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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 May 2025

Content: Why has Tamil Nadu adopted a space sector policy? India views China as ‘primary adversary’ and Pakistan more as ‘ancillary’ security problem, says U.S. report Need to go full throttle on indigenous defence systems: ex-DRDO chief Meghalaya’s new cave-dwelling fish adapts to streams overground: study The maths of how India’s coastline lengthened without gaining land Why has Tamil Nadu adopted a space sector policy? Context : To follow the national Indian Space Policy 2023 and join states like Karnataka and Gujarat in fostering a regional space ecosystem. Encouraged by IN-SPACe (a central government body) to frame a state-specific strategy for space sector growth. Builds on Tamil Nadu’s existing Aerospace & Defence (A&D) Policy where space was already identified as a priority. Leverages Tamil Nadu’s strong base of over 250 ISRO-linked vendors and advanced capabilities in electronics and precision manufacturing. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Space) How is Tamil Nadu strategically placed for the space sector? ISRO Presence: ISRO Propulsion Complex (IRPC) at Mahendragiri, Tirunelveli for cryogenic and earth storable engine testing and R&D. Construction of India’s second spaceport at Kulasekarapattinam, Thoothukudi. Startup Ecosystem: Emerging space-tech startups focusing on launch vehicles, reusable systems, in-space manufacturing, and data fusion. Academic Infrastructure: Space Technology Incubation Centre (STIC) at NIT Trichy supports ISRO’s developmental projects in the southern region. What are the policy’s key objectives and features? Investment Goal: Attract ₹10,000 crore investments in 5 years. Employment Generation: Targeting 10,000 direct and indirect jobs. Sectoral Integration: Utilise space tech in governance (e.g., agriculture, disaster management, health, fisheries, urban administration). Industrial Infrastructure: Creation of Space Bays with incentives for investments below ₹300 crore. Space Industrial Parks eligible for 10% housing development incentive (₹10 crore cap). R&D Support: Payroll subsidies for companies engaged in space R&D or establishing global capability centres. Green Incentives: 25% capital subsidy for sustainable/green initiatives (up to ₹5 crore). Will it generate employment and growth? Yes, with a clear aim to: Generate nearly 10,000 jobs. Boost startup participation in high-tech manufacturing and design. Anchor Tamil Nadu as a key player in India’s commercial space economy. Conclusion: The policy is strategic, investment-driven, and future-facing, aligning with national priorities while leveraging state strengths. It enhances Tamil Nadu’s positioning in India’s evolving space ecosystem and fosters innovation, job creation, and technology integration across sectors. India views China as ‘primary adversary’ and Pakistan more as ‘ancillary’ security problem, says U.S. report Context : India’s Threat Perception China as Primary Adversary: India sees China as its foremost security threat, due to unresolved border disputes and strategic competition. The disengagement in Depsang and Demchok (Oct 2024) reduced tactical tensions but did not resolve the core issue of border demarcation. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence) Pakistan as Ancillary Threat: India views Pakistan as a secondary, manageable threat, despite ongoing cross-border attacks (e.g., Pahalgam terror attack in April 2024). India continues retaliatory actions such as Operation Sindoor to target terror infrastructure in Pakistan.  Strategic Defence Priorities under PM Modi Focus on: Countering China regionally and globally. Demonstrating global leadership. Modernising military power and promoting self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat). Key Initiatives: Strengtheningbilateral defence ties in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Increasing multilateral participation: QUAD, BRICS, SCO, ASEAN. Expanding trilateral engagements in the Indo-Pacific.  Defence Modernisation Efforts Nuclear Capability: Continued testing of Agni-I Prime MRBM and Agni-V MIRV systems. Commissioning of second nuclear-powered submarine, enhancing India’s nuclear triad and strategic deterrence. Indigenisation Drive: Push for ‘Made in India’ in defence to: Boost domestic manufacturing. Reduce foreign dependency. Address supply chain vulnerabilities.  India-Russia Defence Relations Despite reduced procurement, India: Continues reliance on Russian spare parts for legacy equipment. Maintains ties for strategic autonomy, balancing growing Russia-China closeness.  Pakistan’s Military Strategy Pakistan is: Modernising its military, including battlefield nuclear weapons, to counter India’s conventional superiority. Likely to continue importing dual-use/WMD-related materials from global networks. Views India as an “existential threat”, shaping its nuclear doctrine and security outlook. Geopolitical Implications India is repositioning itself as a maritime and regional power through partnerships and military diplomacy. The China-Pakistan nexus remains a dual-front challenge for India. India’s balanced approach to Russia, even amid global tensions, reflects a multipolar foreign policy orientation.  Conclusion The U.S. DIA report confirms India’s shift towards strategic assertiveness, with China at the centre of its defence calculus. India’s integrated approach—combining military modernisation, regional engagement, and strategic autonomy—reflects a long-term vision to secure its interests in a competitive multipolar world. Need to go full throttle on indigenous defence systems: ex-DRDO chief Context : Key Achievements Highlighted in Operation Sindoor Dominance of Indigenous Systems: Majority of deployed systems during Operation Sindoor were indigenously developed. This has boosted confidence of armed forces in Indian-made systems. Air Defence Performance: Multi-layered defence structure worked seamlessly, combining: S-400 (long-range) Akash & Spyder (medium-range SAMs) Various air defence guns Notably, most enemy attacks were neutralised mid-air. Akash Missile System: Developed under IGMDP, led by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Proven highly effective; armed forces reportedly satisfied with its performance. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence)  Implications for Defence Industry Morale Boost: Scientists and DRDO personnel are highly motivated post successful deployment. Seen as a validation of years of indigenous R&D. Production Readiness: Industry must be prepared to scale production for bulk orders. Greater synergy expected between R&D and manufacturing arms. Export Potential: Global recognition of India’s defence capability likely to enhance defence exports. Opportunity to project India as a reliable defence supplier. Strategic Lessons and Forward Path Fast-paced Technological Development: Warning: Long development cycles risk obsolescence. Emphasis on agile innovation and faster induction cycles. Focus Areas for the Future: Invest in niche, long-range, and cost-effective strike systems. Develop counter-niche technologies to detect, deter, and destroy enemy threats early. Emphasis on Dual Approach: Combine hard-kill (kinetic) and soft-kill (non–kinetic) mechanisms. Enhance early warning and integrated battle management systems. Broader National Security Outlook Operation Sindoor as a Milestone: Proved India’s combat readiness and deterrent capability. Encouraged institutional confidence in domestic innovation and DRDO-led projects. Call to Action: Need to go “full throttle” on indigenisation. Ensure that defence R&D remains ahead of technological curve, adaptable, and export-competitive.  Conclusion India stands at a strategic inflection point where battlefield validation of indigenous systems can translate into: Operational self-reliance, Industrial transformation, And global defence market presence. The challenge now is to accelerate development, reduce dependency, and sustain innovation momentum. Meghalaya’s new cave-dwelling fish adapts to streams overground: study Context : Scientific Discovery Species Name: Schistura densiclava Type: Troglophile loach – a cave-dwelling fish that also thrives in surface (epigean) streams. Discovery Site: Krem Mawjymbuin cave, East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya. Research Team: Led by Kangkan Sarma, Gauhati University; published in Journal of Fish Biology. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Habitat Characteristics Found ~60 metres inside the cave: Temperature: ~18°C Oxygen levels: Low Water flow: Cool, fast-flowing stream Cave also noted for religious significance due to a Shivalinga-like formation. Unique Adaptations Retains pigmentation and eyesight, unlike most cave fishes (which are typically eyeless and pigmentless). Adapted to subterranean life, but capable of surviving in aboveground streams as well. Belongs to the Nemacheilidae family (loaches, bottom-dwelling fish with barbels). Morphological Features Color: Pale yellow-green body Markings: 14–20 greyish to faint black vertical bars Distinctive Stripe: Thick stripe near the dorsal fin – inspiration for the name densiclava (Latin: “thick stripe”). Sexual Dimorphism Males: Slimmer build Irregular body patterns Puffier cheeks Females: Sturdier structure Consistent body markings Ecological Significance Genetic testing confirms it as a new-to-science species. Shows endemic distribution – limited to this specific cave system. Highlights the rich biodiversity of Meghalaya’s cave ecosystems. Conservation Implications Restricted habitat implies vulnerability to disturbances, both natural and anthropogenic. Need for protection of cave ecosystems, especially amid religious tourism and developmental pressures. Key Takeaways Another testament to Meghalaya’s unique subterranean biodiversity. Underlines the importance of documenting and conserving lesser-known habitats. Schistura densiclava serves as a symbol of ecological uniqueness and scientific curiosity. The maths of how India’s coastline lengthened without gaining land  Key Announcement In Dec 2024, India’s coastline length was officially revised from 7,516.6 km to 11,098.8 km by the Ministry of Home Affairs. No new land or islands were added — the change is due to improved measurement techniques. Relevance : GS 3(Defence )  Why the Coastline Got Longer No physical expansion: India’s territory remains unchanged since Goa joined in 1961 (Sikkim in 1975 is landlocked). Root cause: The Coastline Paradox — the length of a coastline varies depending on the measurement scale. Older measurement (1970s): Maps at 1:4,500,000 resolution — missed fine features like creeks, estuaries. New measurement: High-resolution maps at 1:250,000 using: Electronic navigation charts GIS, LIDAR-GPS, satellite altimetry, drone imaging  Geometry Behind the Paradox Straight lines have fixed length; jagged curves (like coastlines) vary with measurement scale. Fractal-like properties: As measuring units get smaller, more detail (and thus more length) is captured. Mandelbrot’s insight (1967): Britain’s coastline varied significantly when using different “ruler sizes.” Example: A 200-km ruler smooths features, while a 1-km ruler captures every bend and estuary. In theory, a ruler the size of a water molecule would yield an infinite coastline.  New Methodology in India Survey of India and National Hydrographic Office (NHO) used high-water lines as base. River mouths and creeks were closed off at fixed thresholds inland. Low-tide exposed islands were also included in the revised measurement. Coastline will now be reviewed every 10 years (starting 2024–25).  Implications of the Longer Coastline Maritime security: More coast to monitor and protect. Disaster preparedness: Better planning for cyclones, tsunamis, and sea-level rise. Fishing & economic rights: Longer coast extends Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). Climate models and zoning regulations can be better refined. Education impact: School textbooks and atlases will need updating. Conclusion The revised coastline doesn’t reflect a physical change but a scientific evolution. It showcases how better tools and finer scales reveal deeper truths in geography. India’s 11,099-km coastline is a testament to technological and methodological progress in geospatial science.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 May 2025

