Notice: We've enabled a new exam system. If you face any issue during the exam, please contact your institute for support.

Posts

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 04 February 2025

Content: Green and clean The kind of jobs needed for the ‘Viksit Bharat’ goal Some wind behind the sails of India’s shipping industry Green and clean India’s Clean Energy Transition: Budgetary Trends: Significant increase in budget allocation for the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) from ₹1,535 crore (2015) to ₹32,626 crore (2025). Underutilization of funds in most years, leading to lower revised estimates (REs). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Minerals) Practice Question: India has made significant strides in transitioning to renewable energy, but challenges remain in ensuring energy security and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Discuss the role of critical minerals in India’s energy transition (250 words) PM-KUSUM Scheme (2019): Outlay of ₹34,422 crore for off–grid solar irrigation pumps and solar plants on fallow lands. Poor response—installed capacity remains under 0.5 GW. Scheme impacted by COVID–19 and lack of effective implementation. COVID-19 & Energy Realization: Supply chain disruptions in coal, oil, and gas highlighted the need for renewable energy security. Led to India’s COP26 pledge (2021) to source 50% of its energy from renewables by 2030. Policy Shifts & Solar Manufacturing Push Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: ₹18,100 crore (2021) for advanced chemistry cell battery storage. ₹4,500 crore (2021) for solar photovoltaic modules, increased to ₹19,500 crore (2022). Import Dependency & Tariff Barriers: Government imposed 40% Basic Customs Duty (BCD) on solar modules and 25% on solar cells to reduce dependence on China. Outcome: Increased solar prices, slowed solar power installations. Current Energy Scenario & Grid Storage Challenges Renewables Contribution: October 2024: Renewables constitute 46% of total installed capacity. Despite this, 70% of India’s power output still relies on coal due to intermittent RE production. Battery Storage Requirement: Grid-scale battery storage is essential for managing fluctuating renewable energy output. Capital-intensive lithium-ion battery sector needs government support to localize production. India’s Critical Minerals Strategy: The Need for a Framework Recent Policy Adjustments: Exemptions: 12 critical minerals and 35 capital goods exempted from BCD to ease imports. Objective: Balance local manufacturing ambitions with affordability and energy security. Reducing Chinese Dependence: Energy transition resources (e.g., lithium, rare earth elements) largely sourced from China. India must develop domestic capabilities and diversify supply chains. Framework Essentials: Sustainable Extraction: Ensure environmentally responsible mining of critical minerals. Social Equity: Protect indigenous communities affected by mineral extraction. Fair Distribution: Critical minerals should be allocated equitably across sectors. Geopolitical Considerations: The U.S. is retreating from global leadership in critical minerals policy. India has an opportunity to fill this gap and lead in sustainable resource governance. Conclusion: The Way Forward Need for a Just Transition Approach: Balancing economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social justice. Strengthening Domestic Supply Chains: Investing in exploration, refining, and strategic reserves of critical minerals. The kind of jobs needed for the ‘Viksit Bharat’ goal Introduction: Union Budget 2024 has introduced Employment Linked Incentives (ELI) to create 4 crore jobs over the next five years with a ₹2 lakh crore outlay. The Prime Minister’s internship scheme has gained traction, with 6.21 lakh applications for 1.27 lakh opportunities. However, focus needs to expand to the type of jobs to be created, ensuring long-term job creation and real wage growth. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ), GS 3(Economic Development) Practice Question: Examine the types of jobs needed for India to achieve its ‘Viksit Bharat’ (Developed India) goal by 2047. Discuss how climate resilience, AI adaptation, and aspiration-centric job creation can play a pivotal role in this vision.(250 Words) Jobs for Climate Resilience India’s Vulnerability to Climate Change: Ranked 7th most affected by climate change in 2019. Income loss of $159 billion in 2021; adaptation costs expected to be near $1 trillion by 2030. Impacts on agriculture, labour productivity, and livelihoods necessitate increased funding for climate adaptation. Creating Climate-Resilient Jobs: E-Rickshaw Scheme: Introducing 3-4 state-subsidized e-rickshaws in 6 lakh villages could create 2 million jobs, particularly empowering women. Compressed Biogas Plants: Incentivizing private investment could bridge the gap in biogas plant targets and create employment in rural areas. Non-Fossil Energy Jobs: Accelerating the 500GW non-fossil energy capacity target could create over a million jobs, especially in decentralized and rooftop solar. Long-term Vision: These initiatives could foster rural and urban job growth, enhancing climate resilience. AI-Resilient Jobs for the Future The Challenge of AI and Automation: McKinsey Global Institute forecasts that 50% of Indian jobs may face automation within 10 years, particularly in IT and business services sectors. Generative AI: AI-driven tools like metaGPT and ChatGPT may reduce the demand for certain IT jobs and outsourcing services. The IT sector, which accounts for 70% of India’s services exports, needs to transition to creating more specialized, creative jobs to remain competitive. Creating AI-Resilient Jobs: Health and Education Sectors: A massive increase in investment could plug the deficit of healthcare professionals and teachers, ensuring job creation in these critical sectors. National Rural Livelihood Mission: Connecting rural farmers and artisans to global and urban markets, empowering local talent and fostering entrepreneurship. AI-Resilient Workforce: Focus on jobs that combine human creativity and physical engagement (e.g., healthcare, education, rural enterprises). Aspiration-Centric Jobs for Rural Youth Rural Youth’s Aspirations: Despite increased engagement with startup culture, rural youth face barriers such as poor foundational education, insecurity, and limited access to resources. These challenges often push rural youth towards government jobs or “coaching” for competitive exams, creating a dependency culture. Boosting Aspirations through Job Creation: Infrastructure Development: Building 70,000 integrated pack-houses to close the 95% infrastructure gap could create over 2 million jobs. Tech-Enabled Rural Manufacturing: Boosting productivity in high-import/export sectors like edible oils could lead to tech-driven, value-added manufacturing. Edible Oil Mission: Reviving rural processing of native oilseeds (e.g., sunflower, soybean) and reducing dependence on imports could enhance economic self-sufficiency and create jobs. Rebranding Rural Jobs: Leveraging technology and social media to make rural jobs more aspirational, reducing the gap between rural aspirations and available opportunities. Long-Term Structural Reforms for Job Creation Key Areas for Reform: Climate-Resilient Jobs: Investments in green energy and rural adaptation. AI-Resilient Jobs: Upskilling and fostering creativity to meet the future demands of the job market. Aspiration-Centric Jobs: Tailoring job creation strategies to the changing aspirations and skillsets of rural youth. Strategic Vision for Viksit Bharat: Long-term structural reforms must align with India’s goals of climate resilience, AI adaptation, and empowering rural aspirations. The government must commit to sustained investments in these areas to create a robust and diverse job market. Conclusion Job Creation Beyond Short-Term Measures: While tax relief and short-term measures may boost urban demand, long-term reforms should focus on climate-resilient, AI-resilient, and aspiration-centric jobs. Viksit Bharat Vision: A comprehensive approach to job creation can align with India’s broader vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047. Some wind behind the sails of India’s shipping industry Context: The government’s efforts to revitalize India’s maritime sector through investments and reforms are overshadowed by persistent challenges such as stagnation, an aging fleet, tax disparities, and infrastructure limitations that hinder its growth and global competitiveness. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question: Analyze the government’s efforts to revitalize India’s maritime sector, focusing on the Sagarmala Programme, challenges in the shipping industry, and policy recommendations. In your opinion, what additional measures are required to ensure the sector’s long-term growth and global competitiveness?(250 Words) Government Commitment to Maritime Sector: The government deserves recognition for its focus on developing the maritime sector, a sector previously neglected by prior administrations. Sagarmala Programme: Total of 839 projects outlined by September 2024 with an investment of ₹5.8 lakh crore by 2035. Key areas of Sagarmala: ₹2.91 lakh crore (50%) for port modernization. ₹2.06 lakh crore (35%) for port connectivity. ₹55.8 thousand crore (10%) for port-led industrialization. Economic Growth and Maritime Sector: India’s GDP rose from ₹153trillion in 2016–17 to ₹272trillion in 2022–23, showcasing a 43% growth over six years. EXIM (exports-imports) trade grew from $66 billion to $116 billion, with a cumulative growth of 77% and an annual growth of 12.83%. Aims to boost exports to $2 trillion by 2030, strengthening India’s global trade position. Challenges in Shipping Industry: Stagnation despite Growth:While GDP and EXIM trade grew, the Indian shipping industry has shown minimal growth.Cargo handling at major ports increased marginally by 14.26%, with a 2.85% annual growth.The number of vessels handled declined by 5.93%, and Indian-flagged ships’ growth has been slow at just 2.4% annually. Aging Fleet:Average age of Indian ships was 26 years in 2022-23, though it improved to 21 years with the addition of newer vessels in 2024.India’s global ranking in ship ownership fell from 17th to 19th. Mismatched Expectations: Increased investment in ports has not driven growth in shipping. Indian shipping continues to lose market share to foreign-flagged vessels and alternative modes of transport like rail and road for domestic cargo. Challenges in Shipbuilding: Capital and Financial Constraints:High borrowing costs, rigid collateral requirements, and unfavorable tax laws disadvantage Indian-flagged vessels.Foreign-flagged vessels enjoy easier capital access and fewer regulatory burdens, making them more competitive. Infrastructure and Skill Gaps:India’s shipbuilding industry faces inadequate infrastructure, high input costs (e.g., steel), dependency on imports, and weak ancillary industries.Customs duties and skill gaps further hinder shipbuilding efficiency. Policy Recommendations and Measures: The Indian National Shipowners Association has advocated for: Creation of a Maritime Development Fund (MDF). Granting infrastructure status to ships to ease financing. Union Budget 2025 included several pro-industry measures: ₹25,000 crore MDF, with 49% contribution from the government. Infrastructure status for large vessels and shipbuilding clusters. Extended duty exemptions and revamped financial assistance policies for shipbuilding. Credit incentives for shipbreaking in Indian yards. Challenges with MDF: The ₹25,000 crore allocated may not be sufficient for the maritime sector’s high capital demands. The MDF’s ability to attract external commercial borrowings (ECBs) to lower financing costs could bridge the funding gap. Tax Disparities: The Budget failed to address key tax disparities: Indian-flagged vessels are subjected to 5% IGST on purchase prices, while foreign-flagged vessels are not. Indian shipping companies face TDS obligations on seafarers’ salaries, unlike foreign vessels employing Indian seafarers. Critical Viewpoint on Budget’s Effectiveness: While the Budget includes some positive measures, the maritime industry requires more decisive, strategic reforms. Incremental progress may not suffice to address the long-standing structural issues in the sector.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 04 February 2025

