GSP withdrawal (2019) India’s digital tax (Equalisation Levy) Tariffs on steel, aluminium, and now autos Yet, both nations want closer tech, defence, and services trade. India’s Global Trade Identity India positioning itself as a WTO-compliant, rule-abiding nation while defending domestic industry. Counters Global North’s selective protectionism under “security” or “safeguards” pretexts. Safeguard Measures: A Grey Area? U.S. did not notify WTO that its action is a safeguard — but India treats it as such. Raises critical question: Can powerful nations bypass WTO rules and get away with it? Updated WTO & Trade Context (2024–25) Parameter Latest Update India’s WTO rank (exports) 18th in goods, 8th in services (WTO 2024) U.S.–India bilateral trade (2024) ~$131.84 billion (India’s largest partner) WTO Dispute Cases India is involved in 24 as complainant, 33 as respondent India’s top WTO concerns in 2025 Food security, digital trade norms, subsidy rules WTO’s appellate body Still defunct (due to U.S. block), weakening enforcement Critical Evaluation India’s Stand is Legally Sound: As per WTO norms, non-notified safeguard actions can’t be used to penalise developing countries without consultation. Strategic but Calculated Retaliation: India issues notifications before actual imposition, keeping pressure on the U.S. but leaving room for resolution. Challenges WTO’s Crisis: Raises concern over WTO’s inability to enforce rules on major economies. Undermines multilateralism if such retaliations become routine. WTO Established in 1995, the WTO succeeded GATT (1947) to regulate international trade through a rules-based system. Headquartered in Geneva, it has 164 member countries, covering over 98% of global trade. India is a founding member and an active participant in negotiations, disputes, and developmental coalitions. Key WTO agreements include GATT (goods), GATS (services), TRIPS (IPR), and AoA (agriculture). The Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) allows countries to resolve trade conflicts; however, its Appellate Body is non-functional since 2019 due to U.S. opposition. WTO prohibits arbitrary tariffs but allows safeguards, anti-dumping, and countervailing measures under defined rules. India champions issues like food security, MSP support, TRIPS waivers, and special treatment for developing countries. WTO faces challenges in addressing e-commerce, digital taxation, and global data flows, where consensus is lacking. Multilateralism under strain as bilateral/regional FTAs grow and major powers (e.g., U.S., China) bypass WTO norms. There is a global push for WTO reform—focusing on dispute settlement revival, subsidy rules, and inclusive digital trade frameworks Kailash Manasarovar Yatra Resumes (2025) What Happened? After a 6-year suspension, the Kailash Manasarovar Yatra resumed in 2025, with 750 pilgrims selected from 5,000 applicants via lottery. The yatra had been suspended since 2020 due to: COVID-19 pandemic, The India–China military standoff (Galwan clash, LAC tensions). Resumption follows high-level diplomacy between PM Modi and President Xi Jinping in early 2025. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage) , GS 2(International Relations) Strategic Significance: Beyond Spirituality Soft Power & Cultural Diplomacy The yatra strengthens India’s civilizational diplomacy, rooted in shared religious and cultural connections. Seen as a civil society bridge amid state-level tensions. India–China Confidence Building The resumption reflects tentative thawing of bilateral ties. Occurs amid wider efforts to restore direct flights, trade talks, and border mechanisms. Geopolitical Optics Routes pass through sensitive border areas (Nathu La, Lipulekh), making the yatra a diplomatic balancing act. Religious & Cultural Dimensions Hindus: Abode of Lord Shiva, Parvati, Ganesha, Kartikeya. Lake Manasarovar believed to be formed by Lord Brahma’s mind. Buddhists: Sacred as Mount Meru, a cosmic axis. Maya Devi (Buddha’s mother) said to have visited Manasarovar. Jains: Rishabhadeva, first Tirthankara, attained salvation here. Bon Religion (pre-Buddhist Tibet): Site of cosmic power and pilgrimage. Nature Worshippers: Source of four major rivers — Indus, Sutlej, Brahmaputra, and Ganga tributaries. Climate Change & Environmental Concerns Warming Tibetan Plateau threatens the region’s fragile ecology: Melting glaciers, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), Thinning permafrost due to infrastructure expansion (rail, road, military). China’s meteorological agencies have raised warnings. UNESCO heritage application (India, 2019) for Indian routes still pending; Chinese side unlikely to open for global scrutiny. Pilgrimage Logistics: Challenges & Realities Altitude: 15,000+ feet; oxygen levels 30% lower than sea level. Routes: Lipulekh Pass (Uttarakhand) – shorter, high-altitude. Nathu La Pass (Sikkim) – longer but motorable. Pilgrims undergo: Rigorous medical tests, Acclimatization, Trek of 52 km (Parikrama/Kora). Cost: ₹3 lakh+ per pilgrim, excluding porter/pony fees (₹12k–₹29k extra). Accompanied by: 2 liaison officers, medical staff, cooks, and Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) teams. Positive Developments Symbolic peace gesture amid LAC stalemate. Boost to local Tibetan economies reliant on religious tourism. India–China managing “compartmentalised engagement”—cooperation in culture despite border frictions. India–China Relations Lens The yatra’s restart reflects a strategic thaw without full de-escalation. India’s insistence on resuming the yatra also asserts its cultural claims in contested areas. Diplomatic messaging: faith and people-to-people ties cannot be held hostage to geopolitical competition. Dalai Lama Succession Issue: India’s Neutrality & China’s Warning What Happened? The Dalai Lama (89) declared in Dharamshala that the institution of the Dalai Lama will continue after him, and that his successor would be identified by the Gaden Phodrang Trust, not Beijing. China responded sharply, asserting that only Beijing can appoint the next Dalai Lama under the Qing-era Golden Urn system. India’s MEA issued a carefully worded neutral statement, distancing itself from earlier support voiced by Union Minister Kiren Rijiju (who later clarified he was speaking as a “devotee”). Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage) ,GS 2(International Relations) India’s Official Position (MEA Statement) “India does not take any position on matters concerning beliefs and practices of religion.” Reiterated its commitment to religious freedom and the rights of communities like the Tibetans in India to practice their faith. India’s Constitutional & Strategic Rationale As a secular democracy, India cannot officially endorse succession in a religious tradition. The stance avoids escalating tensions with China, especially when India–China border disengagement and trade talks are ongoing. It also preserves autonomy for the Tibetan community in India without violating diplomatic protocols. Why Is This Issue Geopolitically Crucial? The Dalai Lama is not just a spiritual figure, but a symbol of Tibetan identity, resistance, and Soft power. China’s insistence on appointing the next Dalai Lama is part of its strategy to control Tibet’s religious institutions. A Beijing-appointed Dalai Lama would undermine the Tibetan exile movement headquartered in India. The succession issue could become a flashpoint in future India–China relations, especially if India hosts or supports an alternate successor. China’s Sensitivity: Why the Strong Reaction? For China, Tibet is a core sovereignty issue and any foreign involvement is labelled as interference in “domestic affairs”. The Dalai Lama’s global influence threatens China’s narrative control over Tibetan identity. China seeks full legitimacy over religious appointments in Tibet (including Panchen Lama). India & the Tibetan Community India has hosted the Dalai Lama in exile since 1959 and is home to over 100,000 Tibetan refugees, mostly in Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. Dharamshala is the seat of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile (not formally recognised by any country). India allows freedom of religion and assembly, but does not recognise the government-in-exile officially. Dalai Lama Institution: Historical Context The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) is the current head of the Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism. Reincarnation-based leadership tradition, but: China kidnapped the 11th Panchen Lama and installed its own version. Similar fears exist about the next Dalai Lama being “manufactured” by Beijing. The Golden Urn system, cited by China, was historically resisted by Tibetans and applied selectively. Balancing Tightropes: India’s Diplomatic Strategy India’s Dilemma Balancing Act Host to Tibetan exiles Avoiding formal political recognition Committed to freedoms Not intervening in religious choices Countering China’s rise Avoiding overt confrontation on Tibet Domestic support base Calibrated messaging (e.g., Rijiju’s remark as “devotee”) US 1% Remittance Tax: Limited Impact, But Strategic Signals What Happened? The US Senate and House passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), introducing a 1% tax on remittances sent from the US to other countries. Effective from January 1, 2026. Aimed at non-commercial overseas transfers; primarily affects individuals sending money abroad (especially immigrants). India is among the top recipients of US remittances. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations),GS 3(Indian Economy) How Big is India’s Exposure? Metric Value Total US-India Remittances (2023–24) $32 billion India’s total remittances (2023–24) $155.5 billion Share from the US 20.6% (Biggest contributor) India’s rank among global remittance recipients 1st Impact projection by US think tank ~$500 million loss per year Why the Impact Is Limited Small tax rate (1%) compared to earlier proposals (3.5%–5%). Majority of remittances are “frontloaded” early in fiscal years, before tax kicks in (January 2026). Expat behavior may shift, reducing taxable flows via alternate channels or timings. Overall volume unlikely to drop sharply, given the deep familial and financial ties.   Global & Diaspora Context US-based remitters are largely professionals, H1B visa holders, and Indian-Americans with higher per capita income. Unlike Gulf-based blue-collar workers, the US diaspora is less price-sensitive. Top 5 remittance sources to India (2023–24):  USA – 20.6%  UAE – 19.2%  UK – 10.6%  Saudi Arabia – 6.7%  Singapore – 5.6% Strategic & Policy Dimensions Monetary Impact RBI unlikely to make major policy shifts — remittances still robust. Slight decline in inflows may occur post-2026, but can be absorbed. Legal & Compliance May push remitters to explore non-bank or informal channels, leading to higher compliance risks. India may raise concerns at bilateral or WTO-level if the measure is seen as discriminatory. Diaspora Sentiment Could sour perceptions among NRIs if remittances are penalized, especially during political campaign years. However, India’s US diaspora is economically resilient and likely to continue sending funds. Broader Implications for India–US Economic Ties Comes amid FTA talks between India and the US, though India insists “no deal on deadlines.” Adds complexity to cross-border payments, digital taxation, and diaspora welfare discussions. India may need to negotiate exemptions or compensatory arrangements bilaterally

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 July 2025

Content: Breaking Barriers: Gender Budgeting as a Catalyst for Inclusion Breaking Barriers: Gender Budgeting as a Catalyst for Inclusion “Budgets are never gender-neutral. Every rupee spent or not spent reflects a policy choice.” – Diane Elson Gender Budgeting is a policy strategy that integrates a gender perspective into all stages of the budgetary process to ensure public spending addresses the specific needs of women and promotes gender equity. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues ) . GS 3(Budgett ) Fiscal Commitment & Budgetary Trends Gender Budget allocation rose from ₹0.98 lakh crore (2014-15) to ₹4.49 lakh crore (2025-26). Share in total Union Budget increased from 5.46% to 8.86%, reflecting stronger policy prioritization for women. Indicates consistent government intent to embed gender equity into fiscal planning. Evolution of Gender Budgeting in India Year Milestone 2005-06 Gender Budgeting officially adopted with Statement 13 in the Union Budget. 2007 Child Budgeting institutionalized via Statement 12 for child welfare. 2008-09 Ministry of Finance issued Charter for Gender Budget Cells in all Ministries; MoWCD launched Gender Budgeting Scheme for capacity building. 2022 As part of India@75, focus sharpened on optimizing resources for women and children; push for effective GB and child budgeting across States/UTs. 2024-25 Part C introduced in Gender Budget Statement: captures schemes with <30% allocation for women, reflecting inclusive GRB tracking. Structural Framework of India’s Gender Budget  Part A: 100% women-centric schemes (e.g. maternity benefits, women shelters). Part B: Schemes with ≥30% allocation to women (e.g. rural employment, health). Part C (added in 2024-25): Schemes with <30% allocation but with indirect benefits to women. Inclusion of Part C shows move toward comprehensive gender inclusivity across all schemes. Top Ministries Allocating Over 30% to Gender Initiatives (FY 2025–26) Ministry of Women and Child Development – 81.79% Department of Rural Development – 65.76% Department of Food & Public Distribution – 50.92% 10+ ministries now allocate over 30% of their budgets to gender-responsive schemes, signaling mainstreaming of GRB across sectors.   Institutional Mechanisms and Capacity Building Gender Budget Cells set up in Ministries/Departments ensure sectoral integration. Mandatory GBS inclusion ensures transparency and accountability in fiscal documents. MoWCD leads capacity-building through manuals, toolkits, and training workshops. States’ adoption of GRB encourages contextual, decentralized solutions. Use of Technology & Knowledge Platforms Launch of the Gender Budgeting Knowledge Hub (June 2025) as a digital repository. Aims to support policy practitioners, central/state departments, and civil society. Facilitates knowledge-sharing, cross-learning, and improved policy design. Impact-Oriented Shift Focus shifting from input (funds spent) to outcome-based impact assessment. Push for sex-disaggregated data collection aids in monitoring real beneficiaries. Evaluative tools help refine schemes based on effectiveness and reach. Influence on Policy Design GRB has led to emergence of women-centric schemes (e.g. Stand-Up India, Beti Bachao). Existing schemes are being restructured with gender lenses (e.g. MGNREGA, PMAY). Encourages multi-sectoral approaches—health, education, skilling, entrepreneurship. Global Recognition and Comparative Standing Compared favorably with Bangladesh and Rwanda (ORF, 2020) in GRB institutionalization. India stands out for integration at multiple governance levels and policy rigor. However, still evolving on aspects like targeted outcome assessment and intersectional budgeting. Challenges Ahead Quality and reliability of sex-disaggregated data still uneven across ministries. Tokenism risk in low-impact Part C schemes unless accompanied by gender audits. Need for greater convergence with SDG 5 targets (Gender Equality) in planning. Inadequate focus on intra-gender disparities (rural/urban, caste, disabled women). Relevant Data & Facts 15th Finance Commission: ₹5,000 crore allocated (2021–26) for gender-based performance incentives to states. Female LFPR: Rose to 37.0% (2023-24) from 23.3% (2017-18) — reflects impact of women-focused schemes. PMMVY: Over 3.2 crore women received ₹5,000 maternity benefit since 2017. SHGs (NRLM): 9 crore women in 83+ lakh SHGs by March 2024 — key for rural empowerment. Part C Gender Tagging: New in 2024-25 — included schemes like Jal Jeevan Mission and Smart Cities. Global Gender Gap Index 2024: India ranks 127/146; major gaps in economic and political spheres. MKSP: Reached 37 lakh women farmers — integrates gender in agriculture budgeting. Rwanda: Global Best Practice in Gender Budgeting Constitutional Backing: Gender equality and budgeting are legally mandated in Rwanda’s Constitution post-1994. Mandatory Gender Budget Statements (GBS): All ministries must submit GBS alongside annual budgets. Independent Gender Monitoring Office (GMO): Monitors compliance and evaluates outcomes across sectors. Sector-Specific Gender Indicators: Each ministry uses tailored indicators (e.g. in health, education, agriculture). Gender-Responsive Guidelines: Ministry of Finance issues GRPB Guidelines to standardize practices. High Political Representation: 64% of MPs are women—world’s highest female parliamentary presence. Outcome-Driven Allocation: Over 40% of Rwanda’s budget contributes directly to gender equality outcomes. Women’s Land Ownership: Rose from 10% (2000) to 26% (2020) through gender-focused land reforms. Health Impact: Maternal mortality dropped by 70% (2000–2020) due to targeted investments. Global Model: Rwanda shows how legal mandates + monitoring + outcome tracking make GRB effective, not symbolic. Indian Case Study – Odisha & Kerala’s GRB Models Odisha was the first state to adopt a Gender Budgeting Mission (2020) with technical support from UN Women. Integrated gender budgeting in the state budget circular; departments submit Gender Budget Statements annually. Developed sector-specific Gender Budget Guidelines and linked them with outcome budgets. Kerala institutionalized GRB through its State Planning Board and local governments (Panchayats) since early 2000s. Kerala’s GRB initiatives led to women-centric micro plans in health, livelihoods, and care economy (e.g. Kudumbashree). Legal Linkages – Constitution & Gender Budgeting Article 14: Guarantees equality before law — GRB ensures