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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 June 2025

Content : Judicial sensitivity to sentiments is a sign of regression Consultative regulation-making that should go further Judicial sensitivity to sentiments is a sign of regression Core Argument Indian judiciary is perceived to be shifting focus from protecting free speech to managing it. Courts increasingly prioritize societal sentiments and decorum alongside constitutional rights. Article 19(1)(a) rights are being interpreted with consideration of emotional and cultural contexts. Relevance: GS 2 (Judiciary, Liberty) Practice Question: “Judicial sensitivity to sentiments is leading to a quiet erosion of free speech in India.” Critically examine the role of the judiciary in upholding the constitutional guarantee of free speech in the context of recent trends and case laws. (250 words, 15 marks) Cases Highlighted Criticism of PM post-Operation Sindoor: FIR upheld citing “emotions of the nation.” Kamal Haasan’s language remark: Advised to apologize for hurting sentiments; focus on social impact over legal thresholds. Podcaster Ranveer Allahbadia case: Court questioned use of “vulgar” language based on societal norms. Professor Ali Khan’s critique of military deployment: Examined for possible provocative intent in academic speech. Rahul Gandhi Army remark case: Relief rejected; emphasis on protecting institutional reputation. Judicial Trends Observed Offence often equated with legal harm, broadening interpretation of restrictions. Courts at times act as arbiters of cultural and social norms. Apologies encouraged as a means of managing public sentiment. Limited intervention in quashing FIRs contributes to deterrent effects on speech. Chilling Effect The “chilling effect” doctrine is infrequently applied. Ambiguity in laws like sedition and public order provisions remains. Creates an environment favoring cautious and non-controversial speech. Principled Approach Suggested Speech restrictions should rely on clear legal criteria, not subjective sentiments. Apologies should be voluntary, not judicially mandated. Judiciary should focus on protecting free expression while balancing social interests. Broader Implications Validation of outrage may empower repeated legal actions. Judicial approach influences public confidence in constitutional freedoms. Free speech remains a vital pillar for democratic discourse. Conclusion Courts should uphold their constitutional role as protectors of free speech. Democracy thrives on robust dissent and debate, not only on harmony. Judicial sensitivity to sentiments requires careful balancing to avoid unintended constraints on liberty. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes. Consultative regulation-making that should go further Context: RBI and SEBI recently issued frameworks to make regulation-making more transparent and consultative by publishing procedures, impact analyses, objectives, inviting public comments, and periodic reviews. Positive shift: These frameworks mark a welcome move toward openness, public engagement, and self-review in regulatory processes. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance and Constitution) and GS 3 (Economy and Financial Regulation). Practice Mains Question:“Recent reforms by financial regulators like RBI and SEBI towards consultative regulation-making mark a positive step for transparency and accountability. However, these reforms need to be strengthened to ensure effective rule of law. Discuss the significance of consultative regulation-making, challenges faced, and suggest measures to improve regulatory processes in India.” (250 words, 15 marks) Need for economic rationale: Current RBI and SEBI frameworks require impact analysis and stated objectives but do not explicitly mandate identification of market failures or economic justification. Effective regulation should clearly explain the economic problem addressed, expected benefits, alternatives considered, and monitoring mechanisms. International examples (US, EU, IFSCA) mandate detailed cost-benefit and problem identification to guide sound policy. Accountability gaps: Historically, RBI and SEBI have limited public consultations (e.g., RBI at 2.4% of circulars, SEBI less than 50% of regulations). Transparency in how public feedback is considered remains weak; often summaries of comments are confidential. Annual reporting on consultations, responses, accepted/rejected suggestions, and their rationale would enhance accountability. Periodic review importance: RBI and SEBI should define clear, frequent timelines for regulation reviews to ensure relevance and effectiveness. IFSCA mandates a three-year review cycle, setting a useful benchmark. Challenges: Limited state capacity may hinder comprehensive implementation of impact assessments and consultative procedures. Piecemeal reforms may lack consistency and efficacy without a broader, uniform legal framework. Recommendation: Consider a central legislation akin to the US Administrative Procedure Act for India to standardize regulatory processes across agencies, ensuring uniform transparency, consultation, impact analysis, and reviews. Such a framework exists in countries like UK and Canada as agency guidelines. Conclusion: RBI and SEBI’s reforms are a good start but must be strengthened with clearer economic rationales, stronger accountability, regular reviews, and ideally, an institutionalized legal framework to uphold rule of law in regulation-making. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 June 2025

Content : India and Mongolia hold joint military exercise to enhance interoperability Diet is both cause and cure for MASLD, a liver condition: experts at The Hindu-Naruvi event New study makes controversial weather-tweaking idea more realistic Defence production in India receives a fillip What is the significance of the Census? How is India planning to localise EV manufacturing? Bridging health cover, mental healthcare in India India and Mongolia hold joint military exercise to enhance interoperability Key Highlights Exercise Name: Nomadic Elephant – 17th Edition Dates: May 31 – June 13, 2025 Location: Special Forces Training Centre, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Participants: Indian Army and Mongolian Armed Forces Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Objectives & Focus Areas Enhancing Interoperability: Improve coordination and cooperation between Indian and Mongolian forces. Operational Focus: Counter-terrorism operations Precision sniping Non-conventional warfare in semi-urban and mountainous terrain Under UN Mandate: Simulated peacekeeping operations modeled on real-world multinational missions. Strategic Significance Bilateral Defence Ties: Strengthens growing India-Mongolia defence cooperation. Geopolitical Relevance: Mongolia is strategically located between China and Russia. India’s engagement signals deepening security presence in East and Central Asia under its “Act East” and “Extended Neighbourhood” policy. Alternating Venue Format: Conducted annually, alternating between India and Mongolia. Last held in Umroi, Meghalaya (July 2024). Operational and Tactical Gains Terrain Familiarization: Training in complex terrain enhances high-altitude warfare capabilities. Best Practices Exchange: Mutual learning on counter-insurgency tactics and sniping techniques. UN Peacekeeping Readiness: Enhances the ability to operate in multinational settings and high-stakes environments. People-to-People & Cultural Exchange Camaraderie Building: Emphasis on cultural understanding and military bonding between troops. Confidence Building Measure (CBM): Strengthens trust and long-term collaboration beyond military. Diet is both cause and cure for MASLD, a liver condition: experts at The Hindu-Naruvi event What is MASLD? Full form: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (formerly NAFLD). Nature: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease linked to metabolic issues and lifestyle. Silent condition: Often asymptomatic until liver damage becomes severe. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues,Health ) Prevalence & Risk Global incidence: ~30% India: ~40% population affected; 53% remain undiagnosed. High-risk groups: People with obesity, Type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance Those with hypertension, high cholesterol, elevated liver enzymes Family history of heart/liver disease Symptoms & Progression Early symptoms: Fatigue, mild abdominal pain (often ignored). Disease timeline (if untreated): 15% may develop steatohepatitis (inflammation) in ~7 years. 5% may progress to cirrhosis in ~25 years. Small % may develop liver cancer. Diagnosis & Screening Recommended tools: Blood tests, liver enzymes Ultrasound every 6 months FibroScan every 1–3 years (non-invasive liver stiffness test) Why screening matters: Early detection helps prevent complications and reduce long-term health burden. Diet: Cause and Cure Contributing factors: Overeating, poor-quality diet, inactivity. Reversal strategies: Calorie deficit and portion control Protein-rich, low-carb diet Avoid sugary, ultra-processed foods Adequate hydration and sleep Lifestyle Modifications Exercise: Brisk walking, cycling, jogging, swimming Minimum 12 weeks of consistency needed for visible benefits Avoid: Smoking, alcohol Fasting: Intermittent fasting can help but should be doctor-supervised, especially with co-morbidities Expert Advice Weight management is key. Lifestyle is the best medicine. Customisation is critical – No one-size-fits-all approach. New study makes controversial weather-tweaking idea more realistic Context Climate crisis deepens: Global greenhouse gas emissions are rising; mitigation efforts are inconsistent. Technological fix: Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) proposed as a geoengineering method to cool the planet. Controversial nature: Global side-effects, ethical concerns, and governance challenges make SAI a divisive topic. Relevance : GS 3(Technology, Disaster Management ) What is Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI)? Method: Injecting tiny reflective aerosols (e.g., sulphur dioxide) into the stratosphere (~20 km altitude) to reflect sunlight and cool Earth. Inspired by volcanoes: Mimics natural aerosol emissions from volcanic eruptions like Mount Pinatubo (1991) which cooled Earth temporarily. Objective: Directly reduce solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface to offset global warming. Key Innovation in the New Study New approach: Use of existing aircraft (like modified Boeing 777F) to inject aerosols at lower altitudes (~13 km) in polar and extratropical regions. Advantage: Lower technical barriers Cheaper and faster to implement Avoids the need for specially designed high-altitude aircraft Modeling Results Climate simulation tool used: UK Earth System Model 1 (UKESM1) Findings: Injecting 12 million tonnes of SO₂/year at 13 km in spring/summer of both hemispheres may cool Earth by 0.6°C. To cool by 1°C, need 21 million tonnes annually at 13 km. More efficient: Only 7.6 million tonnes needed if injected higher in subtropics. Risks and Challenges Scientific risks: Ozone depletion, acid rain Delayed recovery of ozone hole Uneven cooling (polar > tropical regions) Social