Content: Regional Power Conference with Southern States/ UTs New Bharat Dawns With A Resurgent Northeast: Sarbananda Sonowal Regional Power Conference with Southern States/ UTs Key Themes and Objectives Emphasis on building a smarter, sustainable, and financially viable power sector. Strengthening Centre-State cooperation to achieve Viksit Bharat by 2047. Call for accelerated adoption of smart meters, green energy, and cyber-secure grids. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Major Discussion Points Resource Adequacy: Need for power generation capacity tie-ups till FY2035. Emphasis on nuclear energy and renewable + storage for reliable power. Transmission Infrastructure: Development of inter-state and intra-state transmission networks using: Tariff Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB) Regulated Tariff Mechanism (RTM) Budgetary support Monetization of assets Resolution of Right of Way (RoW) issues critical. Distribution Sector Reforms: Improve billing, tariff structures, reduce AT&C losses. Timely payment of Govt dues and subsidies—FY24 dues still pending. Close coordination with ERCs for cost-reflective tariffs. Smart Metering Push Prepaid Smart Meter Targets: All Govt establishments: by August 2025. C&I and high-load consumers: by November 2025. Smart meters to: Improve billing efficiency. Enable AI/ML-based data analytics for demand prediction. Help resolve subsidy leakage and revenue gaps. Green Energy Focus Urged States to: Submit proposals under GEC-III (Green Energy Corridor – Phase III). Prioritize PM-KUSUM implementation and PPA signings within 7 months. Promote energy storage alongside renewables for grid stability. Cybersecurity Measures States to implement cybersecurity protocols for grid and distribution networks. Regional-level workshops and training to be conducted by MoP. Financial Support to States Leverage₹1.5 lakh crore interest-free loan scheme (Budget 2025-26) for infra development. Improve financial health of Discoms to avoid future service degradation. Assurances and Appeals Centre assured of continued support for power sector reforms. Call for greater collaborative federalism in achieving power sector goals. New Bharat Dawns With A Resurgent Northeast: Sarbananda Sonowal Context: Event: Rising Northeast Investor Summit at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Focus Theme: “Unlocking Capital for NE Infrastructure” Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Economy , Regional development)  Strategic Vision for Northeast India Northeast is no longer remote; it is emerging as India’s gateway to Southeast Asia. Declared a “Resurgent Northeast” as central to New Bharat’s growth. Over 700 ministerial visits in the last decade underscore the Centre’s commitment.  Infrastructure & Connectivity Push Inland Waterways: Over 20 National Waterways notified in the region. Jalvahak scheme introduced to boost multimodal logistics, cargo hubs. Expected to unlock employment, regional trade, and new economic corridors. International Logistics Integration: Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route (IBPR) and Sittwe Port in Myanmar positioned as game-changers. Enhances India’s access to ASEAN & BBIN markets (600+ million consumers).  Investment Potential Northeast offers unparalleled investment access to neighbouring countries. Government calls for public-private partnerships in logistics, shipping, wellness, and tourism. Emphasis on inclusive development and sustainable infrastructure growth. Medical Tourism & “Heal in India” Potential NER’s natural beauty + wellness traditions = ideal for medical & wellness tourism. Promoted as a potential hub under ‘Heal in India’ initiative. Leverages rising healthcare infra and serene environment.  Skill Development for Maritime Sector New skill development programs launched for youth in the Northeast. Focus on training in port operations, vessel management, logistics.  Broader Implications Marks a shift in perception of Northeast from peripheral to pivotal in India’s growth. NER becoming an integrated economic engine for New Bharat. Reinforces Act East Policy by enhancing NER’s global and regional trade connectivity.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 May 2025

Content: A medical oxygen access gap SE Asia must bridge Introspecting counter-terrorism after Operation Sindoor A medical oxygen access gap SE Asia must bridge Significance of Medical Oxygen Oxygen is a life-saving essential medicine with no substitute. Over 5 billion people globally lack safe, quality, affordable oxygen access. COVID-19 pandemic exposed the severe vulnerabilities in oxygen infrastructure, especially in LMICs (Low- and Middle-Income Countries). Relevance : GS 2(Health) ,GS 3(Infrastructure) Practice Question : The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the systemic oxygen infrastructure vulnerabilities in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in South-East Asia. Examine the challenges and suggest long-term strategies to ensure equitable access to medical oxygen in the region.(250 Words) Oxygen Gap in South-East and East Asia South Asia & East Asia/Pacific have the highest unmet oxygen needs: Oxygen service coverage gap: 78% (South Asia) and 74% (East Asia & Pacific). WHO and The Lancet have identified these as priority zones for immediate action. Key Challenges in Oxygen Access Infrastructure & Equipment Deficiency: Only 54% of hospitals in LMICs have pulse oximeters. Only 58% have access to medical oxygen. Lack of monitoring tools leads to delayed diagnosis and preventable deaths. Financial Constraints: Global need: $6.8 billion, of which South Asia needs $2.6 billion. Many LMICs face competing healthcare priorities, limiting oxygen funding. Shortage of Skilled Workforce: Lack of trained biomedical engineers and technicians hampers: Installation Maintenance Repair of oxygen equipment. Systemic Gaps & Recommendations Need for long-term, multi-pronged strategy: Policy support Innovation Sustainable financing WHO’s Access to Medical Oxygen Scorecard helps track progress and accountability. Regional & Cross-Border Initiatives WHO-led training of biomedical engineers in Nepal, benefitting Bhutan. A model for replication across LMICs to ensure sustainability. Innovation and Localisation Promote local production to reduce import dependency. Invest in decentralised systems: Portable concentrators Solar-powered generators Booster pumps Community oxygen hubs Example: Solar-powered oxygen plants in Ethiopia and Nigeria improved access in remote areas. Governance and Policy Imperatives Governments must: Integrate oxygen into Universal Health Coverage and emergency preparedness. Create regulatory frameworks for quality, safety, storage, and distribution.  Role of Multiple Stakeholders Private Sector: Invest in local production, supply chains, and cost-effective solutions. Global Health Agencies: Ensure continued funding and technical support post-COVID Academia & Research: Focus on low-cost, adaptable technologies for LMICs. Promote real-time digital monitoring and predictive analytics. Call to Action Oxygen access = Human right, not a privilege. Must transition from crisis response to long-term investment. Maximise existing COVID-era PSA plants, ensure operational readiness. WHO stands ready to support with technical expertise. Introspecting counter-terrorism after Operation Sindoor Contextual Background Pahalgam Attack (April 22) by Pakistan-backed terrorists prompted India’s retaliatory Operation Sindoor (May 7). While Operation Sindoor marks tactical success, its strategic depth in altering long-term terrorism threats remains debatable. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : Operation Sindoor highlights India’s evolving counter-terrorism capabilities. Critically analyse why tactical military successes alone are insufficient in eliminating the threat of terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir. Suggest a comprehensive internal-external strategy.(250 Words) Complexity of Terrorism in J&K Since 1989, J&K’s insurgency shifted from indigenous roots to foreign terrorist infiltration by mid-1990s. Local factors like identity crisis, repression, marginalisation, and political alienation are core enablers of Pakistan’s proxy war. The terrorism ecosystem in J&K is a complex interplay of external support and internal grievances — military solutions alone are insufficient. Progress & Trends As per SATP data, terrorism-related fatalities have drastically declined: From 4000+ in 2001 to 127 in 2024. Attributed to: Strengthening of the security grid. Government outreach to locals. Pakistan’s weakened ability to conduct high-intensity proxy warfare. On Deterring Pakistan Past kinetic actions (e.g., 2016 Surgical Strikes, 2019 Balakot) failed to permanently deter Pakistan: Fatalities increased post-operations. Even after Operation Sindoor, Pakistan: Claimed victory via state narrative. Promoted military nationalism, e.g., General Asim Munir being elevated. Revived internal militaristic pride — strategic deterrence still elusive. Ground Reality in the Region Local terror recruitment is lower than during Burhan Wani era, but still crucial. Foreign terrorists are more self-reliant and tech-savvy, but still need local support networks. Security voids in Jammu (due to troop reallocation to Galwan) exploited by new terror outfits: The Resistance Front (TRF) People’s Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) Kashmir Tigers HUMINT (human intelligence) has weakened. Pahalgam attackers remain at large, highlighting persistent security and intelligence lapses. Beyond Kinetic Warfare Local condemnation of the Pahalgam massacre shows a strategic opening for counter-terrorism. This public support must be harnessed — not undermined by punitive or alienating tactics like: Demolition of suspected terrorist homes. Mass arrests without legal process. Strategic Takeaways External military response is necessary but not sufficient. Oversimplification of terrorism as just an “external” issue obscures the deeper internal vulnerabilities. India needs to embrace non-kinetic tools: Political dialogue, economic development. Social inclusion and grievance redressal. Restoring trust between people and the state. Key principle: “People as the centre of gravity” — any long-term solution must empower locals.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 May 2025

Content: EC to provide mobile phone deposit facilities for voters outside polling stations Creation of theatre commands will kick-start next generation of reforms’ Supreme Court says dual taxation on broadcasting services permissible in law U.K.’s Chagos Islands deal with Mauritius risks entrenching exile of some islanders’ RBI to transfer ₹2.69 lakh crore to Govt. via dividend EC to provide mobile phone deposit facilities for voters outside polling stations Context : The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced a₹2.69 lakh crore dividend transfer to the central government for FY 2024-25. This comes amid a revision in its risk buffer, exceeding budget estimates and impacting fiscal deficit calculations. Relevance : GS 2(Elections and Reforms) Mobile Phone Deposit Facility –Significance Rationale: Acknowledges widespread mobile phone usage across urban and rural India. Addresses practical challenges faced by voters, especially women, senior citizens, and persons with disabilities, in managing their phones at polling stations. Implementation: Voters allowed to carry phones within 100 metres of polling stations in switched-off mode. Deposit stations (pigeon-hole boxes/jute bags) to be placed outside the polling station entrance. Phones strictly prohibited inside the polling booth, in line with Rule 49M of Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 (ensures voting secrecy). Exemptions: Returning Officers may exempt specific polling stations based on local security or administrative conditions Significance: Enhances voter convenience and confidence. Addresses security and privacy concerns within polling premises. Promotes a balance between modern voter habits and the integrity of the voting process. Rationalisation of Canvassing Norms – Key Takeaways Revised Canvassing Zone: Prohibition of canvassing within 100 metres of polling stations now strictly enforced. Candidate booths for unofficial voter slips must be located beyond 100 metres. Legal Backing: In accordance with: Representation of the People Act, 1951 Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 Purpose & Impact: Ensures a neutral and intimidation-free atmosphere for voters. Prevents last-minute political influence or coercion at the polling station. Standardises practices across the country, improving uniformity in electoral conduct. ‘Creation of theatre commands will kick-start next generation of reforms’ Objective of Theatre Commands Dual-stream structure: Separation of roles into: Force Application: Managed by Theatre Commanders (operational aspects). Force Generation: Managed by Service Chiefs under “Raise, Train, Sustain (RTS)” functions. Goal: Create a more efficient and integrated defence structure by delegating operational and administrative responsibilities separately but in coordination. Relevance : GS 3(Defence) Nature of the Transformation Described as “Revolutionary”: One of the most significant structural changes in post-Independence Indian military history. Aims for joint operational structures across multiple levels and commands. Facilitated by CDS: One of the key mandates of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is to implement jointness and restructure the forces. General Chauhan has prioritized reorganising geography-centric Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs). Implementation Requirements Preconditions for Theatre Commands: High jointness among the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Physical and process integration of infrastructure, activities, and command systems. Expected cascading impact: Reforms will reshape the organisation at all levels — not just the top, but also field and support structures. Will trigger cultural and conceptual changes within the forces, demanding adaptability. Challenges: Resistance and acceptability issues at various hierarchical levels. Requires a strong push for awareness and training to facilitate a smooth transition. Strategic Significance Better resource optimisation: Theatre Commands will reduce redundancy and optimise combat readiness by eliminating duplication. Operational synergy: Ensures that the three services operate as a cohesive joint force during war and peace. Global alignment: Brings India’s military structure closer to that of advanced militaries like the U.S. and China, which operate unified theatre commands. Conclusion The creation of Theatre Commands marks the initiation of next-generation reforms in India’s military doctrine and structure. The long-term vision focuses on transforming India’s armed forces into a leaner, more agile, and joint war-fighting machine for future warfare. Supreme Court says dual taxation on broadcasting services permissible in law Context : Dual taxation upheld: The Centre can imposeservicetax on broadcasting services. The States can levy entertainment tax on entertainment provided to subscribers. No legal overlap: Court ruled that service tax and entertainment tax pertain to distinct aspects of the broadcasting activity. Therefore, both taxes can legally coexist without violating constitutional provisions. Relevance :GS 3(Taxaion ) Legal Basis Broadcasting = Service: Taxable under Finance Act, 1994, within Entry 97 of the Union List (residuary powers of Parliament). Entertainment = Luxury: Taxable under Entry 62 of the State List (Seventh Schedule of the Constitution). Interpretation by Supreme Court: The Court clarified that “entertainment” falls within the scope of “luxury” and can be broadly interpreted. Taxation on “different aspects” by different legislatures is constitutionally valid. Changing Nature of Entertainment Technological evolution: Entertainment today is accessed not only in public venues but also in private settings (e.g., homes, smartphones, smartwatches). Hence, entertainment tax laws must evolve and be interpreted liberally and expansively. Scope of “entertainment”: The Court emphasized a broad definition to include all forms of digital and broadcasted entertainment. Constitutional and Federal Implications Reinforces federal taxation powers: The judgment reaffirms the constitutional allocation of taxing powers between Union and States. Prevents tax disputes: Clarifies and resolves confusion over overlapping tax jurisdictions, especially post-GST era where entertainment tax was subsumed (except for specific services). Conclusion The Supreme Court validates the principle of dual taxation for services that can be legally and logically split into multiple components. Strengthens the doctrine of “aspect theory” in Indian taxation — i.e., the same transaction can be taxed differently under different heads, if viewed from different legal perspectives. ‘U.K.’s Chagos Islands deal with Mauritius risks entrenching exile of some islanders’ UK–Mauritius Chagos Deal Overview Agreement signed: UK agreed to hand over Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius, except for Diego Garcia. Diego Garcia remains under UK-U.S. control for military base operations via a 99-year lease. Financial terms: Mauritius to receive £101 million/year (~$136 million) for the lease. Trust fund created: £40 million (~$54 million) for the Chagossian diaspora (~10,000 people). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Human Rights Watch (HRW) Concerns Exile continues: Deal excludes Diego Garcia from resettlement, entrenching exile of Chagossians originally from that island. Historical injustice: HRW labels 1960s expulsion of Chagossians by UK for U.S. military base as an “ongoing colonial crime against humanity”. Partial return rights: Resettlement is allowed only on smaller islands, not the main ancestral island (Diego Garcia). Geopolitical Context Strategic location: Diego Garcia is a critical Indo-Pacific base for U.S.-UK military operations, especially in Asia and the Middle East. Colonial legacy: The Chagos dispute is a symbol of lingering colonialism, with Mauritius claiming rightful sovereignty. Legal and Ethical Dimensions Violation of indigenous rights: The forced displacement of Chagossians is widely condemned as ethnic cleansing and human rights abuse. International rulings: The ICJ (International Court of Justice) and UN General Assembly have urged the UK to return the islands to Mauritius. Incomplete justice: Despite returning control to Mauritius, the exclusion of Diego Garcia implies partial justice and selective reparations. Conclusion The deal represents progress in decolonisation but falls short of full justice for the Chagossians. Military geopolitics still trumps humanitarian and historical redress, especially in strategically critical regions. RBI to transfer ₹2.69 lakh crore to Govt. via dividend Context : RBI Dividend Transfer Amount transferred: ₹2.69 lakh crore (₹2,68,590.07 crore) surplus as dividend for FY 2024-25. Comparison with previous year: 27% higher than last year’s transfer of ₹2.11 lakh crore (FY 2023-24). Basis for surplus: Derived using Revised Economic Capital Framework (ECF) approved on May 15, 2025. Relevance : GS 3(RBI ) Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) CRB increased to 7.5% of RBI’s balance sheet size. Past CRB trends: 5.5% (2018-22) due to COVID & economic conditions. 6% in FY 2022-23. 6.5% in FY 2023-24. Implication: A higher CRB indicates greater prudence and financial resilience, even though it reduced the dividend payout potential. Fiscal Implications Union Budget 2025-26 assumption: ₹2.56 lakh crore from RBI + PSBs as dividend. Actual RBI payout alone exceeds the Budget estimate → fiscal boost. Expected fiscal deficit reduction: From 4.4% to ~4.2% of GDP (20 basis points drop). Key drivers of surplus: Robust foreign exchange sales (RBI was top seller in Asia in Jan 2025). Strong interest income. Higher forex gains.  Market Reaction Market expected₹3 lakh crore dividend – actual figure was below expectations. Reason: CRB hike to 7.5% curtailed payout. Investor sentiment: Seen as slightly negative → potential profit booking after recent rallies. Bond yields may react due to changing fiscal assumptions.  Expert Commentary SBI’s Soumya Kanti Ghosh: Calls it a prudent move to raise risk buffers. Warns that dividend could have touched₹3.5 lakh crore without CRB hike. Tata AMC’s Murthy Nagarajan: Points to market disappointment due to lower-than-expected payout. Conclusion Positive for fiscal math: Exceeds Budget expectations → helps in deficit management. Shows RBI’s conservative stance: Enhances its financial strength in uncertain macro conditions. Mixed market reaction: Fiscal upside but short-term disappointment due to lower-than-hoped dividend.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 May 2025