equitable access to state resources. Article 15(3): Permits special provisions for women and children — the basis for targeted budgetary support. Article 39(a): Calls for equal right to adequate means of livelihood for men and women. Article 39(d): Advocates for equal pay for equal work — relevant to employment-linked schemes. Article 42: Directs the state to ensure maternity relief — implemented through schemes like PMMVY under Gender Budget. SDG Mapping – Gender Budget & Global Goals SDG 5 (Gender Equality): GRB helps achieve targets like ending discrimination (5.1) and leadership participation (5.5). SDG 1 (No Poverty): Women-focused schemes (e.g. NRLM, DBT) directly tackle feminized poverty. SDG 8 (Decent Work & Economic Growth): Supports women’s access to employment, credit, and skill training. SDG 5.a: Ensures women’s equal access to economic assets like land and finance — aligned with SHG and MKSP goals. GRB also supports cross-cutting SDGs like health (SDG 3), education (SDG 4), and water (SDG 6). Evaluation – CAG, NITI Aayog & UN Women Findings CAG (2022) noted gaps in coordination between ministries and Gender Budget Cells; suggested better monitoring. NITI Aayog’s SDG India Index includes a Gender Equality Index, which shows uneven GRB adoption across states. UN Women (2021) found that while allocations rose, impact tracking and beneficiary targeting remain weak. Studies highlight that many ministries still treat GRB as a formality, not linked to outcome budgeting. Recommendations include strengthening sex-disaggregated data and conducting regular gender audits of schemes. Way Forward Integrate GRB into mid-term expenditure frameworks (MTEF) for long-term impact. Institutionalize Gender Outcome Budgets beyond just input tracking. Use gender audits and social audits for real-time monitoring and accountability. Leverage data tools (AI/ML) for predictive analytics and scheme targeting.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 July 2025

Content : Socialism, secularism are the spirit of the Constitution Opening new doors for Parliament’s library service Socialism, secularism are the spirit of the Constitution The Constitution: More than a Legal Text The Indian Constitution reflects not only a legal framework but also a vision shaped by the country’s socio-political evolution. Values like justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity indicate a commitment to inclusion and pluralism. These ideals are embedded across the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution , Governance) Practice Question : “Secularism and socialism are not just words in the Preamble but foundational values embedded in the Indian constitutional framework.”Critically examine this statement in the context of recent debates on their relevance. (250 words) Understanding the 42nd Amendment (1976) The terms “socialist” and “secular” were added to the Preamble through the 42nd Amendment during the Emergency period. However, the underlying principles already existed in constitutional provisions: Preamble (pre-1976): justice (social, economic, political), liberty, equality, and fraternity. Articles 14–16: Equality before law and non-discrimination. Articles 25–28: Religious freedom. Articles 38–43: Socio-economic justice under Directive Principles. Socialism as a Constitutional Principle In the Indian context, socialism implies inclusive development, equitable distribution, and a welfare-oriented state. Institutionalized through: Preamble: Justice—social, economic, and political. DPSPs: Articles 38, 39, 41–43 focus on distributive justice, right to work, education, and livelihood. Guided the formulation of welfare schemes, land reforms, and affirmative policies. Secularism: Equal Respect for All Faiths Indian secularism promotes religious freedom and equality rather than strict separation of religion and state. Enshrined in: Articles 25–28: Freedom of religion, regulation of religious institutions. Articles 29–30: Cultural and educational rights of minorities. Courts have interpreted secularism as a core constitutional value, ensuring non-discriminatory governance. Basic Structure Doctrine Established in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973): Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that alters its fundamental identity. Principles like secularism, democracy, and equality are considered part of this basic structure. Later amendments, including the 42nd, were valid to the extent that they reinforced, not altered, these foundational values. Ambedkar’s Constitutional Vision Dr. B.R. Ambedkar emphasized liberty, equality, and fraternity as essential pillars of the Indian Republic. He viewed social and economic equality as critical to democratic success. His vision aligns with the constitutional safeguards provided for both economic justice and religious freedom. Contemporary Debates and Constitutional Continuity Discussions around the relevance of terms in the Preamble (e.g., secularism, socialism) have emerged in public discourse. Any such review must consider the Constitution’s holistic character, judicial interpretations, and the continuity of core values. Provisions related to equality, religious freedom, and socio-economic justice remain unchanged and enforceable, regardless of terminological inclusion. Impact on Governance and Policy Frameworks The principles of secularism and socialism influence policy design in areas like: Public welfare (education, health, livelihoods). Religious harmony and cultural rights. Altering these core principles may affect the interpretive lens through which future laws and schemes are framed. Global Constitutional Comparisons Many democratic constitutions (e.g., South Africa, Brazil) emphasize social justice, equality, and pluralism. India’s inclusion of similar principles aligns with postcolonial constitutional developments globally. These values promote inclusive governance and rights-based frameworks. Case Law Insights Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) Introduced the Basic Structure Doctrine — Parliament cannot amend the Constitution to alter its essential character. Although socialism and secularism were added to the Preamble later (1976), the judgment pre-validated their inclusion as part of the Constitution’s spirit. Recognized liberty, equality, and justice as non-negotiable core principles. Key Quote: “The basic structure may include supremacy of the Constitution, republican and democratic form of government, secular character, separation of powers, and federal character.” S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) Supreme Court ruled that secularism is a part of the Constitution’s basic structure. Held that religious favoritism by the State violates the Constitution. Allowed judicial review of State actions that undermine secularism. Political parties in power are also bound to uphold secular governance. Landmark for establishing positive secularism: state must protect all religions equally, not just remain neutral. Article Linkages to Socialism & Secularism Articles 14–16: Equality and Non-discrimination Art. 14: Equality before law — core of both socialism (equal access) and secularism (equal treatment irrespective of religion). Art. 15: Prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Art. 16: Ensures equality of opportunity in public employment — vital to socio-economic justice. Articles 25–30: Religious and Cultural Rights Art. 25: Freedom of conscience and right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion. Art. 26–28: Regulate religious institutions, ensure religious freedom without state endorsement. Art. 29–30: Minority rights — protect cultural and educational autonomy. These provisions give substance to secularism as state neutrality + positive protection. Articles 38–43: Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) Art. 38: Promote welfare of the people by securing social, economic and political justice. Art. 39: Equitable distribution of resources; prevent concentration of wealth — reflects socialist ideals. Art. 41–43: Right to work, education, public assistance, living wage — core to India’s welfare state model. Preamble: Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Though secularism and socialism were inserted in 1976, the spirit of these values is embedded since 1950. “Justice—social, economic and political” is the clearest socialist expression. “Liberty of belief, faith and worship” reinforces secular values even before the term was added. Key Reports and Commissions Sarkaria Commission (1983–1988) Set up to review Centre-State relations. Firmly upheld secularism as a basic structure and a shared constitutional commitment. Stated that states cannot adopt policies that violate secularism, and the Centre has the power to intervene under Article 356 if communalism threatens national unity. Recommended a balanced role of Centre to prevent misuse of religion in politics. National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC, 2002) Reaffirmed that secularism and socialism are intrinsic to the basic structure. Rejected any suggestion to remove these words from the Preamble. Advocated for greater awareness and enforcement of secular and socialist provisions. Stressed that Indian secularism is not anti-religion but pluralist and inclusive. Conclusion: Preserving Constitutional Balance The Indian Constitution is a living document that evolves through amendments, judicial interpretation, and democratic practice. The continued relevance of secularism and socialism lies in their ability to guide equitable and inclusive governance. Any change to foundational concepts must be approached with constitutional sensitivity, historical awareness, and broad societal consensus. Opening new doors for Parliament’s library service Parliament: More Than a Political Arena Parliament is not just a site of political contestation—it is the core platform for deliberation, lawmaking, and accountability. Increasing disruptions and polarization in recent years have weakened the analytical depth of debates, with many MPs relying on political aides or party-prepared talking points. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance) ,GS 3(Research and Development) Practice Question : “Strengthening institutional research within Parliament is essential for informed lawmaking and democratic accountability.” Discuss the limitations of existing research support to Indian legislators and suggest measures to make LARRDIS a world-class parliamentary research service. (250 words) Current State of LARRDIS: Functional but Limited LARRDIS (Library and Reference, Research, Documentation and Information Service) has strong archival capabilities and prompt response mechanisms. Yet it remains reactive, siloed, and underutilized—MPs must requisition information, and few use its full potential. Digitisation has helped, but lack of anticipatory research and trend analysis limits impact on complex policy debates. Underutilization and Gaps Despite being one of India’s top libraries, usage is skewed—research scholars use it more than MPs. Out of 800 MPs, only 40–50 use LAMP Fellows, while others rely on aides or consultants who may lack domain expertise. Inputs are often partisan or superficial, eroding evidence-based lawmaking. Global Best Practices: Learning from Others EPRS (EU): Tracks global trends, publishes policy digests and “Cost of Non-Europe” assessments. Argentina (OCAL), France (OPECST), Mexico (INCyTU): Build science-policy bridges through collaborations with experts. Sweden’s RIFO and Egypt’s embedded scholar model facilitate long-term research-policy integration. These models combine neutrality, academic rigour, public access, and responsiveness. India’s Opportunity: From LARRDIS to a Research Powerhouse With rising complexities—AI, biotechnology, climate change—India needs legislative intelligence that’s future-ready. LARRDIS should partner with: IITs, IIMs, policy schools, think tanks for thematic studies. International bodies (UNDP, OECD, World Bank) for cross-border learning. Embedding subject experts and sectoral analysts in committees could strengthen draft legislation. Institutional Reforms Needed Define LARRDIS’s scope, services, turnaround times, and user eligibility. Establish confidentiality protocols to enable sensitive research for MPs without leaks. Formalize a structure for collaborations with academic institutions and civil society. Why It Matters: Long-Term Payoffs Investing in research capacity is not a luxury—it’s essential democratic infrastructure. A reformed LARRDIS would: Reduce information asymmetry between legislature and executive. Improve the quality and credibility of parliamentary debates. Enhance public trust in legislative outcomes. A Way Forward: Phased, Consultative, and Scalable Begin with pilot collaborations in committees (e.g. Science & Technology, Environment). Build knowledge-sharing platforms (like EPRS’s online database). Train MPs and staff in evidence-based research utilization. Parliament and the People LARRDIS’s future isn’t just about lawmakers—it can serve citizens, media, and civil society. Making some outputs public—like research briefs and explanatory notes—could democratize understanding of laws and bills. Conclusion: Research-Led Parliament is the Future As India aspires to be a knowledge-driven economy and polity, a world-class research arm for Parliament is non-negotiable. A dynamic, proactive LARRDIS can revive substantive debate, policy foresight, and informed legislation—core to the constitutional promise of “We the People.”

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 July 2025

Content : Surface-to-Air Missiles, Armoured Vehicles: Nod for ₹1 Lakh-Cr Purchases Ministry Defers Forest Land Nod for Puri Airport, Cites Concerns Over Olive Ridley Turtles, Migratory Birds INS Tamal is Likely the Last Warship India Buys from Abroad A Counter to China: Quad to Create Critical Minerals’ Supply Chain Can the Supreme Court Halt an Act Passed by a State? Apache Combat Helicopters to Arrive in India by July 15 Endocrine Disruptors in Plastic Waste: A New Public Health Threat Surface-to-air missiles, armoured vehicles: Nod for ₹1 lakh-cr purchases Context : Total Worth: ₹1.05 lakh crore in capital acquisitions cleared by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh. All Indigenous: All 10 proposals cleared under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category — promoting Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured platforms. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence ) ,GS 2(Governance) Key Systems Cleared Armoured Recovery Vehicles (ARVs) Address mobility mismatch with main battle tanks. Crucial for mechanised operations and battlefield support. Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs) Boost to India’s air defence, especially after Operation Sindoor. Builds on success of Akash MR-SAM and S-400 systems. Electronic Warfare (EW) Systems To jam/destroy enemy radars and communications. Enhances superiority of Indian UAVs and aircraft. Common Inventory Management System (Tri-services) Enables cost-effective logistics and real-time availability. Allows inter-theatre resource balancing. Naval and Maritime Modernisation Procurement of: Moored Mines, Mine Countermeasure Vessels Super Rapid Gun Mounts, Submersible Autonomous Vessels Objective: Strengthen coastal and merchant vessel defence. Operational Context & Implications  Comes after Operation Sindoor — India’s military retaliation for April 22 Pahalgam terror attack.  Reflects priority on air defence, supply chain agility, and technological self-reliance.  Reinforces India’s push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence and readiness for multi-domain warfare. Interlinkages with GS Topics Governance & Policy Strategic decision-making bodies (DAC, CCS) and their role in national security. Civil-Military interface in procurement policy. Security, Technology & Economy Indigenization of defence production (Atmanirbhar Bharat). EW Systems & UAVs as components of network-centric warfare. AI & unmanned platforms: part of emerging tech in India’s defence strategy. Science & Tech Role of DRDO, BEL, HAL in indigenous R&D. Integration of AI, automation, sensor fusion in EW and missile systems. Internal Security Response to terrorism (Pahalgam attack) and need for deterrent capabilities. Maritime security linked to blue economy and SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision. Data & Reports for Enrichment Sipri Report (2024): India is world’s largest arms importer, though imports dropped 11% due to domestic focus. DPP 2020 & DAP 2022: Emphasis on IDDM category to strengthen defence MSMEs. Lt. Gen. D.S. Hooda Committee: Recommends institutional reforms for faster acquisition and tech evaluation. Ministry defers forest land nod for Puri airport, cites concerns over Olive Ridley turtles, migratory birds Context & Background Proposal: The Odisha government sought clearance for converting 273.8 hectares of forest land in Puri’s Sipasarubali area for the construction of a Shree Jagannath International Airport. Estimated Cost: ₹3,631 crore. Approval Status: Deferred by the Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) under the Environment Ministry due to ecological and biodiversity concerns. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure ,Environment and Ecology) Environmental Concerns Raised Olive Ridley Turtles: Arribada : Odisha hosts one of the world’s largest mass nesting sites at Gahirmatha and Rushikulya. The FAC cited threats to nesting grounds, migratory behavior, and hatching success. Past nesting data: 34.5 lakh turtles were detected in Brahmagiri area (March 2025). ZSI Study recommended a site-specific wildlife conservation plan. Migratory Birds: The proposed site is close to Chilika Lake, a Ramsar site and critical bird habitat. Part of the Central Asian Flyway—used by migratory birds from Siberia to South Asia. FAC warned of disruptions to flight paths, particularly with aircraft operating at low altitudes. Dolphins & Other Wildlife: Threats to Irrawaddy dolphins and other coastal species due to increased noise and habitat disruption. Forest & Biodiversity Loss Over 13,000 trees (casuarina, cashew, acacia) to be felled — trees that naturally buffer cyclones. Potential to weaken the coastline’s resilience to extreme weather events. Regulatory & Scientific Inputs FAC directed the state to: Prepare a “climate eventuality” mitigation plan. Justify the need to use forest land despite ecological risks. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and Forest Survey of India (FSI) were consulted for impact studies. Wildlife Institute of India (WII) asked to assess mitigation options. Operational Issues Highlighted The proposed flight path overlaps with migratory bird routes. Bird strikes and air safety risks could increase if proper safeguards are not adopted. Comparative Global Perspectives Dubai, Singapore, and Heathrow airports have eco-mitigation zones for migratory birds and nesting species. India’s proposal lacks a multi-agency ecological buffer plan, unlike international best practices. Interlinkages with Key Laws & Policies Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Environment Protection Act, 1986 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980 India’s obligations under the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Additional Facts Over 39,000 turtle eggs collected and 388 hatchlings released in 2025 in the Brahmagiri forest division. 1,400m boundary wall already constructed — flagged by inspection reports. Odisha is the only Indian state with three mass nesting sites for Olive Ridleys. Challenges & Policy Concerns Lack of prior biodiversity impact mapping before site finalization. Top-down infrastructure push conflicting with bottom-up ecological data. Absence of a standard protocol to reconcile development with biodiversity conservation. Way Forward Explore alternate sites with lower ecological sensitivity. Integrate multi-stakeholder Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), including local communities and independent ecologists. Develop an airport-wildlife coexistence policy, similar to UN-IATA frameworks. Promote eco-sensitive zoning and green infrastructure design. INS Tamal is likely the last warship India buys from abroad Context & Background INS Tamal, a Talwar-class frigate, was commissioned in Kaliningrad, Russia. It is the last Indian Navy warship expected to be bought from a foreign shipyard. Marks a significant shift towards complete naval indigenisation — in both design and construction. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence)   Indigenisation in Shipbuilding: Key Milestone Post-Independence, India has relied on foreign powers for most of its naval fleet. Over the years, India has moved towards self-reliance in defence manufacturing (Atmanirbhar Bharat). INS Tamal is part of Project 1135.6, involving improved versions of the Krivak/Talwar-class frigates. Built by Yantar Shipyard, Russia; the remaining Talwar-class ships are being built in Goa Shipyard Limited, India. Technical Features of INS Tamal Length: 124.8 m, Displacement: 4,035 tonnes, Top speed: 30 knots (56 km/h) Endurance: 8,500 nautical miles Armament: BrahMos supersonic cruise missile (versatile land-sea strike) Shtil-1 air defence system, torpedoes, ASW (anti-submarine warfare) rockets Barak-1 missiles, AK-630 close-in weapon system Capable of operating in blue-water missions (open ocean), includes stealth features Evolution of Frigates (Sidebar Insight) Frigates evolved from small, fast warships in the Age of Sail to multi-role vessels post-WWII. Modern frigates are equipped for: Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) Anti-surface warfare Air defence Electronic warfare (EW) Ballistic missile defence in some advanced navies Smaller than destroyers but more agile and cost-effective for escort missions and power projection. India’s Shipbuilding Shift: Strategic View India’s naval strategy focuses on: Maritime dominance in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) Self-reliant production pipelines to reduce strategic dependencies. India now builds indigenous vessels like: INS Vikrant (aircraft carrier) Project 15B (Visakhapatnam-class destroyers) Project 17A (stealth frigates) Scorpene-class submarines under Make-in-India partnership. Global Comparisons & Relevance Nations like the USA, Russia, China, France already have established self-sufficient naval production. India joins the club of nations with multi-domain naval autonomy — surface, subsurface, and aerial. Policy & Institutional Linkages GS 3: Defence Technology, Indigenisation in Defence Sector Key Institutions: Ministry of Defence Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Hindustan Shipyard Ltd (HSL) Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL) Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL) Initiatives: Make in India Strategic Partnership Model (SPM) Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) Additional Data & Achievements India is now among the top 10 naval powers globally in terms of tonnage and capability. DEFEXPO 2024 highlighted India’s push toward becoming a net defence exporter — $5B by 2028. Indian Navy’s goal: 100% indigenous warship construction by 2030. Challenges Ahead Import dependency still exists for: Gas turbines, radars, and sensor suites Advanced combat management systems Need for skilled shipyard workforce and global-level R&D investment Long gestation periods and project cost overruns Way Forward Strengthen Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) models in naval manufacturing. Promote defence exports of light frigates, OPVs (Offshore Patrol Vessels), and weapon systems. Enhance cooperation with friendly countries for technology transfer while prioritizing indigenous design. Continue fleet modernization under Maritime Capability Perspective Plan (MCPP) A counter to China: Quad to create critical minerals’ supply chain Context & Background The QUAD alliance — India, USA, Japan, and Australia — has launched a new initiative to build an alternative supply chain for critical minerals. The move is a strategic response to: China’s dominance in rare earth and critical minerals. Risks of supply chain disruptions due to geopolitical tensions, especially in the Indo-Pacific. The need for technology sovereignty in sectors like EVs, semiconductors, defence, and renewable energy. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Critical Minerals) What Are Critical Minerals? Include: Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Rare Earths, Graphite, Manganese, etc. Crucial for: EV batteries Semiconductors Green energy technologies Aerospace & defence Advanced electronics These minerals are scarce, concentrated geographically, and hard to replace technologically. China’s Dominance China controls: 60–70% of rare earth processing 50%+ of lithium refining 90%+ of some rare earth minerals like Lanthanum, Neodymium, and Dysprosium China uses its dominance strategically, allegedly manipulating supply, prices, and exports. The West’s overdependence on China for rare minerals has led to supply risks and inflationary pressures in global manufacturing. Quad’s Response: A Strategic Alternative The Quad initiative aims to: Secure reliable & resilient supply chains. Reduce “coercive leverage” of any one country (read: China). Promote ethical mining, sustainable sourcing, and diversification of sources. India’s potential: Rich in bauxite, lithium, and titanium. Upcoming projects like Mandla rare earth plant (MP) and exploration in Aravalli, Satpura belts. India is also part of the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP). India’s EV and Tech Industry at Stake India aims for: 30% EV penetration by 2030 Semiconductor self-reliance through initiatives like the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) Requires stable access to cobalt, lithium, rare earths Quad supply chains can reduce import dependence and fuel India’s Make-in-India vision. Global Trends & Linkages USA passed Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and CHIPS & Science Act — both promote domestic mineral sourcing. EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act seeks diversification from China. The G7’s Clean Energy Supply Chain Initiative aligns with Quad efforts. Additional Insights QUAD+ (including Korea and EU) may eventually join to broaden the supply chain security grid. India’s FAME II scheme and PLI schemes in battery, electronics, and automobile sectors depend heavily on secure mineral imports. Challenges Ahead Mining critical minerals is environmentally sensitive. India faces regulatory bottlenecks, lack of skilled mining manpower, and infrastructure gaps. Global competition may trigger a resource nationalism wave, limiting cooperative access. Way Forward Develop strategic reserves of key minerals. Expand India-Australia collaboration (Australia is rich in lithium and rare earths). Incentivize domestic exploration, R&D, and clean refining