Posts

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 July 2025

Content : The Resistance Front (TRF) Designated a Global Terror Threat Work on First Phase of Jungle Safari in the Aravalis to Begin Soon: Haryana Minister Nistar, First Indigenous Diving Support Vessel, Commissioned into Navy India’s Foreign Education Spending Likely to Double by 2030: A Strategic Analysis Yamuna River Pollution: July 2025 Status Report The Resistance Front (TRF) Designated a Global Terror Threat What Happened The United States has designated The Resistance Front (TRF) as both: A Foreign Terrorist Organisation (FTO) A Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) entity The TRF is a proxy of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), based in Pakistan Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) , GS 3(Internal Security) Trigger Event April 22, 2025: TRF claimed responsibility for the Pahalgam attack, which killed 26 civilians This attack was cited as the basis for the US State Department’s designation Official Responses India’s Reaction: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar called it a “strong affirmation of India–U.S. counter-terrorism cooperation” MEA reaffirmed India’s commitment to hold “terrorist organisations and their proxies accountable” through global partnerships U.S. Statement: Secretary of State Marco Rubio confirmed the TRF’s direct link to LeT and its involvement in the April 2025 attack Why It Matters Operational Impact: Designation triggers economic sanctions, asset freezes, and travel restrictions on TRF affiliates Makes it easier for global law enforcement to disrupt funding and logistics networks Strategic Implications: Strengthens India’s diplomatic campaign to expose and isolate Pakistan-backed terror proxies Deepens India-U.S. security cooperation, particularly in South Asia Supports India’s long-standing position that proxy terror groups are part of a wider state-sponsored ecosystem Legal and Diplomatic Context FTO designation under U.S. law allows prosecution of any U.S.-based individuals who assist TRF SDGT listing blocks U.S. persons from doing business with TRF or its members Bolsters multilateral intelligence sharing and terrorist financing controls via FATF mechanisms The Resistance Front (TRF): Origins: TRF emerged in 2019 in Jammu & Kashmir, shortly after the abrogation of Article 370. Affiliation: It is widely considered a front organization of Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), used to give a local and secular cover to Pakistan-backed terrorism. Objective: Claims to fight for the “liberation” of Kashmir from Indian control, but primarily conducts terror attacks and targeted killings, including of civilians and migrant workers. Notoriety: Claimed responsibility for several attacks including the Pahalgam massacre on April 22, 2025, killing 26 civilians. Designation: Designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT) by the United States in July 2025. Tactics: Uses encrypted messaging, anonymous social media handles, and local recruits to evade counter-terror tracking. Global Response: India has been pushing for international recognition of TRF as a proxy of LeT; the U.S. designation reflects growing India-U.S. counter-terror cooperation. Conclusion The U.S. designation of TRF as a global terror group marks a major milestone in internationalising India’s counter-terror narrative. It reflects growing alignment between New Delhi and Washington on counter-terror priorities and raises pressure on Pakistan to dismantle state-supported militant networks. Work on first phase of jungle safari in the Aravalis to begin soon: Haryana Minister Project Overview Name: Aravalli Jungle Safari Location: Spread across Gurugram and Nuh districts, Haryana Total Area: 10,000 acres First Phase: 2,500 acres to be developed Modelled on: Vantara Jungle Safari, Jamnagar (visited by CM Nayab Singh Saini and Union Ministers) Purpose: Promote green tourism Create a new eco-identity for NCR Boost wildlife conservation Constructed with world-class facilities in four phases Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Opposition & Criticism 37 retired Indian Forest Service officers wrote to PM Modi demanding scrapping of project Key Concerns: Project promotes tourism, not conservation Threatens fragile Aravalli ecosystem Ignores the ecological sensitivity of the mountain range Activists’ View: It’s a greenwashed real estate venture rather than genuine environmental reform Strategic & Environmental Implications Ecological Sensitivity: Aravallis act as natural green lungs for NCR Any large-scale construction risks biodiversity and aquifer recharge Tourism-Development Trade-off: Sustainable tourism is a valid goal, but only when environmental safeguards are strictly enforced Governance & Transparency: Concerns over lack of public consultation, EIAs, and long-term forest management plans Additions 1. Legal & Policy Frameworks Ignored: Supreme Court Orders: SC has repeatedly upheld protection of the Aravalli hills under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and has censured illegal constructions (e.g., MC Mehta vs Union of India). National Forest Policy 1988: Prioritizes ecological stability over commercial exploitation — the project may contradict this vision. 2. Aravalli’s Ecological Importance: Oldest Fold Mountain System in India (Proterozoic era) Prevents desertification from spreading from Rajasthan to NCR. Key wildlife corridor for leopards, hyenas, nilgai, and other species. Important aquifer recharge zone for South Haryana and Delhi. 3. Risk of Greenwashing: “Greenwashing” refers to marketing something as eco-friendly to mask its adverse impacts — a concept from environmental ethics. Similar accusations in other cases (e.g., Ken-Betwa River Linking, Draft EIA 2020). 4. Comparative Case: Vantara Safari in Jamnagar (private, by Reliance Foundation): Though well-funded and high-tech, critics argue it’s a “zooified” conservation” with restricted real ecological impact. Recommendations by Experts Independent Environmental Audit before clearance. Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA), not just standalone EIA. Mandatory public hearings and stakeholder consultation. Focus on community-based ecotourism (like in Sikkim, Kerala) rather than large-scale safari parks. Conclusion : The Aravalli Jungle Safari project reflects India’s broader tension between ecological sustainability and aspirational development. Without robust safeguards, scientific planning, and genuine public participation, such projects risk being ecological setbacks wrapped in green rhetoric. Nistar, first indigenous diving support vessel, commissioned into Navy Key Highlights Name: INS Nistar Commissioned on: July 2025 Location: Visakhapatnam Built by: Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. (HSL) Length: 118 metres Role: Deep-sea saturation diving, submarine rescue, and salvage operations Relevance :  GS 3(Defence , Internal Security) Strategic Significance First of its Kind: First indigenously designed and built diving support vessel (DSV) in India Only select navies (e.g., US, UK, Russia) have such advanced DSV capabilities Operational Role: Supports Indian Navy and regional partners Acts as “Mother Ship” for Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles (DSRVs) Commissioning Statement: Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi: “Not just a technological asset but a crucial operational enabler.” Technological Capabilities Diving & Rescue Equipment: Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs) Self-Propelled Hyperbaric Life Boat Diving Compression Chambers Operates up to 300 metres depth Deep Submarine Rescue: Evacuates personnel from submerged submarines in distress Policy Context Aatmanirbhar Bharat Push: Part of India’s broader indigenous defence production strategy All 57 warships in pipeline are being built indigenously Defence Minister’s Statement: MoS Defence Sanjay Seth: “INS Nistar reinforces Indian Navy as first responder and preferred security partner in the region.” Regional & Diplomatic Implications Enhances India’s maritime diplomacy in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) Contributes to Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief (HADR) operations Strengthens India’s position as a net security provider Value Additions 1. Strategic Deterrence & Survivability: Enhances second-strike capability support by ensuring rescue and recovery for nuclear submarines (SSBNs) — a critical component of India’s nuclear triad. 2. Force Multiplier in Submarine Operations: DSVs like Nistar provide operational assurance during peacetime training and real-time wartime contingencies — protecting high-value assets like Scorpène-class submarines and upcoming SSNs. 3. Doctrinal Shift: Reflects India’s move from blue-water aspiration to blue-water capability, enabling full-spectrum naval operations including rescue, salvage, and deep-sea intervention. Technological Distinctions (vs Other Naval Platforms) Feature INS Nistar Generic Naval Platforms Role Deep-sea rescue & salvage Surface combat or logistics Equipment ROVs, Hyperbaric Life Boat, DSRV mother ship Radar, sonar, missile systems Depth Capability Up to 300m Typically surface-level or shallow water Purpose Safety & survivability enabler Combat or deterrence Comparative International Perspective Country Equivalent DSV Remarks USA USNS Safeguard (now decommissioned), modern DSRVs Pioneer in submarine rescue tech UK NATO Submarine Rescue System Shared multilateral platform Russia Igor Belousov Nuclear-capable rescue ship with deep ROVs India INS Nistar First indigenous entrant, leap in capability This places India among an elite group of nations with end-to-end submarine rescue capability. Conclusion INS Nistar marks a major leap in India’s maritime self-reliance and undersea rescue capability. Combining cutting-edge technology with indigenous design, it not only fills a critical operational gap but also underscores India’s emergence as a capable and trusted naval power in the Indo-Pacific. India’s Foreign Education Spending Likely to Double by 2030 Key Data Points Projected Spending by 2030: $91 billion Current Spending (2024): $44 billion Increase: More than 100% over six years Remittance Fees Lost by Indian Families (2024): $200 million (approx. ₹1,700 crore) Bank Markups on Currency Conversion: 3–3.5% Estimated Fee Losses by 2030: Could approach $500 million annually Relevance : GS 2(Education ) ,GS 3(Economy , Remittance) Structure of Foreign Education Remittances Total Education Remittances (2024): ~$11 billion Source of Funds: 95% sent directly from India Remainder from earnings and scholarships abroad Primary Channel: Traditional banking (high markup and delay) Exchange Rate Costs: Significant contributor to overall remittance burden Regulatory & Market Developments RBI Concern: High remittance costs have prompted focus on reducing fees and time delays World Bank Data: Global average cost of remitting money stood at 6.62% in Q3 2024 Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS): Year-on-year decline of 21% in education remittances (April 2025) $874 million spent during Jan–Apr 2025 — indicates subdued demand Policy Innovation: The Role of Digital Infrastructure UPI–PayNow Linkage: 19 Indian banks now connected with Singapore’s PayNow Enables real-time, low-cost remittances Cross-Border UPI Strategy: Aimed at bypassing high-cost banking intermediaries Significant potential to reduce friction and foreign exchange loss Strategic Implications Economic: Rising overseas education spending adds pressure on India’s current account Lower remittance costs can save billions over the next decade Social: Continued preference for overseas education reflects trust deficit in domestic institutions Policy: Urgent need to scale digital payment corridors globally Strengthen Indian higher education quality to retain talent and reduce remittance burden Conclusion India is poised to witness a dramatic rise in foreign education expenditure by 2030. While this reflects rising aspirations and income levels, the associated costs from traditional banking channels are economically inefficient. Strengthening digital remittance infrastructure and reforming the domestic education system are necessary to mitigate this outflow and align with long-term national interests. Yamuna River Pollution: July 2025 Status Report Key Findings from DPCC (Delhi Pollution Control Committee) Faecal Coliform (FC) at ITO Bridge: 92,000 MPN/100ml 4,000 times above CPCB safe limit of 2,500 MPN/100ml Zero Dissolved Oxygen (DO) recorded at: ISBT Bridge ITO Bridge Nizamuddin Bridge Okhla Barrage Agra Canal Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels (safe limit: 3 mg/L): Highest: 70 mg/L at ITO Bridge All locations exceed safe limits Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3(Environment and Ecology) What the Indicators Mean Faecal Coliform (FC): Indicates contamination by untreated sewage Safe limit: 2,500 MPN/100ml Recorded values: 92,000 at ITO, 39,000 at Wazirabad, 38,000 at Okhla, etc. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): Measures organic pollution load Higher BOD = more oxygen required = poorer quality Sharp jump in BOD across almost all sites from June to July Dissolved Oxygen (DO): Essential for aquatic life Safe limit: 5 mg/L or more Most sites have DO = 0 or near 0 (extremely poor condition) Comparison with June 2025 Palla (upstream): BOD rose from 6.3 to 8 mg/L DO dropped from 6.3 to 4.4 mg/L FC increased from 2,100 to 2,700 MPN/100ml Wazirabad: DO dropped to 3.4 mg/L FC increased to 39,000 MPN/100ml Asgarpur: FC: 7.9 × 10⁴ MPN/100ml BOD: 24 mg/L Causes Identified 22 of 32 major drains empty untreated sewage into the river Only a few drains are tapped or partially treated Poor waste management, rapid urbanisation, and ineffective sewerage systems contribute Policy & Compliance DPCC submits monthly water quality reports for National Green Tribunal (NGT) compliance Despite repeated monitoring, no significant improvement in pollution trends Implications Ecological Collapse Risk: Near-total oxygen depletion renders river stretches inhospitable for aquatic life Public Health Hazard: Sky-high FC levels indicate risk of waterborne diseases and unsafe human contact Systemic Failure: Persistent pollution despite year-round clean-air and water initiatives suggests failure in sewage infrastructure and urban governance Conclusion The July 2025 report reflects a severe decline in Yamuna’s water quality, with multiple parameters breaching safe thresholds by huge margins. The river is now biologically dead in stretches through Delhi, demanding immediate structural reforms, real-time effluent monitoring, and enforced accountability on municipal bodies.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 July 2025

Content : Swachh Survekshan 2024-25 Awards Complex greenhouse gas dynamics in the Central Himalayas revealed Swachh Survekshan 2024-25 Awards Introduction & Background Swachh Survekshan is the world’s largest urban sanitation survey, conducted annually by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) under the Swachh Bharat Mission–Urban (SBM-U). Launched in 2016, the survey evaluates cities on parameters like waste management, sanitation, citizen feedback, and innovation. 2024–25 marks the 9th edition, with a sharper focus on inclusivity, circular economy, and city-to-city mentoring. This edition commemorates 10 years of Swachh Bharat Mission (2014–2024), showcasing India’s transformative journey in urban cleanliness. The revamped framework in 2024–25 introduced: 10 new indicators 5 city-size categories Equal opportunity for smaller cities to compete with metros. Relevance : GS 1(Indian Society ) , GS 2 ( Governance & Policy Implementation ) Top Awards & Recognitions Indore, Surat, Navi Mumbai entered the Super Swachh League, the topmost tier for cleanliness. Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Lucknow declared India’s New Clean Cities. 43 National Awards presented across categories. Mahakumbh 2024 (66 crore footfall) received special recognition for urban waste management. Special Category Winners Best Ganga Town: Prayagraj Best Cantonment Board: Secunderabad Cantonment Best SaafaiMitra Surakshit Shehar (Worker Safety): GVMC Visakhapatnam Jabalpur Gorakhpur Promising Clean Cities 34 cities (1 from each State/UT) awarded under the ‘One City, One Award’ framework. Created a level playing field for smaller towns with simplified scoring parameters. New Initiatives Launched Swachh City Partnership: 78 top-performing cities to mentor 78 low-performing cities. Promotes peer learning, handholding, and accountability. Motto: “Each one clean one”. Accelerated Dumpsite Remediation Program: Launch Date: 15 August 2025 Duration: 1 year Goal: Remediate legacy waste, reclaim urban land, and enhance scientific processing capacity. Framework Enhancements Revamped assessment model: Introduced 10 new evaluation parameters Five distinct population categories to ensure fair competition. Simplified process enabled small cities to compete with metro cities. Presidential Address – Key Messages Emphasized 3R Principle: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Highlighted role of waste-to-wealth innovations, including the circular economy model. Applauded initiatives: Zero-waste colonies School-based interventions Segregation startups “Swachhata is now part of our swabhav and sanskaar.” Envisioned a Viksit Bharat 2047 that leads the world in cleanliness. Impact & Vision 10 years of Swachh Bharat Mission celebrated. Urban sanitation is now deeply integrated into public life and governance. Next focus: A long-term strategy aligned with Viksit Bharat @2047 roadmap. Other Notables Launch of Swachh Survekshan Dashboard for real-time rankings and performance. Artistic sarangi made from waste gifted to the President — symbolizing sustainability meets culture. Complex greenhouse gas dynamics in the Central Himalayas revealed Introduction & Background First high-resolution, continuous ground observations of key greenhouse gases in the Central Himalayas, conducted by ARIES-Nainital (under DST, GoI). Study fills a critical data gap in mountain regions of South Asia, previously underrepresented in global climate datasets. Observations span 5 years (2014–2018) from a high-altitude station in Nainital. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Greenhouse Gases Monitored Carbon dioxide (CO₂) Methane (CH₄) Carbon monoxide (CO) Major Findings CO₂ & CH₄ concentrations are rising steadily: CO₂: +2.66 ppm/year CH₄: +9.53 ppb/year Higher than Mauna Loa (a global background station) CO shows a declining trend: –3.15 ppb/year Suggests improved combustion efficiency or emission shifts. Concentration levels in the Central Himalayas: Higher than other remote sites (due to regional/local sources) Lower than urban/semi-urban areas Diurnal & Seasonal Patterns CO₂: Lowest during daytime due to active photosynthesis CH₄ & CO: Peak during daylight, transported by upslope mountain winds Spring: CO₂ spikes due to biomass burning and bare vegetation Autumn: CH₄ peaks linked to rice cultivation (agricultural emissions) Late Spring: CO peaks suggest regional transport from fires/pollution Meteorological Influences Solar radiation, temperature, and boundary layer height significantly shape GHG patterns. Data reveals interactions between biospheric uptake, regional emissions, and complex mountain meteorology. Global & Policy Relevance Supports validation of satellite climate data over Himalayan region. Enhances climate models and GHG emissions inventories for India. Aids localised mitigation policies in ecologically sensitive zones. Aligns with India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and SDG 13: Climate Action. Scientific Significance Provides baseline for long-term Himalayan climate monitoring. Valuable for forecasting climate patterns, early warning systems, and carbon budgeting. Empowers policymakers with real-time, regional climate insights. Value Addition : 1. Scientific & Global Significance Fills a Global Monitoring Gap: The Central Himalayas were previously a blind spot in the global GHG network. Enhances India’s contribution to WMO’s Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) and IPCC datasets. Strengthens South-South Cooperation in climate science by building regional data ecosystems. 2. Data-Driven Insights for Mitigation Local CH₄ spikes in autumn → scope for methane mitigation in rice cultivation (e.g., alternate wetting & drying). CO trends → can feed into National Carbon Markets, informing emission baselines. Seasonal biomass burning data → helpful for pre-emptive policy action during fire seasons (e.g., stubble management). 3. Satellite + Ground Data Integration These observations can validate ISRO’s climate monitoring satellites like Megha-Tropiques and INSAT-3DR. Supports integration with Copernicus, MODIS, and GHGSat global datasets for cross-verification. 4. Alignment with SDGs & Global Commitments SDG 13 (Climate Action) → Enhancing resilience through real-time data. Supports India’s 2021 Updated NDC Targets (e.g., net zero by 2070). Promotes Just Transition in mountain regions by linking emissions to socio-economic activity (e.g., agriculture, tourism). 5. Potential Follow-up Research & Policy Needs Need for multi-site Himalayan observation networks (e.g., in Sikkim, Arunachal, Himachal). Integration with ICIMOD regional programs for transboundary data sharing. Policy suggestion: Inclusion of GHG hotspots in India’s State Climate Vulnerability Index.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 July 2025

Content : Language and the Idea of India Axiom-4 and India’s Space Future Language and the Idea of India Core Issue: Language imposition vs. linguistic pluralism — The article critiques the top-down approach to promoting Hindi (or any language) over others in India’s multilingual context, arguing that it undermines India’s democratic and cultural diversity. Relevance : GS 1(Indian Society ) ,  GS 2(Constitution – Federalism , Official Language ) Practice Question:”Language diversity in India is a source of strength, not division. Discuss in the context of recent debates around language imposition and federalism.” (15 marks) Key Arguments: 1. Language as Identity, Not Just Utility Language is not only a tool of communication but a core part of personal and cultural identity. Forcibly privileging one language (like Hindi) over others alienates linguistic minorities and disrupts emotional belonging. 2. False Binary: National Unity vs. Diversity The assumption that a common national language is essential for unity is flawed. India’s democracy has thrived on linguistic federalism, where states were reorganized on linguistic lines in 1956, respecting regional identities. 3. Economic & Social Disadvantages Many private and government jobs increasingly demand Hindi or English proficiency, putting non-Hindi speakers (especially in South and Northeast) at a disadvantage. New patterns of labour migration often force people to learn dominant regional languages to access work — this language mobility is market-driven, not state-imposed. 4. Linguistic Profiling & Surveillance Proposals like “profiling migrants” based on language (as floated in Gurugram) amount to xenophobic exclusion, targeting economically weaker groups from other states. Such practices mirror global trends of linguistic nationalism, often linked to majoritarian politics. 5. Lessons from Global Context The EU, Switzerland, and Canada show that multilingual democracies can function well without imposing a single language. Language imposition has led to unrest in Sri Lanka and disintegration in former Yugoslavia — historical caution against monolingual nationalism. Data-Driven Insights: Parameter Key Data India’s linguistic landscape 121 languages + 270 mother tongues (Census 2011) Scheduled Languages 22 (Eighth Schedule) Non-Scheduled Languages 99 (spoken by 4% of Indians) Top 3 mother tongues Hindi (43.6%), Bengali (8%), Marathi (6.9%) Hindi speakers in Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Nagaland < 5% (Language Atlas of India) Constitutional Lens: Article Provision Article 343 Hindi as official language of the Union; English continues for official use Article 345 States can adopt any language for official purposes Article 29 Right to conserve distinct language, script, or culture Article 51A(f) Duty to value and preserve rich heritage of our composite culture Takeaway: Constitution protects linguistic diversity, does not mandate a single national language. Critical Thinking Points: Should India move toward trilingual parity (local language + Hindi + English) instead of imposition? How can linguistic policies balance mobility, economic inclusion, and identity? Is language-based exclusion a form of structural discrimination? Value Additions :  1. Link to National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 NEP promotes mother tongue/regional language as medium of instruction till Grade 5. But in practice, elite schools and central exams (UPSC, JEE, NEET) still privilege English/Hindi, creating a policy–practice disconnect. This highlights the implementation gap in India’s language policies.  2. Three Language Formula Debate Originally proposed in Kothari Commission (1968): State language + Hindi + English. Opposed in Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi states; viewed as a Trojan horse for Hindi imposition.  3. Digital Divide and Language Access 85% of Indian internet content is in English, though 90% of new users prefer content in regional languages. Lack of local language digital content leads to informational exclusion in governance, education, and health.  Argue for local-language e-governance tools, AI interfaces, and exam content to promote inclusion.  4. Global Best Practices Canada: English and French both official — federal services available in both. Switzerland: 4 national languages; public service delivered multilingually. South Africa: 11 official languages constitutionally protected.  Shows multilingualism can be managed efficiently in democracies. Conclusion : India’s linguistic diversity is a constitutional strength that demands inclusive, multilingual policy frameworks. Protecting linguistic rights ensures social justice, cultural dignity, and true democratic participation. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE INDIAN EXPRESS and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. Axiom-4 and India’s Space Future Introduction The Axiom-4 mission marks the first Indian participation in a commercial spaceflight to the ISS, outside of ISRO’s domain. Group Captain Shubanshu Shukla’s safe return symbolizes India’s readiness to engage in newspace collaborations, blending strategic ambitions with commercial viability. Relevance : GS 3(Science ,Space) Practice Question : “India’s participation in commercial spaceflight through Axiom-4 reflects a shift in its space paradigm. Analyze the strategic, technological and policy-level implications of this evolution.” (15 marks) Key Highlights of Axiom-4 and India’s Involvement Historic First: First Indian in space since Rakesh Sharma (1984) under a non-national mission. Mission Duration: ~2 weeks aboard the ISS, performing scientific experiments under commercial collaboration. Global Collaboration: Carried out under Axiom Space (private US firm), showcasing India’s shift from state-led to commercial engagement in space. Strategic and Scientific Relevance for India Human Spaceflight Preparedness: Enhances India’s operational understanding for ISRO’s Gaganyaan mission (targeted by 2026), including: Pre-flight training protocols Space health and psychological conditioning Docking and re-entry logistics Commercial Space Ecosystem: India is now part of the human space economy (expected to reach $10T by 2040 globally, as per Morgan Stanley). Technology Transfer: Exposure to cutting-edge private systems (e.g., SpaceX Crew Dragon) primes India’s scientific community for high-fidelity module development. Domestic Implications: Policy, Economy & Skill Development Bharatiya Antariksh Station (ISRO target by 2035): Lessons from Axiom-4 useful in planning India’s own space station. Space Startups Ecosystem: Boost for India’s 190+ space startups (IN-SPACe data, 2024), including Skyroot, Agnikul, Dhruva Space. Workforce Upskilling: Simulation-based astronaut training to influence future Indian space medicine, psychology and engineering curricula. Geostrategic and Diplomatic Leverage Space Diplomacy: India enters elite club participating in ISS missions—potential leverage for bilateral space agreements and QUAD cooperation. Global Norm-Setter: Participation in human space missions expands India’s voice in global space governance and safety protocols. Challenges Ahead Technology Gap: India still lacks indigenous human-rated launch capability (e.g., Crew Escape System, Environmental Control Life Support System). Budget Constraints: India’s 2024-25 space budget: ₹13,000 crore (~$1.5B) vs NASA’s $27.2B—funding gaps hinder full ecosystem development. Policy Push Needed: India needs a comprehensive Human Spaceflight Policy, aligned with new Space Activities Bill (pending). Way Forward Public-Private Synergy: Leverage mission data to accelerate ISRO-startup partnerships via IN-SPACe and NSIL. Dual-Use Strategy: Blend civilian R&D and defence (DRDO’s role in Gaganyaan) to build resilience and strategic depth. Expand Talent Pipeline: Establish specialized space medicine and space engineering institutes under National Education Policy (NEP). Conclusion India’s involvement in Axiom-4 is not just symbolic—it marks India’s irreversible entry into the global human spaceflight value chain. With ISRO’s Gaganyaan and private-sector capabilities converging, India is poised to become a key player in the $1 trillion global space economy, with science, diplomacy, and industry aligned toward future readiness.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 July 2025

Content : Temple entry cannot be denied based on caste in a country governed by rule of law: Madras HC How is China leading the green energy sector? Akash Prime successfully tested in Ladakh by Army Navigating nutrition information in the era of social media Behavioural Nudges for Healthy Eating Temple entry cannot be denied based on caste in a country governed by rule of law: Madras HC Core Judgment Justice Anand Venkatesh of the Madras High Court upheld the right of Scheduled Castes (SCs) to freely enter and worship at Puthukudi Ayyanar Temple in Udayarpalayam taluk (Ariyalur district). Directed Ariyalur Superintendent of Police and Udayarpalayam Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) to: Ensure unrestricted temple access to all castes, including during annual festivals. Take legal action against those enforcing caste-based restrictions. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice , Fundamental Rights) Key Judicial Observations “If anyone is restricted from entering a temple based on caste or sect, it amounts to an actionable wrong/offence.” Law enforcement agencies must actively prevent caste-based exclusion and ensure public order. Any attempt to deny entry violates the constitutional values of equality and dignity. Legal & Constitutional Context Tamil Nadu Temple Entry Authorization Act, 1947: Enacted post the Self-Respect Movement, ensures access to temples for all Hindus irrespective of caste. Article 17: Abolishes untouchability in all forms — denying temple entry amounts to its practical perpetuation. Article 25(2)(b): State can open public religious institutions to all classes and sections of Hindus. Reinforces constitutional morality over majoritarian social practices (as per Navtej Singh Johar & Indian Young Lawyers Assn. v. State of Kerala). Social & Historical Value Additions Scheduled Caste villagers had contributed financially to temple renovation, yet were barred from entry. Dominant caste group demolished SC-installed statues and attempted to rebuild temple to assert control. Echoes the Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–25) and Guruvayur Satyagraha, part of the broader anti-caste temple reform movement. Why It Matters Sends a strong judicial signal against caste apartheid in religious spaces. Demonstrates judicial activism in defending marginalized communities. Reasserts the duty of the State to uphold secularism, dignity, and equality in religious matters. How is China leading the green energy sector? Context : Global Leadership in 2024 China installed more wind turbines and solar panels than the rest of the world combined. Invested $940 billion in 2024 alone into renewables (up from $10.7 billion in 2006). Dominates supply chains for: Polysilicon (solar) Lithium (batteries) Solar panels, wind turbines, batteries Relevance : GS 3(Energy and Environment) Crisis as Catalyst Skyrocketing air pollution, energy insecurity, and heavy coal reliance (especially in early 2000s) triggered action. Public health emergencies led to public pressure and policy urgency. State-Led Strategy Strong role of Five-Year Plans and laws: Renewable Energy Law (2005): Grid guarantees + price incentives. 11th Five-Year Plan (2006–2010): Made clean energy a national strategic priority. Role of SOEs (State-Owned Enterprises) Core actors: State Grid, Huaneng, Genertec. Advantages: Deep state backing, low-interest loans, political cover. Scale and speed in infrastructure development unmatched by private players. Represent 55% of global renewable energy investment (Bloomberg). Deployed at home and globally via BRI (Africa, Latin America, Asia). Global Strategy: Clean Energy as Diplomacy Belt and Road Initiative used to export: Solar panels Hydropower dams Wind farms Result: A 61-country green energy footprint. Clean tech has become a tool of Chinese statecraft. Challenges and Lessons Bottlenecks Grid absorption lag in mid-2010s — especially in Inner Mongolia, Gansu. Resulted in 20%+ wind energy curtailment in some provinces. Subsidy Missteps Inefficient overexpansion due to poorly regulated SOE subsidies. Led to redundancy and wastage. Reforms: More focus on efficiency, ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission lines. Next Frontier: Tech and Geopolitics Focus areas: AI-powered smart grids Green hydrogen Thorium-based nuclear energy China aims to set global standards in next-gen energy. China’s Model vs The West: Parameter China Western Nations Approach Centralised, SOE-led Market-driven, private enterprise Speed of Deployment Fast Slower Cost Efficiency High (economies of scale) Low (due to decentralisation) Policy Coordination Unified national push Politically fragmented Akash Prime successfully tested in Ladakh by Army Context : Akash Prime, an indigenously developed surface-to-air missile (SAM), was successfully tested in eastern Ladakh at 15,000+ ft altitude. Achieved two direct hits on fast-moving aerial targets, validating its efficacy in high-altitude, low-oxygen conditions. Trials were conducted by Army Air Defence Corps in collaboration with DRDO scientists. Relevance : GS 3(Defence , Internal Security) Operational Significance Strengthens India’s layered air defence, especially near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China. Akash system is part of India’s medium-range defence platform — crucial for defending high-value targets against UAVs, aircraft, and missiles. Will form part of the 3rd and 4th Akash regiments in the Indian Army’s arsenal. Complementary Missile Trials Prithvi-II and Agni-I, part of India’s nuclear-capable short-range ballistic missile arsenal, were successfully test-fired from Chandipur, Odisha. Tests were conducted under the aegis of the Strategic Forces Command. Validated both technical and operational parameters, reinforcing India’s credible minimum deterrence. Strategic & Technological Context Aligns with Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence manufacturing. Boosts India’s preparedness in the Himalayan theatre, where aerial defence gaps exist due to terrain and weather. Enhances India’s conventional deterrence posture, especially amid border stand-offs with China. About Akash Prime Range: ~30 km Altitude: Operates effectively up to 18 km Seeker: Equipped with indigenous active RF seeker for better target acquisition Improved accuracy and performance in low-temperature, low-pressure conditions.    Prithvi-II and Agni-I The Ministry of Defence confirmed that the recent test launches of Prithvi-II and Agni-I were conducted under the Strategic Forces Command (SFC). The tests validated: Operational readiness of India’s nuclear-capable ballistic missile systems. Technical parameters ensuring the reliability of the country’s strategic deterrence architecture. This reinforces India’s second-strike capability under the nuclear doctrine and strengthens its credible minimum deterrence policy. Navigating nutrition information in the era of social media Global Wellness Economy: A Growing Trend Global wellness market = $1.4 trillion in 2024 (McKinsey) — reflecting rising consumer demand for science-backed, lifestyle-centric nutrition. Social media platforms now shape perceptions of wellness, where “health is the new status symbol” (e.g., detox water, chia seeds, collagen, magnesium, etc.). Relevance: GS 2 ( Health & Wellness) , GS-3 (Science & Tech) Misinformation via Social Media Peer-reviewed Indian study: Social media induces instant food cravings, impulsive eating, trend-following. South African study: Users can’t assess credibility of nutrition advice online. Examples: Claims of “Nature’s Ozempic” (karela juice as fat-burner) lack clinical evidence. Excess raw juices → bloating, kidney risk, sugar dips. Conclusion: Awareness ↑, but understanding ↓ — creating a “Wild West” of food advice. Scientific Perspective: What Nutrition Really Means Explained by scientists and clinical nutritionists: Water-soluble vitamins (C, B): Excess flushed out in urine — no ‘glow’ from extra oranges. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K): Harmful in excess. Gut health, diversity of diet, hydration, and balance matter more than superfoods or supplements. No food “cures” diabetes, PCOS, or obesity — it can support, not replace, medication or medical advice. Popular Myths vs Scientific Facts Myth / Trend Scientific Clarification Detox juices flush toxins Liver & kidneys detox naturally. Overhydration may lead to electrolyte imbalance. Karela juice = Ozempic substitute False. Ozempic is a GLP-1 prescription drug, not replicable with DIY vegetable blends. Cutting sugar/carbs is always good Mayo Clinic: Body needs 130g carbs/day; Johns Hopkins: “Our body runs on sugar.” Superfoods reverse disease No food cures illness. Only a balanced diet, exercise, and stress control support health. One-size-fits-all diets Genetics, gut microbiome, lifestyle make personalised nutrition necessary. Social Media and Psychological Impact Creates black-and-white thinking: e.g., “carbs = bad”, “ghee = good”. Influences people to follow celebrity diets not suited to their own physiology or age. May result in nutritional deficiencies, body image anxiety, and eating disorders. Ethical and Policy Takeaways Regulate misleading wellness ads on social media (Consumer Protection Act, 2019). Public health literacy via school curriculums and Eat Right India campaigns. Encourage nutrition science education in the public domain through verified sources (ICMR, NIN). Behavioural Nudges for Healthy Eating Relevance: GS-2 (Governance – Health Policy), GS-3 (Public Health, Nutrition) Policy Initiative The Union Health Ministry has proposed “Sugar and Oil Boards” in govt buildings, schools, and offices to: Display sugar and fat content in food items. Act as behavioural nudges (not warning labels) to promote healthier eating habits. Aimed at reducing obesity and lifestyle diseases by informing, not coercing. Rationale: The Looming Obesity Crisis Obesity-linked NCDs: Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. India’s overweight/obese population projected to rise: From 178 million (2020) → 449 million (2050). Abdominal obesity: Affects 39.5% of Indians, leading to visceral fat, increasing risk of: Heart attack, stroke, insulin resistance. Science Behind the Initiative Sugar – A Hidden Threat “Added sugars” (from beverages, desserts) often lack nutrients. WHO: Sugar intake should be <5% of daily energy; ~6 teaspoons/day. Artificial sweeteners discouraged due to unclear long-term health impacts. Fats – The Good, Bad, and the Ultra-Processed Good fats: MUFA/PUFA (e.g., sunflower, olive oil, nuts). Bad fats: Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) – butter, ghee, palm oil. Trans Fats – in ultra-processed food, chips, sweets → linked to heart disease. ICMR Guidelines: 4–10 spoons of oil/day with a healthy mix of fats. Implementation Efforts CBSE directed affiliated schools to monitor student diets and reduce junk food. Govt aims to institutionalize ‘Eat Right India’ messaging via subtle cues. Behavioural Economics in Action Inspired by Thaler’s “nudge theory”: shaping healthier choices via soft influence, not force. Uses default setting, social proof, and visual cues (posters, labels) to alter food preferences. Concerns with Ultra-Processed Foods Highly palatable, addictive, low in micronutrients. Contribute to India’s silent epidemic of “hidden hunger” – calorie-rich but nutrient-poor diets. Multinational food marketing increases risk of poor nutrition even among middle-income groups.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 July 2025

Content Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat   Empowering Minds, Building the Nation India’s Commitment to Global Security Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat   Empowering Minds, Building the Nation India’s fight against drug abuse is entering a transformative phase with youth at the centre of action. The “Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat” initiative mobilises spiritual, institutional, and grassroots forces to build a drug-free, empowered nation. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health) , GS 3(Internal Security ) Strategic Vision: Youth as the Torchbearers Demographic Dividend: 65% of India’s population is under 35; average age ~28 years — core strength in Amrit Kaal journey. Youth-Centric Approach: Substance abuse seen not just as a health issue, but a threat to national development. Summit Highlights: Youth Spiritual Summit, Varanasi (18–20 July 2025) Theme: Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat “Kashi Declaration”: A youth-led national roadmap for a drug-free India. Institutional Convergence: Ministries (Youth Affairs, Health, Culture, Social Justice), NCB, AIIMS, spiritual organisations & youth networks. Review Mechanism: Progress to be assessed in Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue (VBYLD 2026). Law Enforcement Outcomes (2024 Data) Drugs Seized: ₹25,330 crore — up 55% from ₹16,100 crore in 2023. Synthetic Drug Crackdown: Methamphetamine, Mephedrone, Cocaine, Hashish — increasingly intercepted. 4,134 kg seized from deep seas alone. Narco-Terror Nexus: 3,132 kg offshore seizure (largest ever); 700+ kg meth busted in Gujarat; 82.53 kg cocaine in Delhi. Institutional Strengthening: NCB Reforms Expansion: Regional Offices: 3 → 7 Zonal Offices: 13 → 30 Staff strength increased by 536. Nar-K9 Units: Deployed in 10 zonal offices. Inter-Agency Coordination: Navy, Coast Guard, BSF, RPF integrated under NDPS Act powers. Policy and Governance Tools 4-Tier NCORD Mechanism: Apex → State → District → Local level. Anti-Narcotics Task Forces: Dedicated teams in each State/UT. Darknet & Crypto Task Force: MAC-level unit monitoring digital drug trafficking. Forensics & Surveillance: National Forensic Support + Maritime Security Group (NSCS, est. 2022). Public Engagement: Jan Andolan Elements Citizen Participation: Take digital pledge on NMBA portal. Volunteer/intern for awareness & rehabilitation campaigns. Share intel with authorities. IEC Material: Visual, audio, and digital tools for institutions & public places. Tech Platforms: NMBA App: Real-time updates, volunteer data. MANAS Helpline (1933): 24×7 drug-related support. NMBA Portal: FAQs, pledges, expert videos. Welfare-Oriented Response Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA) (launched 15 Aug 2020): 16.5 crore+ people sensitised. 27.76 lakh individuals treated. 730+ free rehab centres; 10,000+ trained Master Volunteers. National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR): 342 IRCAs: In-patient de-addiction + reintegration. 47 CPLIs: Youth life skills and awareness. 74 ODICs: Drop-in centres for counselling & referral. 83 ATFs & 53 DDACs in government hospitals. Legal and International Framework NDPS Act, 1985: India’s principal anti-drug legislation — strict penalties + rehabilitation provisions. Global Cooperation: Bilateral talks with Myanmar, Iran, Bangladesh. International maritime & land route monitoring. Conclusion: India’s Vision for a Drug-Free Future Aligns with PM’s vision of fit, self-reliant youth for Viksit Bharat. Combines policy, enforcement, community mobilisation, and spiritual leadership. Shifts from top-down policing to youth-led national movement against substance abuse. India’s Commitment to Global Security India, as a responsible global player, has strengthened its anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing frameworks in line with FATF standards. Its proactive engagement reflects a deep commitment to securing financial systems from global threats like terror financing and proliferation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) FATF: Global Standard-Setter Against Financial Crimes Established: 1989, G7 Summit, Paris. Mandate: Set global standards to combat money laundering, terrorist financing (TF), and proliferation financing (PF). Reach: 40 members, 200+ jurisdictions committed to FATF recommendations. India & FATF Observer Status: 2006 | Full Member: June 25, 2010 (34th member). Legal Backbone: Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967. Zero-tolerance stance on terror financing & money laundering. FATF Grey & Black Lists (As of June 13, 2025) Grey List: 25 countries (e.g., Nepal, Nigeria, South Africa) under Increased Monitoring. Blacklist: 3 nations — North Korea, Iran, Myanmar — under Call for Action. Reforms Achieved: 86 of 139 reviewed countries have addressed AML/CFT deficiencies. FATF Reports: June–July 2025 1. “Complex Proliferation Financing and Sanctions Evasion Schemes” New-age PF threats: Use of virtual assets, maritime loopholes, beneficial ownership obfuscation. India’s Best Practices: Recognized for multiple PF coordination mechanisms. Global Red Flags: DPRK’s cyber-heist: $1.5 billion theft (ByBit exchange). Pakistan’s National Development Complex flagged for PF links. Compliance Gap: Only 16% of assessed countries effective in Immediate Outcome 11 (PF control) — India among few with high/substantial effectiveness. 2. “Comprehensive Update on Terrorist Financing Risks” Key Trends: Rise in state-sponsored terrorism (India flags Pakistan in NRA 2022). Increasing regional decentralisation and fragmented TF networks. Emerging TF Methods: Crypto, e-commerce, mobile wallets, online crowdfunding. Case study: E-commerce used in terror procurement in India. Criminal Nexus: Terrorists using proceeds of human trafficking, drug smuggling, extortion. Microfinancing of lone actors via legal income sources. Case study: Indian lone-wolf attack funded via VPN & online payments. New-Age Platforms: Gaming & streaming platforms for income and recruitment. Social media & encrypted apps used for donations & propaganda. Key Policy Challenges & FATF Recommendations Weaknesses Identified: Ineffective investigations. Poor cross-border cooperation. Gaps in financial intelligence use. Recommendations: Strengthen regulation for virtual assets & social media. Enhance public–private partnerships. Integrate risk assessments into national frameworks. Strengthen regional cooperation & enforcement networks. India’s Global Role & Commitments Recognised by FATF for high compliance in PF detection (IO 11). Advocates coordinated response to cyber-financing threats. Highlights Pakistan’s continued TF risk — important for India’s counter-terror diplomacy. Actively contributes case studies and strategic insights in FATF reports. Conclusion: FATF’s recognition of India’s robust legal and institutional mechanisms underscores its leadership in the global fight against financial crimes. By aligning national policy with international standards, India reinforces its role in safeguarding global peace and security

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 July 2025