Content: Eliminating elitism in mental health Delhi’s gender budget: its decline and impact How will the govt. produce the required fuel ethanol? Maharashtra makes Marathi compulsory in all official dealings Do not reduce forest land for linear projects, says SC Agriculture finds special mention in Budget 2025-26, six dedicated missions announced Eliminating elitism in mental health Context & Key Developments The Ministry of Labour and Employment aims to harmonize Labour Code rules across all States/UTs by March 31, 2025. The 2024 Economic Survey recognized mental health as a significant factor in national development, highlighting a 10.6% prevalence of mental disorders among adults. The treatment gap in India ranges from 70% to 92% (National Mental Health Survey 2015-16). WHO’s report on mental health at work identifies risks such as long hours, unsafe conditions, and job insecurity, disproportionately affecting blue-collar workers. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice) Challenges in Existing Labour Codes Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code (OSHWC), 2020 Mental health is not explicitly covered under ‘occupational safety.’ Vague terminology (‘as far as reasonably practicable’) gives discretion to the Central government. Code on Social Security (CSC), 2020 Mental stress-related diseases are not recognized as occupational injuries. Legal burden on employees to prove a direct link between work and mental illness. Corporate Initiatives vs. Government Programs Companies like Infosys (HALE), Wipro (Mitra), and TCS (EAP) provide mental health support—but mainly for white-collar workers. Government’s Tele Manas initiative exists but lacks awareness and accessibility for blue-collar workers. Way Forward Legislative Reforms A rights and duty-based framework balancing employer expectations with worker mental well-being. Expand ‘occupational diseases’ list to include mental health conditions in CSC, 2020. Workplace Mental Health Integration Introduce a tripartite system (employer, worker, mental health expert). Regulate work hours to prevent over-exploitation (especially after recent CEO comments on 90-hour workweeks). Awareness & Accessibility Mandate employer awareness programs on mental health. Acknowledge blue-collar workers as key stakeholders in mental health policies. Conclusion A mental health-inclusive framework is essential to bridge the gap between white-collar and blue-collar workers. The upcoming Labour Code reforms provide a crucial opportunity to eliminate elitism in mental health and ensure holistic worker well-being. Delhi’s gender budget: its decline and impact Delhi has 71 lakh women voters, nearly half of the total electorate, with a high turnout rate. Political parties target women voters with incentives, reflected in budget allocations. Delhi’s overall budget has increased from ₹271 billion (2011-12) to ₹760 billion (2024-25). The gender budget has seen a seven-fold increase from ₹10 billion (2011-12) to ₹71 billion (2024-25). Relevance: GS 2(Governance ) Shift in Gender Budget Priorities While financial assistance and welfare schemes are crucial, long-term empowerment requires investment in education and health. The allocation for women’s education peaked at₹24 billion in 2017-18 but has declined since. In 2017-18, education comprised 54% of the gender budget but has dropped to 27% in 2024-25. A sharp 9% decline in the education budget was recorded in just the past year. Consequences of Declining Education Investment Impact on Labour Force Participation Delhi’s female labour force participation is 21%, the lowest in India (PLFS, 2023-24). Women are mostly employed as house helps and cleaners, indicating low skill levels. The gender gap in labour force participation is 51.6 percentage points. Gender Inequality in High-Skilled Jobs 94% of top roles (legislators, senior managers, CEOs) are occupied by men. Only 3.8% of women are in high-skilled jobs like technicians, compared to 10.34% of men. Lack of investment in education limits women’s access to high-paying careers. Sectoral Concentration of Women Most women professionals work in teaching and healthcare. Limited access to technical education restricts their presence in diverse fields. The Need for a Balanced Approach While cash transfers provide short-term relief, long-term empowerment requires education and skill development. Increased investment in technical and professional education can bridge the gender gap in high-skilled jobs. A well-structured gender budget must balance welfare schemes with sustainable growth strategies for women. Conclusion The decline in Delhi’s gender budget allocation for education is a major concern. Without substantial investment in education and skill-building, women’s economic and social empowerment will remain limited. Policymakers must prioritize education and training to ensure gender parity in the workforce. How Will The Govt. Produce The Required Fuel Ethanol? Context : Government’s Plan for Ethanol Production India aims to achieve 20% ethanol blending with petrol in the next two months, a year ahead of schedule. This requires the production of 1,100 crore litres of fuel ethanol in one year. Relevance : GS 3(Environment , Energy Security) Key raw materials for ethanol production: Sugar & high-grade molasses (~400 crore litres). FCI rice & broken rice (~110 crore litres). Maize (~400 crore litres). India’s Ethanol Distillery Capacity Current ethanol distillery capacity: 1,600 crore litres. Growth driven by government incentives and a stable market. Shift towards grain-based ethanol production to reduce dependency on sugar. Role of Maize in Ethanol Production India’s maize production is traditionally used for poultry, livestock feed, starch, and human consumption. Increase in maize imports since April 2024 due to restrictions on sugar-based ethanol. April–June 2024: ₹100 crore worth of maize imported. April–November 2024: $188 million worth of maize imported. Ethanol demand has encouraged more maize cultivation in major states like Karnataka, MP, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, and UP. 2024-25 maize production: Estimated at 42 million tonnes, with 9 million tonnes allocated for ethanol production. Impact of Maize-Based Ethanol Production Potential Benefits: Boost for farmers: Higher earnings due to ethanol market. Oil import savings: 100 crore litres of ethanol = ₹6,000 crore saved on oil imports. Increased domestic ethanol production reduces reliance on fossil fuels. Potential Challenges: Food security concerns: Shift in maize usage may impact food grain availability. Market disruption: Poultry and livestock feed sectors may face price hikes. Sustainability concerns: Long-term viability depends on balanced crop allocation. Possible Mitigation Strategy: DDGS (Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles), a byproduct of ethanol, can replace maize in poultry feed, reducing disruption. Conclusion India’s ethanol push is on track ahead of schedule, aided by government policies and expanding distillery capacity. Maize has emerged as a key feedstock for ethanol, but reliance on imports raises concerns. Maharashtra makes Marathi compulsory in all official dealings Context : The Maharashtra government has made it compulsory for officials in government, semi-government, local self-government, and government-aided offices to communicate only in Marathi. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Marathi Devanagari keyboards are now mandatory alongside Roman alphabet keyboards in all government offices. Non-compliance will attract disciplinary action. Offices must display boards enforcing the use of Marathi for official communication. All original proposals, correspondence, orders, messages, presentations, and websites at the office level must be in Marathi. The rule extends to Central government offices and banks in Maharashtra, requiring Marathi name boards, notice boards, and application forms. The policy was approved by the Maharashtra Cabinet in 2023, aiming to promote and preserve the Marathi language. Rationale & Objectives Strengthens linguistic identity and cultural preservation. Aligns with regional language promotion policies seen in other states. Ensures accessibility of government services to Marathi-speaking citizens. Challenges & Concerns Possible administrative hurdles in implementation, especially in Central government offices. Impact on non-Marathi-speaking officials and citizens, particularly in urban centers like Mumbai and Pune. Potential legal scrutiny over language imposition in a multilingual state. Broader Implications May fuel debates on linguistic nationalism vs. inclusivity. Could set a precedent for other states to enforce stricter regional language policies. Requires robust capacity-building measures, such as Marathi language training for officials. Do not reduce forest land for linear projects, says SC Background & Issue The Supreme Court (SC) reaffirmed that no forest land should be reduced for linear projects unless compensatory afforestation is ensured. The case pertains to petitions challenging the 2023 amendments to the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The amendments allegedly diluted the definition of ‘forest’, restricting it to declared forests and post-1980 government-recorded forests. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) SC’s Observations & Directives No Reduction of Forest Land: SC explicitly stated that the government and states cannot use forest land for linear projects unless an equivalent area is afforested. Definition of ‘Forest’: Reiterated that the term ‘forest’ should retain its broad meaning, covering all undeclared forest land (~1.97 lakh sq. km). Reference to Godavarman Case (1996): SC upheld the dictionary meaning of ‘forest’, which includes all lands exhibiting forest characteristics, regardless of ownership or classification. Clarification on Government’s Stance: The Centre claimed the amendments do not reduce forest cover, arguing that the expanded definition includes lands recognized by states, local bodies, or communities. Directive to States & UTs: Ordered the preparation of a consolidated record of all forest lands, including community and unclassified forests, in line with Rule 16 of the MoEFCC’s Nov 29, 2023, notification (to be completed within a year). Implications & Relevance Ecological Protection: Prevents unchecked deforestation that could lead to environmental degradation. Legislative Scrutiny: Ensures that the 2023 amendments do not weaken forest conservation measures. Federal Accountability: Puts the onus on both the Centre and States to maintain green cover. Legal Precedent: Reinforces the 1996 SC ruling on forests, ensuring that legal interpretations favor conservation. Agriculture finds special mention in Budget 2025-26, six dedicated missions announced Agriculture was highlighted as the first engine of development in Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s budget speech. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Six dedicated missions/programmes for agriculture were announced: Prime Minister Dhan-Dhanya Krishi Yojana – Targets 100 districts with low crop productivity to improve output. Six-Year Mission for Atmanirbharta in Pulses – Aims for self-sufficiency in pulses production to reduce import dependence. National Mission on High-Yielding Seeds – Focuses on developing and distributing superior-quality seeds for better productivity. Mission for Cotton Productivity – Targets higher cotton yields through improved seeds and farming techniques. Programme for Vegetables and Fruits – Aims to boost horticulture production to enhance nutrition and farmer incomes. Mission on Promotion of Natural Farming & Soil Health – Focuses on sustainable agriculture by encouraging organic farming and improving soil fertility. Budgetary Allocation Reduction in Allocation: The Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare saw a 3% decrease in allocation compared to revised estimates of 2024-25. Despite agriculture’s stable growth, the cut in funding raises concerns about its impact on farmer support measures. Implications & Challenges Agrarian Distress: The budget acknowledges farmers’ struggles, but its effectiveness depends on implementation & fund utilization. Focus on Productivity: Missions emphasize yield improvement, which aligns with the goal of increasing farm income. Long-Term Growth vs. Immediate Relief: While productivity-focused schemes are beneficial in the long run, immediate concerns like MSP, input costs, and debt relief remain unaddressed.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 February 2025