technologies. Leverage Quad as a techno-strategic platform, not just military. Can the Supreme Court halt an Act passed by a State? Background of the Case Issue: Use of Special Police Officers (SPOs) and state-supported vigilante groups like Salwa Judum and Koya Commandos in counter-Maoist operations in Chhattisgarh. Petitioner: Activist Nandini Sundar and others challenged the constitutional validity and human rights implications of arming untrained civilians. Key Legal Focus: Violation of Article 14 (Right to Equality) and Article 21 (Right to Life with dignity). Relevance : GS 2(Constitution , Polity ) , GS 3(Internal Security) 2011 Supreme Court Judgment Highlights (Original Writ Order) Dated July 5, 2011. Directed the State of Chhattisgarh to: Cease appointing and using SPOs in counter-insurgency roles. Recall all firearms issued to SPOs. Shut down operations of groups like Salwa Judum and Koya Commandos. Directed the Union of India to stop funding SPO recruitment. Held the use of inadequately trained and armed civilians in internal conflict as: Unconstitutional, violating Articles 14 & 21. An abdication of the State’s responsibility to provide professional policing. Chhattisgarh’s Legislative Response Chhattisgarh Auxiliary Armed Police Forces Act, 2011 was passed after the SC order. Created a new force to aid regular forces, but with stricter checks. Key Provisions: Recruitment only through a screening committee. SPOs must meet eligibility standards. Mandatory training of at least 6 months. Auxiliary force members not to be deployed at front-line positions. State claimed that this addressed SC’s concerns. Contempt Petition: What Was Alleged? Petitioners claimed: The new Act violated the spirit of the 2011 SC judgment. The Act was a backdoor attempt to reintroduce SPOs under a different name. Therefore, it amounted to contempt of court. Supreme Court’s 2024 Ruling on Contempt (Disposal of Petition) Held that passing a new Act by the Legislature does not amount to contempt. Contempt relief was rejected for the following reasons:  1. Doctrine of Separation of Powers Legislature is constitutionally empowered to pass new laws unless: They are beyond legislative competence, or They are violative of the Constitution. Making laws—even in response to court judgments—is not contempt, but an exercise of legislative power.  2. Judicial Review vs Contempt Courts may review the constitutionality of such laws. But until a law is declared unconstitutional, it cannot be deemed contemptuous.  3. Compliance Consideration The Court noted compliance with all directions from the 2011 order. Progress reports were submitted by the State of Chhattisgarh. Legal Doctrines & Case Linkages Separation of Powers: Courts cannot stop a legislature from passing a law unless it violates the Constitution. Indian Aluminium Co. v. State of Kerala (1996): Emphasized balance between legislature, executive, and judiciary. Judicial Review remains the only tool to test the law—not contempt jurisdiction. Apache combat helicopters to arrive in India by July 15 Context : First batch of 3 Apache AH-64E helicopters to be delivered by July 15, 2025. Second batch of 3 helicopters expected by November 2025. These helicopters are part of the Army Aviation Corps’ first dedicated Apache squadron, headquartered in Jodhpur. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence)   Background & Strategic Relevance Apache helicopters are among the most advanced multi-role combat helicopters globally: Equipped with Hellfire missiles, night vision systems, and precision strike capability. Enhances air-to-ground offensive capability of Indian Army, especially in Western and Northern frontiers. Delay: The squadron was raised over 15 months ago, but lacked the actual aircraft. Defence Ministerial Talks: Rajnath Singh & Pete Hegseth Held a telephonic conversation to review and accelerate defence cooperation. Rajnath Singh: Thanked the U.S. for support during Operation Sindoor. Reiterated India’s right to pre-emptively defend itself against cross-border terrorism. Urged timely delivery of: Apache helicopters. GE engines for Tejas Mk1A (Light Combat Aircraft). Requested production setup of GE engines in India as part of Make in India. Pete Hegseth: Assured timely deliveries. Committed to setting up a jet engine manufacturing unit in India. Jet Engine Collaboration: GE & HAL GE–HAL collaboration is crucial to India’s indigenous LCA Tejas Mk1A programme. Engine: Likely to be F414-GE-INS6 model. Part of the broader Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI) between India–U.S. Signals movement toward technology transfer, co-development, and co-production. Strategic and Geopolitical Implications Reflects deepening India–U.S. defence industrial partnership, especially amid: Rising Indo-Pacific tensions. Cross-border security threats. Boosts Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence through localized manufacturing. Strengthens deterrence posture via enhanced Army air power. Endocrine disruptors in plastic waste: a new public health threat Microplastics: An Invisible, Bioactive Threat Definition: Microplastics are plastic fragments <5 mm in size; once considered inert, now recognized as biologically active pollutants. Alarming Presence in Human Body: Found in blood (89% of Indian samples), lungs, heart, semen, placenta, ovarian follicular fluid, and breast milk. Indian men’s testicular tissue had 3x more microplastics than dogs. Urban exposure (e.g., Mumbai): 382–2012 microplastic particles/day via air, water, and food. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology-Pollution) Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in Plastics Common EDCs: BPA & BPS – found in bottles, containers. Phthalates (DEHP, DBP) – used in cosmetics, toys, IV tubing. PFAS (Forever Chemicals) – in packaging, non-stick cookware. Mechanisms of Harm: Mimic/block hormones like estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, thyroid. Interfere with receptor binding, alter gene expression, induce oxidative stress & apoptosis. Reproductive & Developmental Disruption Male Fertility: Microplastics reduce sperm count, motility, and morphology. Testosterone disruption, elevated LH levels – signs of endocrine imbalance. Female Fertility: Microplastics in ovarian fluid linked to: Lower egg quality Reduced estradiol levels Higher miscarriage risk Linked to PCOS, endometriosis, spontaneous abortions. Cancer & Chronic Disease Link Carcinogenic Risk: IARC classifies several plastic additives as probable carcinogens. DEHP linked to 3x higher risk of breast cancer in Indian women. Also linked to prostate, testicular, and uterine cancers. Metabolic Disorders: EDCs mimic cortisol, alter insulin sensitivity → obesity, type 2 diabetes. PFAS linked to cardiovascular disease, thyroid dysfunction, metabolic syndrome. India’s Alarming Plastic Footprint Plastic Waste: India generates 9.3 million tonnes/year: 5.8 million tonnes incinerated (releases toxins) 3.5 million tonnes pollute the environment Poorest communities (near landfills/recycling sector) worst hit by exposure. Public Health Costs & Governance Gaps Economic Burden: India: ₹25,000+ crore/year due to health costs and productivity loss. Global (U.S.): $250 billion/year, as per Endocrine Society. Policy Gaps: Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016, 2022, 2024) exist but enforcement is weak. Current laws don’t address low-dose EDC effects or vulnerable populations (e.g., pregnant women, children). Emerging Science: Ageing & Bio-Monitoring (BHARAT Project) BHARAT Study (IISc): Tracks biomarkers of healthy ageing in Indians. Aims to build India-specific health indicators due to genetic, environmental, lifestyle differences. Uses AI/ML models to interpret complex data and simulate interventions. Recommendations & Systemic Solutions Short-Term Enforce existing rules, plug regulatory gaps. Ban or restrict hazardous additives (BPA, phthalates, PFAS). Educate public on EDC exposure (e.g., microwaving plastic). Promote safe alternatives – glass, stainless steel, EDC-free packaging. Medium-Term Fund longitudinal studies, national EDC biomonitoring. Build India-specific threshold levels for EDCs and ageing biomarkers. Prioritise waste segregation, safe disposal, and recycling infrastructure. Long-Term Incentivize biodegradable materials, circular economy models. Invest in microplastic filtration for water treatment. Integrate plastic pollution into national health policy.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 July 2025