Content : Safe havens no more A tectonic shift in thinking to build seismic resilience Safe havens no more Recent incidents across Indian educational institutions and workplaces highlight an alarming rise in sexual violence in spaces once considered safe. The Odisha college student’s suicide underscores institutional apathy and systemic failure in addressing such grievances. Relevance : GS 1: Indian Society; GS 2: Governance; GS 4: Ethics Practice Question : Despite the presence of legal frameworks like the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, sexual violence in educational and professional institutions persists. Critically examine the systemic issues involved and suggest comprehensive reforms. (10 Marks, 150 words) Key Issues Highlighted: Disturbing Trend: Sharp rise in sexual violence cases in presumed “safe” spaces — schools, colleges, workplaces. Trigger Case: Suicide of a student in Odisha after harassment complaints were ignored — reflects systemic apathy. Recurring Pattern: Cases from Bengal, Karnataka, and Delhi show institutional failure is widespread, not isolated. Legal Framework and Failure: POSH Act 2013: Mandates Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in all workplaces, including educational institutions. Compliance Gaps: ICCs often non-functional or absent — Odisha govt’s 24-hour directive to colleges shows reactive rather than proactive approach. Nirbhaya Case Aftermath: Despite stricter laws post-2012, implementation remains weak and sporadic. Data Insights (NCRB 2022): Total crimes against women: 4,45,256 (↑ 4% over 2021) Cruelty by husband/relatives: 31.4% Assault to outrage modesty: 18.7% Rape: 7.1% Underreporting: Real incidence likely higher; stigma and fear deter reporting. Critical Analysis: Systemic Breakdown: Bureaucratic inertia, absence of grievance redressal, and power asymmetries enable repeat violations. From Protectors to Predators: When authority figures (teachers, principals) are the accused, it erodes trust in institutions. Justice Delayed is Death Delivered: The Odisha case reflects how delayed justice can lead to tragic consequences. Way Forward: Mandatory ICC Audits: Annual public disclosures on ICC constitution and functioning. Gender Sensitisation: Include modules in school/college curriculum. Whistleblower Protection: Legal and psychological support for complainants. Independent Oversight: Ombudsman for educational institutions to prevent internal collusion. Ethical Dimensions : Responsibility of Institutions: Failure to act is not neutral — it’s enabling harm. Moral Courage: Need to build a culture where speaking up is safe and valued. Public Accountability: Justice must go beyond symbolism to sustained structural change. Conclusion While legal safeguards like the POSH Act exist, mere enactment is insufficient without enforcement, accountability, and gender-sensitive reform. Institutional silence must end to ensure that justice and safety are non-negotiable rights, not distant promises. Legal & Policy Framework against sexual violence Article 21: Right to life includes dignity and safety of women. Article 15(3) & 42: State can make special laws for women; ensures humane work conditions. POSH Act, 2013: Mandatory ICC in all institutions; weak implementation on campuses. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: Sec 73: Sexual harassment Sec 63: Rape Sec 109: Abetment of suicide POCSO Act, 2012: Strict action in cases involving girls below 18 years. UGC SAKSHAM Guidelines: Safety framework in universities. SHE-Box: Centralized online harassment complaint portal. NEP 2020: Pushes gender-inclusion and safe learning spaces. A tectonic shift in thinking to build seismic resilience The 4.4 magnitude tremor felt in Delhi on July 10, 2025, was mild in intensity but deeply symbolic in impact. It has reignited urgent concerns about India’s seismic vulnerability, especially in rapidly urbanising and structurally fragile cities. Relevance : GS1 – Geography, GS3 – Disaster Management, Infrastructure; GS2 – Governance Practice Question : India’s seismic vulnerability is more a failure of governance than geology. Examine with reference to recent tremors and the Himalayan seismic zone. Suggest structural and policy reforms for earthquake disaster preparedness. (250 words) Key Concerns Raised: -Delhi as a High-Risk Seismic Zone Lies in Seismic Zone IV (PGA: 0.24g), near the Himalayan plate boundary. Over 80% of buildings (especially pre-2000) non-compliant with seismic code IS 1893:2016. Over 5,000 high-rises, many on liquefaction-prone soils, face structural instability. -Rising Global Seismic Activity (2025 Highlights) Myanmar–Thailand quake (7.7) – March 28 Tibetan quake (5.7) – May 12 Greece quake (6.2) – May 22 Signals tectonic restlessness in the Himalayan belt and beyond. -Himalayan Seismic Gap: A Ticking Time Bomb Indian Plate moves 4–5 cm/year, colliding with Eurasian Plate. Region overdue for a “Great Himalayan Earthquake” (Magnitude 8+). Estimated impact zone: 300 million+ people in India, Nepal, Bhutan. -Failures in Preparedness Weak enforcement of IS codes, poor retrofitting, lax urban planning. Odisha, Guwahati, Bhuj, and the Northeast need tailored seismic action plans. Bhuj 2001 (M7.7, 20,000 deaths) and Nepal 2015 (M7.8) are precedents ignored. Recommendations & Way Forward – Infrastructure Upgradation Steel jacketing, ductile detailing, deep pile foundations, and base isolation must be standard. Avoid construction on floodplains (e.g., Brahmaputra, Yamuna). Annual retrofitting budget: ₹50,000 crore (as per expert estimates). –Code Enforcement Strict compliance with IS 1893:2016 across Zones IV & V. Delhi Development Authority (DDA) and local bodies must lead audits. Establish clear penalties for non-compliance in both public and private sectors. -Public Awareness & Early Warnings Expand IndiaQuake App coverage to rural and hilly zones. Conduct mock drills, promote emergency kits, and educate on evacuation. – International Best Practices Bangkok: High-strength concrete & mandatory ductile detailing. Myanmar’s failure: Collapse due to unreinforced masonry — a warning for India. Zones of Critical Concern Seismic Zone States/Regions Risk Level Zone V NE states, Andaman Very High (PGA > 0.36g) Zone IV Delhi, Uttarakhand, J&K High Risk (PGA ~0.24g) Zone III/II Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab Moderate Risk Critical Analysis Urbanisation without seismic consideration is a disaster multiplier. The seismic gap is not just geographic, but governance-related — between laws on paper and action on ground. Earthquake preparedness must shift from reactive to anticipatory governance. Conclusion Delhi’s tremor is a stark reminder that nature may not give a second warning. India must build resilience now — through code compliance, retrofitting, and public education — or face irreversible loss when the “Great Himalayan Earthquake” strikes. Basics of Earthquakes Definition: A sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. Causes of Earthquakes Tectonic Movements (most common) – movement of lithospheric plates. Volcanic Activity – due to magma movement. Human-Induced – mining, reservoir-induced, nuclear tests. Collapse Earthquakes – due to cavern collapse (localized). Types of Seismic Waves P-Waves (Primary): Fastest, travel through solids, liquids, gases; compressional. S-Waves (Secondary): Slower, travel only through solids; shear waves. Surface Waves: Travel along Earth’s surface; cause maximum destruction. Focus and Epicenter Focus (Hypocenter): Point inside Earth where energy is released. Epicenter: Point directly above focus on the surface. Measurement Scales Richter Scale: Measures magnitude (energy released); logarithmic. Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw): More accurate, especially for large quakes. Mercalli Scale: Measures intensity (impact) on a 1–12 scale. Distribution Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries (Pacific Ring of Fire, Himalayan Belt). Intraplate earthquakes also occur (e.g., Latur 1993). Earthquake Zones in India Zone V (Highest risk): J&K, NE States, Uttarakhand, parts of Himachal and Bihar. Zone IV: Delhi, parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and West Bengal.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 July 2025

Content : Govt. Merges 36 Schemes to Float Farm Plan Share of Clean Energy in Electricity Still Below 30% Govt. Cracks Down on Dumping and Import Surges Study Flags High Summer Ozone Levels in Big Cities Green’ Power Capacity Outpaces Thermal, But Storage Woes Weigh on Grid Stability Govt. merges 36 schemes to float farm plan Context : Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) Announced in Union Budget 2025–26. Approved by the Union Cabinet in July 2025. Aims to enhance agricultural productivity and promote sustainable farming practices. Scheme will run for 6 years starting from 2025-26, with an annual outlay of ₹24,000 crore. Expected to benefit 1.7 crore farmers across India. Termed as a “first-of-its-kind” agriculture-focused mega scheme. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ) , GS 2(Schemes) Convergence and Integration 36 existing schemes from 11 ministries will be merged into PMDDKY. The integration will ensure resource optimization, better coordination, and holistic agricultural development. Implementation will involve: Central schemes State government initiatives Local partnerships, including private sector collaborations. Target Areas Initially focused on 100 districts identified using: Low agricultural productivity Low cropping intensity Low credit disbursement Criticism: Experts argue that credit disbursement is not the best indicator for district selection. Annual net agricultural income per hectare recommended as a better metric. Key Components & Interventions Post-Harvest Infrastructure Creation of storage facilities at the panchayat and block levels. Aim: Reduce crop wastage and enable better price realization for farmers. Improved Irrigation Focus on expanding and modernizing irrigation systems. Promotes water-use efficiency and reduces dependence on rainfall. Access to Credit Facilitation of both short-term and long-term institutional credit. Aims to reduce dependence on informal lenders. Sustainable Agriculture Promotion Encourages: Natural farming Organic farming Conservation of soil health and water Part of a larger push towards resilient and eco-friendly agriculture. Crop Diversification Shift from mono-cropping to diverse cropping systems. Enhances resilience to climate and market shocks. Promotion of Allied Activities Support for: Animal husbandry Fisheries Beekeeping Horticulture Boosts income diversification for farmers. Value Addition and Livelihoods Encourages local processing, branding, and market linkages. Will promote local employment and entrepreneurship. Institutional Mechanism District-level Committees: District Dhan Dhaanya Samiti will finalize the District Agriculture and Allied Activities Plan. Members will include progressive farmers, officials, and stakeholders. State and National Level Committees: Ensure planning, fund utilization, and policy alignment. Monthly monitoring for outcome-based evaluation. Conclusion PMDDKY represents a strategic consolidation of India’s fragmented agricultural schemes. If implemented effectively, it can: Improve sustainability Foster innovation Support inclusive rural development However, its success will hinge on effective implementation, accurate district targeting, and robust monitoring mechanisms. Share of clean energy in electricity still below 30% Context & Significance India has achieved a major milestone in its clean energy journey by ensuring that 50% of its total installed electricity capacity now comes from non-fossil fuel sources. This target was achieved five years ahead of its commitment under the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Climate Agreement. However, despite this success in installed capacity, the actual share of clean energy in electricity supplied to consumers remains below 30%. Relevance : GS 3(Energy and Environment) Installed Capacity vs. Actual Electricity Supply Installed Capacity: Refers to the total potential a power source can produce under ideal conditions. India’s installed clean energy capacity has now reached 484 gigawatts (GW). This includes solar, wind, hydro, biomass, nuclear, and other non-fossil fuel sources. Actual Electricity Supplied: Represents the amount of electricity actually generated and delivered to consumers. Despite 50% of capacity being clean, only 28–30% of electricity generation currently comes from these sources. This gap is due to the lower efficiency and variability of renewable sources. Historical Progress (2014–2024) In 2014, the share of clean energy in total electricity generated was around 17%. By April 2024, this increased to 28%, highlighting steady growth but also the limitations of renewable energy output. The growth in capacity is attributed to policy pushes and leadership focus, especially under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Understanding Capacity Utilisation Factor (CUF) CUF = (Actual energy generated / Maximum possible energy generation) × 100 It measures how effectively installed capacity is used. Clean energy sources generally have lower CUF compared to conventional ones: Solar CUF: ~20% Wind CUF: 25–30% Coal CUF: ~60% Nuclear CUF: ~80% Hence, although clean energy’s installed capacity is high, its actual output remains limited. Technical & Structural Challenges Intermittency of Renewables: Solar and wind are weather-dependent and time-bound. Solar generation peaks during the day, but evening demand remains unmet. Energy cannot be stored efficiently with current technologies. Inflexible Grid Infrastructure: India’s grid does not yet allow time-of-day pricing for electricity. Consumers pay the same price per unit, whether it’s cheap solar in the afternoon or expensive coal at night. High Coal Dependence: Coal still supplies ~75% of India’s daily electricity needs. Coal remains more reliable due to its ability to run continuously. Even when renewable output increases, the base-load requirement is still met by coal. Solutions and the Way Forward Grid Flexibility & Smart Management: Implement time-differentiated tariffs to encourage day-time electricity usage. Adopt smart meters and smart grid technologies for real-time monitoring and flexibility. Investment in Battery Storage: Efficient storage will help store excess solar/wind energy and use it during peak demand (especially evenings). Storage will improve overall CUF and reliability of clean energy. This will reduce coal demand during peak hours. Hybrid Energy Projects: Combine solar + wind + hydro + storage to balance intermittency. Hybrid systems offer round-the-clock power supply. Such integrated models are being promoted for peak and base load balance. Policy Innovations: Encourage differential power tariffs based on time and source. Shift incentives toward dispatchable renewables. Prioritize investment in energy storage, inverter technology, and load management systems. Expert Opinions Saurabh Kumar, Vice-President, Global Energy Alliance: Highlights need for “differential pricing” similar to the early telecom sector (e.g., night-call pricing). Emphasizes the need for battery storage and grid reform to fully utilize clean energy. Arunendra Kumar Tiwari, Fellow, TERI: Stresses that solar’s CUF is low, limiting its contribution despite high capacity. Notes that coal and nuclear outperform renewables in actual energy generation. Broader Implications India’s clean energy journey demonstrates policy success in capacity building. However, future efforts must focus on: Efficiency, not just installation. Technology adoption, especially in storage and smart grids. Consumer behaviour change, through time-of-day pricing. Balancing energy security, affordability, and sustainability remains the core challenge. Govt. Cracks Down on Dumping and Import Surges Context To protect domestic industry from unfair trade practices, the Indian government has intensified scrutiny of import surges and dumping. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy- Anti Dumping , Import, Export) Key Developments Anti-Dumping Actions (June 2025): Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) initiated 8 anti-dumping investigations. Targeted products from 12 countries/groupings: Countries involved: China, Taiwan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Switzerland, EU, Egypt, Indonesia. Products: Industrial chemicals, glass wool, paperboards. Import Monitoring Mechanism: Department of Commerce is monitoring all commodities for unusual import surges. Data shared with other ministries to enable coordinated monitoring. Use of DGFT to Counter Malpractices: Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) empowered to restrict imports suspected of malpractice. Example: DGFT restricted imports of alloys (palladium, rhodium, iridium with >1% gold) as gold was being misdeclared to evade duty. Static Concepts: Anti-Dumping & Import Surge Dumping: Exporting a product at a price lower than its normal value (often below cost or domestic price). Harms domestic industries through unfair price competition. Anti-Dumping Duty: Levied by importing countries to counteract dumping and restore fair trade. DGTR (Directorate General of Trade Remedies): Apex authority for investigating trade remedy cases: anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures. Import Surge: Sudden spike in imports, potentially harming domestic producers even without dumping. Why It Matters? Ensures a level playing field for Indian industries. Prevents misuse of free trade provisions and duty evasion. Strengthens Atmanirbhar Bharat and domestic manufacturing. Anti-Dumping: Basics Definition: Dumping refers to exporting goods at prices lower than their normal value (often below cost or domestic price). Anti-Dumping Duty: A tariff imposed by a country to protect its domestic industry from unfairly priced imports. Anti-Dumping in India Authority: Investigated and recommended by the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) under the Ministry of Commerce. Legal Basis: Governed by the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 and WTO Agreement on Anti-Dumping (to which India is a signatory). Objectives Protect domestic industries from injury due to dumped imports. Ensure fair competition, not to restrict legitimate trade. Provide a level playing field, not as protectionism. Study flags high summer ozone levels in big cities Key Findings: Summer 2025 Ozone (O₃) Crisis Ozone levels exceeded prescribed limits for over ⅓ of summer days (March–May) in major cities. Study by: Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) Data Source: 80 ambient AQ monitoring stations in Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Delhi. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Climate Change ) City-wise Breaches in Ozone Standards City Days O₃ exceeded standard (out of 92) Change vs 2024 Delhi 33 days — Bengaluru 45 days ↑ 29% Mumbai 32 days ↑ 42% Chennai 15 days ↑ (from 0) Kolkata 22 days (↓ from 40) ↓ 45% Technical Insight Standard Breach Definition: 8-hour average > 100 µg/m³, as per National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). O₃ is not directly emitted, but forms via photochemical reaction (sunlight + NOx + VOCs). Not monitored over 24-hour avg (unlike PM2.5/PM10) due to high reactivity. Public Health Implications Ground-level ozone: Triggers respiratory illnesses, asthma, infections. Reduces lung function, especially in children & elderly. High temperatures + solar radiation → higher O₃ spikes in summers. Expert View “If unchecked, ozone pollution could become a serious public health crisis.” – Anumita Roychowdhury, CSE Broader Pattern Indian megacities now consistently exceed ozone norms in summers. Northern India (e.g., Delhi) most affected due to: Temperature inversion Vehicular + industrial pollution Ozone: Basics Ozone (O₃) is a triatomic molecule made of three oxygen atoms. Found in two layers: Stratospheric ozone (good ozone): Forms the ozone layer, protects life by absorbing harmful UV-B radiation. Tropospheric ozone (bad ozone): Acts as a pollutant and greenhouse gas, harmful to health and crops. Ozone Layer & Its Importance Located in the stratosphere (10–50 km altitude). Absorbs 97–99% of the Sun’s medium-frequency ultraviolet light. Prevents skin cancer, cataracts, and damage to plants/marine ecosystems. Ozone Depletion Caused by Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) like: CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) Halons, Carbon tetrachloride, Methyl bromide Major ozone hole detected over Antarctica. Global Measures Vienna Convention (1985): Framework for international cooperation. Montreal Protocol (1987): Legally binding treaty to phase out ODS. Kigali Amendment (2016): Added phase-down of HFCs (climate pollutants, not ODS). Green’ power capacity outpaces thermal, but storage woes weigh on grid stability India’s Key Milestone 50.1% of India’s installed electricity capacity now comes from non-fossil fuel sources. Target achieved 5 years ahead of 2030 Paris commitment (40% originally, revised to 50% in 2022). Relevance : GS 3(Energy and Environment) Installed Capacity (in GW) Year Thermal Large Hydro Renewables Non-Fossil Share June 2015 191.26 42.62 35.78 30.4% June 2020 230.90 45.7 87.67 37.8% June 2025 242.04 49.38 184.62 50.1% Total Installed Capacity (2025): 484.82 GW Thermal Share: 49.9% (still dominant in absolute capacity) Thermal Still Dominates Despite non-fossil surpassing in % share, thermal plants are critical for base load. India’s thermal capacity rose by just 11 GW in 5 years, but still forms the grid backbone. Storage Capacity – Major Bottleneck India’s storage capacity (2024): Pumped Hydro: 4.75 GW Battery Storage: 110 MW Total < 5 GW, insufficient for smooth renewable integration. Grid Instability Events May 30, 2024: Peak demand unmet due to low renewables and lack of backup. Erratic pricing and curtailments seen when solar/wind exceeds demand. Policy Measures Underway CEA Advisory (Feb 2025): Co-locate storage with solar. Viability Gap Funding Scheme: ₹5,400 crore for 31 GWh battery storage. 51 GWh pumped hydro expected by 2032. ISTS Waiver Extended till June 2028 to boost storage projects. Strategic Implications Capacity milestone ≠ energy transition success. Storage, grid flexibility, and real-time pricing are the next frontiers. India needs policy speed, not just policy vision, to match non-fossil growth with reliability.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 July 2025

Content : The Indian Monsoon: Nature’s Pulse and Nation’s Lifeline Nationwide Financial Inclusion Saturation Campaign sees a Significant Progress The Indian Monsoon: Nature’s Pulse and Nation’s Lifeline What is the Indian Monsoon? Derived from Arabic “Mausim“, meaning season. Seasonal reversal of winds due to differential heating of land and sea. Summer: Low pressure over land → Moist air from sea → Rainfall. Winter: High pressure over land → Dry offshore winds → Retreating monsoon. Relevance : GS 1(Geography ) Types of Monsoon Southwest Monsoon (June–Sept) Brings 75% of India’s total rainfall. Vital for agriculture (esp. rice, cotton, sugarcane). Two branches: Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal. Orographic rainfall prominent in Western Ghats & NE India. Northeast Monsoon (Oct–Dec) Retreating monsoon; winds from land to sea. Key for Tamil Nadu and SE coast (rain-shadow regions). Moisture gained over Bay of Bengal → Rains in south India. Key Climatic Drivers Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Shifts northwards in summer → Triggers SW monsoon. Shifts south in winter → Causes NE monsoon. Forms monsoon trough → Responsible for cloud bursts and active spells. El Niño Warming of Pacific waters → Weak monsoon → Drought risk. 7 out of 16 El Niño years post-1950 showed below-normal rainfall. La Niña Cooling of Pacific waters → Stronger monsoon → Flood risks. Helps rain-fed farming but may trigger crop damage in excess.   Distribution & Variability of Rainfall Annual average rainfall: ~125 cm, with wide regional variation. >400 cm/year in Western Ghats & NE Hills (e.g., Mawsynram). <60 cm/year in western Rajasthan, Ladakh, and rain-shadow areas. Monsoon variability: Sub-seasonal: Active-break cycles. Interannual: Linked to ENSO. Decadal/Centennial: Observed long-term shifts. Economic Significance 64% of Indians depend on agriculture. 45% of farmland is rainfed → Highly vulnerable. Good monsoon → GDP growth, rural demand, low inflation. Poor monsoon → Crop failure, inflation, distress migration. Recent Monsoon Trends (2021–2024) IMD’s forecasts were accurate (within ±5% of LPA). 2024 rainfall: 934.8 mm (108% of LPA) – well distributed. 78% districts received normal to excess rainfall. Monthly trend (2024): June: 89% of LPA July: 109% August: 115% September: 112% Climate Change & Monsoon Shift in rainfall geography: ↓ Kerala, NE & East-Central India ↑ Rajasthan, Maharashtra, North Karnataka Extreme Rain Events ↑ by 75% (1950–2015). Dry Spells ↑ by 27% (1981–2011 vs. 1951–1980). July rainfall declining, September gaining. 50% of monsoon rain now occurs in just 20–30 hours. Role of IMD (India Meteorological Department) Established: 1875; under Ministry of Earth Sciences. Key roles: Seasonal forecasts (April & June updates). District-wise rainfall tracking. Cyclone early warning & disaster management. Achievements 100% forecast accuracy (2021–24). Cyclone death toll: ↓ from 10,000 (1999) to zero (2020–24). Radar network ↑ from 15 (2014) → 39 (2023). Technological innovations: HRRR & EWRF models. Mausamgram portal launched in Jan 2024. Mission Mausam (Launched: Sept 2024) Goal: Make India weather-ready & climate-smart. Merged with PRITHVI’s ACROSS scheme. Nine verticals: OBSERVE_All, DEVELOP, IMPACT, FRONTIER, ATCOMP, DECIDE, Weather_MOD, LEAD, NEAT. Focus areas: Extreme weather prediction, AI/ML integration, public-private partnerships. Lightning Strikes: A Rising Concern One strike can carry up to 1 billion volts. Heat > 35,000°F – hotter than the Sun’s surface. ↑ frequency in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab; no longer limited to NE India. IITM & NRSC data confirm trend shift.  Conclusion Monsoon = economic engine + ecological rhythm + cultural soul. Forecasting advances, policy readiness, and scientific missions like Mission Mausam enhance resilience. But climate variability demands constant vigilance, innovation, and adaptation. Nationwide Financial Inclusion Saturation Campaign sees a Significant Progress Campaign Overview Launched by: Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Finance Duration: 1st July – 30th September 2025 (3 months) Goal: Achieve saturation-level coverage of financial inclusion schemes across 2.7 lakh Gram Panchayats (GPs) & Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) Focus Schemes: PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) PM Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) Atal Pension Yojana (APY) Relevance : GS 3(Banking ) , GS 2(Governance) Progress So Far (As of 15 July 2025) Camps organized: 43,447 across districts Progress data compiled for: 31,305 camps Objective: Boost enrolment, update KYC/nomination, improve financial literacy Key Achievements Banking Access New PMJDY Accounts opened: 1,39,291 KYC Re-verified: PMJDY Accounts: 96,383 Other Savings Accounts: 1,01,778 Nomination Updates: PMJDY: 66,494 Other Accounts: 63,489 Social Security Enrolments PMJJBY: 1,83,225 new enrolments PMSBY: 2,88,714 Atal Pension Yojana (APY): 67,668 Claims Settled (PMJJBY + PMSBY): 1,665 Financial Literacy Drives Topics Covered: Digital fraud awareness Access to unclaimed deposits Grievance redressal mechanisms Strategic Importance Aims to eliminate financial exclusion at the last mile. Empowers marginalized & rural populations via access to: Savings & insurance products Pension benefits Affordable credit and digital banking Reinforces SDG Goal 1 (No Poverty) and Goal 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Broader Vision Builds upon India’s Financial Inclusion architecture since 2014. Complements Digital India, Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) Trinity, and Social Security for All. Supports inclusive growth by integrating the unbanked, uninsured, and unpensioned into the formal financial system.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 July 2025