Content: Gender Budget Allocations in Union Budget of 2025-26 World Wetlands Day 2025 Gender Budget Allocations in Union Budget of 2025-26 Context : Gender Budget allocation in the total Union Budget increased from 6.8% in FY 2024-25 to 8.86% in FY 2025-26. Total allocation: ₹4.49 lakh crore, a 37.25% increase from ₹3.27 lakh crore in FY 2024-25. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance & Social Justice),GS 3 (Inclusive Growth & Development). Expansion of Gender Budgeting Scope: More Ministries/Departments reporting Gender Budget allocations: Increased from 38 Ministries/Departments (FY 2024-25) to 49 Ministries/Departments (FY 2025-26). 5 Union Territories (UTs) continue to report allocations. This marks the highest-ever reporting since the Gender Budget Statement (GBS) was introduced. New 12 Ministries/Departments included in Gender Budgeting for the first time: Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying Department of Biotechnology Department of Food & Public Distribution Department of Financial Services Department of Fisheries Department of Land Resources Department of Pharmaceuticals Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (RD & GR) Ministry of Food Processing Industries Ministry of Panchayati Raj Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways Ministry of Railways Breakdown of Gender Budget Statement (GBS) Allocation: Three categories of allocations in the Gender Budget Statement: Part A (100% women-specific schemes): ₹1,05,535.40 crore (23.50% of total GBS). Part B (30%-99% allocation for women): ₹3,26,672.00 crore (72.75% of total GBS). Part C (below 30% allocation for women): ₹16,821.28 crore (3.75% of total GBS). Top 10 Ministries/Departments with Over 30% Gender Budget Allocation: Ministry of Women & Child Development – 81.79% Department of Rural Development – 65.76% Department of Food & Public Distribution – 50.92% Department of Health & Family Welfare – 41.10% Ministry of New & Renewable Energy – 40.89% Department of Social Justice & Empowerment – 39.01% Department of Higher Education – 33.94% Department of School Education & Literacy – 33.67% Ministry of Home Affairs – 33.47% Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation – 31.50% Significance of Gender Budgeting in FY 2025-26: Demonstrates a stronger policy commitment towards gender-sensitive budgeting. Increased participation of ministries enhances gender mainstreaming across multiple sectors. Higher allocation to rural development, education, and healthcare signifies a focus on women’s empowerment and social upliftment. Inclusion of new departments such as Railways, Ports, and Financial Services broadens the gender perspective beyond traditional welfare programs. World Wetlands Day 2025 Context : World Wetlands Day 2025 celebrated at Parvati Arga Ramsar Site highlighted India’s commitment to wetland conservation, eco-tourism, and sustainable livelihoods. Relevance : GS 3(Environment ) Significance of the Event Recognition of Parvati Arga Ramsar Site: International recognition for its rich biodiversity Proposal to link wetland with Sarayu canal for sustaining water flow Wetlands as Critical Ecosystems: Support biodiversity, environmental conservation, and sustainable livelihoods Migratory birds play a vital role in maintaining environmental balance India’s Growing Ramsar Sites: India now has 89 Ramsar Sites, with four new additions: Udhwa Lake (Jharkhand) Theerthangal (Tamil Nadu) Sakkarakottai (Tamil Nadu) Khecheopalri (Sikkim) Total Ramsar site area now 1.358 million ha Tamil Nadu has the highest number (20), followed by UP (10) Major Announcements & Initiatives New Nature-Culture Tourism Corridor: Announced by MoS (MoEFCC) Kirti Vardhan Singh Corridor between Ayodhya and Devi Patan to boost tourism and employmen Wetland Conservation and Development Efforts: UP Government developing Tikri Jungle as an open safari zone Gonda district’s 100+ wetlands may qualify it as a ‘Wetland City’ Publications Launched: Integrated Management Plan of Parvati Arga Ramsar Site (biodiversity conservation strategy) Factbook of India’s 85 Ramsar Sites (species, values, threats) Development of Van Taungya Villages Video on World Wetlands Day – “Amrit Dharohar” MoU with Amazon for Women Entrepreneurs: Amazon to support women-led businesses via Saheli Programme Training in digital marketing, product listing, advertising Recognitions & Felicitations: Ramsar Site Managers of four newly designated sites congratulated Painting, Quiz, and Nukkad Natak competition winners felicitated Background on World Wetlands Day & Amrit Dharohar Initiative World Wetlands Day (WWD) Observed on 2nd February to commemorate the 1971 Ramsar Convention India has been a party since 1982 Amrit Dharohar Initiative Launched in June 2023 as part of the Union Budget 2023-24 Objective: Promote Ramsar sites for conservation, employment, and livelihoods Key Focus Areas: Species & Habitat Conservation Nature Tourism Wetlands Livelihood Wetlands Carbon

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 February 2025

Content: Beyond tax cuts, a closer read of the Union Budget Crisis in Congo A Budget that is forward-looking and growth-oriented  Beyond tax cuts, a closer read of the Union Budget The Union Budget 2025-26 was presented against the backdrop of economic challenges, including fiscal pressures, sluggish manufacturing, and external vulnerabilities. While it outlines ambitious reforms, its execution and long-term sustainability require careful scrutiny. Relevance :GS 3 (Economy) Practice Question : The Union Budget plays a critical role in addressing macroeconomic challenges. In light of the 2025-26 Budget, critically analyze its approach towards fiscal consolidation, manufacturing growth, and external sector resilience. (250 words) Fiscal Consolidation and Revenue Targets Target: Fiscal deficit of 4.4% of GDP by FY26. Challenges: Over-ambitious revenue projections—11.2% growth in total tax revenues and 14.4% increase in income tax revenues despite tax cuts. ₹11.54 lakh crore in net market borrowings may crowd out private investment. Asset monetisation plan (2025-30) uncertain due to past underperformance. Way Forward: Strengthening tax administration and compliance. Strategic asset monetisation with improved execution. Personal Income Tax Reforms and Sustainability Issues Relief Measures: Income up to ₹12 lakh exempt under the new regime. Reduction in tax liabilities for middle-income taxpayers. Concerns: ₹1 lakh crore in foregone tax revenue, reducing fiscal space for developmental initiatives. Household savings declining—18.4% of GDP in FY23. Long-term Risks: Tax-base erosion amid increasing government expenditure. Trade-off between consumption boost and investment in infrastructure/social welfare. Manufacturing and MSME Sector Support Initiatives: National Manufacturing Mission to boost ease of doing business. MSME classification revised—investment limit raised by 2.5x, turnover thresholds doubled. Challenges: Manufacturing remains stagnant at ~17% of GDP. Low innovation capacity (R&D expenditure at 0.64% of GDP). Regulatory inefficiencies and infrastructure deficits persist. Way Forward: Higher investment in industrial R&D to compete with China and Germany. Deeper structural reforms for competitiveness and sustainability. Agriculture Key Measures: Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana for productivity enhancement. KCC loan limit raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh. Targeted interventions in 100 low-productivity districts. Challenges: Focus on credit may perpetuate debt dependency without addressing price volatility. No concrete measures for improving market access and agricultural exports. Missed opportunity to strengthen India’s position in millets and natural farming. External Sector and Export Diversification Current Trends: Services exports growing at 10.5% CAGR. Persistent trade deficits due to limited diversification. Budgetary Initiatives: Bharat Trade Net (BTN) for trade facilitation. Export credit support for MSMEs. Challenges: Insufficient fiscal push for high-value exports (pharmaceuticals, renewable energy, electronics). Currency depreciation and forex reserve depletion pose risks. Way Forward: Strategic focus on value-added sectors to strengthen global supply chain integration. Climate Action Positive Steps: Incentives for lithium-ion battery recycling. Duty exemptions on critical minerals. Support for domestic solar PV and battery manufacturing. Gaps: No significant investment in energy storage and grid modernisation. Lack of comprehensive industrial decarbonisation strategy. Way Forward: Stronger investment in clean energy infrastructure for sustainable transition. Budget’s Overall Trade-offs and Execution Credibility Balancing private enterprise growth with inclusive development. Boosting consumption without compromising national savings. Sustaining growth while ensuring macroeconomic stability. Success will depend on effective execution and mid-course corrections. Crisis in Congo Background of the Conflict The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has faced decades of civil conflict, worsened by ethnic tensions and external interventions. The latest escalation involves the M23 rebel group, which has captured Goma, a mineral-rich city, challenging the Congolese government. M23 is a Tutsi-led rebel group, named after the failed 2009 peace agreement between the Congolese government and Tutsi rebels. The group claims to fight for the rights of the Tutsi minority in Congo. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question: Examine the root causes of the ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and suggest measures for long-term peace in the region. (250 words) Role of Rwanda in the Crisis Congo and UN experts accuse Rwanda of backing M23, a charge Rwanda denies. Rwandan President Paul Kagame has historically intervened in Congo, citing security threats from Hutu militias involved in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Unlike in 2012, when international pressure forced Rwanda to withdraw support for M23, Kigali now operates from a stronger position. Rwanda has modernized its economy and military and holds strategic ties with Western nations. Historical Context: The Rwandan Genocide and Its Spillover The 1994 Rwandan genocide saw nearly 800,000 Tutsis massacred by Hutu extremists. The aftermath led to mass displacement, with Hutu refugees and militias fleeing to Congo, triggering local Tutsi self-defense movements. Rwanda has repeatedly accused Congo of sheltering genocide-linked Hutu armed groups. Current Situation and Its Implications M23’s resurgence since 2021 has destabilized eastern Congo. The fall of Goma signals a major setback for the Congolese government and raises fears of prolonged conflict. The crisis highlights both Congo’s military vulnerabilities and Rwanda’s geopolitical ambitions. The presence of valuable minerals in eastern Congo further complicates the conflict, as multiple armed groups compete for control. Way Forward Diplomatic Engagement: The international community must pressure Rwanda to cease supporting M23 and engage in peace talks. Tutsi Inclusion in Governance: Congo must address the grievances of its Tutsi minority and ensure their security to prevent recurring insurgencies. Addressing Hutu Militant Presence: Kinshasa should take decisive action against genocide-linked groups on its soil to ease tensions with Rwanda. Strengthening Governance and Military: Congo must enhance state capacity to control its territory and prevent armed groups from exploiting its weaknesses. Economic Stabilization: Proper management of mineral resources is essential to reducing conflict incentives. A Budget that is forward-looking and growth-oriented The Union Budget 2025-26 presents a growth-oriented and forward-looking approach, aligning with the government’s long-term strategic goals of economic expansion, job creation, and fiscal prudence. The Budget reflects a concerted effort to drive economic activity across sectors while ensuring fiscal sustainability and macroeconomic stability. Relevance : GS 3(Economic Development) Practice Question:Critically analyze the Union Budget 2025-26 with reference to its focus on economic expansion, fiscal prudence, and sectoral growth. Discuss how the provisions in the Budget could impact the key sectors of manufacturing, agriculture, and infrastructure development.(250 Words) Personal Income Tax Cuts Key Announcement: Exemption extended for individuals earning up to ₹12 lakh per year, with a ₹75,000 standard deduction for salaried taxpayers. Economic Implications: Higher Disposable Income: The cut in personal income tax boosts disposable income for middle-class taxpayers, stimulating consumption. Multiplier Effect: Increased consumption triggers higher demand, which benefits industries such as retail, real estate, and automobiles, thereby fostering business growth and employment generation. Indirect Tax Boost: Greater consumption leads to increased indirect tax collections, further supporting fiscal expansion. Capital Expenditure Allocation Key Announcement: ₹11.2 lakh crore allocated for capital expenditure (up by nearly 10% from the previous fiscal year). Economic Implications: Infrastructure Development: This increased allocation will drive the development of infrastructure—a critical pillar for long-term economic growth and industrial development. Job Creation: Boosted capital expenditure generates employment opportunities, especially in construction, transport, and related sectors. Sustainability: Infrastructure improvements will catalyse long-term growth by enhancing logistics and industrial backbone, ensuring India’s competitiveness in the global economy. National Manufacturing Mission Key Announcement: Establishment of a National Manufacturing Mission to promote “Make in India.” Economic Implications: Manufacturing Growth: By targeting small, medium, and large industries, the initiative aims to enhance domestic production capabilities and reduce dependency on imports. Attracting Foreign Investment: The initiative provides an enabling environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) and streamlines regulations, fostering global competitiveness. Sectoral Transformation: It has the potential to position India as a global manufacturing hub by offering policy support, incentives, and execution road maps. Focus on Labour-Intensive Sectors Key Announcement: Focus on sectors like tourism, food processing, and leather. Economic Implications: Employment Generation: These sectors are labour-intensive and have historically been significant job creators in India. Targeted incentives and regulatory reforms can boost productivity and competitiveness. Export Potential: These industries also contribute substantially to India’s export earnings, thus promoting foreign exchange inflows. Inclusive Growth: These sectors provide economic opportunities across urban and rural India, supporting inclusive development. Maritime Development Fund Key Announcement: Creation of a new Maritime Development Fund to boost the marine economy. Economic Implications: Coastal Growth: This will benefit coastal States by promoting trade and the blue economy, opening up new opportunities for economic activities like shipping, fisheries, and port development. Regional Economic Growth: Strengthening maritime infrastructure is expected to increase the economic potential of emerging coastal regions. Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana Key Announcement: Focus on agriculture and rural development through the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana. Economic Implications: Targeted Support for Farmers: The scheme aims to enhance agricultural productivity in low-productivity areas, increase crop diversification, and improve access to credit and irrigation. Rural Incomes: By improving rural livelihoods and agricultural productivity, the scheme is likely to elevate rural purchasing power, thus benefiting the consumer goods and agriculture supply chain sectors. Fiscal Deficit Reduction Key Announcement: Reduction of fiscal deficit from 4.8% (2024-25) to 4.4% (2025-26). Economic Implications: Inflation Control: Lower fiscal deficit helps stabilize inflation, ensuring a more predictable macroeconomic environment. Investor Confidence: A reduced fiscal deficit sends a positive signal to global investors, enhancing India’s economic credibility and attracting foreign investments. Sustainable Growth: It supports public finance management, which is essential for maintaining long-term economic stability. Ease of Doing Business Key Announcement: Rationalisation of duties and removal of seven tariff rates. Economic Implications: Simplified Tax Structure: Streamlined taxes improve predictability, reducing compliance burdens for businesses. Boost to Trade Competitiveness: Reforms, like addressing the inverted duty structure, will enhance India’s participation in global supply chains, improving its trade balance. Enhanced Business Environment: These reforms contribute to a more favorable business environment, attracting both domestic and international investments.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 February 2025