Content : Ten Years of Digital Progress Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) Ten Years of Digital Progress Context : Digital India has transformed governance, service delivery, and citizen empowerment—bridging the digital divide across rural and urban India. In 10 years, India has built one of the world’s fastest-growing digital economies, backed by strong infrastructure, fintech inclusion, AI advancement, and public digital platforms. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Digital Economy) Connectivity & Infrastructure Internet Connections grew from 25.15 Cr (2014) to 96.96 Cr (2024) — ~285% increase. 4.74 lakh 5G towers installed; coverage in 99.6% districts. BharatNet: Connected 2.18 lakh Gram Panchayats, laid 6.92 lakh km fibre. Tele-density rose from 75.23% (2014) to 84.49% (2024). Digital Economy & Growth Digital economy’s GDP share: 11.74% (2022–23) → 13.42% (2024–25). India now ranks 3rd globally in digitalisation (ICRIER Report). By 2030, projected to contribute ~20% to GDP. Affordable Internet Access Data cost: ₹308/GB (2014) → ₹9.34/GB (2022). 4G in ~96% villages; 5G scaled in 22 months, fastest globally. Digital Public Platforms & Inclusion UPI: 1867.7 Cr transactions worth ₹24.77 lakh Cr (Apr 2025); used in 7+ countries. DigiLocker: 53.92 Cr users; started with 9.98 lakh (2015). UMANG App: 8.34 Cr users, 2300+ services in 23 languages. e-Governance & Service Delivery DBT savings: ₹3.48 lakh Cr saved; ₹44 lakh Cr transferred. GeM (Govt e-Marketplace): ₹4.09 lakh Cr GMV in FY25 (first 10 months). ONDC: Over 7.64 lakh sellers, operating in 616+ cities. Karmayogi Bharat: 1.21 Cr officials trained; 3.24 Cr certificates issued. Strategic Tech Push IndiaAI Mission (₹10,371 Cr) Crossed 34,000 GPUs compute power. AI innovation, compute capacity, ethics, skills, and startups under one mission. AIKosh, IndiaAI FutureSkills, and Application Development rolled out. India Semiconductor Mission (₹76,000 Cr) 6 projects worth ₹1.55 lakh Cr approved; 5 fabs under construction. HCL–Foxconn JV display unit near Jewar Airport, UP. SEMICON India 2025: Global chip supply chain partnership push. Inclusivity & Language Access BHASHINI: Supports 35+ languages, integrated in IRCTC, NPCI IVRS, police records. 8.5 lakh+ downloads; 1600 AI models developed for multilingual access. Additional Dimensions : Global Digital Leadership UPI adopted in 7+ countries; Aadhaar model studied abroad.  projected as DPI leader during G20 Presidency 2023. Source: MEITY, NITI Aayog, G20 India Docs Cybersecurity & Data Protection Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 enacted. CERT-In, NCCC monitor threats. Source: MEITY, PIB Environmental Sustainability Reduced carbon from digital governance, but data centres demand energy. Green Data Centre Policy under consideration. Source: MoEFCC, MEITY Start-up Ecosystem & MSMEs Over 1.25 lakh startups leverage DPI (Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC). ONDC active in 600+ cities. Source: DPIIT, ONDC Portal Digital Literacy & Skilling PMGDISHA trained ~6 Cr rural citizens. IndiaAI FutureSkills, DIKSHA, SWAYAM expanding reach. Source: PMGDISHA, MoE, MEITY Social Sector Integration eSanjeevani: 16+ Cr teleconsultations. DIKSHA: Digital content in 35+ languages. AgriStack for data-driven agriculture. Source: MoHFW, MoE, MoA Legal & Regulatory Framework IT Rules 2021 regulate digital platforms. Aadhaar upheld in Puttaswamy judgment (2017). Source: MIB, SC Judgments Bridging Digital Divide Urban-rural internet gap; only 30% women access internet. Source: NFHS-5, IAMAI Reports Pandemic Resilience CoWIN, Aarogya Setu, UPI ensured continuity of services. Source: MoHFW, MEITY Challenges & Way Forward Digital divide, low-end device access, digital literacy gaps persist. Need to address deepfakes, AI regulation, algorithmic transparency. Focus on open-source, federated AI, inclusive design, and last-mile connectivity. Facts Sheet : Internet users: 96.96 Cr (2024) | Growth: +285% since 2014 UPI (April 2025): 1867.7 Cr transactions, worth ₹24.77 lakh Cr DigiLocker: 53.92 Cr users | UMANG: 2,300 services in 23 languages Digital economy contribution: 11.74% (2022–23) → projected 13.42% (2024–25) Data cost: ₹308/GB (2014) → ₹9.34/GB (2022) BharatNet: 2.18 lakh GPs connected, 6.92 lakh km fibre laid DBT savings: ₹3.48 lakh Cr | Transfers: ₹44 lakh Cr Schemes Sheet: Digital India Mission (2015): Umbrella programme for digital transformation BharatNet: Rural broadband infrastructure IndiaAI Mission (2024): ₹10,371 Cr initiative for AI ecosystem India Semiconductor Mission (ISM): ₹76,000 Cr for chip ecosystem DigiLocker & UMANG: E-governance tools for citizen services BHASHINI: Multilingual digital access using AI Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Welfare leakage plug Government e-Marketplace (GeM): Transparent govt procurement Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC): Democratizing e-commerce Mission Karmayogi + iGOT: Civil services capacity building Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI)  Context & Significance Landmark step in preventing cyber-enabled financial frauds via real-time telecom–banking integration. FRI integration advisory (30 June 2025) by RBI is a major inter-agency move towards digital financial security under Digital India. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) ,GS 3(Cyber Security)  What is FRI? Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI): A risk-based metric classifying mobile numbers into Medium, High, or Very High fraud risk. Developed by DoT’s Digital Intelligence Unit (DIU); launched in May 2025. Based on inputs from: I4C’s Cybercrime Portal (NCRP) Chakshu Platform Banks’ internal fraud alerts Mobile Number Revocation List (MNRL) by DIU  How It Helps Banks Prevent Cyber Frauds Real-time API integration with DoT systems allows: Declining suspicious transactions Alerting customers proactively Delaying high-risk transactions for verification Banks like HDFC, PNB, ICICI, Paytm, PhonePe, IPPB are already using FRI. Enables risk scoring of phone numbers linked to fraud attempts.  Relevance for UPI & Digital Payments Crucial for safeguarding UPI ecosystem (India’s most used payment system). Enhances user confidence in digital payments and supports financial inclusion by reducing fraud vulnerability.  Relevant Schemes & Frameworks Digital India Mission National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) DIP (Digital Intelligence Platform) – DoT’s fraud intelligence backbone RBI’s Cyber Security Framework (2016+) Syllabus Interlinkages: GS Paper II – Governance Government policies for transparency and accountability Inter-ministerial coordination (DoT + RBI + I4C) Role of institutions in securing citizens’ rights (cybersecurity as a citizen service) GS Paper III – Internal Security & Technology Challenges to internal security through communication networks Cybersecurity and digital fraud prevention Role of technology in financial fraud detection Use of ICT in governance and public service delivery Additional Relevant Data Data Point Figure/Insight Source Cybercrime Complaints in India Over 13.2 lakh complaints in 2023 I4C, MHA Financial Cybercrime Cases Over 68,000 cases in 2023 involving digital payments NCRB 2023 UPI Fraud Incidents ~85,000 complaints reported in 2023 NPCI (via RTI reports) Digital Payment Volume 13,462 crore transactions (FY 2023–24) RBI Annual Report 2024 Loss due to bank frauds (including cyber) ₹13,930 crore (FY23) RBI Financial Stability Report 2023 India’s internet user base 96.96 crore (2024) TRAI Rise in mobile-based financial frauds >40% rise between 2020–2023 CERT-In, I4C estimates Challenges & Criticism Privacy Concerns Real-time data sharing may raise surveillance fears. No clear rules on user consent or redressal if wrongly flagged. Wrong Flags = Service Denial Genuine users may face blocked transactions due to errors (e.g., SIM misuse). No transparent system to challenge or fix false alerts. Data Reliability Issues FRI depends on timely, accurate inputs from portals like NCRP and Chakshu. Underreporting of fraud weakens its accuracy. Risk of Exclusion Low-tech users may be unfairly blocked or unable to appeal decisions. Could deepen the digital divide. Uneven Adoption Not all banks or fintechs may implement it equally. Non-RBI players are not yet covered. Turf Clashes Possible Overlap in roles may between DoT and RBI delay quick action.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 July 2025