Content : More than symbolic Contesting the future of forest governance More than symbolic Context & Immediate Developments Health Ministry directive (2025): All govt departments to display oil, sugar & trans-fat content in common Indian snacks (e.g. samosas, jalebis, laddoos). Pilot city: AIIMS Nagpur → Gradual national rollout. CBSE move (May 2025): Schools to install “sugarboards” — show: Daily sugar limits Sugar content in food Related health risks Healthy alternatives Relevance : GS 2(Governance and Policy) Practice Question : “Behavioural nudges are important, but insufficient in addressing India’s growing public health challenges related to food.” Examine in light of recent government initiatives on food labelling and regulation. (250 words) Data Behind the Policy Push Obesity Trends (NFHS Data): Men: ↑ from 15% (2005–06) → 24% (2019–21) Women: ↑ from 12% → 23% Unlabelled Local Foods: Traditional snacks are high in hidden oils, sugar, and fats. Visual cues (like tobacco-style warnings) can serve as behavioural nudges. Symbolism vs. Structural Change Current moves = educational & symbolic. But lacking: Binding regulations on packaged and marketed foods. Gaps in Existing Food Policy – Front-of-Package Labelling (FOPL) Delayed implementation despite FSSAI’s 2020 amendment. Supreme Court direction (July 15, 2025): Enforce FOPL. No definition yet by FSSAI for: Safe upper limits for sugar, salt, and fat. HFSS (High Fat, Salt, Sugar) thresholds. – Marketing to Children No national-level regulation on: Junk food advertising Promotions targeting children Children remain highly vulnerable to HFSS marketing across digital/TV platforms. – Taxation Measures No ‘sin tax’ on HFSS foods, unlike in Mexico, Chile, or Hungary. Global evidence shows fiscal disincentives reduce consumption of unhealthy food. What Global Evidence Shows ICMR-NIN Study (2022): Warning labels and Nutristar ratings helped reduce consumption, even of moderately unhealthy foods. International Meta-Study (2022): Warning labels outperform other labelling styles (GDA, Nutri-Score, etc.) in dissuading HFSS intake. Mexico & Chile: 10–20% tax on sugary drinks & junk food → reduced sales and obesity trends. National Frameworks That Call for Action National Multisectoral Action Plan (NMAP) for NCDs (2017–22): Mandated FSSAI regulation reform → FOPL & nutrient warning labels. FSSAI 2020 Amendments: Remain under-implemented due to: Industry pushback Lack of defined nutrient thresholds Why Symbolism Isn’t Enough Awareness is necessary but insufficient. Without: Regulatory caps on sugar/salt/fat Mandatory FOP labels Advertising restrictions Fiscal disincentives (taxes) → Impact of behavioural nudges will be limited and class-biased. The Way Forward Finalise nutrient cut-offs for HFSS food categories. Enforce mandatory FOP warning labels (not just voluntary/interpretive). Ban or restrict child-targeted junk food ads (especially online). Levy health taxes on HFSS food and beverages. Ensure compliance at the level of street food vendors and informal eateries. Expand school-level interventions (e.g. healthy canteens, regulated menus). Conclusion The Health Ministry’s new initiatives are important awareness milestones. However, without strong legislative teeth, they risk being performative. India needs a robust, rights-based, regulation-driven approach to food policy, aligned with public health imperatives and the growing NCD burden. Contesting the future of forest governance Context: CFRR and Chhattisgarh Incident In July 2025, the Chhattisgarh Forest Department attempted to designate itself as the nodal agency for implementing Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR). This violated the FRA, 2006, which vests management authority in Gram Sabhas, not government departments. The department also: Mandated a centralised model plan (from MoTA) for CFR management — not required by law. Prohibited support from NGOs and other departments to Gram Sabhas. Outcome: Letter was withdrawn following grassroots mobilisation by Adivasi rights groups, local representatives, and Gram Sabhas. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance) Practice Question : The implementation of Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR) under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, remains constrained by institutional inertia and policy contradictions. Critically analyse. (250 words) Forest Rights Act, 2006: Core Vision Community Forest Resource Rights (CFRR) under FRA: Recognises the customary rights of communities to manage forest resources. Aims to reverse colonial forest consolidation that excluded locals from governance. Gram Sabha’s role: Central to forest governance. Empowered to formulate, implement, and integrate CFR management plans. Plans must reflect local needs — livelihood, ecosystem conservation, cultural values. Legacy of Forest Working Plans: Colonial Hangover Forest Working Plans (FWPs): Rooted in “scientific forestry” focused on timber maximisation, not ecological sustainability. Often included clearfelling and monoculture plantations. Criticised by ecologists like Madhav Gadgil for promoting degradation, invasive species spread, and undermining biodiversity. Despite ecological and social criticism, FWPs remain central to forest department operations and fund mobilisation. Conflict Between FRA and Forest Bureaucracy Forest Departments continue to: Delay CFRR recognition and reject titles. Block funding and question local competence to manage forests. Push for NWPC (National Working Plan Code) compliance, imposing complex, data-heavy templates unsuited to local realities. This is seen as an attempt to retain bureaucratic control over forest resources under the guise of “scientific management”. Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA): Inconsistencies 2015 MoTA Guidelines: Allowed simple, locally developed formats for CFR plans. 2024 MoTA + MoEF Letter: Reversed course — called for NWPC conformity and forester involvement. This shift undermines FRA’s decentralised governance model and contradicts its legal spirit. Why NWPC is Incompatible with CFRR NWPC structure: Designed to optimise timber yield. Data-intensive and linear; poorly suited to adaptive and participatory management. Emphasises forest crop, not ecosystem or community needs. Gram Sabha plans, by contrast: Based on lived experience and multi-livelihood objectives. More capable of responding to climate variability and local conservation challenges. Don’t require abstraction of local knowledge into bureaucratic jargon. Current Ground Realities CFRR Titles Issued: Over 10,000 Gram Sabhas. Management Plans Developed: Fewer than 1,000 (due to resistance from forest bureaucracy). Implementation Hurdles: No access to financial resources. Constant delegitimisation of local planning efforts. Bureaucratic insistence on outdated, centralised forest science. The Way Forward Reject NWPC compliance for CFR areas — legally unjustified under FRA. Scale up the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan: Offers an indicative, flexible framework for CFR planning. Encourages iterative learning by Gram Sabhas. Role of MoTA: Must stand firm in support of decentralised governance. Avoid compromising to pressure from forest departments or MoEF. Forest Departments must: Provide funding and legal protection to CFR-holding communities. Transition from timber-centric to ecosystem and livelihood-centric science. Broader Significance CFRR is not just about forest management — it is a constitutional decentralisation of power to marginalised, Adivasi communities. The shift from colonial forest science to community-based ecological governance is central to achieving climate resilience, biodiversity conservation, and social justice.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 July 2025

Content : How is global shipping trying to decarbonise? The need to protect India’s linguistic secularism How vulnerable are Delhi citizens to cybercrime? Govt. data show fall in women at work in rural, urban areas 97% ‘untouchability’ cases pending in courts: govt. report Searching for extraterrestrial life means asking the right questions first How is global shipping trying to decarbonise? Global Context: Decarbonising Shipping IMO Target: Net-zero emissions from global shipping by 2050. Current fuels: VLSFO, diesel, LNG. Transition fuels: LNG (↑ 5% efficiency). Final green fuels: Green methanol, ammonia, biofuels. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure , Environment and Ecology) Green Fuels: Production & Properties Green Hydrogen: Via electrolysis of water using renewable power. Green Ammonia: From hydrogen + nitrogen; more stable than H₂. Green Methanol: From green hydrogen + captured industrial CO₂. Fuel Preferences & Industry Trends Shipping industry is technology-conservative. First phase: Methanol (10% CO₂ emissions of VLSFO); easier integration. Next phase: Ammonia (zero GHG) but complex onboard processes. Over 360 methanol-ready ships are in operation/order. Leaders: Maersk, CMA CGM, Evergreen. Financial Viability & Price Gap E-methanol cost (Feb 2024): $1,950/tonne vs. VLSFO $560/tonne. Cost drivers: Renewable power (10–11 MWh/tonne) + electrolyser capex. Projected demand by 2028: 14 million tonnes vs. supply of 11 million tonnes → price pressures. India’s Strategic Leverage Solar capacity: 2.82 GW (2014) → 105 GW (2025). Electrolyser PLI scheme + 1.5 GW local capacity by GoI. India has land, sunlight, and industrial CO₂ sources → ideal for green fuel hubs. Tuticorin & Kandla: Green fuel bunkering ports under development. Policy & Institutional Support $10 billion fund to acquire 110 ships — 10–20% to be green-fuel-capable, Indian-flagged, Indian-built. De-risking via sovereign guarantees → ↓ capital costs, ↑ global financing. Production-Linked Incentives (PLIs): For electrolysers to localise green hydrogen value chain. CCUS incentives: To scale green methanol via industrial CO₂ capture. Shipbuilding Revival & Geoeconomic Potential Demand-side incentives for domestic shipbuilding. Tie-ups with South Korea, Japan for tech & retrofitting support. Goal: Restart Indian ship-owning and build green-capable vessels at scale. Export Potential & Global Integration Singapore: Global bunkering hub (¼ of global marine fuel) needs large-scale green fuel imports. India’s goal: Become green fuel supplier to Singapore and global ports. Challenges Dependence on imported solar panels & electrolysers. High initial green fuel costs. Need for scale, global tie-ups, and strong policy alignment. Conclusion India stands at a pivotal moment to lead the global green shipping revolution by leveraging its solar dominance, industrial base, and policy innovation. By converting its maritime aspirations into a clean energy leadership model, India can decarbonise transport, boost shipbuilding, and gain strategic geoeconomic leverage in a low-carbon future. The need to protect India’s linguistic secularism India’s Linguistic Diversity: Facts First 2011 Census: 121 languages, 270 mother tongues. 96.71% of the population speaks one of the 22 scheduled languages. 99 languages not included in the Eighth Schedule. Relevance : GS 1(Indian Society ) , GS 2(Polity and Constitution ) Constitutional Safeguards Article 29: Right to conserve distinct language, script, or culture for any section of Indian citizens, including minorities. Article 343: Hindi (Devanagari script) is the official language of the Union, not the national language. Eighth Schedule: Protects 22 languages; promotes linguistic pluralism under state policy. Unique Model of Indian Secularism Western secularism = state–religion separation. Indian secularism = state neutrality + affirmative protection for religious and linguistic diversity. State is not pro-religion/language, but empowered to act against communalism, including linguistic chauvinism. Emerging Threats to Linguistic Harmony Resistance to Hindi imposition: Historic in Tamil Nadu (Dravidian movement). Seen in many Southern and Northeastern states. Recent incidents in Maharashtra: Violence against non-Marathi speakers = manifestation of linguistic identity politics. Why Linguistic Tolerance Matters Language and religion: Both cultural markers and sources of exclusion. Conservative assertions of language = risk of fragmentation, damaging national unity. India’s unity in diversity relies on liberality and tolerance across linguistic lines. Role of Political Leadership Political parties must prevent linguistic polarisation. Must uphold constitutional morality over regional chauvinism. Language-based discrimination contradicts the spirit of federalism and violates constitutional values. Globalisation vs Identity Assertion In an interconnected world, rigid linguistic nationalism can isolate communities. Need to promote multilingualism, not majoritarian language dominance. Conclusion India’s linguistic secularism is foundational to its democracy. Protecting every language — big or small — equally is not merely a cultural concern but a constitutional necessity. As India moves forward, it must uphold inclusive federalism and safeguard its plural linguistic heritage against rising linguistic nationalism. How vulnerable are  Delhi citizens to  cybercrime? Context and Scale Delhi cybercrime losses (2024): Over ₹700 crore — highest among Indian cities. Despite rising digital adoption (banking, UPI, social media), institutional response lags. IT Act, 2000 provision: Only Inspectors or above can investigate cybercrimes — but most cyber police stations lack such officers. Relevance : GS 3(Cyber Security) Public Awareness: High but Uneven 93% aware of cybercrime reporting possibility. Awareness of common scams: OTP scams, reward frauds, fake banking calls: >90% ‘Digital arrest’ scams: Only 61% aware (emerging threat). Gaps in reporting literacy: Only 42% aware of helpline 1930 Just 25% aware of cyber police stations 30% know about the cybercrime.gov.in portal Government Initiatives: Mixed Perception 72% recalled mass messages & calls as awareness campaigns. Only 19% aware of Cyber Swachhta Kendra. Perception of effectiveness: Only 16% rated govt response as “very effective” 55% said “somewhat effective”, and 24% saw it as inadequate Citizen Practices & Digital Divide Common preventive actions: Avoid suspicious links (87%) Download trusted apps (85%) Use strong passwords (79%) Advanced measures lag: Regular password changes: 50% Antivirus use: 50% Income-wise digital safety gap: Antivirus: High-income 73% vs. Low-income 20% Two-factor authentication: High-income 75% vs. Low-income 31% Confidence in Protection Overall belief in precautions: 80% trust them to a “great or some extent” Confidence levels vary by income: High-income: 89% confident Low-income: 61% confident Reporting Behaviour: Worryingly Low Cybercrime awareness: 96% have heard of online scams. Sources of awareness: Social media (38%), media (37%), friends/family (36%) Banks: Only 8% Only 21% of victims formally reported incidents. Why not? Mistrust, unawareness, or procedural complexity. Reporting channels used: Local police (29%), cyber cells (26%), banks (24%) Website (20%), helpline 1930 (15%) Redressal & Recovery: Institutional Apathy Perception of recovery: 48% believe money once lost is gone Only 33% hopeful of recovery Actual recovery (among victims): 70% recovered nothing 17% full recovery, 6% partial Complaint Process Experience Ease of filing complaints: 35%: “Very easy” 24%: “Somewhat easy” 37% found it difficult Satisfaction with institutional support: Only 27% satisfied 48% fully dissatisfied Satisfaction lower in low-income groups Nature of Cybercrime Impact Financial loss: 27% lost ₹10,001–₹50,000 14% lost over ₹50,000 Mental stress: Reported by 26% Trust in Digital Ecosystem High trust in digital payment apps despite institutional weaknesses. Preferred government action: 40% prioritised awareness campaigns over technical/legal fixes. Policy Way Forward Institutional reforms: Adequate staffing of cyber police stations Decentralised grievance redressal with trained officers Digital equity: Targeted digital literacy for low-income & elderly groups Recovery framework: Mandate banks/platforms to aid fund recovery Awareness scale-up: Focus on helplines, real-time alerts, and multilingual campaigns Behavioral nudges: Gamified learning on scams in schools & apps Govt. data show fall  in women at work in  rural, urban areas Unemployment Rate: Flatlining Overall unemployment rate (15+ age group): 5.6% in both May and June 2025. Male unemployment (15+ years): No change at 5.6%. Female unemployment: Slight improvement from 5.7% → 5.6%. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Social Justice) Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): Declining Total LFPR (15+ years): June 2025: 54.2% May 2025: 54.8% Rural LFPR: 56.1% (↓) Urban LFPR: 50.4% (↓) Factors cited: Seasonal agricultural slowdown Extreme summer heat affecting physical work Shift of unpaid helpers, especially rural women, to domestic chores Women’s Workforce Participation: Falling Sharply Rural female LFPR (15+ years): June: 35.2% May: 36.9% April: 38.2% Urban female LFPR (15+ years): June: 25.0% May: 25.3% All-age female LFPR (rural + urban): June: 24.5% May: 25.5% Indicates a consistent and concerning decline in women’s labour participation. Sectoral Insights: Agriculture and Gender Rural women in agriculture: June: 69.8% May: 70.2% Shows slight withdrawal from farm-based work, possibly due to: Reduced inflation-driven household need Seasonal decline in demand for female labour Worker-Population Ratio (WPR): Not Explicitly Released But inferred decline in WPR parallels LFPR drop. Suggests fewer working-age individuals actually engaged in work. Broader Implications Employment recovery plateauing after post-COVID rebound. Female LFPR trend highlights deep structural and patriarchal constraints in India’s labour market. Climate and seasonality-sensitive jobs make informal/rural workers more vulnerable. Unpaid domestic and care work continues to limit formal workforce inclusion, especially for women. Policy Way Forward Enhance gender-responsive public employment: Expand MGNREGA and urban jobs schemes. Invest in care infrastructure: Reduce unpaid domestic burden on women. Skill development: Especially for climate-resilient jobs and digital economy. Improve labour data granularity: Disaggregate by caste, age, and region for targeted policies. Address seasonal distress: Timely agricultural interventions and alternate livelihood generation. Conclusion The static unemployment rate masks deeper vulnerabilities, especially among women and rural populations. Declining LFPR is a bigger concern than open unemployment — it reflects economic distress, social barriers, and invisible work. A shift from job-counting to quality and inclusion-focused employment policies is the need of the hour. 97% ‘untouchability’ cases pending in courts: govt. report Background: Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 Enacted to abolish and penalise practices of untouchability. Covers social and religious discrimination (e.g., denial of access to public places, temples, water sources). Mandates annual implementation reports by the Union govt based on State/UT inputs. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Judiciary) Dismal Trends in Case Registration Only 13 cases registered nationwide under PCR Act in 2022: Down from 24 (2021) and 25 (2020). States: J&K (5), Karnataka (5), Maharashtra (2), Himachal Pradesh (1). Reflects severe under-reporting and poor utilisation of the Act. Alarming Judicial Pendency and Acquittal Rate Total pending trial cases (2022): 1,242 under the PCR Act. Cases disposed (2022): 31 Convictions: 1 Acquittals: 30 From 2019–2021: All 37 cases disposed ended in acquittals. Pendency Rate: Over 97%. Indicates ineffectiveness in prosecution, possible systemic bias, or weak case-building. Policing and Prosecution Gaps 51 cases were under investigation in 2022 (including past years). Chargesheets filed: Only in 12 cases. No State/UT declared any area as “untouchability-prone” — despite ground-level reports of caste-based exclusions in water access, temples, dining, etc. Absence of special courts or dedicated police units in most States despite mandate. Contrast with SC/ST Atrocities Act (1989) Steady rise in cases under the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Indicates that while atrocity reporting is increasing under newer legal frameworks, older laws like the PCR Act are being sidelined or underutilised. Structural & Legal Challenges Outdated definitions in the PCR Act may limit relevance. Overlaps with the PoA Act but lacks stronger provisions (e.g., witness protection, relief, special courts). Implementation hurdles: Lack of awareness among officials and citizens. Weak monitoring by District Vigilance Committees. Social stigma discourages reporting. The Way Forward Review and update the PCR Act for present-day contexts. Integrate with digital grievance redressal and monitoring platforms. Capacity-building of police and judiciary to sensitively handle untouchability-related cases. Promote community-based monitoring and Dalit rights literacy. Ensure funding and autonomy for Special Courts and public prosecutors. Searching for extraterrestrial life means asking the right questions first Context & Recent Development Since the 1990s, over 5,000 exoplanets (planets outside the solar system) have been discovered. Despite technological progress, no direct evidence of extraterrestrial life has been found. A new study (2025) by researchers at ETH Zurich, published in The Astronomical Journal, reframes null findings as scientifically valuable. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Key Finding: “Absence of Evidence ≠ Evidence of Absence” Bayesian Analysis used to assess how probable life is, even when no signs are detected. Suggests that null results (no detection) still provide statistical insight into the rarity or commonality of life. Simulated Findings from the Study Researchers simulated observation of 100 exoplanets: If life exists on 10–20% of planets, it is plausible to find no evidence in a sample of 40–80. But if life is more common, some positive signs should appear in that sample. Thus, the absence of detection can help define an upper limit on life’s prevalence. The Core Argument: Better Questions, Not Just Better Telescopes Current searches often ask: “Does this planet have life?” → prone to false positives/negatives. Better question: “Does this planet show signs like water vapour, oxygen, methane, at detectable levels?” This shift improves: Scientific precision Observational efficiency Interpretation clarity Technological Outlook: Next-Gen Missions Upcoming missions like: LIFE (Large Interferometer for Exoplanets) HWO (Habitable Worlds Observatory) Aim: Study dozens of Earth-like planets for biosignatures (water, oxygen, methane, etc.). Angerhausen: These may mark the first systematic search for life in human history. Uncertainty in Observation: Acknowledging Limitations Every observation has uncertainty: False negatives (e.g., biosphere too small to alter atmosphere) Detection limits of instruments Implication: Even with large telescopes, ambiguous signals can mislead unless guided by clear hypotheses. Broader Significance for Science and Policy Reinforces need for: Interdisciplinary frameworks — physics, biology, planetary science. Global cooperation on data interpretation and space science missions. Raises ethical and philosophical questions on how humanity prepares for potential discovery of alien life. Conclusion: A Shift in Scientific Mindset The study signals a paradigm shift — from chasing definitive proof to building probabilistic knowledge frameworks. Strategic takeaway: Clarity of questions is more important than the quantity of observations in the search for life. Future efforts must blend technological innovation with theoretical refinement for effective results.

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress