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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 January 2025

Content: ISRO gearing up for its 100th launch from Sriharikota on Jan. 29 Pralay, India’s first quasi-ballistic missile, to be showcased at Republic Day parade Need to tackle the issue of ‘social media pollution’, says CEC Odisha tops NITI fiscal health index, Chhattisgarh next best Study finds link between smartphone use and mental health of adolescents ISRO gearing up for its 100th launch from Sriharikota on Jan. 29 Context : Event: ISRO is set for its 100th launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. Date: Scheduled for January 29, 2025. Mission: Launch of GSLV–F15 with the NVS–02 satellite. Relevance : GS 3(Space ,Technology) Details of the Launch Rocket: GSLV-F15 (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle): Equipped with an indigenous cryogenic upper stage. Designed to place satellites in Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Launch Pad: From the Second Launch Pad at SDSC. About the NVS-02 Satellite Series: Second in the NVS (Navigation Satellite Vehicle) series. Purpose: Part of the NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) initiative. NavIC Overview Definition: India’s independent Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS). Primary Service Area: Covers India and a region extending ~1,500 km beyond the Indian landmass. Ensures strategic autonomy in navigation. Services Offered: Standard Positioning Service (SPS): Open to all users with: Position accuracy: Better than 20 metres. Timing accuracy: Better than 40 nanoseconds. Restricted Service (RS): Encrypted service for authorised users (e.g., military). Technological Advancements in NVS-02 Second-Generation NavIC Satellites: Aimed to augment and replace the existing constellation. Enhanced features ensure continuity and reliability of services. Planned Augmentation: Deployment of five second-generation satellites (NVS-01 to NVS-05) to bolster: Positioning accuracy. Signal strength and coverage. Long-term service continuity. Significance of the 100th Launch Marks a historic milestone in ISRO’s operational journey. Reinforces India’s space ambitions, showcasing: Indigenous technological prowess in rocket and satellite development. Strategic autonomy in critical areas like navigation and communication. Global Context: Highlights India’s position as a key player in: Regional navigation systems. Providing accurate and reliable Position, Velocity, and Timing (PVT) services. Relevance Strategic: Strengthens India’s defence, disaster management, and civil navigation capabilities. Technological: Demonstrates India’s indigenous capacity in advanced satellite and launch vehicle systems. Economic: NavIC’s dual services (SPS/RS) can enable commercial applications, boosting sectors like logistics, agriculture, and telecommunications. Pralay, India’s first quasi-ballistic missile, to be showcased at Republic Day parade Introduction of Pralay: Showcase at Republic Day Parade: Pralay, India’s first indigenous short-range quasi-ballistic missile, will be a centerpiece at the parade. Development Authority: Designed and developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ) Technical and Operational Features: Range: 400 km, enabling effective stand-off strikes. Deployment Flexibility: Suitable for operations along the Line of Control (LoC) and Line of Actual Control (LAC). Configuration: Equipped with a twin-launcher system mounted on an Ashok Leyland 12×12 high-mobility vehicle, ensuring rapid deployment. Significance in Indian Arsenal: Conventional Strike Capability: Pralay is India’s first ballistic missile dedicated to conventional strikes. Enhancing Tactical Edge: Complements existing missiles like BrahMos and Prahaar, broadening the military’s strike capabilities. Deterrence Role: Acts as a strategic deterrent against adversaries, enhancing India’s regional security posture. Procurement and Trials: Development Milestones: Development trials of Pralay are complete, and the Defence Ministry has approved its induction. Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) Approval (2023): Sanctioned the procurement of a few hundred Pralay missiles alongside Nirbhay cruise missiles, ensuring a robust inventory for long-range conventional strikes. Comparative System – Nirbhay Missile: Range: 1,000 km, providing extended reach for land-attack missions. Development Status: A derivative version of Nirbhay has undergone recent flight tests, with trials ongoing. Battlefield Integration: Multi-Branch Utility: Designed for deployment by both the Indian Army and Air Force. Battle Surveillance System – Sanjay: Another notable system being showcased, enhancing situational awareness and reconnaissance. Strategic Importance Border Defense: Pralay offers an agile and rapid response option in scenarios of border skirmishes or heightened tensions along sensitive zones like the LoC and LAC. Force Multiplication: The integration of Pralay alongside BrahMos and Nirbhay strengthens India’s tactical and strategic missile force. Indigenous Development: Highlights India’s growing self-reliance in defense manufacturing, aligning with the “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative. Geopolitical Implications Regional Stability: The missile’s induction signals India’s capability to deter adversaries while maintaining a strategic balance in South Asia. Message to Neighbors: Its deployment capability along both western and northern borders underscores India’s readiness to counter threats from both Pakistan and China. Need to tackle the issue of ‘social media pollution’, says CEC Context: Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) Rajiv Kumar highlighted the pressing issue of “social media pollution” during the valedictory address at an international conference of election management bodies. A comparison was drawn between environmental pollution and the spread of fake and misleading narratives on social media. Relevance: GS 2(Social Issues) Highlights: Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) for Social Media: CEC proposed a GRAPmodel, akin to air pollution control measures, to tackle the adverse impact of misinformation on social media. Focus on curbing fake, unverified, and disruptive content that undermines democratic processes. ‘Delhi Declaration 2025’: A collective commitment by 13 election management bodies to uphold free, fair, and inclusive elections. Emphasis on combating challenges like misinformation that threaten electoral integrity. Accountability of Social Media Platforms: Platforms were urged to introspect and takeproactivesteps before the problem escalates further. Criticism of algorithms that amplify confirmation bias by reinforcing existing perspectives without exposing users to alternative viewpoints. Algorithms need to prevent the spread of detectable fake content. Impact of Social Media Pollution: Fake news and misleading narratives disrupt informed decision-making in elections. Social media platforms were likened to contributors of “internal pollution,” which requires urgent corrective measures. Broader Implications: Elections and Misinformation: Spread of fake news can undermine voter confidence and polarize communities, affecting electoral outcomes. Effective regulation is crucial for democratic integrity. Algorithmic Responsibility: Algorithms need redesigning to prioritize transparency and present balanced perspectives. Need for collaboration between regulators, platforms, and tech experts to develop solutions. Comparative Framework: Drawingparallels between environmental and socialmediapollution underscores the gravity of the issue. It highlights the need for similar proactive and multi-stakeholder approaches to mitigate its impact. Possible Solutions: Strengthening Content Moderation: Mandate social media companies to implement robust mechanisms for detecting and flagging fake or harmful content. Graded penalties for platforms failing to address misinformation effectively. Regulatory Framework: Governments and global organizations must create comprehensivelaws and policies for social media accountability. Periodic audits of algorithms to ensure they align with democratic values. Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating users about the impact of misinformation and tools to verify content can reduce the spread of fake narratives. Collaboration and Research: Encouraging internationalcooperation to share best practices in addressing misinformation. Investments in research for improving algorithmic transparency and combating disinformation. Odisha tops NITI fiscal health index, Chhattisgarh next best Relevance : Facts for Prelims. Top Performer: Odisha ranked first with an overall index score of 67.8, excelling in fiscal health. Other Top Performers: Mineral-rich states like Chhattisgarh, Goa, and Jharkhand were among the “achievers” category. Front-Runners: Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka performed well, showcasing robust fiscal management. Worst Performers: Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Kerala fell into the “aspirational” category, reflecting fiscal instability. Classification: Achievers: Higher capital outlay (up to 4% of GSDP), effective non-tax revenue mobilisation, and low interest payments (up to 7% of revenue receipts).   Front-Runners: High developmental expenditure (up to 73%), consistent growth in tax revenue, and balanced debt management (24% debt-to-GSDP ratio). Fiscal Metrics: Odisha’s Strengths: Debt Index: Top rank with a score of 99.0, reflecting sound debt management. Debt Sustainability: Ranked highest with a score of 64.0. Expenditure Quality: Maintains low fiscal deficits and high capital outlay relative to GSDP. Front-Runner States: Robust tax revenue growth and improved debt sustainability. Significant focus on developmental expenditure. Aspirational States: Struggle with fiscal and revenue deficits. Rising debt burdens and challenges in debt sustainability. Challenges for Aspirational States: Kerala and Punjab: Poor quality of expenditure and low debt sustainability. West Bengal: Issues with revenue mobilisation and debt index performance. Andhra Pradesh: High fiscal deficit and challenges in revenue management. Historical Performance (2014-15 to 2021-22): Top Scorers: Odisha, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh consistently led in fiscal health. Data Source: Metrics derived from Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) reports. Policy Implications: Focus Areas for Improvement: Aspirational states need reforms in debt management and revenue mobilisation. Enhance quality of expenditure to improve fiscal stability. Insights for Front-Runners: Maintain balanced fiscal policies to ensure long-term sustainability. National Relevance: Understanding fiscal health aids effective policy formulation, aligning with recommendations of the 16th Finance Commission. Study finds link between smartphone use and mental health of adolescents Findings from the Survey Sample Size & Scope: The survey covered 10,475 adolescents (ages 13–17) in the U.S. and India. Core Insight: Mental well–being is inversely proportional to the age of smartphone initiation; the younger the age, the sharper the decline in mental health. Specific Declines: Increased feelings of aggression, anger, and irritability. Symptoms such as hallucinations, unwanted thoughts, and detachment from reality. Broader decline beyond sadness and anxiety, encompassing cognitive and emotional disruptions. Relevance: GS 2(Mental Health) Comparative Trends: U.S. vs. India Rate of Decline: Mental well-being deteriorates at a slower pace in India compared to the U.S. In the U.S., both males and females experience steep declines with earlier smartphone exposure. In India: Females show overall mental well-being deterioration. Males experience selective declines in specific aspects, while others improve. Baseline Mental Well-Being: Indian adolescents (both males and females) exhibit worse overall mental well-being compared to their American counterparts. Indian females with early smartphone exposure report increased sleep and health problems in adulthood. Broader Implications Role of Smartphones: The introduction of smartphones (since 2008) aligns with rising mental health concerns among adolescents globally. Aggression and Anger: Strongly correlated with earlier smartphone exposure in both countries. Gender-Specific Outcomes: Differences in mental health impacts suggest the need for targeted interventions. Addressing the Issue Ed-Tech Solutions: Debate on integrating controlled educational technology (ed-tech) in elementary and middle schools to harness benefits while mitigating risks. Parental Controls: Use of apps that restrict smartphone access for non-educational purposes, allowing safe navigation for academic needs. Policy Interventions: Potential regulations for age-appropriate access to smartphones to prevent early exposure. Awareness Campaigns: Educating parents and adolescents on the potential risks of early smartphone use and promoting healthy screen habits. Expert Views Dr. Tara Thiagarajan, neuroscientist, highlighted: The differential pace of mental well-being deterioration in India and the U.S. The nuanced impact of smartphone use on adolescent females in India, particularly on health and sleep in adulthood. She emphasized the urgent need for solutions that balance technology use with adolescent mental health priorities. Broader Context The findings underscore a global concern over adolescent mental health linked to technological adoption. They prompt deeper discussions on cultural, environmental, and policy-specific factors shaping these trends in India and the U.S.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 January 2025