Content : Rephasing global development finance Integrating compassion, prioritising palliative care Rephasing global development finance Context India’s Global Outreach: India’s development aid to the Global South has nearly doubled—from ~$3 bn (2010–11) to ~$7 bn (2023–24)—primarily through Lines of Credit under its IDEAS programme. Evolving Strategy: With rising debt burdens in partner countries and shrinking global ODA, India is shifting focus from credit-heavy models to a more balanced mix of grants, grants, capacity building, and triangular cooperation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Practice Question : “India’s development cooperation strategy with the Global South is undergoing a strategic recalibration from concessional credit to collaborative models like Triangular Cooperation. Discuss the rationale behind this shift and examine its implications for India’s foreign policy and global leadership.”(250 words) Why It’s in the News Triangular Cooperation Rising: India is increasingly partnering with Global North donors like Germany and the UK for co-funded projects in third countries such as Ghana, Cameroon, Malawi, and Peru. TrC investments are now estimated at $670 mn–$1.1 bn, highlighting a shift toward shared, co-created development solutions. G20 Platform for TrC: During its G20 presidency (2023), India leveraged global platforms to promote TrC, expanding collaborations that span grants to investment-driven initiatives (e.g., Global Innovation Partnership with the UK). Trends & Modalities India’s development assistance increased from $3 bn (2010–11) to $7 bn (2023–24). IDEAS scheme is the main vehicle through Lines of Credit (LoC). Five modalities of engagement: Capacity building Technology transfer Market access Grants Concessional finance Policy Shift (2025–26 Budget) MoF red-flagged LoC-heavy model due to rising global debt risks. PM Modi proposed Global Development Compact (VoGS 2024) – promotes a balanced approach to engagement. Global Context & Development Finance Crisis ODA shrinking: From $214 bn (2023) to ~$97 bn (projected) – 45% drop (OECD-DAC). Rising SDG financing gap: From $2.5 tn (2015) to $4+ tn (2024). Rising borrowing costs + weak repayment capacity in Global South. Collapse of agencies like USAID, FCDO reflects donor fatigue. Triangular Cooperation (TrC): An Emerging Alternative What is TrC? Partnership model between: One Global North donor One pivotal Global South country (e.g., India, Brazil, Indonesia) One partner country (recipient from Global South) Why TrC Matters? Promotes co-creation, shared learning, and context-specific solutions. TrC funding (2022 est.): $670 mn – $1.1 bn. Expands India’s global footprint through strategic partnerships. India’s TrC Examples India–Germany Joint Declaration (2022): TrC projects in Africa & Latin America (e.g., Ghana, Cameroon, Malawi, Peru). Global Innovation Partnership (GIP) with the U.K. G20 2023: India expanded TrC discussions with US, UK, EU, France. Challenges in India’s Traditional Approach LoC model unsustainable in a debt-distressed world. Rising risk of non-performing LoCs and capital market unpredictability. Global South borrowers face low creditworthiness, high exposure. Way Forward Refocus on grant-based, capacity-focused cooperation over debt-heavy LoCs. Embrace TrC as a core pillar: fosters resilience, builds global legitimacy. Leverage India’s soft power in technology, digital public goods, training, health, and energy access. Quick Data Sheet Indicator Value India’s Dev. Aid (2010–11) ~$3 billion India’s Dev. Aid (2023–24) ~$7 billion ODA (2023) $214 billion Projected ODA (2024–25) ~$97 billion SDG Financing Need (2024) > $4 trillion TrC Estimated Funding (2022) $670 million – $1.1 billion Additional Information : Historical Evolution Nehru’s Afro-Asian solidarity, ITEC programme (1964), IBSA & BRICS cooperation. Shift from ideological non-alignment to pragmatic economic engagement post-1990s. Comparative Global Models Compare India’s approach with: China’s BRI (infrastructure, debt-heavy) USA’s Millennium Challenge Corp (MCC) (grant-based, selective) OECD-DAC traditional aid (conditional and donor-driven) India’s Unique Model (Development Compact) Highlight India’s emphasis on partnership, not patronage. Demand-driven, transparent, respecting sovereignty. Soft Power & Capacity Building ITEC, ICCR scholarships, Pan-African e-Network, yoga diplomacy. India as a knowledge and digital public goods provider (like UPI, CoWIN, DIKSHA exports). Strategic Geography India’s cooperation focus in: Africa (East, West, Horn of Africa) Indian Ocean Region Latin America CARICOM and Pacific Island countries Institutional Mechanisms EXIM Bank, Ministry of External Affairs (DPA–Development Partnership Administration), RIS (Research & Information System for Developing Countries). Trilateral working groups (e.g., India-Germany-Africa model). Private Sector & Philanthropy Role Role of Indian corporates (L&T, TATA, Bharti) in Africa/ASEAN infrastructure and training. Involvement of Indian NGOs in social sector aid. Digital Public Infrastructure as Aid India offering DPI stack (UPI, DigiLocker, Aadhaar) to developing countries under Digital Public Goods Alliance. G20 endorsement of DPI in Global South. Climate Finance & Green Development India’s potential to lead in green tech transfer, solar energy (ISA), biofuels, EVs, and climate-resilient infra. Link with SDG 13 (climate action) and SDG financing gap. TrC Potential in Multilateral Diplomacy TrC as a tool to: Gain influence in G77, G20, BRICS+. Build issue-based coalitions in WTO, UNSC reform, etc. Act as bridge between Global North & South. Integrating compassion, prioritising palliative care Context: Rising Need, Poor Access: Over 7–10 million Indians need palliative care annually, yet only 1–2% receive it, highlighting a massive access gap.(Who 2024) Growing NCD Burden: Rising cases of cancer, diabetes, and chronic illnesses necessitate integration of palliative care into mainstream health services to ensure dignity in terminal care. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues) Practice Question : “Despite being essential for ensuring dignity in illness, palliative care remains marginalised in India’s healthcare system. Examine the challenges in expanding access to palliative care and suggest measures for its effective integration into public health policy.”(250 words) What is Palliative Care? Palliative care is specialised medical care that focuses on relieving pain, stress, and other symptoms of serious or terminal illnesses—improving quality of life for patients and their families. It addresses physical, emotional, psychological, social, and spiritual needs, and is applicable at any stage of illness, not just end-of-life care. Why in News ? India’s underfunded and underutilised palliative care system has come under scrutiny due to its limited access, especially for rural and disadvantaged populations. Health experts advocate integrating palliative care into MBBS curriculum, Ayushman Bharat, and expanding it through task-shifting and nursing capacity to address systemic gaps. Achievements / Positive Developments Included in National Health Policy (2017). ICMR & AIIMS have pilot projects on pain and palliative care. WHO-recognised palliative care centres exist in Kerala (community model). India’s doctor-population ratio (1:834) is better than WHO norm (1:1000). Challenges Only 1–2% access despite 7M+ need (WHO, 2024). Lack of trained professionals and inadequate curriculum coverage. Uneven access — rural and poor patients most excluded. Low funding, weak insurance integration, and lack of infrastructure. Poor public awareness, stigma, and confusion with hospice/end-of-life care. Recommendations Curriculum Integration: Add palliative care to MBBS & allied health training. Task-Shifting: Leverage India’s 34.3 lakh nurses and 13 lakh allied health workers. Insurance Inclusion: Expand Ayushman Bharat to cover palliative services. Public Awareness Campaigns: To redefine palliative care beyond end-of-life. NGO + Private Sector Partnerships for last-mile delivery. Data Sheet Indicator Data Indians needing palliative care (annually) 7–10 million (WHO, 2024) Access to palliative care Only 1–2% India doctor-population ratio 1:834 Registered nurses in India 34.33 lakh Registered allied health professionals 13 lakh WHO global stat 40 million need palliative care; 78% in LMICs Global access gap Only 14% receive care (WHO, 2024) Global Best Practice U.S. Model: Strong palliative ecosystem with insurance-backed hospice care, early intervention, and end-of-life funding mechanisms — a model India can adapt considering cost and cultural context. Additional Information Curriculum Integration: Pallium India guided the draft MD Palliative Medicine through MCI—boosting professional training . Community Delivery: Community Medicine and ASHAs are now trained in rural palliative outreach through Ayushman Arogya Mandir sub-centres . Urban Infrastructure Boost: Delhi’s rollout of 33 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs includes palliative care in primary health facilities . Elderly-Focused Models: Kerala’s Vayomithram provides mobile palliative clinics for seniors at municipal level . Policy & Insurance Gains: Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) offers palliative care packages; linked with NCD control program . Key Takeaways India’s palliative care access remains critically low at under 4% — a sharp contrast to global need. Though policies exist (NPPC, NDPS reform, NHP 2017), implementation remains patchy, especially beyond Kerala and urban centres. Integration under Ayushman Bharat and training via ASHAs and community health workers can significantly bridge rural-urban and knowledge gaps. NGO-led initiatives—Pallium India, CanSupport—play a pivotal role in training, advocacy, and service delivery. Continued policy reform, funding, and curriculum integration are essential to transform palliative care into an accessible, equitable health service.

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