Content: 260 Myanmar refugees take shelter in Manipur Livestock census: enumerators flock to villages as country counts its cows, camels, and quail How much in subsidies do fossil fuels receive? On live-in relationships in Uttarakhand The various challenges associated with AI-driven genetic testing U.K. to introduce laws against AI tools used to generate sexual abuse images 260 Myanmar refugees take shelter in Manipur Context & Background Myanmar has been experiencing a civil war following the military coup in 2021, leading to intensified clashes between the military junta and resistance groups. Ethnic communities, particularly in regions bordering India, are deeply affected, leading to an influx of refugees into Indian states like Manipur and Mizoram. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ) Recent Developments New Refugee Influx: Since January 27, approximately 260 Myanmar refugees have entered India via the Moreh border in Manipur. The influx follows intensified fighting and airstrikes by the Myanmar military. Earlier, around 100 refugees had sought temporary shelter but returned once the bombings subsided. Verification of Manipuri Youth’s Death: Security agencies are investigating reports about the death of a Manipuri youth in Myanmar. Officials suspect the reports might be exaggerated as propaganda to glorify insurgent groups. There are also unconfirmed reports of Kuki-Zo tribal people being killed in Myanmar. Impact on Manipur’s Ethnic Strife: Manipur has already been facing ethnic tensions between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities. The arrival of refugees, particularly from ethnic groups involved in Manipur’s conflict, could further complicate the fragile security situation. Insurgent Groups & Security Concerns People’s Liberation Army (PLA): A banned Meitei insurgent group advocating Manipur’s secession from India. The Indian government extended the ban on eight insurgent groups, including PLA’s political wing, Revolutionary People’s Front, for another five years (2024-2029). A recent funeral for a PLA cadre killed in Myanmar witnessed significant local participation, reflecting ongoing support for insurgent groups. Strategic & Security Implications Border Security Challenges: The continued influx of refugees raises concerns about illegal migration, potential infiltration by insurgents, and humanitarian issues. The Indian government may have to tighten border surveillance while ensuring humanitarian assistance. Geopolitical Concerns: India has maintained a policy of non-interference in Myanmar’s internal affairs but remains concerned about instability along the border. The conflict has spillover effects on India’s Northeast, particularly with the ethnic overlap between Manipur’s Kuki-Zo people and Myanmar’s Chin community. Way Forward Humanitarian Assistance: Temporary shelter and aid need to be provided to genuine refugees while preventing the misuse of refugee status by insurgents. Stronger Border Control: Intelligence monitoring and border security must be strengthened to prevent cross-border militant activities. Diplomatic Engagement: India needs to engage diplomatically with Myanmar’s military and opposition groups to ensure regional stability. Livestock census: enumerators flock to villages as country counts its cows, camels, and quail Context & Importance India has initiated its 21st Livestock Census (Oct 2024 – July 2025). Encompasses 16 species and 219 breeds of livestock. Cost:₹419 crore; Involves 1 lakh enumerators & 17,000 supervisors. Crucial for policy-making in disease control, breed improvement, and rural livelihoods. Relevance : GS 3 ( Economy, Agriculture, and Rural Development ) Key Findings from Past Census (20th Census Trends) Declining populations: Camels (-37.1%), pigs (-12.03%), horses/ponies (-45.2%), donkeys (-61.2%), mules (-57.1%). Rising poultry sector: Increased by 16.08%. Enumeration Process Data recorded via 21st Livestock Census app. Information collected: Household details, breed, age, milch/non-milch status, tagging of animals. Metal tags used for identification. Stray animals: Recorded separately by verifying ownership with locals. Challenges Faced by Farmers Lumpy Skin Disease (2022) caused cattle deaths. High cost of livestock: A buffalo costs ₹1.5 lakh, subsidy limited to₹70,000. Lack of infrastructure: Villages lack milk collection centers or dairies. Expensive medicines & fodder: Grassland erosion forces farmers to buy fodder. Women in Livestock Farming First-time enumeration of women livestock farmers. Over 70% of animal rearers are women. Case Studies: Poonam & Neelam Chaudhary: Dairy farming since 2015, managing 12 buffaloes. Milan Sharma: From German project manager to cattle farmer; built a self-sustained dairy. Emerging Trends & Policy Implications Impact of Cow Protection Laws: Haryana’s cattle population has increased due to slaughter bans. Pet ownership rise: Increase in exotic dog breeds in Haryana homes. Need for Policy Reforms: Increased subsidies for cattle. Expansion of healthcare & medicine support. Grazing land restoration to reduce fodder dependency. More milk collection centers in rural areas. Way Forward Census data will guide sustainable livestock policies. Digitized livestock records can streamline animal healthcare. Enhanced financial support for small dairy farmers and women entrepreneurs. Strengthening disease control mechanisms to prevent outbreaks like Lumpy Skin Disease. How much in subsidies do fossil fuels receive? Understanding Fossil Fuel Subsidies Fossil fuel subsidies lower costs for either producers or consumers, reducing incentives for a shift to renewable energy. Estimates of total subsidies vary widely, from less than $1 trillion to $7 trillion, based on definitions. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Environment) Explicit Subsidies (Direct Government Payments) Global explicit subsidies in 2022: $1.5 trillion (comparable to Russia or Australia’s GDP). Breakdown: 80% went to consumers (lowering fuel prices). 20% went to producers (reducing extraction/refining costs). Reasons for the 2022 surge: Russia-Ukraine war caused energy price spikes (gas prices rose up to 400%). Governments implemented price caps on gas and electricity to support households. Consumption subsidies doubled from 2021 to 2022, then normalized in 2023. Country-Wise Variations in Subsidies (2021 Data) Highest per capita subsidies: Fossil fuel-rich countries like Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan, Libya, Algeria (>$500 per person, sometimes over $1,000). Subsidies as % of GDP: Exceeded 10% in some major oil-producing countries. Lower subsidies per capita: Europe, North & South America, East Asia: <$100 per person. Africa & South Asia: <$20 per person (sometimes near zero). India: $3 per person in 2021 (down from $9 in 2015). Implicit Subsidies (Unaccounted Societal Costs of Fossil Fuels) The $7 trillion figure includes external costs of fossil fuel use: Explicit subsidies (18%): Consumption (14%), Production (4%), VAT exemptions (5%). Implicit subsidies (77%): Air pollution costs (30%) Climate change impact (30%) Road use impacts (17%) Policy Approaches to Reducing Fossil Fuel Subsidies Direct measures: Cutting producer/consumer subsidies. Market-based solutions: Carbon pricing, pollution taxes, congestion charges. Transition strategies: Investing in low-cost renewable alternatives before subsidy removal to prevent fuel poverty. Key Takeaways Fossil fuel subsidies distort market incentives, delaying the transition to clean energy. Explicit subsidies surged in 2022 due to geopolitical energy crises. Implicit costs are far greater, highlighting the need for structural reforms in energy policies. Phasing out subsidies must be coupled with renewable investments to avoid socio-economic disruptions. On live-in relationships in Uttarakhand Context : Mandatory Registration & Documentation The Uttarakhand UCC mandates registration of live-in relationships at both commencement and termination. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Applicability: Not just to Uttarakhand residents but also to individuals residing elsewhere in India. Process: Registration can be done online or offline (requires a 16-page form). Documents needed: PAN card, Aadhaar linked to phone number, proof of residence/domicile. If aged between 18-21, Aadhaar-linked details of parents/guardians must be provided. Parents/guardians must be notified in case one or both partners are aged 18-21. Relationship Criteria & Background Disclosure Only unmarried, heterosexual couples are allowed to register. Prohibited Relationships: If falling under “degrees of prohibited relationships” (as per Hindu Marriage Act, 1955), religious/community approval is required. Disclosure of Relationship History: Applicants must declare their current marital status (single, married, divorced, widowed, etc.). If previously in a live-in relationship, proof of termination must be furnished. Housing & Landlord’s Role If already cohabiting: Must provide shared household proof (electricity/water bill). If renting: Landlord details, contact number, and rent agreement must be submitted. The registrar must contact the landlord for verification. Landlords must ensure tenants possess a provisional or final live-in registration certificate. Failure to comply results in penalties for landlords. If not cohabiting yet: A provisional certificate is issued, valid for 30 days (+15 days extension). Couples must secure accommodation and apply for final registration within this timeframe. Penalties for Non-Compliance Failure to register within a month: Civil & criminal penalties: Up to 3 months jail, ₹10,000 fine, or both. False information or concealment: Stricter penalty: Up to 3 months jail, ₹25,000 fine, or both. Non-registration complaint: Registrar can issue a compliance notice. False complaints attract fines, with repeat offenses facing higher penalties. Concerns & Criticism Right to Privacy Violation (Article 21): Experts argue mandatory registration infringes upon informational privacy & decisional autonomy. Contradicts Justice K.S. Puttaswamy case (2017), which upheld the fundamental right to privacy. Social Surveillance & Data Security Risks: Third-party disclosures lack safeguards, leading to potential misuse. No penalties for data leaks, raising concerns over risks to interfaith/inter-caste couples. State Overreach: The law equates live-in relationships with marriage, imposing excessive formalities and legal oversight. Conclusion Uttarakhand’s live-in relationship registration law introduces strict regulations, documentation mandates, and penalties, raising serious privacy, surveillance, and legal overreach concerns. The various challenges associated with AI-driven genetic testing Context : Rapid Advancements in AI and Genomics AI accelerates genetic data processing, enabling faster and more comprehensive analysis. AI-driven discoveries, like the identification of “junk DNA” associated with tumors, enhance medical research and diagnostics. Companies like Gene Box use AI to detect genetic predispositions and provide personalized healthcare insights. Relevance : GS 3 (Science , Technology) Ethical and Accuracy Concerns Genetic tests are not definitive; they predict risks rather than confirm diseases. Conditions like Alzheimer’s have genetic links, but non-genetic factors (lifestyle, environment) also play a role. “Variations of unknown significance” complicate genetic interpretations, requiring additional family testing. Predicting traits like intelligence or success is unreliable, as genetics contributes only about 30% to outcomes. Data Security and Privacy Risks Companies storing vast amounts of genetic data are vulnerable to cyberattacks. Case Study: 23andMe Data Breach (2023) Hackers accessed personal genetic data of 6.9 million users, selling it on the dark web. The company faced lawsuits, a $30 million fine, and massive layoffs. Users struggled to delete their data, raising concerns over long-term data security. Regulatory and Legal Challenges Many genetic testing firms operate outside HIPAA regulations, leaving user data unprotected. Lack of clear global regulations on AI-driven genetic data usage and ownership. Ethical dilemma: Should users be informed of genetic risks they didn’t seek testing for? Commercialization and Investor Influence AI-driven genetic startups, like Nucleus, attract significant VC funding (e.g., backed by PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel). Startups claim they can analyze complex traits (extroversion, longevity) with genetic testing, raising scientific concerns. The push for monetization may lead to overpromising and potential misuse of genetic data. The Future of AI in Genomics Increasing integration of AI in personalized healthcare despite ethical and security concerns. Need for stringent regulations to balance innovation with data protection. Users must remain cautious about sharing genetic data with companies lacking strong security frameworks. Conclusion While AI-driven genetic testing offers revolutionary possibilities in medicine, it also brings significant challenges, particularly in data security, ethical implications, and regulatory oversight. U.K. to introduce laws against AI tools used to generate sexual abuse images Context : The U.K. will be the first country to introduce laws against AI tools used to generate child sexual abuse images. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , International Relations) The new legislation will criminalize the possession, creation, or distribution of AI tools designed for such content. Punishments: Up to 5 years in prison for creating/distributing AI-generated sexualized child images. Up to 3 years in prison for possessing AI-generated “paedophile manuals.” Up to 10 years in prison for operating websites that facilitate child abuse content sharing or grooming techniques. Rationale Behind the Move AI is being misused to accelerate grooming, manipulate images, and blackmail victims. The rise of AI-powered child abuse materials has amplified online sexual exploitation. The law aims to curb AI’s role in enabling these crimes and prevent perpetrators from exploiting loopholes. Ministerial Statements Yvette Cooper (Interior Minister): AI is being used to groom and manipulate children at an unprecedented scale. The legislation sets a global precedent and calls for other countries to follow. Global Implications First-of-its-kind legislation tackling AI-generated child exploitation content. May influence other nations to introduce similar AI-specific child protection laws. Raises concerns about AI regulation, digital ethics, and law enforcement capabilities to monitor AI-driven abuse. Challenges & Future Considerations Enforcement mechanisms: Identifying and policing AI-generated content will require advanced tracking tools. AI & digital rights debate: Ensuring AI regulations do not overreach into ethical AI research and development. International collaboration: Need for cross-border legal frameworks to tackle AI-based child abuse globally.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 31 January 2025