Content : National Girl Child Day 2025 India’s Deep Ocean Mission Gains Momentum: Human Submersible to Launch This Year National Girl Child Day 2025 Context and Significance Date of Celebration: January 24 annually. Objective: To promote awareness about the rights, education, and welfare of girl children, addressing gender disparities and societal challenges. Initiated by: Ministry of Women and Child Development in 2008. Key Focus: Gender equality. Awareness about issues like female foeticide and declining sex ratios. Advocacy for education and empowerment of girls. Relevance : GS 2(Governance,Social Issues ) Important Themes and Objectives a. Awareness of Rights: Highlighting the fundamental rights of girl children, as enshrined in the Constitution of India. Emphasizing their right to education, health, and equal opportunities. b. Advocacy Against Gender Bias: Promoting societal change to eliminate discriminatory practices like female foeticide and child marriage. Focus on improving the child sex ratio and addressing issues of neglect and abuse. c. Empowerment and Welfare: Encouraging education for girls and fostering their participation in societal and economic activities. Promoting an inclusive environment for the holistic growth of girl children. Major Government Initiatives a. Legal Framework: Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (2006): Targets the elimination of child marriages through penalties and awareness. POCSO Act (2012): Protects children from sexual offenses, with updated rules in 2020 for better implementation. Juvenile Justice Act (2015): Ensures care and protection for children in need, addressing their rights comprehensively. b. Dedicated Programs and Schemes: Mission Vatsalya: Aimed at child protection, offering services like the Child Helpline (1098) and the Track Child Portal. The Track Child Portal (2012) links missing children reports with those residing in Child Care Institutions (CCIs). PM CARES for Children Scheme: Supports children orphaned by COVID-19 through education, health, and financial assistance. Collaborations with NIMHANS & E-SAMPARK: Provides mental health and medical care for children, emphasizing emotional well-being. Challenges Addressed Declining Sex Ratio: Rising concerns about societal preferences for male children, leading to skewed ratios. Gender Disparities in Education:Limited access to education for girls in rural and underprivileged areas. Gender-Based Violence:Addressing violence, abuse, and neglect faced by girl children. Broader Implications Social Advancement: Empowering girl children leads to improved societal metrics such as literacy rates, maternal health, and economic productivity. Economic Growth:Educating and empowering girls contributes to workforce diversification and national development. Global Commitments:Aligns with SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 4 (Quality Education). Way Forward Strengthening Implementation: Ensure effective enforcement of child protection laws and policies. Community Engagement: Mobilize local communities to eliminate stereotypes and biases. Focus on Education: Expand educational initiatives tailored to girls, particularly in rural and backward areas. Healthcare Accessibility: Enhance health programs targeting adolescent girls and reduce maternal mortality rates. India’s Deep Ocean Mission Gains Momentum: Human Submersible to Launch This Year Context and Significance Launch Year: 2025 for the first human submersible (500 meters depth). Future Target: A manned mission to explore depths of 6,000 meters in 2026. Objective: To establish India’s dominance in deep-sea exploration. To strengthen the blue economy by unlocking underwater resources. Global Recognition: India joins an elite group of six nations with advanced deep-sea technology capabilities. Relevance: GS 3(Technology) Highlights a. Technological Milestones: Deep-Sea Manned Vehicle (Submersible): The 2025 submersible will operate at a depth of 500 meters. A subsequent model will dive to a depth of 6,000 meters, showcasing advanced engineering and research capabilities. Entirely indigenous technology, reinforcing India’s self-reliance. b. Strategic Vision: Aligns with India’s space mission (Gaganyaan), symbolizing dual achievements in space and ocean exploration. Strengthens the Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) initiative. c. Focus on Sustainability and Economy: Unlock critical resources like: Rare metals and critical minerals: Vital for industries like electronics, renewable energy, and defense. Marine biodiversity: Promotes sustainable fisheries and ecosystem conservation. Contribution to economic growth through the Blue Economy framework. Mission Objectives and Impacts a. Objectives: Resource Exploration: Accessing untapped mineral wealth and rare earth elements on the ocean floor. Discovery of deep-sea biodiversity for sustainable use. Scientific Research: Enhancing understanding of deep-sea ecosystems. Studying potential impacts of climate change on marine environments. Economic Growth: Boosting India’s GDP through sustainable resource utilization. Technological Advancement: Development of cutting-edge indigenous technology. b. Impacts: Economic: Reducing dependency on imported critical minerals. Establishing India as a leader in ocean-based economies. Environmental: Facilitating marine conservation through informed exploration. Global Standing: Strengthening India’s geopolitical position in oceanic resource exploration.  Challenges Addressed Technological Barriers: Advanced materials and pressure-resistant systems are required for missions at extreme depths. Pandemic-Induced Delays: Despite setbacks during COVID-19, the mission’s progress showcases India’s resilience. Environmental Concerns: Commitment to responsible and sustainable exploration to avoid ecological damage. Stakeholders and Contributions Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES): Core agency for implementation. Collaborators: NITI Aayog: Strategic planning and policy alignment. Scientific Advisors: Ensuring cutting-edge innovation and global standards. Leadership: Dr. Jitendra Singh: Highlighting the mission’s significance and alignment with national priorities. Other ministries such as Finance and Defense: Cross-sectoral collaboration. Broader Implications a. Global Recognition: Positions India as a technological leader in oceanic and space exploration. Aligns with international goals such as the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030). b. Blue Economy Potential: Diversification of economic activities related to oceans: Marine biotechnology. Ocean-based renewable energy. Sustainable fisheries. c. Strategic Edge: Strengthens India’s claim in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR), enhancing geopolitical influence. Supports national security by fostering advanced underwater technology. Way Forward Technological Readiness: Strengthen indigenous manufacturing for mission-critical components. Environmental Stewardship: Ensure exploration aligns with global conservation standards. Global Partnerships:Collaborate with other countries and institutions to leverage expertise. Capacity Building: Train scientists and engineers to handle advanced oceanic technology.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 January 2025

Content: India’s winding road to ‘#EndTB’ Rumour has it WHO is right India’s winding road to ‘#EndTB’ Context : Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading infectious disease killer globally as per the 2024 WHO report. India accounts for 26% of the global TB burden, with high cases of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) and TB-related deaths. India pledged to achieve the “End TB” targets by 2025, but the COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted efforts. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Practice Question : Critically analyze the challenges and opportunities in achieving India’s ‘End TB’ targets by 2025. (250 Words) End TB Targets 90% reduction in TB deaths. 80% reduction in new cases. Zero TB-affected families facing catastrophic health expenses by 2030. Current progress: Decline in TB deaths by 24% (2015–2023), but targets are far from reach. Challenges in TB Elimination in India a) Vulnerable Groups Defined high-risk groups: miners, stone carvers, undernourished individuals, and those with co-morbidities (e.g., diabetes). Migrant workers: Poor access to healthcare and lack of continuity in treatment due to mobility. b) Undernutrition and Socioeconomic Factors Undernutrition, silicosis, and overcrowded living conditions increase vulnerability. Addressing these issues requires multi-sectoral action beyond healthcare policies. c) Supply Chain Gaps Despite a 95% treatment initiation rate, 2023 witnessed disruptions in the drug supply chain. Shortages of key drugs forced patients to buy medicines, leading to catastrophic healthcare costs and risk of antibiotic resistance. d) Extrapulmonary TB (EP-TB) Comprises 24% of notified cases, often underdiagnosed due to vague symptoms. Lack of training for general practitioners and frontline workers delays early diagnosis and treatment. e) Diagnostic Challenges Molecular diagnostic tools (e.g., CBNAAT, Truenat) are inaccessible in rural areas. Shortage of trained staff and supply issues hinder timely diagnosis and increase patient expenses. High reliance on specialists and private practitioners delays notification and treatment. Administrative and Programmatic Gaps Frequent guideline updates are not matched by adequately trained human resources. Local ownership of TB programmes is lacking in many regions. Best practices, such as Idukki’s collaboration with Kudumbashree, show the importance of community participation and advocacy. International Case Study Vietnam successfully implemented active case finding for TB among high-risk groups, yielding better outcomes. India could adopt similar strategies to restructure its frameworks. Progress and Opportunities Case notification in India reached the highest level, showcasing increased detection. Decline in TB deaths indicates potential for improvement with strategic interventions. Rumour has it Background : Rumour-Induced Panic A rumour of a fire caused panic among passengers of the Pushpak Express, leading to the pulling of the alarm chain. Passengers deboarded near Pachora station on the side of an adjacent track, unaware of the danger posed by an oncoming train, the Karnataka Express. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : Recent railway accidents in India underscore deeper systemic issues. Discuss the causes and suggest measures to enhance railway safety, with reference to the Pushpak Express accident.(250 Words) Systemic and Technical Shortcomings Design Issues:Absence of auto-locking doors in general compartments made it easy for passengers to deboard unsafely.A curve in the track reduced visibility for the driver of the Karnataka Express, adding to the accident’s inevitability. Brake Binding and Hot Axle Issues:Brake binding (poor maintenance) may have led to sparks and smoke, further fueling panic. Inadequate Emergency Response:Lack of awareness and protocol for safe evacuation in emergencies contributed to the fatalities. Psychological and Behavioral Factors Panic and confusion during emergencies are common in India, as seen in stampedes like the Elphinstone Road tragedy (2017). Passengers’ reactions are often influenced by recent events and heightened fear of accidents. Larger Issues in Railway Safety Infrastructure Deficiencies:General coaches lack modern safety features like automatic doors. Maintenance Failures:Brake binding reflects poor upkeep of rolling stock. Safety Culture:A reactive rather than preventive approach to railway safety results in recurring incidents. Possible Mitigations: Install auto-locking doors in general compartments to prevent unsafe deboarding. Conduct regular maintenance to address issues like brake binding. Train passengers in emergency protocols through regular awareness campaigns. Use advanced signaling and monitoring systems to reduce risks on curved tracks. Recommendations: Technical Upgrades: Retrofittinggeneraltrains with auto-locking doors. Modernizing braking systems to prevent binding. Enhancing track infrastructure for better visibility on curves. Passenger Awareness and Training: Periodicdrills and campaigns on safety protocols during emergencies. Multilingual communication systems to avoid misunderstandings. Organizational Reforms: Strengthen the CommissionerofRailwaySafety’sautonomy and capacity. Foster a preventive safety culture through audits and real-time monitoring. Emergency Response Systems: Install sensors to detectsmoke or sparks early, minimizing false alarms. Equip trains with AI-powered systems to assist in emergency braking and signaling. WHO is right Context and Background U.S. and WHO: The United States has been a founding member and the largest contributor to the World Health Organization (WHO), providing approximately 18% of its funding. Decision to Withdraw: Former President Donald Trump announced the U.S.’s withdrawal in 2020, accusing WHO of mishandling the COVID-19 pandemic and alleged bias towards China. Impact Timeline: The decision required a 12-month notice period, during which funding commitments were to cease. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : The U.S.’s decision to withdraw from the World Health Organization (WHO) has significant implications for global health governance. Discuss the consequences of such a move and suggest measures to strengthen WHO’s role in addressing global health challenges.(250 Words) Significance of U.S. Contributions to WHO Financial Dependency: U.S. funding supports critical global health programs, including: HIV/AIDS Interventions: Providing antiretroviral therapy and preventive measures. Tuberculosis Control: Detection, treatment, and eradication strategies. Disease Eradication Campaigns: Efforts to eliminate polio and other infectious diseases. Equity in Healthcare: WHO ensures global access to life-saving drugs and vaccines, particularly in low-income countries. Global Disease Surveillance: U.S. funding aids WHO’s capacity to monitor and prevent disease outbreaks globally. Consequences of U.S. Withdrawal Global Health Programs: A funding vacuum risks halting or delaying vital healthcare initiatives, especially in vulnerable regions. Pandemic Preparedness: Collaborative efforts to tackle pandemics, such as COVID-19, may weaken without U.S. leadership. Research and Innovation: U.S. withdrawal could undermine WHO’s efforts in global research collaboration for vaccines and treatments. Geopolitical Influence: Loss of U.S. influence in WHO decisions could pave the way for other nations, like China, to assume leadership roles, altering the balance of power in global health governance. Rationale Against Withdrawal Interdependence in Global Health: Pathogens do not recognize borders, and pandemic containment requires cooperation among nations. COVID-19 Lessons: The pandemic underscored the need for shared data, resources, and coordinated response mechanisms. Damage to U.S. Leadership: Abandoning WHO undermines U.S. credibility and leadership in addressing global challenges. Counterarguments and Criticism of WHO Allegations of Bias: Critics, including Mr. Trump, argue WHO was slow in responding to COVID-19 and allegedly too lenient on China. Reform Needs: While WHO has acknowledged certain gaps, internal reforms to improve responsiveness and transparency are critical. Funding Structure: Over-reliance on voluntary contributions from a few nations (like the U.S.) creates vulnerabilities in its financial model. Broader Implications Global Solidarity vs. Isolationism: U.S. withdrawal signals a move away from multilateralism, impacting global efforts to tackle health crises. Economic Costs: Pandemic mismanagement due to weakened global collaboration can have cascading economic consequences for all nations.   Butterfly Effect: The decision risks triggering a chain of unpredictable global consequences, such as fragmented disease response systems.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 January 2025

Content: Use of loudspeakers not crucial for any religion: Bombay HC Drought, debt, and death in Maharashtra Is poverty being underestimated in India? Is France’s influence in West Africa over? MDL-TKMS bid for P-75I submarine tender clears technical evaluation States yet to use ₹70,744-cr. funds for welfare of workers The hidden dangers of Rhodamine B: a global and local perspective Use of loudspeakers not crucial for any religion: Bombay HC Ruling: Use of loudspeakers is not essential to any religion, according to the Bombay High Court. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary, Governance, Health) Health Concerns: Court highlighted that noise is a major health hazard, justifying the need to regulate loudspeakers. Court Direction: Law enforcement agencies directed to act promptly against noise pollution violations. Religious institutions urged to use sound systems with auto-decibel limits to control noise. Background: The ruling came from a petition filed by housing associations in Kurla, Mumbai, citing police inaction regarding noise pollution from masjids. Noise Pollution Concern: Petitioners argued that loudspeakers used for religious purposes, violated Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Cosmopolitan Nature of Mumbai: The court emphasized Mumbai’s diversity, stating that granting loudspeaker permissions could infringe on public peace. Article 19 & 25: Court ruled that denying loudspeaker permissions does not infringe on religious rights under Articles 19 (freedom of speech) and 25 (freedom of religion) of the Constitution. Public Interest: The court stressed that denying loudspeaker permissions is in the public interest, to maintain peace in the cosmopolitan city. Citizens’ Plight: The court acknowledged that common citizens suffer due to the use of loudspeakers and amplified sounds, making it the responsibility of the state and authorities to enforce the law. Drought, debt, and death in Maharashtra Context : High Farmer Suicides: In 2024, over 800 farmer suicides were recorded in Maharashtra’s Marathwada region alone, with districts like Nanded, Beed, and Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar witnessing the highest number. Relevance: GS 2(Social Justice) , GS 3(Agriculture) Impact on Families: Widows and children are left to bear the financial and emotional consequences of these suicides, often facing poverty, stigma, and additional burdens like unpaid debts. Debt as a Common Thread: Many suicides were triggered by mounting debts, especially from non-banking financial corporations (NBFCs), which keep farmers trapped in a vicious cycle. Weather Extremes: Droughts, unseasonal rainfall, and crop destruction worsen the situation for farmers in the region. Marathwada, already drought-prone, has been hit by excessive rainfall, further exacerbating financial distress. Regional Disparity: While Maharashtra’s Marathwada is the most affected, the crisis is widespread across rural India. In 2022, 38% of farmer suicides in India occurred in Maharashtra. Social Impact: The social stigma of suicide, especially in rural areas, complicates the grieving process for families. Many children, particularly girls, are forced to drop out of school to help support their families. Economic Struggles: The average income of agricultural households is extremely low, making survival difficult. The lack of fair pricing for farm produce compounds the economic distress. Systemic Issues: Despite government schemes, there is a gap between policy and reality, with many families left to fend for themselves. Expert Views: Journalists and policy experts argue that the low prices for farm produce, coupled with the growing cost of living, contribute to the agrarian crisis. The systemic failure to provide fair compensation for farmers leads to increasing debt and loss of life. Government Response: While political leaders have promised measures like MSP guarantees and crop loan waivers, the effectiveness of these promises remains questionable, with many farmers still unable to escape the financial trap. Mental Health Crisis: Beyond financial distress, the mental health impact of such widespread suicides and grief on surviving family members is an urgent concern, with survivors often facing isolation and helplessness. Is poverty being underestimated in India? Poverty Definition: Historically, poverty was defined by calorie consumption, later updated through National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) data. Over time, discrepancies between NSSO and National Accounts led to concerns about data accuracy. Methodological shifts, like the introduction of multiple recall periods, have complicated comparisons. Relevance : GS 2 (Social Issues) Debate on Poverty Decline: P.C. Mohanan: Questions the drastic decline in poverty based on the varying poverty lines and data inconsistencies. N.R. Bhanumurthy: Acknowledges a decline but attributes it to high GDP growth, government welfare programs, and improved public delivery systems, suggesting further decline in poverty. Concerns with HCES Data: Issues with recall periods (e.g., 7 days for food, 30 days for others) affect data consistency. NSSO’s new methodology (multi-sitting household visits) improves data accuracy but presents challenges when compared with older poverty lines. The need for a new, universally agreed poverty line based on current methodologies is emphasized. Rural vs Urban Poverty: PCM: Rural-urban consumption gap is narrowing, with rural areas improving and urban consumption diversifying. NRB: Calls for clearer definitions of rural and urban areas to refine poverty estimation. Upward Revision of Poverty Line: PCM: Cites a study estimating 25% poverty using Rangarajan’s methodology, but doubts a straightforward update to the poverty line. NRB: Disagrees with the 25% figure, citing international data like UNDP’s estimate of 12.9% poverty in India in 2019. Emphasizes the need for a consistent methodology for poverty line estimation. Multidimensional Poverty Index Criticisms: UNDP’s methodology is global, leaving countries to tailor it. India’s multidimensional poverty index has 12 indicators, including bank accounts and maternal health, which is seen as a positive by NRB. PCM: Critiques the index for its static nature, where once a household achieves basic services, it remains classified as non-deprived, potentially underestimating ongoing vulnerabilities. Conclusion: Both experts agree that while poverty has reduced, the methodologies for measuring it are inconsistent, and there is a need for clearer definitions and better data to ensure more accurate poverty assessments. Is France’s influence in West Africa over? French Troop Withdrawals: Ivory Coast, Chad, and Senegal have requested the withdrawal of French troops, with Ivory Coast’s President Ouattara announcing a deadline of January 31, 2024. Chad terminated its defense cooperation agreement in November, while Senegal called for the closure of all French military bases in December. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Reasons for Withdrawal Requests: National Sovereignty: France’s military presence in former colonies (Ivory Coast, Chad, and Senegal) has been seen as incompatible with national sovereignty, according to local governments. Presidents like Mahamat Daby of Chad argue that ending defense agreements is necessary to restore national independence. Public Dissatisfaction: Despite fighting insurgencies tied to ISIS and al-Qaeda since 2014, French troops failed to prevent the spread of insurgency, leading to anti-French sentiments. Shift in Regional Relations: West African nations are diversifying their security and political alliances, increasingly turning to Russia for military support. Impact on West African Countries: Insurgency and Terrorism: The withdrawal has not solved the insurgency problem in countries like Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso, which still rank highly on the Global Terrorism Index. Regional Alliances: The anti-French sentiment has led to the formation of the Alliance of Sahel States (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso), which may now extend to Chad, Senegal, and Ivory Coast for regional counter-terrorism efforts. Implications for France: End of ‘Françafrique’: France’s influence in Africa, which it maintained through colonial-era pacts (known as ‘Françafrique’), is effectively over. Political and Economic Setbacks: France’s political influence in Ivory Coast and other countries is diminishing, undermining its economic interests in the region. Military and Global Reputation: The withdrawal of troops challenges France’s image as a global leader in counter-terrorism and a defender of human rights, as its military presence supported pro-France leaders. Uncertain Future in Ivory Coast: Ivory Coast may remain somewhat tied to France due to enduring political and economic ties. Larger Trend of Declining European Influence: Geopolitical Shifts: Europe’s declining presence in Africa is attributed to internal struggles (e.g., the war in Ukraine) and a focus on domestic issues like migration. Rise of Russia and China: Russia has capitalized on the military vacuum left by France, while China’s economic influence grows through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative. EU Challenges: Europe’s trade surplus with Africa has dropped significantly, and its foreign policy is increasingly inward-looking, with less emphasis on African expansion. Russia’s Growing Influence: Russia has gained ground by filling the military gap left by French withdrawals, offering security partnerships without the democratic baggage associated with the West. Future Outlook: Europe may shift to more security-focused foreign policies, while China and Russia continue to expand their influence in Africa, presenting challenges for European powers. MDL-TKMS bid for P-75I submarine tender clears technical evaluation Milestone Achieved: The bid from Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), Mumbai, and Germany’s TKMS (Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems) has cleared the technical evaluation for the P-75I submarine project. Relevance : GS 3 (Defence and Security) Competitor’s Bid: The bid from Larsen & Toubro and Navantia of Spain did not clear the technical evaluation. Project Overview: The ₹43,000 crore project involves acquiring six advanced conventional submarines, with a focus on indigenization and technological upgrades. Price Revision Expected: The benchmarked price was set a decade ago, and due to technological advancements, inflation, and currency fluctuations, the final cost is expected to rise significantly. Evaluation Process: Compliance checks for both bids were completed in June last year as part of Field Evaluation Trials (FET). The bids were scrutinized by the Ministry of Defence and opened last week. MDL-TKMS’s bid was found technically compliant, and commercial negotiations will now begin based on the submitted price. Indigenous Content Requirement: The Request For Proposal (RFP) specifies that the first submarine must have 45% indigenous content, increasing to 60% for the sixth submarine. Key Selection Criterion: A major factor in qualifying for the P-75I is the Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) module, which enhances the endurance and stealth of the submarine. MDL-TKMS Offering: The MDL-TKMS bid is based on the Class 214 submarine design, known for its operational success and proven AIP module. Navantia’s Offering: Navantia has proposed a design based on the new S80 class, with the first submarine (S-81 ‘Isaac Peral’) launched in 2021 and commissioned in b. States yet to use ₹70,744-cr. funds for welfare of workers Context : Unused Funds for Worker Welfare under Building and Construction Workers Act Unused Funds: States have yet to utilize ₹70,744.16 crore in cess funds collected for the welfare of building and other construction workers. Relevance :GS 2 (Governance, Polity) Fund Collection: Since 2005, under the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, ₹1,17,507.22 crore has been collected as cess from employers, but only ₹67,669.92 crore has been allocated for workers’ welfare. RTI Reply: The Union Labour Ministry revealed the cess funds collected by State Welfare Boards remain largely unspent, despite being collected from employers for worker welfare. Act Background: The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996, mandates States to collect cess (1%-2% of construction cost) for worker welfare. Workers Registered: As of September 30, 2024, 5,73,48,723 workers have registered with 36 State Welfare Boards. Post-COVID Concerns: Complaints arose regarding the lack of support for construction workers during the COVID-19 exodus to villages. Cess Evasion: Trade union leaders suggest significant cess evasion by builders. In Maharashtra, ₹19,489.25 crore in cess was collected over 19 years, indicating inflated construction costs and possible tax evasion. Lack of Data: The Labour Ministry could not provide data on the actual cost of construction projects, highlighting gaps in transparency. State Spending: States have allocated meager funds for workers: Maharashtra: ₹13,683.18 crore spent Karnataka: ₹7,921.42 crore spent Uttar Pradesh: ₹7,826.66 crore spent Impact of Social Security Code: The upcoming Code on Social Security could dilute the cess collection process and reduce employer obligations, potentially depriving workers of statutory benefits. State Implementation Issues: Except for Kerala, most States and Union Territories are not effectively implementing the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, leading to curtailed benefits for workers The hidden dangers of Rhodamine B: a global and local perspective What is Rhodamine B: A synthetic dye used in textiles, paper, leather, and scientific research due to its fluorescent properties. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Health Risks: Studies indicate Rhodamine B can cause DNA damage, leading to mutations and potential cancerous growths. Animal studies have shown tumors in organs like the liver and bladder following prolonged exposure. Global Concerns: United States: FDA has long banned Rhodamine B in food products, reinforcing the ban in January 2025 due to carcinogenic risks, particularly in candies and baked goods. European Union: Classified as a substance of very high concern, restricting its use in cosmetics and consumer goods. Indian Perspective: Tamil Nadu: Banned cotton candy production and sale after detecting Rhodamine B in samples (February 2024). The ban is aimed at public health and ensuring safe, colour-free cotton candy. Karnataka: Prohibited Rhodamine B in street foods like “Gobi Manchurian” and cotton candy (March 2024). Violators face severe penalties, including imprisonment. Puducherry & Himachal Pradesh: Followed Tamil Nadu’s lead with similar bans on cotton candy. Expert Opinions: Mohammed Mithi (Oncologist): Synthetic dyes, including Rhodamine B, may pose carcinogenic risks due to their chemical components and DNA damage in animal models. Long-term exposure remains a concern, particularly for vulnerable groups (children, elderly, immunocompromised). Abyramy Balasundaram (Dermatologist): Synthetic dyes may cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, but long-term exposure could lead to chronic skin issues. Rhodamine B was banned in cosmetics in the EU in the 1990s due to potential carcinogenic effects. India’s Food Safety Ecosystem: Priyadarshini Chidambaram (Health Specialist): India’s research on food dye safety is weak. There is a need for proactive studies on synthetic dyes, with collaborations between FSSAI and academic institutions to align with global standards. Public education and strict enforcement are essential to combat the health risks posed by harmful additives.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 January 2025

Content: Collaborative Action Plan for Upliftment of PVTGs Discussed at National Conference of District Magistrates by Ministry of Tribal Affairs eSankhyiki Surpasses 100 Million Records Milestone Collaborative Action Plan for Upliftment of PVTGs Discussed at National Conference of District Magistrates by Ministry of Tribal Affairs Context : PM JANMAN Initiative: A transformative program launched in 2023 to uplift PVTGs by providing essential amenities and sustainable livelihoods, fostering inclusive development. Relevance : GS 1 (Indian Society),GS 2 (Governance). Summary : Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN): Launched: November 15, 2023 (Janjatiya Gaurav Divas). Objective: Holistic socio-economic upliftment of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Focus Areas: Housing (pucca houses), drinking water, sanitation, education, healthcare. Road and telecom connectivity. Sustainable livelihoods through initiatives like Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs) and skill development. Budgetary Allocation: ₹24,000 crore over 2023-24 to 2025-26. Implementation through nine line Ministries/Departments. Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA): Nodal Ministry for PM JANMAN. Role: Collaborates with State Tribal Welfare Departments to ensure saturation of benefits in tribal villages. National Conference of District Magistrates: Date: January 21, 2025. Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Participants: District Magistrates, State Tribal Welfare Departments, line Ministries. Aim: Exchange of best practices and creation of a comprehensive action plan. Thematic Areas: Housing (Aawas): Focus on pucca house construction under rural development schemes. Road Connectivity: Infrastructure development in remote tribal habitations. Drinking Water (Jal Jeevan Mission): Saturation of villages with reliable drinking water facilities. Education: Development of school hostels for tribal children. Anganwadi Centres (AWCs): Operationalization of AWCs in PVTG areas. Multi-Purpose Centres (MPCs): Establishment and development in underserved areas. Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs): Focus on training, toolkit distribution, and livelihood generation for PVTGs. Action Plan and Observations: District Magistrates’ Role: Central to last-mile delivery of essential services. Monitor on-ground progress and resolve implementation challenges. Participation: 88 districts from 18 states participated. Emphasis on inter-district learning through high-performing districts’ best practices. Collaboration: Ministries involved: Rural Development, School Education, Women and Child Development, Drinking Water and Sanitation. Collaborative discussions focused on bridging gaps and finalizing actionable goals. Cultural Preservation: Alignment with tribal heritage alongside socio-economic integration. Key Takeaways: Empowering PVTGs: Comprehensive focus on education, healthcare, infrastructure, and livelihood ensures inclusive growth for vulnerable communities. Grassroots Impact: Strong emphasis on saturation of services in underserved regions ensures development equity. Government Commitment: Continued efforts by MoTA and line Ministries reaffirm commitment to tribal empowerment and fulfilling PM’s vision of Viksit Bharat. Need for Accountability: Effective monitoring mechanisms are crucial to achieving tangible results by the end of 2025-26. Cultural Integration: Development initiatives must balance economic upliftment with the preservation of tribal culture and traditions. eSankhyiki Surpasses 100 Million Records Milestone Context : eSankhyiki Milestone: India’s premier statistical platform surpasses 134 million records, showcasing advancements in data-driven governance and global statistical excellence. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Milestone Achieved: 134 million records hosted on eSankhyiki within seven months of its launch in June 2024. Reinforces India’s leadership in leveraging data for evidence-based policymaking. About eSankhyiki: India’s premier platform for statistical data dissemination. Developed using open-source tools and in-house expertise. Provides a repository of time-series data in key domains: National Accounts Statistics (NAS). Price Statistics. NSS Surveys. Economic Census. Index of Industrial Production (IIP). Features:User-friendly dashboards.Data filtering, visualization, and export options.APIs for advanced usage. Follows the principle of Data as Public Good. Alignment with Global Commitments: India’s membership in the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC). Demonstrates adherence to international standards in data dissemination. Promotes data democratization for sustainable development. Vision for the Future: Expansion with new datasets. Introduction of AI-powered search capabilities. Advanced features like personalized dashboards and interactive infographics to improve user experience. Significance: Data-Driven Governance: Enhances the availability of credible data for policymakers, researchers, businesses, and citizens. Facilitates evidence-based policymaking across domains. Global Leadership in Statistics: Reflects India’s role as a leader in data democratization. Strengthens India’s position in global statistical practices under the UNSC. Sustainable Development: Supports data-driven decision-making, ensuring that governance aligns with sustainability goals. Technological Innovation: Use of open-source tools promotes cost-effective, scalable solutions. Planned AI capabilities signal a push toward cutting-edge technologies in statistical data dissemination. Takeaways: Empowerment through Data: eSankhyiki democratizes access to critical statistical information, making it a powerful tool for: Researchers. Policymakers. Businesses. Citizens. Enhancing Transparency: Promotes openness and transparency in governance. Establishes data as a foundation for policy credibility. Future Prospects: The planned integration of AI and interactive tools will further enhance accessibility and engagement, fostering data literacy among users. Support for India’s Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav: The milestone aligns with the celebration of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, reflecting the nation’s progress in leveraging technology and innovation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 January 2025

Content: Burials Must Be Held Only in Designated Graveyards for Each Faith: Supreme Court In a First, a Tribal King from Kerala to Attend Republic Day Parade in Delhi Is the Government Encouraging ‘Crosspathy’? Flagship Scheme for Girl Child Has Helped Defeat Bias: Modi National Health Mission Has Curbed Several Public Health Concerns, Says Centre’s Report Space Telescopes Stumble on Rule-Breaking Black Hole Burials must be held only in designated graveyards for each faith: Supreme Court Core Issue: A family’s request to bury Pastor Subhas Baghel in their native village (Chhindawada, Chhattisgarh) vs. the state’s proposed designated Christian graveyard in Bastar district. Relevance : GS2(Polity and Governance) Court Observations: Affidavit by Chhattisgarh deemed “vague”; Court demanded clarity on the location, boundaries, and exclusivity of the Christian graveyard. Justice B.V. Nagarathna: Urged resolution as the body had been in the morgue since January 7; emphasized burials must occur in designated areas specific to faith. Justice Satish Chandra Sharma: Stressed the importance of burial in an officially designated Christian graveyard. State Government’s Stand: Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta: Defended the state’s designated graveyard for Christians in Bastar and offered to install signboards to avoid confusion. Family’s Argument: Senior advocate Colin Gonsalves: Criticized the state’s approach as discriminatory and hostile, asserting the burial should take place in Chhindawada per family traditions. Key Legal and Religious Implications: Religious Freedom: Addresses the right to practice one’s faith in burial practices. State’s Role: Highlights the need for clear designation and respect for religious burial grounds. Discrimination: Raises concerns about bias in the treatment of burial practices of minority communities. Next Steps: The Supreme Court has reserved its order and requested a revised affidavit from the state for a detailed and conclusive resolution. In a first, a tribal king from Kerala to attend Republic Day parade in Delhi Historical First: Raman Rajamannan, head of the Mannan tribe, becomes the first tribal king from Kerala to attend the Republic Day parade in Delhi. Relevance : GS 1(Society),GS 2(Governance) Invitation Details: Guests of the Scheduled Tribes Development Department. Travel expenses covered by the SC Development Department. Planned Activities: Meeting national leaders, including the President of India. Visiting landmarks like Agra and Delhi’s historical sites. Tribal Representation: Center’s initiative for tribal participation at Republic Day. Recognizes the Mannan tribe’s heritage and cultural significance. About the Mannan Community: Settled in Kozhimala, Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary buffer zone, Kerala. Unique system of 48 settlements ruled by a king. King plays a central role in cultural and social traditions. Impact and Significance: Visibility: Highlights Kerala’s indigenous traditions on a national platform. Recognition: Acknowledges the role of tribal leadership in Indian culture. Tribal Welfare: Reflects efforts to integrate tribal voices into national discourse. Is the government encouraging ‘crosspathy’? Maharashtra FDA Directive: Allows homeopathic practitioners with a modern pharmacology certificate to prescribe allopathic medicines. Controversial as it challenges a Bombay High Court stay from 2017 on a similar matter raised by the Indian Medical Association (IMA). Relevance : GS 2(Health , Governance) Legal Background on Crosspathy: Supreme Court Stance: Opposes crosspathy, deeming it medical negligence (e.g., Poonam Verma case, 1996). Judicial Precedents: Cross-system practice is generally disallowed unless explicitly permitted under state orders. Government’s Rationale: Doctor Shortage: India has over 13 lakh allopathic doctors but faces significant gaps in rural areas and specialized fields. Integrative Medicine Push: AYUSH practitioners are seen as a resource to bridge healthcare access gaps. Challenges and Concerns: Patient Safety: IMA argues untrained practitioners risk patient well-being. Policy Ambiguity: FDA’s directive conflicts with court orders, highlighting regulatory gaps. Infrastructure Issues: Shortages in rural healthcare and lack of clear guidelines for AYUSH integration exacerbate challenges. Strategic Approach: Role of AYUSH: Should focus on complementary healthcare roles, not replacing modern medicine. Regulation Need: Proper oversight is crucial to prevent risks and ensure integrative medicine functions effectively. Flagship scheme for girl child has helped defeat bias Launch and Objective Initiation: Launched on January 22, 2015, in Panipat, Haryana. Objective: Improve the declining child sex ratio (CSR) and promote women empowerment. Multi-Ministerial Collaboration: Involves Women and Child Development, Health and Family Welfare, and Education Ministries. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Schemes) Important Achievements Child Sex Ratio (CSR): Improved from 918 (2014-15) to 930 (2023-24), showing progress in gender equality at birth. Education: Girls’ secondary enrolment rose from 75.51% to 78%, indicating enhanced educational access. Healthcare: Institutional deliveries increased from 61% to 97.3%. Antenatal care registrations (first trimester) improved from 61% to 80.5%. Awareness and Advocacy: Nationwide campaigns fostered awareness of gender equality. Grassroots organizations played a vital role in amplifying outreach. Impact and Focus Empowerment: Strengthened education and healthcare access for girls. Community Involvement: Enhanced participation in local initiatives. Sustainability: Emphasis on maintaining momentum to ensure equal opportunities for girls across the nation. National Health Mission has curbed several public health concerns Context: Achievements of the National Health Mission (NHM) in improving healthcare access, reducing mortality rates, and strengthening rural and community-based healthcare systems Relevance : GS 2(Health,Governance ) Reduction in Mortality Ratios Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): Decline of 83% since 1990, outpacing the global reduction of 45%. Impact: Improved maternal healthcare and access. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Reduced from 39 (2014) to 28 per 1,000 live births (2020). Impact: Enhanced neonatal care and newborn health services. Improvement in Fertility Rate Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Declined from 2.3 (2015) to 2.0 (2020) per NFHS-5. Impact: Better family planning and women’s health services. Healthcare Workforce Expansion Workforce Engagement: 2021-22: 2.69 lakh healthcare workers engaged. 2022-23: 4.21 lakh professionals, including 1.29 lakh Community Health Officers (CHOs). 2023-24: 5.23 lakh workers, including 1.38 lakh CHOs. Impact: Strengthened healthcare delivery, especially in rural areas. Health Emergencies Response Integrated System: Effective response to pandemics and disease outbreaks. Impact: Improved preparedness for public health crises. Control of Communicable Diseases Tuberculosis (TB): Targeted interventions for early detection, treatment, and prevention. Impact: Lower TB incidence and progress towards elimination. Sickle Cell Anaemia: Focused initiatives to reduce incidence and improve care. Impact: Enhanced quality of life for affected individuals. Strategic Areas of Focus Maternal and Child Health: Progress towards SDG targets ahead of 2030. Integrated Healthcare: Unified approach combining primary care, vaccination, and disease control. Rural Healthcare: Addressing gaps in underserved areas through CHOs and expanded infrastructure. Space telescopes stumble on rule-breaking black hole Context : LID-568 is a low-mass supermassive black hole existed 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang. Detected using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Chandra X-ray Observatory. Relevance : GS 3(Science) Important Findings: Feeding at an exceptional rate, nearly 40 times higher than previously thought possible. Exceeds the Eddington limit, leading to super-Eddington accretion (a rare and short-lived phenomenon). Surpasses the Eddington limit by a factor of 40, unlike other super-Eddington black holes (which exceed it by a factor of 2-3). Significance: Challenges traditional black hole growth theories that suggest gradual accretion over millions of years. Implies that rapid mass accumulation could occur in short bursts, possibly explaining quick formation of supermassive black holes in the early universe. Characteristics: Located 2.3 billion light-years away, expanding the known distance for super-Eddington black holes. Impact on Current Models: Suggests supermassive black holes could rapidly gain mass during intense feeding periods, challenging long-accumulation models. Future Research Directions: Observing similar galaxies with fast-feeding black holes to understand feeding mechanisms. Exploring how long a black hole can maintain super-Eddington accretion and the prevalence of this behavior. Theoretical Explanations for Super-Eddington Accretion: Mechanisms may include thick accretion discs, powerful jets, and black hole mergers. Follow-up observations with JWST will help test these theories. Broader Implications: The discovery could reshape our understanding of how supermassive black holes form in the early universe and influence cosmic evolution.

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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 January 2025

Content: Investing in Her Future Empowering India’s Daughters Investing in Her Future The Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (SSY) has completed a decade since its launch on 22nd January 2015. As part of the larger Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Campaign, SSY focuses on securing the financial and social empowerment of young girls in India.  This initiative has opened over 4.1 crore accounts (as of November 2024), symbolizing societal progress toward gender equity and economic inclusion. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Schemes) Features of Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana Eligibility Accounts can be opened for a girl child aged below 10 years. Only one account per child is allowed; however, exceptions are made for twins or triplets. The account remains valid as long as the child is a resident Indian until maturity or closure. Account Opening Process Can be opened at any post office or designated bank branch. Requires documents such as a birth certificate, identity proof, and residence proof. Deposits Minimum annual deposit: ₹250. Maximum annual deposit: ₹1.5 lakh. Deposits can be made for 15 years from the account opening date. Interest Rate and Calculation Interest is calculated monthly and credited annually. Ensures consistency in financial growth regardless of account office transfers. Maturity The account matures 21 years after opening or earlier in case of the account holder’s marriage (minimum age: 18 years). Withdrawals Up to 50% of the balance can be withdrawn for education after the account holder turns 18 or completes the 10th standard. Premature Closure Allowed in specific cases such as the account holder’s death, medical emergencies, or the guardian’s death, subject to documentation. Achievements Financial Empowerment: Over 4.1 crore accounts have been opened, providing economic security for millions of families. Social Transformation: Encourages gender equity by emphasizing girls’ education and future financial planning. Increased Awareness: The rise in account openings reflects growing societal acceptance of financial discipline for girls. Challenges Limited Reach in Rural Areas: Awareness and accessibility are still limited in some remote regions. Compliance Issues: Lack of proper documentation can deter families from opening accounts. Misuse of Funds: The potential misuse of withdrawn funds by guardians remains a concern. Way Forward Enhanced Awareness Campaigns: Utilize digital platforms, local self-help groups, and community leaders to improve outreach in rural areas. Digital Integration: Simplify account management processes through mobile apps and online banking services. Monitoring Mechanisms: Strengthen safeguards to ensure withdrawals are used for the intended purposes, particularly education. Periodic Review of Interest Rates: Ensure that the scheme remains attractive by maintaining competitive interest rates. Conclusion Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana has laid a robust foundation for empowering India’s girl child by intertwining financial security with social progress. Its 10-year journey symbolizes a step forward in achieving gender equity, fostering financial literacy, and building an inclusive future. The scheme’s continued success depends on addressing the remaining challenges while furthering its outreach and impact. Empowering India’s Daughters Introduction Launch Date: 22nd January 2015, Panipat, Haryana, by PM Narendra Modi. Objective: Address declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR), prevent gender-biased sex-selective practices, and promote survival, protection, and education of the girl child. Focus: Empowering girls and fostering societal change through inclusive policies. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Schemes) Integration with Mission Shakti Objective: Holistic women’s safety and empowerment initiative during the 15th Finance Commission period (2021–2026). Sub-Schemes: Sambal: Focus on safety and security: One Stop Centres (OSCs), Women Helpline (181). Expansion of BBBP nationwide. Nari Adalat for grievance redressal. Samarthya: Focus on empowerment: Facilities like Shakti Sadans, Sakhi Niwas, and Palna-Creche. PMMVY now includes benefits for a second girl child to improve maternal health. Key Objectives Prevent gender-biased sex-selective elimination. Ensure survival and protection of the girl child. Promote education and participation. Improve Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) by 2 points annually. Increase institutional deliveries and early ANC registration. Reduce school dropout rates for girls. Promote menstrual hygiene management (MHM). Focus Areas and Target Groups Primary Groups: Young couples, expecting parents, adolescents, and communities. Secondary Groups: Schools, medical professionals, Anganwadi Centers, local bodies, SHGs, and media. Financial and Operational Structure Funding: Centrally sponsored with 100% Central Government funding. District-Wise Allocations: Based on SRB: ≤918: ₹40 lakh/year. 919–952: ₹30 lakh/year. 952: ₹20 lakh/year. Achievements Improvement in SRB: Increased from 918 (2014-15) to 933 (2022-23). Girls’ Enrollment in Secondary Education: Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) rose from 75.51% (2014-15) to 79.4% (2021-22). Increased Institutional Deliveries: From 87% (2014-15) to over 94% (2019-20), reducing maternal and infant mortality. Awareness Campaigns: Selfie with Daughter campaign gained widespread traction. Beti Janmotsav to celebrate girl child births. Economic Empowerment of Women: Vocational training and skill development for young girls. Initiatives like Khelo India to promote sports talent among girls. Key Interventions Multi-Sectoral Interventions: Self-defence camps, construction of girls’ toilets, and awareness of the PC-PNDT Act. Sanitary napkin vending machines in educational institutions. Awareness Campaigns: Annual National Girl Child Day (24th January). CRPF’s Yashaswini bike expedition celebrating women power. Community sensitization on menstrual hygiene and gender equality.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 January 2025

Content: The price of success Time to seize the promise of the U.S.-India nuclear deal The world has been changing for a while The price of success Context: Kerala’s Demographic Transition Kerala pioneered India’s demographic transition, moving early to low fertility and mortality rates. Achieved replacement-level fertility (TFR of 2.1) by 1987-88, ahead of other southern states (mid-2000s). Replacement-level fertility ensures stable population across generations; sub-replacement fertility leads to population decline. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : Rising maternal mortality in Kerala is an unintended consequence of its demographic transition. Discuss the economic and social implications of this transition and suggest measures to address them.(250 Words) Rising Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) MMR: Number of maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live births. Kerala’s MMR increase is linked to reduced fertility and fewer births, which skew statistics. A smaller denominator (fewer live births) amplifies the impact of maternal deaths on MMR calculations. Global Context and Implications The demographic transition, characterized by shifts from high to low birth and death rates, has occurred worldwide. Developed nations like South Korea face challenges reviving fertility despite incentivizing childbearing. Potential Consequences of Demographic Transition Economic impacts: Decline in the working-age population increases dependency ratios. Societal impacts: Increased elderly population strains healthcare and social support systems. Resource burden: Growing demand for pensions, healthcare financing, and elderly care. Kerala’s Specific Challenges Political anxiety: Southern states with low fertility may face reduced representation during Lok Sabha delimitation based on population figures. Health-care challenges: Rising MMR highlights the need for sustained maternal care despite demographic shifts. Way Forward Strengthen public finances to support an aging population. Improve healthcare financing with a focus on maternal and elderly care. Foster gender-equitable policies to ensure equal participation in caregiving and household chores. Promote economic development to maintain productivity and offset the burden of aging. Time to seize the promise of the U.S.-India nuclear deal Background of the U.S.-India Nuclear Deal Signed in 2008, the deal marked a historic milestone in U.S.-India relations, enabling civil nuclear cooperation. Overcame significant political and diplomatic hurdles, including concerns about nuclear proliferation. Enhanced trust between the two democracies, opening avenues for defense and strategic cooperation (e.g., defense purchases, military exercises, technology transfers). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : The U.S.-India civil nuclear deal holds immense promise but remains underutilized. Critically analyze the key challenges limiting its full potential and suggest measures to overcome them.(250 Words) Unrealized Potential of the Deal Energy and Commercial Goals Unfulfilled: U.S. companies, like Westinghouse, were expected to build nuclear plants in India, but this remains unrealized. Aspirations for clean energy generation to reduce dependence on fossil fuels remain unmet. Employment and Economic Growth: The deal was anticipated to create jobs in both countries and meet India’s growing energy demands, but tangible results have been limited. Key Challenges Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (2010): Imposes liability on suppliers instead of operators, deterring U.S. companies like GE and Westinghouse. Russia, with sovereign immunity and government backing, accepted liability amelioration through Indian insurance schemes, unlike U.S. firms. Evolving Nuclear Technology: U.S. companies need to demonstrate cutting-edge technology at competitive prices. Cost overruns in U.S. nuclear projects have created apprehension among Indian officials about affordability and efficiency. Regulatory Barriers: Export control restrictions and security concerns over technology leakage have slowed progress. Recent efforts by the Biden administration to delist certain Indian nuclear entities signal progress but are insufficient to resolve core issues. Importance of Addressing Challenges Energy Security: India’s growing energy needs necessitate clean and reliable energy sources like nuclear power. Reducing dependency on fossil fuels aligns with global climate commitments. Economic and Strategic Gains: Enhanced cooperation could strengthen bilateral trade and geopolitical alignment. Expanding the civil nuclear sector has the potential to bolster India’s industrial growth and energy infrastructure. Way Forward Resolving Liability Issues: Revisit the liability framework to align with international norms. Explore public-private partnerships or government guarantees to mitigate risks for U.S. suppliers. Technology and Cost Management: Invest in R&D to provide cost-effective, advanced nuclear technology. Focus on efficiency to ensure affordability for Indian consumers. Strengthening Bilateral Mechanisms: Enhance collaboration between Indian and U.S. nuclear entities to address regulatory and operational challenges. Build mutual trust through transparent policies and joint efforts in technology transfer. The world has been changing for a while Context : The Constant Nature of Change There is a growing environmental, technological, and geopolitical changes, highlighting their interconnectedness. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Change is often invisible and gradual, but its impact becomes profound over time.Examine this statement in the context of environmental, technological, and geopolitical shifts.(250 Words) Environmental Change Chennai as a Case Study: 2019 Day Zero: Severe water scarcity questioned the city’s sustainability. 2024 Contradiction: Unseasonal rains and storms have led to excessive water, highlighting the unpredictability of climate change. Lesson: Preparing for both extremes (droughts and deluges) is essential, reflecting the intensity of modern climate shifts. Global Context: Humanity is experiencing unprecedented climate conditions—highest carbon dioxide levels and temperatures in recorded history. Half of all fossil fuels have been consumed in the past few decades, illustrating the rapidity of environmental exploitation. Technological Revolutions Opportunities and Risks: Advances in communication enable greater connectivity but also facilitate polarization and threats. Example: The role of platforms like TikTok in global politics, reflecting the intersection of business pragmatism and national security concerns. Political Transformations Global Voting Trends: 2024 witnessed the highest voter turnout globally, signaling public demand for leaders to address modern challenges. The Trump Factor: Donald Trump’s return to power underscores the volatility of global leadership. His “transactional pragmatism” (e.g., TikTok intervention) contrasts with his earlier anti-China rhetoric, showcasing unpredictability. India’s Complex Positioning Strategic Duality: India’s policy of multiple alignments (e.g., BRICS, Quad, Russian oil, U.S. defense imports) faces challenges in an era of transactional leadership like Trump’s. Balancing diverse partnerships will become more difficult as global pressures intensify. Geopolitical Shifts: India must navigate a landscape where the U.S., China, Russia, and West Asia are all undergoing significant transformations. Conclusion: The Nature of Change Change is rarely noticed in real-time but becomes evident through reflection. Environmental shifts, technological revolutions, and geopolitical realignments indicate we are already living in a new era.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 January 2025

Content: Trump declares end to U.S. citizenship by birth Undocumented migrants in U.S.: vital workforce, low criminality PM internship scheme: companies to absorb 10% of the interns’ What do draft data protection rules state? What is the status of the Smart Cities Mission? Why are antivenoms not easily accessible in India? Competent’ to judge Indus Water Treaty dispute, says World Bank Neutral Expert Top court asks if poll ban on persons charged with crimes will cause irreversible damage DRDO holds key test for hypersonic missiles Trump declares end to U.S. citizenship by birth Context :  Executive Order on Birthright Citizenship: U.S. President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order canceling the provision of jus soli (citizenship by birth). Relevance : GS 2(international Relations) Implications: Directly affects thousands of Indian professionals working in the U.S. on temporary visas (H-1B, etc.).Families planning to raise children in the U.S. will face significant challenges.Potential long-term impact on global mobility trends and U.S. workforce demographics. Impact on BRICS Nations: President Trump threatened a 100% tariff on BRICS countries for exploring “non-dollar” transactions. Criticism of his remarks:Incorrectly included Spain as a BRICS member.Risk of straining relations with emerging economies, including India. Immigration Crackdown: Targeting undocumented immigrants: Estimated 7.25 lakh Indians could be affected. Approximately 18,000 Indian nationals are already on a “final list for removal.” Broader enforcement against illegal immigration could disproportionately impact vulnerable groups. Global and Bilateral Reactions: India’s Diplomatic Engagement: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to meet U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio. Agenda: Discuss the India-U.S. bilateral relationship and challenges arising from new U.S. policies. Address the Quad’s strategic priorities amidst growing concerns over U.S. immigration and trade policies. Global Economic Concerns: The proposed 100% tariffs on BRICS countries could: Escalate trade tensions. Undermine global efforts for a multipolar currency system. India and other emerging economies may seek alternative strategies to address potential U.S. trade sanctions. Implications for Indian Diaspora: Fear of instability among Indian expatriates due to potential deportations and restrictions. Increased uncertainty for families planning long-term U.S. settlement. Broader Context: Domestic Political Implications: Trump’s policy decisions align with his broader anti-immigration and “America First” agenda. Legal challenges could dominate political discourse in the U.S., influencing upcoming elections. Geopolitical Dynamics: Heightened trade and diplomatic tensions with BRICS nations. Possible realignment of global partnerships, as countries assess the long-term viability of dollar-based transactions. Way Forward: Legal Resolution: The U.S. judicial system’s interpretation of the Constitution will determine the fate of the Executive Order. Monitoring the lawsuit in Boston for its implications on U.S. immigration law. Diplomatic Engagement: Strengthening India-U.S. ties to mitigate challenges arising from the new policies. Leveraging platforms like Quad to address broader economic and security concerns. Strategic Adjustments: Indian professionals and policymakers must explore alternative avenues for immigration, education, and trade to reduce dependence on the U.S. Undocumented migrants in U.S.: vital workforce, low criminality Background on Immigration Policies President Donald Trump’s administration introduced aggressive immigration policies targeting undocumented migrants. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key pledge: Deport millions of “criminal aliens” (undocumented migrants), often overstating numbers (15-20 million). Official estimates: ~11 million undocumented migrants, with some estimates rising to 13-14 million. 2.1 lakh Indians included in 2022 estimates. Duration of Stay 80% of the estimated 11 million undocumented migrants have lived in the U.S. for over a decade. 1.5 million entered between 1980-1990, many of whom have established long-term residency. Impact of Policy Changes Trump’s administration dismissed key immigration court officials, affecting asylum decision-making. Asylum applications facing delays: 3.5 million pending cases as of 2024, up from 2.4 million in Q4 of 2023. Closure of the CBP One mobile app, a key tool for asylum requests. Surge in Indian Migrants Surge in illegal migration from India: 1,500 Indian migrants apprehended a decade ago, rising sharply to 96,917 in 2023 and 90,415 in 2024. Similar increase in Indian asylum seekers, reflecting broader immigration patterns. Criminality and Crime Data Trump’s claims of undocumented migrants fueling violent crime contradict data: Violent crime rate among undocumented migrants in Texas (2012-2018) was half of that of U.S.-born citizens and lower than documented immigrants. Misrepresentation of migrant criminality undermines broader policy claims. Workforce Contribution Undocumented migrants play a vital role in sectors like construction, agriculture, and essential services. 2018 study: 5.5 million undocumented migrants contribute to the U.S. workforce. Key sectors: construction, agriculture, landscaping, laundry, auto repair, and sanitation. Mass deportation could severely disrupt these sectors, impacting economic stability. Potential Impact of Deportation Mass deportation risks harming essential services that depend on undocumented migrant labor. Immediate sectors affected: construction sites, farms, restaurants, and essential services like landscaping and sanitation. ‘PM internship scheme: companies to absorb 10% of the interns’ Objective of the Scheme: Aimed at bridging skill gaps and enhancing employability for India’s youth. Launched in the Union Budget 2024-25, it mandates the top 500 companies to offer internships to 1 crore youth over the next five years. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes , Education ) Survey Insights: 81% of India Inc. Backing the Scheme: Positive feedback from 932 surveyed companies, emphasizing the increasing role of internships in enhancing youth employability. 10% Absorption Rate: 73% of companies plan to absorb at least 10% of their interns as full-time employees after the internship. Focus on Tech Roles: 76% of companies are prioritizing tech-based roles, underscoring the demand for digitally skilled professionals. CSR Allocation: Over 30% of companies intend to allocate up to 20% of their CSR budgets to internship programmes, highlighting corporate commitment to social responsibility and skill development. Company Preferences for Internships: Internship Duration: More than 70% of companies prefer short-to-medium-term internships (1-6 months), considering it ideal for skill development without long-term commitments. Collaborative Approach: 32% of companies prefer partnerships with universities and corporates for internships to maximize impact and increase outreach. Financial Aspects: Interns will receive a monthly stipend of ₹5,000, with companies able to use CSR funds to cover a part of the stipend and training costs. Expansion Support: Support for Scheme Extension: 81% of companies advocate for extending the internship scheme to all corporations, suggesting a broader impact. Social Return on Investment (SROI): 54% of companies expect measurable SROI from CSR-driven internships within 1-2 years, indicating potential long-term value. Future Implications: The scheme presents a potential model for expanding internships to smaller companies, which could further enhance youth employability and skill development across industries. What do draft data protection rules state? Background: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology released the draft rules for the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, on January 3, 2025. Concerns have been raised about the adequacy of the existing legislation in creating a comprehensive data privacy framework. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Data Localisation Mandate: Definition: Data localisation involves restricting the transfer of data across borders, ensuring that data related to a country’s citizens is stored within its own borders. Expansion Beyond DPDP Act: The draft rules extend the localisation mandate, which previously applied only to specific notified countries under the DPDP Act. New Government Committee: A government-appointed committee will decide which types of data cannot be exported from India. This could affect major tech companies like Meta, Google, Apple, Microsoft, and Amazon, classified as significant data fiduciaries (SDFs) due to their high volume and sensitive data processing. Challenges for Tech Companies: Operational difficulties in segmenting and storing data in different locations. Increased operational costs and restrictions on business activities. Two-Year Compliance Timeline: Companies are expected to comply with localisation requirements within two years, with support from a central committee to streamline the process and prevent fragmented mandates from different departments. Concerns on Executive Overreach: Section 36 of the DPDP Act & Rule 22: These provisions grant the Union government extensive discretionary powers to demand any information from data fiduciaries or intermediaries for national security or sovereignty reasons. This power could potentially be misused for surveillance. Impact on End-to-End Encryption: Rule 22 could require social media companies like WhatsApp to compromise end-to-end encryption for compliance with government demands. Meta previously raised concerns about this potential breach of privacy in their challenge to the 2021 Intermediary Guidelines. Lack of Oversight: The government could requisition data without checks, bypassing judicial scrutiny, and without notifying affected individuals (in violation of the 2012 expert committee’s recommendation). Critics argue this could lead to abuses of power, particularly in politically sensitive situations. Potential Impact on Businesses and Individuals: For Tech Companies: High costs and operational hurdles to ensure compliance. Risk of affecting business operations due to restrictive data handling. For Citizens: Greater vulnerability to surveillance. Lack of transparency in government access to personal data. Concerns about the erosion of privacy rights with inadequate safeguards. Expert Opinions: Aparajita Bharti (Tech Compliance Expert): The localisation mandate will cause significant operational challenges, especially for start-ups and smaller companies. Apar Gupta (Internet Freedom Foundation): The lack of adequate restrictions on government access to data could lead to misuse, harming privacy rights and political freedoms. Amar Patnaik (Advocate): Calls for more scrutiny of the rules, suggesting they be reviewed by a parliamentary standing committee to ensure accountability. What is the status of the Smart Cities Mission? Concept Introduction: Launched in June 2015 with the goal of developing 100 smart cities across India as models of urban development. The mission was meant to incorporate the Internet of Things (IoT) and technology to make cities more efficient in services like mobility, waste management, and water management. Relevance : GS 3(Infrastructure) The Smart City Framework: Focused on two components:Pan-city proposals: IT-enabled services like mobility, waste management, and environmental monitoring. Area-Based Development (ABD): Focus on retrofitting, redevelopment, and greenfield projects in specific zones. Issues and Setbacks: Failed to address the fundamental urban needs of many cities. Smart cities concept assumes a base level of infrastructure that India lacks, leading to a misalignment between goals and ground realities. Local governance was bypassed in favor of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs), which were designed like private companies to manage projects. Why Smart Cities Bypassed Local Government: Dependence on SPVs: SPVs were set up under the Companies Act, with the rationale that private company-like structures would bring better efficiency and results. City councils and local governments were sidelined, as it was assumed that the technical and managerial expertise of SPVs would outperform public administration. Challenges with the Model: Local governance systems, often politically charged, were perceived as slow and inefficient for urban planning and management. The exclusion of local stakeholders led to a disconnect between the projects and the communities they aimed to serve, impacting the relevance and sustainability of the initiatives. What Happened to the Mission in Shimla? Inclusion in the Smart Cities List: Shimla, initially excluded, was added to the list following legal challenges in the Himachal Pradesh High Court. Shimla’s Smart City Plan: The plan included both pan-city initiatives and ABD projects: Retrofit Projects: Pedestrian crossings, improved vehicular mobility, transport corridors, underground ducting, and parking facilities. Redevelopment Projects: Focused on dilapidated areas such as Lower Bazar, Ganj Bazar, and Krishnanagar, aiming to replace unsafe buildings with modern, earthquake-safe structures. Other initiatives like eco-adventure tourism and water security through stormwater and spring water management. Budget and Funding: Total investment: ₹2,906 crore. Sources: ₹897.80 crore from Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). ₹101.77 crore through municipal bonds. ₹205.57 crore from external borrowings. ₹348.49 crore from State and Union government schemes. Remaining funds from other sources. Current Status: As of the latest update, only 24% of the total budget (₹707 crore) has been spent: ₹53 crore on completed projects. ₹654 crore on ongoing projects. PPP funding has yet to materialize. Project Failures:None of the redevelopment projects (e.g., Lower Bazar, Krishnanagar) have been completed.Traffic congestion has worsened, and non-motorised mobility initiatives have been neglected.Funds were used for decorative flower pots worth ₹2 crore instead of meaningful infrastructure.Large, intrusive escalator structures were erected but remain non-operational, disrupting Shimla’s scenic valley views. Outcome of the Smart City Mission: Ineffective Governance and Accountability: The lack of public involvement and ownership resulted in misaligned priorities and poor execution of projects. Lack of accountability for the failures of the mission has led to disillusionment, especially in cities like Shimla. Lessons Learned: Urban development initiatives require meaningful urban governance, local participation, and a commitment to solving ground-level issues, rather than just relying on high-tech solutions. The smart city vision has largely faded, with projects failing to deliver on their initial promises, especially due to top-down implementation without adequate local involvement. Why are antivenoms not easily accessible in India? High Snakebite Mortality: India has the highest number of snakebite deaths in the world, with an estimated 58,000 fatalities annually. A 2020 study revealed 1.2 million snakebite deaths and a threefold increase in disabilities between 2001-2014. Rural areas, especially agricultural zones, face the highest risks, exacerbated during the monsoon when snakes are more active. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Challenges in Antivenom Accessibility: Geographic Barriers: Remote rural locations lack proper medical infrastructure and access to antivenoms. Delayed Treatment: Snakebite victims often face long delays in reaching healthcare facilities, contributing to fatalities. Cold Chain Issues: Antivenoms require cold storage during transportation, but many rural areas lack the necessary infrastructure, leading to degradation of antivenoms. Antivenom Production and Efficacy: Antivenoms are made by injecting venom into animals (typically horses) to produce antibodies, which are then purified for human use. Polyvalent Antivenoms (PVAs): These treat bites from common species (Indian cobra, common krait, Russell’s viper, saw-scaled viper). However, they have limited effectiveness against less common species like the king cobra, banded krait, and others. The variation in venom composition between different species and geographical regions complicates the production of a universally effective antivenom. Cultural and Social Factors: Superstition and Misconceptions: In many rural regions, superstitions delay the use of proper medical treatment, with some opting for traditional or ineffective remedies. Logistical Challenges: Healthcare facilities often face difficulties in stockpiling antivenoms due to high costs, lack of cold storage, and inconsistent supply chains. Challenges in Antivenom Production: Cost and Availability: The high cost of manufacturing antivenoms makes them inaccessible to many, particularly the economically disadvantaged. Dependency on Irula Tribe: The Irula tribe in Tamil Nadu plays a crucial role in venom extraction. Any disruption in their activities could significantly impact antivenom supply. Emerging Solutions: Recombinant DNA Technology: Researchers are working on synthetic antivenoms produced using recombinant DNA, eliminating the need for animal-derived proteins and enhancing safety and efficacy. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Antivenom Design: In 2024, AI-assisted research led by Nobel laureate David Baker promises to improve the design of synthetic antivenoms, potentially offering more effective treatments. Region-Specific Antivenoms: Researchers like Karthik Sunagar are focusing on mapping venom compositions to create targeted, region-specific antivenoms. Portable Diagnostic Tools: New diagnostic tools could help determine the type of venom more quickly, leading to faster and more accurate administration of antivenoms. Systemic Issues: The lack of investment in research and infrastructure remains a significant obstacle to tackling the snakebite crisis. The need for a comprehensive approach, including public awareness campaigns and improved medical facilities, is critical to reducing snakebite fatalities. Hope for the Future: Ongoing research into synthetic antivenoms, improved diagnostic technologies, and region-specific solutions offer promise for better accessibility and effectiveness of treatments. With increased funding and focus on infrastructure, the snakebite crisis in India may be alleviated, reducing fatalities like that of Mayuri. ‘Competent’ to judge Indus Water Treaty dispute, says World Bank Neutral Expert Background: The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) of 1960 governs water sharing between India and Pakistan. The Neutral Expert (NE), appointed by the World Bank, resolves technical disputes under the treaty, particularly on hydroelectric project designs. Relevance  : GS 2(International Relations) Key Development (January 7): Michel Lino, the NE, declared himself “competent” to resolve technical differences on the design of hydroelectric projects on the Indus. India welcomed this decision, supporting the use of the IWT’s existing dispute resolution framework. Current Dispute: India’s Position: Seeks renegotiation of the IWT for future water security, citing geopolitical and resource concerns. Requests for renegotiation made in January 2023 remain unanswered. Pakistan’s Position: Insists on adhering to the existing treaty and dispute resolution mechanisms. Dispute Resolution under IWT: Permanent Indus Commission (PIC): Initial dispute resolution step. Neutral Expert (NE): If PIC fails, the NE adjudicates technical disputes. Court of Arbitration: If both previous steps fail, the issue moves here for final resolution. India: Believes all steps must be exhausted before moving to the next stage. Pakistan: Seeks a Court of Arbitration despite India’s objections, arguing for parallel dispute mechanisms. Recent Developments: India: Halted PIC meetings in September 2022, requested treaty revisions four times since January 2023, but received no formal response. Neutral Expert’s Role: Michel Lino’s role is to adjudicate on whether the Kishenganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects comply with the IWT. His decision focuses on technical aspects of the projects’ design. World Bank’s Role: The World Bank facilitates the dispute resolution process, though its involvement has led to conflicting outcomes. Looking Ahead: Lino will hear both countries before deciding on the compliance of the Kishenganga and Ratle projects. His decision could impact ongoing tensions over water rights and hydroelectric development. Top court asks if poll ban on persons charged with crimes will cause irreversible damage Case Overview: The Supreme Court of India is hearing a petition on whether individuals charged with heinous crimes (e.g., murder, rape) should be barred from contesting elections, or if such a ban could unjustly affect those later acquitted. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Judiciary) Key Arguments: Petitioner’s Argument (Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay): Right to contest elections is not a fundamental right. India’s large population ensures a sufficient pool of honest candidates, so limiting eligibility won’t harm the system. Criticized the current electoral system for discouraging honest candidates. Court’s Inquiry: Justice Surya Kant raised concerns about the irreversible damage to individuals who may be barred from elections but later acquitted. Focus on whether a ban on candidates charged with crimes undermines fairness and justice. Questioned the feasibility of finding enough “honest” candidates in the current political environment. 2020 Supreme Court Judgment: Ordered political parties to disclose the criminal history of candidates for Lok Sabha and Assembly elections, and explain why candidates with criminal charges were selected. Aimed to reduce criminal influence in politics by enhancing transparency through publication in newspapers and on social media. Current Legal Implications: The case raises a balance between preventing criminals in politics and protecting individuals’ legal rights if later acquitted. The decision could influence candidate selection processes, transparency rules, and electoral reforms. Next Steps: Further hearings scheduled for January 27 to discuss the case in greater detail. DRDO holds key test for hypersonic missiles Event Overview: DRDO successfully conducted a ground test for an active cooled scramjet combustor, a key component in hypersonic missile technology. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology ) Test Significance: This marks India’s first demonstration of an active cooled scramjet combustor, advancing hypersonic vehicle development. Technology Focus: The test centers on supersonic combustion scramjet (SCS) technology, enabling combustion at speeds >Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound). Scramjet Functionality: Air-Breathing Engines: Scramjets mix compressed air with fuel and ignite it at supersonic speeds, enabling efficient high-speed travel. Sustained Combustion: Successful ignition and stable combustion are crucial for hypersonic systems. Test Achievements: Demonstrated stable combustion under high-speed conditions. Enhanced potential for hypersonic missiles and defense vehicles. Strategic Importance: Hypersonic technology offers high-speed strike capabilities and reduced reaction times, making it critical for modern defense. Future Implications: Boosts India’s self-reliance in defense (Atmanirbhar Bharat). Strengthens India’s position in hypersonic tech, reducing dependence on foreign technology. Challenges: Technological Complexity: Overcoming issues like material resistance, heat management, and engine stability. Testing: Ongoing ground and flight tests are necessary to validate technology Broader Context: India joins an exclusive group of nations (U.S., Russia, China) advancing in hypersonic tech, aligning with its strategic defense goals.

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