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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 June 2025

Content : Two billion people don’t have safe drinking water U.S.’s heavy duty attack on Iran’s nuke sites Widely used fungicide found to be driving C. tropicalis infections For first time, India breaks into top 100 in global SDG rankings Maritime body sounds alarm on order to retire ‘old’ ships Technique to make CAR T-cells in vivo could transform cancer care Crushed stone is being spread across farms to capture carbon Two billion people don’t have safe drinking water Context & Scope 2 billion people globally lack safe drinking water. Over 800,000 deaths annually are linked to diseases from unsafe water. Access to clean water is essential for public health, dignity, and development. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Social Issues) Key Definitions Safe Drinking Water (SDG 6.1 definition, post-2017): Water must be contamination-free, on-premises, and available when needed. Improved Water Source (earlier indicator): Includes protected pipes, springs, boreholes — but not necessarily safe at the point of use. Current Global Scenario 6 billion people have access to safe water. 2 billion lack it — but: Only 156 million rely on surface water (rivers/lakes). The majority use improved sources that are inconveniently located or intermittently available. Hidden Challenges Hours spent collecting water, especially by women and children, affects education and productivity. Even improved sources can become contaminated during storage or transit. 95% of the world uses improved sources — but not all are safely managed under SDG standards. Health Implications Unsafe water spreads diarrhea, cholera, hepatitis, polio, and causes malnutrition. In low-income countries, unsafe water contributes to over 5% of deaths. Child mortality and undernutrition are closely linked to water insecurity. Development Challenges Scaling access to basic improved sources is easier than ensuring safely managed household water. Requires investments in infrastructure, maintenance, and contamination control. Real progress under SDG 6.1 (Clean Water and Sanitation) demands universal access to safe water at home. Conclusion Universal access to safe drinking water (SDG 6) is essential for: Health outcomes Social equity Economic development Achieving broader Sustainable Development Goals U.S.’s heavy duty attack on Iran’s nuke sites Context & Strategic Significance On June 21, 2025, the U.S. launched airstrikes on three major Iranian nuclear sites: Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan. Operation code-named “Midnight Hammer” aimed to cripple Iran’s nuclear enrichment capacity. Marked a direct U.S. military intervention in the Israel-Iran conflict that began on June 13. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) How the Strike Unfolded 7 B-2 Spirit stealth bombers flew a 37-hour round mission with multiple in-air refuellings. First B-2 dropped two GBU-57 MOP ‘bunker busters’ on the deeply buried Fordow site. Deception tactics included decoy aircraft flying westward to mislead radar tracking. Overall, 14 MOPs and 75 precision-guided munitions (including submarine-launched Tomahawk missiles) were deployed.   Why B-2 Bombers and MOPs Were Used Fordow site is buried under 80–90 meters of rock and reinforced concrete — beyond Israeli capabilities. The GBU-57 MOP is designed for deep penetration, capable of reaching up to 200 feet underground. B-2 Spirit is the only U.S. aircraft capable of carrying these 30,000 lb bunker-busters. Capabilities and Challenges of B-2 Bomber Only 19 operational B-2s exist; each costs $2+ billion. Extremely stealthy: avoids detection via low radar, heat, sound, and visual signatures. Highly maintenance-intensive: requires 100 hours of upkeep for each hour flown. Needs climate-controlled hangars to preserve stealth coating and tech. Holds record for longest air combat missions (e.g., 44-hour Afghan mission in 2001). Military and Political Implications Mission officially not aimed at regime change, but to “neutralize threats” and support Israel’s self-defence. The strike has raised questions about: The actual extent of damage (especially at Fordow). The fate of Iran’s enriched uranium stockpile. May escalate regional tensions and invite retaliatory action from Iran. Next-Gen Stealth Bomber: B-21 Raider U.S. is developing the B-21 Raider, meant to replace aging B-2s. Dual-capable, stealth strike bomber with open systems architecture for quick software upgrades. Expected unit cost: $550 million; USAF plans to procure 100+ units. Conclusion Operation Midnight Hammer signals a tech-heavy, precision-first U.S. military doctrine. Brings into focus the evolving role of stealth aircraft and deep-penetration ordnance. Has strategic ramifications for non-proliferation diplomacy, U.S.-Iran relations, and West Asian stability. Widely used fungicide found to be driving C. tropicalis infections Context & Concern Candida tropicalis is a major fungal pathogen in India and globally, with a mortality rate of 55–60%. Increasing cases of drug-resistant C. tropicalis infections are being observed in clinical settings. Azole antifungals like fluconazole and voriconazole are becoming less effective. Relevance : GS 2(Health) ,GS 3(Science) Key Finding A study published in PLoS Biology links azole-resistance in C. tropicalis to the widespread agricultural use of the fungicide tebuconazole. Tebuconazole, a triazole fungicide, accumulates in the environment and triggers cross-resistance in clinical fungal strains. Mechanism of Resistance: Ploidy Plasticity Resistant strains showed aneuploidy: abnormal chromosome numbers (haploid to triploid). These chromosomal alterations enhance drug resistance but reduce growth rate in drug-free environments. Resistant strains showed: Duplications (e.g., of TAC1 gene → overproduction of drug-efflux proteins). Deletions (e.g., of HMG1 gene → enhanced ergosterol synthesis and drug resistance). Public Health Implications Resistant strains were more virulent in mice, even under antifungal treatment. Shows how agricultural misuse of antifungals can create clinical superbugs, threatening human health. Highlights interconnectedness of environment, agriculture, and public health (One Health concept). Serendipitous Discoveries First-time discovery of stable haploid strains of C. tropicalis — capable of mating, increasing potential for genetic spread of resistance. Two naturally haploid clinical strains were also found in global genome data. Larger Message The study warns against reckless use of triazoles in agriculture, which may drive antifungal resistance in human pathogens. It echoes the warning: “Sow the wind, reap the whirlwind” — stressing unintended consequences of unsustainable practices. For first time, India breaks into top 100 in global SDG rankings Context : India’s Performance in 2025 SDG Index India ranks 99th out of 167 countries in the 2025 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index, breaking into the top 100 for the first time. India’s SDG Index score: 67, up from its 2024 rank of 109. This reflects steady improvement over recent years: 2021: 120 2022: 121 2023: 112 2024: 109 → 2025: 99 Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(SDG) Comparative Regional Rankings China: Rank 49 (74.4) Bhutan: 74 (70.5) Nepal: 85 (68.6) Bangladesh: 114 (63.9) Pakistan: 140 (57) Sri Lanka: 93 Maldives: 53 About the SDG Index Published by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Measures progress toward the 17 SDGs adopted by UN member states in 2015. Score out of 100: full achievement of all SDGs. Report lead: Economist Jeffrey Sachs. Global Trends and Concerns Only 17% of SDG targets are on track to be met by 2030. Global stagnation attributed to: Geopolitical conflicts Structural vulnerabilities Limited fiscal space in many countries. Top Performers Europe dominates the top ranks: Finland, Sweden, Denmark – top 3. 19 of top 20 countries are in Europe. Even top-ranked nations face sustainability challenges like: Climate change Biodiversity loss Unsustainable consumption patterns Requires accelerated action in lagging goals like: Climate action (SDG 13) Gender equality (SDG 5) Quality education (SDG 4) Health (SDG 3) Maritime body sounds alarm on order to retire ‘old’ ships Context : DG Shipping Order 6/2023 mandates the retirement of ships over 20 years old. International Maritime Federation (IMF) warns that this could lead to: Premature scrapping of 700+ Indian-flagged vessels. Loss of 20,000+ seafaring jobs. Indirect livelihood impact on over 1 lakh people. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ),GS 3(Infrastructure ,Transport) Key Concerns Raised by IMF Blanket age-based ban lacks flexibility and ignores actual vessel condition. Disproportionate penalties imposed on Recruitment and Placement Services Licence (RPSL) companies add to the burden. IMF terms these measures as existential threats to India’s maritime ecosystem. Global Context & Contradictions Global data from over 1.3 lakh vessels and 3.7 lakh safety inspections suggest: Older ships (25+ years) often show better safety records than newer ones. Attributed to: Rigorous maintenance routines. Survivorship bias — only robust, well-maintained older ships remain in service. Implications for India Coastal shipping and blue economy ambitions could suffer due to reduced fleet size. Threatens India’s goal to expand domestic shipping capacity and reduce dependency on foreign vessels. Could disincentivise private investment in Indian-flagged ships. Policy Suggestions Adopt a condition-based approach rather than fixed age limits. Ensure proportionality in penalties for RPSL companies. Align domestic norms with international maritime practices and safety standards. Technique to make CAR T-cells in vivo could transform cancer care What is CAR T-cell therapy? A form of immunotherapy where T-cells are genetically modified to detect and destroy cancer cells. Conventional method: T-cells are extracted, engineered with CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) in labs, and re-infused. Target cancers: Mostly B-cell driven cancers like leukaemia and lymphoma. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Current Challenges in CAR T-cell Therapy Complex & expensive: ₹60–70 lakh per patient in India. Requires: Personalised lab-based engineering Viral vectors for gene delivery Chemotherapy for immune suppression Risk of severe side effects: cytokine storms, secondary infections, and genetic complications. New Breakthrough: In Vivo CAR T-cell Engineering Published in Science (June 2025): Researchers used mRNA + lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver CAR instructions inside the body. Target: CD8+ T-cells using antibody-tagged LNPs. No need for: Cell extraction Lab processing Chemotherapy Key Preclinical Results In mice: Tumours regressed after in vivo reprogramming. In monkeys: B cells depleted in multiple organs 85–95% T-cell reprogramming achieved after 2–3 infusions Some immune reset observed in autoimmune models. Advantages of In Vivo Approach Temporary modification via mRNA reduces long-term genetic risks. No chemotherapy required → safer for elderly/comorbid patients. Potential for mass production and standardised dosing, like vaccines or biologic drugs. Uses Lipid 829: a biodegradable carrier with lower inflammation risk. Safety Considerations Mild inflammation seen; manageable with premedication. One monkey developed severe immune reaction (HLH) → underlines need for careful dosing. Human trials essential to verify safety, reproducibility, and long-term effects. Relevance for India High burden of B-cell cancers (e.g., DLBCL, ALL). Rising autoimmune cases post-COVID. Existing barriers: Few specialised centres, high costs, limited trained personnel. This new infusion-based method could democratise access to CAR T therapy in low-resource settings. Broader Implications Could transform oncology and autoimmune treatment models. May set precedent for in vivo gene therapy platforms. Offers a path to affordable personalised medicine in developing countries. Crushed stone is being spread across farms to capture carbon What is Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW)? A climate mitigation technique that accelerates natural rock weathering to capture carbon dioxide (CO₂). Involves spreading finely crushed quick-weathering rocks (like basalt) on farmlands. Used in sugarcane fields (Brazil, Australia), tea plantations (India), and oil palm fields (Malaysia). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) How It Works Weathering: CO₂ reacts with water forming carbonic acid, which breaks down rocks. This forms bicarbonates, eventually converting into limestone, locking away CO₂. ERW increases: Rock surface area (via grinding) Contact with air, water, and soil. Effectiveness: What Studies Show A U.S. study: 50 tonnes of basalt per hectare/year could remove up to 10.5 tonnes of CO₂ per hectare over 4 years. Field studies in Malaysia & Australia show lower CO₂ removal rates, suggesting earlier overestimation. Carbon capture depends on: Rock type & particle size Soil chemistry Temperature & moisture Land management practices Challenges in Measuring CO₂ Removal Carbon capture often inferred via cation release, but: Cations are produced by all acids, not just carbonic acid. Hence, it may overestimate CO₂ uptake. Better calibration and metrics are needed to accurately assess ERW impact. Other Environmental & Agricultural Benefits Increases soil alkalinity → improves: Crop growth Nutrient availability Soil formation May reduce acid runoff from soil → prevents CO₂ release from rivers/oceans. Risks & Limitations Finely crushed rock may contain heavy metals (e.g., nickel, chromium). Health hazards for workers due to dust inhalation → requires protective gear. Uncertain scale of actual CO₂ mitigation vs theoretical predictions. Carbon Credit Potential Attracting corporate interest: Tech firms, airlines, fashion brands are investing in ERW for carbon offsetting. Could become a part of carbon markets, if standardised and measurable.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 June 2025

Content : A holistic Approach at Transforming Mining Sector Tripura becomes third state in the country, after Mizoram and Goa, to achieve Full Functional Literacy A holistic Approach at Transforming Mining Sector Introduction : Over the last 11 years, India’s mining sector has undergone transformative reforms aimed at boosting transparency, private participation, and strategic resource security. Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy’s article outlines how these reforms support India’s vision for Viksit Bharat, linking mining with national goals of economic growth, self-reliance, and sustainability. Relevance : GS 3(Mines and Minerals) Structural Reforms in Mining Sector Auction regime (post-2015): Replaced opaque allocation with transparent, competitive bidding; over 500 blocks auctioned, 119 in just the last year. Amendments to Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act between 2015–2023 enabled policy modernization. Centre-State Synergy Strengthened cooperative federalism: ₹4 lakh crore earned by states via auction premiums and royalty. Tools like State Mining Index, State Mineral Exploration Trust, and Mining Ministers’ Conclaves deepened collaboration. District Mineral Foundation (DMF) enhanced local welfare through decentralized mineral wealth distribution. Critical & Strategic Mineral Push National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) launched to boost self-reliance in lithium, cobalt, REEs, nickel, etc. India’s first potash block auctioned, and offshore mineral exploration initiated. Strategic global outreach: Lithium mines in Argentina acquired; KABIL securing assets abroad. Private Sector Enablement 50-year leases, seamless transfer of clearances, and exploration license regime fostered investor confidence. MSMEs and start-ups now have greater access via reforms like faceless return filing, Mining Tenement System, and drone surveys. Tech & R&D Ecosystem National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) funded initiatives like Centres of Excellence and start-up R&D. Push for local innovation in recycling and processing, critical for a circular economy. Outcome & Vision Mining sector now aligned with goals of energy security, food security, and economic growth. Reforms have ensured predictability, transparency, and inclusivity, supporting India’s march to become the 3rd largest economy. Tripura becomes third state in the country, after Mizoram and Goa, to achieve Full Functional Literacy Introduction: On 23 June 2025, Tripura became the third Indian state (after Mizoram and Goa) to achieve full functional literacy (95.6%), as per national benchmarks. This success was achieved under the ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram, a flagship adult education scheme aligned with NEP 2020. Relevance : GS 2(Education ,Governance) About the ULLAS Programme Centrally sponsored scheme (2022–2027), targeting non-literate individuals aged 15+. Focuses on foundational literacy, numeracy, and critical life skills using both physical outreach and digital tools (ULLAS mobile app). Implementation Highlights in Tripura Intensive district-level rollout with door-to-door surveys, volunteer mobilization, and strong community engagement. Emphasis on Jan Bhagidari (people’s participation) and Kartavyabodh (sense of duty) ensured grassroots ownership. Leveraged digital platforms for certification and monitoring, enabling real-time progress tracking. Significance of the Milestone Tripura’s literacy rise from 20.24% in 1961 to 95.6% in 2025 reflects sustained policy and social commitment. Enhances human capital, gender empowerment, and inclusive development — key pillars of Viksit Bharat @2047. Reinforces the NEP 2020 principle of education as a lifelong and universal process. Broader Implications for India Demonstrates scalable best practices for adult literacy and community-led education models. Serves as a replicable model for other states and UTs in achieving educational equity. Boosts India’s global positioning in achieving SDG 4 – Quality Education for All.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 June 2025

Content: Many images The sorry state of South Asian economic integration Many images Context: The Kerala Governor’s use of a Bharat Mata image with a lion and saffron flag during official events triggered backlash from the ruling state government, alleging it reflected a sectarian political message. Relevance : GS 2(Federalism, Role of Governor, Secularism ) Practice Question : In a pluralistic democracy like India, what are the constitutional and ethical responsibilities of high public functionaries when engaging with culturally or politically charged symbols? (250 words) Nature of the Image: The specific image used aligns with a vision of Akhand Bharat (Undivided India), often associated with certain ideological narratives. Though Bharat Mata as a symbol is historically rooted, its interpretation has evolved in multiple, and often contested, directions. Historical Evolution of the Symbol: Originated in Anandamath (late 19th century), portraying the nation as a Hindu goddess. Gained patriotic fervor through the song Vande Mataram, yet faced criticism for potential communal undertones. Artists like Abanindranath Tagore reimagined her with secular-emotional appeal — as a nurturing, symbolic mother. Cinema, calendar art, and literature further diversified the representation, from devotional to critical portrayals. Symbolic Ambiguity: The image lacks a universally accepted visual form. While some see it as cultural heritage, others view certain versions as exclusive or majoritarian. Its depiction varies by context — political, religious, or artistic. Role of the Governor: As a constitutional authority, the Governor is expected to maintain political neutrality and uphold secular democratic norms. Using contested symbols in official events may be seen as breaching the non-partisan spirit of the office. Impact on Governance: Escalation of tensions between State and Raj Bhavan can hamper cooperative federalism. Street-level confrontations following the incident underscore the sensitivity around public symbolism. Conclusion: In a plural society, public figures must exercise caution in using culturally charged imagery. Respecting symbolic diversity helps preserve institutional neutrality and democratic harmony. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. The sorry state of South Asian economic integration Context and Importance South Asia is one of the least economically integrated regions in the world. Economic instability and national security threats are deeply interconnected in the region. The region continues to face low intra-regional trade despite having shared history, borders, and a large consumer base. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Practice Question : “Despite shared geography and historical ties, South Asia remains one of the least economically integrated regions in the world. Examine the reasons for this low intra-regional trade and suggest measures to enhance economic cooperation among SAARC countries.” (250 words) Current Status of Integration Intra-SAARC trade accounts for only 5–7% of total trade, far below EU (45%), ASEAN (22%), and NAFTA (25%). Trade between SAARC nations is $23 billion, while potential is estimated to be $67–172 billion. South Asia’s combined GDP ($5 trillion) is underwhelming given it hosts 25% of the world’s population, indicating untapped capacity. Trade Deficit & Decline South Asia’s trade-to-GDP ratio fell from 47.3% (2022) to 42.94% (2024). The region’s trade deficit widened from $204.1 billion (2015) to $339 billion (2022). Bilateral India–Pakistan trade fell from $2.41 billion (2018) to $1.2 billion (2024), showing fallout from political tensions. Trade Costs & Inefficiencies High intra-regional trade cost: 114% of goods’ value, compared to 109% with the U.S. India–Pakistan trade is 20% more expensive than trade with distant Brazil. Lack of regional value chains due to trust issues, red tape, and poor connectivity. Key Obstacles Trust deficit, border disputes, and terrorism derail cooperation. Ineffective SAFTA implementation due to politicisation and lack of strategic vision. Political fragmentation and bilateral tensions prevent collective economic growth. Opportunities and Solutions Lowering trade barriers and boosting trade in services can unlock regional synergies. Strengthening infrastructure, digital connectivity, and dispute resolution mechanisms is essential. Economic cooperation must be decoupled from political disputes to build resilient regional value chains. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 June 2025

Content : Sharp Rise in Number of Women Maoists Killed in Security Ops, Data Show Inflation Falls but Not Unemployment Rising Evaporative Demand Spotlights India’s Data and Research Gap SC Deprecates ‘Trend’ of Accused Reneging on Bail Payment Promises SC’s Three-Year Bar Experience Rule for Judge Exam Triggers Concern No Headway in India-ASEAN Trade Deal Review Despite 9 Meetings in Last One Year Sharp rise in number of women Maoists killed in security ops, data show Relevance: GS 3(Internal Security) Trends in Casualties (2024–2025)  Sharp surge in total Maoist deaths:  2024: 217 killed (74 women)  Till June 2025: 195 killed (82 women)  Proportion of women casualties increased:  Over 1/3rd of Maoists killed in recent operations are women — a significant rise from previous years.  Contrast with past data (2019–2023):   Fewer overall deaths; lower share of women (e.g., 2023: 20 deaths, only 5 women). Reasons Behind High Women Presence  Coercion of tribal families:  Faced with threats, Adivasi parents often part with girl children, who are then inducted into Maoist ranks.  Formation of Bal Dastas:  Maoists recruit children, especially girls, indoctrinating them early.  Use of women as foot soldiers & human shields:  Women often deployed in vulnerable roles, while leadership remains male-dominated. Contradictions in Maoist Ideology  Discrepancy in gender rhetoric:  Maoists claim to oppose patriarchy, but rarely promote women to leadership roles.  Manipulation of education:  Maoists attack schools, fearing education will empower tribals and challenge their hold. Government Response Increased operations post-MHA’s goal to end Maoism by March 2026.  Focus on rehabilitation: Authorities encourage voluntary surrender, with gender-sensitive rehabilitation policies.  Sensitivity to women’s plight: Officials acknowledge physical/emotional hardship faced by women in Maoist ranks.  Broader Issues  State failure in tribal areas: Persistent poverty, lack of education, and insecurity make tribal women vulnerable. Need for balanced approach: Combining security action with development and social outreach is crucial. Inflation falls but not unemployment  Inflation fell sharply: From 3.2% in April to 2.8% in May 2025 — within RBI’s target.  Unemployment rose simultaneously: From 5.1% in April to 5.8% in May, based on PLFS data.  Key critique: Celebrating falling inflation while ignoring rising unemployment is economically myopic.  Relevance: GS 3(Indian Economy) Growth and Employment Link GDP growth slowed: From 9.2% in 2023–24 to 6.5% in 2024–25.  Broad-based deceleration: Most sectors saw slower growth except agriculture and public administration.  Rising unemployment aligns with this growth slowdown, showing a structural concern.  Agriculture’s Role in Lowering Inflation Agricultural sector outpaced non-agricultural sectors in growth.  This narrowed the supply-demand gap in food, sharply reducing food inflation:   From ~11% in Oct 2024 to <1% in May 2025.  Hence, real factors (supply-side) explain inflation reduction more than monetary tightening.  Limits of Monetary Policy Services sector slowdown can’t be attributed to interest rate hikes — it’s less credit-dependent.  Monetary policy likely followed inflation trends rather than driving them.  Econometric Evidence Study shows no conclusive role of interest rates in curbing inflation in India.  Agricultural price movements, linked to sectoral growth differences, are the dominant factor.  Inflation targeting via demand suppression is ineffective when inflation is supply-side driven.  Expectations & Central Bank Credibility RBI’s claim of influencing inflation expectations is weak:  Household inflation expectations remained high (above 4%) from Mar 2024 to May 2025.  Hence, inflation decline cannot be due to expectation management.  Conclusion: Rethinking Macroeconomic Assessment Focusing solely on inflation ignores jobless growth and the economic distress it causes.  A holistic macroeconomic evaluation must considered . Rising evaporative demand spotlights India’s data and research gap What is Evaporative Demand? A measure of how much water the atmosphere ‘wants’ to pull from land and vegetation. Depends on temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Increasing due to global warming, making the air “thirstier”. Relevance: GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Concept of ‘Thirstwave’ Coined by Kukal & Hobbins (2025): A thirstwave = ≥3 days of extreme evaporative demand. Found to be more frequent, intense, and longer over time. Different from heatwaves; includes moisture stress along with heat.  Agricultural Implications Even with adequate irrigation, crop water use now depends on atmospheric demand. Higher evaporative demand leads to: Increased water loss Drier soils and crops Potential stress on food security and irrigation planning Measurement Tool: Standardised Short-Crop Evapotranspiration Represents the water used by 12 cm high grass under ideal conditions. Simplifies complex evapotranspiration dynamics by assuming constant vegetation. Rising values reflect more intense weather parameters (heat, wind, radiation).  India’s Historical Data & Contradictions Earlier (pre-1997) studies (e.g., by Chattopadhyay & Hulme) found decreased evaporation, despite warming — due to high humidity. Future warming, however, expected to override humidity’s dampening effect, increasing evaporative demand.  Recent Indian Research Studies (e.g., IIT Roorkee 2022) noted: Increased evapotranspiration in North India, Western & Eastern Himalayas. Could indicate vegetation growth or agri-expansion. Yet, data on extreme thirstwaves in India is lacking.  Research and Policy Gaps India lacks: Real-time data on evaporative demand extremes. Crop-wise sensitivity studies to thirstwaves. Policy frameworks to integrate thirstwave risk into agri-planning. Current efforts (e.g., by Kukal & Shailza Sharma) aim to fill this void for South Asia.  Global South Vulnerability Greater exposure and weaker resilience in countries like India. Worst thirstwaves may occur in unexpected regions — necessitating re-evaluation of climate adaptation strategies.  Way Forward Incorporate thirstwave tracking in IMD & agri advisories. Train farmers and water managers on new irrigation demands. Boost climate-resilient research funding, especially in Global South. SC deprecates ‘trend’ of accused reneging on bail payment promises Supreme Court’s Concern SC flagged a growing trend: Accused persons promise large payments to secure bail, especially in financial fraud and tax evasion cases — but later fail to honour the commitment. The practice is seen as a deliberate ploy to mislead courts and gain temporary liberty. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice, Judiciary)  Manipulation of Judicial Process Accused later challenge bail conditions as: Onerous or illegal, or Claim lawyers made the offer without consent. Courts become victims of tactical misuse, undermining the sanctity of judicial orders.  Judicial Observations Justice Viswanathan: “We cannot allow parties to play ducks and drakes with the court.” Courts must not permit misuse of voluntary undertakings used solely to secure bail. Case in Focus Accused in ₹13 crore tax evasion case. Had secured bail by promising to pay ₹2.5 crore after partial payment. Failed to pay the promised sum → High Court cancelled bail. Moved Supreme Court against bail cancellation. SC’s Balanced Approach Initially ordered the accused to surrender. Later, in view of familial responsibilities, recalled the surrender order, showing: Balance between Article 21 (Right to Liberty) and Integrity of the legal process. Ethical and Legal Concerns Raises questions on: Good faith in litigation, Abuse of anticipatory/regular bail procedures, and Role of counsel accountability in submitting financial offers. Calls for stricter scrutiny of bail conditions and their enforcement. Implications for Judicial Reform SC’s remarks could: Influence stricter guidelines on bail undertakings, Lead to penal consequences for non-compliance, Reinforce ethical standards in legal representations. SC’s three-year Bar experience rule for judge exam triggers concern What Did the Supreme Court Rule? On May 20, the SC reinstated the rule requiring a minimum of 3 years litigation experience before a candidate can take the judicial service examination for entry-level judges. Rationale: First-hand court experience is essential for judicial officers who deal with life, liberty, and property from Day 1. Court’s Justification Book knowledge and pre-service training are not substitutes for real courtroom exposure. Learning by assisting seniors, observing judicial proceedings, and experiencing case flow is seen as indispensable. Concerns and Criticisms Raised Hardship for recent law graduates (2023–25 batch) who prepared under the old eligibility criteria. Review petitioners argue the change: Violates legitimate expectations Causes retrospective disadvantage Infringes Article 14 (Right to Equality) Access and Certification Issues Practical hurdle: Candidates must get a practice certificate from a 10-year experienced lawyer. Many young lawyers (like petitioner Chandra Sharma) worked with seniors who don’t meet the 10-year threshold, adding bureaucratic difficulty. Shetty Commission Debate SC cited the 1999 Shetty Commission, which recommended a 3-year rule. However, the same report also noted that modern legal education with practical training might negate the need for such a rule, if robust post-selection training is ensured.  Arguments for Reform and Phased Implementation Petitioners suggest: Implement the 3-year rule from 2027 to avoid penalising current aspirants. Emphasize training post-selection rather than pre-entry restrictions. Larger Questions Raised Should judicial recruitment focus more on experience or aptitude? Does the rule reduce access for talented freshers from marginalised or rural backgrounds? How to balance professional competence with inclusion and fairness in judicial recruitment? No headway in India-ASEAN trade deal review despite 9 meetings in last one year Background: ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) Signed in 2009. India opened 71% of its tariff lines to ASEAN. In contrast: Indonesia: 41% Vietnam: 66.5% Thailand: 67% This asymmetry in market access has become a key concern for India. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations),GS 3(Economy) Trade Imbalance Concerns over 15 years: Exports to ASEAN doubled. But imports from ASEAN tripled. This growing trade deficit has fueled India’s demand for a review of the agreement. Review Efforts and Deadlock Despite 9 meetings since Feb 2024, no tangible progress in the review. ASEAN seen as stonewalling reforms, resisting changes to existing terms. China Angle: Rules of Origin Violation India has flagged indirect Chinese imports via ASEAN: ASEAN nations allegedly import cheap, subsidised Chinese raw materials, process them minimally, then re-export to India. Violates spirit of free trade and may amount to trade circumvention.  Strategic and Economic Implications Delay in review hurts Indian manufacturing and domestic industry competitiveness. Weak rules of origin enforcement undermines Atmanirbhar Bharat goals. India’s trade strategy faces a credibility test: balancing openness with protection. Way Forward India may need to: Push for stricter rules of origin and safeguard clauses. Explore bilateral tracks with key ASEAN nations. Use WTO-compatible tools to counter trade diversion.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 June 2025

Content: Inclusive Governance and Youth Empowerment: Trends from 2014–2025 Inclusive Governance and Youth Empowerment: Trends from 2014–2025 context: Recent reflections by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh underscore key developments in civil services access, citizen-centric reforms, and regional integration aimed at broadening opportunities and deepening governance outreach. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Democratisation of Civil Services Civil services aspirants now emerge from non-traditional states (e.g. J&K, Punjab, Haryana). Reflects increasing access, inclusivity, and objectivity in recruitment. Case examples: Parsanjit Kour (AIR 11, 2022) from Poonch; Anmol Sher Singh Bedi (AIR 2, 2016) from Punjab. Integration of Aspirations with Governance Civil services reflect democratisation of youth aspiration—linked to governance reforms ensuring equal opportunity. Socio-economic barriers reducing; “Every mother believes her child can reach the top.” Mainstreaming of Marginal Regions Northeast and J&K integrated through infrastructure: railways reached previously isolated valleys. Vande Bharat trains, and symbolic stories (e.g. Manipuri girls in aviation) reflect changing ground realities. Startup Culture & Employment Diversification Start-Up India, Stand-Up India redefined employment beyond government jobs. Biotech startups grew: 50 (2014) → 10,075 (2024); valuation from $10B → $170B. Promotes entrepreneurial mindset among youth India’s Rise as Science Leader Axiom-4 mission: Indian astronaut to conduct biotech experiments with indigenous kits. Bharat Antariksh Station by 2035 → strategic self-reliance in space technology. Example of India’s tech-diplomacy and innovation leadership. Citizen-Centric Governance Reforms CPGRAMS: Disposal rate of 96% in 2024 (26L grievances) vs 2L in 2014. Digital Life Certificate via facial recognition: promotes ease for pensioners. Progressive pension norms reflect inclusive, compassionate governance. Inclusive Welfare Delivery Increased focus on universal coverage of welfare schemes (e.g. PM Awas Yojana), aiming for last-mile delivery. Approach reflects a shift towards outcome-based and beneficiary-centric governance, rather than selective targeting. Harnessing J&K’s Economic Potential Discovery of Lithium reserves in J&K: energy security + regional growth. Youth described as aspirational—aligns with new India’s growth narrative. Viksit Bharat @2047 Vision Citizens as co-creators in national development. Key line for essay/interview: “The real driving force behind Viksit Bharat 2047 will be the citizens.” Takeaways: Case studies (Kour, Bedi, CPGRAMS, Startup growth) can be quoted in Ethics/Essay. Themes like inclusive governance, digital innovation, decentralised development highly relevant for GS2/GS3. Space, biotech, and grievance redressal—good for Interview & Mains value addition.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 June 2025

Content : Lessons from Operation Sindoor’s global outreach Steering the Indian economy amidst global troubles  Lessons from Operation Sindoor’s global outreach Context: Following the April 2025 Pahalgam terror attack, India launchedOperation Sindoor—a calibrated counter-terror strike targeting cross-border infrastructure. To shape global perception, multi-party parliamentary delegations visited five Western Hemisphere countries, clarifying India’s stance and building diplomatic support. The outreach highlighted India’s use of public diplomacy, national unity, and soft power to strengthen its foreign policy response to terrorism. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Operation Sindoor demonstrated how diplomatic outreach and national unity can amplify strategic responses to terrorism. Discuss the evolving role of public diplomacy in shaping India’s global narrative, especially in conflict situations. (250 words) Unity as Strategic Leverage Multi-party delegation projected India’s unified stance on national security issues. Non-partisan messaging enhanced India’s credibility abroad, especially in the context of cross-border terrorism. Diplomacy as a Force Multiplier Operation Sindoor’s success wasn’t limited to military action — sustained diplomatic outreach helped reshape global narratives. Example: Colombia revised its stance post-engagement, reaffirming India’s right to self-defence. Clarifying Strategic Intent India’s outreach explained that its response was calibrated, targeted, and civilian-safe. Reinforced legitimacy of India’s position in line with international norms of self-defence. Countering Misinformation Engagements helped correct distorted narratives and build factual consensus. Underscored need for real-time narrative management in international media and forums. Highlighting Terror Infrastructure Consistent messaging about terror groups (e.g., LeT, JeM) and cross-border threats found receptive audiences, even in the U.S. Showed how persistent evidence-based diplomacy can shape international discourse. Leveraging Soft Power “Operation Sindoor” had cultural resonance; India’s global familiarity with yoga, cinema, tradition aided diplomatic connect. Cultural diplomacy proved to be an asset in public and elite engagement alike. The 3 Ts of India’s Global Strategy Tech, Trade, and Tradition should jointly drive India’s global image and engagement. Tech: Promote AI, biotech, innovation. Trade: Diversify partners and products. Tradition: Strengthen cultural linkages. Balancing Security with Development Emphasis on India’s core message: We seek peace to focus on development, but retaliation is inevitable if provoked. A clear articulation of India’s dual-track strategy: deterrence + diplomacy. Strengthening Public Diplomacy Dialogues with media, think tanks, and policymakers enhanced India’s voice. Need for greater Indian presence in Western media spaces to counter disinformation and influence perception. Building Strategic Global Alliances Engagement with UNSC non-permanent members like Panama and Guyana strengthened support for India’s multilateral ambitions. Direct diplomacy with such nations can yield dividends in global governance forums. Actionable Foreign Policy Suggestions Expand India’s footprint in South and Central America. Increase language training and diplomatic capacity in under-engaged regions. Strategically prioritize engagements with UN leadership and regional powers like Brazil. Steering the Indian economy amidst global troubles Introduction : The global economy is facing turbulence due to  renewed trade wars, shifting tariff regimes, and geopolitical tensions, impacting global supply chains and markets. In this scenario, India must adopt a strategic mix of trade diplomacy, domestic resilience, and structural reforms to navigate uncertainties and leverage emerging global opportunities. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : In an era of global economic uncertainty and trade realignments, India must balance external engagement with internal resilience. Examine India’s strategic responses to global headwinds and suggest a way forward for sustaining economic growth. (250 words) Global Headwinds & Trade Uncertainty Rise in trade protectionism, tariff reviews, and geopolitical tensions disrupting global supply chains. Sectors like gems & jewellery, pharma, electronics, apparel face vulnerability due to high dependence on the U.S. market. Uncertain U.S. tariff regime and dumping risks from ASEAN and China affect MSMEs’ viability and export planning. Limited Immediate Impact, But Persistent Risks Economists suggest limited direct macroeconomic impact due to India’s strong services exports, remittances, and forex reserves. However, policy unpredictability hampers business decisions, new orders, and long-term competitiveness. Strategic Policy Recommendations Three-Pronged Approach Manage external shocks (tariffs, dumping). Strengthen domestic resilience (public capex, monetary policy). Leverage global realignment (export opportunity & investment redirection). Proactive Trade Diplomacy Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) with U.S. could offer first-mover advantage—must safeguard critical sectors and services exports. Focus on non-tariff barriers and mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) for better market access. Conclude key FTAs: EU, Australia, and deepen access to alternative markets. Domestic Economic Support Sustain public capital expenditure to crowd-in private investment and maintain growth momentum. Accommodative monetary policy needed; further rate cuts possible as inflation moderates. Attract Global Investment Anchor foreign firms shifting out of China and ASEAN by targeting high-potential sectors. Build India as a reliable, cost-effective, and scalable manufacturing destination. Fast-Track Structural Reforms Expedite next-gen regulatory reforms announced in recent Budgets. Expand PLI schemes to cover emerging sectors like wearables, IoT, and battery materials to enhance self-reliance.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 June 2025

Content : U.S. Bombs Three Key Iranian Nuclear Sites Infrastructure Deficiencies, Low Funds Affecting Organ Transplants: Report AI-Based Education Drive Improves Results in Rajasthan Schools Recognising Adivasi Identity in the Census India Trails in Critical Tech, Particularly Semiconductor Tech Expansionary Policies in a Slowing Economy India Ramps Up Oil Imports from Russia and U.S. in June Amid Instability in West Asia DGCA Launches Comprehensive Audit to Enhance Aviation Safety U.S. bombs three key Iranian nuclear sites In a dramatic escalation, the U.S. launched airstrikes on Iran’s key nuclear facilities—Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan—marking a shift from diplomacy to direct military action amid Israel-Iran tensions, raising fears of a broader regional conflict. Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ), GS 3 (Security, Nuclear Policy) Military Escalation: U.S. dropped 30,000-pound bombs on three Iranian nuclear facilities—Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan—marking a sharp escalation from diplomacy to direct military action. Violation of Sovereignty: Iran termed the strikes as having crossed a “big red line” and asserted its right to self-defence, indicating a possible retaliatory response. Unilateral Action by U.S.: President Trump ordered the strikes without congressional approval, raising constitutional and legal questions domestically. Damage Assessment Unclear: U.S. claims of “obliteration” remain unverified; both Iran and the IAEA (UN watchdog) reported no immediate radioactive contamination. Nuclear Programme Intact? Iran’s Atomic Energy Organization insists its nuclear programme remains undeterred, signaling resilience and continuity. Diplomacy vs. Deterrence: Trump’s statement—“peace or tragedy”—implies a binary deterrence logic; Vice President Vance hinted at possible reopening of negotiations. Regional Fallout Risk: Involving Israel and coordination with Russia and Turkey suggests this may evolve into a wider regional conflict with strategic alignments. International Law Concerns: Iran accused the U.S. of an “act of aggression,” potentially violating international norms regarding use of force. Strategic Significance: The targeted sites are central to Iran’s uranium enrichment capabilities—core to its potential nuclear weapons development. Geopolitical Implications: The strikes could destabilize West Asia, heighten U.S.-Iran tensions, and undermine ongoing non-proliferation efforts. Infrastructure deficiencies, low funds affecting organ transplants: report Context: A June 19 report by the Union Health Ministry revealed that India’s organ transplant programme is severely hampered by poor infrastructure, low funding, and specialist shortages. Government hospitals are unable to meet transplant demands due to ICU bed shortages and lack of dedicated facilities. Relevance: GS 2 (Health ), GS 3 ( Infrastructure) Severe Infrastructure Gaps: Many government hospitals lack dedicated transplant OTs, transplant ICUs, and basic infrastructure for organ retrieval and transplantation. ICU Bed Shortage: Critical shortage of ICU beds hampers the ability to preserve brain-stem dead donors, especially in overcrowded trauma centres. Low Transplant Numbers: Only 13,476 kidney transplants were performed in 2024 against a recommended one lakh—highlighting a massive demand-supply gap. Shortage of Specialists: A dearth of trained transplant surgeons and support staff limits the capacity of public hospitals to scale up organ transplant services. Funding Deficiencies: Insufficient government funding affects both infrastructure expansion and patient support, especially for post-transplant medication. Need for New Centres: The report emphasized the urgent requirement to create new government transplant centres to meet national targets. Patient Burden: Many patients struggle with lifelong immunosuppressant costs, as financial aid mechanisms are inadequate. Administrative Bottlenecks: Procedural delays in approvals, documentation, and coordination between hospitals slow down the transplant process. Policy Implication: The findings signal the need for urgent policy reforms, better financing, and investment in human resources to strengthen India’s organ transplant ecosystem. AI-based education drive improves results in Rajasthan schools Context: Rajasthan’s Tonk district implemented “Padhai with AI,” an AI-driven learning initiative to support students in tough subjects like mathematics. The programme significantly improved Class 10 results, surpassing the State average and reducing math-related anxiety. Relevance: GS 2 (Education), GS 3 (Science & Tech Applications) Innovative Use of AI: “Padhai with AI” leverages artificial intelligence to support students in difficult subjects, especially mathematics. Improved Academic Outcomes: 95% of Class 10 students in Tonk district passed, with a notable rise in first-division scores and State-average outperformance. Personalised Learning: The AI-based portal provides tailored drills, remedial content, and practice questions aligned with textbook patterns. Targeted Intervention: The initiative stemmed from field insights by Tonk Collector Saumya Jha, who identified math anxiety as a major learning barrier. Wider Reach: Implemented across 351 government schools, the initiative showcases scalable digital inclusion in rural education. Focused Planning: A structured three-month academic action plan was designed with clear goals for Class 10 performance improvement by 2025. Technology-Education Synergy: The project demonstrates how AI can complement pedagogy and address learning gaps in public education systems. PadhAI with AI – Background & Key Features Origin: Initiated in Rajasthan’s Tonk district by Collector Saumya Jha after observing poor student performance and math anxiety during school visits. Purpose: Designed to support students struggling with tough subjects, especially mathematics, through AI-powered personalised learning. Tech-Driven Approach: A dedicated web portal provided practice questions, drills, and remedial content based on students’ learning levels. Focus on Math Fear: Addressed student anxiety by building confidence through structured, AI-guided learning interventions. Recognising Adivasi identity in the Census Context: As India prepares for the 2027 Census, tribal communities are demanding formal recognition of their distinct religious identities. The current format forces many Adivasis to misidentify under mainstream religions or the ambiguous “Other Religious Persuasion” category, sparking concerns over constitutional rights and cultural erasure. Relevance: GS 1 (Indian Society) , GS 2 (Governance & Polity, Social Issues) Key Issue: The Census currently lacks a separate column to record the distinct religious identities of Scheduled Tribes (STs), forcing many Adivasis to misidentify with mainstream religions or select the vague “Other Religious Persuasions (ORP)” category. Constitutional Violation: This omission undermines constitutional guarantees under Articles 25 and 26 (freedom of religion), and provisions in the Fifth and Sixth Schedules, which protect tribal customs, faiths, and traditions. 2011 Census Data Misrepresentation: Though India’s ST population was 10.43 crore, only 0.66% identified under ORP, reflecting widespread misclassification due to lack of awareness and clear options. Localised Awareness = Higher Accuracy: In states like Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh, community awareness led to higher registrations under Sarna and Gond faiths, showing that informed STs prefer accurate religious self-identification. Blending of Traditions: There have been efforts to mix Adivasi customs with major religious practices, like building new religious institution and introducing new festivals in tribal areas. Unequal Treatment Concerns: Some people question why Adivasis who follow one religion may lose their ST status, while those following another can keep it—even though the Constitution doesn’t link ST status to religion. Demand for New Census Column: A separate ‘Adivasi/ST Faiths’ column is necessary to provide visibility, protect cultural diversity, and prevent assimilationist distortions. Conclusion : Need for Recognition: Adivasi communities should have the option to identify their distinct faiths in the Census to ensure accurate representation and protection of cultural rights. Way Forward: Including a separate category for Adivasi/ST faiths can promote inclusivity, uphold constitutional values, and strengthen India’s social diversity. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. India trails in critical tech, particularly semiconductor tech Context: A new global index ranks 25 countries on critical and emerging technologies such as AI, semiconductors, biotechnology, space, and quantum tech. India trails the U.S., China, and Europe in all five sectors, especially semiconductors. Relevance: GS 3 ( Science & Technology, Economic Development, Strategic Tech) Overall Performance: India scored 15.2 on the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index, placing it below France but above Russia, Canada, and Australia. U.S. Leads Globally: The U.S. dominates all five sectors due to high investments, a strong research base, and collaboration across government, academia, and industry. China Catching Up: China shows strong performance in biotechnology and quantum tech, driven by state-led planning, though it still lags in semiconductors and advanced AI. India’s Weakest Link – Semiconductors: India ranks low in semiconductor design, manufacturing, and ecosystem development—critical for national security and digital independence. AI and Biotechnology Potential: India has moderate presence in AI and biotech but lacks in funding, talent depth, and cutting-edge research capacity compared to global leaders. Space and Quantum Tech: In space technology, India ranks 7th, showing strength in launch capabilities but limited defence assets and investment. Quantum research is still nascent. Strategic Gaps: India lacks a unified, high-investment strategy across these sectors, unlike the U.S. or China which benefit from focused policies and institutional support. Index Methodology: The index uses weighted pillars based on geopolitical relevance, talent, funding, and innovation to assess national capabilities. Conclusion: India must significantly scale up investments, talent development, and R&D to compete in critical technologies. A coordinated public-private policy framework is essential to bridge the tech gap with global leaders. Expansionary policies in a slowing economy Context: India is currently pursuing both expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to boost growth amid signs of slowing demand and rising unemployment. While inflation is low, questions arise about coordination and long-term sustainability of this approach. Relevance: GS 3 ( Indian Economy, Monetary & Fiscal Policy, Growth & Inflation) Dual Expansionary Approach: RBI has reduced repo rates to 5.5% alongside government tax cuts, both aimed at stimulating demand and investment. Coordination Challenge: Simultaneous expansionary fiscal and monetary policies can raise inflation risks if not well-coordinated, a concern seen in global examples like the U.K. and U.S. Muted Growth Indicators: Despite policy moves, credit growth fell to 9% and unemployment rose to 5.6% in May 2025, showing weak demand and labour market stress. Lag in Policy Impact: Expected gains from tax cuts have not materialised yet in consumer spending—contradicting standard economic assumptions of forward-looking behaviour. Deficit Risk: If output doesn’t rise, revenue shortfalls could widen the fiscal deficit, forcing cuts in public spending, potentially affecting welfare schemes. External Risks: Global factors like U.S. tariff tensions and instability in West Asia may further dampen growth and investor sentiment. Structural Concerns: Market-driven mechanisms may be insufficient; redistribution via wage support and targeted government spending may be needed to boost bottom-tier consumption. Conclusion: Effective coordination between fiscal and monetary policy is essential to avoid inflationary shocks and ensure sustainable growth. Structural interventions focused on inclusive consumption and investment are key to revitalising a slowing economy. India ramps up oil imports from Russia and U.S. in June amid instability in West Asia Context: Amid rising tensions in West Asia, including recent strikes on Iran, India has sharply increased its crude oil imports from Russia and the U.S. in June 2025. This reflects a strategic shift in India’s energy sourcing away from traditional West Asian suppliers. Relevance: GS 3 (Energy Security, International Relations, Indian Economy) Surge in Russian Oil Imports: India is set to import 2–2.2 million barrels/day of Russian crude in June—the highest in two years and exceeding combined West Asian imports. Shift from West Asia: Imports from traditional suppliers like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait have declined to about 2 million bpd due to regional instability. Boost in U.S. Imports: Crude imports from the U.S. jumped to 4.39 lakh bpd in June, up from 2.8 lakh bpd in May, indicating diversification beyond regional volatility zones. Post-Ukraine Realignment: After the 2022 Ukraine invasion, India capitalised on discounted Russian oil, raising its share from under 1% to over 40% of total imports. Logistical Advantage: Russian oil bypasses the volatile Strait of Hormuz, using alternative routes via the Suez Canal or Cape of Good Hope, offering strategic supply security. Refining & Payment Flexibility: Indian refiners have adapted technologically and financially to handle varied crude sources and navigate complex payment structures amid sanctions. Diversification for Energy Security: Growing reliance on Russia and entry of U.S., Latin American, and West African oil reflects India’s proactive hedging against geopolitical supply disruptions. Conclusion: India’s evolving oil import strategy enhances energy security by diversifying sources and reducing dependence on geopolitically sensitive regions. Continued refining flexibility and strategic sourcing will be key to balancing cost, supply stability, and geopolitical risks. DGCA launches comprehensive audit to enhance aviation safety Context: Following the tragic Air India crash in Ahmedabad that killed over 270 people, the DGCA has launched a Comprehensive Safety Audit to overhaul India’s aviation safety framework and align with global standards. Relevance: GS 3 (Infrastructure, Disaster Management) , GS 2 ( Governance) Trigger Event: The June 12 Air India crash exposed systemic gaps in aviation safety, prompting immediate regulatory introspection and action. Break from the Silo Approach: Previous audits were fragmented, with separate directorates overseeing limited domains. The new audit ends this compartmentalisation for a unified safety review. 360-Degree Safety Check: The audit evaluates Safety Management Systems (SMS), operational protocols, and regulatory compliance across all aviation sectors—airlines, airports, air traffic, and licensing. Multidisciplinary Audit Teams: Expert teams from various DGCA divisions will jointly conduct on-site checks, interviews, and data analysis for a holistic assessment. Proactive Risk Detection: The audit includes surprise inspections and can be triggered by accidents, repeated non-compliance, or operational lapses. Global Benchmarking: The move aims to align India’s aviation safety practices with ICAO’s global SARPs, enhancing international credibility and passenger trust. Use of Advanced Tools: The audit integrates record reviews, simulations, trend analysis, and safety data tracking—shifting from reactive to predictive oversight. Conclusion: The audit marks a strategic shift toward integrated, data-driven aviation safety regulation. Its success depends on effective implementation, institutional accountability, and continuous feedback integration.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 June 2025

Content: India’s solar leap to produce Green Hydrogen by splitting water molecules using only solar energy India’s solar leap to produce Green Hydrogen by splitting water molecules using only solar energy Scientific Breakthrough Scientists at Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru, under DST, developed a next-generation solar device. The device produces green hydrogen by splitting water molecules using only solar energy, without fossil fuels or expensive rare materials. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) What is Green Hydrogen? Cleanest fuel capable of: Decarbonizing heavy industries Powering zero-emission vehicles Storing renewable energy effectively India aims to become a global leader in Green Hydrogen Mission under its clean energy transition. Technology Highlights Built using n-i-p heterojunction (n-type TiO₂, intrinsic Si, p-type NiO). Silicon-based photoanode boosts: Light absorption Charge separation and transport Minimizes recombination losses Fabrication via magnetron sputtering, an industry-ready, scalable technique. Performance & Efficiency Achieved: 600 mV surface photovoltage (SPV) Low onset potential of ~0.11 V_RHE Over 10 hours continuous operation with only 4% degradation in alkaline conditions. Demonstrated at large-scale (25 cm² photoanode) — proving real-world viability. Significance Combines efficiency, scalability, and affordability — rare in current green hydrogen tech. Enables direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion with earth-abundant, non-toxic materials. Supports India’s goal of achieving energy self-reliance and net-zero emissions by 2070. Research Impact & Future Scope Published in Journal of Materials Chemistry A (Royal Society of Chemistry). Encourages future development of solar-hydrogen systems for homes, factories, and mobility. Sets a global benchmark in clean hydrogen innovation. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Water Splitting – CeNS Device (2025) Pros: One-step, clean conversion – no need for external electricity. Scalable using abundant materials (Si, TiO₂, NiO). Low operating voltage (0.11 VRHE) → efficient. Demonstrated long-term stability (10+ hrs, only 4% drop). Cons: Still in R&D stage – not yet widely commercialized. Efficiency lower than best electrolysis methods (as of now). Sensitive to material degradation over time and conditions. Comparison Table Method Pros Cons Electrolysis (RE-based) Mature, modular, high purity High cost, two-system dependency Biomass Gasification Waste utilization, multi-output Partial emissions, supply chain issues Photobiological Natural, ambient Very low efficiency, not scalable Solar Thermal Splitting No electricity, high theoretical yield Complex, high-temp tech PEC (CeNS 2025) Single-step, efficient, scalable Research stage, stability concerns

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 June 2025

Content : Quantum Challenge Lighting the Spark in U.K.-India Cultural Relations It Is Still Not Too Late for India’s Voice to Be Heard Quantum challenge Scientific Breakthrough IIT-Delhi and DRDO successfully demonstrated Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) over 1 km free space. This allows two parties to securely exchange messages, with instant detection of eavesdropping. If scaled via satellites, it could enable a nationwide quantum-secure communication network. Relevance : GS 3(Technology ,Research ) Practice Question : “Quantum cybersecurity offers an uncrackable framework for secure communication, but India’s structural and administrative bottlenecks threaten its leadership potential in quantum technology.” Discuss in the context of the National Quantum Mission.(250 Words) Why Quantum Cybersecurity Matters Current security relies on mathematically hard problems (e.g., RSA encryption). Quantum computers could easily break these using Shor’s algorithm, making conventional encryption obsolete. Quantum cybersecurity offers uncrackable channels, regardless of computing power. National Quantum Mission (NQM) – Context Approved in 2023 with an outlay of ₹6,003 crore (originally proposed ₹8,000 crore in 2020). Has four pillars, including quantum communication. Aims to place India among top global players in quantum tech by 2031. Systemic Challenges in Implementation Funding & Bureaucracy Minimal disbursement of the allocated outlay so far. Researchers face: Just-in-time funding delays Bureaucratic bottlenecks (no single-window clearance) Cumbersome documentation Foreign Dependencies Hardware imports required for cryostats, sensors, etc. Quantum software stacks dominated by MNCs, limiting indigenous development. Talent Retention Issues Low government pay compared to global offers. Researchers on short-term contracts, often renting equipment. Insecure career paths and delays hinder long-term R&D. Comparative Underinvestment India’s quantum budget is: 1/5th of the U.S. 1/20th of China Global quantum race risks leaving India behind without structural upgrades. The Core Argument: Administrative Reform is Critical Scientific excellence cannot be scaled without parallel institutional and administrative reform. India cannot just “clip on” innovation to outdated bureaucratic structures. True progress in quantum technology requires: Decentralized autonomy Agile project execution Researcher-centric funding models Public-private-academic collaboration ecosystems Way Forward Ensure timely, flexible funding and ease of doing research. Build domestic capability in hardware and software. Offer competitive incentives to retain top talent. Empower mission-mode institutions with operational freedom. Lighting the spark in U.K.-India cultural relations Key Diplomatic & Cultural Milestones May 2025 saw two major Indo-U.K. achievements: Ratification of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Signing of the Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC) on May 2, 2025. POCC was signed by: Rt Hon Lisa Nandy (U.K. Secretary of State for Culture) Gajendra Singh Shekhawat (India’s Minister of Culture) Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : India and the United Kingdom’s Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC) is a strategic investment in soft power diplomacy and creative economic collaboration. Examine how such cultural partnerships contribute to India’s global stature and domestic development.(250 Words) Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC): Core Themes Digital technologies for culture Exhibitions and collections Performances and cultural events Cultural property Sustainability in creative practices These areas support India’s creative economy and U.K.’s industrial strategy for economic growth via culture. Global & National Context Creative sector projected to reach 10% of global GDP by 2030. Endorsed during the G20 New Delhi Summit (2023). India hosted WAVES Summit (World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit) for the first time. Lisa Nandy was the highest-ranking international delegate and emphasized creative industries’ role in sustainability and employment generation. India’s Creative Economy – A Snapshot Valuation: $35 billion Workforce: Employs 8% of India’s labour force (second only to agriculture) Diversity: Top 6 of 10 creative hubs are in non-metro regions (e.g., Badgam, Tiruppur) Education infrastructure: 300+ universities, 3,000+ colleges offer design, arts, architecture courses. Opportunities for India–U.K. Collaboration Leverage U.K.’s 1,700+ museums and digital capabilities. Joint efforts in: AI, AR/VR in arts Cultural heritage preservation Skill-building and education Institutions involved: British Council, British Library, Arts Council England, Science Museum Group, etc. Key Challenges Identified Skills gap in the creative sector. Need for vocational training, apprenticeships, global competencies. Adapting to emerging technologies in arts (AI, immersive tech). Urgency to integrate tech into creative education. Example of Corporate–Cultural Collaboration Royal Enfield + UNESCO partnership: Himalayan Knot Project for textile conservation. 580+ artisans supported in the Himalayas. Sustainable craft linked with market access. Strategic Vision PM Modi’s vision: India as a global creative hub. Success depends on trilateral collaboration between: Government Industry Academia Cultural Diplomacy – The Binding Thread Cultural cooperation serves as a soft power bridge in uncertain geopolitical times. People and their stories are the foundation of enduring Indo-U.K. relations. Culture and creativity are healing tools and economic multipliers. It is still not too late for India’s voice to be heard Context On June 13, 2025, Israel conducted airstrikes on Iranian territory, reportedly targeting strategic/military assets. The attack occurred during ongoing diplomatic talks between the U.S. and Iran, raising concerns of regional escalation. The editorial emphasizes India’s diplomatic position in such conflicts and calls for a return to value-based international engagement. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : In light of the recent Israel–Iran escalation, critically examine India’s diplomatic options in West Asia. How can India balance its moral commitments with its strategic interests in the region? (15 marks, 250 words) West Asia Geopolitical Landscape Iran: A signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Was part of the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which imposed limits on uranium enrichment in exchange for sanctions relief. U.S. unilaterally exited JCPOA in 2018. Israel: Not a signatory to NPT. Widely believed to possess nuclear weapons. Conducts periodic pre-emptive strikes on perceived threats in the region. U.S. Intelligence (March 2025): Publicly stated that Iran had not resumed nuclear weapons development since 2003. India’s Stake in West Asia Strategic Interests: Energy security: Iran was a major oil supplier before sanctions. Connectivity: Chabahar Port project and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) were affected by re-imposed sanctions on Iran. Diaspora: Millions of Indians live and work in West Asia; regional stability directly affects their safety and remittances. Balanced Relations: Strong defense and innovation ties with Israel. Historical and cultural ties with Iran, including support on multilateral forums. India’s Traditional Foreign Policy Approach Historically aligned with non-alignment, strategic autonomy, and support for a two-state solution in the Israel–Palestine conflict. Advocated for multilateral diplomacy, respect for sovereignty, and restraint in international affairs. India has previously expressed support for peaceful resolution through dialogue in West Asia. Editorial’s Key Argument The strike on Iran risks further regional destabilization. Occurred during a time when diplomatic engagement was underway — undermining peaceful resolution prospects. Raises concerns over double standards in global diplomacy: while Iran is scrutinized, Israel’s nuclear status and actions receive limited accountability. Urges India to utilize its balanced relationships and diplomatic capital to promote de-escalation and peace in the region. India’s Potential Role India could act as a credible interlocutor, given its good ties with Iran, Israel, and Western nations. Has an opportunity to promote: De-escalation Support for multilateral frameworks (like JCPOA) Humanitarian considerations in conflict zones A proactive stance aligns with India’s aspirations as a responsible global power and voice of the Global South. Diplomatic Balancing Act India must weigh: Moral diplomacy (support for sovereignty, humanitarian principles) Strategic interests (defense ties, energy security, diaspora safety) Adopting a principled, yet pragmatic approach is critical in sensitive international scenarios. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 June 2025

Content : HAL wins ISRO deal to build launch vehicles ₹29,208 cr. foreign assets declared by taxpayers after I-T Dept.’s data audit: govt. BJP accounted for over 44% of ₹3,352 cr. spent by parties in 2024 Lok Sabha polls: ADR Centre forms panel to review competitive exams, cut dependency on coaching centres IAEA warns of nuclear disaster if Israel attacks Iran’s Bushehr plant HAL wins ISRO deal to build launch vehicles Context & Background Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) secured a ₹511 crore Transfer of Technology (ToT) deal from ISRO for Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs). Announced by IN-SPACe, which facilitates private sector participation in India’s space programme. Marks a major step in the commercialisation of India’s space technology. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) About SSLV SSLV is a three-stage solid-fuel launch vehicle developed by ISRO. Designed to place payloads of up to 500 kg into Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Aimed at the growing small satellite market, which is key for: Earth observation Communication Academic and startup payloads Strategic Significance Enables indigenous manufacturing of launch vehicles by HAL. Reduces ISRO’s operational load, freeing it to focus on R&D and deep space missions. Promotes self-reliance in high-technology sectors (Atmanirbhar Bharat). Boosts dual-use technology base (civil + military space capabilities). Economic and Commercial Implications Commercialisation opens avenues for India to become a low-cost global launch service provider. Encourages public-private partnerships and technology spin-offs. HAL will manufacture at least two SSLVs under ISRO guidance during the 2-year ToT phase. Post ToT, HAL will independently build and operate SSLVs for commercial use. Regulatory Framework & Liability Government of India retains international liability for launches under the Outer Space Treaty. Highlights the role of IN-SPACe as a nodal agency regulating private participation. Ensures responsible space conduct, adhering to international space norms. UPSC-Relevant Keywords: Transfer of Technology (ToT) : Licensed tech shift; R&D to production; public to private; capacity building Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) : Mini launch vehicle; <500 kg payload; Low Earth Orbit; rapid deployment IN-SPACe : Regulator for private space; promotes startups; under Dept. of Space; authorisation body Indigenisation of space tech : Domestic capability; import substitution; strategic autonomy; tech self-reliance Private participation in space : Startup ecosystem; commercial launchers; tech transfer; space sector liberalisation Outer Space Treaty : UN space law; peaceful use; no national claims; state liability Public-Private Partnership in Strategic Sectors : Collaborative investment; risk-sharing; tech diffusion; national interest alignment ₹29,208 cr. foreign assets declared by taxpayers after I-T Dept.’s data audit: govt. Context & Recent Development The Income Tax Department, using foreign financial data, identified significant undisclosed foreign assets and income. As per the Finance Ministry (June 2025), this led to taxpayers voluntarily reporting: ₹29,208 crore worth of foreign assets ₹1,089.88 crore of additional foreign income Relevance : GS 2(Governance & International Relations) Source of Information: International Cooperation Data was obtained under the Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) framework. Switzerland and other jurisdictions have been sharing annual financial information of Indian residents. AEOI enables cross-border transparency in financial holdings of residents in foreign countries. Verification & Follow-up by CBDT Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) compared foreign financial data with ITRs filed for Assessment Year (AY) 2024–25. Process included data analytics and discrepancy identification. SMSs and emails were sent to suspected non-compliant taxpayers. Outcomes of the Exercise 24,678 taxpayers reviewed their ITRs. 5,483 taxpayers filed belated returns, disclosing previously unreported: Foreign assets Foreign income Clarification on Swiss Bank Allegations The government refuted media/social media claims of a spike in black money in Swiss banks. Stated that the reported increase may include institutional and enterprise deposits, not just individual assets. Emphasized that all types of accounts (corporate, inter-bank, etc.) are covered in Swiss banking data. Significance for India’s Tax System Highlights success of international tax cooperation and data sharing in tackling black money and tax evasion. Boosts transparency, accountability, and voluntary compliance. Reflects growing use of data-driven tax administration. BJP accounted for over 44% of ₹3,352 cr. spent by parties in 2024 Lok Sabha polls: ADR Context: ADR Report on 2024 Lok Sabha Election Expenditure Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) released data on election expenditure of 32 national and regional parties. Covers expenses during 2024 Lok Sabha elections and simultaneous Assembly polls in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Sikkim (March–June 2024). Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Governance) Key Financial Highlights Total expenditure: ₹3,352.81 crore National parties: ₹2,204 crore (65.75%) Regional parties: ₹1,148.81 crore Top Spenders: BJP: ₹1,493.91 crore (44.56% of total expenditure) Congress: ₹620.14 crore (18.5%) Fund Collection (Electoral Funding Insight) National parties collected: ₹6,930.25 crore (93.08% of total funds) Regional parties collected: ₹515.32 crore (6.92%) Reflects resource asymmetry between national and regional players. Major Heads of Expenditure Publicity: ₹2,008 crore (≈53%) – includes media ads, hoardings, etc. Travel: ₹795 crore ₹765 crore (96.22%) spent on star campaigners Only ₹30 crore spent on other leaders Candidate payments: ₹402 crore (lump-sum) Virtual campaigning: ₹132 crore Disclosure of criminal antecedents: ₹28 crore Ethical & Governance Concerns Disproportionate focus on star campaigners raises questions of equity and inner-party democracy. Heavy publicity and campaign spending reflects increasing commercialisation of elections. Low allocation to disclosing criminal records despite SC-mandated transparency. Points to the need for reforms in electoral funding and expenditure regulation. Centre forms panel to review competitive exams, cut dependency on coaching centres Context: Addressing Coaching Dependency The Union Education Ministry has constituted a high-level panel, headed by Higher Education Secretary Vineet Joshi. Aim: To reduce student dependence on coaching centres and review the fairness and effectiveness of competitive entrance exams. Relevance : GS 2(Education ,Governance) Key Objectives of the Panel (Terms of Reference) Assess causes behind coaching dependence, including: Gaps in school education system Rote learning practices Poor emphasis on critical thinking, reasoning, analytical skills, and innovation Evaluate the role of “dummy schools”: Full-time coaching replacing formal schooling Recommending mechanisms to curb this trend Review current entrance exams: Fairness, accessibility, and inclusiveness Impact on mental health, dropout rates, and education quality Examine formative assessments: Their absence affecting conceptual understanding Need to strengthen school-level evaluation systems Review coaching centre practices: Misleading advertisements and selective success stories Suggest regulatory measures to ensure ethical conduct Study availability of seats in premier institutions: Mismatch between aspirants and opportunities Drives over-competition and reliance on coaching Assess career counselling availability: In both schools and higher education Low awareness of multiple career pathways among students and parents Composition of the Panel Members from: CBSE, NCERT, IIT-Madras, NIT-Trichy, IIT-Kanpur Principals from Kendriya Vidyalaya, Navodaya Vidyalaya, and a private school Joint Secretaries from relevant departments Broader Significance Aims to rebalance focus from coaching-based learning to school-based holistic education Addresses educational inequality, mental health, and pressure due to hyper-competition Promotes a shift towards conceptual and competency-based learning IAEA warns of nuclear disaster if Israel attacks Iran’s Bushehr plant Context: IAEA Warning on Bushehr Nuclear Plant Rafael Grossi, Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), addressed the UN Security Council on the potential risks of a military strike on Iran’s Bushehr nuclear power plant by Israel. The warning comes amid Israel’s ongoing military campaign targeting Iran, including its nuclear-related sites. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Strategic Importance of Bushehr Plant Located in southern Iran, Bushehr is West Asia’s first civilian nuclear reactor. Contains thousands of kilograms of nuclear material, posing a high risk of radioactive contamination if attacked. Built with German assistance in the 1970s under Iran’s Shah; later completed and maintained with Russian collaboration post-1990s. Key Risks Highlighted by IAEA A direct military strike would cause a massive release of radioactivity, leading to: Environmental contamination Health emergencies Evacuations within hundreds of kilometers, including Gulf Arab states — key global energy hubs Even targeting power supply lines could trigger a nuclear meltdown, akin to incidents like Fukushima, due to loss of cooling mechanisms. Humanitarian and Public Health Fallout Populations in the affected zones may be required to: Take iodine to reduce radiation exposure Face food supply restrictions Prepare for large-scale displacement and sheltering protocols Geopolitical & Regional Implications Several West Asian countries have expressed concern directly to IAEA, fearing cross-border fallout. Raises the threat of regional instability, environmental disaster, and global economic disruption (due to proximity to energy routes). Underscores fragility of nuclear safety in conflict zones. Diplomatic Angle & IAEA’s Role Grossi called for a diplomatic resolution and offered to mediate. Reaffirmed IAEA’s ability to ensure that Iran does not divert its nuclear programme for weapon development through its “watertight inspection system.

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