Content: India Lights Up India Gate to Mark World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day 2025 Devi Ahilyabai Holkar: A Visionary Leader Who Embodied Strength and Compassion – Prof. Uma Vaidya India Lights Up India Gate to Mark World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day 2025 Context India illuminated the India Gate in purple and orange to mark World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Day 2025. The event, led by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), is part of a global initiative to raise awareness about NTDs. The focus was on Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) and Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), two major NTDs affecting India. Relevance : GS 2 (Health ) Significance of the Initiative Symbolism: Lighting up India Gate aligns with the global movement to highlight the urgency of tackling NTDs. Commitment: It reaffirms India’s dedication to eliminating NTDs through policy measures, community engagement, and medical interventions. Public Awareness: The event included a nukkad natak (street play) to engage the public and encourage participation in health programs like Mass Drug Administration (MDA). Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Focus Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) Also known as elephantiasis, LF is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease. Threat in India: Affects 404 million people. Impact: Causes chronic disability, stigma, and economic burden. Intervention: Triple-drug therapy (IDA – Ivermectin, DEC, Albendazole) under the National Filaria Control Programme (NFCP). Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) – Kala-Azar A fatal disease caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani, transmitted by sandflies. Current Status in India: At the verge of elimination, but still poses a challenge in endemic states. Impact: Causes severe debility, malnutrition, and economic loss. Intervention: Kala-Azar Elimination Programme, strengthened vector control and early case detection. Policy Measures and Achievements National Health Mission (NHM): Strengthens access to treatment and prevention of NTDs. Mass Drug Administration (MDA): Key strategy for LF elimination. Vector Control Measures: Essential in combating both LF and VL. Community Mobilization: Engaging local populations in health programs. Global Collaboration: Aligning with WHO’s 2030 Roadmap for NTDs. Challenges in NTD Elimination Low Awareness & Stigma: Many affected individuals do not seek timely treatment due to social stigma. Healthcare Access: Rural populations may lack access to treatment and prevention programs. Vector Control: Managing mosquito and sandfly populations is a continuous challenge. Compliance with MDA Programs: Ensuring full participation in mass drug administration rounds. Way Forward Sustained Public Engagement: Events like nukkad natak help educate communities. Strengthening Primary Healthcare: Expanding outreach to vulnerable populations. Surveillance & Rapid Response: Strengthening early detection and treatment networks. Multi-Sectoral Approach: Collaboration with NGOs, research institutions, and international agencies. Monitoring Progress: Using data-driven approaches to track elimination efforts. Devi Ahilyabai Holkar: A Visionary Leader Who Embodied Strength and Compassion – Prof. Uma Vaidya Context The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), in collaboration with the Lokmata Ahilyabai Trishatabdi Samaroh Samiti, organized a special lecture titled ‘Devi Ahilya – Empress Renunciate’ to commemorate the 300th birth anniversary of Devi Ahilyabai Holkar. Relevance : GS 1(History ), GS 4(Leadership ) Significance of Devi Ahilyabai Holkar’s Leadership Political and Administrative Vision Strategic Leadership: Ahilyabai governed Malwa (Holkar dynasty, 1767–1795) with wisdom, diplomacy, and military acumen, ensuring stability during a turbulent period. Resistance to External Threats: When Raghoba (Raghunathrao, Peshwa faction leader) attempted to seize Indore, she displayed foresight and military strategy, safeguarding her kingdom. Decentralized Administration: Focused on local governance, empowered administrators, and ensured justice delivery at the grassroots level. Economic Reforms Prosperous Agrarian Economy: Encouraged irrigation projects, land reforms, and fair taxation policies, supporting farmers and artisans. Trade and Commerce: Promoted trade routes and markets, strengthening Malwa’s economy. Public Infrastructure: Built ghats, wells, roads, and dharamshalas, promoting trade and ease of living. Social and Cultural Renaissance Empowerment of Women: Stood against Sati, encouraged women’s education, and supported widows. Temple Reconstruction Movement: Revived several Hindu temples, including Kashi Vishwanath (Varanasi), Somnath (Gujarat), and Mahakaleshwar (Ujjain), despite opposition from external forces. Syncretic Approach: Respected all faiths, ensuring religious harmony. Spiritual and Ethical Leadership Renunciate Empress: Unlike rulers who pursued power for personal gain, Ahilyabai practiced renunciation (tyaga) while governing for the people’s welfare. Title of ‘Lokmata’ (Mother of the People): Her maternal governance earned her the love and respect of her people. Balance of Dharma and Rajdharma: Ruling with compassion and righteousness, setting an example for ethical leadership. Key Takeaways : Devi Ahilyabai’s name (‘Ahalya’) symbolizes purity and strength, resonating with her leadership style. Her legacy transcends time, inspiring leaders in governance, gender empowerment, and nation-building. The 300th birth anniversary celebrations highlight her contributions to Indian civilization and public administration. Challenges During Her Reign Challenges Faced Political instability due to Maratha conflicts and external invasions. Patriarchal resistance to a female ruler in a male-dominated society. Religious intolerance and destruction of temples, which she sought to rebuild. Relevance Today Women in Leadership: She remains a role model for women empowerment in governance. Good Governance Model: Her ethical, decentralized, and welfare-driven governance is an inspiration for modern public administration. Cultural Preservation: Her efforts in temple restoration and cultural revival underscore the importance of heritage conservation. Conclusion Devi Ahilyabai Holkar’s rule exemplifies the perfect blend of power, humility, and service. Her administrative model, social reforms, and spiritual leadership remain highly relevant in contemporary governance.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 31 January 2025