and geopolitical concerns: Potential misuse or unilateral deployment Could divert attention from emissions reductions Global impact: One country’s action affects all Governance dilemma: No global framework exists to regulate such interventions 2022: Scholars called for moratorium on solar geoengineering R&D citing fairness and control issues Is It a Solution? Temporary measure only – Cannot reverse root causes of climate change Could create “moral hazard” – Mask warming and reduce urgency to cut emissions Needs more transparent global dialogue, public accountability, and regulation Defence production in India receives a fillip Background India has long depended on defence imports, but recent years have seen growth in indigenous production and exports. Operation Sindoor (India’s cross-border military action) triggered renewed interest and confidence in India’s domestic defence capabilities. Relevance : GS 3(Defence) Key Trends & Developments  Stock Market Performance Defence stocks rose 21% in the week of Operation Sindoor (May 2024), compared to 3.1% gain in Nifty50 index. Following week: Defence stocks up 5.4%, while Nifty50 declined 0.5%. This signals a market perception shift in favour of homegrown defence capacity. Record Defence Production FY24 (2023-24): ₹1.3 lakh crore — a 17% growth YoY. Double-digit growth since FY22; only contraction was in FY20 (-2.5%). FY25 (till Dec 2024): ₹90,000 crore, with full-year target at ₹1.6 lakh crore. Soaring Defence Exports FY23 & FY24: Exports exceeded ₹20,000 crore — 2x of pre-FY20 figures. Export items: small arms, protective gear, artillery. FY25 target: ₹30,000 crore.Private Sector & MSME Involvement Private Sector Growth Private players (e.g., Paras Defence, Bharat Forge) had ~20% share in production (FY17–FY24). FY25 share rises to ~24%. Private firms lead in defence exports, due to higher export authorisations. MSMEs’ Role MSMEs supply crucial components to larger manufacturers. FY25 procurement from MSMEs: ₹13,000 crore, over 2x the target. FY18–FY20: only ₹3,000 crore worth orders. Government mandates ensure MSME inclusion in procurement. Defence Budgetary Trends Despite production and export growth, defence spending’s share in total govt. expenditure is declining. However, India’s defence-to-GDP ratio is still higher than many emerging markets, indicating strategic priority. What is the significance of the Census? Historical Context The Census is a decennial exercise — conducted every 10 years since 1881 (first synchronous census under W.C. Plowden). It is governed by The Census Act, 1948 and is a Union List subject (Centre’s responsibility). Post-Independence, it has been held without a break from 1951 to 2011; 2021 Census was postponed due to COVID-19. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) How the Census is Conducted Two Phases since 1971: House-listing Phase (5–6 months): Captures household amenities, structure, fuel, appliances. Population Enumeration Phase (Feb): Captures individual details like age, gender, caste (SC/ST), occupation, education, etc. Staff: Central coordination with local-level implementation via teachers & local officials. Significance of the Upcoming Census (2027 Reference Date) Inclusion of Caste Enumeration: First time since 1931 (for Hindus). Will enumerate caste data for all Hindu groups — long-standing demand from civil society and Opposition parties. Aims to inform affirmative action and welfare targeting. Foundation for Delimitation Exercise (Post-2026 Freeze Ends): Delimitation of Lok Sabha and Assembly seats based on updated population data. Could change the political representation balance across states. Enabler for Women’s Reservation (33% quota): The Women’s Reservation Act (2023) mandates reservation in legislatures after the Census and delimitation. 2027 Census is critical for its implementation by 2029. Concerns of Southern and Smaller States Fear of Political Marginalisation: States like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and northeastern states have controlled population growth. Delimitation based purely on population could reduce their Lok Sabha seat share. Demand: Freeze on seat allocation or compensatory mechanisms to protect political voice. Way Forward Caste enumeration must be systematic, credible, and transparent. Wide inter-state consensus needed before delimitation to avoid federal friction. Women’s reservation must be operationalised through this Census and used for 2029 elections. Avoid hasty implementation — consider legal, political, and demographic implications. How is India planning to localise EV manufacturing? Policy Highlights – Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Electric Passenger Cars in India Customs duty reduced from 70–100% to 15% on completely built electric 4-wheelers priced ≥ $35,000. Valid for 5 years, with annual cap of 8,000 units at concessional duty. Eligibility tied to: Minimum ₹4,150 crore investment within 3 years. Localisation mandates: 25% domestic manufacturing in 3 years, 50% in 5 years. Total duty foregone capped at ₹6,484 crore. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) Concerns Over Ecosystem Impact Critics fear policy favours foreign capital without guaranteed technology transfer. Experts like Shouvik Chakraborty (UMass) argue: India must avoid becoming a mere component assembly hub. EV ecosystem building needs R&D, innovation, and skilling, like China and South Korea. Dinesh Abrol (JNU) notes no foreign firm has ever built another country’s ecosystem voluntarily. Success in China/S. Korea came from state-led innovation ecosystems and strategic industrial policy. Market Structure and Policy Mismatch EV sales breakdown in FY25 (FADA data): 7.8% of total vehicle sales were EVs. Electric 3-wheelers: 57% of their segment. Electric 2-wheelers: 6.1% of segment. Passenger 4-wheelers: Only 2.6%. Commercial EVs: 0.9%. India is the largest market for electric 3-wheelers globally (IEA 2024). Critics warn that policy emphasis on high-end 4-wheelers may overlook mass transport and low-cost EV segments. Domestic Industry Concerns Tata Motors opposed Tesla’s duty cut proposal: Said it would “vitiate” the local investment environment. Asked for more policy support for early-stage Indian EV companies. 2024 production data (IEA EV Outlook): Tata & Mahindra made over 80% of India’s EV cars. <15% of EVs imported (mainly Chinese) due to high duties and competitive local models. Key Takeaways The scheme aims to attract foreign EV majors, but must balance domestic industry protection, technology transfer, and ecosystem building. Focus should expand beyond premium 4-wheelers to cover two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and public EV infrastructure. Local capacity-building, innovation, and mass-market EV adoption must remain central to India’s EV future. Bridging health cover, mental healthcare in India Mental Health: A Rising Concern 1 in 5 adults globally suffer from mental health issues. WHO estimates >$1 trillion productivity loss annually due to untreated mental illness. Post-pandemic awareness has boosted global and Indian attention to mental well-being. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Mental Health) Policy and Legal Framework in India Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: Recognised mental illness at par with physical illness. IRDAI directive: Mandated mental health coverage in all health insurance plans. Result: Inclusion of mental health in India’s mainstream health protection framework. New Trends in Insurance OPD benefits in health plans now include therapy, counselling, psychiatric consultations — key for mental health, rarely requiring hospitalisation. Mental health-related claims up by 30–50% in past 2–3 years. Indicates a positive behavioural shift: More people seeking help earlier and using insurance to pay for it. Demographic Patterns Young adults (25–35) are: Leading in mental health-related searches, policy uptake, and claims. Comfortable with app-based therapy, online consultations. Top conditions claimed: Anxiety (30–35%), Depression (25–30%), Workplace stress, Insomnia. Mostly early to moderate cases, suggesting rising comfort with early intervention. Women & Mental Health Insurance Women more likely to buy policies with mental health benefits. Driven by life-stage transitions like: Pregnancy Menopause Caregiving roles Reflects a cultural shift toward self-care and emotional well-being. Geographical Spread Tier 1 cities dominate with over 50% of mental health policy uptake. Due to better access, digital literacy, corporate wellness policies. Tier 2 cities now showing growing interest, indicating broader national awareness. Workplace Evolution Companies now offer: Wellness programs Access to therapists Stress management workshops Mental health becoming part of employee benefits and corporate culture. Challenges & Way Forward Despite inclusion, awareness and utilisation remain low. Many unaware their policies include OPD therapy or cashless mental health services. Next priorities: Education: Improve awareness on mental health coverage. Accessibility: Ensure services reach beyond urban elites. Empathy: Normalise mental healthcare as everyday healthcare. Goal: Make mental healthcare inclusive, accessible, and normalised.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 June 2025

Content: India Leads Global Fight on World Environment Day 2025 with the theme: ‘One Nation, One Mission: End Plastic Pollution’ Campaign intensifies for the Fight to End Plastic Pollution on World Environment Day India Leads Global Fight on World Environment Day 2025 with the theme: ‘One Nation, One Mission: End Plastic Pollution’ Theme & Vision 2025 Theme: “One Nation, One Mission: End Plastic Pollution” PM Modi emphasized India’s cultural ethos of environmental balance and early action on plastic pollution. Aimed at a “Whole of Government & Whole of Society” approach. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Announcements & Initiatives National Plastic Waste Reporting Portal launched: Enables online tracking of plastic waste from collection to disposal. Covers all ULBs and Panchayats—ensuring transparency and accountability. National Plastic Pollution Reduction Campaign launched: Targets Tiger Reserves, urban & rural areas under Swachhta Hi Sewa. Special emphasis on curbing single-use plastic in Govt offices. Includes Hackathon, youth engagement activities (poems, skits, slogans). National Expo on Eco-Alternatives: 150+ startups, recyclers, local bodies showcased innovations. Dedicated pavilion for Mission LiFE. Student art competition exhibits highlighted. Publications Released Government Initiatives on Ending Plastic Pollution – showcases multi-stakeholder efforts. Compendium on Eco-Alternatives to Banned SUPs – a directory of eco-friendly options. Awards & Participation 21 winners awarded under Ideas4LiFE across 7 themes. 