Content : Major Cities Accelerate e-Bus Adoption Under PM E-Drive 4% Reservation in Central Government Housing for Persons with Disabilities Major Cities Accelerate e-Bus Adoption Under PM E-Drive Introduction The PM e-Drive Scheme is accelerating the adoption of electric buses in major Indian cities, aiming to transform urban public transport into a cleaner and more sustainable system. This large-scale initiative focuses on enhancing mobility while reducing environmental impact across key metropolitan areas. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Policy and Governance Framework Centre-State Coordination: Emphasizes synergy between the Central government and states (Telangana, Karnataka, Delhi, Gujarat), vital for successful rollout and operational integration. Strategic Vision: Aligns with Government’s broader vision of clean and inclusive urban mobility, showcasing policy consistency in sustainable transport goals. Financial Commitment: ₹10,900 crore allocated for 14,028 electric buses over 2 years, reflecting significant government investment and prioritization. Urban Transport Modernization Scale of Deployment: Large-scale procurement planned—Bengaluru (4,500), Hyderabad (2,000), Delhi (2,800), Ahmedabad (1,000), Surat (600)—showcases targeted urban electrification efforts in key metropolitan hubs. Modernizing Public Transport: Focus on making public transport “cleaner, smarter, and more efficient,” signaling integration of electric mobility with intelligent transport systems. Operational Readiness: Ministry’s commitment to “timely delivery and operational readiness” suggests attention to implementation challenges like charging infrastructure, fleet management, and maintenance. Environmental Sustainability and Climate Impact Climate Goals: Supports India’s sustainable transport and carbon emission reduction objectives as part of national and international climate commitments. Pollution Reduction: Urban e-bus adoption expected to significantly cut air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in dense cities. Innovation Drive: Promotes environmentally conscious technology adoption, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and enhancing energy efficiency in public transport. Economic Growth and Social Benefits Job Creation and Industry Growth: Large-scale electric bus deployment can stimulate domestic EV manufacturing, supply chains, and associated green jobs. Public Health Improvements: Cleaner buses lead to improved urban air quality, reducing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Social Inclusion: Enhances public transport accessibility with modern and reliable electric buses, supporting equitable urban mobility. Regional Prioritization and Coverage City Focus: Targeting rapidly growing and pollution-challenged cities like Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, and Surat demonstrates data-driven and contextual targeting. Geographic Balance: Inclusion of South (Bengaluru, Hyderabad), North (Delhi), and West (Ahmedabad, Surat) highlights nationwide ambition and diversity. Technological Innovation and Future Mobility EV Ecosystem Development: Boosts India’s electric vehicle ecosystem, including batteries, charging infrastructure, and smart grid integration. Smart Mobility Integration: Potential for app-based public transit, real-time tracking, and renewable energy-powered charging infrastructure. Global Scale and Leadership: One of the world’s largest e-bus deployment efforts, setting a precedent for other developing countries. 4% Reservation in Central Government Housing for Persons with Disabilities Introduction A landmark initiative under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs introduces a 4% reservation in central government housing for persons with disabilities, reinforcing inclusive governance and equitable access to public services. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice , Housing) Policy and Legal Framework Alignment with RPwD Act, 2016: The initiative directly supports the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, reinforcing legal mandates for equality and accessibility. Government Commitment: Reflects adherence to the Prime Minister’s vision of “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas” and the Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan aimed at disability inclusion. Official Directive: The Directorate of Estates’ Office Memorandum institutionalizes the reservation policy for smooth implementation. Social Inclusion and Empowerment Promoting Equity: 4% reservation ensures persons with disabilities gain fair access to essential public housing, fostering dignity and independence. Accessible Housing: Supports physical accessibility and accommodation needs, helping integrate persons with disabilities into mainstream urban life. Empowerment of Vulnerable Groups: Strengthens social justice by addressing housing disparities faced by persons with disabilities. Governance and Implementation Inclusive Governance: Demonstrates proactive government measures to mainstream disability concerns within public service delivery. Operationalizing Rights: Makes the constitutional and legislative promises of equality tangible through administrative action. Strengthening Accountability: Clear reservation quotas enable monitoring and evaluation of inclusion efforts in government housing schemes. Broader Impact Catalyst for Change: Sets a precedent for similar inclusivity measures across other government services and facilities. Promotes Awareness: Raises public and institutional awareness about the importance of accessible infrastructure and inclusive policies. Supports Sustainable Development Goals: Contributes to SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 May 2025

Content : Tariff wars and a reshaping of AI’s global landscape Use international law to take on Pakistan-backed terror Tariff wars and a reshaping of AI’s global landscape  Global Context of Tariff Wars and AI Post-2024 U.S. elections, tariffs have been reimposed, targeting key technology imports. These tariffs raise costs of AI infrastructure components like semiconductors and accelerators, disrupting global supply chains. Ironically, some companies may now relocate data centres to tariff-targeted countries like China. Relevance : GS 3(Economy , Technology) Practice Question : How are tariff wars reshaping the global landscape of Artificial Intelligence (AI) development? Discuss the strategic implications for India.(250 Words)  Economic Impacts of Tariffs on AI Development Tariffs on AI hardware rose up to 27% in 2025, increasing AI infrastructure costs in the U.S. While aimed at boosting domestic manufacturing (e.g., tripling U.S. semiconductor capacity by 2032), tariffs distort comparative advantage (Ricardian theory). Global supply chain fragmentation increases inefficiency, slows innovation, and raises uncertainty. Empirical evidence: 1 Standard Deviation. increase in tariffs → 0.4% output loss over 5 years. Reversing tariffs → potential 4% cumulative output gain. Innovation and Strategic Shifts Tariffs can reduce: Incentive to innovate (less competition). Access to cutting-edge imported tech. “Deadweight loss” effect: No clear benefit to producers or consumers due to reduced trade. Demand for AI compute to grow massively: Power needs: 11 GW (2024) → 327 GW (2030). If unmet, U.S. competitiveness could decline.  Shifting Global Innovation Landscape Advanced AI development relies on access to high-cost compute and global collaboration. Tariffs widen inequality in AI capabilities between countries. Developed country tariffs: hinder tech transfer. Developing country tariffs: speed up tech transfer, but affect wages/innovation differently. India’s Strategic Opportunity India is emerging as a “third option” between U.S.-China tech rivalry. IT export growth: 3.3%–5.1% YoY. Growth in AI and digital engineering sectors. Government efforts: Semiconductor investments (fab proposals, AMD’s $400M campus). 1.5 million engineering graduates/year – AI-capable talent pool.  Challenges for India Heavy reliance on imported AI hardware. Tariffs and supply disruptions may slow India’s AI ambitions. But also potential gain: Companies may relocate manufacturing and data centres to India.  Adaptive Technological Trends Capital substitution: High hardware costs → focus on: Algorithmic efficiency. Model compression. Software optimisation. Result: AI usage cost is falling (~40x per year), softening the blow for end-users.  Role of Regulation and Data Countries with lenient data policies and broader digital access may offset hardware disadvantages. Training data access can help maintain innovation pace despite higher infrastructure costs. Rise of Decentralised AI Development Tariffs drive interest in application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs): 30% (2023) → 50% (2028) of AI workload accelerators. Historical parallel: Like mainframe to PC shift in the 1980s, AI may decentralise due to market constraints.  Conclusion Tariff-driven realignments may reduce economic efficiency, but also spur decentralised, adaptive AI innovation. Countries like India, despite vulnerabilities, are uniquely positioned to benefit from reshaped global tech dynamics. Use international law to take on Pakistan-backed terror Core Argument India should complement kinetic responses (e.g. Operation Sindoor) with non-kinetic strategies, particularly lawfare — using international law to achieve strategic objectives against Pakistan-backed terrorism. Relevance  : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : How can international law be leveraged as an effective strategy against Pakistan-backed terrorism? Evaluate the potential and challenges of such a lawfare approach for India.(250 Words) Leverage Existing International Conventions India and Pakistan are signatories to several regional and global anti-terrorism treaties: SAARC Convention on Suppression of Terrorism International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (ICSFT) Terrorist Bombing Convention These conventions: Mandate states to criminalise terrorism. Prohibit terror financing (e.g. ICSFT Article 2(1), SAARC Protocol Article 6). Pakistan’s violations: Long-standing role in funding and sheltering terrorists (e.g. 26/11 Mumbai attacks, Pahalgam 2024). India must document and publicise violations using robust legal language. Present a Legal Case Internationally Move beyond diplomatic statements — adopt a law-based narrative with: Verified facts Legal provisions violated References to UNSC resolutions, customary international law Send parliamentary delegations abroad to build diplomatic momentum using legal frameworks. Engage the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Most terrorism treaties include compromissory clauses allowing ICJ jurisdiction: ICSFT (Article 24) Terrorist Bombing Convention (Article 20) Precedent: Ukraine sued Russia under ICSFT — India can similarly sue Pakistan. Benefits: Brings global attention Builds narrative of Pakistan as a violator of international norms Past use: India approached ICJ in Kulbhushan Jadhav case. Jurisdictional and Legal Hurdles Pakistan’s reservation on ICSFT jurisdiction may limit legal action — but India can still file to raise the issue. India’s own reservation under Terrorist Bombing Convention is self-limiting — should be withdrawn to enable litigation. ICJ may interpret treaties narrowly (as in Ukraine v. Russia) — India must prepare strong evidence and legal arguments. Utilize dissenting opinions (e.g. Hilary Charlesworth) to frame persuasive positions. Strategic Use of Lawfare Even if ICJ case outcome is uncertain, filing cases helps build international pressure. Lawfare can align with broader diplomatic and national security strategies. Helps isolate Pakistan globally and shape global opinion. Need for Institutional Capacity India must build internal legal expertise in international law. Integrate international law into strategic policy and diplomatic training. Create permanent legal task forces for international legal battles. Conclusion International law is an underutilised but powerful tool in India’s counterterrorism strategy. A coherent legal offensive, backed by facts and treaties, can help hold Pakistan accountable and strengthen India’s global position.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 May 2025