Content: More and better The science is clear, crowd disasters are preventable More and better Context : Supreme Court’s Ruling & Constitutional Mandate The Supreme Court ruled against residence-based reservations in PG medical admissions, emphasizing the constitutional principle of equality before law (Article 14). The judgment reinforces that India has a single domicile and that students should have the right to seek admissions anywhere in the country. Relevance : GS2 (Governance & Social Justice ) ,GS3 (Health) Practice Question : The Supreme Court ruling against residential-based quotas in PG medical admissions is in line with the constitutional principle of equality but raises concerns over regional healthcare planning.Discussc.(250 Words)  Institutional Preference vs. Residential Quotas Institutional Preference: Permitted for students completing UG courses from the same institution, as it ensures continuity in specialized medical training. Residential Quotas: Allowed in UG medical courses to ensure that local students, familiar with regional health challenges, serve their home state post-graduation. Not allowed in PG medical courses, as merit is considered paramount in advanced medical education. Impact on States & Medical Services Current Practice: Many States fill up PG seats in government and private medical colleges with local candidates, ensuring a stable workforce for government hospitals. Challenge Posed by the Verdict: Affects States’ control over PG admissions and their ability to retain doctors within state-run hospitals. Southern states, which have heavily invested in medical colleges, may struggle to sustain their local healthcare services. Future Implications & Centralization of Admissions States may seek a review petition to challenge the ruling. The ruling could lead to greater centralization of medical admissions, limiting States’ autonomy in workforce planning. Raises concerns over similar centralization in UG medical admissions, which may weaken regional healthcare priorities. Need for Better Educational Infrastructure Across Districts The fundamental solution lies in strengthening medical education infrastructure across India, ensuring: Uniform quality of education across districts, reducing disparities in healthcare services. Equitable distribution of medical professionals, minimizing the urban-rural gap. Less dependence on residential quotas, as merit-based admissions can function effectively with nationwide opportunities. The science is clear, crowd disasters are preventable Understanding Crowd Crushes: A Preventable Disaster Scientific Basis: Crowd crushes occur when crowd density exceeds safe limits (≥5 persons/sq.m → injuries; ≥7 persons/sq.m → high fatality risk). Predictable & Preventable: Modern studies offer clear insights, yet such disasters persist due to negligence from planners and local authorities. Recent Incidents: Examples include Maha Kumbh (India, 2024), Itaewon (South Korea, 2022), Houston concert (U.S., 2021), Sanaa charity event (Yemen, 2023), and Nigeria religious festival (2024). Relevance : GS3 (Disaster Management , Science & Tech ) Practice Question : Crowd crushes are predictable, preventable, and scientifically understood, yet they continue to occur. Examine the role of governance and event management in ensuring public safety during mass gatherings. Suggest measures to prevent such tragedies.(250 Words) Flawed Narratives: Crowds Are Not “Out of Control” Common Misconception: Victims are often blamed for stampedes, but scientific studies refute this. Reality: Individuals cannot control crowd movements once densities become critical. Breathing can become impossible in extreme cases. The Role of Governments & Event Organizers Who Can Prevent Crowd Crushes? Only planners, local governments, and event promoters have the power to regulate densities. Proven Preventive Measures: Multiple entry & exit points to disperse crowd buildup. Staggered entry times to prevent sudden surges. Clear passageways, removing bottlenecking obstacles. Crowd segmentation (e.g., Times Square’s 100-person sections on New Year’s Eve). Low Cost, High Impact: These solutions are inexpensive but require enforcement through laws and planning. Economic Interests vs. Public Safety Lack of Regulations: Most nations lack laws mandating safety protocols, leaving event organizers unaccountable. Profit Over Safety: Event organizers maximize crowd density to increase revenue from tickets, food, and merchandise.  The Way Forward: Policy & Legal Reforms Need for Regulatory Frameworks: Governments must introduce mandatory crowd management laws requiring event planners to implement safety protocols. Risk of Inaction: Without intervention, more lives will be lost due to preventable crowd disasters.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 31 January 2025