69,000 events, 21 lakh people participated nationwide in pre-campaign month. Technical Sessions Highlights Local Bodies’ Role: Shared best practices from urban & rural waste management. Focus on Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen Phase II). Startups & Innovation: Showcased eco-packaging, milk delivery without plastic, and deinking tech. EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility): Discussed reuse of rigid plastics, chemical recycling, and Deposit Refund Systems. Takeaways India positioning itself as a global leader in plastic pollution reduction. Push towards circular economy via innovation, regulations, and behavioural change. Blend of policy, tech, public participation, and inter-governmental cooperation. Campaign intensifies for the Fight to End Plastic Pollution on World Environment Day Context & Theme World Environment Day (June 5) 2025 theme: Ending Plastic Pollution Globally Builds on Swachh Bharat Mission–Urban 2.0 (SBM-U 2.0) focusing on sustainable urban plastic waste management. Campaign duration: June 1–5, 2025, aimed at public awareness, action, and behavioural change. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Plastic Pollution Challenge Plastic constitutes 46% of dry waste in urban India. Single-use plastics (SUP) and thin plastic bags banned progressively since 1999 and July 2022 respectively. Urbanization exacerbates plastic waste challenges. SBM-U 2.0 emphasizes reduction, segregation, and eco-friendly alternatives. Key Campaign Initiatives Plastic Out, Fabric In: Nearly 2,400 kiosks set up in cities distributing over 3 lakh cloth bags via vending machines in high-traffic areas. Plastic collection drives conducted at Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (RRR) Centres. Launch of Swachh Bharat Harit Bharat green pledge encouraging sustainable lifestyle commitments. City-Level Impactful Actions Mira Bhayandar: “Thaila Bank” converts old clothes into reusable cloth bags by SHG women. Pimpri Chinchwad: Citywide cycle rallies promoting SUP-free future and green pledges. Chhattisgarh: Didi Jhola Bank launched by Gurur Shiv Shakti SHG offering eco-friendly bags at bus stand markets. Lucknow: Over 10,000 volunteers participated in Gomti river cleanup. Indore: ‘RRR Slum Haat’ distributed essentials from RRR centers and encouraged plastic alternatives among shopkeepers. NDMC (Delhi): Hosted Recycle Mela, launched e-carts and wet-cleaning trolleys, promoted plastic-free shops. Jamshedpur: Plog Run and cleanup collected 300+ kg plastic waste for processing. Raipur: Deputy CM launched Plastic-Free Campaign supporting Swachh Bharat Harit Bharat. Anantnag: Ongoing ‘Plastic Bhiksha’ drive with door-to-door SUP collection by sanitation workers. Overall Takeaways Multi-city, multi-stakeholder engagement showcasing collective civic action. Strong focus on sustainable alternatives (cloth bags) replacing plastic. Emphasis on women’s SHGs empowering eco-friendly solutions. Integration of awareness, technology (vending machines), and grassroots activism. Reinforcement of Swachh Bharat Mission’s role in driving urban sustainability. Wide citizen participation fostering long-term behavioural change.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 06 June 2025

Content: Injustice in the delay The university versus constitutionally protected speech A Eurocentric reset, a gateway for India Injustice in the delay The Delay and Its Impact Initial Delay: The decadal Census originally scheduled for 2021 was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Further Delay: Now expected to conclude by March 2027, the extended postponement appears politically motivated. Governance Impact: The absence of up-to-date demographic data has weakened policy planning and social welfare delivery, especially for vulnerable groups. Social Justice Concerns: Delay undermines rights–based entitlements tied to population data (e.g., food security, pensions, housing). Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Social Issues) Practice Question : “The prolonged delay in conducting the Census in India raises concerns of both administrative inefficiency and democratic deficit.” Critically examine the implications of the delayed Census on governance, social justice, and federalism.(250 Words) Digital Administration of Census First-ever Digital Census: Will enable faster data collection and improved access to population-level data. Pros: Can make data more dynamic, real-time, and useful for rapid decision-making. Risks: Heightened concerns over data privacy, digital exclusion, and cybersecurity threats. Trust Building: Transparency in methodology, data protection protocols, and citizen awareness are crucial. Demographic Crossroads Dual Pressure: India faces challenges of both youth bulge and ageing population. Regional Imbalance: Stark variations in fertility rates, literacy, and health metrics across States necessitate updated data. Policy Need: Fresh census data is essential for targeted interventions, infrastructure planning, and workforce management. Caste Enumeration Historical Shift: First time since 1931 that caste will be explicitly enumerated. Positive: Can lead to better data-driven affirmative action and resource allocation. Negative: Risk of further social fragmentation or politicization of caste identities. Delimitation Linkage Crucial Constitutional Link: The next inter-State delimitation exercise is mandated to follow the first Census after 2026. Current Scenario: Parliamentary seat allocation still based on the 1971 Census. Concern of Southern States: States with lower population growth (e.g., Kerala, Tamil Nadu) may lose representation if population is the sole criterion. Centre’s Silence: No clarity yet from the government on how it will address these federal concerns. Political Ramifications Perception of Bias: Delay in Census is increasingly speculated as a strategic move by the Ruling Party to maintain or increase representation for high-growth Hindi-speaking states. Call for Consensus: Centre must build bipartisan trust on delimitation and reassure States about fair representation. Democratic Integrity: Prolonged delay without transparent intent can erode public faith in democratic and federal processes. Conclusion The announcement of the Census is necessary and overdue, but the delay raises issues of justice, transparency, and equity. Both technical and political dimensions of the Census must be handled with care to uphold constitutional principles and social harmony. The university versus constitutionally protected speech Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Free Speech John Milton’s Areopagitica (1644): Argued against government licensing of publications, emphasizing liberty of thought and expression. Speech as Human Dignity: Free expression is central to individual autonomy, dignity, and fulfillment. Truth as Public Good: Censorship assumes the state’s infallibility; real truth emerges through open debate. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Governance) Practice Question : “Universities must be the foremost protectors of free thought and expression in a democracy.” Discuss in light of increasing restrictions on academic freedom and constitutionally protected speech in India.(250 Words) Concerns Over Institutional Censorship in Academia Academic Voices Silenced: Professors are increasingly required to seek prior permission to express views, undermining intellectual freedom. Expression ≠ Activism: Mere dissent or opinion expression should not be labelled as political activism by university authorities. Historic Precedent: Even political involvement was once acceptable in academia. Role of Courts and Constitutional Safeguards Protected Speech: Courts must uphold constitutionally guaranteed freedom of expression, as per past pro-free speech judgments. Case References: Texas v. Johnson (1989): US Supreme Court protected flag burning as free speech. Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020): Reaffirmed Internet access as a component of free speech and emphasized proportionality in restrictions. Dr. Janet Jeyapaul v. SRM University (2015): Private universities performing public functions are ‘state’ and subject to Article 14. Universities as Sites of Free Thought Ancient Indian Tradition: Thinkers like Aryabhata, Chanakya, and Charaka thrived in state-independent gurukuls. Modern Crisis: Today’s universities are over-regulated and underfunded, inhibiting free intellectual inquiry. Suffocation Hampers Scholarship: Controlled environments discourage creativity and prevent meaningful academic contribution. Democracy and Speech Speech Enables Choice: Without access to all views, democratic choice is compromised. Marketplace of Ideas: Truth competes and prevails in an open forum (Holmes doctrine). Fake News Era: More voices are needed, not fewer, to allow the public to discern truth from falsehood. Limits of Free Speech — Constitutional Clarity Not Absolute: Article 19(2) allows reasonable restrictions only on defined grounds: Sovereignty & integrity, security of state, public order, decency/morality, foreign relations, defamation, incitement to offence. Legislation Required: Restrictions must be imposed only through law, not via executive or institutional diktats. Proportionality Doctrine: Any restriction must be necessary, least intrusive, and proportionate — with burden of proof on the state. Implications for Private Institutions No Parallel Censorship: Private institutions can’t impose restrictions outside Article 19(2); regulatory constraints don’t justify silencing faculty. Education ≠ Business: SC reiterates that education is a noble occupation — not profit-making, thus must respect constitutional norms. Conclusion and Way Forward Freedom is Foundational: Free speech is the soul of democracy and the university. Support, Not Suppression: Institutions should support faculty within constitutional bounds to promote a culture of robust debate. Celebrate Diversity of Opinions: Universities must live up to their name — a universe of ideas — and not enforce intellectual conformity. A Eurocentric reset, a gateway for India Overview of the U.K.-EU Reset The new U.K.-EU agreement under PM Keir Starmer signals a reset in cooperation on: Food standards, fishing rights Defence, border coordination Though appearing Eurocentric, this reset holds strategic significance for India in trade, diplomacy, migration, and soft power. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “The U.K.-EU realignment presents India with both opportunities and strategic dilemmas.” Analyse the impact of the renewed U.K.-EU cooperation on India’s trade, diplomacy, and migration policies.(250 Words) Implications for Indian Exporters FY24 Export Data: India-EU: $86 billion India-U.K.: $12 billion Post-Brexit Challenge: Dual regulatory regimes in the U.K. and EU raised compliance costs and complexity. Reset Advantage: A harmonised regulatory framework could simplify procedures in pharma, textiles, seafood, and agro-exports. India supplies 25% of the U.K.’s generic drugs; unified approval can cut costs and delays. Seafood Exports: Worth ₹60,524 crore (~$7.38B), may benefit if standards align — though SMEs may struggle with tighter regulations. Policy Response Needed: Strengthen support schemes: RoDTEP, PLI Build capacity among MSMEs to comply with emerging standards. Strategic and Geopolitical Opportunities Foreign Policy Convergence: Renewed U.K.-EU coordination on defence and Indo-Pacific aligns with India’s strategic interests. Existing Frameworks: EU-India Strategic Partnership (2025 Roadmap) U.K.-India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2022) India’s Defence Ties: France (trade: $15.1B in 2024-25), Germany, and U.K. are critical for naval and tech collaboration. Multilateral Impact: Potential cohesive Western support for India at UN, G20, WTO Opportunity to engage with the West as a bloc in tackling climate change, digital reforms, and global governance. Talent Mobility and Indian Diaspora Indian Diaspora: Largest globally; strong presence in both U.K. and EU. Over 1.1 lakh Indian student visas issued by U.K. in 2024. Mobility Benefits: Post-Brexit restrictions hurt access to EU markets. U.K.-EU alignment may lead to partial reintegration, enabling smoother mobility for professionals. Could enhance India’s bilateral migration pacts with Germany, France, Portugal under a broader regional framework. Strategic Takeaways for India Rare Window of Opportunity: Economic: Liberalised trade and reduced barriers Diplomatic: Coordinated partnerships with Europe Migration: Integrated talent corridor Call to Action for India: Fast-track export ecosystem reforms Upgrade logistics, infrastructure, and compliance capacity Assertively engage in global governance platforms Use soft power and G20 leadership to amplify role in Global South diplomacy Conclusion The U.K.-EU reset, while centred in Europe, presents India with: A chance to streamline exports Deepen defence ties Boost skilled migration Strengthen global presence India must respond strategically, swiftly, and confidently to capitalise on this geopolitical recalibration.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 June 2025

Content : Trump revives controversial travel ban against 12 nations UMEED portal set to go live, Telangana Waqf Board ‘waiting for clarity’ on managing properties Is IBC an effective resolution tool? AI’s unchecked ascent: How big tech is outpacing the regulatory rulebook Dassault Aviation ties up with Tata for Rafale fighter fuselage production in India Digital Census to speed up enumeration, aid policies with timely and accurate data: Centre Trump revives controversial travel ban against 12 nations Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Stated Justification Triggered by a flamethrower attack at a Jewish protest in Colorado. Suspect alleged to be an illegal immigrant, prompting concerns over security loopholes. Exemptions: Athletes from these countries participating in the 2026 FIFA World Cup and 2028 Los Angeles Olympics are exempt. Geopolitical and Diplomatic Implications 7 out of 12 fully banned countries are in Africa: African Union strongly criticized the move, citing damage to: Educational exchange Commercial relations Diplomatic engagement People-to-people connectivity May cause further alienation of African and Muslim-majority nations. Domestic and Legal Ramifications Echoes Trump’s 2017 travel ban, which faced strong legal opposition and multiple lawsuits. Civil rights groups likely to challenge the order in court again. Raises questions about immigration policy continuity and targeted discrimination. Economic & Social Impact Potentially affects: Students, scholars, and researchers from banned countries Migrant workers and families seeking reunification Tech and healthcare sectors relying on skilled migrants from these regions Could lead to a decline in U.S. soft power and educational appeal globally. Political Strategy Aligns with Trump’s “America First” narrative and hardline immigration stance. Likely aimed at consolidating support among his conservative voter base ahead of electoral milestones. May serve as a distraction tactic from domestic controversies (e.g., Harvard crackdown). Potential Repercussions May escalate anti-U.S. sentiment in affected regions. Could strain bilateral ties and cooperation in areas like: Counterterrorism Climate diplomacy Global health initiatives May backfire by fueling extremist propaganda. UMEED portal set to go live, Telangana Waqf Board ‘waiting for clarity’ on managing properties About the UMEED Portal UMEED stands for Unified Waqf Management, Empowerment, Efficiency, and Development. Initiative by the Union Ministry of Minority Affairs. Aims to collate documents related to waqf properties for better management and transparency. Scheduled to go live imminently with a six-month window for uploading documents. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Concerns from Telangana State Waqf Board (TGSWB) TGSWB is still awaiting clear guidelines on: What documents are required. Which formats or types will be accepted. Uncertainty over historical properties: Many Qutb Shahi-era mosques lack formal documentation. Board unsure how to handle such legacy cases on the portal. Technical and Operational Concerns Portal to follow a three-tier approval system: Mutawalli uploads property documents (e.g., gazette notifications). TGSWB officer verifies submissions. CEO of TGSWB grants final approval. Previous online management system to be discontinued. No data migration from old portal to new one. Raises concerns over loss of existing digital records. Legal and Procedural Issues TGSWB suggests Centre should have waited for the Supreme Court judgment related to Waqf property management before rollout. The premature launch could lead to confusion or legal inconsistencies in handling waqf property rights. Steps Taken by TGSWB Actively collecting and updating documentation. CEO has reached out to government agencies for official property papers. Field staff deployed to obtain and verify waqf records. Broader Implications Highlights the gap between central policy rollout and state-level preparedness. Risks of alienating religious institutions due to lack of consultation or clarity. Raises issues of digital transition in governance without adequate groundwork or coordination. Is IBC an effective resolution tool? Why was IBC introduced? Enacted in 2016 as India’s first comprehensive bankruptcy law. Aimed to: Shift control from debtors to creditors. Ensure time-bound resolutions (within 330 days). Improve creditor recovery and reduce judicial delays. Replace fragmented, inefficient earlier mechanisms. Relevance : GS 3(Banking ) ,GS 2(Governance) Impact on Borrower Behaviour & Credit Discipline Led to a cultural shift in how borrowers respond to financial distress. Borrowers now show proactive distress resolution due to credible threat of insolvency. Supreme Court remark: “The defaulter’s paradise is lost.” Over 30,000 cases settled before admission, covering defaults worth₹13.78 lakh crore. Study by IIM-Bangalore found: Reduction in cost of debt for distressed firms. Improved corporate governance (more independent directors). Credit discipline significantly improved. IBC as a Recovery Tool Dominant route for bank recoveries in FY 2023–24 (48% of total recoveries). Recovery rate of 32.8% on admitted claims. Resolutions fetched over 170.1% of liquidation value. Resolution plans achieved 93.4% of fair value on average. Out of total cases, 2,758 went into liquidation, but 10 companies were resolved for every 5 liquidated. Challenges Facing IBC Judicial delays at NCLT/NCLAT slow down the resolution process. Cases often get caught in extended litigation, risking asset value erosion. Lack of clarity in non-traditional enterprise defaults (IP valuation, tech assets, employee dues). No data migration from earlier digital systems into UMEED-like platforms. Post-Resolution Uncertainty Bhushan Steel verdict reignited fear of judicial reversals after resolution implementation. Such reversals threaten commercial finality, reducing investor confidence. Risk: Applicants may hesitate to invest in distressed assets due to lack of certainty. Way Forward Strengthen tribunal infrastructure (faster benches, trained staff). Institutionalize pre-packaged insolvency for faster resolution. Ensure judicial restraint in re-evaluating commercial decisions post-resolution. Build a more future-ready IBC that accommodates: Startups Digital and IP-heavy firms Service-based economies Conclusion The IBC has been a game-changer for India’s insolvency landscape. While it has improved credit discipline and recovery outcomes, its success depends on balancing judicial oversight with commercial pragmatism. As India moves toward a $5 trillion economy, a robust, predictable, and evolving insolvency framework is essential. AI’s unchecked ascent: How big tech is outpacing the regulatory rulebook Rapid Growth of AI by Tech Giants Major players like OpenAI, Meta, Google, Microsoft, and Anthropic are advancing AI at an unprecedented pace. Frequent model upgrades and wider public deployments signal a competitive AI arms race. Their AI innovations are powered by massive datasets — often scraped from the internet or collected from users. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Data Practices Under Scrutiny Tech giants have been repeatedly accused of violating user privacy: Google’s Incognito Mode case resulted in a $7.8 billion-valued settlement. Google also paid $1.4 billion for illegal location and biometric tracking. Meta faced similar charges over misuse of biometric data. OpenAI faces lawsuits from authors, publishers, and media houses (e.g., NYT, Ziff Davis) over copyright violations in training its LLMs. The Problem with Settlements Out-of-court settlements allow companies to avoid admitting guilt or setting legal precedent. This emboldens Big Tech, as they sidestep meaningful regulatory consequences while continuing business as usual. Unchecked Innovation vs. Sluggish Regulation Despite mounting lawsuits, AI deployment continues largely unhindered. Regulatory systems are struggling to catch up or lack clarity on foundational AI issues. Conventional legal constraints appear ineffective in curbing the rapid AI expansion. Global Regulatory Landscape European Union: GDPR enforces strong data rights and steep penalties. Meta was fined under the Digital Markets Act. The AI Act, targeting AI governance, will be implemented by August 2025. EU also acting against Chinese firms (e.g., TikTok, SHEIN) over unlawful data transfers. India: Enacted the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. Aims to balance data protection and innovation, seeking global AI leadership while building regulatory capacity. China: Enforces strict data localization and privacy laws. Simultaneously promotes AI development by local tech giants, backed by the state. Key Concerns Foundational tension: AI models need vast data, while legal and ethical systems demand limits. Risk of user privacy and public interest being treated as afterthoughts, rather than guiding principles. Courts and regulators are reactive, not proactive — playing catch-up. Core Insight AI development is outpacing regulation across jurisdictions. While Big Tech pushes the frontiers of AI, legal guardrails remain underdeveloped or weakly enforced. This gap risks undermining user rights, IP protections, and societal safeguards. Conclusion The AI innovation cycle led by Big Tech is moving too fast for the regulatory apparatus. Without strong, enforceable, and anticipatory regulation, AI’s ascent may compromise fundamental rights and public trust. There is an urgent need for globally coordinated, future-ready AI governance frameworks. Dassault Aviation ties up with Tata for Rafale fighter fuselage production in India Overview of the Agreement Dassault Aviation and Tata Advanced Systems Ltd. (TASL) have signed four Production Transfer Agreements. The partnership aims to manufacture Rafale fighter aircraft fuselage sections in Hyderabad, India. This is meant not only for Indian requirements but also for global markets. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ,Economy , Defence) Significance of the Move Marks the first time Rafale fuselages will be produced outside France. Positions India as a critical node in the global aerospace supply chain. Signals deepening industrial trust between France and India, especially in the defense and strategic sector. Production and Capacity Tata’s Hyderabad facility will manufacture: Lateral rear fuselage shells Complete rear section Central fuselage Front section First fuselages expected by 2028. Facility capacity: Up to two complete fuselages per month. Implications for Indian Aerospace Industry Boosts domestic defense manufacturing, aligned with ‘Make in India’ and Atmanirbhar Bharat goals. Enhances TASL’s role as a key aerospace and defense manufacturing partner. Likely to generate high-skilled jobs and promote technology transfer in precision aerospace engineering. Strategic and Geopolitical Relevance Strengthens the India-France strategic defense partnership. Enhances India’s self-reliance in fighter jet components and reduces dependence on foreign imports. Could serve as a template for future high-end defense collaborations with other nations. Statements from Leadership Dassault CEO Eric Trappier: This is a decisive step to build an Indian supply chain that aligns with global quality and competitiveness standards. TASL CEO Sukaran Singh: Partnership demonstrates trust in Tata’s capabilities and marks a milestone in India’s aerospace journey. Conclusion The Dassault-Tata agreement is a landmark development in India’s defense manufacturing ecosystem. It not only furthers the vision of indigenisation but also enhances India’s role in the global defense supply chain. Success of this project could pave the way for future indigenous aircraft production and full-spectrum aerospace capability development. Digital Census to speed up enumeration, aid policies with timely and accurate data: Centre Overview of the Digital Census 2027 The 2027 Census will be India’s first major digital Census, enabling real-time data collection using smartphone-based mobile applications. Aim: Faster publication and greater accuracy in data to help improve policy formulation and scheme implementation. Relevance : GS 2(Digital Governance, Social Justice) Key Digital Tools Two mobile apps: Census 2021-Household PE-Census 2021 (Population Enumeration) A web-based portal: Census Management and Monitoring System (CMMS) ➤ To manage appointments, monitor field progress, and auto-generate records. Features & Capabilities Real-time monitoring of each enumerator’s fieldwork via CMMS. Digital entry reduces manual data digitisation delays seen in earlier censuses. Provisions remain for paper schedules in case of connectivity issues in remote areas. Scale and Logistics Estimated to cover 33 crore households and 136 crore individuals. About 30 lakh enumerators will be deployed across 24 lakh enumeration blocks, each block covering ~800 people. Comprehensive Caste Data Collection For the first time in Independent India, the Census will include comprehensive caste data. Existing mobile applications will be updated to accommodate caste-related questions. Challenges Highlighted App-related user issues already reported: Login difficulties Data deletion due to lack of edit options Ensuring digital literacy and technical training for lakhs of enumerators will be critical. Importance and Policy Implications Reduces time lag — earlier Census outputs took up to a decade to be fully released. Enables data-driven governance, improving targeting and effectiveness of welfare schemes. Supports evidence-based decisions in health, education, urban planning, and employment. Broader Significance Reflects India’s push towards digital governance and public data systems. Sets the stage for integrating digital tools in large-scale public data projects. Ensures accountability, transparency, and efficiency in Census operations.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 05 June 2025

Content : Population Census-2027 to be conducted in two phases along with enumeration of castes CAQM Mandates Cleaner Mobility for Aggregators and E-Commerce Entities Across NCR Population Census-2027 to be conducted in two phases along with enumeration of castes Population Census-2027: Key Highlights Will be conducted in two phases, similar to earlier census models. Caste enumeration to be carried out alongside the population census – a notable inclusion, given long-standing debates on caste data. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues) Reference Dates For most of India: 00:00 hours, 1st March 2027 For snow-bound/non-synchronous areas: 00:00 hours, 1st October 2026 Includes Ladakh, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand Legal Framework Census conducted under: Census Act, 1948 Census Rules, 1990 Notification for intent to conduct census (with reference dates) to be published in Official Gazette on 16 June 2025 (tentative). Legal provision used: Section 3 of the Census Act, 1948 Historical Context Last completed Census: 2011 Phase I: House Listing (Apr–Sep 2010) Phase II: Population Enumeration (Feb 9–28, 2011) Reference Date: 1st March 2011, with exceptions for snow-bound areas (1st Oct 2010). Census 2021 was planned similarly, but: Postponed due to COVID-19 Fieldwork was scheduled to begin from April 1, 2020 Significance of Caste Enumeration Marks a major policy shift – caste enumeration was previously limited to SECC (Socio-Economic and Caste Census), last done in 2011. Will provide updated caste data for social welfare and affirmative action policies. Could influence: Reservation policy reforms Targeted development programs Data-backed policy planning Administrative & Policy Implications Requires massive logistical preparation – digital tools and trained manpower may be deployed. Can help in better socio-economic planning post-pandemic. Could reopen debates on caste-based reservation and resource allocation. CAQM Mandates Cleaner Mobility for Aggregators and E-Commerce Entities Across NCR Context: Air Pollution from Transport Sector Transport sector is a major year-round contributor to air pollution in Delhi-NCR, with a worsening impact in winters. Commercial vehicles are particularly polluting due to: High mileage Overloading Poor maintenance Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Push for E-Mobility in Commercial Services Delhi has already notified the Delhi Motor Vehicle Aggregator and Delivery Service Provider Scheme, 2023 for: Licensing of aggregators in passenger and goods transport, including e-commerce deliveries. Promoting e-mobility among commercial fleets in the capital. Expansion to Wider NCR Other NCR States – Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan – directed to frame similar policies for: Motor Vehicle Aggregators Delivery Services E-Commerce Platforms Focus cities: Gurugram, Faridabad, Sonipat, Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad (all High Vehicle Density areas with high pollution load). CAQM Mandates (Effective 1st Jan 2026) Only CNG/Electric 3-Wheelers to be newly inducted in aggregator/delivery fleets. No new petrol/diesel: 2-Wheelers 4-Wheeler Light Commercial Vehicles (LCVs) 4-Wheeler Light Goods Vehicles (LGVs) under N1 category (up to 3.5 tonnes) to be added. Existing ICE vehicles can continue operations. Compliance & Monitoring NCR states must: Ensure strict compliance among all Aggregators/Delivery/E-Commerce entities. Create dedicated web portals for monitoring (similar to the one already developed by Delhi). Ensure wide publicity and awareness campaigns. Significance Aims to reduce vehicular emissions, particularly in high-traffic urban corridors. Supports broader goals of National Electric Mobility Mission and air quality improvement under CAQM mandate. Could set a national precedent for clean commercial mobility in urban India.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 05 June 2025

Content : Falling short Exposomics for better environmental health Aiming for an era of ‘biohappiness’ in India Falling short Policy Update: SPMEPCI – A Step Ahead On June 2, India announced 15% concessional import duty on Completely Built Units (CBUs) of EVs under SPMEPCI. Conditions: Minimum investment of ₹4,150 crore over 3 years. 25% domestic value addition (DVA) in 3 years, to be increased to 50% in 5 years. Cap of 8,000 CBUs annually per manufacturer for 5 years. Goal: Attract global EV giants like Tesla while nudging local manufacturing. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Technology) Practice Question : Despite progressive EV policies like SPMEPCI, India risks becoming a mere assembly hub without substantial technology transfer. Critically analyze this concern and suggest a roadmap to ensure long-term strategic autonomy in the EV sector.(250 Words) Major Gap: Lack of Technology Transfer Despite policy support, India lacks access to core EV technologies, especially batteries. The scheme does not mandate joint ventures, risking: Assembly-only operations No real tech absorption or R&D development India risks becoming a market, not a manufacturing hub. India’s Late Start EV journey began in 2015, much later than global peers. FAME Scheme: FAME I (2015): ₹895 crore FAME II (2019): ₹10,000 crore outlay Contrast with China: Began in 2009 with $230 billion cumulative incentives. Mandatory joint ventures until 2022 ensured technology transfer. Global Comparison China (2024 data): 11.3 million out of 17 million global EV sales. Massive success due to: Vertical integration (mining to battery production) Subsidies, tech mandates, charging infra scale-up U.S.: Began in 2010 with $25 billion in loans. Later boosted via Inflation Reduction Act. Still lags China in adoption (~1.5 million sales in 2024) Battery Tech: The Missing Core India’s 25% DVA likely limited to: Repurposing ICE components Adding software layers Battery manufacturing tech is critical: India must mandate joint ventures (like it did for ICE) Gradual market opening can follow, after tech absorption Recommendations Mandate technology-sharing frameworks within FDI deals. Offer incentives for core component R&D, not just assembly. Build domestic battery value chain: mining, processing, recycling. Encourage public-private partnerships for advanced tech and innovation. Significance Without tech transfer, India risks dependency on foreign players. A technology-led approach is essential for: Strategic autonomy Sustainable job creation Long-term competitiveness in the global EV market. Exposomics for better environmental health Current Challenges in Environmental Health Microplastics and other hazards in air, water, and living spaces are hard to detect with existing sensing technologies. India bears nearly 25% of the global environmental disease burden, highlighting an urgent need for new approaches. Present strategies are fragmented and reactive, lacking comprehensive risk assessment. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) ,GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : What is exposomics and how can it help transform India’s environmental health surveillance and risk management frameworks? Discuss its significance in addressing the rising burden of non-communicable diseases.(250 Words) Magnitude of Environmental Disease Burden WHO & GBD 2021: OEH (Occupational & Environmental Health) risk factors caused: 18.9% of global deaths (12.8 million). 14.4% of global DALYs. PM2.5 alone: 4.7 million deaths. Household air pollution: 3.1 million deaths. In India alone: ~3 million deaths are due to OEH risks. Over 100 million DALYs lost. Over 50% of NCD burden is linked to OEH risks. Current Limitations in Burden Estimation GBD covers only ~11 environmental risk categories due to data scarcity. Lacks inclusion of: Chemical mixtures, microplastics, environmental noise. Synergistic interactions between environmental, behavioural, genetic, and socio-economic factors. Climate change adds compounding risks: heatwaves, floods, air pollution, vector-borne diseases, and mental health. What is Exposomics? Exposome: Totality of environmental exposures across a person’s life and their influence on health. Goes beyond traditional single-exposure models to assess cumulative and interactive risks. Complements genomics with Exposure-Wide Association Studies (EWAS), akin to GWAS. Technologies Driving Exposomics Wearables & real-time sensors for personal exposure. Untargeted chemical analysis in biomonitoring. Organs-on-a-chip: Replicate human organ functions to understand toxicology. AI & Big Data: Integrate diverse datasets for predictive health modelling. Why Exposomics Matters for India Can address inequities in environmental health and inform precision public health strategies. India can leapfrog using digital health platforms already being used in other domains. Exposomics enables: Holistic, scalable, and data-driven preventive health frameworks. Better understanding of disease causation and risk prioritization. Cost-effective interventions and early warning systems. Way Forward Invest in exposomic capacity: labs, wearable tech, AI-based platforms. Develop interoperable data repositories to share harmonised exposure-health data. Integrate environmental risk monitoring into mainstream public health programmes. Align with global exposome efforts to drive scientific collaboration and policy reforms. Aiming for an era of ‘biohappiness’ in India Rich Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge India is a global biodiversity hotspot (8% of world’s biodiversity on 2% of land). Tribal communities (e.g., Nyishi, Apatani) possess deep knowledge of wild foods’ nutritional/medicinal value. Traditional diets in rural India include millets, legumes, tubers, greens, and wild fruits — largely unknown to urban India. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Agriculture , Environment and Ecology) Practice Question : India’s cultural and agrobiodiversity are crucial for nutrition security, rural livelihoods, and climate resilience. How can the idea of “biohappiness” reshape the development paradigm in the 21st century?(250 Words) Alarming Biodiversity Loss Agrobiodiversity is declining rapidly, especially in Northeast India. Traditional culinary practices and food knowledge are disappearing alongside biological species. Mirrors global trends in biodiversity and cultural erosion. Ecological and Economic Value Ecosystem services (forests, biodiversity) estimated at ₹130 trillion annually. Biodiversity underpins rural livelihoods and national development. Yet, policy and economic systems often overlook its value. Global Food System Crisis Overdependence on rice, wheat, and maize (50% of calories) has: Reduced dietary diversity. Increased vulnerability to climate change. Contributed to rising NCDs (diabetes, obesity). Opportunity in Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) NUS (e.g., small millets, buckwheat, tubers) = “Opportunity Crops.” Benefits: nutrient-rich, climate-resilient, locally adapted. These crops support agroecology and cultural traditions but remain undervalued. Case Study: Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu Traditional millet farming replaced by commercial crops (cassava, pepper). MSSRF’s interventions: Revived millet diversity through participatory research. Empowered women farmers. Improved soil, income, value addition, and documentation of knowledge. Government Initiatives and Millets Revival Shree Anna Yojana and International Year of Millets → boost millet promotion. Focus areas: Production, processing, branding, awareness, exports. Example: Odisha Millet Mission—community-led seed-to-plate revival in Koraput. Need to diversify beyond ragi, jowar, bajra into minor millets. Inclusion of millets in Public Distribution System (PDS) is the next step. Vision of Biohappiness & Evergreen Revolution M.S. Swaminathan’s “Evergreen Revolution” = ecological balance + nutrition security. “Biohappiness”: well-being derived from biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. Forgotten foods connect biodiversity, culture, and climate resilience. Emerging Interdisciplinary Biodiversity Science Combines agriculture, nutrition, health, climate, disaster risk, and economy. Potential to create green jobs and address challenges for India’s 1.4 billion people. India can be a global leader in sustainable biodiversity use and human well-being. Conclusion Restoring forgottencrops and foodpractices is vital for: Nutrition security. Cultural identity. Climate resilience. Livelihood generation. Transitioning to an era of biohappiness aligns with ecological and developmental goals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 05 June 2025

Content : Next Census to conclude by March 2027, says govt. BESS in India’s clean energy transition The seeds of sustainability for India’s textile leadership Is global warming becoming a distraction? Has the environmental crisis in India exacerbated? Govt. to bring new national policy on senior citizens West Asia crisis could delay IMEC, says MEA official Next Census to conclude by March 2027, says govt. Key Announcements India’s next Census will conclude by March 1, 2027. This will be the first digital Census of India. It will also be the first post-Independence Census to include caste enumeration. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Governance) Timeline & Reference Dates Two-phase Census to be completed by February 28, 2027. Reference date: March 1, 2027 (for most of India). October 1, 2026 (for snow-bound areas in Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand). The notification of Census phases is expected on June 16, 2025, under Section 3 of the Census Act, 1948. No official start date for the enumeration has been declared yet. Significance of Digital Census Expected to improve data accuracy, efficiency, and real-time data processing. May involve use of mobile apps or digital forms by enumerators. Data privacy and infrastructure readiness will be critical challenges. Caste Enumeration For the first time since Independence, caste data will be collected during the Census. May help in policy formulation, welfare targeting, and social justice planning. However, it could also lead to political and social complexities (e.g., demand for revised quotas). Political Implications Under Article 82 and Article 170, the first Census after 2026 will form the basis for delimitation (redrawing of Lok Sabha and State Assembly constituencies). Currently, constituencies are based on 1971 Census due to a freeze implemented by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment and extended by the 84th Amendment (2001) till after the 2026 Census. Hence, 2027 Census data could trigger a major political shift, especially in representation from high-population states. Challenges Ahead Delayed by 16 years (last Census was in 2011). COVID-19 delayed the originally scheduled 2021 Census. Logistical scale, training digital enumerators, and cybersecurity are major operational challenges. Political sensitivities around caste data and regional population growth disparities may influence national debates. BESS in India’s clean energy transition Changing Energy Paradigm The climate crisis has redefined energy security: now based on availability, accessibility, affordability, and environmental acceptability. Environmental acceptability highlights the trade-offs in emissions, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Renewables meet this criterion well, aligning with SDG 7 (access to clean energy). Relevance : GS 3(Energy , Environment and Ecology) Need for Energy Storage Intermittency of renewables (solar, wind) limits their reliability. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) offer: Grid stability Demand-supply balancing Peak load management Decentralised energy delivery (e.g. microgrids) BESS enables lower GHG emissions and greater renewable integration. Technological & Cost Trends Battery prices have fallen ~90% over 15 years. BESS is favored due to: Affordability Scalability Fast deployment Geographic flexibility Yet, full potential is blocked by: Regulatory hurdles Lack of financing Technical barriers Critical mineral constraints India’s BESS Progress & Targets Target: 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030 (217.62 GW achieved by Jan 2025). BESS Target: 47 GW by 2032. Supportive policies: Viability Gap Funding (VGF) Waiver of interstate transmission charges (till June 2025) Key Challenges (Economic Survey 2024–25) Grid upgrade investments lagging Slow BESS adoption by large users Limited access to critical minerals Delays in large-scale agreements Need for innovation and investment in: Battery procurement Grid infrastructure Mineral supply chains Role of Partnerships Public-private-philanthropic alliances can: Offer concessional financing Enable technical capacity building Delhi BESS Pilot (BSES Rajdhani, IndiGrid, GEAPP): Provides a technical playbook Supports regulatory reform Helps scale future BESS efforts India as a BESS Leader India’s leadership in renewables must be complemented by strong BESS rollout. Strategic actions: Domestic battery manufacturing Recycling initiatives Flexible grid integration Consortium-led collaboration (e.g., BESS Consortium under GEAPP) BESS is essential for energy independence, climate goals, and secure, reliable power systems. The seeds of sustainability for India’s textile leadership Context & Need for Sustainability India is among the world’s largest textile manufacturers but faces challenges due to: Geopolitical tensions Fragmented supply chains Volatile prices Sustainable transformation is needed to maintain global competitiveness and long-term leadership. Market leadership now depends not just on finance, but also adaptability, innovation, and resilience. Relevance : GS 3(Sustainability) Regenerative Farming (Regen Farming) Why important: Tackles raw material sourcing issues, soil degradation, and climate vulnerability. Already being implemented: 1 million+ hectares under pilot projects via Ministry of Agriculture. Aurangabad success: 6,000+ farmers with improved yields, lower chemical use, better incomes. Enables: Farmer inclusion in global supply chains Enhanced climate resilience Cost-effective, low-input farming Breaking gender barriers in agriculture Strengthens traceability, quality, and supply chain accountability. Traceability Solutions Demand for traceable products is growing — 37% of consumers prioritize this (2023 survey). Traceability now supports: Brand trust, authenticity, and consumer transparency Sustainability storytelling beyond logistics India-specific examples: Kasturi Cotton initiative – boosts global trust in Indian cotton India-U.K. FTA (pending) could amplify sustainability-based textile exports EU & UK markets demand traceable, ethical products — offers India a competitive edge. Product Circularity India contributes 8.5% of global textile waste — a serious concern. Circularity strategies: Longer product lifecycles Design for recyclability, reuse, and biodegradability Plastic-free packaging and sustainable post-use disposal Reengineering factory waste into new designs or soil-restorative products Benefits: Job creation Reduced raw material reliance Aligns with REIAI and Viksit Bharat vision of self-reliance and innovation Strategic Outlook Industry target: $350 billion by 2030 + 35 million new jobs India’s leadership must be: Volume-driven and values-driven Focused on climate alignment and tech innovation Emphasis on genuine sustainable action, not greenwashing Conclusion: The Way Forward India must lead by “Making in India for the world”, but responsibly and sustainably. Key to future textile leadership: Regenerative farming Tech-led traceability Product circularity Decisions today will shape a resilient, future-proof textile economy. Is global warming becoming a distraction? On Global Mean Warming Thresholds The 2ºC threshold in the Paris Agreement (later shifted to 1.5ºC) is not rooted in precise climate science, but rather in early economic models (e.g., Nordhaus, 1970s). These thresholds are arbitrary markers and don’t account for the non-linear, localised, and sudden nature of climate impacts. Warming levels like 1.5ºC, 1.75ºC, or 2ºC don’t make a practical difference when preparing for real-time disasters. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Flaws in Climate Models Models for projecting long-term global warming (beyond 2050) are highly uncertain due to: Unpredictability of future emissions. Unknown future tech, policies, and social shifts. Multiple models and datasets produce varying temperature estimates, making it difficult to confirm if 1.5ºC has been breached or not. Short-term warming spikes (e.g., 2023–2024) may not indicate long-term trends.  Is Global Mean Warming a Distraction? Yes, focusing too much on global averages may divert attention from: Local, actionable disaster risk reduction. Real-time adaptation needs and resilience building. There is a disconnect between abstract global metrics and ground-level preparedness. Real Threat: Climate Disasters Disasters such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts are increasing in: Frequency Intensity Duration Rising insurance and livelihood losses highlight the urgent need for preparedness. What Needs More Focus Instead? Short- to medium-term climate predictions (daily to decadal timescales) are more critical. Hyperlocal data and early-warning systems can: Enhance disaster response. Guide adaptive infrastructure planning. Importance of: Tracking accuracy of forecasts. Ensuring timely dissemination to local agencies. Documenting system failures. Tropics and Beyond: Equitable Action Needed Tropics are climate risk hotspots, but even temperate zones (e.g., Valencia floods) are now vulnerable. Global initiatives like UN’s “Early Warnings for All” aim to bridge warning-system gaps in poorer nations. Key Takeaway Climate risks are not predetermined — human agency and institutional preparedness determine the impact. ➤ Mitigation must continue, but resilience, adaptation, and operational disaster management deserve equal, if not more, attention. Has the environmental crisis in India exacerbated? India’s environmental crisis has worsened over the past decade, marked by rising emissions, biodiversity loss, and severe pollution. Despite global awareness, systemic issues and unsustainable development practices continue to deepen ecological damage. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Yes — significantly over the last decade. Rising Carbon Emissions: India’s CO₂ emissions increased from 2.33 billion tonnes (2015) to 3.12 billion tonnes (2024) — nearly 34% growth. Still heavily reliant on coal (≈70% of electricity generation). Biodiversity Loss: Deforestation, wetland degradation, and monoculture farming are threatening India’s rich ecological zones like the Western Ghats and Northeast. Ecosystem disruptions and species extinction risks have increased. Severe Pollution: India consistently ranks among the most polluted countries. Air quality in cities like Delhi remains hazardous. Water pollution from untreated sewage and industrial effluents continues to degrade rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna. What are the major contributing factors? Fossil Fuel Dependency: Dominance of coal, oil, and gas in power and transport. Lack of sufficient transition to renewable energy sources. Deforestation and Land-Use Change: Increased forest clearances for mining, infrastructure, and dam projects. Encroachment in biodiversity-rich regions. Agricultural Intensification: Monoculture crops promoted by agro-industries. Overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and plastic mulch. Resultant soil degradation and water pollution. Waste Mismanagement and Urbanisation: India generates 62 million tonnes of waste/year, with only 20% scientifically processed. Overflowing landfills, untreated sewage, and industrial waste polluting water bodies. Overconsumption and Industrialisation: Global North’s consumption patterns shift environmental burdens to countries like India. Export-driven industrial growth often disregards environmental safeguards. India’s Position in Global Context: Per capita emissions low (~1.9 tonnes) vs. U.S. (~14.7 tonnes), yet aggregate emissions rising. Climate injustice: Poor communities in India suffer disproportionately from pollution and extreme weather. Victim of climate impacts caused by historical emissions of wealthier countries (e.g., erratic monsoons, heatwaves, floods). What needs to be done? Global Accountability: Developed nations must cut emissions, provide climate finance, and stop outsourcing pollution. Corporate Regulation: Impose strict environmental laws and carbon taxes. Ban trade with corporations that do not comply with green norms. Ecological Development: Promote low-carbon livelihoods, organic farming, and community-led conservation. Integrate environmental goals into urban planning, infrastructure, and economic policy. Govt. to bring new national policy on senior citizens Context : India is witnessing a rapid rise in its elderly population, projected to reach 20% by 2047. In response, the government is drafting a new national policy to address the evolving needs of senior citizens. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice, Governance) Demographic Shift: Senior citizens made up 8.23% of the population in 2011; projected to reach 12.16% by 2026 and 20% by 2047. The upcoming policy aims to address the ageing population challenge based on these projections. Draft Policy Development: The policy is currently in the draft stage under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. It is being developed in consultation with stakeholders to reflect future demographic realities. Fourth National Council Meeting: Key topics discussed: digital inclusion, elder abuse redressal, community engagement, and intergenerational bonding. Proposal to institutionalise NGOs and senior citizen associations for implementation and feedback. Elder Care Infrastructure: Emphasis on setting minimum standards for old age homes and care institutions. Focus on improving quality and monitoring of assisted living devices provided under government schemes. Existing Schemes Reviewed: Progress reviewed under: Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY): Over 5 lakh senior citizens provided with free assisted living devices. Integrated Programme for Senior Citizens (IPSrC) and Senior Citizen Portal also assessed for effectiveness. Policy Vision: Aims for a rights-based, inclusive, and welfare-oriented approach. Seeks to prepare India for an ageing society with appropriate social, economic, and institutional support mechanisms. West Asia crisis could delay IMEC, says MEA official Geopolitical Concerns West Asia crisis (e.g. Israel-Palestine conflict, Iran tensions) may delay IMEC’s implementation. Conflict zones pose risks to infrastructure, investment, and continuity of mega-projects. Stability is key to smooth transit and long-term investor confidence. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Nature of IMEC IMEC is a proposed multi-modal economic corridor (ship-rail-road) linking: India → Gulf → Europe. Envisioned as a strategic alternative to the China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Announced during the G20 Summit in India (2023). Competition from BRI China’s BRI presents a competing connectivity project with existing routes and financing. BRI enjoys wider global penetration; IMEC is relatively nascent. IMEC must differentiate itself through efficiency, political alignment, and private sector interest. Operational Challenges Harmonisation issues across partner countries flagged as a major non-political hurdle: Regulatory standards Technical and phytosanitary regulations Transport network compatibility Customs, taxation, and digital systems Without this, delays and inefficiencies could erode transit-time gains. Need for an Institutional Framework Call for an IMEC Secretariat/headquarters to coordinate between stakeholders. Lack of institutional coordination may lead to project dilution or collapse. Funding Issues IMEC needs dedicated funding, ideally from private beneficiaries. Government-only financing may be insufficient for such a large-scale project. Customs Bottlenecks While IMEC promises faster cargo transit, inconsistent customs rules at each transit point may nullify time savings. Strategic Significance IMEC aligns with India’s goals of: Diversifying trade routes Enhancing connectivity to Europe Countering Chinese influence Success depends on regional stability, coordination, and stakeholder commitment.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 04 June 2025

Content : India to Build First-Ever Polar Research Vessel (PRV) as GRSE Signs MoU with Norway’s Kongsberg Election Commission to upgrade VTR sharing process India to Build First-Ever Polar Research Vessel (PRV) as GRSE Signs MoU with Norway’s Kongsberg Context : India’s First-Ever Polar Research Vessel (PRV) MoU Signed: GRSE (Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata) signed an MoU with Norway’s Kongsberg for building India’s first indigenously developed PRV. Significance: Enhances India’s polar and ocean research capabilities. Boosts ‘Make in India’ by constructing a high-tech vessel domestically. Designed in line with the requirements of the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCOPR). Capabilities: Equipped with advanced scientific equipment for oceanographic, climatological, and polar studies. Enables deep-sea and polar ecosystem exploration. Strategic Relevance: Contributes to climate change research, Antarctica policy goals. Showcases India’s rise as a shipbuilding and scientific research power. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Infrastructure)   MAHASAGAR Vision & Maritime Diplomacy From SAGAR to MAHASAGAR: SAGAR: Security and Growth for All in the Region. MAHASAGAR: Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security Across the Regions – an expanded vision to enhance international maritime cooperation. Key Pillars: Economic cooperation & regional connectivity. Disaster response and maritime security. Environmental sustainability and green shipping. Sagarmala 2.0: Focuses on infrastructure gaps, shipbuilding, ship repair, recycling, and boosting maritime trade capacity. Bilateral Engagement with Norway Roundtable with Norwegian Shipowners’ Association (NSA): India invited greater investment in ports, shipbuilding, and logistics. Highlighted India’s role as a trusted, sustainable, and cost-effective shipbuilding hub. Strategic Highlights: Indian shipyards account for 11% of NSA’s global order book. India ranks second in seafarer supply to NSA fleet. Proposed expansion in shipbreaking (HKC-compliant yards) and recruitment partnerships. Green Maritime Vision: Push for green fuels (hydrogen), green ports, IMO-compliance, and digital shipping platforms like ONOP and MAITRI. Proposed India–Norway green shipping corridors. Global Maritime Leadership Ministerial Discussion on Shipping & Ocean Business: India aligned with global goals for decarbonised, inclusive, and future-proof ocean trade. Participating countries included Brazil, Japan, US, China, Norway, and UN reps. India’s Position: Emerging as a maritime power with innovation-driven growth and regional leadership. Strong commitment to sustainability, shipbuilding, and global maritime governance. Overall Impact Reinforces India’s scientific, strategic, and diplomatic outreach in the maritime domain. Showcases synergy between indigenous capacity-building and international cooperation. Enhances India’s preparedness to address climate change, Arctic geopolitics, and maritime trade realignment. Strengthens India-Norway relations based on shared sustainability and innovation goals. Election Commission to upgrade VTR sharing process Objective & Context Election Commission of India (ECI) is upgrading the Voter Turnout Reporting (VTR) mechanism to ensure faster, more accurate, and transparent communication of voter turnout trends. Aligns with ECI’s broader goal of real-time public communication and technological integration into election management. Relevance : GS 2(Elections Reformers) Key Features of the New System ECINET App Introduction: Presiding Officers (PROs) will enter voter turnout data directly into the new ECINET App every 2 hours on polling day. After polls close, PROs will enter final turnout data before leaving the polling station. Automatic Aggregation: Data auto-aggregated at the constituency level. Real-time update visible on updated VTR App. Offline Support: App allows offline data entry, which syncs once network connectivity is restored. Ensures inclusion of remote/rural polling stations. Improvements Over Old System Previous System: Relied on manual data collection by Sector Officers, transmitted via phone/SMS/messaging apps. Approximate turnout often delayed by 4–5 hours or more. Final data sometimes arrived late night or next day. New System Advantages: Reduces delay, boosts accuracy. Eliminates scope for misinformation or speculation due to delayed updates. Strengthens data transparency and voter trust. Legal Compliance Rule 49S, Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961: Legal mandate for PROs to furnish Form 17C to polling agents remains unchanged. VTR update remains a non-statutory, facilitative measure for public information. Rollout Timeline & Pilot Expected to be fully integrated with ECINET before Bihar elections. Aimed at becoming a standard protocol for all future elections. Significance Enhances electoral transparency, improves public confidence. Aligns with Digital India mission and e-Governance practices. Reinforces ECI’s role as a technologically adaptive and citizen-centric institution.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 June 2025

Content: A strategy fuelled by vision, powered by energy India-Australia defence ties beyond American shadows A strategy fuelled by vision, powered by energy Context : India’s Economic and Energy Ascent India has become the 4th largest economy, surpassing Japan (GDP: $4.3 trillion in 2025). Growth trajectory of 6.7% in the last quarter outpaces all major economies. Energy sector central to India’s rise — from an import-dependent model to strategic energy leadership. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Economy , Energy) Practice Question : “India’s transformation from an energy-deficient nation to a strategic energy player is driven by policy reforms, technological innovation, and global partnerships.” Discuss the four-pronged strategy that underpins this transformation. (250 words) Energy Sector Transformation (2014–2025) India is now: 3rd largest energy and oil consumer. 4th largest refiner and LNG importer. Energy demand to grow 2.5x by 2047; India to account for 25% of global incremental demand. Four-Pronged Energy Strategy Diversification of energy sources and suppliers. Domestic production expansion. Transition to renewables. Ensuring affordability for citizens and industry. Upstream Sector Reforms Exploration acreage doubled: 8% (2021) → 16% (2025). Goal: 1 million sq. km by 2030, unlocking 42 billion tonnes of hydrocarbon potential. Reforms include: 99% reduction in ‘No-Go’ areas. Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP). Revised gas pricing (linked to Indian crude basket). Shared infrastructure via new revenue-sharing contracts. Technological Push National Seismic Programme, Mission Anveshan, AGG surveys, and continental shelf mapping enhancing exploration. Focus on frontier basins: Andamans, Mahanadi, Cauvery. Over 25 new hydrocarbon discoveries (Mumbai Offshore, Cambay, Assam, etc.). Global Partnerships ONGC-bp partnership expected to boost Mumbai High’s: Oil output by 44%. Gas output by 89%. International access to India’s data via University of Houston data centre. Downstream & Distribution Growth 24,000 km product pipelines, 96,000+ retail fuel outlets. City gas network expanded from: 55 areas (2014) → 307 areas (2025). PNG: 25 lakh → 1.5 crore connections. 7,500+ CNG stations. Unified tariffs and city gas expansion reduce regional disparities. Biofuels and Ethanol Blending Ethanol blending: 1.5% (2013) → 19.7% (2025). Output up: 38 cr litres → 484 cr litres. Benefits: Saved ₹1.26 lakh crore in forex. Cut emissions by 643 lakh MT. ₹1.79 lakh crore paid to distillers and ₹1 lakh crore to farmers. Feedstock diversified (molasses, maize). SATAT initiative aims for 5% CBG blending by 2028. Green Hydrogen Initiatives Green hydrogen production target: 8.62 lakh tonnes. Electrolyser capacity: 3,000 MW tendered. Major tenders awarded (e.g., IOCL–L&T for Panipat). PSUs like BPCL, HPCL, GAIL, NRL leading implementation. Natural Gas Infrastructure & Reforms Pipeline network: 25,000 km → 33,000 km by 2030. Strategic pricing + “No Cut” category for gas = supply stability. Production: 28.7 BCM (2020–21) → 36.4 BCM (2023–24). Regulatory & Legal Reforms Oilfields Act 2024: Enables hybrid leases (hydrocarbons + renewables). Simplified contracts for Discovered Small Fields (DSF). Digitised asset mapping via PM Gati Shakti. National Master Plan enables real-time synergy across projects. Affordability & Consumer Protection Despite 58% rise in global LPG prices, PMUY beneficiaries pay just ₹553/cylinder. Subsidies + excise cuts keep domestic fuel prices stable compared to neighbours. Key Takeaways Energy = Sovereignty, Security, Sustainability. India’s energy transition is built on: Confidence in its institutions. Self-reliance in supply and production. Strategic foresight to meet future demand sustainably. India-Australia defence ties beyond American shadows Strategic Context Donald Trump’s possible return raises uncertainty in U.S. global commitments, particularly towards NATO and Indo-Pacific allies. This creates a strategic opportunity for middle powers like India and Australia to deepen bilateral defence ties. The Indo-Pacific’s evolving security architecture demands regional resilience beyond U.S. reliance. Relevance : GS2 (International Relations) ,GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : “Amid evolving geopolitical dynamics, India-Australia defence ties are maturing into a critical pillar of Indo-Pacific stability.” Analyze the strategic depth and limitations of this partnership. (250 words) Alignment of Interests Geostrategic Compatibility: Australia’s location bridges the Indian and Pacific Oceans — complementary to India’s maritime interests. Operational Synergies: Australian Defence Force (ADF) has experience in coalition operations, exemplified by the recent air-to-air refuelling arrangement with India. Shared Concerns: Both face China’s assertiveness and support a free, open Indo-Pacific. Bureaucratic Depth: India-Australia ties have stronger institutional frameworks compared to India’s ties with other regional partners like Japan or South Korea. Institutional Framework Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) in 2020. 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue since 2021. Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA) for smoother joint missions. Key Military Exercises: AUSTRAHIND (Army) AUSINDEX (Navy) Participation in Pitch Black and Malabar (multilateral) Strategic Limitations India: Bound by continental security challenges (China border, Pakistan-based threats). Australia: In a strategic transition, modernising forces under AUKUS, and expanding influence in Pacific Islands. Neither can replace the U.S. security umbrella, but can enhance self-reliance and resilience through mutual cooperation. Five Focus Areas for Strengthening Ties Break Service Silos: Move beyond Navy-dominated cooperation. Establish joint military exercises simulating realistic combat. Create Joint Staff Talks and work toward a large-scale combined exercise. Upgrade India’s Defence Presence in Canberra: Elevate the Defence Adviser (DA) to one-star rank. Add Army and Air Force assistants to balance tri-service cooperation. Assign dedicated officials for Pacific Island engagement. Elevate Operational Voices: Encourage working-level military exchanges. Create spaces for classified, candid strategic dialogues. Initiate fellowships, wargaming, and staff college exchanges. Naval MRO & Joint Production: Collaborate on Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul (MRO) of naval vessels. Explore joint production of patrol boats for Indian Ocean & Pacific Island nations. Enhance tech and platform exposure through joint work. Boost Defence MSMEs & Startups: Bridge Indian and Australian MSMEs/startups working on dual-use and component technologies. Encourage direct B2B linkages and joint innovation. Model an initiative like INDUS X for India-Australia startup collaboration. Conclusion / Strategic Significance Australia’s designation of India as a “top-tier security partner” marks a paradigm shift in regional defence architecture. In a world where U.S. reliability is conditional, India-Australia cooperation can provide regional stability and resilience without being trapped in American shadows.

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