Content: Is establishing the truth a problem during a conflict? Why India needs stable urban forests What is the need of the hour in autism care? SC indicates mandatory registration of Waqfs began in 1923, not in 2025 Report on adolescent health records calls for more investments and laws New drugs arrive on the block, but AMR threats continue Is establishing the truth a problem during a conflict? Complex Information Environment Conflicts often create fast-moving and emotionally charged environments. Information flows rapidly across media and social media, making verification harder. Differing versions of events may emerge due to lack of access or real-time reporting challenges. Relevance : GS 4(Ethics and Integrity) Challenge of Verification Journalists may lack access to conflict zones, making independent verification difficult. Official sources might be the only available information, which may not always be complete. In such scenarios, misreporting or reliance on unverified sources may unintentionally occur. National Security Considerations Governments may limit certain information (e.g., troop movements) to protect national security. This is a legitimate concern during active military operations. However, such restrictions must be balanced with the public’s right to information. Media Responsibility Media outlets have a responsibility to report accurately and avoid sensationalism. The pressure to generate viewership can sometimes lead to dramatic coverage, which may overshadow nuanced reporting. Upholding journalistic ethics, such as cross-checking and source verification, is crucial during such times. Role of Social Media Social media platforms can amplify both authentic information and misinformation. While it provides real-time updates, it can also lead to the spread of unverified or misleading content. Efforts to improve digital literacy and fact-checking can help mitigate these risks. Public Trust and Transparency Transparent communication by authorities fosters trust and public understanding. A clear and consistent information strategy can reduce speculation and confusion. Over-restriction of information, however, can lead to rumours and public distrust. Conclusion Establishing the truth during conflict is undeniably challenging, but not impossible. It requires a careful balance between national interest, journalistic integrity, and the public’s right to know. Strengthening media guidelines, promoting ethical reporting, and encouraging responsible information sharing are key to navigating the truth in times of conflict. Why India needs stable urban forests What is an Urban Forest? An urban forest refers to trees, vegetation, and wooded areas located within and around cities and towns. Includes parks, avenues, gardens, institutional greens, wooded public land, and natural forest patches like Kancha Gachibowli (Hyderabad), Aarey (Mumbai), and Delhi Ridge. Functions as the “green lungs” of urban areas, providing ecological, social, and health benefits. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Importance of Urban Forests Act as natural air purifiers by absorbing pollutants like PM2.5 and PM10. Help mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon. Reduce urban heat island effect, bringing down temperatures in cities. Control stormwater runoff, soil erosion, and flooding risks. Provide habitats for endangered birds and animals, sustaining urban biodiversity. Enhance mental health, offer recreational spaces, and improve quality of life. Provide a cultural and emotional connection to nature in urban settings. Impact of Urbanisation on Forests Urban forests like Kancha Gachibowli in Hyderabad are threatened by industrial and real estate expansion. Over 100 acres of tree cover lost due to government-sanctioned development. Similar threats faced by other urban forests: Aarey (Mumbai), Turahalli (Bengaluru), Delhi Ridge, etc. Deteriorating air quality in cities like Delhi, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad worsened by deforestation. Areas of Concern Lack of coordination between urban planning and environmental protection. Encroachments and land-use changes favoring short-term economic gain over sustainability. Weak implementation of existing green policies. Neglect of ecological value in Smart City and infrastructure projects. Inadequate community involvement and awareness. Judicial Interventions & Legal Safeguards Supreme Court (2024) rebuked Telangana govt; ordered restoration of Kancha Gachibowli forest. Godavarman Case (1996): Broadened forest definition to include urban forests. Delhi HC (2015): Directed protection of the Delhi Ridge. SC Stay (2020): Halted tree felling in Aarey, Mumbai. Courts invoking Article 21 (Right to Life) to ensure a healthy environment. Support from Articles 48A & 51A(g) for environmental protection as a duty. Nagar Van Yojana (Urban Forest Scheme) Launched by MoEF&CC in 2020. Goal: 1,000 urban forests by 2027. Encourages community participation in creating and maintaining green urban spaces. India State of Forest Report 2023 shows 1,445.81 km² increase in urban green cover due to this scheme. Why the Threat is Alarming Urban forest loss equals public health crisis — rising respiratory issues and heat stress. Loss of green spaces diminishes social cohesion, cultural life, and mental well-being. Signals a broader failure in sustainable urban governance. Undermines India’s climate commitments and biodiversity goals. Conclusion India urgently needs stable urban forests not just as green patches but as critical urban infrastructure. They are indispensable for: Environmental balance Climate resilience Public health Biodiversity Cultural and civic identity Policy commitment, legal protection, and citizen activism must converge to safeguard these urban lungs. What is the need of the hour in autism care? What is Autism? Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting communication, social interaction, and behavior. It includes a range of symptoms from mild to severe; often visible in early childhood but sometimes diagnosed later. Classified by the WHO as a diverse set of conditions, not a single disorder. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Social Issues) Is Autism on the Rise? Prevalence of autism has increased: 1 in 36 (2020) → 1 in 31 (2022) in the U.S. (CDC data). In India, an estimated 1 in 68 children are affected by autism. This translates to approximately 18 million individuals on the autism spectrum in the country. Reasons: Better recognition and broader diagnostic criteria. Increased awareness and access to healthcare. Mild cases now included in diagnosis which were earlier missed. What Causes Autism? No single cause — it’s a complex interplay of genetics and environment. Genetic factors: High heritability (up to 91% in some studies – JAMA 2016). Environmental factors (limited evidence, still under research): Advanced parental age. Prenatal exposure to air pollution. Vaccines do NOT cause autism – the MMR vaccine link has been debunked. Is Autism Preventable? Not fully preventable due to complex etiology. Primary prevention is difficult with current knowledge. Focus should be on: Secondary prevention – early detection and screening. Tertiary prevention – targeted intervention and support. Misinformation Risks Claims linking vaccines to autism have caused: Reduced vaccination rates. Increased public health risk (measles outbreaks, etc.). Such narratives blame parents (especially mothers) and increase stigma. What is the Need of the Hour in Autism Care? Early Diagnosis Many children are still not diagnosed early, especially in rural and underserved areas. Early detection is crucial for effective intervention. Accessible Interventions Need for individualised, evidence–basedtherapies (speech, behavioral, occupational). Tailored interventions based on each child’s needs. Psycho-education for Families Families need support and realistic guidance, not false promises or shame. Maternal and Child Health Greater focus on maternalmental and physicalhealth during pregnancy. Move beyond communicable diseases to include mental and neurodevelopmental health in prenatal care. Awareness and Sensitisation Combat myths and stigma around ASD. Promote inclusion and rights-based approach for individuals with autism. Research and Data Continued, rigorous research on genetic and environmental factors. Avoid politicised or oversimplified narratives (e.g. blaming toxins or single causes). SC indicates mandatory registration of Waqfs began in 1923, not in 2025  Historical Context and Legal Continuity Mandatory registration of Waqfs dates back to the Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923. This requirement was retained in the Waqf Act, 1954, and further reiterated in the Waqf Act, 1995. The 2025 Amendment Act does not introduce mandatory registration; it merely reinforces an existing legal requirement. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Polity and Constitution)  Issue of Non-compliance The Supreme Court questioned why Waqfs have remained unregistered for decades despite clear legal mandates. Only one State has completed the mandatory survey of Waqf properties under Section 4 of the Waqf Act, 1995. Petitioners argue the fault lies with State governments, not the Waqf community.  Waqf by User and Its Recognition “Waqf by user” refers to properties used by the public over time for religious purposes (e.g., mosques, graveyards) without formal registration. Earlier Waqf laws statutorily recognized such waqfs, acknowledging a deep-rooted Islamic practice. Petitioners argue the 2025 Act would strip these waqfs of legal status, which is arbitrary and regressive.  Religious Freedom and Constitutional Rights Waqf is tied to Islamic charity (zakat), one of the five pillars of Islam. Arguing it is non-essential to Islam, as the government claims, would deny protection under Article 25 (freedom of religion). Article 26(d) provides religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs and properties—petitioners argue this includes waqfs.  Concerns over State Interference Inclusion of non-Muslims on Waqf Boards and Central Waqf Council is seen as intrusion into community-specific religious administration. Petitioners argue this amounts to undue state control over religious endowments, violating minority rights.  New Requirements Under the 2025 Amendment The 2025 law now requires that a person must prove five years of practising Islam before creating a waqf. This is viewed by petitioners as burdensome, exclusionary, and discriminatory, especially for converts and marginalised groups.  Summary of Petitioners’ Objections Historical recognition of waqfs, especially waqfs by user, is being undermined. Community penalized for administrative failure of the State. The law is violating religious freedom and minority rights under Articles 25 and 26. The State’s regulatory reach is extending into core religious functions. Need for Reform: Balanced Approach Any reform of Waqf laws should ensure: Administrative efficiency and transparency. Protection of religious rights and community autonomy. Avoiding overreach and excessive secular regulation. Report on adolescent health records calls for more investments and laws  Scale and Demographics Adolescents account for 24% of the global population, i.e., around 2 billion individuals. By 2030, nearly 1 billion adolescents are projected to live in multi-burden countries facing overlapping health, social, and economic challenges. By 2100, an estimated 85% of the world’s adolescents will live in Africa or Asia. Adolescents living in conflict-affected areas have doubled since the 1990s, now numbering 340 million. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Health ,Social Issues)  Health Burden Projections By 2030: 464 million adolescents are projected to be overweight. 42 million years of healthy life will be lost to mental health disorders and suicide.  Funding Gaps Funding for adolescent health is grossly inadequate: Adolescents received only 2.4% of total global health development assistance (2016–21). This is disproportionate to their 25.2% share in the global population. Current funding is not targeted to areas of greatest need or demographic pressure.  Progress and Gains Adolescent mortality has declined by 27% in the past two decades. Improvements are largely due to: Reductions in malnutrition and communicable diseases. Greater access to education, especially for girls. These changes contribute to gender equity and better socioeconomic outcomes.  Digital Era and New Challenges Adolescents are the first global generation of digital natives: 79% of youth aged 15–24 are Internet users globally. Over 95% of adolescents in high- and upper-middle-income countries are digitally connected. Digital exposure raises new risks and responsibilities, such as: Mental health implications. Online safety. Commercial exploitation via digital platforms.  Legal and Policy Recommendations Enabling laws and policies are critical to improving adolescent wellbeing: Protect sexual and reproductive health and rights. Tackle commercial determinants of health (e.g., junk food, substance marketing). Promote healthy and ethical use of social media. Emphasis on sustained legal environments over one-time interventions.  Youth Engagement and Participation The commission included: 44 global commissioners. 10 youth commissioners. 122 adolescents in Youth Solution Labs — signaling a strong push for youth-led solutions. New drugs arrive on the block, but AMR threats continue AMR: An Escalating Global Health Threat Definition: AMR (Antimicrobial Resistance) occurs when microorganisms resist effects of antimicrobial drugs. Global Impact: Contributed to 1.27 million deaths in 2019; projected to directly cause 1.91 million deaths by 2050. India’s Burden: 2.97 lakh deaths due to AMR in 2019; India has one of the highest bacterial infection rates globally. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Governance) Key Causes of AMR Misuse/Overuse of Antibiotics: Only ~30% of antibiotics are used for humans; majority in livestock, aquaculture, and agriculture. Widespread over-the-counter (OTC) sales without prescriptions. Use of antibiotics like colistin as growth promoters in poultry (recently banned). Self-medication and lack of public awareness. Inadequate diagnostics: Delays in antibiogram reports lead to delayed/inappropriate treatments. Hospital-related challenges: Equipment quality issues, high patient load, understaffing, poor infection control. Lack of accountability and stewardship in healthcare systems. Scientific Breakthrough: Nafithromycin Developed by: Wockhardt (India) with support from BIRAC. Significance: First antibiotic developed globally in 30 years. Features: 3-day once-a-day oral treatment for Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP); 97% success rate. India’s Milestone: First indigenously developed antibiotic in its class. Innovation Gaps and Market Challenges Antibiotic Innovation Gap: Post-1960s “golden era” saw decline in new antibiotics. Big pharma exited due to low ROI; chronic diseases more profitable. Drug Development Barriers: High cost, long timelines, stringent regulatory hurdles. Small companies like Wockhardt, Bugworks, Orchid Pharma taking the lead. Affordability Strategy: Tiered pricing based on country income level (e.g., India price 80% lower than US). Challenges in Stewardship and Regulation Emerging Resistance to New Drugs: E.g., Ceftazidime-avibactam losing efficacy due to irrational use. Regulatory Gaps: Despite being prescription-only, antibiotics are freely available OTC in India. Weak enforcement and lack of pharmacy-level control. Public Awareness Deficit: Antibiotics taken for viral infections. Patient pressure on doctors contributes to overprescription. Government and Institutional Action National Action Plan (2017): Aligns India with global AMR strategy. Surveillance Networks & Public Campaigns: Still in nascent stages. Need for Holistic Reforms: Better diagnostics and equipment quality. Healthcare professional training on AMR stewardship. Stronger policy and enforcement framework. Way Forward: Multifaceted, Shared Responsibility 3-Pronged Approach: Education: For public and practitioners on responsible antibiotic use. Innovation: Continued R&D investment in novel antibiotics. Regulation: Strict control on antibiotic sales, improved hospital protocols. Expert Consensus: Without immediate, cross-sectoral action, AMR will spiral into a larger public health crisis.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 May 2025

Content : Mizoram Achieves Full Functional Literacy Depot Darpan Portal and Digital Platforms-Anna Mitra and Anna Sahayata Mizoram Achieves Full Functional Literacy Context : Milestone Achievement Mizoram declared India’s first fully literate state on 20th May 2025 by CM Lalduhoma. Achieved full functional literacy, defined by the Ministry of Education as above 95% literacy rate. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Social Justice, and Education) Background Context Mizoram attained statehood on 20 February 1987. According to the 2011 Census, literacy rate was 91.33% (3rd highest in India). Geographical area: 21,081 km². Recent Data and Surveys Door-to-door survey (Aug–Sep 2023) by Cluster Resource Centre Coordinators (CRCCs) identified 3,026 non-literates. 1,692 learners actively participated in literacy activities. PFLS survey 2023-24: Literacy rate reached 98.20%. Community Participation 292 volunteer teachers (students, educators, CRCCs, etc.) led the literacy efforts. Inspired by “Kartavya Bodh” and Mizo cultural values. Highlights community-led model of inclusive education. Role of ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram Mizoram’s literacy mission aligned with ULLAS Scheme (2022–2027). A centrally sponsored scheme targeting adults aged 15+. Five Components: Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Critical Life Skills Basic Education Vocational Skills Continuing Education National outreach: 1.77 crore neo-literates appeared for FLNAT. 2.37 crore learners & 40.84 lakh volunteers registered on ULLAS mobile app. Comparative Insight Ladakh was the first administrative unit (not a state) to declare full literacy on 24 June 2024. Mizoram becomes the first full-fledged state to achieve this milestone. Significance Reinforces NEP 2020’s vision of inclusive, equitable education. Sets a model for grassroots-driven literacy initiatives. Symbolizes cooperative federalism in education. Demonstrates effectiveness of volunteerism in governance. Depot Darpan Portal and Digital Platforms-Anna Mitra and Anna Sahayata Context and Objective Launched by Union Food and Consumer Affairs Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi. Aimed at strengthening the Public Distribution System (PDS) and enhancing transparency, efficiency, and accountability. Ensures food security for over 81 crore beneficiaries under NFSA & PMGKAY. Relevance : GS Paper 2( Governance, Welfare Schemes, and e-Governance) Depot Darpan Portal A self-assessment & monitoring portal for food grain depots (FCI & CWC). Enables depot officials to evaluate operations via Composite Ratings (based on 60:40 – operational: infrastructural performance). Tech integration: IoT sensors, CCTV, live video feeds, and analytics. Benefits: Potential₹275 crore savings in FCI depots. ₹140 crore income boost through optimized CWC space utilization. Addresses infrastructure gaps; budget allocations: ₹280 crore for CWC ₹1000 crore for FCI Encourages smart warehousing and five-star rated depots. Anna Mitra Mobile App Targeted at PDS stakeholders: FPS Dealers, DFSO Officers, Food Inspectors. Key features: Stock receipt updates, alerts, geo-tagged inspections. FPS performance monitoring & beneficiary data access. Pilot states: Assam, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Punjab. Languages: Hindi, English. Aims at real-time data, transparency, operational efficiency. Anna Sahayata Grievance Redressal System Designed for PMGKAY beneficiaries. Utilizes: WhatsApp, IVRS, and ASR (Automatic Speech Recognition). Makes grievance lodging accessible, quick, and multilingual. Pilot in Gujarat, Jharkhand, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh. Available in Hindi, Gujarati, Telugu, Bangla, and English. Broader Significance Aligned with Digital India and Viksit Bharat visions. Reinforces One Nation, One Ration Card (ONORC) for portability and access. Enhances infrastructure grading, nutritional security, and public service delivery. Evidence-based: Supported by Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (50% decline in food spending due to improved access). Conclusion These platforms signify a paradigm shift in welfare delivery through digital tools. They bolster food security, grievance resolution, and depot management. Embody the government’s goal of reaching the last man, upholding transparency, and promoting tech-enabled governance.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 May 2025

Content: Stitch in time India’s ‘new normal’ deconstructed Scheme-based workers, the struggle for an identity Stitch in time Background & Context Issue at hand: The Supreme Court struck down two Environment Ministry notifications that allowed industrial units to bypass prior environmental clearance, a key feature of the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006. What the notifications did: 2017: Gave a 6-month one-time window for violators to apply for clearance. 2021: Allowed continued operations of violators (with fines) under a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Both were executive orders, not backed by amendments to the Environment Protection Act. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance) Practice Question : The Supreme Court’s recent verdict on environmental clearance underscores the tension between executive discretion and legal sanctity in environmental governance. Critically examine the implications of this verdict on future environmental policymaking in India. (250 words) SC Judgment Highlights Reaffirmed “prior clearance” as a sacrosanct legal principle. Recognised the illegality of these notifications. Exempted units that had already regularised themselves under these notifications from penalties. Aimed to prevent future misuse of executive discretion in environmental matters. Centre’s Justification Historical Precedent: Similar regularisation was attempted by the UPA government in 2012–13. Economic Argument: Shutting down operational plants may harm the economy, jobs, and ironically, even increase pollution. Penalty-based Logic: Fines would act as a deterrent for violations. Criticism of the Centre’s Approach Undermining EIA: Allowed backdoor entry for violators, weakening deterrence. Lack of Parliamentary Oversight: Skipped legislative process; used executive shortcuts. Ineffective deterrence: Fines may not prevent future violations; industries may treat them as a cost of doing business. Weak enforcement: Regional pollution control boards failed to monitor and act against violators. Implications & Way Forward Positive precedence: The verdict discourages future dilution of environmental safeguards in the name of ease of doing business. Need for enforcement: Legal clarity must be matched with strong ground-level monitoring and compliance. Institutional accountability: Strengthening State Pollution Control Boards and empowering local communities is vital. Balancing Act: Future policy must harmonize economic development with sustainable environmental governance. India’s ‘new normal’ deconstructed Context and Trigger On April 22, a terrorist attack in Pahalgam killed Indian soldiers. PM’s address on April 24 (in English) was a global signal of India’s new strategic posture. India launched Operation Sindoor on May 6-7 in retaliation — striking 9 terrorist targets in Pakistan (including POJK and Punjab). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : India’s evolving counter-terror strategy marks a significant departure from its earlier doctrine of strategic restraint. Discuss how this ‘new normal’ reflects a shift in India’s internal security and foreign policy approach. (250 words) Nature and Scope of Retaliation Targets included UN-proscribed entities: LeT, JeM, Hizbul Mujahideen. Strikes were: Measured, focused, non-escalatory. Avoided Pakistani military establishments initially. Follow-up actions: Precision strikes on Pakistani air defence systems. India responded strongly to artillery, drone, and missile escalations. May 10: India struck 11 Pakistani military bases, prompting Pakistan to seek a ceasefire. Shift from Traditional Doctrine Old strategy: halt dialogue, suspend contacts, seek global support, exercise restraint due to nuclear escalation fears. Global apathy toward India’s concerns enabled Pakistan’s proxy war model. India was hesitant to call Pakistan’s nuclear bluff — until now. Evolution of India’s Counter-Terror Strategy 2016 Uri attack → surgical strikes in POJK. 2019 Pulwama attack → Balakot airstrike. 2024 Pahalgam attack → Operation Sindoor. This trajectory marks the evolution of the ‘new normal’ in India’s defence posture. Key Elements of the ‘New Normal’ Zero Tolerance: No terror attack will go unpunished. No Safe Havens: Any place in Pakistan can be targeted — no area is sacrosanct. Nuclear Bluff Called: India’s strikes showed nuclear deterrence won’t prevent retaliation. State Accountability: No distinction between state and non-state actors. Pakistani flags on terrorist coffins. Military presence at funerals of terrorists. India Won’t Share Evidence Anymore: Burden of proof not on India. Action will be taken based on credible intel alone. Defence and Tech Transformation Use of: ISR tech (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance). Drones and loitering munitions. Precision weaponry (minimising collateral damage). Successful use of ‘Made in India’ weapons in Operation Sindoor. Need for enhanced civil-military-industrial cooperation. India’s Strategic Autonomy India’s anti-terror campaign is self-reliant. Support from global players may fluctuate, but India will act regardless of external backing. Geopolitical Message India’s cooperation (e.g., water sharing, trade, dialogue) is now conditional: Pakistan must abjure terrorism. Return of POJK is on the table. Terrorism and diplomacy/trade cannot coexist. Conclusion India is now assertive, uninhibited, and ready to act unilaterally. The global community must now reckon with a decisive and strategic India. India’s role in a multipolar world is being redefined by its new security doctrine. Scheme-based workers, the struggle for an identity  Context and Background The government employs millions under various schemes such as: ICDS (1975): Anganwadi Workers (AWWs), Anganwadi Helpers (AWHs) National Rural Health Mission (NHRM): ASHAs Mid-Day Meal Scheme: MDMWs Combined, around 60 million workers are employed under these schemes. These workers perform crucial socio-economic functions — child care, maternal health, nutrition, public health outreach, and improving school outcomes. Relevance : GS 2(Schemes , Social Issues ,Governance) Practice Question : Scheme-based workers are essential to India’s welfare architecture but remain outside the ambit of formal labour recognition. Analyse the challenges they face and suggest measures to ensure economic and legal justice. (250 words)  Core Issues Faced by Scheme-Based Workers (SBWs) Lack of recognition as formal “workers” under labour laws. No minimum wages or assured wage structures. No social security (pension, health insurance, provident fund). Treated as “volunteers” or “honorary workers”, not employees.  Forms of Struggle and Resistance SBWs have adopted three main strategies: Strikes: State-specific protests (e.g., Kerala’s 13-day strike in 2025). Legal action: Key judicial interventions have shaped their rights. Social dialogue: Participation through forums like the Indian Labour Conference (ILC). Trade unions (AITUC, BMS, CITU) play a major role in mobilising and representing SBWs. Strikes are frequent due to lack of wage negotiation timelines. Some state responses are repressive (e.g., Maharashtra’s Essential Services Maintenance Act, 2017).  Judicial Developments 2006: Ameerbi case – Supreme Court refused “worker” status to Anganwadis. 2022: Maniben Maganbhai case – Court extended gratuity rights under the Payment of Gratuity Act. 2024: Gujarat HC case – Directed that AWWs and AWHs be paid minimum wages and suggested regularisation as Class III/IV employees.  Tripartite Recommendations At the 45th Indian Labour Conference (ILC): Unanimous recommendation to treat SBWs as “workers”. Called for minimum wages, pension, health insurance, PF. Central government has not acted on these recommendations.  Government’s Stance and Evasion Cites cost implications and population growth as barriers. In 2016, Labour Minister called for long-term policy formulation, avoiding fixed timelines. Central government has adopted a delaying and denial strategy. There are also moves toward privatisation (e.g., of ICDS), which SBW unions strongly oppose.  The Broader Struggle SBWs seek: Recognition as workers, not volunteers. Wages, not honorariums. Labour rights, not applause or charity. Parallels drawn with gig workers’ struggle for identity and entitlements. This is an existential battle for inclusion in the formal labour market.  Conclusion The demand for “worker” status is legitimate, rooted in the nature and extent of their public service. Delays in policy recognition have resulted in prolonged injustice. The struggle continues — not for symbolic appreciation but for economic and legal dignity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 May 2025

Content : More Good News Than Bad in Delhi’s Fertility Rate Dip A Tragedy Recorded for Posterity: Inscription Near Temple in Karnataka Lists Drought Deaths in 1539 Progress Should Not Just Be Fast but Future-Proof 3-Year Rule: A Setback to Judiciary Aspirants M.R. Srinivasan, a Key Architect of India’s Nuclear Programme, No More Kurma Mela: The Science of the Mass Nesting of Olive Ridley Turtles More good news than bad in Delhi’s fertility rate dip Context : Delhi has recorded the lowest Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in India at 1.4 in 2021, marking a 26.3% decline since 2011. This shift reflects changing social dynamics, economic pressures, and lifestyle factors in the urban population. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Issues) Key Data Highlights Delhi’s TFR in 2021: 1.4 (lowest in India). Delhi’s TFR in 2011: 1.9 → a 26.3% decline over a decade. National average TFR: 2.0. Highest TFR: Bihar at 3.0.   Positive Factors Behind the Decline Women’s Empowerment: More women are financially independent and making individual reproductive choices. Better education and workforce participation among women delaying childbirth. Delayed Fertility Trends: Fertility has shifted to ages 30–44, with declining births in 15–29 age group. Couples now prioritize careers and financial stability before family planning. Urban Living Constraints: Migrant couples lack family support (e.g., grandparents), deterring multiple children. High cost of living: childcare, education, and nanny expenses discourage large families. Health Awareness & Access: Improved maternal and infant health services influencing reproductive decisions. Access to family planning services through ASHAs and public hospitals. Challenges & Concerns Infertility & Lifestyle Diseases: Rise in PCOS and infertility linked to sedentary lifestyles, poor diet, and stress. Long working hours and pollution contribute to health-related reproductive challenges. Economic Pressures: Inflation makes child-rearing costly, leading couples to opt for a single child. Families prefer quality upbringing over quantity due to limited income. Changing Social Norms: Increasing number of couples voluntarily choosing not to have children. Sociological Insights Reflects a transitioning urban society where individual choice, career goals, and economic rationality shape reproductive behavior. Marks a shift from family-driven to woman-driven fertility decisions. A tragedy recorded for posterity: inscription near temple in Karnataka lists drought deaths in 1539 Key Highlights of the Discovery A 16th-century Kannada inscription was discovered near Chandrashekara temple, Guttala (Haveri district, Karnataka). Dated August 18, 1539 CE, it records 6,307 deaths due to drought (bara) — India’s first known epigraphic record of a humanitarian disaster. The deceased were buried by Marulaih Odeya, depicted in a stone sculpture carrying bodies in a basket. Relevance : GS 1(History , Inscriptions) ,GS 3(Disaster Management) Historical and Cultural Significance The inscription is unique and rare, documenting the exact human toll of a natural calamity — a detail often absent in traditional literature. It enriches India’s epigraphic heritage and contributes to historical memory of socio-environmental crises. Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Insight Reflects the devastating impact of drought on medieval agrarian society. Shows evidence of community action and ritualistic piety in disaster response — burials were performed for religious merit. Offers a glimpse into the social role of individuals and rulers (e.g., Timmarasa Svami and god Basaveshwara) during crises. Research and Analytical Value Opens avenues for comparative studies on climatic disasters and community resilience in Indian history. May assist scholars in reconstructing climatic patterns, demographic changes, and administrative responses over time. Adds depth to environmental history and disaster anthropology. Broader Context Part of over 1,000 inscriptions documented by ASI in 2024–25 across India. Over 100 new inscriptions discovered this year alone, showing the continued importance of field epigraphy. Conclusion A landmark inscription blending history, art, environment, and society. It bridges the gap between archaeology and environmental history, marking a forgotten tragedy in stone for posterity. Progress should not just be fast but future-proof Context and Urgency India faces escalating climate risks: rising temperatures, erratic monsoons, floods, droughts, and crop failures threaten millions. Over 80% of India’s population lives in climate disaster-prone districts (World Bank data). These climate physical risks (CPRs) pose systemic threats to economic stability, public health, and national security. Relevance : GS3(Climate Change) Nature of Climate Physical Risks (CPRs) CPRs include acute shocks (floods, heatwaves) and chronic stresses (shifting monsoons, prolonged droughts). Climate projections (long-term) differ from weather forecasts (short-term) and are vital for proactive adaptation. Effective management of CPRs requires long-term planning rather than reactive measures. Global Climate Action: Mitigation vs Adaptation Global efforts are split between mitigation (emission reduction) and adaptation (building resilience). Adaptation is increasingly necessary worldwide due to intensifying climate impacts, not just in the Global South. Despite its importance, funding is disproportionately allocated to mitigation, overlooking adaptation measures like resilient infrastructure. Investing $1 in adaptation yields a $4 return by reducing economic losses and disaster recovery costs (UNEP). Framework for Assessing CPRs CPR risk = function of hazard (climate events), exposure (who/what is at risk), and vulnerability (capacity to withstand/recover). This framework underscores that climate risk is multifaceted, involving environmental and socio-economic dimensions. Regulatory and Reporting Developments Financial regulators worldwide are moving from voluntary to mandatory climate risk disclosures. India’s Reserve Bank is integrating climate risks into its regulatory framework. The IFRS ISSB S2 standard sets global expectations for climate risk disclosure, linking CPR assessments to business continuity. India’s Current Challenges India’s climate risk assessments are fragmented across multiple agencies and methodologies, lacking standardization. Existing tools and studies (e.g., flood maps, vulnerability atlases) are valuable but not unified or centrally accessible. Global climate models often fail to capture India’s hyper-local climate realities, limiting accuracy. This fragmentation hinders informed policymaking and business decision-making. Initiatives and Way Forward India has initiated a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) aligned with the Paris Agreement, with an Adaptation Communication submitted in 2023. The upcoming NAP report aims for district-level granularity across nine thematic sectors. A robust, India-specific CPR assessment tool is urgently needed to unify data and methodologies. Such a tool should combine: Localized climate modelling, Granular risk assessment, Centralized climate risk data repository, Transparent, science-based iterative processes. This will enable: Public sector to design resilient policies and infrastructure, Private sector to assess value chain risks and meet investor demands. 3-year rule: a setback to judiciary aspirants Background & Supreme Court Judgment On May 20, 2025, a three-judge Bench led by CJI B.R. Gavai reinstated the mandatory 3 years of legal practice to be eligible for the subordinate judicial services examination. The Court relied largely on the majority opinion of High Courts favoring the three-year rule but did not present empirical data proving the ‘lower quality’ of fresh law graduates. The decision marks a return to a previously contested rule, reversing the 2002 Supreme Court ruling that had scrapped this requirement. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary) Historical Context 1958 Law Commission Report (14th LCI): Recommended 3-5 years of practice for state judicial service eligibility. For All India Judicial Service (AIJS), no prior experience was required; practical skills to be developed through training. 1992 All India Judges’ Association case: Supported AIJS recommendations; allowed fresh graduates for central-level judicial services. 1993 Review: Emphasized 3 years’ practice essential for lower judiciary due to judicial responsibilities involving life, liberty, and property. 1996 Justice Shetty Commission: Found States mostly complied with the 3-year rule, some with even longer experience requirements. Highlighted delay in recruitment ages (27-30 years) because of the rule. 2002 Supreme Court decision: Abolished the 3-year rule citing failure to attract the best talent; bright graduates found judicial service unattractive after 3 years of practice. Rationale for the Rule Supreme Court believes: Practical experience helps judges handle courtroom decorum, complex procedures, and diverse stakeholder perspectives. Maturity, empathy, and patience improve with experience. Concerns about lack of training or real-world practice in fresh graduates entering judicial services directly. Challenges & Criticism of the 3-Year Rule Talent Drain NLU graduates prefer high-paying corporate jobs over low-paid, slow judicial services. High education costs (₹12-40 lakh) and loans deter candidates from waiting for judicial entry Economic & Social Barriers Financially weaker groups (SC/ST/OBC) need early income, can’t afford delayed careers. Junior lawyers earn low stipends (~₹15,000-20,000), making 3 years’ practice financially tough. Impact on Women Experience requirements hinder women facing maternity/career breaks. Women constitute 38% of district judiciary and excel in exams (e.g., Bihar). Age & Eligibility Mismatch Exams require 5-6 years education + 3 years practice, making candidates older and vulnerable. Irregular exam schedules cause delays and uncertainty. Practical Disconnection Candidates want judicial service but don’t see legal practice as viable. States struggle to fill higher judiciary posts due to poor exam results. Alternative Proposals & Recommendations Enhance Training, Don’t Restrict Entry Recruit fresh graduates with extended training/probation (2+ years). Attach trainees to senior judges/lawyers for practical experience. Examination Reform Replacerotelearning with scenario-based questions. Emphasize judgment writing and practical skills. Attract Young Talent Offer better career prospects and financial incentives. Hold frequent judicial exams to shorten waiting times. Balanced Approach Blend academic excellence with rigorous on-the-job training instead of mandatory prior experience. M.R. Srinivasan, a key architect of India’s nuclear programme, no more Personal and Professional Background M.R. Srinivasan (1930–2025) passed away at age 95 in Udhagamandalam. Joined the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1955, beginning a distinguished career spanning over six decades. Relevance : GS 4(Ethics and Personalities) Early Career and Contributions Worked closely with Dr. Homi J. Bhabha on India’s first nuclear research reactor, Apsara, which achieved criticality in August 1956. Appointed Principal Project Engineer in 1959 for the construction of India’s first atomic power station. Became Chief Project Engineer of the Madras Atomic Power Station in 1967, playing a key role in its development. Leadership Roles Director of the Power Projects Engineering Division, DAE in 1974, overseeing nuclear power projects nationwide. Chairman of the Nuclear Power Board in 1984, responsible for planning, execution, and operation of nuclear power plants. Appointed Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and Secretary of the Department of Atomic Energy in 1987. Founder-Chairman of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL) in 1987. Achievements in Nuclear Power Development Under his leadership, 18 nuclear power units were developed: 7 operational 7 under construction 4 in planning Instrumental in expanding India’s nuclear energy capacity and infrastructure. Recognition Awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2015 for his pivotal role in India’s nuclear programme. Overall Impact M.R. Srinivasan is regarded as a key architect of India’s nuclear energy programme. His contributions significantly advanced India’s scientific and technological capabilities in nuclear energy. Mentored generations of scientists, leaving a lasting legacy on India’s nuclear landscape. Kurma mela: the science of the mass nesting of Olive Ridley turtles Overview of Olive Ridley Turtles and Mass Nesting (Arribada) Olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) are a vulnerable sea turtle species known for synchronized mass nesting events calledarribada (Spanish for “arrival”). Odisha’s Rushikulya beach witnessed a record-breaking seven lakh turtles nesting in March, highlighting its ecological importance. Despite some local population growth, IUCN estimates a 30-50% global decline in Olive Ridley numbers since 1960. Primary nesting sites are along the Pacific coasts of Mexico and Central America; Odisha hosts three major nesting beaches — Gahirmatha, Devi, and Rushikulya. Relevance : GS 3(Environment) Ecological and Biological Factors Behind Nesting Hatchlings imprint on the local geomagnetic field of their birth site, enabling them to return decades later with remarkable precision — a behavior known as philopatry. Other ecological cues influencing nesting site choice include: Cold-core eddies that enrich nearby waters with nutrients. Salinity, land slope, rainfall, and predation risks. Nesting sites tend to be preferred if many turtles have nested there previously, reinforcing site fidelity across generations. Challenges and Conflicts at Nesting Sites As turtle populations grow but nesting beach sizes remain limited, competition arises — later arrivals may dig up and destroy existing nests. Broken or disturbed eggs emit olfactory cues that attract predators, increasing nest vulnerability. This survival strategy (mass nesting and synchronized arrivals) paradoxically increases risks of egg predation. Impact of Temperature and Sex Ratio In sea turtles, temperature determines hatchling sex (warmer beaches produce more females). Rising global temperatures may skew sex ratios toward females, potentially reinforcing the multiplier effect in arribada events. Similar research on Olive Ridley turtles is ongoing. How Mass Nesting Originates and Evolves Initial arribadas are irregular, as female turtles choose nesting sites without fixed patterns. Females unable to reach their natal beach may create new nesting sites, imprinting hatchlings on these locations. The species’ survival depends on such wanderers who establish new arribada beaches, preventing extinction from overcrowding. Conservation and Genetic Concerns Modern conservation efforts include artificial incubation and beach protection, aiding population recovery. However, protecting weaker individuals who might not survive naturally may reduce the population’s genetic resilience over time. Role of Human Communities and Tourism Local fisherfolk and villagers in Odisha play a crucial role in guarding nests and preventing egg poaching. However, turtle tourism poses risks: crowds with bright lights, selfies, and physical disturbance (e.g., sand scooping, sitting on turtles) disrupt nesting behavior and could affect turtles’ long-term memory and site fidelity. Scientists are beginning to recognize turtles’ cognitive and emotional sensitivity, emphasizing the need for ethical tourism practices. Ethical and Conservation Imperatives The priority is balancing conservation, ecological balance, and ethical responsibility, rather than focusing solely on population numbers or rescue operations. Olive Ridley turtles’ resilience is extraordinary but not limitless. Humans must safeguard ecological conditions and allow turtles privacy and minimal disturbance during nesting.

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