Content: As number of births falls in Tamil Nadu, concerns rise about the elderly population Extreme climate events impacting rain in southwest coast, says study What WHO’s recommendation for low sodium salt means for India EU tracks bird flu virus variants over rising threat to humans INSV Tarini crosses most remote part of earth Natural farming in Solan is a journey towards sustainable agriculture and rural prosperity Guillain-Barré outbreak in Pune ‘human-made epidemic’, more than 5,000 cases expected: Experts As number of births falls in Tamil Nadu, concerns rise about the elderly population Tamil Nadu’s live birth count dropped by 6.6% in 2024, falling below 9 lakh for the first time in at least five years. 2024 births: 8,42,412 vs. 2023 births: 9,02,306. The birth rate declined from 11.7 (2023) to 10.9 (2024). The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 1.4, much below the replacement level of 2.1. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Reasons for Declining Birth Rate Development indicators (e.g., education, healthcare, economic growth). Economic and social factors discouraging larger families. Successful government interventions in population control over the past decades. Major Concerns Aging Population & Dependency Ratio: Increasing elderly population requiring greater healthcare and social support. Shrinking workforce, affecting economic growth and productivity. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): MMR decline may slow down due to a lower number of births. Expert Views Dr. T.S. Selvavinayagam (Director, Public Health & Preventive Medicine): Tamil Nadu is experiencing a trend similar to developed nations with falling birth rates. Policy focus should shift towards higher-order births and addressing infertility issues. Dr. Jacob John (CMC, Vellore): Tamil Nadu and Kerala have overshot their demographic transition, leading to below-replacement fertility. The decline is not due to health issues but rather economic and social factors. Way Forward Policy recalibration to encourage population stabilization at the replacement level. Support mechanisms for the aging population, including healthcare, pensions, and social security. Address economic disincentives to childbirth, such as high living costs and career constraints for parents. Encouraging balanced demographic transition while ensuring sustainable economic and social development. Extreme climate events impacting rain in southwest coast, says study Key Findings of the Study Increase in Extreme Rainfall Events: The southwest coast is experiencing a rise in extreme rainfall events at a rate of 0.23 mm per season. This suggests a long-term pattern of intensifying precipitation in the region. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Study Details: Conducted by CUSAT, EUMETSAT, and the UK Met Office. Published in the International Journal of Climatology. Primary Driver: Moisture Flux & Warming Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) Increased extreme rainfall events are linked to changes in moisture flux, particularly its thermodynamic component. Southeast Arabian Sea SSTs have been rising, exceeding 28°C since 2014, which enhances moisture transport and rainfall. Scientific Basis Moisture Flux & Monsoon Intensification: Moisture flux plays a crucial role in determining monsoon rainfall variability. Warming SSTs lead to higher evaporation rates, increasing atmospheric moisture. This intensified moisture transport contributes to more extreme rainfall over the west coast. Implications of Extreme Rainfall Events Increased Flooding Risks: More frequent and intense rain spells raise the risk of flash floods and urban flooding in states like Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra. Higher flood incidents could impact agriculture, infrastructure, and livelihoods. Impact on Coastal Ecosystems & Marine Life: Rising SSTs may disrupt marine biodiversity, affecting fishing industries and coastal b. Increased coastal erosion due to heavy rainfall can damage mangroves and wetlands. Climate Change & Monsoon Variability: Persistent warming could alter monsoon patterns, making rainfall more erratic and unpredictable. This could lead to water management challenges for both agriculture and urban planning. Policy & Adaptation Measures Early Warning & Disaster Preparedness: Strengthening flood forecasting systems and climate-resilient infrastructure. Sustainable Water Management: Implementing rainwater harvesting and enhancing groundwater recharge to mitigate water scarcity during dry periods. Coastal Protection Strategies: Promoting mangrove restoration and coastal afforestation to reduce the impact of extreme weather. Climate Mitigation Efforts: Reducing carbon emissions to limit further SST rise. Expanding research on regional climate models for better forecasting. What WHO’s recommendation for low sodium salt means for India Context : WHO has issued new guidelines recommending low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS). Relevance : GS 2(Health) Key Recommendations by WHO These substitutes reduce sodium chloride (NaCl) content and incorporate potassium chloride (KCl). Aim: To bring daily sodium intake below 2g per person, reducing risks of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recommendations target household salt consumption but do not apply to packaged foods or restaurant-cooked meals. Excludes pregnant women, children, and individuals with kidney disease, as high potassium levels (hyperkalemia) may be harmful. Why Salt is Again a Public Health Focus Salt Fortification Success in India: Iodized salt (introduced in the 1950s) successfully tackled iodine deficiency and related diseases like hypothyroidism. Salt’s Role in the Human Body: Sodium increases water retention in blood vessels, raising blood volume and blood pressure. High sodium intake is linked to hypertension, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases. Potassium helps improve vascular function, countering some of sodium’s negative effects. Health Risks of Excessive Sodium Consumption Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): Major risk factor for atherosclerosis, leading to blocked arteries, heart attacks, and strokes. Vascular stiffness: Excess sodium makes blood vessels less flexible, increasing the burden on the heart. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): High salt intake strains kidney function. Excess sodium also increases protein leakage in urine, worsening kidney disease. Other Health Impacts: Gastric cancer risk is linked to excessive salt intake. Bone health deterioration due to calcium loss caused by excess sodium. WHO states 1.9 million deaths annually are attributed to high sodium intake. Indian Context: High Salt Consumption & Public Health Concerns Cultural dietary habits in India promote high salt consumption (added to cooked food, pickles, snacks). Studies show Indians consume far more sodium than WHO’s recommended 2g/day. 2013 British Medical Journal study: Cutting sodium intake by 4.4g/day for 4 weeks reduced systolic BP by 4mmHg and diastolic BP by 2mmHg. Challenges in Implementing Low-Sodium Salt Substitutes (LSSS) Affordability & Market Access: Low-sodium salt substitutes are costlier than regular table salt. Prof. Vivekanand Jha (George Institute for Global Health) suggests government intervention to reduce prices and increase availability. Consumer Awareness & Behavioral Change: Majority of Indian households lack awareness of salt-related health risks. The Sapiens Health Foundation has launched initiatives to train 300 physicians nationwide to spread awareness. Policy & Regulation Issues: Signal labeling on food products could help consumers make healthier choices. WHO recommends government-led initiatives to promote LSSS usage. Health Risks of Potassium Intake: Potassium-rich salt substitutes are not suitable for people with kidney disease. Large sections of the population remain undiagnosed for kidney ailments, increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. Potential Solutions & Policy Recommendations Subsidizing Low-Sodium Salt: Government intervention can lower costs and increase adoption. Public Awareness Campaigns: Similar to iodized salt campaigns, public messaging can educate consumers on the dangers of excess sodium. Stronger Food Labeling Laws: Mandatory “high sodium” warning labels on packaged foods. Promoting Home-Based Salt Reduction Strategies: Encouraging gradual reduction of table salt usage. Substituting salt with herbs and spices to maintain flavor. EU tracks bird flu virus variants over rising threat to humans Context : The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Food Safety Authority are monitoring bird flu virus variants. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Concern: The virus could adapt to spread between humans, potentially causing future pandemics. Key findings: ECDC identified 34 genetic mutations that might increase the virus’s ability to infect humans. Recommendations: Based on genetic analysis and human case studies, the agencies outlined current risks and precautionary measures. Menstruation Disrupts Daily Activities for 20% of South Asian Women Study published in The Lancet Global Health found that 1 in 5 South Asian women avoid regular activities during menstruation. Age group most affected: 15-19 years. Concerns: Impacts quality of life and exacerbates gender inequalities. Suggests menstrual symptoms like pain or heavy bleeding hinder participation in daily life. Findings: Contraceptive use, especially hormonal methods, reduces menstrual-related absences across all age groups. Policy Implication: The study provides new evidence for menstrual health research and interventions. Climate Change Increases Salmonella Outbreak Risk University of Surrey research finds a strong link between weather conditions and Salmonella outbreaks. Salmonella: A bacteria causing food poisoning, commonly found in poor sanitation areas. Key Weather Factors Increasing Risk: Warmer temperatures (above 10°C). High humidity & dew point (7-10°C). Longer daylight hours (12-15 hours). Significance: Highlights climate change’s role in foodborne diseases. Helps predict future outbreaks and design preventive strategies. INSV Tarini crosses most remote part of earth Mission Overview Navika Sagar Parikrama-II: Second edition of the all-women circumnavigation mission by the Indian Navy. Crew Members: Lieutenant Commander Dilna K. and Lieutenant Commander Roopa A. Route: Sailing from Lyttelton Port, New Zealand, to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands. Vessel: INSV Tarini, an Indian Navy sailing vessel designed for oceanic expeditions. Significance of Point Nemo Definition: The Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility, the farthest point from any landmass. Location: South Pacific Ocean, approximately 2,688 km away from the nearest land. Extreme Isolation: Closest human presence is the International Space Station (ISS), orbiting at 400 km above Earth. Scientific Interest: A convergence zone for ocean currents, making it vital for studying marine pollution. Acts as a “spacecraft cemetery”, where decommissioned satellites and space debris are often directed. Scientific Research Contribution Collection of Water Samples: Samples taken from Point Nemo for analysis by the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO). Study of marine biodiversity, including rare microorganisms and deep-sea life. Chemical analysis to detect pollutants, microplastics, and ocean acidification trends. Contribution to global oceanographic studies on climate change and ocean health. Strategic and Technological Implications Naval and Maritime Capabilities: Strengthens India’s blue-water naval ambitions and oceanic expertise. Demonstrates endurance and skill in handling long-haul maritime expeditions. Enhances India’s soft power by highlighting women’s leadership in naval missions. Oceanic Surveillance & Research: Potential insights for marine navigation, weather patterns, and deep-sea mining prospects. Enhances India’s participation in international oceanographic collaborations. Challenges and Risks Harsh Environmental Conditions: Rough seas, unpredictable weather, and strong oceanic currents. Extreme isolation means emergency assistance is difficult. Psychological and Physical Demands: Small crew managing long-duration isolation and navigation challenges. Maintaining vessel efficiency in extreme maritime conditions. Broader Impact on India’s Maritime Goals Women Empowerment in Defence: Showcases the increasing role of women in India’s naval operations. Encourages gender inclusivity in India’s armed forces. Geostrategic Significance: Strengthens India’s presence in global maritime expeditions. Contributes to India’s commitment to marine conservation and scientific research. Guillain-Barré outbreak in Pune ‘human-made epidemic’, more than 5,000 cases expected: Experts Overview of the Outbreak More than 100 confirmed cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Two deaths reported, and 17 patients are on ventilators. Experts estimate over 5,000 cases of Campylobacter infection in the region. The outbreak is linked to contaminated water supply, carrying E. coli and Campylobacter jejuni bacteria. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) Understanding Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) Autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system. Causes muscle weakness, numbness, and potential paralysis. Often triggered by bacterial infections, most commonly Campylobacter jejuni. Infection sources include contaminated food and water, poultry, and livestock waste. Causes and Transmission Route Contaminated Water Supply: Water samples indicate high E. coli levels, pointing to contamination from human/animal feces. Acts as the primary transmission medium for Campylobacter infection. Food Contamination Hypothesis: Experts suggest infected individuals may have consumed contaminated chicken or meat. However, this alone cannot explain the large-scale outbreak. Waterborne transmission remains the most probable cause. Public Health and Government Failure Delayed Response: Local authorities failed to act after detecting the first Campylobacter cases. Clean water should have been immediately supplied, but contamination persisted. Weak Public Health Infrastructure: In western nations, even three GBS cases would trigger an immediate outbreak response. In India, government hospitals focus on treatment, lacking proactive infection tracing. Comparison to COVID-19 Crisis: During COVID-19, NDMA (National Disaster Management Agency) handled outbreak control. Experts question why NDMA is absent in managing the Pune crisis. Medical and Economic Challenges Late Diagnosis and Treatment Impact: Early intervention (within 2 weeks) improves recovery chances. Delays can lead to lung complications and death. Treatment Methods & Costs: IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin) therapy (₹10,000-₹12,000 per injection for five days). Plasmapheresis (blood purification) is another alternative. Diagnosis requires bacterial tests and nerve conduction studies. Broader Implications and Future Risks Rising Immune-Related Disorders: Post-COVID, there was a rise in immune-triggered diseases, though unrelated to the Pune outbreak. Seasonal infections (monsoon/winter) often act as GBS triggers. Urbanization and Hygiene Concerns: Increased dining at crowded, unhygienic restaurants raises infection risks. Despite improved sanitation, poor drinking water management remains a threat. Lessons for Public Health Policy: Strengthening water safety monitoring and early disease detection is critical. A scientific, independent public health system is needed to prevent future outbreaks. Natural farming in Solan is a journey towards sustainable agriculture and rural prosperity Overview of Natural Farming in Solan Location: Solan district, Himachal Pradesh, lies in two agro-climatic zones—sub-tropical low hills and sub-temperate mid hills. Current Agricultural Practices: Farmers rely on hybrid seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to maximize returns, but these methods degrade soil health and increase production costs. Challenges: The current practices are vulnerable to climate change-induced variability and contribute to environmental degradation. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) Transition to Natural Farming Definition: A low-input, climate-resilient farming approach that eliminates artificial fertilizers and pesticides, promoting sustainability and ecological balance. Key Benefits: Reduced Costs: Farmers can minimize expenses by using locally sourced, cost-effective inputs. Soil Carbon Sequestration: The method enhances soil carbon storage, which helps mitigate climate change. Water Conservation: Practices like mulching and crop rotation promote sustainable water management. Biodiversity: Natural pest control methods and crop diversification foster biodiversity. Core Principles of Natural Farming Jeevamrit: A cow dung and urine-based fertilizer that improves soil fertility and enhances microbial activity. Beejamrit: Natural seed treatment to prevent diseases. Ghanjeevamrit: A concentrated form of jeevamrit used in large-scale applications. Aachhadan: Mulching to protect the soil and conserve moisture. Whapsa: A method to restore the natural balance in the soil. Minimum Tillage: Ensuring soil structure remains intact to foster long-term productivity. Impact of Natural Farming on Soil and Crops Soil Health: Natural farming practices improve soil structure, increase beneficial microbes, and reduce the prevalence of soil-borne diseases. Pest Control: By avoiding synthetic pesticides, farmers encourage the presence of natural predators, reducing pest populations. Crop Yields: While initial skepticism existed, evidence shows that natural farming leads to higher crop equivalent yields due to intercropping. Farmers’ Adoption and Success Stories KVK Solan’s Role: Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Solan, in collaboration with YS Parmar University of Horticulture and ICAR-ATARI, has been instrumental in promoting natural farming. KVK has set up demonstration models showcasing the effectiveness of natural farming in horticulture crops. Over 12,000 farmers in Solan have adopted natural farming across 1,936 hectares. Environmental and Economic Benefits Soil Fertility: By incorporating nitrogen-fixing crops and practicing crop rotation, natural farming increases soil nutrient levels, ensuring long-term productivity. Sustainability: Reduces the need for chemical inputs, which lowers costs and enhances self-sustainability in farming systems. Carbon Sequestration: Enhances soil carbon storage, helping reduce atmospheric CO2 and mitigating climate change. Supporting Government Initiatives Pradhan Mantri Kushhal Kisan Yojna (PK3Y): Launched in 2018-19 by the Himachal Pradesh government, this scheme supports the transition to natural farming. KVK Solan’s Demonstrations: Through hands-on models and training, KVK Solan has provided farmers with a platform to experience the benefits of natural farming before adoption. Challenges and Way Forward Skepticism: Initially, farmers were hesitant to adopt natural farming due to concerns over yield loss and lack of knowledge. However, successful examples have increased adoption. Training and Support: The continued role of KVK and other agricultural institutions is crucial in training farmers and showcasing practical results. Scaling Up: As the success of natural farming spreads, there is a need to scale up efforts to increase awareness, provide market access for organic produce, and ensure financial support for farmers transitioning to sustainable practices.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 January 2025

Content: ISRO’s 100th Launch Marks a Quantum Leap in India’s Space journey National Critical Mineral Mission ISRO’s 100th Launch Marks a Quantum Leap in India’s Space journey Background : 100th successful launch from Sriharikota: ISRO’s GSLV-F15/NVS-02 mission marks a historic milestone. Rapid infrastructure expansion: A third launch pad in Sriharikota and a new launch site in Tamil Nadu’s Tuticorin. Private sector boom: Growth from single-digit startups in 2021 to nearly 300 today. Economic impact: India’s space economy projected to reach $44 billion by 2035. Global leadership in satellite launches: ISRO handles 90% of foreign satellite launches. Relevance : GS 3(Space) ISRO’s Evolution: From Slow Beginnings to a Rapid Growth Phase Foundation (1969–1993): Established under Vikram Sarabhai’s leadership. Took over two decades for the first launch pad (1993). Gradual Expansion (1993–2014): Second launch pad established in 2004, a decade after the first. Transformational Growth (2014–2024): Accelerated infrastructure and investment. Upcoming third launch pad in Sriharikota. New spaceport in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu. Implication: Faster development in the last decade indicates strong government push, policy reforms, and increased international collaborations. Private Sector Revolution in Space 2014–2020: ISRO solely led India’s space advancements. Post-2020: Government reforms unlocked the space sector for private players. Number of space startups surged from single digits in 2021 to nearly 300 in 2025. Rs 1,000 crore investment in the sector in 2023 alone. International collaborations and private satellite launches increased significantly. Significance: India is positioning itself as a major global hub for space entrepreneurship. India’s Space Economy: A Growing Powerhouse Current valuation: $8 billion. Projected by 2035: $44 billion. Foreign satellite launches: ISRO now accounts for 90% of all global foreign satellite launches. India’s global positioning: Rising as a key player in commercial space launches and satellite-based services. Economic Implication: Increased foreign investments, technology transfers, and global collaborations in the coming years. Strategic Infrastructure Expansion Sriharikota Expansion: Third launch pad under development. New Launch Site in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu: Diversifying launch capabilities. Advantage of Tuticorin: Closer to the equator → More efficient satellite launches. Less congested air and sea routes compared to Sriharikota. Strategic Benefit: Strengthens India’s launch capacity, reduces dependency on a single site, and enhances global competitiveness. Global Leadership in Space Missions India’s Strengths: Cost-effective, reliable launch services. Track record of successful interplanetary missions (Mars, Moon). Expanding space applications (earth observation, navigation, communication). Future Prospects: Gaganyaan (Human Spaceflight). Chandrayaan-4, Mars Orbiter-2, Venus Mission (Shukrayaan-1). Strengthening collaborations with NASA, ESA, and emerging space nations. Strategic Implication: Strengthens India’s geopolitical standing and economic influence in space technology. Conclusion: Marks a transition from slow growth to rapid expansion. Private sector integration and policy reforms fueling innovation. India emerging as a dominant player in global space commerce. Infrastructure growth paving the way for deep-space missions and human spaceflight. National Critical Mineral Mission Context: The approval of the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) is a significant step in India’s strategy to secure critical mineral resources essential for high-tech industries, green energy, and defense. Aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat, ensuring self-reliance in securing key minerals that are vital for electric vehicles (EVs), semiconductors, batteries, and renewable energy technologies. Given geopolitical vulnerabilities and supply chain disruptions, this initiative is crucial to reducing import dependence on countries like China for minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements. Relevance : GS 3(Economic Developments ,Minerals ) Features of the Mission Comprehensive Value Chain Approach Covers exploration, mining, beneficiation, processing, and recycling of critical minerals. Supports recovery of critical minerals from overburden and tailings (waste materials left after ore processing). Encourages stockpiling of critical minerals to manage supply fluctuations. Boost to Domestic Exploration & Mining Fast-tracked regulatory approvals for mining projects. Strengthened role of Geological Survey of India (GSI), with 195 projects in FS 2024–25 and 227 planned for 2025-26. Auction of 24 strategic mineral blocks under the amended Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. Global Mineral Acquisition & Trade Diversification Indian PSUs and private firms encouraged to acquire mineral assets abroad. Example: KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Ltd.)’s lithium exploration project in Argentina (15,703 Ha in Catamarca province). Enhances critical mineral trade with resource-rich nations, reducing dependence on any single country. Incentives & Infrastructure Development Financial incentives for mineral exploration. Establishment of mineral processing parks to encourage domestic refining capacity. Promotion of recycling technologies to enhance circular economy in the critical minerals sector. R&D and Innovation Setting up of a Centre of Excellence on Critical Minerals. S&T PRISM Program (2023) to support startups & MSMEs in mineral research and technology commercialization. Policy & Fiscal Support Customs duties on most critical minerals eliminated in Union Budget 2024-25, making mineral imports cheaper. Whole-of-Government approach ensuring coordination among ministries, research institutions, and industries. Strategic Implications Economic & Industrial Impact Strengthens domestic supply chains for EV batteries, solar panels, wind turbines, and semiconductors. Encourages private sector participation in mineral exploration and processing. Reduces trade deficits caused by high-value mineral imports. Energy Security & Green Transition Ensures a steady supply of critical minerals needed for India’s renewable energy goals. Supports India’s net-zero emissions commitment by facilitating domestic clean technology manufacturing. Geopolitical & Strategic Autonomy Reduces reliance on China, which dominates global rare earth and lithium markets. Strengthens India’s role in global mineral supply chains by collaborating with Australia, Argentina, and African nations. Enhances national security by securing minerals vital for defense and strategic technologies. Challenges & Way Forward Challenges Environmental concerns from large-scale mining. Regulatory hurdles & land acquisition issues. High capital investment needed for mineral processing and refining infrastructure. Technological dependency on foreign firms for processing rare earth elements. Way Forward Strengthen partnerships with like-minded nations (e.g., Australia-India Critical Minerals Partnership). Encourage private investments in mineral processing through policy incentives. Develop domestic R&D capabilities for advanced mineral processing and recycling technologies. Ensure sustainable mining practices to balance economic growth with environmental protection

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 January 2025

Content: Broken Promises in a Warming World Bridge the Milk Divide for a Nutritionally Secure India Stifling Demand Broken promises in a warming world Context : U.S. Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement The U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement under Trump was a significant blow to global climate action. The U.S., responsible for over one-fifth of cumulative CO₂ emissions since the pre-industrial era, has consistently failed to meet its climate obligations. Under the UNFCCC, the U.S. was expected to lead in climate action, providing financial and technological support to developing countries. Relevance: GS 2(international Relations) Practice Question : The U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement exemplifies the larger issue of developed countries evading their climate responsibilities. Discuss the implications of such actions for developing nations and suggest strategic responses. (250 words) History of U.S. Climate Commitments: Kyoto Protocol (1997): The U.S. Congress (bipartisan) ensured non-participation. 2005-2015 Emissions Trends: U.S. emissions declined, but at a slow pace, failing to meet global needs. Copenhagen Summit (2009) & Paris Agreement (2015): Shifted from binding commitments to voluntary pledges to accommodate U.S. politics. Biden Administration’s Record: Became the largest crude oil producer. Failed to push ambitious climate finance ($300 billion from COP29 was minimal). Emissions target (60% reduction below 2005 levels by 2035) was insufficient. Consequences of U.S. Withdrawal For Developed Countries: Weak commitments continue, creating a “burden-shifting” model. For Developing Countries: Increased pressure for early decarbonization, leading to economic hardships. For Global Climate Policy: Setbacks in securing adequate climate finance, technology transfers, and support for adaptation strategies. Market-Based Approach: A Failure U.S. and EU still rely on fossil fuels (80% and 70% of energy use, respectively), indicating market mechanisms have failed. Private sector-led climate solutions have resulted in weak commitments and lack of accountability. Developed nations’ public sector has little role, unlike developing countries where state-driven policies ensure accountability. The Myth of Sub-National Climate Action Some argue that U.S. states, corporations, and local communities will offset national inaction. Reality: University of Colorado study (2024) found most U.S. states and local governments adopt “emissions inaction” policies. IPCC reports have largely ignored climate denialism in the U.S., showing a lack of accountability. Implications for Developing Nations Strategic Response Required: Recognize that developing countries cannot bridge the emissions gap left by U.S. withdrawal. Expect rhetoric rather than substantive action from other developed nations. Avoid Falling for Unfair Climate Burdens: The Paris Agreement’s rulebook was finalized under Trump’s first term, subtly shifting responsibility to the Global South. The U.S. may still remain in negotiations, demanding greater commitments from the Global South. Multilateralism is Key: Developing nations should not abandon multilateral platforms despite U.S. withdrawal. The fight for climate justice must continue while prioritizing adaptation and development. The Path Forward A just, equitable, and effective climate action framework requires: Political will from all nations. Pressure on the U.S. to commit to meaningful climate action. Strengthening of South-South cooperation in climate adaptation and mitigation. Bridge the milk divide for a nutritionally secure India Introduction India is the world’s largest milk producer due to the White Revolution initiated by Verghese Kurien. Despite this, milk consumption remains highly unequal across income, regional, and social groups. Addressing these disparities is critical for improving health and nutrition, particularly for vulnerable populations. Relevance:  GS Paper 2 (Governance, Health), GS Paper 3 ( Agriculture, Economy) Practice Question :India has achieved self-sufficiency in milk production, yet undernutrition persists among marginalized communities. Analyze the reasons behind this paradox and suggest targeted interventions. (15 marks, 250 words) Consumption Disparities Income Divide: Top-income households consume 3-4 times more milk per capita than the lowest-income households. The poorest 30% of households consume only 18% of India’s total milk. Urban-Rural Divide: Urban households consume ~30% more milk per capita than rural ones. Most milk is produced in rural India, but consumption is lower due to affordability issues. Social & Regional Disparities: Scheduled Tribes consume 4 litres less milk per capita than general category households. High-consumption states: Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana (333g-421g per capita daily). Low-consumption states: Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal (75g-171g per capita daily). Focus on Vulnerable Groups Affordability Issue: Recommended intake: 300g per capita daily. Achieving this requires 70% of households to spend 10%-30% of their monthly income on milk. Health Concerns: Affluent groups overconsume milk-based high-fat, high-sugar products (ice cream, sweets), leading to obesity and lifestyle diseases. Undernutrition in vulnerable groups contrasts with overnutrition in wealthier segments. Policy Recommendations Enhancing Milk Provision for Vulnerable Groups Expand POSHAN Abhiyaan, ICDS meals, and take-home rations to include milk. Financial boost for these schemes via: Social bonds, CSR funds, and cess on unhealthy foods. State examples: Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Telangana provide milk but in inadequate amounts. Chhattisgarh discontinued provisions due to financial constraints. Milk Coupons & Market Access Implement milk coupon systems in areas with strong dairy networks. Benefits: Lower distribution costs Boost local dairy markets Nutrition Awareness & Behavioural Change Target women via Anganwadi centres, doctors, self-help groups, civil society. Maharashtra, Bihar lead in grassroots nutrition awareness (e.g., Poshan Maah 2024). Research: Better maternal nutrition awareness improves household dietary diversity. Regulating Overconsumption Among the Affluent Promote balanced diets through partnerships with doctors, influencers, and media. Learn from the UK’s Change4Life Sugar Swaps campaign: Reduce high-fat, high-sugar dairy consumption. Ensure better milk affordability for lower-income groups. Conclusion Equitable milk access is essential for nutrition security and public health. Addressing undernutrition in the poor and overconsumption in the affluent aligns with Verghese Kurien’s vision of a nutritionally secure India. Stifling demand Introduction MGNREGS, a demand-driven rural employment scheme, has been a lifeline for rural workers for nearly 20 years. It has thrived across political regimes, proving its utility and popularity despite facing funding challenges. Recent budgetary cuts and delayed wage payments threaten its effectiveness and impact. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (Governance), GS Paper 3 ( Economy) Practice Question : Critically evaluate the impact of declining budget allocations and wage delays on the implementation of MGNREGS. Suggest reforms to improve the scheme’s effectiveness. (15 marks, 250 words) Funding Constraints & Artificial Demand Suppression Declining Budget Allocation: MGNREGS budget shrunk from 3.2% of GDP (FY21) to 1.78% (FY25 BE). No additional allocation in FY25, despite past trends of increased funding when demand rises. Wage Delays & Financial Liabilities: Rural Development Ministry short of ₹4,315 crore for wages. Centre’s ₹5,715 crore liability for material component remains unpaid. Delayed payments suppress demand artificially, as workers hesitate to enroll. Key Challenges in Implementation Wages Not Adjusted for Inflation: Real wages are declining due to rising costs of living. Need for inflation-indexed wage revision. Aadhaar-Based Payment Issues: Job card seeding with Aadhaar has led to exclusion errors. Connectivity and verification issues hinder timely wage disbursal. Impact on Rural Livelihoods: MGNREGS helps stabilize incomes during agricultural off-seasons. Creates village assets like irrigation canals, rural roads, and water conservation structures. Boosts rural disposable income, stimulating local economies. Policy Recommendations Increase Budget Allocation: Fund the scheme in line with actual demand to prevent wage delays. Ensure timely additional funding when demand surges. Wage & Payment Reforms: Implement inflation-linked wage hikes. Fix Aadhaar-based payment glitches to avoid exclusion of workers. Strengthening Transparency & Accountability: Real-time monitoring of fund releases and payments. Empower local governance for better implementation. Conclusion MGNREGS remains crucial for rural employment and poverty alleviation. The government must prioritize funding and eliminate delays to uphold its effectiveness.

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress